The Nation 1899 : Vol 68

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For Reference Not to be taken from this room

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 http://archive.org/details/nation68jannewy

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***'*., The NatTfe, VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 749. THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. NOTABLE VOLUMES OF ESSAYS. riUSIC AND POETRY. Kssays Upon Some Aspects and Interrelations of the Two Arts. By SIDNEY LANIER, iamo. $1.50. " Lanier was not only a poet, but a critic of Insight and sympathy. . . . This Is manifestly the work of a man of gifted taste, and much of It Is of perma- nent value in the field of criticism."— The Outlook. " Mr. Lanier possessed a rare power of analysis and a faculty of expression which enabled him to make abstruse theories understood."— Chicago Times- Herald. THE COLUMN AND THE ARCH. Essays on Architectural History. By W. P. P. LONGFELLOW. "With 16 full-page illustrations. 12mo. $2.00. " Distinguished for Its clear perception of principles and cultivated Judgment in their application. Mr. Longfellow has made his book attractive to non-specialist readers, and Its Influence in elevating popular Ideals will not he insignificant."— The Outlook. MUSIC AND MANNERS IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD. By H. E. KREHBIEl i2mo. $1.50. 1 musical, and ti.is unusual combination of qualities makes it delightful reading."— Brooklyn Life. WORLDLY WAYS AND BY-WAYS. By ELIOT GRF.GOPY. {"An Idler.") nmo. $1.50. "It Is so full of faithful observation, of worldly but wholesome wisdom, and it Is withal, couched In such good-humored terms, that we And It decidedly enter- taining. The wide experience and excellent reading shown in the book, wlih ihe author's cleverness In the portrayal and analysis of familiar types make him a welcome and interesting commentator on manners."— New York Tribune. THE POETRY OF TENNYSON. By HENRY VAN DYKE. Tenth edition, revised and enla-ged. 12mo. $2.00. " A loving and thorough appreciation of Tennyson's poetry by a man of fine mind, who ha ■-. read and studied with patience and insight, and written with enthusiasm."— The Independent. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. By JOHN JAY CHAPHAN. i2mo. $1.25. FOUR TIMELY VOLUMES. RICHARD HARDING DAVIS'S NEW BOOK. Now in its Twentieth Thousand. THE CUBAN AND PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGNS. With 117 illustrations from photographs, and with 4 maps. 12mo. $1.50. " Never has a war been reported as this has been, and never has a history been written like this, by one who saw it all— while the brood was hot and the memory vivid."— New York World. " This book is thns a record at first hand of a trained observer's impressions of the campaign, written with such picturesque effect, such brightness of color, and such individual charm of manner as to give It a literary qualitj that lustlflea its preservation In a book. It Is not a history, but It Is one of the stories of which the historian will have to take account."— Philadelphia Times. OUR NAVY IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. BY JOHN R. SPEARS, Author of "The History of Our Navy." With 125 illustrations from photographs, and with charts and diagrams. 12mo. $2.( 1 A thorough, conscientious effort to giv to every other publication on the war when contemporaneous publications are forgotten. COMMERCIAL CUBA. A Book for Business Men. By WILLIAM J. CLARK. With 8 maps, 7 plans of cities, and 40 full-page i : lustrations, and a Commercial Directory of Cuba. Large 8vo, $4.00. '• A thoroughly good and useful book. We should not know where to • r i, within another pair of covers, so much and so carefully sifted information bearing on this subject. Its accuracy is certainly of a high order."— New York Eoeni-ig Po '• This is easily the best book on Cuba that has so far been published. I, not a mere compilation of other men's Ideas, but an entirely original work by a man of great ability."— Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. YESTERDAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES. By JOSEPH EARLE STEVENS. With 32 illustrations from photographs by the author. Seventh thousand. 12jqo, $1.50. te; and had 1 ant fashion/'— New York Commercial Advertiser. Every page abounds In anecdote : and had Mr. Stevens been a trained newspaper correspondent, he could hardly have written his record In a livelier or 1 hion?'—Ne> CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153=157 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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11 Tlie ISTation [Vol 68, No. 1749 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter. .1 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 1 Editorial Articles: Democratic Wars 4 The Question of Responsibility 4 Justin S. Morrill 5 The Spanish Story of Santiago 6 Special Correspondence: The Economic Association at New Haven... 7 The Abbe Morellet 8 Correspondence: Mr. Calkins's Programme 9 The Supposed Lincoln Parallel 9 Senator Hanna's Naval Ideas 9 The Professor and His Assistant 10 Notes 10 Book Reviews: Lowell, Past and Present 12 Lane's Latin Grammar 14 The California Historians 15 The Control of the Tropics 16 Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology 17 II Principe di Niccold Machlavelll 17 Historic Towns of New England.— Historic Pilgrimages in New England 18 Home Life in Colonial Days ,. 18 Books of the Week 18 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to 500 " 750 " 1,000 " 1,501 ::::::;:::::::::::::::::: If6 ■( iRlMis, Lock Haven, Pa We buy and sell lulls of exchange to and ■ pTTPD« make Cable Transfers of moiiev 011 Europe, r»c Australia and South Attica; also make ^r.™.-.. collections and issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Credits, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS* CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. SIGHTS AND SCENES OF SCOTLAND. Cassell & Company, Limited 7 and 9 West 18th St., New York. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 89tb Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books; Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; I a uchuil z's P.rilish authors. Teub- tier's Greek and Latin (lassies. Catalogues of stock- mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in < tlon and 1 borough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education, Boston: " a well-made series. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and in- teresting:. " A Company Engaged in Suburban Development near a large city, wishes suggestions for the name of a new subdivision now lo-ing platted, and for the names of the roads therein. A PRIZE OF FIFTY DOLLARS will be given 1 01 ihe ■ accepted for the subdivision, and Five Dollars each lor names :iccc|'l ed 1 or t he toads. For particulars, address WM. M COYLE. 146 Nassau St.. New York City An Educational Directory, SCHOOL TRUSTEES, PRINCI- PALS, TEACHERS, and others interested are invited to consider the advantages offered by The Nation as an advertising medium. In its special field of political and literary criticism, The Nation is tinlike any other periodical, American or foreign. About 10,000 copies are circulated weekly, these figures representing but a part of the actual readers of Hie paper. Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, am! into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelligence of the country, The No I ion finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educational advantages. 206-21U BROADWAY NEW FORK CITY. *

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Jan. 5 1899] The Nation. 111 The Critic JANUARY NUMBER. Portrait of Thomas Nelson Page FRONTISPIECE. SPECIAL ARTICLES: Charles Dana Gibson and His Art. By CHARLES BELMONT DAVIS. Fully illustrated Phil May— An Artist of the Slums. By ROGER RIORDAN. Fully illustrated. Seventy years of Ibsen. By A. I. DU P. COLEMAN. Fully illustrated. The Real Cyrano de Bergerac. By C. W. HUTSON. With Portrait. Bismarck's Autobiography. Reviewed by CHARLES DE KAY. BEVIKWS of the latest important books by the Critic's start' of specialists. THE DRAMA.— With portraits of Miss Rehan and Miss Julia Arthur and a scene from Trelawny of the Wells. Poems by EDITH M. THOMAS and SAMUEL V. COLE. Thirty pages of EiOTJETGER, with por- traits of Dr. E. E. Hale, Mr. Joel Chandler Harris, E. A. Poe, Miss Pamela Colman Smith, M. Boutet de Monvel, Mr. Kenneth Grahame, Mr. Lang, and Count Leo Tolstoy, with a pic- ture of his home in Moscow. There is also a full-page reproduction of the late Burne-Jones Memorial to Miss Christina Rossetti, the last work from his hand, besides other illustrations of varied interest and value. Twenty Cents a Copy. Two Dollars a Year. For dale by all Newsdealers. PUBLISHED FOR The Critic Co. By G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, »,«Tue December number of THE CRITIC, of which an unusually largo edition was jiriuted, was exhausted within two weeks of publication. THE IU'BAIYAT up 11MAK KII \YV \M reprinted from that number, now ready in pamphlet form. It has Hon. John Hay's Introduction and a portrait of Edward Fltz Gerald. Trice 25 cents. CLARENDON PRESS NEW PUBLICATIONS. Studies in International Law. By Thomas Erskijje Holland, D.C.L. Demy 8vo, Cloth, $2.60. Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics. By William Wallace. Edited, with a Biographical Introduction, by Edward Caird. With a Portrait. Derny8vo, cloth, $3.10. P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides. With the Greek Translation of Planudes. Edited by the late Arthur Palmer, Litt.l). With a fac- simile, $5.25. For sale by all Booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS (American Branch), 03 5th Ave., N. Y. Of Great Interest to Students of History Messrs. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN b> CO. invite attention to the following books: The Battle of the Strong My. Gilbert Parker has scored another fine triumph as a novelist. Heretofore America has furnished the scenes, characters, and incidents of his stories. In his new story he has gone to the fields where France and England fought a hundred years ago, and though he disavows having written a historical novel, he has depicted for us most effectively the stormy passions, the struggles, the rivalries, the atmosphere of the French Revolution, and he has told a remarkably interesting story. The New York Tribune says: «« Mr. Parker has written in ' The Battle of the Strong ' a most worthy, d unified, and carefully studied story. The scene is set in the Chan- nel Islands, chiefly in Jersey, in the midst of a romantic people and picturesque tra- ditions. The period is that of a hundred years ago, when war between England and France and the upheaval of the Revolution furnishes endless opportunities to the novelist. Mr. Parker has used these opportunities with excellent judgment." St. fames' s Gazette of London remarks: *• * The Battle of the Strong' is another characteristic success in Mr. Gilbert Parker's gallant romantic style. . . . All this is told in as dramatic a series of chapters as any reader could wish. The critic has only to record his continued enjoyment of incidents so finely conceived and so de- lightfully manoeuvred. . . . Such a splendid story, so splendidly told, will be read with avidity." iamo. Price, $1.50. A Great Work fitly brought out Commenting on one of the season's most noteworthy books, The Cohgregationalist remarks: "Prof. John Fiske's admirable and successful history of the Beginnings of New England is out in an exquisite holiday edition, tastefully printed and bound and illustrated lavishly and strikingly. Its substance needs no comment, but the reader may well be reminded that its illustrations contain portraits, pictures of historic buildings and landscapes, autographs, maps, and every conceivable sort of appropri- ate material for its purpose, and the work is one of the most select as well as one of the most scholarly to be found." 8yo. Price, $4.00. History of the Presidency Mr. Edward Stanwood has written a book of first-rate importance to students of American political history. The facts he has carefully gathered and lucidly presented with regard to all the platforms and discussions and results of presidential elections are of deep interest to American citizens, and make his book a necessity to teachers and students of Political Science. The Brooklyn Eagle says: " It makes a work which no student of American politics can afford to be without. . . . The research and careful sifting of authorities which a work of this kind demands are evidenced on every page. Mr. Stanwood has compiled a volume which is of inestimable value to the historical student, the statesman, and the politician, for it is a work which may be trusted." The Boston Journal adds : " Nothing better can be said of the work than that it is an absolutely safe authority in the field which it covers." 8vo. Price, $2.00. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston 11 East 17th Street, New York ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Books. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUMI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Bare Early English Literature, Early Printed Books In Black Letter. Ancient Artistic Bookbindings, rare Prints anil Autographs, rtr, Onh line spec inn' us are dealt with, ail SEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT flR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. ORANT. Before buying books, write fur quotations. At assortment of catalogues and special slips of books ai reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books, 23 W. 42d St., .... NEW TORK. [M.ntiou Hit-, loifrtixiuienl and receive a discmiitt. B OOKS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, Old Books. Rare Books. Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued. 304 pages, 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Havmarket, St. James, London, S. W. St. (La Building, corner Wesl Boston, Mass. Importations iron) Europe. Catalogues on application.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1749 NOTABLE BOOKS To Be Issued Early in I899 by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY BIOGRAPHY. BENSON.— The Life and Letters of Archbishop Benson. PURCELL.— Cardinal Newman as An- glican and Catholic. Together with Correspondence. A Study by Edmund Sheridan Purcell, author of f'The Life of Cardinal Manning." With portraits, 8vo, cloth. SPINOZA.— His Life and Philosophy. By Sir Frederick Pollock Cloth, 8vo. WISE— The Life of Henry A. Wise. By his Grandson, Barton H. Wise, of the Rich- mond Bar. Cloth. With Portrait, etc. Cr. 8vo, $2.50. The above is a biography of rare interest, abounding in personal anecdotes and reminis- cences, and relating the actions and opinions of a most picturesque character and remarkable man who figured prominently in the political af- fairs of the country from 1833 to 1860. ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, Etc. BRADFORD.— The Lesson of Popular Government. By Gamaliel Bradford, A.B. CLARK.— The Distribution of Wealth. By John B. Clark, Columbia University, author of "The Philosophy of Wealth," etc. 12mo, cloth. COLONNA.— LI. Livres du Gouverne- ment des Rois. A 13th century French edition of Egidio Colon- na's famous treatise, now first published (except in Latin). Edited by Samuel Paul Molenaer, University of Pennsylvania ; formerly Fellow of Columbia University. Columbia University Press. EATON — The Government of Hunici- palities. By the Hon. Dorman B. Eaton. GIDDINGS.— Democracy and Empire. By Franklin H. Giddinos, author of " Principles of Sociology," etc. OSTROGORSKI.— Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. By M. Ostroqorski. Introduction by James Bryce, Author of "The American Common- wealth." RICHHONDS.— Friendly Visiting among the Poor. A Handbook for Charity Workers. By Mary E. Richmonds, General Secretary of the Charity Or- ganization Society of Baltimore. SEL1GHAN.— The Shifting and Inci- dence of Taxation. By Edwin R. A. Seligman, Columbia University. Second Edition, fully revised and enlarged. VEBLEN — The Theory of the Leisure Class. An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institu- tions. ByTHORSTEiN P. Veblen, Ph.D., Managing Editor of the Journal of Political Economy, Uni- versity of Chicago. FICTION. CANAVAN.— Ben Comee. A Tale of Rogers Rangers. By M. J. Canavan. Cloth, 12mo. GIBSON. -My Lady and Allan Darke: By Charles Donnel Gibson. A stirring and romantic novel by a new writer on fresh ground. It is a romance of the end of the last century. HISTORY. A DAnS.— European History, an Out- line of Its Development. By George B. Adams, Professor of History, Yale University. Fully illustrated. Crown 8vo. BOTSFORD.— A History oi Greece for High Schools and Academies. By George Willis Botsford, Ph.D., Harvard University, author of " Development of the Athenian Constitution." Fully illustrated. STEPHENS.— Syllabus of European History with Bibliographies, 1600= 1890. By H. Morse Stephens, Cornell University. WATSON.— The Story of France. From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Na- poleon Bonaparte. By the Hon. Thomas E. Wat- son. Two vols., med., 8vo, cloth. Vol. I. From the Settlement by the Gauls to the Death of Louis XV. Nearly ready. Vol. II. Beady in the Fall. This is a rapid, graphic, and brilliant narrative. ILLUSTRATED TRAVEL. FRASER.— Japan. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of " Palladia," etc. Beautifully illustrated Medium 8vo. LITER A TURE. CORSON.— Introduction to the Poetical and Prose Works of John Milton. By Hiram Corson, Cornell University. GATES.— Three Studies in Literature. By Lewis Edwards Gates, Harvard University. LEWIS.— Introduction to the Study of Literature. PHILOSOPHY. PATTEN.— The Development of Eng- lish Thought. A Study in the Economic Interpretation of His- tory. By Simon N. Patten, University of Penn- ROGERS.— A Brief Introduction to Mo- dern Philosophy. WARD.— Naturalism and Agnosticism. By James Ward, M.A., LL.D., Fellow of Trinity College, and Professor of Mental Philosophy, Cambridge. SCIENCE. BAILEY.— Principles of Agriculture. A Text Book for Schools and Rural Societies. Illustrated. CAnPBELL.— The Evolution of Plants. CAMPBELL.— Practical Astronomy. By W. W. Campbell, Lick Observatory. DAVENPORT.— Experimental florpho- logy. By Charles Benedict Davenport, Harvard University. Part II. Effect of Chemical and Physical Agents on Growth. HAECKEL.— The Missing Link. By Ernst H. Haeckel, of Jena. Edited with Notes by Prof. H. F. Gadow. Illustrated. THE RURAL SCIENCE SERIES. Edited by L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University. FAIRCHILD.-Rural Wealth and Welfare. By George T. Fairchild, of Berea College. KING.— Irrigationand Drainage. By F. H. King, University of Wisconsin, author of "The Soil." THEOLOGY, THE BIBLE, Etc. ENCYCLOP/EDIA BIBLICA.-A Dic- tionary of the Bible. Editors, the Rev. T. K. Cheyne, LL.D., Canon of Rochester, and J. S. Black, LL.D., assisted by sixty of the greatest living theologians and Bibli- cal scholars. In four 8vo volumes, $4.00 each. GILBERT.— The Students' Life of Jesus. By Geo. Holley Gilbert, Ph.D., Chicago Theo- logical Seminary. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25. McCURDY.— The History, Prophecy, and the Honuments of Israel and the Nations. Vol. III. To the End of the Exile and the Close of the Semitic Regime in Western Asia. MOULTON.— The Bible Story Book. Edited by Richard G. Moclton, University of Chicago. With introduction and brief notes. In two volumes. The selection will be made with a view to cover- ing, so far as is possible for children, the whole history of the people of Israel as presented by itself. It will fall into six natural parts: 1. Genesis: The Rise of the Children of Israel. 2. The Exodus; or, Emigration to the Promised Land. 3. Life Under the Judges. 4. The Kings and the Prophets. 5. The Exile and Return. 6. The New Testament. The volumes will be uniform in size and price with the other volumes of the " Modern Reader's Bible Series," and will have an introduction and brief notes by Professor Moulton. The six parts of the text will also be published separately. SULLIVAN.— Morality as a Religion. An Exposition of Some First Principles. By W. R. Washington Sullivan. 12mo, cloth. VAN DYKE The Gospel for an Age of Sin. By Henry Van Dyke, D.D., author of " The Gos- pel for an Age of Doubt," etc., to which the above is a companion. V Many of their publications in 1898 are described with illustrations in their Holiday Catalogue, of which a few copies may still be had. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York. 4

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JANUARY 5, 1899. The Week. The news from Manila which tells of the surrender of Iloilo to the insurgents, and of a new and strong cabinet formed by. Aguinaldo, is supplemented by news from Washington that President Mc- Kinley is thinking of sending a com- mission to the Philippines to study the conditions there, and to make recom- mendations as to the policy to be pur- sued in dealing with the islands. Gen. Merritt, who is now at Chicago, is re- ported as strongly disapproving the act of the Spanish Gen. Rios in surrendering to the insurgents, unless he (Rios) was compelled to do so by hunger or other force majeure. A fortnight ago the news- papers contained another remonstrance from Agoncillo, the diplomatic agent of the Filipinos, against the annexation of the islands to the United States. He ar- gued strongly that Spain had nothing to cede in the Philippines; that her claims were annulled long before the Paris con- ference took place, and that since her pretended sovereignty had been over- thrown she had nothing either to sell or to give away. If we add to this that the American troops in the islands are many of them suffering from climatic diseases, that they are pining to come home, and that their relatives are send- ing petitions to members of Congress every day for their discharge, and that the new army bill is not passed, we have a condition that may be rightly called a muddle. Nor is it likely that the conditions will simplify themselves with the lapse of time. No illusion should be entertained about the antecedents and probable aims of the men of mixed blood who are now at the head of the so-called Philippine repub- lic. Their patriotism has been, in the past, of too glaringly a mercenary cha- racter to make it easy to believe it now entirely disinterested. Most of them were concerned — certainly Aguinaldo was — in the famous treaty of Biacnabato, which was negotiated by Governor-Gene- ral Primo de Rivera on December 14, 1897. This treaty was simply a contract for bribery on a gigantic scale. The sum semi-officially divulged in Spain was $5,000,000. Of this, Aguinaldo's share was $400,000, in consideration of which he agreed to waive his love of liberty and Independence, and retire to Hong Kong, as he did. There may be more or less uncertainty about these figures, but there is none about a document which one of the Philippine insurgent leaders sent to Spain, and which was read openly before the Cortes. He was one Pedro Paterno, afterwards elected President of the na- tive Assembly, who informed the Spa- nish Government last February that the treaty of peace through bribery was due to his labors with the insurgent chiefs. He enclosed a bill for his services— namely, $1,000,000, a dukedom of Castile for himself, and a Spanish title of Count for his brother. Later he issued an ap- peal to the islanders to cast their lot with Spain against the American in- vaders. The conversion of this man in- to a stern republican is a trifle sudden. Nobody yet knows how large a part of the army must prepare for foreign service, or how long those regiments now in Manila or Cuba or en route must stay there. In the English army 102,- 000 men are kept abroad, each regiment being sent home for seven years after it has passed a like period in India, South Africa, or Egypt; and the draughts upon the 117,000 home troops for recruits to take the places of those incapacitated or killed by disease abroad have been so great as to cause the War Office much concern, and to lead to a large increase of the army as well as a partial reor- ganization. Our regiments are going across the seas with no home battalions to supply them during their absence with the fresh victims ever demanded, even of a conquering army, by the con- queror of all. Our War Department and generals, throwing away a rare oppor- tunity for reform, have clung to a vi- vious, out-of-date staff system, and to numerically weak regiments, while mak- ing entrance to the commissioned of- fices free for all men without fitness and with pulls. The forty-seven regiments we are to have when Mr. Hull's bill passes in a month or two will, in all probability, not begin to supply the military needs of Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, and our own unsettled West, even with native auxiliaries to fall back upon, if our regulars are to have the boon of coming back to civilization at stated intervals. If we retain these island dependencies, we may count upon yearly assaults upon Congress for more soldiers as well as for more ships. It has been and is so the world over. Our Mahans and our Mileses, because of their training, will see new dangers every twelvemonth or oftener. Each island must be fortified, and must have its trained garrison to protect its flag. For the country that has once set its face squarely towards militarism and mili- tary governments there is no stopping. Does not Germany alone prove this? The wage-workers of the United States have been slow in realizing that the annexation of the islanders of the East and West Indies brings them face to face with something akin to Chinese cheap labor, and that they will not be able to resist it when it comes in that form. They seem now, however, to be waking up to the fact. On Saturday week the Central Labor Union of New York passed, with only one dissenting vote, resolutions against expansion. On Thurs- day evening last the similar organization at Boston took similar action, recording its "emphatic protest against the policy of imperialism now being shaped as the result of a war undertaken in the alleged name of humanity." In some parts of the country, resolutions have been passed by workingmen expressing the belief that annexation of the Phi- lippines is a part of a capitalistic scheme to bring about a reduction of wages. We do not think that there is any ground for this suspicion, but we agree with the Boston Central Labor Union that, if such a result should fol- low, it would aggravate industrial dis- content to a dangerous degree. As sure- ly as the Philippines are annexed, what- ever the forms of annexation may be, and however we may seek to guard against the admission of their inhabi- tants to the present United States, they will find their way hither, and they can- not be kept out except by trampling under foot the foundation principle of the republic, which is the equality of all citizens under the law. Ex-Secretary Day, in his speech on Monday night at Canton, surpassed all rivals, and they are many, in fulsome adulation of the President. He said of him that he could "not forbear an ex- pression of satisfaction that the verdict of his countrymen, no less than the ap- proving judgment of the world, gives him first place among the great men who have filled that high office." Shovel on the flattery thick, was Disraeli's cynical account of the way he came to stand so high in the Queen's favor; and we have seen a sickening amount of such shovel- ling, done in the most ostentatious way, by men who wanted something from Mr. MeKinley. Mr. Day speaks as a man who has had something, and is squar- ing the account by this public fawning. It is not only a disgusting business, but a thing most demoralizing to public manners and morals. What becomes of our historic sense, of our standards of judgment, to say nothing of good taste and even decency, if we are to be called upon every day or two to fall down and worship a man whose life has been be- fore the country for twenty-five years, and who never, in all that time, display- ed a single first-rate quality of intellect or character? If he were half the great man his flatterers trumpet before him

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2 The USTation. [Vol. 68. No. 1749 that he is, the first thing he would do would be to bid them be still, for very- shame's sake. A really great man in the Presidency would never let it even be imagined that the way to get office from him was to cover him with obse- quious flattery; and if he caught the editor of the Tribune trying it on, he would say to him, as the Duke of Wel- lington said to a man singing his praises to his face, "Don't be a d d fool!" Sefior Romero, the Ambassador of Mexico, whose death occurred last week, represented his country so long at Washington city, and made himself so much liked both there and elsewhere, that he seemed almost like one of our own citizens. He was long the Dean of the diplomatic corps, the social functions of which position he discharged in a charming manner. He was a frequent visitor to New York, and a welcome guest among all those who had the pleasure of acquaintance with him. He first came to Washington as Secretary of Legation in 1859, and was soon afterwards made Charge d'Affaires. He returned home to fight the French when they invaded his country, and was appointed Minister at Washington when the government of Maximilian came to an end. He was also Secretary of the Mexican Treasury for a short time. Thus his diplomatic service was of near- ly forty years' duration, and would have been quite so but for the interruptions mentioned above, which were voluntary on his part. His long official sojourn among us teaches that a diplomatic ca- reer, as distinguished from appointments made by the rules of chance and luck and party spoils, is not impossible or unbecoming in a republic, and that the best results of international intercourse "are to be obtained when the diplomatic office seeks the man, and when it finds him holds him. Usually the importance of a Minister is in exact proportion to the importance of the country he repre- sents, but it was not so in Romero's case. He added to the importance of his coun- try in the eyes of the Government and people to whom he was accredited. The difficulty which Governor Roose- velt is experiencing in finding a really first-rate man who is willing to accept the position of Superintendent of Public Works, calls attention anew to one of the most radical defects of our system of government. If we had permanent ten- ure during good behavior for all such places as this, we could then pay a suf- ficient salary to make it possible to ob- tain the very best talent for the public service; but so long as the term of ser- vice is limited by political changes in the Government, it would be folly to raise the salaries above their present limit, for to do so would have no other effect than to make more furious the pursuit of the politicians for possession of them. A Governor of the Roosevelt type could be depended upon to fill them well, but one of the Black type would put Aldridges and Payns into them, and the only result would be that the State would pay expert prices for very bad service. Large salaries with uncertain tenure would not make the positions much more attractive to really desirable talent than they are now, for few ex- perts would be willing to give up per- manent private employment for two years' employment by the State, with a prospect of constant annoyance during that period and dismissal at its close. Col. Waring's experience in this city is typical of what a really desirable man is called upon to do when he is asked to take a public office in which expert ability is desired. He gave up a pri- vate business which brought him in something like $20,000 a year, in order to serve this city for $6,000 a year. He served the city in a way as nearly per- fect as any official anywhere has ever done. There was absolutely no question of the faithfulness, success, and incal- culable value of his work. What was the result? He was turned out of his place with as little ceremony or even decent respect as if he had failed utterly. His salary had been so inadequate for his very modest demands that a fund had to be raised after his death for the support of his family. Col. Roosevelt caused the machine keen disappointment last week by ay- pointing Lieut.-Col. Avery D. Andrews Adjutant-General of the National Guard. Even though that office has lost much of its former importance because of the new military code about to go into effect, the Governor-elect's readiness to place the disposal of its not inconsiderable patronage and moneys in the hands of an independent Democrat must be taken as highly significant of his determina- tion to appoint to office the very best men available, without regard to the likes or dislikes of the party bosses. As a graduate of West Point, who has served almost continuously in the regular army and the State militia for the last twelve years, Gen. Andrews is in every way fitted for the duties of his position, while his excellent record as a Police Com- missioner, and the independence of his attitude on all the questions which came up before the Police Board during his term of service, are guarantees that his new office will be administered with an eye single to the interests of the State and to the advancement of its military forces. Tlius the National Guard enters upon the brightest year in its history under a sensible and progressive code of laws, and under the leadership of two trained and able soldiers, Gens. Roe and An- drews, who have the vigorous aid and hearty support of the first Governor in many years to possess military tastes and knowledge. The change has come none too soon. Under the wretched mili- tary administration now passing from office and its present incompetent and political Adjutant-General, the State force has sunk low indeed. Its war re- cord is tarnished by serious charges of cowardice and inefficiency, its armories have become primarily breeding-places of dissensions and scandals, and its en- tire condition is distempered and disor- dered. For it the dawn of good govern- ment has come at the darkest hour. At first thought, the proposal of Mr. Croker to start an insurance company seems to be somewhat inexplicable, but when you come to consider the matter for a moment, you will see that there may be something in it after all. He started a club, and it has become a roar- ing success. He has started a surety company, and that is doing a fine busi- ness— how fine, nobody knows so well as the Piatt Family Surety Company which gave Mr. Croker the idea. Both these Croker institutions owe their pros- perity to the same basic fact — that ev- erybody who wishes to stand well with the ruler of the city must join the one and do business in bonds with the other. Why may not the same principle be ap- plied to the insurance business? If you want any favors from Tammany Hall, any nominations for office, any contracts, any places for yourself and friends — want, in short, to fortify and fructify your worldly fortunes by means of the Croker pull, why should not a good policy on your life in the Croker Life In- surance Company (Limited) be a sure way of doing this for you? In fact, so long as the Croker "pull" is the inex- haustible and irresistible source of power that it is at present, why should it not be made the working capital of business of all kinds? With an annual budget of $100,000,000 behind it, with an enormous list of places to fill as the boss wishes, and with all the corporate wealth of the city as a mine from which to draw con- tributions, the resources of the "pull" are as near boundless as anything in the way of capital that the modern world has seen. The practical disfranchisement of the blacks in Alabama and other Southern States, through the device of constitu- tional changes, is urged for various rea- sons, among others that the elimination of this element will enable the whites to divide their votes in safety, as they can- not now do. Thus the Savannah (Ga.) News recently asserted that, "if the menace of the black vote were removed, there would be two parties of white vot- ers in all of the Southern States, and there would be just as much interest in Southern State elections as there is in an election in Vermont or any other State." But this theory is not sustained

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Jan. 5, 1899] The Nation by the experience of Mississippi, which was the first State to adopt the new po- licy. The colored vote was practically got rid of there eight years ago, and yet the whites show far less interest in elec- tions now than they did before the change. The extraordinary situation which now exists is strikingly portrayed by the Vicksburg Herald, as follows: "The restrictions and what preceded them have completely enervated the electoral body.- Habituated to dependence upon organization for so many years tor protection, when the peril of negro debasement is removed we find that the surrender to party absolutism has become second nature. The primary or the convention having spoken, the election is a mere formality. This is a realization of what Mr. Evarts, in the Senate debate upon our Constitution in 1891, called 'a de- siccated suffrage.' The resulting political status is not democracy, it is oligarchy. But it is better than that from which we es- caped. Still, does Georgia— which has not the depth and degree of negroism that we had — wish it?" For more than a year a railroad-rate case of special interest has been pend- ing before the United States courts. The North Dakota Railway Commissioners in May, 1897, adopted a schedule of rates for the railways operating in that State, which involved a reduction from exist- ing charges of about 14 per cent. For refusing to publish the new schedule, or for disregarding it, the penalties were very severe; but the railroads applied for an injunction from the United States court to restrain the publication of the rates, thus bringing up the whole ques- tion of their reasonableness. This was elaborately argued for and against the State's contention, and a decision was finally handed down last week sustaining the railways. Judge Amidon, District Judge for Dakota, and Judge Thayer of St. Louis, sitting with him, found that the proposed rates would not have yield- ed a sufficient return to pay for the cost of handling the traffic, that they were therefore unreasonable, and that the order restraining their publication should be continued. To the lay mind this doctrine of "reasonableness" seems in conflict with the one laid down by the Supreme Court in the pooling case, in which it was held that a law of Congress need not be reasonable in order to be binding. But as North Dakota will prob- ably appeal its own case to the Supreme Court, we shall find out in time if there is a conflict or not. Meanwhile, the de- cision of the District Court is a severe blow to the railway-harriers of the West. Imperial penny postage took a long stride onward on Christmas Day, when the English Postmaster-General an- nounced a list of some forty-five British possessions, including India, to which the letter-postage is hereafter to be one penny the half-ounce, instead of the present rate, 2%d. This is the result of prolonged agitation, led of late years by Mr. Hennjker Heaton, and of many con- ferences between colonial governments and delegates and the imperial autho- rities. The final upshot was an agree- ment that all those parts of the British empire which desired to have penny postage between themselves should be allowed to do so. Australia and Cape Colony do not as yet see their way clear to join the movement, on account of the expense of carrying letters inland; but all the other great colonies have now availed themselves of the privilege. This is a form of imperial federation and ex- pansion which everybody must approve, except those who insist upon making ex- pansion mean fighting. If empire meant solely the free exchange of ideas, as of goods, it would seem very tame to some of our military romancers, but it would really be empire at its best. There is a temporary expense involved, as a postal deficit will have to be made good for a time. This should recommend it to the expansionists, who fairly dote on ex- pense. Yet our expansive Postmaster- General drew back from the proposal that penny postage should be establish- ed between the United States and Great Britain, on the ground that we could not afford it. We are spending so much on guns and ships and policing our empire that we have nothing left to pay postage. Lord Salisbury, in his speech to the Constitutional Club on December 16, put in his neatest manner the difficulty of mixing the new diplomacy with the old. The cry of the new diplomats is that you must take the people into your con- fidence. Very good; but how can you take them into your confidence without taking everybody else in too — including the foreign nation with which you may have some delicate negotiation in hand, and to which you do not care to blurt out all your case? Lord Salisbury said he had always preferred greater reti- cence, but some of his colleagues had not taken the same view. But what had been the' result of their attempts to lift the veil? Why, they had been instantly denounced for using indiscreet and pro- vocative language. There is the dilem- ma. "If you want discretion and re- ticence, you may have it; but if you want the reverse of reticence, whatever it may be, you cannot expect to have what you consider to be discretion." Therefore, any unlucky Minister who ventured to speak at all about foreign relations was certain to be charged with indiscretion, or else charged with the more heinous crime of not taking the people into his confidence. Chamber- lain and Sir Michael Hicks-Beach and Sir Edmund Monson will read this gentle raillery with mixed feelings; but it cer- tainly gives plausibility to the rumor that Salisbury is tiring of the cares of the Foreign Office, and that his throwing the reins so often on the necks of his subordinates is but preliminary to get- ting off the box altogether. The same speech contained some sentences which certainly support the view of "Diplomaticus" in the FortniffM- i.n, oil which we recently commented. This was, that it was the knowledge of the threatening French conspiracy in Africa which tied the Prime Minister's hands in Armenia and in China. As if precisely to bear this out, Lord Salis- bury said: "It may be quite true that there are some matters on which you do righi to go to war, and yet the extreme step was not taken, but you must be sure before you take that action that there were no other possible or imme- diate complications within view which made it necessary to economize the force that was at the disposal of the Govern- ment." He also maintained that a gov- ernment should be judged as a merchant would be who had failed in some enter- prises, but succeeded in others, the fail- ure being excusable by the necessity of reserving all his capital "for work that he knew was impending upon him, and of which he knew that all his capital was necessary for the success." This was only a diplomatic way of saying that the Foreign Office had to lie down in Turkey and China in order to be able to check- mate France at Fashoda. The Journal des Economistes has a sad story to tell about French commerce and colonial policy, apropos of the Fashoda affair. Inquiring what can be the cause of the English feeling of irritation towards France, it attributes it to the operation of the Meline tariff on the commercial relations of the two coun- tries. Under the treaties of commerce the exportations of England into France amounted to 665,000,000 francs; under the Meline tariff they have declined to 485,000,000 in 1896; while the French im- ports into England have risen, through English free trade, to 1,335,000,000, an increase of 300,000,000. More mischiev- ous than this, the Journal thinks, is the French practice of closing to foreign commerce all her new colonial posses- sions. In 1880, under the treaties of commerce, the French foreign trade amounted to 8,500,000,000 francs; in 1897, under the Meline tariff, it has sunk to 7,554,000,000. The French exports to Al- geria amount to 100,000,000 francs. This is the exact cost of the defence and ad- ministration of the colony, per annum. In other words, the taxpayers of France pay the profits of the French exporters, and this sixty years after the acquisition of the colony. There are among us a good many low "kickers" and grumblers, who predict exactly the same results for our colonization — that is, the payment, through the cost of defence and admin- istration, by the taxpayers of the Ameri- can exporters' profits. We are on the way to that glorious result already, and would advise that the persons who call attention to it be sent out of the coun- try.

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The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1749 DEMOCRATIC WARS. Mr. Charles J. Bonaparte read, at the meeting of the Civil-Service Reform As- sociation, a fortnight ago, a very power- ful paper in answer to the question, apropos of the events of the late war: Can we trust our army to spoilsmen? No more trenchant exposure of the levity and imbecility which marked our mili- tary operations has yet appeared, and we are glad to see that it has been reprinted in pamphlet form. But Mr. Bonaparte has to begin his observations, as most writers have to-day, by showing that he does not disapprove of war in general, or believe, with Gen. Sherman, that "war is hell!" or that Washington was a "Beelzebub," or that the men who fought at Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown were "demons in training." What Gen. Sherman undoubtedly meant, and had to mean, was that war was as near a re- production of the hell of the theologians as man could produce here on earth, which is strictly true. Any one who denies it cannot have seen war. War involves a complete dissolution of the ordinary bonds of civil society, and an abrogation of most of the rules of mo- rality. What else could man do to imi- tate the state of things in the kingdom of Satan? Literal reproduction of hell is not within our reach. We can- not command lakes of fire, and eternal torments, with three-pronged forks, but we inflict all the tortures of which we are capable, and to-day thousands of our best minds are busy improving the means of killing and maiming human beings and destroying the material re- sults of civilization over large areas, so as to make the lot of the inhabitants as unhappy as possible. What else is Satan's regular business? This part of Mr. Bonaparte's address is, in fact, what we call rhetorically "the placatory clause" which most of our writ- ers have to use in order to secure a pa- tient hearing from a public not accus- tomed to plain logic. Mr. Bonaparte says he addresses "those of my fellow-coun- trymen (numbering, in my opinion, cer- tainly nine out of every ten of them) who have no longing for wars or con- quests, and view with distrust and mis- giving our adoption of a meddlesome, visionary foreign policy which leads to these, but who know that, while men re- main neither better nor worse than men, there will be times when the sword must be drawn, and know, moreover, that often it can remain in the scabbard be- cause, and only because, it is, and is known to be, sharp and ready to the hand which shall wield it." We presume he also addresses "many thousands of our young men who left their homes for a war which, as I have reason to think, a large majority deemed unnecessary and unwise. In their cheerfulness and obe- dience under privations, all the harder to bear because plainly needless, and in the steadiness and gallantry displayed by substantially all of them who went into action, I see, perhaps, the most encouraging and healthful symptoms of our national life." As Mr. Bonaparte's thesis is simply that a nation should not go to war with- out preparation, he is, doubtless, not called on to discuss the proper causes or proper time to go to war. But so strange- ly constituted is the human mind that we see in this readiness of young men to take the field in person in "a war which a large majority deemed unnecessary and unwise," not a "most encouraging and healthful symptom of our national life," but a dangerous one. There could not be a better illustration than the late war, as Mr. Bonaparte describes it, of the enormous danger and barbarism of any war, except a plainly defensive one, for a democracy like ours. The war with Spain was, he admits," "unnecessary and un- wise," and, therefore, frightfully wicked. It was more than usually wicked because we were entirely unprepared for it, and, therefore, it promised great loss of life among our own people, and great injury to the health of our young men, without any compensatory damage to the enemy. Now, who got up this "unwise and un- necessary war" and hastened its out- break? A small set of distrusted poli- ticians at Washington known to Mr. Bonaparte as the "spoilsmen" — that is, men without much conscience or honor or real patriotism, for whom these young men, who went into the field so readily, had no respect in private life. But, by an old monarchical tradition, these spoils- men were, for the time being, "the coun- try," and, therefore, at liberty to launch Christian men, without inquiry, into any enterprise they chose to designate as "patriotic," as if man was not a moral being before he became a citizen, or ceased to be one after he became a citi- zen. An American citizen has still, in the nineteenth century of the Christian era, to follow our politicians to their wars, as Englishmen had to "follow the king to his wars" in the fifteenth cen- tury, without any inquiry as to what the war was about. The belief that a wish on the part of a politician for war gives him a claim on your life and property and health which you are bound to honor, without question as to cause, or preparation, or prospect of success, is to us one of the greatest dangers of modern democracy. In the sixteenth and seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries, when the kings were, like Louis XIV., held to be entitled, if they enjoyed war, to ruin their coun- tries with it, the evil was in some de- gree, as we pointed out the other day in connection with Taine's comments on the Napoleonic conscription, mitigated by the fact that wars were carried on by voluntary enlistment. The people who were carrying on the work of civilization in their various occupations were not I held bound to leave them, that the king and the court might see them march and counter-march, and open trenches, and die miserably, for their entertainment. Most of their victims were men to whom no better lot was open. But as the tra- dition has come down to us, anybody who can secure a nomination, or even buy it, can call for the flower of our youth for a hopeless conflict, as the Venezuela war would have been, or for an "unnecessary and unwise" conflict, as the late war admittedly was. This readi- ness of our youth to respond, like Ita- lian mercenaries, is to us alarming, and, If it continue, full of evil promise. For we may rely upon it that, with the in- crease of our army and navy and of our ambition, this will not be the last war the politicians will get up, in order to save an election, or to help financiers, or to get money through contractors for "the party." Are we, then, in favor of peace at any price, or opposed to all war?. Have we no respect for "the soldier's glorious trade," or for military courage, or for the great exploits by which empires have been built? The greatest possible. We have here a placatory clause against which the gates of hell cannot prevail, namely, Do not go to war until you know what it is about and whether it cannot be avoided. Above all, in a democracy, see that your wars are defensive, and not wars of conquest or contractors' wars. The morality and necessity of ail offensive wars are doubtful, for their se- cret causes lie beyond the reach of the ordinary citizen's inquiry. The politi- cian's temptation to deceive or humbug him is almost irresistible. But there never can be any doubt about the morality and necessity of a defensive war. For that too great a number of young men can- not rush to the field. Washington's war was defensive. The soldiers of Bunker Hill and Yorktown and Saratoga were defending their liberty. They had that most precious thing, "a cause" which they understood and could justify. When they suffered, they suffered from poverty, not from villany. When they died, they were sure they died for man, and not that a political party might keep "the offices" and demagogues blather over the dead. THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY. Some days ago the organ of the Ad- ministration in New York, in a passage on which we made a few remarks last week, spoke as follows: "The final character of our colonial rule depends on the people, not on the President. No Administration makes the spoils system, but the popular pressure against which Pre- sidents with varying force contend, and the public opinion which encourages or discour- ses them in resisting spoilsmen." It has been impossible or very diffi- cult (for those, at least, who neither ad- mire nor trust Mr. McKinley) not to take this sort of semi-official announcement as connected with a President's failure. *>

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Jan. 5, 1899] The JSTation. for the first time in twenty-five years, to make any mention in his message of civil-service reform. This almost form- al warning that the present Executive will not he responsible for the way in which our new possessions are to be governed, is enough to send a cold shiver down the back of an honest expansion- ist. We know, too, that he is at this moment contemplating the removal of about 2,000 places from the classification, and handing them back to the spoilsmen on a report from them that they would like to have the disposal of them. In fact, the signs and omens are to-day all unpleasant as regards the Executive, good as they may be as regards the pub- lic at large. Various commercial bodies all over the country are already moving in the direction of consular reform, and their memorials to the President all assume that he can bring about the change and make our shame to cease if he pleases; and this at the very moment that his own organs are giving out that the mat- ter does not depend on him, but on the "people." In a speech which Mr. Mc- Kinley made at Savannah recently, he said: "If, following the clear precepts of duty, territory falls to us, and the welfare of an alien people requires our guidance and pro- tection, who will shrink from the responsi- bility, grave though it be?" Here he clearly recognizes the exist- ence of responsibility somewhere — how created, he does not explain — for "the welfare of an alien people," and inquires, "Who will shrink from the responsi- bility, grave though it be?" Now the responsibility for the welfare of an alien people always devolves, in civilized gov- ernments on the chief of the state, that is, on the Executive. There are both rea- son and business in this arrangement. Seventy millions of men, women, and children engaged in earning their bread or completing their education cannot "afford guidance and protection to an alien people." They have enough to do to secure "guidance and protection" for them- selves. They pay $50,000 a year and pro- vide with a house a gentleman named McKinley, for taking care of such "alien peoples" as he brings home, all out of their scanty earnings. They do not ex- pect him to shout to them to look after the Tagals and the Malays, after he has himself invited them to look on him as their "great father." The great Griggs has, it is true, perorated much about the eagerness of the American people for "responsibility" for inferior races, but the only sign of this responsibility we have seen is to be found in the Griggs "rainbow" speeches. What the American people plainly wishes, is that Admiral Dewey should supply the guidance and protection, and they will gladly read ac- counts of his chastisement of inferior races with quick-firing guns. But that "the people" means itself to take any special measure about any "alien people" we have never heard, and do not believe. Another thing to be remembered is that this tendency on the part of Ame- rican officials to throw responsibility on "the people" and shirk it themselves, is almost as old as the republic, and the principal thing against which the friends of good government have had to contend ever since "reform" first began to be spoken of. If an official does not take refuge behind "the people," he takes re- fuge behind "the party." He always tries to make "the party" responsible for the administration of his office. If he or his subordinates do wrong, it is "the party" which is to blame. In large affairs it is "the people"; and, of course, "the party" and "the people" are both bodies which, for purposes of adminis- tration, can neither be found nor called to account. It was an old maxim of the Schoolmen that the same rule applies both "to things which are not visible and things which are non-existent." This is singularly true in politics. In the mouth of a guilty or negligent official "the people" is simply the "wicked part- ner." All that has been accomplished in the way of civil-service reform has been the work of Presidents who boldly met their responsibility to the nation. All the failures which civil-service reform- ers have met with have been due to the dishonest or corrupt pretence of Pre- sidents that they could not resist "the pressure" — that is, the persuasion of a small group of men in Washington whom they knew to be both venal and selfish. If, now, the proper government of our dependencies is to be prevented by a pretence of "pressure," if nobody is go- ing to take it in hand until 70,000,000 of people busy themselves about the "guidance and protection" of our new acquisitions, we confidently predict that the 12,000,000 we have seized will "get left." War is a delightfully exciting pas- time, for the women and boys especially, who read about "thrilling exploits" in the newspapers. It seems so easy to govern "dependencies" by reading of their seizure by the army and navy in the penny Blatherskite; but governing them in a manner on which we can invoke "the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Al- mighty God," is a very different matter. Very few want to read about the details of administration, and least of all the women who love war and think it im- proves a young man's character. Ad- ministering subject-races when you re- ceive little or no help from the ruled, is one of the dryest and dreariest of hu- man occupations. To do it honestly and efficiently requires the highest character, indomitable industry, and an uncon- querable love of detail. The notion that "the people" will engage In it, or watch it, or concern themselves about it abroad, any more than they have con- cerned themselves about it at home, has a dishonest stamp on its face when pro- duced by an expansionist. Those on whom the responsibility of governing our new dominions falls are the Execu- tive first, and then Congress, and they ought to be at work at it now, instead of delivering homilies on the magnifi- cence of the task and urging their neigh- bors to tackle it. JUSTIN S. MORRILL. The biography of Justin S. Morrill will, if it come to be written, embrace a large part of the political and especially of the financial history of the United States during the last forty-five years. He was elected a Representative in Con- gress in 1854 and has held a seat in one house or the other ever since. No other member now living has sat there so long without intermission. When he entered public life, Franklin Pierce was Presi- dent and Jefferson Davis Secretary of War. Stephen A. Douglas was the leader of the Democratic party in the North, and Abraham Lincoln, though he had sat in Congress, was little known beyond the borders of his own State. James Buchanan came to the Presidency two years later, and the drama of seces- sion and civil war did not open until Mr. Morrill's third term in the House. Only persons well past middle life can re- member the time when he was not in Congress. It was his fortune to repre- sent a State not afflicted with the Boss system. Consequently, there was never any question respecting his seat so long as he cared to occupy it. The office sought him in the beginning and con- tinued to seek him to the end. He never had to fight for his seat, or to concern himself about retaining it; and in this respect, as well as in the length of his occupancy of it, his career has been unique. A man thus favored by opportunity ought to have made a mark upon the times in which he lived, and this Mr. Morrill has done in two or three ways. His name is coupled with the tariff legis- lation of the civil war. This may or may not have been wise. History will deal with that question as it has dealt with the corn laws of England and other re- strictive legislation of the past. The principle of protectionism was dead when Mr. Morrill entered Congress, and he never thought of reviving it until the war made increased revenues, both by tariff and internal taxes, necessary. Mr. Morrill, while a believer in protection, was not an extremist. The bills later than his own (of which there were two or three while he was still a member of the House) were not at all to his liking, but he went with his party. He could hardly do otherwise, yet his influence was generally given for lower duties than his party associates desired. So well was this known that the protected

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6 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1749 classes made it a practice of doubling their demands, because they knew that Father Morrill would cut them down one-half. Mr. Morrill's best influence upon the financial legislation of the country was negative rather than positive. He was a stubborn opponent of Government paper money in all forms, down to the day of his death, and he never omitted an op- portunity to express his opinions. When the legal-tender act was introduced in the session of 1861-'62 he spoke against it, voted against it, and wrote against it. His early arguments on this subject as read to-day do not suffer by compari- son with anything that has been said or written since. He held that honest tax- ation and honest borrowing were the only safe and just methods for obtaining the means to carry on the war, and that legal-tender issues were both dangerous and dishonest. It was largely due to his efforts and his rising influence on the financial side of legislation that a limit was finally put to greenback issues. In the latter part of 1863 that limit was reached and was adhered to. Congress had come to Mr. Morrill's platform, and from that time forward the war was carried on by taxation and borrowing only. Government notes were still is- sued to some extent, but they bore in- terest and hence were in the nature of loans, and were as little mischievous as possible. Mr. Morrill, as he had op- posed the greenbacks in their inception, was always in favor of their retirement, and in the later struggles over the silver question was always the leading oppo- nent of every form of depreciated cur- rency. The Government credit was ever the object of his solicitude and the very apple of his eye. Mr. Morrill left his mark in another department of public affairs. He was the author of the Agricultural College act, by virtue of which a large part of the public domain was saved from the grasp of railroad speculators and ap- plied to the purposes of education. This is perhaps the act by which Mr. Morrill will be longest known to posterity. He was distinguished also by his opposition to all kinds of foreign adventure. He opposed the annexation of San Domingo, of St. Thomas, of Hawaii, and of the Spanish colonies in the East and West Indies. His death at this time is a se- rious loss to those who are opposing the ratification of the treaty with Spain. Mr. Morrill was not an orator. His speeches were all written and read from manuscript, yet they will outlive most of the random talk of the Senate of the present day. He was a man of spotless character. He was never a place-seeker for himself or for anybody else. Among all the bad appointments that have dis- graced the civil service from time to time, nobody can recall one that is as- sociated with his name. No scandal ever came near him. He was modest to a fault. He had no aim or desire beyond the performance of his duty. He never wore his patriotism on his sleeve. He was of the best type of American states- manship— one of the old school that we read about in the history of the Ameri- can Revolution and of the years imme- diately succeeding — the school of Roger Sherman and Albert Gallatin; and as he is carried to the grave we ask ourselves doubtfully, not whether his successors will be born, but whether they will find their way into public life. THE SPANISH STORY OF SANTIAGO. Almost the first full account of the siege and battles of Santiago from the Spanish point of view is to be found in a book published in Madrid by a lieute- nant in the Spanish navy, Don Jose Miiller y Tejeiro. Stationed at Santiago before the arrival of Cervera's squadron, he was personally cognizant of most of the subsequent operations; and from his own diary, and from accounts given him by participants in the land battles and in the sea fight, he is able to give a connected and consecutive story of each day's events. He includes in his book, which he entitles 'Combates y Capitula- cion de Santiago de Cuba,' a few of- ficial documents— such as reports of the number of troops, the returns of killed and wounded, the paper drawn up by the Spanish officers advising Toral to surrender, etc. None of these throws much new light on the campaign, iheir chief value, as also that of Lieut. Tejei- ro's records from day to day, being to show under what hopeless disadvantages and mismanagement the Spanish cause labored from the first. The Lieutenant makes no complaints. He writes with true Spanish fatalism. Yet his narrative avails to set forth the neglect and insouciance of the Spanish authorities in strong colors. When Cer- vera entered Santiago, he knew, in spite of the rejoicings in Spain, that his fleet was doomed. So did all the military au- thorities at Santiago — at least, as soon as they learned that no more ships were coming to support Cervera. While Ma- drid was joyful, consternation reigned in Santiago. The naval and army authori- ties foresaw at once what would happen — the blockade, the American military expedition, the siege and its predestined end. Yet what was done? Absolutely no- thing, except to prepare to die like Spa- niards. The town was but scantily pro- visioned to begin with. There was a margin of nine or ten days before the blockade began, in which to import sup- plies from Jamaica, but not a ship's load entered. After it was too late, the at- tempt was made to run in cargoes of provisions, but, of course, the Ameri- can blockaders captured them all. Then there was the question of reinforce- ments. Fifteen or twenty thousand troops were within call at Holguin, Man- zanillo, and elsewhere; but not a bat- talion moved. Finally, when again too late, Gen. Escario marched his 3,000 men from Manzanillo, only to arrive after the fighting was over and to hasten the sur- render of the garrison by the sooner ex- hausting their meagre supplies. As for Cervera's squadron, Lieut. Te- jeiro adds new details to the facts show- ing the crippled condition in which it went out to be destroyed. Short of coal, short of guns, short of ammunition, with boilers and engines out of order, the ships were lost before they sailed. No one knew this more certainly than Cer- vera and his men. They went out only on positive orders, and they went out to infallible destruction. The serene courage with which they did it is enough to justify Lieut. Tejeiro in asserting that July 3, in spite of its disastrous results, was a glorious day for Spain. No country ever saw her sons go to certain death with a calmer bravery. It is a fine pic- ture which the Lieutenant gives us of a gallant gentleman when he describes Cervera on his flagship at the moment of clearing the channel. Already the Maria Teresa was under a hail of shot, already the dead and wounded were thick on her decks and in her batteries. But the Admiral coolly stepped to the ship's side to see the pilot off, and called out, smiling, "Good-bye, pilot. Hurry out of this! They mustn't fail to pay you, for you have earned your money." The fighting on land was clearly as much of a revelation of the American soldier to the Spanish as it was of the Spanish to the American. Lieut. Tejeiro speaks in warm praise, and with a cer- tain surprise, of the intrepid dash of the American troops charging entrench- ments held by men with modern repeat- ing rifles. But the Spanish regulars lived up to that proudest Spanish boast, that they "knew how to die." Out of 520 men in the trenches at El Caney, but 80 came out alive. It was the Twen- ty-ninth Battalion of the Constitution that bore the brunt of this deadly as- sault, and Lieut. Tejeiro says, what we have heard from other sources, that, after the surrender, whenever the Ame- rican soldiers saw a Spaniard with "29" on his collar, they instantly fell to shaking his hand and offering to treat him. A like agreeable discovery of each other's quality was made in the care of the Spanish wounded who fell into our hands. When told by a Lieutenant of the attentions lavished upon him in the American hospital, Seiior Tejeiro inno- cently wrote: "So it was only the Ame- rican Government and the Jingoes who weie bloodthirsty." He closes with a few frank remarks about the causes which led to the Spa- nish loss of Cuba. Chief among these he places the selfish exploitation of the island, solely in the interest of Spain and of Spanish officials. Then he also admits, while he deplores, the excessive I

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Jan. 5, 1899] The Nation. cruelty which had marked Spanish ad- ministration, and especially Spanish at- tempts to put down insurrection. Out- rage provoking outrage, and massacre leading to massacre, the condition of things in Cuba at the beginning of this year was, he confesses, such as to ex- cuse, if not justify, interference by other countries. THE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION AT NEW HAVEN. New Haven, December 30, 1898. The eleventh annual meeting of the Ame- rican Economic Association, held here this week with Yale University, was one of the most satisfactory in the recent history of the Association. Attendance was large and representative. The academic element predominated, and certain familiar figures from the Western and Middle States were absent; but this seems to be remediable neither by variety in programme nor alter- nation in place of assembly. The simulta- neous meeting of the American Historical Association offered pleasant opportunities for joint sessions and personal intercourse, and many will regret the apparent necessi- ty for separate gatherings of the two or- ganizations in 1899. The characteristic features of the meeting were the successful use of special commit- tees for the investigation of assigned eco- nomic topics, and the relative dominance in programme and in discussion of practi- cal economic questions over aspects of eco- nomic theory. The first fact represents a further stage in the evolution of the tradi- tional scheme of detailed, miscellaneous pa- pers into a series of general discussions of larger economic problems. The use of spe- cial committee reports as a basis for dis- cussion removes the one danger of this plan by assuring active debate and substantial results, and is likely to become the future policy of the Association. The emphasis put upon problems of economic practice as contrasted with economic theory reflects the current phase of economic study. A few years since, the reaction against the histo- rical movement in economic science, ac- centuated by the acute deductive studies of the Austrian economists, led to remarkable activity in economic analysis. The results can hardly be said to have been commensu- rate with the effort expended, and the return of the younger American economists to the domain of concrete economic investigation, leaving the field of constructive economic theory, temporarily at least, in the posses- sion of the few mature economists possess- ing especial fitness therefor, can only be ac- counted a distinct scientific gain. Singularly enough, this was foreshadowed in President Arthur T. Hadley's brilliant ad- dress on Tuesday evening on "The Rela- tion between Economics and Politics." With characteristic originality of thought and vi- gor of expression, Prof. Hadley analyzed the palpable phenomenon that, at the present day, with economic science in some respects at the height of its prosperity, the practical influence of the economists on government and legislation is not only less than it should be, but actually less than it many times has been. It is the same circumstance which Prof. F. H. Giddings briefly discussed at the Baltimore meeting two years ago under the title, "Popular Respect for Economic Knowledge." Prof. Hadley found the pri- mary cause of this condition of affairs to be the fact that the new political economy has substituted a vaguer conception of wealth for the more concrete one, and many of its propositions have suffered a corresponding loss of clearness and precision. With this loss of concreteness of conception has come a loss of definiteness of aim — the almost inevitable result of sub- stituting the principles of a science for the practice of an art. Not only have the ut- terances of the economists thus lost in pre- cision, but the scope of their influence has been further reduced by the modern deve- lopment of jurisprudence and administra- tion. The courts have made themselves in- dependent of the aid of the economists by basing their adjudication of distinctly mo- dern problems upon precedent rather than upon scientific analysis. Similarly, the organi- zation of modern representative government, with its neglect of collective interests and its checks upon administrative power, has further reduced the economist to the exer- cise of an uncertain, spasmodic influence. Such an analysis affords no warrant for pessimism. It simply emphasizes the mes- sage— delivered by Prof. Hadley in no un- certain tone— that at this time, of all others, with new problems at hand of the gravest economic import, the economists should re- cognize that their largest opportunity in the immediate future lies "not in theories but in practice, not with students but with statesmen, not in the education of indivi- dual citizens, however widespread and salu- tary, but in the leadership of an organized body politic." The session on Wednesday morning was devoted to the report of the special commit- tee appointed at the Cleveland meeting a year ago to consider the scope and method of the twelfth census. Under the chairmanship of Prof. Richmond Mayo-Smith of Columbia University, the committee have performed a valuable service by securing a series of va- luable papers from independent authors upon various phases of the last Federal census, to- gether with suggestions regarding the scope and method of the next. These papers will be printed at an early date as a monograph of the Association. In addition, a circular- letter was sent to all members of the Associa- tion inviting specific criticisms and sugges- tions, and the practical conclusions of the committee are based in part upon the opi- nions thus received. The desirability of a permanent census organization and its sub- ordination to civil-service rules is noted; and a reduction of the number and variety of the investigations ordered, by the transfer of certain subordinate inquiries to established departments, is advised. Attention is also called to positive defects in census methods, such as the lack of comparability in the data from census to census, the lack of co- ordination, faults of enumeration, and faults in the textual analysis of the figures. The only two phases of the committee's re- port discussed by the Association were the attempts to secure statistics of capital in manufacture and statistics of municipal finance. As to the practicability of securing any adequate presentation of the capital en- gaged in industry, there was marked differ- ence of opinion. As to the painful inade- quacy of the statistics of municipal finance contained in the last census, and the impor- tance of sound but simple classification in the coming enumeration, there was practical unanimity. A no less noteworthy report was presented on Thursday morning by the committee on currency reform, also appointed at Cleve- land a year ago, under the chairmanship of Prof. F. M. Taylor of the University of Michigan. Expressly disavowing any re- sponsibility of the Association for the views presented, and making no attempt to further complicate the situation by the formulation of another comprehensive plan of reform, the committee expressed their own opinions as to the need, objects, and methods of such reform in a series of candid, moderate state- ments. The need of reform is found in the inse- curity of the standard, the inelasticity of the circulation, and the present peculiar con- juncture of circumstances favorable to re- form. The committee admit that to a large number of economists the gold standard, ab- stractly considered, is undesirable; but the particular substitute which such economists favor, i. e., international bimetallism, is de- scribed as no longer a practical issue, and until it again becomes so it is highly de- sirable, as even the sturdiest international bimetallist will admit, that all uncertainty as to the basis of the currency be removed. This can be effected by an explicit defini- tion of the standard in terms of gold, by devolving upon the banks the task of main- taining the convertibility into gold of other forms of currency, or, if this be found im- practicable, by a reorganization of the Trea- sury Department with reference to the duty of maintaining the standard. The security of the standard once estab- lished, some measure of elasticity should be introduced in the circulating note system and some provision made for the extension of banking into country districts. Note issue based in part upon ordinary banking assets, and a supplementary system of branch bank- ing, seem the best methods for accomplish- ing these results. Failing these, a number of familiar amendments of the national banking act are suggested. In connection with the report on currency reform is to be mentioned Prof. F. W. Taus- sig's striking paper on "Some Aspects of the United States Treasury Situation in the Years from 1894 to 1896." The paper dealt with the manner in which the Treasury ac- cumulated and hoarded legal tender notes in these years, and more particularly dur- ing the period from November, 1895, to Octo- ber, 1896. This process of hoarding green- backs must have been the result of delibe- rate policy by the Administration; yet, strange to say, not a word is to be found concerning it in the official Treasury reports. Just as the silver currency, issued under the act of 1878, proved to be excessive during a period of depression, and flowed back into the Treasury in 1884-86, so the legal tend- ers flowed back in 1894-96. The essential difference was that in 1884-86 the Treasury was so fortunate as to have a large excess of receipts over expenditures, and was able quietly to hoard a large volume of silver currency. This condition was lacking iu 1894-96, and the resulting difficulties and disturbances may be expected, in the entire absence of any means of accommodating the volume of the currency to the varying con- dition of business, to recur with any period of depression. The only contribution to economic theory, but probably the most important single pa-

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8 Tlie USTation [Vol. 68, No. 1749 per, presented at the meeting, was Prof. John B. Clark's profound study on "Dynamic Standards of Wages and Interest." Both in its interpretation of the classical theory of normal cost and in the analysis of the in- terrelation of wages and entrepreneur's gain, the essay formed a weighty addition to the modern theory of distribution. It af- forded new evidence of the completeness with which Prof. Clark is developing the details of his economic system, and height- ened the eagerness with which his long- promised treatise Is awaited. The session of Wednesday afternoon was devoted to papers on American Economic History. In addition to Prof. Taussig's study noted above, Dr. G. S. Callender presented an admirable essay upon the origin of internal improvement enterprises in the United States; Prof. J. C. Schwab gave a further in- stalment of his laborious researches into the financial history of the Confederate States, in the form of a careful survey of prices and price movements during the civil war; Prof. C. S. Walker reviewed the course of recent economic changes in Massachusetts. The remaining papers were presented on Thursday afternoon by Mr. W. F. Willoughby on the present study of labor problems in France; by Mr. C. W. Curtis on municipal taxation as a means of public control of cor- porations; by Dr. Max West upon the nature of municipal franchises. In the uniformly high quality of the papers presented, this session was one of the most successful of the meeting. The arrangement of the programme per- mitted attendance upon the address of the President. of the American Historical Asso- ciation, Prof. George P. Fisher, on Wednes- day evening, and upon the session of that association on Thursday evening, devoted to papers on matters affecting the present for- eign policy of the United States. The social features of the meetings were most attrac- tive. Yale University, the New Haven His- torical Society, the local committee of ar- rangements, and resident members of the Association vied in cordiality, while some ot the most delightful incidents of the meeting were made possible by the hospitality of the Graduates' Club. The business transacted by the Council of the Association was for the most part rou- tine. The place and time of the next meet- ing were fixed, after some discussion— at Ithaca with Cornell University, and the Christmas recess of 1899. The policy of spe- cial committees for the investigation of de- signated economic topics was endorsed, and the executive committee were authorized to make necessary selections and appointments. The affairs of the Association are in a satis- factory condition, and additional members will be welcomed upon the nomination of the Secretary, Prof. Walter F. Willcox, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. Hadley was reelected President for the ensuing year. J. H. H. THE ABBE MORELLET. Paris, December 13, 1898. The Abbe Morellet, so well known in the latter part of the eighteenth century among the promoters of the science of political eco- nomy, was a great friend of Lord Shelburne, who became Marquis of Lansdovvne. His correspondence with Lord Shelburne is now in London, at Lansdowne House. It has just been published by Lord Edmund Fitzmau- rice, author of a Life of Lord Shelburne.* The intimate relations of the Abb6 Morellet with English society lend a particular in- terest to this correspondence. "The cause of peace," says Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice in a short preface, "and the cause of the abolition of commercial hin- drances, especially of those which hamper the trade between France and England, are the causes which Morellet defends always and everywhere. He will say with Talley- rand: 'What is a treaty of peace? It is not a treaty which, regulating the sum of the contested objects, substitutes a state of peace for a state of war; it must besides substitute friendship for hatred.' Morellet thought that he saw such a peace in 1783, when the Treaty of Versailles, negotiated by his friend Lord Shelburne, put an end to war in Europe and recognized the independence of the English colonies in America." Such a peace, a peace substituting friend- ship for hatred, is seldom to be obtained, and the close of the present century seems to show us, in Europe, a renewal of interna- tional hatred like that which embittered the last days of the philanthropic Morellet. Could he live again, he would also see how little progress those principles of political economy of which he was an ardent defend- er have made. He had the satisfaction of seeing many barriers to trade destroyed in France, and destroyed for ever; but he would now see international barriers raised all over the world, and protectionism in the as- cendant at the end of a century which prides itself on being an era of progress. Some of the letters of Morellet on the question of protection are singularly eloquent. Read, for instance, this written on the 12th of March, 1776, from Paris: "Our peasants have been delivered of the corvee and do not revolt in order to be subjected to it again. Guilds have been abolished, and we have as good cloth and as good shoes as before, and the workmen have not begun a civil war. We have given liberty to the trade in bread and meat over a territory of four hundred square leagues about the capital; bread and meat abound in Paris more than before. Such is the ef- fect of the plain policy which restores li- berty to us; for, as liberty is a natural state, and as all hindrances make on the contrary a forced state, if you give liberty, everything takes its place again and all is at peace." Morellet, in the same letter, blames the English Government for its behavior towards the Americans: "You are, unfortunately, still far from the principles I have set forth, though you have already very precious liberties. The liberty of commerce is still wanting. . . . Your Ministers have not seen that by enslaving and ruining the Americans they are drying up an abundant source of wealth and of ne- cessities of which the natural relations be- tween a metropolis and a colony, between people of the same blood and speaking the same language, would assure them the prin- cipal part, even if they were left completely free and absolutely independent. The stu- pid jealousy of trade which, for two centu- ries, has taken the place of other political fol- lies, makes you to-day increase the burden of the national debt — that is to say, impo- verishes you now, and will impoverish you more in the future, by the ruin of a vast country which you ought to regard as land added to your own. Your ministers are like a feudal lord who . . . should make war on his own farmers, and seize their horses and set fire to their barns — which would cer- tainly hinder them from paying their rent the year after. This is the sublime policy against which you and a few sensible people have arrayed yourselves with so much force and reason." The Abbe Morellet's correspondence with •Lotties de I'Abbfi Morellet a Lord Parte: rion Nourrit & (Me.; New York: Dyrsen & I feltTer. 1898. Lord Shelburne begins in January, 1772, and goes as far as 1803. We find in it details on Helvetius, Baron d'Holbach, Dr. Priest- ley, Dr. Price. Morellet takes much interest in English affairs. He gives his friend all the news of Paris, of Madame Geoffrin, of whom Shelburne said that she was the only person "whom he would like to be governed by"; of Mademoiselle de Lespinasse: "She continues to say that you are of all English- men the one who pleased her most — I would not say the most amiable, since you have a little aversion to that word." In 1775 Turgot was appointed Controller- General. France was threatened with fa- mine, and bread became so dear that the peo- ple rose in various places against the bakers and the farmers. At Versailles a troop of peasants pillaged the market; in Paris four or five hundred people forced an entrance into all the bakers' shops, and the police did not interfere. Turgot obtained at once from the King the dismissal of the Lieutenant of Police, named Le Noir; he took energetic measures, notwithstanding the resistance of the Parlement, and the King supported him against it. "The King showed himself very reasonable and firm." At that very mo- ment Necker wrote a pamphlet on "Legisla- tion and the Corn Trade," which Morellet sent to Lord Shelburne. In it Necker attack- ed violently Turgot's administration. Morel- let stood by Turgot. "Some," he says, "find the pamphlet excellent; others, among whom am I, find it very bad." Turgot suppressed as fast as he could all privileges. "He has just suppressed the privileges of the cities of Bordeaux and of Marseilles, which were a great inconvenience to the wine trade. It is to be hoped that this ope- ration will bring agriculture in all the pro- vinces of Languedoc to a high state of pros- perity. You will have cheaper wine and our gains will be greater. Turgot continues to destroy all the hindrances to liberty of trade —our guilds, with their privileges always fa- tal to industry, to the activity and the wealth of the nation; he attacks and suppresses all uhe rights of way, etc., all the tolls on roads and rivers; ... he reforms all our municipal administrations, whose expenses were exces- sive, often without object or utility. . . . In short, we are going in the right direction, and if we have only three or six years of this administration, there will be so much good done that we shall be obliged to continue, and I do not doubt that this will be a memo- rable time in the history of our monarchy." When the American crisis became acute, Morellet wrote to Lord Shelburne (January 5, 1777): "We take much interest in American af- fairs, and there are more partisans of liberty for Americans in Paris than in the whole pro- vince of New York. We have read with much pleasure the letter of Franklin to Lord Howe, and we wait with some impatience for the good news of a defeat of Gen. Corn- wallis. You will say, perhaps, that we are less the friends of liberty for Americans than the enemies of Great Britain, and this may be true of many people among us; but I am glad to tell you that everybody is not so anti-British, and that I wish you great pros- perity while I want the Americans to be free, and that many of us are of that mind." Turgot was dismissed in the beginning of 1777. Morellet regrets it, though he confesses to Lord Shelburne that Turgot was very maladroit in persuading men. He announces in the same letter the marriage of his niece to Marmontel and the illness of Madame Geoffrin; a little later the death of this fa- mous "mother of the philosophers." The American war is the subject of many letters. Morellet never had a doubt as to the final triumph of the American cause; he told Lord Shelburne over and over again

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Jan. 5, 1899] The Nation 9 that England could not bear for many years the expense of a war on the continent of America and on the high seas in all parts of the world. He quotes often the French proverb, "Les plus courtes folies sont les meilleures." When war was declared be- tween France and England, the relations of Morcllet and Lord Shelburne were not in- terrupted, though they became more distant and difficult. "Turgot's rival, Necker, supports him- self in a difficult situation. He seems to conduct our finances to the general satis- faction. He has introduced some order and economy into them. He resists with courage the avidity of the courtiers. He maintains the public credit. His principles regarding the administration of commerce are not those of the men who have most reflected on the subject, and I count myself in that number. But ho does not much interfere with that object, and leaves things as they are" (July 13, 1780). We see by this letter that, though Mo- rellet was personally much attached to Tur- got, he could be just to Necker. He con- sidered the latter, however, an ordinary man, and he writes that "people must be mediocre to be called to the administration of the state by the sovereign. It is with you as with us. I think that kings have discovered that men of genius can only spoil every- thing, and that mediocrity of mind and of talent is for them aurea medioeritas. It certainly is for those who are endowed with it, and it conducts them surely to wealth and In 1782 Lord North fell from power, and a new cabinet was formed by Lord Rocking- ham. Lord Shelburne became Under-Secre- tary for the Colonies in this cabinet, while M. Dunning and Colonel Barre, both friends of Morellet, became the one Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the other Treasurer of the Navy. "Yes, my lord," writes Morel- let, "though we are divided by war, I am glad to see your country better governed. You know my cosmopolitan disposition." Morellet has many interesting observa- tions to make on the movements of opinion which preceded the French Revolution. We find in his letters important remarks on the Assembly of Notables, convoked in 1787, on the administration of M. de Calonne and of Necker, on the financial situation of France, on the convocation of the States-General. We see him becoming more and more un- easy as the Revolution goes on. Some of the changes wrought by the Constituent As- sembly meet with his approval. "I con- sider," he says, "as established for ever con- sent to taxation, ministerial responsibility, liberty of the press, the abolition of all privileges, and even the distinction of the three orders; I believe, also, that the old divisions of provinces which, by remaining separate, might have created obstacles to the new constitution, will cease to exist; and, finally, I regard all these changes as the happiest event which could befall a nation." His criticisms are formulated thus: "I consider as defects in our new consti- tution [of 1791] (1) not to have established two chambers; (2) not to have left to the King an absolute and independent veto, li- mited only by the obligation of consent to taxation and of ministerial responsibility; (3) not to have given sufficient power to the executive, which is placed in a position of weakness that cannot be remedied." Morellet's fears were not vain; and the event soon proved that the executive power was totally disarmed. Morellet's relations with England were long interrupted by the Revolution and by the war; they were resumed only after the peace of Amiens. Morellet early prophe- sied that the republican form of govern- ment would be followed by a military des- potism. His letters of December 3, 1802, and of January, 1803, are the last of the volume. He says in one: "You can form only a very imperfect idea of all we have had to suffer." We can imagine it when we contrast the liberal and generous thoughts of Morellet with the doctrines to which France became a prey in the years of the Terror and of the Directory. Correspondence. MR. CALKINS'S PROGRAMME. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I wish to suggest that Mr. Calkins, in the Nation of December 5, makes some very heavy demands on us. I suppose we must, as he says, "pay the twenty millions to Spain, and then give it all away." And not only that, but if we keep the islands wrested from Spain even for a short time, we buy with the twenty millions the privi- lege of wasting countless millions more on battle-ships and standing armies; we buy with the twenty millions the privilege of playing the fool. But why must we "se- cure order, religious freedom, and equality before the law" in those islands? We have neither order nor religious freedom nor equality before the law at home. Hadn't we better first try to secure those priceless blessings for ourselves and our posterity? Is not that the duty that lies nearest to be done? It is a trite saying that the age of miracles is past. For one, I do not see how I can give to islanders half round the globe what I am not able to secure for myself at home. But admit, for a moment, that we are a civilized nation, and not 70,000,000 savages, or, what amounts to nearly the same thing, men of "dull,, commonplace, untrained, in- coherent" minds. Admit that we could ac- complish what our experience has shown to be clearly impossible; is it our duty to attempt it? What duty do we owe those islanders, other than what we owe the rest of mankind, Spaniards among the rest; that is, freedom? And is not that debt fully discharged when we simply let them alone? I do not see, then, how I am "bound in conscience and before the world to take care of the helpless people whose cause we rashly took in hand." I cannot take care of myself and my family. Every day my own liberty and those of my neighbors are trampled under foot by war, humbug, and imperialism. But I am surely as much bound in conscience as Mr. Calkins or Dr. McKinley— unless, in- deed, they have done the people in question a wrong in overthrowing the Spanish autho- rity; and this Dr. McKinley at least indig- nantly denies. It is no man's duty to govern any other man. The affirmative of the proposition is a rank absurdity. It is no man's duty to take care of another man while the latter is learning to govern himself. Our first duty to all islanders and all men is to let them alone. Our second duty is to let them alone. Our third duty is to let them alone. Here we have the great fundamental higher law of liberty, which, to my mind, comprises the whole duty of man in his relations to his fellow-man. "Our true country," says Lowell (he puts it in the mouth of the Rev. Homer Wilbur, who never, I doubt not, preached from the text, "I came not to send peace on earth, but a sword") — "Our true country is bounded on the north and the south, on the east and the west, by justice, and when she oversteps that invisible boundary line, even by so much as a hair's-breadth, she ceases to be our mother." The McKinley Administration has overstepped that invisible boundary-line by the width of the seas that wash Cuba, by half the circumference of the globe; and we have lost our country. It is an overwhelming calamity not only to ourselves, but to all mankind. A. F. Hamilton. Granville, O., December 24, 1898. THE SUPPOSED LINCOLN PARALLEL. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Mr. Lincoln became President under pledges not to interfere with slavery; yet within two years he issued the edict of eman- cipation. This is urged by our imperialists and expansionists as a reason why we may seize Cuba, notwithstanding the solemn pledge made by Congress to Cuba and to the world just before the declaration of war against Spain. Mr. McKelway (who, unfor- tunately for his past reputation, seems try- ing to pose as the ideal Jingo), for one, has publicly urged this argument, and it is of such a popular and taking kind that its fallacy needs pointing out before, by constant repetition, it becomes stereotyped. The proposition as to Mr. Lincoln is true. He represented the general sentiment of the Republican party. The writer was able to say to one of the most prominent citizens in Lynchburg, Va., after the beginning of the war: "I am a Republican, and live in a Re- publican town, in a Republican State; my profession makes me acquainted with the ideas of the people; I know what they say at their firesides; and there is not the slightest wish to interfere with slavery in the South- ern States, where we believe it is guaranteed by the Constitution. We think it an evil, and are opposed to its farther extension. The Abolitionist candidate for Governor, Gerrit Smith, only polled a little over 6,000 votes in the great Empire State of New York." The fallacy lies in the application. Mr. Lincoln's pledges were made on the supposi- tion of continued peace. War breaks all bonds and changes all conditions. The sol- emn pledge made by Congress about Cuba, on the other hand, was made with the full expectation of war, and even a confidence in a successful war. The circumstances have not changed. They are precisely what Con- gress contemplated when it gave the pledge. Is there any parallel here for a moralist? W. Allen Johnson. Middletowjt, Conn., December 30. 1898. SENATOR HANNA'S NAVAL IDEAS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It seems to me that the real objection on the part of Senator Hanna of Ohio to the increase of the navy recommended by Secre- tary Long is not on account of economy, nor on account of the progress made from time to time in ship construction, but because the money asked for the increase of the navy is desired for the shipping subsidies called for

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io Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 749 in the measure recently introduced in the Senate by Mr. Hanna himself. An argument against building ships for the navy because ships improve in type and efficiency from time to time, is similar to the objection urged by the small boy to washing his face— be- cause it would get dirty again. The close of the war with Spain leaves the navy in an absolute sense no stronger than it was before the destruction of the Maine, while in a relative sense, with the duties of the protection and defence of our new insular acquisitions, and (above all) with our ap- pearance in the role of an Asiatic Power, we are very much weaker as a naval Power than before. Destructive criticism is of course easy and cheap, while criticism of a constructive na- ture is difficult to be had; still, it may not be too late for Senator Hanna and others to realize that the only statesmanlike way of avoiding the necessity of a very natural in- crease of the navy and naval expenditure is to resign the Philippines to their inhabi- tants, or to exchange them for British isl- ands near our own coasts. By the latter method our naval power and responsibilities will be more self-centred and hence less ex- travagant in their necessities. H- THE PROFESSOR AND HIS ASSISTANT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The "American Professor" contribut- ing the leading article to the December Edu- cational Review claims for his colleagues more liberal salaries, larger authority, and more leisure. He has my hearty support, and I wish his arguments might be brought to the notice of all trustees and others con- cerned. But another desideratum in uni- versity administration has been suggested to me (not for. the first time) by his article which has in view the advancement and in- creased influence of the American university. I refer to the proper use, on the part of the American professor, of such authority ax Ik1 enjoys. So far as I am aware, the professor in the higher institutions has, as a rule, pret- ty free control over his own department; but my observation has been that such control is not always exercised for the best interests of the department and of the institution, and, hence, of the higher learning. To make a long story short, human weakness of one sort or other frequently causes the professor to fail either in having the right men ap- pointed as assistants or in sufficiently en- couraging the younger instructors to do their share of the higher university work. In the course of years, not one, but many such cases have come to my notice. The failure to get out of the younger elements of the faculty the best that is in them has a retarding influence on university develop- ment, quite as much, possibly, as the older professors' poor pay and lack of leisure; it is one of the causes of the continued pre- ponderance of preparatory work oven in some of our greatest universities— not in all, and not in all departments alike; the most ex- treme cases occurring probably in the mo- dern languages, where elementary work is the rule and philological, post-graduate study the exception. Here, then, is an opportunity for many a professor, faculty, and president to use such authority as they have for the advancement of higher education. Greater Influence in university management, more money, and more leisure, it is to be hoped, will also be theirs in due time. In regard to salary, however, the status of the in- structor or assistant is also deserving of con- sideration; but this concerns the trustee. As one of the older, I feel free to plead for the younger. X. Notes. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. will publish im- mediately, in one volume at a low price, all the requirements in English for "careful study" for the years 1900-1902, as prescribed by the Joint Conference of Colleges and Sec- ondary Schools on Requirements in English for Admission to Colleges. The contents are from Macaulay, Milton, Shakspere, and Burke. Dodd, Mead & Co. have just imported 'The Dreyfus Case,' by F. C. Conybeare. Mr. Conybeare is probably better informed about all the intricacies of the cause celebre than any other Englishman, and his analysis of the documents and of the various stages of trial and retrial is marked by an acuteness and vigor which his unconcealed belief that Dreyfus is innocent does not at all impair. His work is an excellent preparation for an understanding of the further legal proceed- ing*. 'Angels' Wings' is the title selected by Edward Carpenter for a series of essays upon art and life, to be published soon by the Macmillan Co. The same firm will begin publication next month of Bird-Lore, a bi- monthly popular magazine of ornithology, edited by Frank M. Chapman. It will be the organ of the Audubon societies for the protection of birds. A promising offshoot of the admirable 'Encyclopa-dia of Sport' recently reviewed by us upon its completion is 'The Sportsman s Year-book," edited by two of the contributors to the 'Encyclopaedia,' Messrs. C. S. Colman and A. H. Windsor (London: Lawrence & Bullen). its aim, as suggested by Mr. Aflalo, is "a Sportsman's Whitaker," and so it embodies the rules of the chief English sports and games, and takes due notice of "events." Inactive games, . like cards or chess, find no pla';e here. The arrangement is alphabetical, from Angling to Yachting. Appendices treat of books of the year to No- vember, 1898; and deaths. Typographieally the volume is all that could be desired, and it will fit upon the same shelf with Whita- ker. The eighth issue of Minerva (Strassburg: Trtibner; New York: Lemcke & Buechner) conveys the gratifying editorial assurance that the enterprise is now on a firm founda- tion. Among the learned institutions either newly admitted or more thoroughly exhibited in their faculties and personnel, those of Canada are remarked. Non-German institu- tions now first begin to have their various chairs described in the appropriate vernacu- lar, to avoid error in translating; but this change is too extensive to take place all at once. In view of the scientific congresses convoked for 1900, Minerva will next year publish as full a list as possible, with par- ticular:-: as io place and date of meeting and programme. A portrait of the great Russian international jurist Martens serves as frontispiece to this welcome issue of an invaluable clue to the labyrinth of the "learned world." From Lemcke & Buechner we receive also the second volume of that other im- portant and in a certain sense kindred un- dertaking, the German Poole— 'Bibliographie der Deutschen Zeitschriften-Litteratur,' em- bracing not only the German periodical literature of 1897, but additions to the 1896 record (Leipzig: Andra's Nachfolger). The 399 publications here indexed are most con- veniently displayed in numerical order on a single folding sheet. This is, we may re- mind our readers, a subject- index. Through the Musee Social is published a work on 'Les Industries Monopolisers aux Etats-Unis,' by Paul de Rousiers. After giving a history of the more important Trusts, interspersed with observations based upon a visit to this country, M. Rousiers concludes that concentration of industry is a perfectly normal movement; but mono- poly is hased upon some exceptional con- dition, which always owes something to ar- tifice. The Standard Oil Trust rests upon an element "essentially artificial," the me- thods of railroad management, a "disorder purely American." In coal the small ope- rator was crowded out by the larger, and the railroads aided. Sugar rests upon the tariff, and iron and steel did derive sup- port from the customs duties, but have outgrown them, and now stand on an abun- dance of cheap material and highly spe- cialized methods of manufacture. The au- thor expresses surprise at the duties on pig iron and steel rails in the Dingley bill. In the case of the Whiskey Trust, he attributes too much influence to the tariff and the prohibition movement, and not enough to the internal-revenue legislation. In muni- cipal concerns he believes less danger threatens from private Trusts than from such state Trusts as exist in France. With- out being a profound book, this essay is pleasant and suggestive reading, and con- tains not a few remarkable statements. The "big four" become persons, and the early Presidents are made to come from Virginia, Georgia, and Maryland. The earlier work of Von Halle has been liberally drawn upon. Pope Leo XIII., notwithstanding his near- ly ninety years, is still a devotee of the Muses. In honor of the anniversary of the conversion of King Clovis, he has composed a Latin hymn entitled "The Baptism of Clovis." It begins with the line "Vivat Christus, qui diligit Francos," a sentiment that has aroused enthusiasm throughout France, "the most faithful daughter of the Church." Cardinal Langenieux, the Arch- bishop of Rheims, intrusted the poem to the Paris composer Theodore Dubois, with instructions to convert it into an oratorio. This was done, but not in time for the great celebration in Rheims in December. It will, however, be rendered later by an orchestra of 150 pieces and a chorus of 200 voices, male and female. According to the report of the Frankfurter- Zeitung, the oratorio consists of three parts, one treating of the baptism of Clovis, a second of the heroism of Chris- tianity, a third of the triumph of Christ. The Social Democrats of Germany make ample use of the periodical press and of book concerns in the interest of their pro- paganda. The chief organ is the Vorwarts of Berlin, which has a subscription list of 52,000, and paid a profit during the past twelve months of 53,000 marks into the trea- sury of the party. In all, the party pub- lishes 68 papers in Germany, of which 3T appear six days in the week and 16 are bi- weeklies and the rest weeklies. The protagonists of Social Democratic ideas and ideals have united in a literary

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Jan. 5, 1899] The Nation. 11 venture of an international character, name- ly, the production of a history of Social De- mocracy, the propaganda in each country to be treated by separate authors and in sepa- rate volumes. The German number of this contemplated series has appeared in the 'Ge- schichte der Deutschen Sozialdemocratie,' by Franz Mehring, the veteran editor of the Berlin Yoll'szeitnng. The work is in two good-sized volumes of 1,136 pages, large oc- tavo, altogether, and is published by Dietz in Stuttgart. Significantly, the price per vol- ume is only 3.60 marks, as the history is evi- dently intended for wide circulation, and is practically an apologia pro domo. The ordi- nary rules of objective historiography sit lightly on the shoulders of Mehring; and to outsiders his presentation of the immedi- ate past is chiefly interesting and important as an exhibition of how modern political and social developments look through So- cial Democratic spectacles. The author is himself a representative rather of the older school of Social Democrats, of which prob- ably the best exponent in Germany Is Liebknecht, who are characterized more by their bitter antagonism to the existing or- der of things than by a wise and carefully digested method of effecting a change, which is seemingly the ambition of the newer school. The work is particularly severe in its denunciation of the Hohenzollerns and of Bismarck. Jjl France the central Government has in recent years taxed bicycles to the extent of ten francs annually for each wheel, receiv- ing from this source a revenue of four mil- lions. Recently the tax has been reduced to six francs. The number of wheels in France is now computed at more than half a mil- lion. By a special ukase of the Czar, the most northeasterly point in Asia, hitherto known as "East Cape." is to bear the Russian name of Cape Deshneff. The object is thus to vindicate for Russia a priority in the dis- covery of Bering Strait, which was first discovered by the Russian Deshneff in 1648, while the Dane Bering did not arrive in these waters until 1728. The claims of Deshneff in this regard have recently been thoroughly investigated by the Russian Arc- tic explorer and specialist Ferdinand von Wrangel, on the basis of whose report this new geographical term has been officially in- troduced by the Russian Government. The glaciers of North America are describ- ed by Prof. I. C. Russell in the opening arti- cle of the Geographical Journal for Decem- ber, in which he calls attention to the fact that America is the only continent which "furnishes characteristic examples of all the types of glaciers now known." This Is fol- lowed by a brief account of two oceanogra- phical expeditions, in which it is said that the material procured by the closing nets shows that "the intermediate waters of the ocean, from about 100 fathoms beneath the surface down to about 100 fathoms above the bottom," are inhabited, contrary to Mr. Alexander Agassiz's observations. Prof. P. Geddes treats of the influence of geographi- cal conditions on social development, and Dr. Sambon, in a suggestive paper on the acclimatization of Europeans in tropical lands, contends that the great obstacle to tropical colonization is not to be found in the climate — that is, heat and moisture — "but it is with living organisms, from man, wild beasts, and snakes to protozoa and bacteria, that we have to struggle for existence." The achievements in tropical pathology by Pas- teur, Koch, and others lead him to believe "that the diseases of the tropics are greatly under our own control." The Scottish Geographical Magazine for De- cember contains an account, by Mrs. Theodore Bent, of a visit to the island of Sokotra, on the east coast of Africa. She dwells par- ticularly on its strange vegetation, especially the dragon's-blood, cucumber, and frankin- cense trees. In one place the explorers came to a valley entirely full of the latter tree, "with rich red leaves like autumn tints, and clusters of blood-red flowers. No one touches the tree, here, and this natural product of the island is completely ignored. There are myrrhs, also ignored, and other gum-produc- ing plants." Some Ethiopic, but no Greek inscriptions were found. The other contents are: the oceanographical results of the Austro-Hungarian deep-sea expeditions, an abstract of a lecture by Prof. Suess on the asymmetry of the northern hemisphere, and a description of the difficulties attending a journey, by sea, from Shanghai to Tientsin and back. Among the various subjects treated in the Consular Reports for December is "Nuts as food in foreign countries," from which it ap- pears that in 1896 the production of filberts about Trebizond was 38,518,771 pounds, the greater part of which is exported to Mar- seilles, Trieste, and Italy. There is also an interesting account of Tientsin, which was formerly a military station only, but "to-day it is the home of a million people, with an annual import and export trade aggregating $42,250,000." It has macadamized streets, on which there are "three and even four-story brick buildings, gas works"; and now pipes (from New York) for a very elaborate and perfect water system are being laid. It is the terminus of the Imperial Chinese Rail- way, of which 320 miles of road have been constructed (80 miles in double track), and 125 are now under construction. During the eleven months ending in June there were carried 1,216,8S5 passengers and 1,870,118 tons of freight. "The traffic is rapidly in- creasing, and already the road is paying handsome dividends." In a late number of the Monthly Weather Review, the probable state of the sky along the path of the total eclipse of May 28, 1900, is shown from observations made by the United States Weather Bureau, according to the method originated by Prof. Todd. Re- sults are given from May 15 to June 15 last, on the same plan as last year, and a third report will be issued in 1899. In general the line runs from New Orleans to Norfolk, with better probabilities in the northern portions of Georgia and Alabama, at the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains, than nearer the coast line in either direction— towards the Gulf or towards the Atlantic. In both years the percentage of cloudiness was three times greater near the coast than in those portions of the track lying in Georgia and Alabama. Stations a few miles southeast of Atlanta will be very favorably situated, and the railway service throughout the totality belt is ample. —Under the modest title of a "biblio- graphical note" Miss Dixon has given a sketch of the 'Florentine Wool Trades in the Middle Ages,' issued by the Royal His- torical Society. It is a most suggestive pa- per, imperfect as it confessedly is. Why should Florence, unfavorably situated for war or commerce, and far from any region where sheep-raising was an important indus- try, have come to occupy a leading position in the wool trade of mediaeval Europe? Miss Dixon shows that it was the energy of the people that overcame enormous dis- advantages. Certain Lombards, banished to North Germany early in the eleventh cen- tury, learned the art of wool-weaving, and formed an industrial and devout fraternity of the Umiliati. Returning to Italy after a few years, they continued their association, now recognized by the Pope as a religious order, and became influential through their business abilities. The Florentine Republic, alert for commercial advantage, invited them to come to Florence and establish a great training, school of industry. Here they form- ed a local industry under the guilds of Lana, or wool, and Calimala, or merchants in for- eign cloths. As the citizen of the time was bound to live within the city walls, he had a profound contempt for agriculture, and to encourage wool-raising would be beyond his comprehension. Hence it is that the laws of these republics bearing upon industrial life are full of foresight and good sense, while those bearing on agriculture or rural life seem dictated by prejudice and jealousy. —Fine cloth could not be made from the coarse wool of Italy, and commercial condi- tions forbade the importation of fine wools from Spain, Flanders, or England. The Flo- rentines began by buying the coarsely work- ed cloths of North Germany, and brought them home to refine and redye. "Before very long the merchants of Calimala were doing a brisk trade in cloth of excellent qua- lity. Torselli, or great bales of rough for- eign cloth, poured into Florence from North- western Europe, and were carded, sheared, cut, and dyed. By the preliminary opera- tions the exterior roughness or outside layer was skilfully removed, and the result was a woollen cloth much finer than any of native Italian manufacture, capable of taking a most delicate dye. And in this latter branch al- so the Florentines speedily outdistanced all rivals. The cloth was now stretched, ca- lendered, and rolled, and returned upon the market with a greatly enhanced value. At once it was in high demand in Italy; next it was exported to the East, and there ex- changed for dyes, chemicals, and other pro- ducts of Asia; and at length reappeared in the very markets of Northwestern Europe from which it had originally come." The rules of the guild were expressly framed to interfere with the liberty of the subject to cheat, and, with stringent police regulations against fraud or imperfect workmanship, the industry throve. With the increased de- mand it became profitable to import fine foreign wools, and the guild of Lana, for- bidden to touch foreign fabrics, brought in the raw material which the Calimala was forbidden to fabricate. The trade in wool and cloths thus enabled a local manufacture to grow which soon overflowed the limits of the Republic, and controlled the wool trade of Europe for centuries. Had the Floren- tines imposed a prohibitive duty on wools and woollens to encourage the raising ot sheep and the manufacture of cloths, they would never have enjoyed more than a local market. These Arti or guilds were not sup- until 1770. — Stopford Brooke's 'English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Con- quest' (Macmillan) is something better than a mere condensation of his 'History of Early

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12 Tlie USTation [Vol. 68, No. 1749 English Literature.' The later work pre- sents 338 widely leaded pages to the 500 closely printed pages of the earlier; include* prose as well as poetry; and covers an ad- ditional period of a century and a half. Yet, through the excision of otiose matter and through observance of the laws of literary perspective, a cumbrous book has been made a well-regulated book, and there is no sense of loss. The main defect of the earlier work was the incessant outcropping of suggestive but frequently questionable speculation. We will not say that this abuse is entirely done away with in this volume, but it is very largely abated. The author is doubtless well- advised to centre the interest on the histo- rical background and on the coloring of the sagas in the earlier period, where the mate- rials are fragmentary, but the treatment here is still a bit too discursive and vague. We doubt, too, whether it is advisable in a work of this kind to make so much of the theory of the season-myth in the interpre- tation of "Beowulf." Two things in Mr. Brooke's treatment of Old English literature are conspicuous — insistence upon the feeling for nature in Anglo-Saxon poetry, and upon the importance of the Celtic element in Eng- lish literature. To this last point the au- thor recurs in the present volume with re- doubled confidence and emphasis, placing the Celtic influence in importance far above the later French or Italian influence. Most read- ers will turn to the discussion of the ques- tion (throughout chapter i., and at pages 293 and following) as the matter of great- est actuality in the book. The speculation is ingeniously presented, but it still remains speculation. Mr. Brooke's style is some- times dull, and there is a good deal of awk- ward English in the book: "refuged" (at pages 16 and 214), "delightsome" (23), "over- worked" (for worked over, 44), "longish" (47), "couraging" (50), "as he tops the hill" (71), "ganging" and "gangers," passim, "ulcerous welter" (75), "peopleship" (78), "weirded" (79), "hosters" (90), "fleeting- ness"' (158), "roomed" (169), "to ready" (17S), "a recklessness all round of the pre- sent" and "a fierce and claiming individuali- ty" (296), are locutions not to be encourag- ed. At the bottom of page 76 appears a sen- tence of uncomfortable levity, and misprints or other errors are to be noted at pages 204, 249, 250, and 296. A history of the Middle English period, to follow, is hinted at on page 35. —Dr. Brandes's two new books— the one a volume of verse, 'Ungdomsvers,' the other a warm tribute of friendship to the late Julius Lange, the art historian— have each in their way been events of the season in the Scandinavian literary world. Indeed, the latter volume has already reached a se- cond edition, no small tribute to a book in a little country like Denmark. In the charming letters which form the greater part of it, there is much pleasant and al- ways original talk on art questions, there are interesting glimpses of people and places, and, above all, a delightful picture of a man of genial humor at the most interesting period of his life. Julius Lange, who died in 1896 at the age of fifty-eight, was one of the defining forces in modern Danish aesthetics and art criticism; these letters, however, come from a period anterior to his principal academic and literary activity. Those who may have tried to distil the Danish national character from the modern literature of Denmark will find something typically Danish in Lange. There was, as Dr. Brandes says, "something about him which might perhaps be described as the finest flower of the Danish nature, something very difficult to define, something which is bound up in the character of our language and our ideals, a concentrated essence of Danish earnestness and Danish playfulness, of Danish melancholy and Danish irony- something which is on that account never found outside of Denmark." It would be impertinent to say anything at this late date of Dr. Brandes's masterly power of mak- ing the people of whom he writes live again for us; but almost nowhere has this plastic, artistic side of his genius shown itself in such attractive colors as in this volume on his dead friend. With exemplary self-ef- facement, where self-effacement was diffi- cult, he seems to have concentrated all his effort on painting an unforgettable portrait. One could, indeed, have wished that he had at times been less self-effacing; it would, for instance, have given the little book a new value had it been possible to publish the editor's share in the correspondence. But, with the exception of one letter, Lange had destroyed all Brandes's letters to him which might have been included here. —In the volume of youthful poetry, whose appearance we have already mentioned, it is also the personal element that attracts us most. One misses In the majority of these little poems the singing qualities of the born lyric poet; only occasionally do we feel that the poet's inner life has found its hap- piest mode of expression in the lyric. But, none the less, these poems have a deep in- terest for us as the personal "confessions" of an intellectual leader of men. They, too, mirror the struggles of the young Denmark of thirty years ago to get out into the main stream of European thought. The note that recurs most frequently in these poems is a note of defiance: "Trods alt!' (In spite of everything!). No one in our time has earned more worthily the honor to be numbered among Heine's "soldiers in the Liberation War of Humanity" than Georg Brandes. But there are fighters and fighters. In the modern world there are still plenty of sol- diers of the old Thirty Years' War type, soldiers to whom fighting is the business and joy of life. But there are others upon whose nature battle is forced as a kind of Hamlet task; every blow they strike leaves a furrow upon their souls, every battle won is won at an inner sacrifice. Is it too much to see in the personality these lyric con- fessions disclose, one of these essentially modern "Ritter des heiligen Geistes," fiery and highstrung, but with the sensitive soul of the poet and the artist? LOWELL, PAST AND PRESENT. Loom and Spindle; or, Life among the Early Mill Girls. By Harriet H. Robinson. Bos- ton: T. Y. Crowell & Co. 1898. This little book makes its appeal to many classes of readers. It tells a tale which is quite true, in a style which is as attractive as it is sincere and unaffected; it describes a very curious phase of factory life in this country which is likely to remain unique; and it adds some characteristic traits and glimpses of the New Eng.and spirit and manners in the early part of the century. Its vivid reminiscences of Lowell sixty years ago will also, of course, especially appeal to the recollection of those who knew that town before the fifties, or those who are in- terested in its chronicles and antiquities. Mrs. Robinson was one of that remark- able band of young women who came to Lowell when the cotton manufactory was first started in this country. She thought Lowell a small Utopia at that time, though Mr. Bellamy would have severely criticised many of its regulations. On the other hand, the girls themselves would have been very much astonished at Mr. Bellamy's notion of an honest day's work. They came from homes in the country, "the flowers gathered from a thousand hillsides and green valleys of New England," as Whittier called them in a flowery rhetorical burst; but these lilies of the field were more than willing to toil and spin, and relaxed themselves with lite- rary labors when their long day's work was over. They were mostly of a strong and su- perior Yankee stock. Mrs. Robinson came of a family of Quakers who settled first in Dover, N. H., in 1705; her great-grand- father, William Brown of Cambridge, sold to the corporation of Harvard Col- lege a large portion of the present site of the university buildings. She had, therefore, in common with many of her mates, that strain of blue blood which is not recognized in the peerage lists, but which has left its positive trace in so many West- ern hamleis and institutions, and which contributed so profoundly to the success of our early experiment in democracy. This class of girls — a picked class — dropped down into the midst of an artificially protected life, which happened to suit, in some re- spects, their previous training and habits. They were a community under special rules and control. The boarding-houses were pro- vided by the manufacturing company, whose officials claimed and maintained a semi-au- tocratic oversight over the habits and morals of their employees. These officials were, how- ever, educated and able gentlemen of high cha- racter, and the general intent of their despot- ism was judicious and benevolent. The corpo- lation required children under fourteen to at- tend school three months in the year. The girls were required by their contract to at- tend some religious service regularly; they were even at first obliged to contribute a small monthly sum towards the support of the "Established Church" (the Episcopal); and finally, when they quit work, they re- ceived an honorable discharge. These somewhat intrusive regulations worked well enough, because they fell in with the temper and bringing up of the girls, who were disposed to carry them out obediently. The boarding-houses were com- fortable, and were at first subsidized by the corporation; the life in them was moral and marked by a certain degree of refinement. "The young ladies," says Dickens, "had the use of pianos." They had also the character- istic Yaakee thirst for knowledge and self- culture. They snatched a moment from their work at the loom to read or to commit to memory a poem; they were not too tired in the evening to attend lectures, and to flatter the lecturer by taking notes assiduously. They founded the earliest women's clubs in the country for mutual improvement, and they edited and published for some years the Lowell Offering, a periodical which was noticed in England and France, in which Mrs. Robinson first practised her skiiful pen, and which was quite as good literature as the "Friendship's Garlands" and the "Elegant Extracts" that were current at the time. A large part of this exuberant intel-

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Jan. 5, i The Nation 13 lectual activity was undoubtedly due to the natural bent of Puritan strain and Yankee energy. It was in the blood. One might still board the train from Lowell to Boston a few years ago, and hear the ancient pop-corn peddler inquire, "Wa'al, how did you like the lecture last night?" Mrs. Robinson fell in love with her life on the Merrimack, and apparently even with the factory regime. She thinks that the present factory-girls might renew the same intellectual interests which she and her friends once pursued, and that the Utopia of her recollections might be charmed into existence once more. She tells of a visit made to Lowell not long ago. She found the boarding-houses rather dilapidated, the work in certain rooms trying on account of the heat. She thinks the status of the factory po- pulation is reduced from what it was in her time. She addressed the young women at the "People's Club." She thought they looked tir- ed and hopeless; "it was plainly to be seen that they did not go to their labor with the ju- bilant feeling the old mill-girls used to have; that their work was drudgery done without aim or purpose." She believes that the pre- sent "corporations" are at fault, and recom- mends as a solution of the perplexities of the cotton factories the system which pre- vailed in her own time. "It embraced the then novel idea that corporations have souls and should exercise a paternal influence over the lives of their operatives." This, indeed, is the thesis of her closing chapter. She speaks of the factory as her "alma mater," and of her life as a "lost Eden," which she wishes she could restore to the workers of the pre- sent day. A year's residence in Lowell and some accu- rate observation would give Mrs. Robinson good reason to change her opinion, and to take a very different view of the situation. Times have changed since she lived in this city of spindles, but they have changed almost ex- clusively for the better. We are convinced that the present factory-girls would not to- lerate the Eden which she recommends. Its enchantment lives largely in Mrs. Robinson's memories of the distant morning of youth. The wonder is, in fact, that she and her mates could stand such work and such play, and where they got their nerves of steel and their Amazonian constitutions. The secret, however, is a simple one. They came fresh from the country, they took long vacations, and, as a rule, they did not come to stay. Their labor in the factory was only an epi- sode. Mrs. Robinson, when she was ten years old, began work at five in the morning and quit it at seven in the evening; she com- plains that she never could make up the sleep which that little girl of ten lost in the mornings. The actual working-day was then thirteen hours — it is now ten; the time for meals is longer now; no work at all is done on Saturday afternoon. No child under four- teen is allowed by law to be employed at all. Thoughtful employers have seen that it pays to keep the operatives physically ana mentally fit for their work. They have co operated in securing the enactment of en- lightened legislation which applies not only to hours, but to safety and sanitary mea- sures. The boarding-houses have fallen into decay because the boarding-house system has fallen gradually into disuse. Instead ot these, the tendency — an entirely natural and proper one — is for families to make homes, and these homes are, as a rule, detached and surrounded by a plot of ground. The danger of overcrowding which Mrs. Robinson apprehends, exists in only one spot in Lowell, and that is in the settlement known as "Little Canada"; but this place is really only a half-way house for new ar- rivals. Of this spot a French Canadian house-builder observes: "A Canadian family moves in there and sleeps all together till they have a hundred dollars; then they buy a cottage and move out and another set moves in." Even in this crowded spot, the pitched battles which Mrs. Robinson de- scribes so truthfully as once taking place every day on "The Acre," would not now be tolerated by public sentiment, not to speak of the police. That Irish settlement, "The Acre," its shanties and its riots, are things of the past. It is now built up with decent habitations, and its occupants are as a rule decent and orderly citizens. The fact is that the process of education and ameliora- tion which Mrs. Robinson so earnestly and honestly desires (and all of us too, for that matter), is steadily going on and showing itself in the younger generation. They do not go in for literature, perhaps; but their energy and enterprise are shown in other directions; they have an honorable ambition and self-respect, they like their children to dress better and to stand higher in the social scale than they did themselves. Any one who lives in the city and keeps his eyes open, will notice these changes going on in his neighborhood. The Canadians, in par- ticular, are thrifty, industrious, and clever; one sees among them often the employee transformed into employer, the mason or carpenter into the builder and contractor, the laborer into the capitalist. The partition that divides these two characters is in our country very thin and removable; both are, in fact, often taken by the same man, and it cannot reasonably be supposed that, in such cases, he plays alternately the part of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yet this is exactly what Mrs. Robinson im- plies in her appeals to mill-owners and ma- nagers. She entreats them to beware of strikes, to avoid "degrading their working- people to the level of the same class in other countries, and to mix a little con- science with their capital," as if mill-owners and managers lived in another sphere, and were made of different flesh and blood from the working-people; whereas, they have in most cases sprung from the ranks them- selves. In point of fact, next to his business (or, rather, as a vital part of his business), the manager of a successful mill must nowa- days study human nature — the nature, the needs, and the feelings of his employees. If he does not do this from humanity, he must do it from policy. He must study his em- ployees as he knows and studies the market. If he fails to understand them sympathetical- ly, he is apt to knock his head against a wall: The manager is constantly beset with two problems, how to keep the factory run- ning with a return to the stockholders, and at the same time to be fair — to be liberal, if possible — to the employees. The skilful ma- nager knows perfectly well the constant me- nace and peril of strikes; he must study con- stantly the character and wishes of his "hands," who are really, in a sense, his hands to work out the designs of his brains. He must be keen and shrewd and close if he is to run his mill and make dividends; he must at the same time be as liberal to his workmen as the markets will permit. If he oversteps his line on either side, he comes to grief— he must either shut up his mill for want of a market, or have it shut up by a strike. This Is the real state of things; em- ployers and employed all turn round and move geared to the same iron wheels of ne- cessity. We have in mind at this moment a large woollen manufactory which is closed for three months. The shut-down brings dis- tress and privation upon the population of a small town. Yet it is owned by a family of most genuine philanthropists, who deep- ly sympathize with their people and have an enlightened aim and desire to improve their lot. They dare not make up goods which they cannot sell. Those who have had most experience know best the difficulty of exercising "a protect- ing care and parental influence over the ope- ratives." What the operatives want first and foremost is just and fair dealing; what they want next is to be let alone. They love in- dependence, they dislike interference, they tolerate benevolence only in misfortune, and in its most disguised and delicate forms. Some years ago there was in Connecticut a manufactory which in various ways seemed to offer an ideal pattern of the sort which Mrs. Robinson is seeking. The building and the grounds were decorated with flowers, the skylights were of stained glass, lunches were provided for the younger people, and all this was done by the manager with the best in- tentions. Yet, strange to say, these arrange- ments were a failure — the results were as unsatisfactory to the operatives as to the stockholders. The operatives felt that they were on exhibition, and their pride was of- fended, and the regime did not pay the stockholders. Something of the same feeling mingled with the various grievances at Pull- man. The workman hated the Platonic ty- ranny cf this neat and convenient Utopia that thrust its regulations so persistently upon his domestic life and privacy. It sat upon him as uneasily as an evening suit might, when he wanted to smoke his pipe in his shirt-sleeves. The problem of the cotton-mill, which Mrs. Robinson thinks may be solved by the opera- tion of the golden rule, is really very much like that of the deserted farms in New Hampshire. Who would have thought, thirty years ago, of Southern competition in the print manufacture? Yet if the New England factories hold their own at all now, it is be- cause they have the "right of way"— the pos- session of the market, the control of abun- dance of skilled and highly trained labor, the momentum of enormous capital, the inertia of heavy investments in costly plants. The Southern mills have, in many cases, coal on the spot at one -third the price in Lowell, and cotton on the spot, the fibre of which remains one "grade" higher than after pack- ing and transportation to the North. They have laborers who are at present glad to work longer hours for lower wages; they are less trammelled by Legislatures and the meddling of guilds. Who can fight long against the bounty and the favoritism of na- ture? The New Hampshire farms no longer raise wheat; the New England factories may have to abandon cotton. But if they do give up this manufacture, it will not be because of any deterioration in the fineness and quality of their goods. Mrs. Robinson misses the old-fashioned cali- cos which "wore like iron" and lasted in Protean forms through several generations. The very same quality could be furnished by the calico-printers in endless bales on two

Page 23

14= The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1749 months' notice, and no one would be better pleased than the printers themselves. But the printers are slaves who wait on the ca- prices of fashion. Nobody wants this class of goods now. The ladies want variety, they want new styles, they would be alarmed at the prospect of a gingham's wearing them a lifetime. They demand the tasteful fabrics and designs which have been multiplied within the last twenty or thirty years. They can afford to wear two or three new dresses for the price of the single gown of their grandmothers. If the people look to Eng- land for woollens, as Mrs. Robinson says, and for silks to Lyons and Zurich, the ques- tion is. Why should they? There is more silk and less lead in a pound of American silks than in the silks of Lyons or Zurich; there is less shoddy in our inferior woollens than in the same class of English goods. Our manufacturers have never taken kindly to shoddy and pipe-clay. This is the sober truth and is certainly not discreditable. Our remarks apply strictly to the social conditions of Lowell, and our criticism sole- ly to some unguarded statements and gene- ralizations of Mrs. Robinson's final chapter. Her reminiscences form, as we have said, a particularly vivacious and accurate sketch of an experience that was well worth record- ing. Such a picture of hard and honest and cheerful toil, combined with self-respecting independence, forms a charming and sug- gestive contrast to those lurid diagnoses which Mr. Wyckoff has lately been giving us of the agonies and the vicissitudes of the amateur workingman. LANE'S LATIN GRAMMAR. A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. By George M. Lane, Professor Emeritus of Latin in Harvard University. Harper & Bros. 1898. Pp. xvi, 572. It has been said that the desire to write books is immanent in every Latin teacher. The number of Latin grammars, large and small, of Latin primers, readers, lessons, and foundations, which are constantly appearing seems to bear out the assertion. The late Prof. Lane was a great teacher rather than a great writer. He left his impress upon hundreds of pupils, who respected the ac- curacy and breadth of his scholarship and felt the charm of his personality. For thirty years, during the intervals of teaching, he was engaged in the preparation of a Latin grammar considerable portions of which were in print many years before his death and subjected to repeated revision. The ap- pearance of the work was awaited with im- patience by many scholars who knew the superior qualifications of the author. Un- happily, it was not permitted him to give it. the finishing touch, but it was so far advanced towards completion that one of his younger colleagues, a former pupil, Prof. Mollis H. Morgan, has with loyal devotion carried the book through the press within a year after the author's death. The chap- ter on versification was written at Prof. Lane's request by a former pupil, Dr. Her- man W. Hayley, but was not revised by Prof. Lane. Parts of the book— namely, pages 303 to 373 and 387 to 436— were left by Prof. Lane only in the condition of a nrst draught. Here the editor has con- scientiously kept, so far as possible, the ori- ginal language of the statement of syntacti- cal principles, but has made some additions and modifications for the sake of complete- ness. Some seventy sections are due wholly to him. It need hardly be said that the work bears upon every page the evidence of Prof. Lane's accurate scholarship, and of his con- stant endeavor to make the statements con- form to the actual facts of the language as represented in the existing monuments. Forms found in inscriptions are given as well as those occurring in the literature. Sta- tistics of usage, often stated very briefly, bear witness to a microscopic examination or various authors. It is to be regretted that Prof. Lane could not have written a preface explaining more fully the scope of his work, and the extent to which he had en- deavored to represent the usage of different periods. The list of writers given on pages 486 and 487, although it includes Macro- bius, shows that he did not intend to go much below Tacitus and Suetonius. Indeed, in section 777 the term "late writers" is applied to Lucan, Quintilian, Tacitus, Ju- venal, Martial, and Pliny, whereas we should prefer to reserve it for a still later period. Wo must not, then, expect to find here th> deviations in later syntactical usage which ought to have a place in a complete historical grammar. All the passages quot- ed in illustration are translated, and there is a charm and exquisite flavor about the versions which bespeak the finished scholar. Indeed, the excellent treatment of syntax might be read purely for literary enjoyment by one not especially interested in syntax, Although the book is admirably printed, its attractiveness is marred by the predomi- nance of fine type, necessary for the inclu- sion of so much matter. It is not a gram- mar for beginners, but will be most valuable for advanced students, and indispensable for teachers. The very full index referring to the sections, 2745 in all, makes it very con- venient for reference. It may be noted here that the terminology often differs from that current in the ordinary grammars. We have "person endings" and "gender accusatives." One will look in vain for the "ethical dative" or the "historical infinitive," which have been newly dubbed "the emotional dative" and "the infinitive of intimation." A nice distinction is drawn between the Present of Vivid Narration (1590) and the Anna- listic Present (1591). The Vocative gets scant recognition as a case. In 419, nouns are said to have five cases, but Immediately afterwards, with a slight inconsistency, we are told that "All cases but the nominative and vocative are called Oblique Cases." That there should be some inconsistencies and errors in so comprehensive a work is not surprising. Glaring mistakes are not easy to find. Great care has been taken to indi- cate the quantity wherever long; and while one may question sometimes the accuracy of the hidden quantities assigned, which the reviewer is disposed to do in more than one instance, yet one is glad to have upon this difficult point the opinion of so careful a scholar as Prof. Lane. When classis, how- ever, is printed in 521 (so Bennett) and cl&sse in 555 (so Marx 1, one is left in doubt as to Prof. Lane's real opinion. The index, prepared by Dr. Walden, gives classis. To sound - change more attention than usual is given. The statements, however, are brief and sometimes lack scientific pre- cision, while the explanations and discus- sions which make Lindsay's work on the Latin Language so valuable, are of course wanting. The dates given (28) for the doubling of vowels to indicate length, 'name- ly, from 134-74 b. c, need modification in view of the Gurubis inscription of the year 49 b. c, discovered in 1894, in which both Vaarvs and Posteicvv.s occur. Examples, moreover, of uu occur much later; c. g., Fvvco in a tessera lusoria of the Imperial age. In 30, the apex (') is said to have been turned by grammarians into the horizontal mark ( — ), but that this is actually found in inscriptions (e. g., Corp. VI. 8979) is not stated. The statements in 65 relative to the retention of final long vowels in early Latin need to be entirely revised. Evidently older authorities are here followed, and the views of Klotz and Lindsay are not recognized. To speak of 0 being weakened to e in bellus from bonus (76) is not scientifically exact, nor is the e of the vocative serve specifical- ly Latin. In 81 it would have been well to indicate that the change of au to « in cludo is not direct, but rather due to the analogy of the compounds. In 86 the ex- planation of the future regemus from *re- gaimus is unsatisfactory. Nolo in 100 and 775 is said to be from non volo instead of from ne volo. In 103 socors is given with the first 0 long. Havet and Solmsen regard it as short, as it certainly is in Prudentius. Exception may be taken to the form of the statement in 118: "Initial 6 sometimes comes from v, before which a d has dis- appeared, as, dvonos bonus." In 130 no- thing is said about the aversion of Latin to two r's in successive syllables. Muliebris is not from mulierbris ; praestigiae for prac- strigiac furnishes a better example. In 139 and 747 the old second singular of sum is given as es for ess, but probably it was never pronounced es in early Latin, but rather ecs, before vowels. A similar ex- planation applies to miles given in 24«5. We question the propriety of speaking of final s being lost in iste, ille, ipse (142), or of abs becoming ab. The statement in 146 and 350 that t of the suffix -timo sometimes be- comes r, as in pauperrimus, sometimes I, as in humillimus, is misleading, and the as- sertion (148) that n becomes m, as in ac- cumbo, rumpo, certainly needs further ex- planation. Publicus can hardly be regard- ed as coming from poplicus (151). Under, the first declension, forms like drachmum and amphorum should be distinctly men- tioned. Prosepnais (443) ought not to be given as a genitive form, for the s formerly read in the inscription is now recognized to be a lock of hair, as Prof. Lane knew perfectly well, for he used to say wittily that the form turned upon a hair. The genitive in u is said to occur once in in- scriptions, coira. A second instance, Vesta, occurs in a similar inscription first publish- ed in 1895. The form Sardcis cited in 461 is by no means certain as a nominative. In 478 lact should also be given, the form be- ing attested for Varro. In 663 It is im- plied that the forms huice,hunce, and haruncr are frequent in the dramatists, which is not the case. The derivation of nuper in 698 from *novomper cannot be defended. In 749 instns from instim found in an inscription should be added to absens and pracsens. The list of verbs with the principal parts actually found in use is quite complete, al- though forms found in the later period, and some of those attested by grammarians for the early period, e. g., meminens, arc not in- cluded. Deponent verbs receive rather scant treatment in 798 ff. and elsewhere, and not

Page 24

Jan. 5, 1899] The 3STation. 15 *■ sufficient attention Is given to the active forms found. In 1006 absorpsi should be credited to Lucan and Macrobius, and ex- sorpsi to Seneca. In 1092 Afranius's use of absoitc nobis should be noticed. In 1146 the range of usage of expressions like id genua, hoc genus, originally apposi- tives, which are wholly wanting in some writers, is not indicated; e. g., they are not found in Plautus and Terence, arid occur first in Cato and Lucilius. The dative of purpose deserves a fuller treatment than it receives in 1223-25. The dative of comparison with inferior found In Sallust is not men- tioned. In the treatment of the Ablative of Comparison in 1320, no mention is made of the ablative after malle as in Horace S. 2, 8, 79. To the genitive of comparison and the ablative with ab, no reference is made, as these belong to a period later than the one surveyed. In 1380 Cato should be named as using the accusative with abutor. The example of clam (1415) with the ablative in Caesar B. C. 2, 32, 8, is called in question by Wolf- flin, who, however, is wrong in denying the construction for later prose. Lactantius has clam Saturno, and Macrobius has clam ceteris and clam vulgo. For the use of absque with the ablative, no examples are given in 1421. To the passages given for noenu in 1444, Tyrell would add Cicero ad Att. vii, 3, 10, but Mueller, in his edition just pub- lished, does not admit it. The historical in- finitive, happily name^d (1534) "the infinitive of intimation," might be treated more his- torically. It is wholly lacking in Suetonius. Although it is true that two or more in- finitives are usually combined, Fronto even using seventeen in succession, still Tacitus uses sixty such infinitives singly, and once he uses it with donee, a fact not stated in 1539. In 1551 no sharp distinction is drawn between the use of the present and perfect subjunctives in prohibitions. The use of neccssc est with ut and the subjunctive is not recognized in 1109 or 1965. A good example of the concise statement of the usage of different writers is found in 1827: "With quippe qui the indicative only is used by Sallust, and is preferred by Plau- tus and Terence. Cicero has, with one ex- ception, the subjunctive, Tacitus and Nepos have it always, Livy has either mood. Not id Caesar." As Tacitus and Nepos have each only one case of quippe followed by a rela- tive, the word "always" is a little mislead- ing. Moreover, the quippe qui of Plautus is different from the quippe quern of Nepos. It might be added that quippe qui occurs once with the subjunctive in the 'Bellum Afri- cum.' In 1879 utpote cum is said to be used twice in Cicero's Letters, but in one of the passages, ad Fam. 10, 32, 4, Pollio is the writer. The treatment of conditional periods is somewhat disappointing, although the possible varieties of protasis and apodosis are fully illustrated by examples. Here we miss the author's final revision. The treatment of the infinitive used as a substantive' in 2205 and 2215 should have more illustrations. That Cicero was the first to use it with inter, and Horace the first with praeter, might well be mentioned. In 2398 quisquis for quisque is illustrated by a Ciceronian passage In which the more com- mon quidquid occurs. Quisquis, however, is found in Cicero ad Fam. vi, 1, 1 (Mendels- sohn). The chapter on Versification is excellent. Both theories of the Saturnian verse are given, but no attempt Is made to decide be- tween them. In the list of authors and their works (pp. 486 and 487) there are many slips of quantity. Vldulai ia lias the support of the dictionaries, but the i is long. Other errors of quantity elsewhere might be point- ed out, but the wonder is that they are so few. We cannot close this notice without giving some specimens of the translations which lend the book a distinct literary value. In 1450 a line of a well-known inscription, heic est xepulcrum lam pulcrum pulcrai feminae, is lendered "Here is the site not sightly of a sightly dame." In 1620 Chaucer is pressed into service, eantabit vacuus coram latrone viator, "The poure man whan he goth by the weye, bifore the theves he may syuge and pleye." Under the emotional dative, 1211, attibi rcpente, cum minime ewspectarem, iinit ad me Caiiinius mane, "But bless you, sir, when I least dreamt of it, who should drop in on me all at once but Caninius, bright and early." In 1352, quae hie monstra fiiint, anno vi.v possum eloqui, "What ghost transactions take place here, I scarce could tell you in a year." In 1319, curatus inae- quali tonsore capillos, "My locks by unsym- meliic barber trimmed." In 1216, nulla plaeere din nee vivere carmina possunt, quae scribuntur aquae potoribus, "No verse can take or be long lived that by teetotallers is writ." This rivals in brevity even the Latin. THE CALIFORNIA HISTORIANS. History of California. By Theodore H. Hit- tell. San Francisco: N. J. Stone & Co. 1897. Four volumes, pp. 799, 823, 981, and 858. The completion of Mr. Hittell's interest- ing history is a literary event of importance to all students, especially in these days of territorial expansion. Those who wish to know more about Spanish methods of gov- erning colonies, and also about American methods of dealing with people of Spanish stock, will do well to refresh their memories of the California records. Mr. Hittell's first two volumes were duly reviewed in these columns in March and July, 1886. The two volumes since added carry the story to the close of Gov. Bartlett's administration in 1887, with allusions to events as late as 1895. The fourth volume concludes with a very complete general index of 134 pages. It is evident that Mr. Hittell has done much and faithful work for many years upon his book, which probably represents the largest result yet obtained by any one man's unaided work in historical writing about California. Although the methods of Bancroft and Hit- tell are very different, no review of the pre- sent work can be complete without a brief comparison of their results. It becomes more necessary from the fact that both Bancroft and Hittell, though fellow-workers in the same ample field, have ignored or decried each other. The saddest thing in Mr. Hit- tell's book is his reference to the attempt made in 1887 to have the State purchase the Bancroft library. Here he notes as legisla- tive history the mere appearance of a bill soon withdrawn and never voted upon, in order to call the manuscripts of the Bancroft collection "of little value" and "unreliable." Few Californians favored the purchase of the Bancroft collection, and the futile effort to sell it does not deserve any place In a dignified history of the State, while any at- tempt to belittle the importance of that col- lection, so rich in original documents, can only injure Mr. Hittell's own standing. There seems to be no reason to think that the older historian of California can be superseded by his rival, although it is plain that students must consult both, and will find Hittell par- ticularly useful for the period after 1850. Mr. Bancroft's seven regular and several sup- plementary volumes, such as "California Pas- toral," "Inter Pocula," and much of his "Popular Tribunals" taken collectively, form a great storehouse of historical material. It is unfortunately true that large portions of Bancroft's history are not easily readable, while a much greater offence against sound literature results from the composite na- ture of the authorship. For these and less- er, more local, reasons a somewhat unjust but very natural reaction against Bancroft has taken place, especially in California it- self. After this generation has passed away, the great wealth of material accessible to and used by Bancroft, especially in relation to the period before the Conquest, will cer- tainly give his work (despite its lack of per- sonal unity) a place of primary importance for students of early California history. But Mr. Hittell's peculiar virtues, which show to better advantage in the later than in the earlier volumes of his book, will prob- ably attract more readers than Bancroft's, and will make at least his later volumes Indis- pensable to the historian. Briefly, these vir- tues are those of a trained lawyer, unusual- ly well versed in land-matters and in legis- lative proceedings. His accounts of mission secularization and of Spanish and Mexican land-grants constitute some of the most valuable portions of his two earlier volumes. So also, in the last two, whatever touches upon law or the administration of law is told in a quiet, careful, deliberate, and wholly convincing way. In this extensive field, therefore, the present reviewer, after re- reading the greater part of Bancroft and Hittell, in order to refresh his memory and compare style and methods, must rank Hit- tell as easily Bancroft's superior. With a few exceptions, Mr. Hittell's entire fourth volume on State administrations, and large parts of his third volume, are models of trustworthy, impartial historical writing. His account of the pioneer California 'of the gold-miners, and of the two vigilance com- mittees, deserves more extended notice than space will permit. We quote his description of the manner in which the vigilantes, on Sunday, May 18, 1856, surrounded the jail, after James King of William had been shot: "The different companies started about noon, and, marching by different routes, took up their various positions. There were about fifteen hundred men under arms. Some marched up Kearney Street, others up Du- pont Street, and still others up Stockton Street. When they halted, most found them- selves upon Broad way Street in front of or near the jail. They came together with admirable, almost mathematical precision; and, as they fell into position, they of course understood what was intended. It was an extraordinary spectae\e. The whole place was closely in- vested by armed men, not, indeed, in uni- form, but with muskets and bayonets flash- ing in the brilliant sunlight. Some few had hunting-rifles or shotguns, and one tall Nan- tucket whaleman, besides a navy revolver in his belt, carried a harpoon and several fathoms of rope on his shoulder. Around, and as it were hemming in all, crowding the streets, covering the summit and vacant slopes of Telegraph Hill and the neighbor- ing roofs, and filling porticoes and windows, were dense masses of people, eager to see what was to be done and hushed in ex- pectation."

Page 25

16 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1749 Although we find HUtell's narrative gene- rally clear, interesting, and reliable, and though we often prefer his conclusions to those of Bancroft, there Is yet a certain quality of distinction lacking in both alike. In truth it is more or less lacking in many other ponderous and authoritative histories and is often found in less pretentious vol- umes; the quality which Prof. Wilson of Princeton once called "mere literature." Royce's little History of California, for in- stance, raised a storm of criticism west of the Sierras when it first appeared, and in- deed it is only what it purports to be — a study of American character as shown in California during the ten years after the Conquest. Certainly, then, it cannot be reckoned with as a complete history. But it contains some word-pictures of men and scenes that should long live in California literature; it brings home to the meanest understanding such merciless analyses of motives, such brilliant generalizations, that the whole story is illuminated. Note this, for instance, written by Royce some time in 1884, and observe the historical foresight. (It is apropos of the Bear Flag episode) : "For my part, if ever I hear in future of our great national mission on this continent as civilizers of the Spanish-American peo- ples, If ever I find that this mission has come once more, as it surely some day will come, to the surface of our vainglorious na- tional consciousness, I shall be able to think of nothing but poor Ide, the self-appointed Yankee captain of a chance crowd of ma- rauders, standing benevolently in the 'cala- boose,' before the forty or fifty innocent and imprisoned citizens of Sonoma, and feeling in his devout kindliness that he does God service while he bellows to them an unin- telligible harangue, 'not a twentieth part interpreted. ' about man's inalienable rights to liberty and equality, and while he con- cludes with a reference to Washington, be- lieving himself meanwhile to be the Father of the Bear Flag Republic." Not only the general reader, but the his- torian as well, must find in Royce's brief accounts of the first constitutional conven- tion, of the vigilance committee of 1856, of land-title troubles and other things besides the Bear Flag, two especial virtues, the literary quality and the courage to draw striking conclusions. Therefore in Royce, more than in Hittell or Bancroft, and much more than in the yet unpublished 'California History to 1849' of the late Gen. Halleck, there are living men such as Ide, Gwin. Semple. Fremont, Broderick, Terry, and a score of others. One may, and often does, differ with Royce's views of these men, but his character-sketches are not easily for- gotten. Returning to Mr. Hittell's work, it is a pity that the earlier volumes, stereotyped in 1885, could not have been rewritten. Re- vision should have modified the romantic view of Resanoff's courtship of Senorita Argiiello, and could hardly have failed to improve his unsatisfactory account of the Portola expedition of 1769-70, chronicled by Father Crespi. Even Bancroft's incomplete geographical note on this expedition leaves room for considerable original investigation hereafter. The interesting exploring expe- dition of Capt. Luis Argiiello in 1821 up the Jesus Maria (Sacramento) valley nearly or quite to the Shasta and Trinity region has been entirely overlooked by Hittell. Padre Bias Ordaz was the chaplain and historian of this journey. Mr. Hittell's views as to what does or does not belong to a history of California are sometimes eccentric. His nearly 3,500 pages are none too many to contain a com- plete narrative upon the scale he has at- tempted, and he should have no room for the irrelevant. Perhaps he may be excused for digressing to summarize the events of the Coronado expedition, or even to describe the capture of Guayaquil by Cavendish, and the South Sea Bubble, though a trained literary conscience would have discarded these out- side particulars. But by what logic does he include the story of the captivity of the Oat- man girls, and why, in the chapter devoted to Col. Mason, does he minutely review the events of the Mexican War? Lastly, and chiefly, why does he, in volume iv., in chap- ters ostensibly devoted to the administra- tions of Governors Stanford and Lowe, give the reader upwards of twenty-eight pages upon the campaigns of the Civil War? Here, under page-headings of "State Administra- tion," one can, for ten pages at a time, look in vain for a single word referring even re- motely to California. It seems hardly ne- cessary to say that sound literary judgment would have clung closely to the work in hand, avoiding these curiously useless notes on the campaigns of Grant and Lee. It follows, perhaps inevitably, from Mr. Hittell's division of his subject into books as well as chapters, that some material falls into the wrong places. The worst case of this occurs in chapter x. of book x., "Agri- cultural and Horticultural Advance." The first three pages of this chapter relate to such discoveries as that of the Geysers, and have nothing to do with the title. When new plates are cilled for, there should be a thorough revision of several chapters so as to bring into closer relationship materials that belong together. If Mr. Hittell could have had some editorial training and sat in judgment upon other men's articles, his own arrangement of topics would haze been bet- ter than it is. Lastly, when Mr. Hittell, or his publishers, decided to bring out these four stately volumes without even one map, a serious blunder was made. The Control of the Tropics. By Benjamin Kidd. Macmlllan. 1898. The argument of this little book, by the well-known author of 'Social Evolution,' may be summed up briefly as follows: The trade of the world, and especially of England and the United States, with the tropics Is of Im- mense importance. By "the tropics" the au- thor expressly wishes to have understood (p. 8) the belt of territory on either side of the equator within the parallels of 30° north and 30° south. The trade of the United States with the countries lying within this belt he puts at £70,000,000. The trade of the United Kingdom with the same region he makes £138,000,000, the sum total of the two being £208,000,000. The combined trade of the United Kingdom and the United States with the remainder of the world outside English- speaking lands he puts at £473,000,000, so that their combined trade with the tropics is about 44 per cent, of their trade with the rest of the world. The "complex life of the modern world," therefore, "rests upon the production of the tropics to an extent which is scarcely realized by the average mind." Now the existing relations of all civilized nations to this important region "may be resolved into three types" (p. 20). The first is that of which the best example is fur- nished by the Dutch and Spanish possessions in the East and West Indies. Here the ter- ritory is regarded as an estate — a plantation of the mother country, to be worked for the largest profit it will bring, mainly irrespec- tive of other considerations. This system is wholly wrong, according to our ideas, but we must admit that, "given the conditions which allowed of capital being invested and of la- bor being applied to tropical regions, even under this system there are unmistakable proofs of a large production and a large re- sulting trade" (p. 24). The second type is that of French and German colonization, which is also based on the estate or planta- tion theory, but which is peculiar in having for the principal field of development the continent of Africa, where expansion for white races is impossible. We do not ourselves perceive any sub- stantial difference between Mr. Kidd's first and second types, but there is an undoubted difference in the results— the Dutch and Spanish Indies having turned out revenue- yielding estates, the French and German experiments in Africa having proved very unprofitable investments; but this is im- material to our author's argument, which is really based on the essential difference between both the first types and the third or English system (Mr. Kidd, without ex- plaining the grounds of his assertion, says that this is, or will be, also the system of the United States). In this the idea of working a colony as an estate or planta- tion is abandoned; it is governed by a small staff of experts in its own interest, and it is allowed to trade with all the world. A generation ago there was an idea prevalent in England that its tropical colonies would become self-governing, but the native races are incapable of self-government. The Unit- ed States has also been a victim of the same mistake, for it has allowed (in South Ame- rica) the establishment of several so-called nations which are incapable of good admi- nistration of the functions of government, and consequently "the resources which their inhabitants have In charge remain unde- veloped and practically beyond the reach of civilization" (p. 44). The world is filling up with population, and "the rivalry and struggle for the trade of the tropics will, beyond doubt, be the permanent underlying fact in the foreign relations of the Western nations in the twentieth century," and any future policy as to the tropics must be based on a recogni- tion of the following facts: first, the at- tempt to acclimatize the white man in the tropics must be abandoned as a blunder; second, the "management of any tropical re- gion as an estate must be given up; third, we must admit that the tropics cannot gov- ern themselves; fourth, the tropics "can only be governed as a trust for civilization and with a full sense of the responsibility which such a trust involves" (p. 53). But the only race which has shown any capacity to govern these regions In such a way as to promote the interests of civilization is the Anglo-Saxon race, e. g., in India and Egypt. The conclusion would seem to be that the Anglo-Saxon race ought to control the tro- pics, or that portion of the world between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude. The map of the world shows that what Mr. Kidd calls "the tropics" embraces the following countries or parts of countries — a southern fraction of China, most of In- dia, Siam, French Indo-Chlna, the Dutch and Spanish East Indies, the larger part of Australia, most of Mexico, Central Amerl-

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Jan. 5, 1899] The Nation 17 ca, the West Indies, part of the United States, most of South America, a slice of Persia, and most of Arabia. His argument appears to relate to "colonies," but this is a term which he stretches so as to cover the South American states, which were former- ly colonies, but are so no longer. We are to understand, therefore, that whenever in these regions it appears that a country exists the resources of which are not de- veloped, as they might be, according to their highest standards of production, the United States or England, or both, are to supplant or override the existing govern- ment, and assume control of it as "a trust for civilization." We confess we are unable to perceive either continuity or coherence in this argument. It rests on three premises — the overcrowding of the world with population, the consequent necessity of expansion for trade, and the un- fitness of any government in the world ex- cept that of England or the United States to be a "trustee for civilization" between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south lati- tude. But so far as this country is concern- ed, the world is not overcrowded, but under- populated, there being room in it for the entire population of England several times over. Mr. Kidd may not know it, but he can easily rent an excellent farm in Illinois (or, if he prefers the Eastern States, a farm with good buildings in Massachusetts) al- most on his own terms. But if it were overcrowded, how would the expansion of trade with countries in which the white races cannot permanently settle cure over- crowding? The trade of England with India expands, but It does not relieve the pressure of population. In the third place, the un- fitness of other governments to be "trustees for civilization" between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude is not admit- ted by them. The only sense in which England is bet- ter fitted to be a "trustee for civilization" is that, under English rule, trade is free; there is greater freedom politically, and better security for life, liberty, and prop- erty. But should such blessings be confined to "the tropics"? Russia is in a sadly back- ward economical condition; internal admin- istration is very corrupt, liberty is unknown. Would it not be a good thing for England to overrun and conquer and administer the affairs of Russia as a "trustee for civiliza- tion"? The idea is not preposterous; Na- poleon made the attempt eighty-six years ago, and, had he succeeded, he would have extended his trust and taken in England too. It by no means follows that because a nation Is to-day capable of governing de- pendencies well, or, on the other hand, in- capable, this state of things must continue indefinitely. It is only within the last fifty years that English administration has be- come so good. Fifty years hence, who can say that this superiority will be maintain- ed? A hundred years ago German govern- ment was almost a laughing-stock. To-day German administration and police are of the first rank. Twenty-five years ago the whole Christian world looked upon Japan as unfit to administer ordinary justice according to civilized ideas. To-day Japan is admitted to the family of nations, as a self-govern- ing, equal, and independent Power. Mr. Kidd's argument is really nothing more than this: "We are better and stronger than you, and can manage your property better than you can yourselves; therefore we shall take it from you." This used to be called spoliation; to make it sound moral, Mr. Kidd calls it establishing a "trust for civili- zation." Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology. By Robert Brown, Jun., F.S.A. London: Wil- liams & Norgate. 1898. Mr. Andrew Lang, who is himself on the other side of the house, once observed that nothing is so galling to philological mytho- logists, nothing injures them more in the public esteem, than the charge that their rival etymologies and discrepant interpretations are mutually destructive. Mycologists are a sensitive tribe; and the odium mythologi- cum, a special product of this century, is as bitter as any of those grammatical antipa- thies which we associate with the savage en- counters of the Bentley period of criticism. We may, however, safely assert that in the liveliest passages of the 'Phalaris' disserta- tion, Bentley failed to compass the collo- quialism of Mr. Brown in the work before us. As his title indicates, the author's aim is to insist on the importance of the influence of Egypt and Western Asia on Hellenic myth- ology; in particular instances he gives de- tailed evidence of Semitic sources for Greek divinities. The rival schools of philological and an- thropological mythology, as represented by Prof. Max Mttller and Mr. Lang, furnish lit- tle support to the "Aryo-Semitic" theories of Mr. Brown. Max Muller, with an obsti- nate prepossession in favor of an Aryan Pantheon, "almost absolutely ignores the vast force and extent of Semitic influence In Hellas" (p. 20). Hence, though Mr. Brown is an enthusiastic advocate for Max Miiller's linguistics as opposed to the anthropological theories of Mr. Lang, and devotes some twenty pages to his defence, his admiration is tempered by regret that the Oxford pro- fessor refuses to make more concessions than are inevitable in his recognition of Semitic influence. Mr. Brown tells the amazed read- er (p. 21) that "Fifty years of strenuous and sagacious effort have placed upon Miiller's brow a crown which the whirligig of time will be powerless to remove, let Carp and Pike try their best or their worst," and with that characteristic burst of rhetoric he turns to demolish Mr. Lang. Not even the sur- prises of the author's style — like Hudi- bras, he "cannot ope his mouth but out there flies a trope" — can impart interest to the next sixty pages of mythological horseplay. Matthew Arnold said that on an opponent one never does make an impression. Mr. Brown's jocularity, his favorite comments — "Umps" and "Who deniges of it?"— his ad- dress to the reader "O vain man," his fre- quent references to himself as "R. B., Jr.," are in the worst possible taste; nor are his arguments, so far as we have been able to comprehend them, likely to make much im- pression on his anthropological adversary. Mr. Lang, ondoyamt et divers, may be trusted to defend himself and his totems in the next edition of 'Custom and Myth.' The third section of the book is more inte- resting. In it the author tries to support his claim for Semitic origin or affinities in the case of Heracles, whom he identifies with the Phoenician Harekhal; so Kronos is identified with the Semitic "Horned One" ; Athene, Posei- don, Aphrodite, and others are furnished with a Semitic pedigree. In the matter of such Greek and Semitic equations, Max Muller, in his 'Contributions to the Science of Myth- ology/ has lately remarked that "there is really no evidence to lay bold of and to ex- amine." Where Max Muller fears to tread we have no desire to rush In, and content ourselves with the comment that if Mr. Brown wishes to be intelligible to those who have not access to his evidence, he must rewrite his discussion of the signs of the zo- diac and the Homeric constellations; at pre- sent they convey such confusion to the mind that "two tablespoonfuls of Lethe water be- fore breakfast" and a fresh start are what we should desire for ourselves before we again consider the question of Semitic in- fluence. Mr. Brown's industry and learning are un- deniable. But that he rides his Semitic hob- by too hard is obvious even to those whose wits are not sharpened by mythological con- troversy. Moreover, there are few causes that would not be damaged by poor rhetoric, confused statement, and persistent abuse of one's opponents. II Principe di Niccold Machiavelli: Testo cri- tico con introduzione e note, a cura di Giu- seppe Lisio. Florence: G. C. Sansonl. 1899 [1898]. It seems odd that the classical work of an author whose life fell wholly within the practice of the art of printing should only now have its text critically established. This however, is what has happened to Machia- velli's 'The Prince,' of which the first edition appeared five years after his death. The ori- ginal manuscript Is undiscovered if in ex- istence. The Roman and the Florentine edi- tions of 1532 bear every mark of libertiest rhetorically pedantic and other, taken with the great Secretary's abrupt, tumultuous, and nervously flexible style, and exhibit many variations from each other and from the se- veral manuscript copies preserved. The dif- ficult task of collating all these and the great number of minor and more or less servile imprints (down to 1554 in Italy, when the papal censor prevailed) has been undertaken by Giuseppe Lisio, whose labors have been published in the "Raccolta di opere inedite 0 rare di ogni secolo della letteratura ita- liana." Lisio's introduction fills nearly a third of the handsome volume, and is a fine example of discussion of material, exposition of cri- tical principles, and scholarly judgment. He premises that 'The Prince' has suffered more than all the other works of Machiavelli from unfaithful treatment, and then passes in re- view the half-dozen sources which compel consideration, and constructs a tentative ge- nealogical tree for them. The nominally first edition printed at Naples in 1523, while Machiavelli was yet living, is not one of these, except to a very limited extent, being a bold working over, In a sort of macaronic Latin. The first editions professing to pre- sent the author in his original vernacular, we have already named. What is specially interesting in their infidelities is the school- masterly correction of Machiavelli's dialectal forms and Latinisms, transpositions of words and phrases, and other dressings up. Thus, in the dedication to Lorenzo de' Medici, where Machiavelli wrote "prete preziose," Antonio Blado (Rome, 1532) prints "pietre," "soggetto" for "subietto," "nondimeno" for "tamen"; interpolates in "con quello [poco] animo"; omits in "io [indegnamente] sop- porti"; changes "le quali" into "la quale," with the corresponding participial regimen, etc. Where Machiavelli, in Shaksperian

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18 The USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1749 uses France, Spain, England for the sovereign of the respective countries, Blado rounds out "re di Francia," etc. A like po- lishing was attempted in the nearly simul- taneous Florentine edition of the Giunta, which appears to have relied upon a manu- script as well as upon Blado, and became in turn the basis of the numerous Venetian editions from Aldus to Domenico Giglio. The so-called Testina edition (Geneva, un- dated, but early in the seventeenth cen- tury), was arbitrarily eclectic from the fore- going; and, coming down to the present cen- tury, the Capolago edition of 1849 was de- rived from Blado, the Testina and the "Italy 1813"— strange bedfellows, as Lisio remarks; yet, for some unexplainable reason, this was chosen for the text edited by L. Arthur Burd for the Clarendon Press in 1891. Finally, all the more recent popular editions have gone from bad to worse, adding fresh errors of the printing-office to those borrowed from the editors who corrupted the fountain-head. All this, with the examination and weigh- ing of the manuscripts, makes very interest- ing reading. Lisio in fairness considers whether Machiavelli did not perhaps revise his work, but concludes that he would have made far more extensive changes had he made any, and in particular would have cor- rected some anachronisms engendered by the lapse of time. He then lays down the lines of his own reconstitution of the text, and is led into this notable characterization of the two periods of his author's prose, of which the extremes are marked, by the 'Lettere' and the 'Principe' on the one hand, and by the 'Istorie' on the other, with the 'Discorsi' and the 'Dialoghi dell' Arte della Guerra' in the middle: "There is a family air about them, but the individuals are not identical. In the three writings of the first, group you will observe the frequent employment of Latin sentences, of Latin conjunctives — remnants of a tiresomely obsolescent court jargon; a quite appropriate number of vigorous Latin- isms and idioms in words, phrases, and con- structions, a greater license in graphic forms and endings; a vivacity of inversions, eli- sions, thought constructions, loose refer- ences, forcible anacolutha; a more lively and bounding movement of the intellect; a recurrence of the same conceits, frequently incomplete; a cropping up of thoughts not obviously connected — marble blocks rough- hewn like Michelangelo's, not finished and polished in Canova's manner. Then if you observe with a sharp eye the latest writings, you will see still the same man, the same writer, but with a spirit (I should say) more tranquil, with garments (I should say) less dishevelled, more orderly. It seems, in fine, that whereas formerly he was more viva- ciously Italian in substance and Latin in form, he afterwards became more Italian in form, but more Latin and sometimes lum- bering in substance. The streams of thought descend with greater continuity and fluidi- ty; less frequently so-called irregularities mar the often polished surface; idioms and Latinisms, though proudly resistant and en- during to the very last — Latin conjunctives and sentences gradually disappearing— give place to the purest current Italian; and the waves of the period, less uneven, not sel- dom take on a sonorous amplitude, especial- ly in the 'Istorie.' " Of no other great writer, then, could it more truthfully be maintained that the style is the man, and that the rectification of his text — above all in that work which has made Machiavelli's reputation hinge upon a per- sonal adjective, become a universal counter of speech in an evil sense — is a pious service to letters and to history. Lisio appends at the foot of every one of his criticicallv composite pages the variants of the group he has placed under contribution; and in a lower basement, so to speak, he discusses instructively the most noticeable of them, with precious observations on Machiavelli's usage, and with constant revelation of this conscientious editor's grounds of discrimina- tion for or against the locution in question. Home Life in Colonial Days. By Alice Morse Earle. Macmillan. 1898. Early in the present century a song was current, extolling the charms of life "In good old Colony times, When we lived under the King." After reading this attractive book, one begins to think that the poet, Tory though he may have been, was not al- together wrong, and that life in thosp days may have had a certain charm, dignity, and educational value that are wanting in these days of steam, electricity, and the insoluble servant problem. Every household was an abode of cheerful industries; and the young ladies who carded, spun, wove, dyed, knitted stockings, made "brooms of Guinea wheat," and so forth, were no whit the less ladies for that, as Nausicaa was none the less a princess when, with her maidens, she did the palace washing. Nor did it in the least seem degrading drudgery to them. When charming young Abigail Foote, in 1775, in one day, as her diary records, "carded two pounds of whole wool, and felt Nationly," because home manufacture of cloth was one of the steps towards independence, she had as good grounds for her patriotic glow as if she had attended a Woman's Club and signed a string of resolutions. Every feature of domestic colonial life is here represented; the homes, furniture, and utensils of our ancestors, their occupations, and to some extent their recreations, all mi- nutely described and copiously illustrated, largely from photographs of objects now pre- served in museums. One only thing we miss, that most primitive of fire-dogs, made by the local blacksmith out of a single flat bar, split at one end, and ingeniously doubled, bent, and twisted, such as may now occa- sionally be seen in ancient farm-houses, where it has carried the burning logs for a century or more. The cover of the Book, rep- resenting such a sampler as our great-grand- mothers used to sew in their school-days, is particularly appropriate. We recommend the study of this volume to those novelists who attempt to revive for us colonial life. He who shows us the lover "kissing Mistress Polly when the clock-reel ticked," will catch a touch of local color that he never could have evolved from his ima- gination. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Ash, Mark and William. The United States Inter- nal Revenue Laws. Statutes, Decisions, Rulings. linker, Voorhis A: Co. $5. Belloc, Bessie It. Historic Nuns. London: Duck- worth & Co. Crane, Walter. A Floral Fantasv. Harpers $2.50. Douohoe, Rev. Thomas. Popular Progress. Buffalo: .Muriay & Dawson. Field, Edward. Esek Hopkins, Commander-in- Chief of the Continental Navy. Providence: Preston & Rounds Co. Cell, Hon. Mrs. Lyttleton. The More Excellent \\ ay. Words of the Wise. Henry Frowde. Hall, Rev. Newman. An Autobiography. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $3. Isuam, N. M. The Homeric Palace. Providence: Preston & Rounds Co. $1. King, Rev. J. M. A Critical Study of "In Momo- riain." Toronto: G. N. Morang. Lacour-Gayet, G. L'Educatiou Politique de Louis XIV. Paris: Hachette. Morris, Charles. Historical Tales. Spanish. Phi- ladelphia: .1. P.. Lippincott Co. $1.25. lvixotto, Ernest. Ten Drawings. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. $3.5n. Rogers, L. C. French Sight Reading. American Book Co. 40c. Sayre, T. B. Two Summer Girls and I. New York: G. A. S. Wieners. Semple. II. C. Hank, and Other Poems. Louis- Mile, Ky.: G. G. Fetter Co. The Amerier,ii Church Almanac and Year-Book. .lames Putt & Co. i'1-icaii Citizenship. A rican Hook Co. $1. liegler. Prof. Theobald. Die Geistigen und So- eialen Striiinuiigen des Neunzehnteu Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Georg Bondi; New York: Lemcke & Ituechner. VOL. XVII. No. 1. oth YEAR JANUARY EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Edited by Professor NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. Abtklks .— The Future of the Normal School, by Wil- liam T. Harris; Professional and Aea.le • Schools, by K. H. riuirsion; Uauuiclstcr's llumll.u.li dor Kr/.le- huimslehrc, by Paul II Harms; Sentimentality in s.-i ence- 1 caching. In Kdward Thorndlke; Course of Rcacl- \\'e, t°r Children, |)y <;oorge Grllllih; (educational Value of Riography, by Sadie K. -Simons; stu.lv ol I- .lo- cation at the Univemity ot Texas, by W S Sutton Discissions -The Useof Higher Kdu'catlon bvT It A Co.kcrell and William T. Harris; No National I Diver- sity at Washington, by William Haw ley Smith Rkvibws. Editorial. a &.rK3KiftkTK3fc2* "n" Auautt)- 35c- HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. HOUSEHOLD BOOKS. Catering for Two Comfort and Economy for Small House- holds. By Alice L. James, 16mo, $1.25. " ' Catering for Two ' will be appreciated by every housekeeper of an economical turn of mind. The recipes are many and all of them arc attractive. It is a most useful and valuable little <: king manual and will be of particular service to begin ners in the art. It will be found thoroughly satis- factory in every respect. "—Boston Eve. Gazette. What One Can Do with a Chafing Dish By H. L. S. 16mo, $1.00. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 & 29 W. 23d St., New York. A NEW STORY BY MR. HAGGARD. DR. TH ERNE. BY H. RIDER HAGGARD, Author of "King Solomon's Mines," "The Wizard," "Montezuma's Daughter," etc., etc. Orown, 8vo, cloth, $1.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, . & CO. 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. The Story of Gosta Berling A Swedish work of great power and beauty, has been received with exceptional favor. Sold at all bookstores, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, 11.75, by the publishers, LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. RAfil^C FOR SCARCE ONES CONSULT IMJUIVO POOR RICHARD'S ALMANACK, gratis. BOX 4037, STATION B, PHILADELPHIA.

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VI The JSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1749 APPLETONS' Popular Science Monthly. JANUARY, 1899. James The Industrial Evolution of Colonies. Collier. An important study of the commercial growth of colonies. Of special interest now, because of its bearings on the problems connected with our new colonies. A fully illustrated article describing and explain- ing some curious optical phenomena connected with certain geometric figures. Should Children under Ten Learn to Read and Write ? Professor G. T. W. Patrick. A careful examination of this important, question. which the author believes should be answered in the negative. A Short History of Scientific Instruction. I. J. Norman Lockyer. A brief historical sketch of the growth of science teaching, and a criticism of present methods. The Jews. II. Professor William Z. Ripley. Illustrated. A second paper on the distribution and physical peculiarities of this ethnologieally unique race. Modern Studies of Earthquakes. Georg Geraland. An account of modern seismological methods and their more important results. Our Florida Alligator. I. W. Blake. Illustrated. Describes and pictures this curious denizen of the tropical river and swamp. Philadelphia Normal School; Soils and Fertilizers; The Law of the Diffusion of Taxes; Sketch (with portrait) of August von Kekule. Editor's Table; Scientific Books; Fragments. Jo cents a number; $3.00 a year. D. APPLETON AND COHPANY, 72 Fifth Avenue, New York. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private, School, College, and Club JJlM.-iric- with ;ill ciiiTcni Ho"k> prompt l\ Mini rheaplv. It isour speciali) We deal in iiotliini! bin hooks. Our Monthly Bui Id in ..1 all ilic pulillslu jv new. in itD-nAND BOOKS, l'A.M I'lll. K'Ts, an,] I'KinnjH- CALS in any department of I earning and Literature Cheapest 01,/iiirrn a 'ii/ for Libraries, Professors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues ou application. Best references. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books issued "The Linen Store >> Registered Trade Mark. Goods of French manufacture, of ANNUAL SALE Table Linen. Four lots of goods, all of standard Linen Store quality, all desirable in pattern, aggregating 3218 Cloths, 2984 doz. Napkins. T nt T manu * actured L-jVX. 1 by the foreniost makers of Irish Damasks, of- fered at 1 lIAQh discount »>»>/o'u from regular prices. T j. - contains goods -*-'^L ^ selected from our regular stock and gives a very wide range for choice in quality and design at ZU 10 Ltj'O from regular prices Send for booklet, which the entire sale of Household Lii Lot 3 superb quality and design, at OO/o'" from regular prices. ~f . The famous Barns- -L/^'L 4 ley goods, noted for their exceptional durabil- ity and handsome satiny ap- pearance, offered at very Attractive Discounts from regular prices. gives full detail of prices for James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d St, New York. 6' 7, Arc the Present Day Models of the 8, H emington Standard Typewriter. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. FRENCH BOOKS at WM. R.JENKINS', Publisher, Sol Sixth Avknie, NEW YORK. • atalogup on appllcaotln. 0 ATALOGUE NO. 47 READY.— AN entertaining variety. A. b. Clark, 1 74 Fulton St. St. Paurs)TNewTork. GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL PRESENT FOR A LADY, 16-60, WILL FIND The Augusta=Victoria Empress Opera Shawl a most appropriate Birthday, Wedding, Christ- mas, or-New- Year's gift. They are entirely handwoven, about 40 inches square, with 6- inch fringe, at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk — woof silk and web wool— in rich light green, delicate pink, recherche' red, pure white or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7.50— check or money order— to THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., No. 12 Moravian Church Street, Bethlehem, Pa. PHOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS of Architecture, Sculpture, and paintings of ali European Galleries Imported by GEORGE BUSSE, 12 W. 28th St., New York ARTISTIC FRAMING.

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The Nation. VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 750. THURSDAY, JANUARY 12, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS. Puerto Rico and Its Resources. A Book for Travellers, Investors, and Others, containing full accounts of Natural Features and Resources. Products, People, Opportuni- ties for Business, etc. By Frederick A. Ober. author of " Camps in the Caribbees," " Crusoe's Island," etc. With maps and illus- trations. 12mo, Cloth. $1.50. The aim has been to produce a work that will answer all questions likely to arise in connection with the acquisition and occupation of this new tropical possession of ours. The book is not a sketch for the casual visitor, or impres- sions of a traveller in search of the picturesque, but it is a comprehensive, in- forming, and interesting account of the people, land, and products, with the full explanations of the actual conditions and opportunities which are needed by visitors and intending investors. Cannon and Camera Sea and Land Battles of the Spanish-American War in Cuba, Camp Life, and Return of the Soldiers. Described and illustrated by J. C. Hemment, War Artist at the Front. With over 100 full- page pictures taken by the author, and an index. Large 12mo, cloth. $2.00. "Accurate as well as picturesque. . . . Mr. Hemment has done his work well. In point of faithful realism there has thus far been nothing better In the whole war literature."— Boston Journal. "The pictures comprise the best set of war views that we have aeen."— Phila- delphia Inquirer. Recollections of the Civil War By Charles A. Dana. With Portrait. Large 12mo. Cloth, gilt top, uncut. $2.00 "It Is a book filled with vitality and warm with strong life. It tells history In the strongest and most impressive manner, and the personality of the writer gives it an additional iuterest. It is one of the valuable books of the year, even In its prejudices ; the r on the same subject.' elaborate works The History of the World Prom the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By Edgar Sanderson, M..A., Sometime Scholar of Clare College, Cambridge; Author of "A History of the British Empire," "The British Em- pire in the Nineteenth Century," "Outlines of the World's His- tory," etc. Uniform with " Natural History," " Astronomy," and "The Historical Reference Book." Small 8vo, Half Leather, $2.00. The Story of the Railroad By Cy Warman, author of "The Express Messenger," etc. A new volume in the Story of the West Series, edited by Ripley Hitch- cock. With Maps, and many Illustrations by B. West Clinedinst, and from photographs. Uniform with " The Story of the Cow- boy," "The Story of the Mine," and "The Story of the Indian." 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. "It Is wonderful romance . . . this history of the building of the railroads that connected the Atlantic and the Pacific, that cut through thousands of miles of uninhabited and apparently uninhabitable West, pushing civilization before them, ' ' g us an unexplored count -Chicago Evening Post. The Principles of Biology By Herbert Spencer. Volume I. New edition, revised and en- larged. Entirely reset. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. Playtime and Seedtime By Francis W. Parker and Nellie L. Helm. Illustrated. Apple- tons' Home Reading Books. 12mo. Cloth. 32 cents net. This is the first volume of Uncle Robert's Geography, consisting of six books, graded for school use as well as for the home. Colonel Parker begins his lessons in geography and the phenomena of Nature by relating the expe- riences of a family of children upon a farm. He gives them free scope to extend their observations and investigations with the aid of their parents and "Uncle Robert," whose visit is described in the third book. Latitude 19° A Romance of the West Indies in the Year of Our Lord Eighteen Hundred and Twenty. Beinft a faithful account and true of the painful adventures of the Skipper, the Bo's'n. the Smith, the Mate, and Cynthia. By Mrs. Schuyler Crowninshield. Il- lustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50. " The author has a vivid Imagination and a convincing Btyle. We have read her wonderful story with implicit credulity. ... It is crowded with picturesque ad- "ures."— The Independent. Crisp and sparkling. The story of adventure and love is surprisingly new and rnquirer. David Ha rum A Story of American Life. By Edward Notes Westcott. 12mo. Cloth. $1 50. " True, strong, and thoroughly alive, with a humor like that of Abraham Lincoln and a nature as sweet at the core. The spirit of the book Is genial and wholesome, and the love story is In keeping with it. . . . 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11 The Nation [Vol 68, No. 1750 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1805. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 19 Editorial Articles: The Old Constitution 22 The Governor's Message 22 Spain's Recuperation 23 Changes in Egypt 24 Henry Clarke Warren 24 Special Correspondence: Imperialism vs. the Constitution 25 Correspondence: Our Dearest Foe '26 Pictorial Enjoyment 26 To Talk Like a Book 27 Notes 27 Book Reviews: Henry Drummond 30 Toynbee's Dante Dictionary 32 As Other See Us 33 With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers 34 Books of thk Week M4 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada: to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the Address-Label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit tance. 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Jan. 12, 1899] The Nation 111 NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS The Poems of William Collins Edited by Professor Walter C. Bronson of Brown University, lmv+185 pages. 90 cents. Athenaeum Press Series. Hoyt's World's Painters and Their Pictures By Deristhe L. Hoyt of the Massachusetts Normal Art School. Bird World y u. n. onthM.i, assKirti uy JH.ALFH j tudy and Story Nature Reader Series. Catherwood's Heroes of the Middle West By Mary Hartwell Catherwood. 141 pages. 50 cents. Hastings and Beach's Physics By Professors Hastings and Beach of Yale University. Hempl's Easiest German Reading for Learners, Young or Old. By George Hempl, Professor of English Philology and General Linguistics in the University of Michigan. 82 pages. 40 cents. Byrd's Laboratory Manual in Astronomy By Mary E. Byrd, Director of the Observatory, Smith College. Beat's Seed Dispersal By William J. Beal, Professor of Botany and Forestry, Michigan State Agricultural College. 87 pages. 35 cents. Altes und Neues A German Reader for Young Beginners. By Karl Seeligmann, Teacher of German, Harvard School, Chicago. 125 pages. 40 cents. International Modern Language Series DAVIS'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By WILLIAM M. DAVIS Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard Um 1 i:d by WILLIAM H. SNYDER Master in Science in Worcester Academy, Worcester, Mass. i2mo. Half Leather. 428 pages. For introduction, $1.25. -TTHTS NEWEST text-book on Physical Geography pre- Vir' sents the leading principles of this branch of science in a form admirably adapted to the needs of pupils in secondary schools. The subject is treated as dealing with "the phys'cal environment of man." The descrip- tion of the geographical controls by which man's ways of living are determined constitutes the main theme of the book. Especial care has been taken to adapt the descrip- tions and explanations to the capacity of pupils in our higher schools. Unusual technical terms have been excluded almost wholly. Geometrical and physical ex- planations have been sec apart in an Appendix in order that the progress of pupils who have not studied geo- metry and physics may not be embarrassed. BOSTON. A Descriptive Circular of the above-named books sent, postpaid, on application. QINN & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. LONDON. AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY. I. — THE NATION stands alone in its field. It has the largest circulation of any literary and politica journal published in this country. Almost 10,000 copies are printed every week. These repre- sent but a part of the actual readers of the paper, as it goes to all the principal libraries and reading-rooms, and into thousands of families. II. — The circulation is chiefly among the thinking and well-to-do classes— lawyers, physicians, bank- ers, and other professional men — and in the homes of cultivated people, where the education of children is a matter of careful consideration. III. — The School List in The Nation has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the prominent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. IV. — The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continuous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail themselves. School advertisements are printed in a uniform typography, with the address in the first line, classi- fication being made by States, alphabetically, unless especially ordered displayed on other pages. Advertising rates, 15 cents an agate line each insertion, with the following discounts: 5 per cent, on 4 insertions, 10 per cent, on 8 insertions, 12 1-2 per cent, on 13 insertions, 15 per cent, on 26 insertions, 20 per cent, on 39 insertions, 25 per cent, on 52 insertions. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. Orders may be forwarded through any responsible advertising agency, or directly to The Nation, 206 to 210 Broadway, N. Y.

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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1750 FIFTY=FOURTH ANNUAL STATEMENT New York Life Insurance Company, Nos. 346 and 348 Broadway, New York City. JOHN A. McCALL, President Balance Sheet, January 1st, 1899. ASSETS. United States, State, City, County and other Bonds (cost value $115,687,034), market value, Dec. 31, 1898 $121,579,619 Bonds and Mortgages (777 first liens) . . 39,002,758 Real Estate (66 pieces, including twelve office buildings) 16,539,000 Deposits in Trust Companies and Banks, at inierest 8,434,786 Loans to Policy-ho ders on their policies as security (legal value thereof, $16,000 000) 9,818,600 Loans on Stocks ind Bonds (market value $9,229,702) 7,390,845 Stocks of Banks, Trust Companies, &c. ($4 532.086 cost value), market value, Dec. 31, 1898 6,050,831 Premiums in transit, reserve charged in Liabilities 2,280,188 Quarterly and Semi-Annual Premiums not yet due, reserve charged in Lia- bilities 2,087,274 Interest and Rents due and accrued. . . . 1,440,487 Premium No es on policies in force (le- gal value of policies, $2,500,000) 1,320,423 TOTAL ASSETS $215,944,811 CASH INCOME, i898. New Premiums $7,644,715 Renewal Premiums 27.987,933 TOTAL PREMIUMS $35,632,648 Interest on ; Bonds $5,740,819 Mortgages 1,940,937 Loans to Policy-holders, secure 1 by reserves on policies 628,638 Other Securities 391,353 Rents received 875,741 Dividends on Stocks. . . 221,780 TOTAL INTEREST, RENTS. &c. 9.799,268 TOTAL INCOME $45^31,916 LIABILITIES. Policy Reserve (per certifi- cate" of New York In- surance Department) $175,710,249 All other Liabilities: Policy Claims, Annuities, En- dowments, &c. , await- ing presentment for payment 2.358,383 — $178,068,632 Add tional Policy Reserve voluntarily set aside by the Company 2,838,626 Surplus Reserved Funds voluntarily set aside by the Company 26,414,234 Other Funds for all other contingencies 8,623,319 — 37876,179 TOTAL LIABILITIES $215,944,811 EXPENDITURES, i898. Paid for Losses, Endowments, and An- nuities $15,390,978 Paid for Dividends and Surrender Values 6, 1 28, 888 Commissions ($3,320,904.33) on New Business of $152,093,369; Medical Examiners' Fees and Inspection of Risks ($449,428) 3.770,332 Home and Branch Office Expenses, Taxes, Advertising, Equipment Ac- count, Telegraph, Postage, Commis- sions on $791,927,751 of Old Business and Miscellaneous Expenditures 5,208,754 Balance — Excess of Income over Ex- penditures for Year ;. 14.932,964 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $45,431,916

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Jan. 12, 1899] The Nation v FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL STATEMENT New York Life Insurance Company, {CONTINUED.) INSURANCE ACCOUNT. ON THE BASIS OF PAID-FOR BUSINESS ONLY. NUMBER OF POLICIES. AMOUNT. In Force, December 31, 1897. . 332,958 $877,020,925 New Insurance Paid-for, 1898. 73,471 152,093,369 Old Insurances revived and in- creased, 1898 835 29,688 Total Paid-for Business. . 407,264 $1,031,243,982 DEDUCT TERMINATIONS: By Death, Maturity, Sur- render, Expiry, &c 33,33° 87,222,862 Paid-for Business in Force December 3 1st, i898. .. . 373.934 $944,021,120 Gain in 1898 40,976 New Applications Declined in 1898 6,142 $67,000 195 15 986,836 COMPARISON FOR SEVEN YEARS. (1891-1898.) Dec. 81st, 1891. Dec. 31st, 1898. Gain in 7 Years. Assets . . . $125,947,290 $215,944,811 $89,997,521 Income . . . 31,854,194 45,431,917 13,577,723 Dividends of Year to Policy-holders 1,260,340 2,759,432 1,499,092 Total Payments of Year to Policy- holders, . . 12,671,491 21,519,865 8,848,374 Numter of Policies in force . . 182,803 373,934 191,131 Insurance in Force, premiums paid, . $575,689,649 $944,021,120 $368,331,471 Certificate of Superintendent of State of New York Insurance Dept. Albany, January 6, 1 899. I, LOUIS F. PAYN. Superintendent of Insurance of the State of New York, do hereby certify that the NEW YORK LIFE .INSURANCE COMPANY, of the City of New York, in the State of New York, is duly authorized to transact the bus:ness of Life Insurance in this State. I FURTHER CERTIFY that, in accordance with the provisions of Section Eighty-four of the insurance law of the State of New York, I have caused the policy obligations of the said Company, outstanding on the 31st day of December, 1898, to be valued as per the Combined Experience Table of Mortality, at four per cent, inte- rest, and I certify the same to be $175,710,249. I FURTHER CERTIFY that the admitted assets are $2 15,944.8 11. THE GENERAL LIABILITIES $2,358,383 THE NET POLICY RESERVE, AS CALCULATED BY THIS DEPARTMENT, $175,710,249, MAKING THE TOTAL LIABILITIES, PER STATE LAWS, $178,068,632. THE ADDITIONAL POLICY RESERVE VOLUNTARILY SET ASIDE BY THE COMPANY $2f838,626« THE SURPLUS RESERVED FUNDS VOLUNTARILY SET ASIDE BY THE COMPANY, $26,414,234. OTHER FUNDS FOR ALL OTHER CONTINGENCIES, $8,623,319. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused my official seal to be affixed at the City of Albany, the day and year first above written. LOUIS F. PAYN, Superintendent of Insurance.

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VI Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1750 jg|2 44 No library can be complete without it." u0^inSKmEPennsyiVania. I j Messages and Papers I of the Presidents EDITED BY THE 1 Hon. JAMES D. RICHARDSON, Under the Direction of Congress. '*/ regard 'Messages and Papers of the Presidents ' as one of the most solid and valuable contributions to our political and historical litera- ture." WM. L. WILSON, Ex-Post master- Genera I. H HISTORY of the United States should form the nucleus of every American citizen's library. With grave questions of rjublic policy to be settled at the ballot-box within the next few years, ft will be found necessary to study closer than ever those crises from which the nation has in the past emerged ever triumphant. This history should be as authoritative as possible. Ordinarily we get the story of our country from the point of view of one man, and one whose ideas have never influenced the events of which he writes. IN MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS we have word ~ for word from the makers of our history the burning sentences which have declared wars, the thoughtful, profound utterances which have guided the Ship of State into the quiet waters of Prosperity and Progress— all of them mile- stones marking the path of our progress toward the grand destiny which unfolds before us as a nation. What could be more sublime— more prophetic— than the words of the immortal Lincoln, when he said:— " w.e are '"»' enemies but Wends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. me nijstic rl^iisot memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."— JPivst Inaugural Address. Is it not an advantage-a power— to have TEN VOLUMES of this sort of history at your elbow? Congress had this in mind in authorizing the publication of this great work, and in appropriating the necessary amount to defray the initial expenses. The Hon. Ainsworth R. Spofford. formerly Librarian of Congress, has accepted the position of General becretary of the Committee appointed to distribute the work. The Committee on Distribution has undertaken to dis- tribute the work at a trifle over the cost of manufacture and distribution. If it is necessary to increase the price to meet expenses, it will be done later, but not on applications received during the month of January. A postal card request for full pa rticulars, ad, Iressed as below, will bringample descriptive matter and full instructions for making applications. e 1 all leiiuestsaccompi I by a deposit ot ONE DOLLAR a set of the books will be laid aside and reserved pending further investigation, ecnie within ten days not to make a regular application for (he work, the amount will be refunded. All requests for further informa- prompt attention, m regular order, if addressed to nd if yo ion will 1 AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, General Secretary, Committ^snH?NQTON" d. cDept w • GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL PRESENT FOR A LADY, 16-60, WILL FIND The Augusta=Victoria Empress Opera Shawl a most appropriate Bu today. Wedding, Christ- mas, or New Year's gift. They are entirely handwoven, about 40 inches square, with fl- inch fringe, at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk— woof silk and web wool— in rich light green, delicate piok, recherc/ttred, pure white or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. -Postpaid and Beqistered on receipt of $7.50— check or money order— to THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., No. 12 Moravian Church Street, Bethlehem, Pa. SIGHTS AND SCENES OF SCOTLAND. For sale bij all booksellers Cassell & Company, Limited 7 and 9 West 18th St., New York. EMILY DICKINSON'S POEMS. FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD SBBIJSS. 3 vols., cloth, $1.25 per volume; white and gold, $1.50 per volume. EMILY DICKINSON'S LETTERS. 2 vols., liimo, $2.00. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. DOOR'S.— A// Out-of-print Books supplied MJ no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the. most expert hook tin. tors eviani ■le:oo stale wants HAKHr> tlllHAT ItoOKSHOPi 14-1(1 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England A UTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous Ik ,reup,le n°uK"t and sold by Walter ft. Benjamin 25 Broadway, New York City. Send for price-list. CLARENDON PRESS NEW PUBLICATIONS. Studies in International Law. By Thomas Erskine Holland, D.C.L. Demy 8vo, Cloth, $2.60. Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics. By William Wallace. Edited, with a Biographical Introduction, by Edward Caird. With a Portrait. Demy8vo, cloth, $3.10. P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides. With the Greek Translation of Planudes. Edited by the late Arthur Palmer, Litt.D. With a fac- simile, $5.25. For sale by all Booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1 American Branch 1, 93 5th Ave., N. Y.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JANUARY 12, 1809. The Week. Senator Hoar's call for light on the treaty may or may not meet with a re- sponse from the President, but it is emi- nently proper. To ask eighty-seven Se- nators to take three Senators' word for it, and leap into the dark, is neither dig- nified nor sane. Evidently, the eighty- seven thought so, as, in spite of tne protests of Senator and Commissionei Davis, they adopted Mr. Hoar's resolu- tion calling upon the President for his instructions to the Paris Commission- ers. If the Senate is to ratify a treaty intelligently, it must know all the steps leading up to its negotiation. In such a case preliminaries are as important as the final contract. Not only what the Commission got, but what they set out to get, what they were instructed to try for, in what respects and for what rea- sons their demands were increased, if they were increased — all this is essential- knowledge for Senators really desirous of passing upon the treaty as Senators should. Senator Hoar is, therefore, standing, not simply for the Senate's rights and dignities, but for common sense and the public good. For more than a year now our great, frank, and people-trusting President has kept the country in the dark. He has not yet given us the correspondence leading up to the Spanish war. He might at least begin by giving the correspondence leading up to the treaty of peace. There is no question of delay or obstruction. Mr. McKinley is going ahead in the Phi- lippines just as if the treaty were al- ready ratified. His proclamation bluntly said that he regarded the signing of the treaty as transferring the Spanish sove- reignty over the archipelago to us. This is a tremendous assumption — illegal and unconstitutional. But if he is determined to act as if the treaty were already law, a little deliberation, a little calling for light, on the part of the over-ridden Se- nate, can do no harm. For its purpose, a vigorous reminder of the place the American republic oc- cupied in its own estimation and in that of the world only a year ago, Senator Hoar's speech on Monday could hardly be surpassed. It was a fine description of those really "glory-crowned heights" on which we not only picnicked, but lived, for the first century of our exist- ence as a nation; of the period when we had a soul, when we worshipped great principles, and made it our mission, for the first time in the world's history, to exalt the arts of peace and to find satis- faction in domestic happiness, in secu- rity, equality, and justice. The trans- formation of the last year has been so astounding that mere contrast was elo- quence. Mr. Hoar touched "the mystic chords of memory," too, as effectively as Lincoln. He must have moved the Ame- rican soul of many a hardened expan- sionist with his pictures of that old America which did so much to raise the hopes of mankind about their possibili- ties. Ay de mi! as Carlyle said. Emer- son has become a German corporal. One of the most masterly summings up we have yet seen of our relation to the Philippines is that by Mr. Edmunds of Vermont in the World of Sunday. He may be said to complete the list of Ame- rican men of light and leading who have put themselves on record as opponents of this enterprise. We think we can safe- ly say that there is not a single Ameri- can who can lay claim to authority on statecraft or political morality, whose name is not to be found among the op- ponents of the Philippine folly, and there are thousands of smaller men among its advocates who secretly condemn it, but have been driven over to the McKinley- ites through fear of "getting left." On the 19th of April, 1775, there occurred a little affair at Lexington, Mass., which so strikingly resembles the situation in the Philippines to-day that it is worth re- calling. On that day a body of British troops commanded a small force of Massachusetts militia to lay down its arms for precisely the same reason given to the Filipinos by the revered Presi- dent McKinley for laying down their arms, namely, that the sovereignty of America was vested in King George, and that the Americans did not know how to govern themselves; that King George knew what was good for them better than they themselves, and, therefore, they must lay down their arms and re- turn to their agricultural pursuits, while the King was engaged, with his cabinet, in drawing up rules and regulations for them. They refused to do so, and then the English commanding officer, whose name was Pitcairn, not Otis, determined to punish them, but not "severely," for their recalcitrancy. He, therefore, killed only eight of the militia and wounded only nine, when he might have killed them all. This remarkable moderation produced no effect, and we know what followed. The order of December 21, 1898, sent by command of the President to Gen. Otis at Manila, inspires one to ask whe- ther or not there is in the War De- partment, or in any other department at Washington, an officer, "learned in the law," who thinks and writes as good lawyers should and do. What, for example, is the meaning in law of "prac- tically effected," as used in the first sen- tence of that order? What did the draughtsman mean by "conquest" of all the Philippines, as the word was em- ployed therein? Can there be a military "conquest," within the meaning of pub- lic law, if there is not an actual mili- tary occupation? What sort of a "con- quest" is recognized by the law of na- tions as one "practically effected,'' as distinct from actually effected? How could the military occupation of Manila, and nothing else, suspend Spanish sov- ereignty in all the other islands of the archipelago? It could not and did not. The President declared to Gen. Otis that "with" the signature of the treaty, and "as" the result of what had been done at Manila, the Philippine archipelago has been ceded to the United States. But what will happen if the Senate shall not ratify the treaty? The President cannot by himself enlarge our boun- daries. Spain has not yet ratified the treaty, any more than has the United States. And then, too, if there has already been the occupation needed for "con- quest," why does an "actual occupation" become "immediately necessary," and a military government instantly "extend- ed" outside of Manila? The answer is that the President has not yet made, in law, a "conquest" of the Philippines. He proclaims that all the municipal laws of the Philippines respecting private rights and crimes will be maintained. If the draughtsman of the order intend- ed exemptions, he should have expressed them. And what is meant by protect- ing private property "except for cause duly established"? "Duly established" by whom, by what, and where?' Which "measure of individual rights and liber- ties" mentioned in the order "is the heritage of free peoples"? Who knows? What a blessing it would be if Mr. Choate, before going to London, could be in Washington for a few weeks, and practically put knowledge and accuracy into the law-offices of the Administra- tion and its military orders! Or, bet- ter still, if he could for six months be the Attorney-General! We entirely agree with ex-President Cleveland, that if the Filipinos offer any opposition to the landing of our troops on their soil, they must be slaughtered. No more daring and dangerous opposi- tion to sound principles has ever been of- fered. These Filipinos have been bought by a perfectly fair sale. True, their price has not yet been paid over, but no one doubts the ability and fixed intention of the United States to pay it. They are therefore lawful property, not only under

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20 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1750 the law of nations, but under our law. In the case of Scott vs. Sandford Chief- Justice Taney held that, historically, men of this color had no rights that white men like us were bound to respect. To permit for one moment resistance to such a claim would unsettle the title to all property. No man would feel safe in the ownership of his horse or his cow if property like, this, created by a treaty of the most solemn nature, could be set aside by a parcel of half-savages. If they persist in resisting the landing of our troops, we would open on them with our quick-firing guns, which will soon, we warrant, bring them to see the matter in its true light. President McKinley, with that goodness of heart which dis- tinguishes him, has enjoined our troops not to treat them with "severity." We presume he means by this that our sol- diers on reaching the shore should make good their landing simply by push- ing, in which, owing to their superior stature, he thinks they would get the better of the natives. But is not this a perfectly chimerical idea? We ask any one who has ever landed on conquered soil in the teeth of native opposition, if he thinks a landing can be effected by pushing. No; the true remedy, the most humane for the natives themselves, is what Bismarck called "blood and iron." It means something when a politician who cherishes an ambition for the Presi- dency, denounces the expansion policy of the McKinley Administration, and seeks to constitute himself a national leader against the Trusts, and a Repub- lican rival of the Democratic Bryan in his assaults upon the courts. It signifies that one of the shrewdest judges of pub- lic sentiment to be found in the Middle West believes that, by the fall of 1900, there may be a reaction against the ex- pansion policy, and an uprising against the Trusts that thrive under Republican rule, which will be strong enough to make its leader the next President. Gov. Pingree of Michigan may be "all off" in this view, but the fact that he holds it and acts upon it is a sign of the times that should not be overlooked by any careful observer of our politics. ' One of the earliest blessings of our ci- vilization to be extended to Hawaii is an attempt to harry the Chinese. A clause in the joint resolution annexing the isl- ands provided that "there shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands except upon such con- ditions as are now or may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States." Acting under this, the United States inspector of Chinese in Honolulu caused the arrest of a party of Chinese residents of Hawaii returning from a vi- sit to China. Some of them were men of property, and all had originally come to Hawaii under the treaty with that country allowing a restricted immigra- tion. Their counsel sued for a writ of habeas corpus before the Hawaiian Su- preme Court, and Chief Justice Judd granted it and ordered the discharge of the Chinese. He held that the act of Congress of July 7, 1898, did indeed re- peal ipso facto all the Hawaiian legisla- tion relating to the Chinese as respects future immigration. But he was resolute in maintaining that the law could not have a retrospective effect; that it could not destroy the validity of permits issued before its date of enactment. The Chief Justice, in fact, paid a high, unless it was a sarcastic, tribute to the humane inten- tions of the American Congress in its legislation concerning the Chinese. He held, against the arguments of learned counsel, that such an "obvious injus- tice," such a clear case of "oppression," as would be involved in deporting these Chinese residents could never have been intended by Congress. Mr. Justice Judd will learn more of Congress, in this and other capacities; but it is at least grati- fying to know that the power of declar- ing the law in Hawaii is still in the hands of so humane a man as he, and that he was able to frustrate this par- ticularly mean effort to persecute. The annual raid upon the merit sys- tem was made in the House of Represen- tatives on Friday. While that body was in committee of the whole, a Republican member from Kentucky moved to strike out the appropriation for the expenses of the Civil-Service Commission; Gros- venor of Ohio, Hepburn of Iowa, and other Republicans of some prominence made speeches in favor of this motion; and on a rising vote, with only about a third of the Representatives present, the motion was carried, 67 to 61. Nothing was settled by this, however. Moody of Massachusetts, one of the several earn- est defenders of the reform, gave notice that he should demand an aye-and-no vote in the House. It has happened, over and over again, that absurd propo- sitions were carried on a rising vote, when no record could be made of their supporters and opponents, and defeated as soon as the roll was called. This is what has since happened in this case; still, it is discouraging and disrepu- table that 67 out of 128 Represen- tatives should be willing, even in this irresponsible fashion, to declare themselves in favor of "starving out" the Civil-Service Commission and restor- ing the spoils system. The caucus of Republican members of the Pennsylvania Legislature to select a candidate for United States Senator was held at Harrisburg on January 3. There were present 109, as nearly as pos- sible two-thirds of the 164 members of the party. Of these 109, all but 11 voted for Matthew S. Quay, and the leader of those 11 moved to make the nomination unanimous, so that all 109 can be count- ed upon to cast their ballots for him in the Legislature. A majority of the Le- gislature, which is necessary to election, is 128. There are two ways of looking at this result. In one aspect it represents the lowest depth yet touched in Ameri- can politics. Quay is, on the whole, the most disreputable man occupying high position in the United States. He has been open and cynical in his contempt for public morality. He has reduced co>- ruption in politics 'to a fine art. He has made bargain and sale the rule of ac- tion in government. He has openly ad- mitted that he speculated in stocks af- fected by his attitude as Senator at a time when he was voting upon a tariff bill which involved them. Finally, he was exposed as having tampered with State funds which he had caused to be deposited by a State Treasurer whom he owned in a bank which he controlled; he was indicted for the crime; he sought to evade a trial by raising technical objec- tions to a prompt hearing; and he may very probably be sentenced to the penitentiary for a series of years be- fore the term of the next Senator be- gins. Yet two-thirds of the Republicans in the Legislature entered a caucus and bound themselves to support him, and he needs but 19 more votes to se- cure an election. On the other hand, the fact that one-third of the Republican members of the Legislature resisted all these influences, is the most encourag- ing incident in Pennsylvania politics for many years. Quay must stand trial in the Phila- delphia court. The Supreme Court has refused to interfere in the case. This is a serious blow to the boss. It would seem as though it must prove fatal. The voting for United States Senator in the Legislature will begin next Tuesday, and it seems hardly possible that a man under trial on an indictment which may land him in the penitentiary can force his election to the Senate. The quiet way in which the politi- cians at Albany and elsewhere receive Gov. Roosevelt's unpalatable views about the proper use of offices, shows that they will be very cautious about antagoniz- ing him openly. They would be very short-sighted if they were not able to perceive the superior advantages of po- sition which he occupies. He not only has the confidence of the people in larg- er measure than any Governor whom we have had in many years, but he has in office with him a Legislature which can do little to hamper him seriously be- cause of the lack of a safe Republican majority in the Senate. The Republi- cans have only 27 members, and it re- quires 26 votes to pass a bill. There are 23 Democratic members, and a

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Jan. 899] The Nation 21 change of three votes will give them a majority at any time, while the refusal of two Republicans to vote with their associates will prevent the passage of any partisan measure. This, it will be seen, is not a safe basis upon which to make a fight against the Governor on either appointments or legislation. There are several Republican Senators, furthermore, who will welcome an op- portunity to side with the Governor in a struggle for honest government, and the machine men are fully aware of this. They will not provoke a conflict in which they would be certain of defeat. The most important action which Gov. Roosevelt has taken since his inaugura- tion is his appointment of Franklin D. Locke of Buffalo as his special represen- tative in the conduct of whatever prose- cution may be authorized against Ald- ridge and Adams, the Superintendent of Public Works and the State Engineer under whom tne canal frauds were per- petrated. Republicans were responsible for these frauds, and the strongest argu- ment in the last campaign against the continuance of Republican rule at Al- bany was the Democratic claim that the party guilty of such corruption could noc be trusted to punish it. This argument would have been fatal against any or- dinary Republican candidzrte for Gov- ernor. All that saved Roosevelt was public confidence in his promise that he would pursue Republican rascals with even greater rigor than Democratic. He has now redeemed this promise by turn- ing over the prosecution of Aldridge and Adams to an eminent lawyer who is an active Democrat, and who conse- quently cannot be even suspected, as the ablest Republican lawyer might be, of any disposition to "go easy" on partisan grounds. The Republican professional politicians will fume over the per- formance, but time will show that it is as wise from the party point of view as from the public; that, to quote from Gov. Roosevelt's inaugural, "in the long run, he serves his party best who most helps to make it instantly responsive to every need of the people, and to the highest de- mands of that spirit which tends to drive us onward and upward." The extra session of the Kansas Le- gislature which ended on Friday, fur- nished the most striking example of reck- lessness in legislation regarding rail- roads that the Populist agitation in the West has yet begotten. There was no necessity for any new legislation and no warrant for any. But the Populist managers resolved to pass a new law. They secured pledges from Populist members of the Legislature that they would vote for any bill which the mana- gers should submit, and such a bill was passed by both branches of the Legisla- ture and signed by the Governor. It substitutes a so-called "Court of Visi- tation" for the present Board of Com- missioners; it invites frivolous and ma- licious complaints against the railroads by a provision that the State will pay all costs in case the complainant loses his suit, whereas if the railroad loses its case, it must pay the costs; and it does not afford as good facilities for the redress of just grievances as the law which it supplants. It seems more than doubtful whether this outrageous mea- sure will stand the test of the courts. Good lawyers hold that various provi- sions of it are unconstitutional, to say nothing of the question whether any action taken at the late session is in compliance with the Constitution. It is impossible to avoid the belief that President McKinley, great a man as he is, has descended so low as to treat the Hon. Whitelaw Reid badly. We say un- hesitatingly that, under the accepted rules of politics, Reid was entitled to the English mission. He wrote or caused to be written in his paper two articles which would have secured the mission in any State which lived under our sys- tem. We mean the article on the Pre- sident's "Utterances," and the article on his "Silences." We have some small famili- arity with the mode of addressing mon- archs or powerful persons in Oriental countries, and we say without hesitation that Mr. Reid's mode of describing not only what his master said, but what he did not say, was a perfect model of the way of approaching great personages who had something to give away. It did Mr. Reid great credit, considering how long he had been living in a West- ern country. From the account given in those eloquent and courtly papers, we do not see how Mr. Reid consents to live away from his godlike chief. Were we a dispenser of great offices we should be ashamed to look Mr. Reid in the face. Were such a man to publish to the world that what we said on any subject sur- passed all previous efforts of human ge- nius, and not only this, but that what we did not say was even better than what we did say, there is no honor we should deny him. We should not think the English mission good enough for him. We should make him Governor of a province, with some such title as the Chinese Kwang-seu, or "Succession of Glory." The Textile Record, the Philadelphia organ of the manufacturers of woven fabrics, quotes from the Treasury statis- tics to show that "while imports of manufactures have since 1880 largely de- clined, exports have largely increased." Imports have fallen from $268,333,432 to $226,212,635, while exports have risen from $102,856,015 to $291,208,358. The object of the writer is, he says, to warn the manufacturers that the tariff is in danger from these figures, which will surely be produced at the next election, and in his opinion cannot be answered by the friends of the tariff. What is even worse is, that wages are declining in several of the trades protected by the Dingley tariff. The Record is not dis- posed to give up the fight. It maintains that "the home market is worth more to us than all the other markets of the world," and it denounces the "open-door policy." We do not see what course is open to the manufacturers under these circumstances, except to raise the tariff on the articles which the present com- mercial movement threatens. The Record says the manufacturers must have this or lower wages. We would try both. We would put up the tariff and put down the wages. We see clearly the dangers of the latter. The argument that the object of the tariff was to raise the wages of the poor man would have to be abandoned, in spite of the fact that it has been freely used on the stump by the revered McKinley, and the Cobden Club would have to be set to work at some of its old tricks with our politics. But we advise the Record not to be too much frightened by the exports to the savages of the world. It is from the rich, civilized peoples that the danger comes. The savages will have to be made to buy, which is very expensive, but the civilized rascals buy of their own accord if the goods of a friendly nation are cheap. The French have just been giving, in Madagascar, another specimen of their capacity for colonial government. The Governor of the island is, of course, a general, and he arranges all things to suit his own notions on every subject. It appears that there are gold mines in the island, and recently the Conseil d'Ad- ministration, which assists the Gov- ernor, passed a law which "permits the Malagassies to carry on mining opera- tions, with the permission of the gov- ernors of provinces and the approbation of the resident general." This promptly raised a tremendous uproar, as it threatened Frenchmen with the compe- tition of cheap labor. They say that if this is permitted, it will be impossible for Frenchmen to undertake the expense of machinery and the importation of Eu- ropean labor, etc., particularly as the law is likely to be changed by each new Governor-General. If they cannot have a monopoly of the money-making enter- prises, they will not come out. One would say that, in the interest of the colony and of its civilization, everything should be done and permitted to tempt the natives into the paths of regular in- dustry, yet this law has been abrogated. In the number of the Temps which lies before us there is still news of fighting in various parts of the islands, posts cut off, houses burned, settlers assassinated, and so on, but Frenchmen must have the trade and industry.

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22 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No 1750 THE OLD CONSTITUTION. During the whole of the century which is just expiring, the reverence of Ame- ricans for their Federal Constitution has heen the marvel of "publicists. Its suc- cess, in fact, in securing the attachment of the people has, as is well known, much surpassed the expectations of its framers. It has long been held up to ad- miration as the crowning proof of the political capacity of the Anglo-Saxon race. The wonder has been, too, not solely that the American people devised it, but that they obeyed it and lived quietly under it. We have no doubt that some, at least, of the Spanish- Ame- rican republics have constitutions which seem as good as ours on paper, but the people do not respect them in practice. They revolt every now and then, when the Constitution stands in the way of some ambitious politician. In fact, ever since Tocqueville began to write about the American Constitution in the thir- ties, our adoration of it has puzzled Eu- ropeans. A great many Englishmen treated it as a kind of superstition. At the outbreak of the civil war, one Eng- lish writer of eminence explained that one of our great difficulties was "that we had a false bottom to our political thought" — namely, the Constitution. For seventy years it furnished protection to an institution which disgraced us in the eyes of the world, and shocked the moral sense of the most intelligent portion of our own community. It was worshipped because it furnished for the first time in history an effective and enduring fe- deral bond. As the democratic spirit spread, and wealth increased, and we saw what was happening to private rights, even in England and in France, where there was no such institution, it was valued by the lawyers especially, because it fur- nished complete protection for property- holders against popular craze or greed. There have been many illustrations of this in the decisions of the Supreme Court. After the civil war, we had still enough reverence for it not to take any step which seemed seriously to violate its provisions, without amending it, so as not to disregard it. We even took the trouble to make slavery formally uncon- stitutional, after we had abolished it by military force. Artemus Ward's joke that "the earth revolved on her own axle-tree subject to the Constitution of the United States," was hardly an ex- aggerated expression of the popular feel- ing about it. The first real breach in it was made by the invention of the "war power" to enable President Lincoln to abolish sla- very. No one would now say that this was not at that time necessary, but it made it possible for any President prac- tically to suspend the Constitution by getting up a war anywhere — that is, by calling into existence and activity the most anti-social and anti-legal and most judgment-disturbing of all the influences by which men are swayed. There is no way of making a President account for what he does in time of war except by very uncertain processes which cannot be brought into play until long after the event. President McKinley, for instance, has been exercising powers during the last nine months which have been bring- ing the Constitution more and more into contempt, and to which some portion of the nation disputes his right, and there is no practical means of checking him; and a sort of flattery has sprung up about him which not long ago would have been thought impossible in the case of a ruler elected under a Constitution for a short term. What his career has most distinctly brought to our notice is the rapidity with which a very ordinary man, elected for a purpose to which he paid no attention, may turn opinion away from the Constitution and its ne- cessities and its value. If any one had predicted even ten years ago that such a person by the aid of (for us) a trifling war, could in so short a time not only make the Constitution seem of small consequence, but bring the great men of our heroic age into a sort of discredit, so that he would make it easy for any "space writer" to pooh-pooh George Washington, who would have believed him? The second great breach in the Con- stitution was the legal-tender decision. That so plain an intention of the Con- stitution with regard to the national mo- ney as it expressed with regard to State money, could be explained away so easi- ly, was a serious revelation to the vast multitude of "have-nots" poured into the United States after the war of the re- bellion. To it we soon owed the "green- back craze" and afterwards the "silver craze." In truth, it was the beginning of a whole series of attempts on property of various kinds, and it culminated in the Bryan movement, which seemed an attack on all our institutions, including the Supreme Court, and frightened us terribly. For the last year the men who got McKinley elected under pretence of re- forming the currency, have been trying to divert attention from the Bryan spectre by a war, and the war has helped them a good deal. But in so doing they have given the Constitution another tremen- dous kick. They have done much to destroy all respect for it among the large body who voted for Bryan in 1896, and who will doubtless vote again for somebody like him. The great McKin- ley, whom we are asked so glibly to ac- cept as a better adviser than Washing- ton, will not be with us always. Two years, we hope, and six years, we are sure, will see the end of him as a pub- lic man. He will retire, and his wisdom with him, to Canton, O., and leave us to face the mischief he has worked. That mischief is the destruction, even among a large portion of our most intelligent class, of all sense of the value of our old Constitution as a defence of property and order, a great diminution of the sense of its value, in comparison with that of Eng- land, in placing bounds to any possible excesses of universal suffrage, of which we get plenty of specimens from our State Legislatures. Fancy the silver or greenback majority in the House and Senate in 1874 armed with the power over taxation, and currency, and wills, and legal procedure of the British Par- liament; and yet that is apparently what a good many of us are driving at in or- der to have freer scope in climbing "glory-crowned heights" and ruling dis- tant brown men. How long this mad- ness will last it is impossible to say. But as long as it lasts, those are foolish who, with the example of Croker before their eyes, suppose that the Altgelds and Tanners and Debses and Bryans will not be delighted to find that, after a cen- tury's trial of constitutional government, we have at last been willing to take off of democracy the only bridle it has ever borne with patiently. THE GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE. Gov. Roosevelt's first message is tho- roughly characteristic, and is especially strong upon the issue which, more than any other, decided his election, that of good government. The passage devoted to the question of civil-service reform is a sufficiently notable deliverance to constitute by itself a formal declaration of the intentions of the new Executive. It is an argument in favor of good gov- ernment of the kind which has appeared hitherto only in the addresses and de- clarations of professional civil-service reformers. Furthermore, it is an un- flinching demand by an incoming Repub- lican Governor for the repeal of a law which had been enacted under the per- sonal inspiration and at the personal so- licitation of his immediate Republican predecessor in office. Gov. Roosevelt is probably the only Republican in the State capable of an act so contrary to party amenities as this. If this passage in his message could be placed in deadly parallel with that upon the same subject in Gov. Black's first message, it would be seen how care- fully the new Governor traverses the fa- mous reasoning of his predecessor on the question of "starch in the civil ser- vice," answering it at every point, and demanding finally the unconditional re- peal of the starchless law. There is in this act alone an assurance of fearless conduct upon the part of the new Gov- ernor which could have been supplied in such large measure in no other way. The spoilsmen of his party will not fail to note the significance of this deliver- ance. If they will read it carefully and then compare it with the language used

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Jan. 12, 1899] The ISTation. 23 by the civil-service reformers who in- vestigated the workings of Gov. Black's starchless law after it had been in opera- tion for six months, they will be alarm- ed to notice how completely Gov. Roose- velt and the "hypocritical" reformers agree in. their views. They will be con- vinced, we are confident, that in signing petitions to the Governor, beseeching him to make a "clean sweep" in the State service, they are wasting their time. Gov. Roosevelt's language on the situa- tion created by the Black law is studi- ously plain. He says that the inquiries he has made have satisfied him that the "present law works badly from every standpoint," that the pet Black idea of a half mark for "merit" and another for "fitness" is not a competitive examina- tion at all, but a "farce," since the "so> called fitness test represents not a com- petitive examination, but the individual preference of the appointing officer, or rather of the outsider who has requested the appointment." That sounds like a deliverance from an incurable Mug- wump. The Governor not only favors the repeal of the Black law, but the passage of a law "introducing one uni- form practice for the entire State, and providing, as required by the Constitu- tion, for the enforcement of proper civil- service regulations in the State and its subdivisions. This law should be mo- delled in its essential provisions upon the old civil-service law which was re- pealed by the civil-service law now upon the statute-books." The need of this is imperative, for, as the Governor says, the "methods of appointment to the civil service of the State are now in ut- ter confusion, no less than three sys- tems being in effect — one in the city of New York, one in other cities, and one in the State at large." Scarcely less courageous and promis- ing is the stand which Gov. Roosevelt takes in favor of biennial sessions of the Legislature. In this, as well as in rela- tion to the civil-service laws, he takes issue squarely with the machine. An amendment to the Constitution provid- ing for biennial sessions had been pass- ed by one Legislature and was to come up again this winter, after which, in case of passage, it would go to the peo- ple for adoption. At this critical point in its progress the machine, after favor- ing it for several years, suddenly turned its back upon it, leaving all mention of the subject out of the platform upon which Roosevelt stood. He supplies the omission now by strongly recommend- ing the passage of the amendment this winter, as a means for checking the evil of over-legislation. What he says on this point is well said, and is in strict accordance with the teachings of expe- rience: "The tendency to pass laws which are ut- terly unnecessary, even when not pernicious, or which are enacted purely to favor certain private interests, seems to grow instead of diminish. It is difficult to devise an efficient check for It, but strenuous efforts should be made to find out and put into operation some such check. The State suffers very much more from over-legislation than it does from lack of legislation." Another portion of the message de- serving of high commendation is that which relates to the National Guard. Probably never before have the soldiers of the State received such intelligent cri- ticism, or had the benefit of such excel- lent recommendations for their improve- ment. First and most important of these is the Governor's announcement of his decision to place the entire responsi- bility for the Guard's administration and efliciency in the hands of one man, Major-Gen. Roe; and with it goes the warning, unnecessary in this case, that a failure of the commanding officer to do his duty, or to bring the troops up to their proper state of efficiency, will lead to his immediate removal from office. Gov. Roosevelt's intention to refrain from undue interference with the com- mander of the troops will redound to his credit far more than his recommenda- tions for improved arms and ammuni- tion, however necessary these may be. What the Governor says about other matters requires little comment. He re- serves canal matters for special treat- ment later, and intimates that he may take up specially also the subject of po- lice legislation for this city. That is a subject he does well to approach with great deliberation, for it is an extremely difficult and dangerous one to meddle with. Yet no one will deny his peculiar qualifications for a just understanding of it. SPAIN'S RECUPERATION. One of Valdes's novels has a picture of a decayed Spanish grandee. The poorer he got, the fiercer the pride with which he bore himself. As long as he had a shirt to his back it seemed impossible to do anything for him, for he would have slain any man daring to offer him as- sistance. But finally a donkey ate his last shirt, as it was flapping in the court- yard, and this at last opened the eyes and lowered the crest of the haughty Don. He discovered that he lived in a modern world, where pride was not ne- gotiable; and slowly pulled himself to- gether to accept his real situation and make the best of it. Spain has now lost her last shirt, a bigger donkey than the one of the novel having eaten it. The question is if she, too, will now begin to think clear and see straight, and set herself valiantly to the work of national recuperation. There are some gratifying signs that she means to do so. If the country could rid itself of the incubus of its political little-great men, its prospects would be thought good. The voice of Spanish business men has made itself heard, to good ef- fect, in the Saragossa congress of cham- bers of commerce. No better statement could be asked than they made of the reforms necessary for Spain — rigid eco- nomy, reduced expenses, especially for military purposes, cure of a disordered currency, and a severance of the demo- ralizing relations between the Treasury and the Bank of Spain. And too much cannot be said in praise of the thrift of the hardy Spanish peasantry. The ele- ments of national restoration and revi- val are certainly present in the qualities of the people and the natural resources of the Peninsula. Will Spain's statesmen be wise enough to develop and build with them? One of the first things they must do is to stop talking as if there were some- ■ thing in a Spaniard, qua Spaniard, which makes him superior to other mortals. It was an extraordinary fact, but it un- doubtedly was a fact, that Spaniards had an implicit trust in the purity of their race and blood as the great thing that was to give them victory over the United States. Admiral Montojo announced be- forehand that he was going to annihilate Dewey's ships because they were manned by mixed nationalities. How could they possibly conquer pure-blooded Spa- niards? Capt. Mahan reproduces, in his latest article, an interview held with the Spanish Secretary of the Navy just be- fore the war broke out. One of the rea- sons which Sefior Beranger gave for his calm prediction that "we shall conquer on the sea," was that "as soon as fire is opened, the crews of the American ships will begin to desert." Why was he so sure of that? Because "we all know that among them are people of all nationali- ties." This is a castle in Spain in which Spanish public men must not longer dwell if they expect to save their coun- try from further disasters. It is some- what discouraging, therefore, to read of Gen. Polavieja's complacent views about the necessary superiority of Span- iards to Americans as colonizers. That is the one subject on which Spaniards should be dumb, or else make a clean breast of national incompetence. No such sudden and complete crash to ruin of a great colonial power as Spain's has been was ever known, and if there is one thing on which Spaniards cannot af- ford to patronize Americans, or even Turks or Hottentots, it is their own as- sumed skill in governing co'lonies. But we refer to Gen. Polavieja's silly talk mainly to say that he and his class of political generals are the very thing to be reformed. They are part and par- cel of the vicious system which has brought Spain low. The chief exponents of Spanish maladministration in the co- lonies have been her generals at the head of it. They have typified the blind greed which exploited the colonies for the sole benefit of the mother country. Returning with suspicious wealth from their posts, they have set up as political

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24 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1750 leaders in Spain, and have done more than any other class of men to make Spanish politics the fierce and pitiful scramble it has been. Some way must be found of eliminating or muzzling these political generals, or the work of Spanish recuperation will be slow in- deed. The dread of a military dicta- torship has passed away for the present, largely through Sagasta's address in striking up an alliance with Gen. Wey- ler; but political regeneration cannot be had at the hands of these worst of all sinners. How desperate is the plight of Span- ish finance and currency is clearly shown in an article by M. de Foville, trans- lated for the last number of the Journal of Political Economy. The details are stupefying, almost incredible. Spain's metallic currency was so stupidly inflat- ed that the royal impress on a coin ac- tually took from instead of adding to the market price of silver. Says M. de Foville: "It would be hard to imagine, in the whole range of monetary phe- nomena, a more depressing and dis- graceful situation than that the value of a silver coin of full fineness should fall below that of the silver bullion it con- tains, when silver bullion itself is at a discount of 55 per cent." As for the tremendous expansion of the note issues, under the act of 1891, it is sufficient to quote Leroy-Beaulieu on this madness, apropos of which he wrote last August that "the man who really dug the grave for Spanish greatness was Canovas, who, in point of financial ignorance and pre- sumption, by far surpassed the limits al- lowed to a modern head of the state." For Spain to climb out of this slough will require the greatest and most heroic efforts. In her financial rehabilitation, however, she luckily will have the active aid of France. French capital to the ex- tent of $400,000,000 is invested in Span- ish railways alone. They have been al- most ruined by the depreciation of Span- ish currency. Having to pay interest in gold, they have had to accept pro- gressively depreciating money in their receipts, while by law forbidden to in- crease charges for freight or passengers. Here then is a very powerful interest which may be counted upon as a steady- ing influence, and which will contribute much towards Spain's getting her cur- rency on a sound basis. GUANOES IN EGYPT. Lord Salisbury declined, in his Guild- hall speech, to assert a formal British protectorate over Egypt, or even over the Sudan; but he has since practically done the thing. In the address to the sheiks at Omdurman, which the British agent in Egypt, Lord Cromer, made last week, he said to the natives: "For the future you will be governed by the Queen and the Khedive." Here was no mention at all of the Sultan, whose sovereignty over Egypt is still theoretically perfect. The order of the names is also significant — the Queen first. Lord Cromer at once added that no attempt would be made to govern the Sudan from Cairo, so where the Khedive comes in it would be hard to say. By a polite fiction, he and the Queen are supposed to have agreed on Kitchener as the man to put in supreme control of the Sudan. The Sirdar is to administer the Sudan, therefore, not as an Egyptian province, but as a country for the proper government of which he is answerable to the Queen. This is, for all practical purposes, an assertion of Bri- tish sovereignty in the Sudan. There has undoubtedly been from the first both a legal and moral ambiguity attaching to the British position in Egypt. Mr. Gladstone's promise to with- draw the English troops, when once the country was pacified, was absolute, but has remained unredeemed for nearly twenty years. He it was also who de- scribed the Dervishes as "brave men fighting for their liberty." This was an awkward expression to fall from the lips of a Prime Minister dispatching a mili- tary expedition at the very time against these very men. Yet Lord Selborne, then of Gladstone's Cabinet, and assenting to his Egyptian measures, says in his 'Memorials' that the phrase, though em- barrassing, only represented the embar- rassing English attitude at the moment. But the awkwardnesses and embarrass- ments did not end there. The present Government distinctly asserted that Kit- chener's expedition was undertaken to restore to Egypt her ancient Sudanese provinces. In his correspondence with the French Foreign Minister, Lord Salis- bury at first rested British claims to the Sudan on the ground that it was an Egyptian province. Afterwards, when M. Delcasse was not satisfied with that argument, he shifted his ground, and as- serted the right of conquest. That is where he appears to stand now, as Lord Cromer's speech at Omdurman is tanta- mount to the declaration of British sove- reign rights in the Sudan. These, if they exist, are born only of conquest. At the same time, it is clear that the English Government intends to give the natives the largest measure of home rule possible. Lord Cromer said that they were not to be governed from London any more than from Cairo. The Moslem religion is to be respected. The Gordon Memorial College, named in honor of a man who carried his Christian belief to the point of fanaticism, is not to med- dle with religion. Its official language is to be Arabic, it is now announced, though English will be taught to the sons of sheiks in order to make them better fitted to understand English rule, and perhaps take office under it in the future. What the English have done with the natives in the army they hope to do with them also in civil life. The fight- ing of the native regiments at the At- bara and at Omdurman was magnifi- cent. The very men who used to throw away their guns and grovel in the sand in tears before a Dervish charge, now meet its fearful onslaught with cour- age and coolness equal to those of the Highlanders. Discipline, traini-ng, and the prestige of success have wrought these wonders in fellaheen and negroes from the desert, and discipline and train- ing may do as much for them in making them capable civil servants of the Queen. In line with the enlargement of native rights and privileges in Egypt are cer- tain changes just made in the jurisdic- tion of the mixed tribunals. An interna- tional commission began sittings in Cairo last spring in order to consider modifications of the powers of these ano- malous courts. They have been assert- ing and exercising jurisdiction over all questions concerning real property, even when both parties were natives; they had allowed natives to transfer their claims to foreigners, so as to take their cases away from native courts and bring them before the mixed tribunals, and in many other ways had been extending their original and intended province as the courts with exclusive jurisdiction in all causes affecting foreigners. The in- ternational commission, at the request of the Egyptian Government, has now shorn away most of these dubious pow- ers, and has restored to the native courts full jurisdiction in all cases affecting na- tives exclusively. This is an important recognition of the increasing competence of the Egyptians to manage their own affairs, and is in keeping with the pro- mises made to the Sudanese by Lord Cromer. HENRY CLARKE WARREN. By the death of Henry Clarke Warren, which occurred at his home in Cambridge last week. Harvard College loses a loyal and devoted son and benefactor; the Ameri- can Oriental Society, a faithful officer who had served for years as its Treasurer and as a director; and American scholarship one of its distinguished ornaments. He was born of sturdy New England stock, and was whol- ly unspoiled by wealth inherited from a fa- ther to whom it had come in return for sub- stantial services to society. In his early childhood an accidental fall from a vehicle produced an injury by which he was phy- sically disabled for life and forced to pass his days in seclusion. It was, therefore, a happy thing, not only for him, but also for the cause of science, that he became inter- ested, already as an undergraduate at Har- vard, in the study of Sanskrit, which he be- gan with Prof. Greenough. After taking his bachelor's degree in 1879 (Prof. Taussig of Harvard and President Hyde of Bowdoin were among his classmates), hp continued this study at the Johns Hopkins University, first with Prof. Lanman, and then, after the latter was called to Harvard, with his successor, Prof. Bloomfield. Later he took up Pali, the sacred language of the Southern Buddhists, and, establishing his residence at Cambridge, devoted himself to the study of the religion and literature of Buddhism.

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Jan. 12, 1899] The 1ST a t i o ri . 25 The fruits of these labors were embodied in a volume entitled 'Buddhism in Transla- tions' and published by Harvard University in 1806. It is based upon an exceedingly wide knowledge at first hand of the Pali scriptures in the original, and consists of more than one hundred selections therefrom done into English, and so chosen and ar- ranged as to give a systematic account of the picturesque legend of Gotama Buddha, of the monastic life of his order, and of the philosophical conceptions which underlie the Buddhist religious system, with the doctrine of Karma and rebirth and the scheme of sal- vation from misery. Mr. Warren's purpose was not to reproduce what Western writers have guessed or supposed about Buddhism, but rather to make the native Buddhist speak directly for himself; and for this reason his work has an abiding value and authority. It is by all odds the best that has ever been written upon the subject in this country, and the merit of the achievement has been duly recognized not only by scholars in Eu- rope, but also by genuine Buddhists in the Orient, among others by the King of Siam, who sent to Mr. Warren a splendid set of the royal edition of the Buddhist scriptures in thirty-nine volumes, recently published in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anni- versary of his accession to the throne. Mr. Warren next set himself to make an edition and translation of 'The Path of Pu- rity,' or 'Visuddhi-magga.' This is an ex- tensive and systematic treatise or cyclopaedia raisonnec of Buddhist doctrine, composed by the famous Buddhaghosa, who flourished in the fourth century of our era and might per- haps be called the St. Augustine of India. For Mr. Warren's purpose an important Bur- mese manuscript was loaned him by the Bri- tish Government from the library of the India Office, and others (Singalese) were furnished him by the eminent English scholars Rhys Davids and the late Dr. Richard Morris. The text is not far from being in a state of readiness for the printer; but the English version is done only in part. Mr. Warren saw that the critical value of his edition would be greatly increased if he could trace all of Buddhaghosa's quotations from his predecessors and from the canonical books back to their sources — as an editor of Au- gustine might do. This plan also has been , carried out in large part. It is hoped that the volume can be com- pleted and issued in due course. If this proves to be the case, the work will be not only an honor to the University, and a noble memorial to the scholar who has achieved it, but also one of the 'greatest direct contribu- tions that American learning has yet made to a most important chapter in the history of human thought. For it is already clear that the historians of philosophy can no longer ignore the Asiatic systems. Some of the most striking phases of European specu- lation have their earlier counterparts in In- dia. And now, especially, when so many facile tongues are wagging with half-know- ledge or worse about the isms of the "Land of the Rose-apple," it is indeed well that some sober-minded scholar should under- take to find out for us what the wisdom of I these wise men of the East really was. To many, the news of Mr. Warren's death will be the first knowledge that they ever had of him. Nevertheless, it is an event in the history of American learning. His was the modesty of the true scholar. In his daily life, as in his public benefactions, he shrank from notice. His good deeds were a fine ex- ample of what his ancient Hindus called the nivritta (roughly, "the disinterested"). In living and in dying he triumphed over death. And the patient and cheerful courage with which he toiled beneath the yoke of his in- firmities was heroic. Some of the old Buddh- ist ideas about personality are almost star- tling in their modernness, wholly at variance with the views traditional among us, and of altogether fundamental importance as the basis of a religious system. And so it Is an interesting example of the utter non-de- pendence of religion upon dogma, or (if you will) of the good life upon religious theory, that this man, who was so deeply impressed on the one hand by what he calls "the strangeness of the intellectual landscape" of Buddhism, and on the other by the spotless life of the gentle teacher Gotama, should himself lead a life which came so beauti- fully near to the best ideals of the high- minded Christian gentleman. IMPERIALISM VS. THE CONSTITUTION. Brunswick, Me., January 5, 1899. Among the many questions to which the discussion of "imperialism" has given rise, that of the bearing of the Federal Constitu- tion on the new policy of territorial expan- sion is certainly one of the most important. That the question has not received, as yet, anything like the consideration it deserves is, indeed, a striking illustration of the present national temper. Of late, however, the con- stitutional aspects of the issue which more than any other in our day strikes to the foundations of our political well-being, have with some emphasis been brought to public attention. The paper of Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, read at the recent meeting of the American Historical Association at New- Haven, was a forcible presentation of the legal and constitutional phases of "expan- sion," and a thoughtful examination of the difficulties in the way of such a policy. On the other hand. Prof. Harry Pratt Judson of the University of Chicago, in an article in the current number of the Review of Reviews, addresses himself with somewhat of asser- tiveness to the task of showing that the al- leged constitutional difficulties, including those dwelt upon by Judge Baldwin, are really not difficulties at all, and that our fundamental law offers no insuperable obstacle to the ac- quisition and administration of any part of the earth's surface we may desire. With writers and students of prominence occupying such opposite positions, the ques- tion would clearly seem to be open to de- bate. That the Constitution affords, at best, but an uncertain light to the feet of the ex- pansionist is, doubtless, evident enough. There is, however, a way of disposing of the difficulty; in evidence even among some who ought to know better, which could be dis- missed as trivial did it not contain the germ of far-reaching danger. Granted, say these advocates of imperialism, that the Federal Constitution, even by liberal construction, presents serious difficulties when sought to be applied to the present emergency; but what then? The Constitution exists for the benefit of the people of the United States, and can have support only in their approval; and if, in conformity to an unmistakable popular demand, our boundaries are now to be enlarged, and alien peoples brought under our control, the Constitution, in so far as it does not permit of such action, must give way. The Constitution cannot stand in the way of national progress. We have disre- garded it in the past, yet without harm or loss of strength. We have acquiesced In Judicial interpretations of it whose chief de- fence was later seen to be national exigency. So may we safely do now. In other words, since the Constitution and our desires con- flict, we will relegate the former to the background. As for amending the Constitu- tion, that is difficult and uncertain; better quietly allow its scope to be "enlarged" to suit the present need. Even an unconstitu- tional policy, vigorously executed and sedu- lously adhered to, may, after all, lead ua into no evil. Such specious argument, as has been said, would be trivial if it were not dangerous; if it did not, under a semblance of historical truth, make for revolution. On the other hand, the real difficulties of the situation are not, I think, met by dwelling upon the re- markable development of the Constitution by both interpretation and usage, or upon the practical success with which its broad and general provisions have been adapted to con- ditions for which they were never designed, and which their framers could by no possibil- ity have foreseen. It is true, as has often been pointed out, that the Constitution is not all- comprehensive, and that its omissions and deficiencies, though somehow "got around," have often proved extremely embarrassing. For example, the Constitution does not pro- vide for the annexation of territory; yet we have enlarged the area of the United States to more than four times its original size. The Constitution does not provide a form of Ter- ritorial government, or define the relations between the Territories and the United States; yet we have erected Territorial or- ganizations, and laid down the principles governing the application of Constitution and laws within their jurisdiction. The Consti- tution does not provide for corporations, or authorize the issue of legal-tender paper money; yet the United States has chartered corporations from the first, and the issue of legal-tender paper has been upheld by the Supreme Court. There is this difference, how- ever, between the extra-constitutional pro- ceedings at these and other similar points and the questions raised by the new issue of imperialism. With hardly an exception, the constitutional applications and interpreta- tions such as have just been cited, not only have involved questions to which no other reasonable answer was to be found, but have also been in line with a national policy whose necessity, appropriateness, and consistency were, even at the time, fairly obvious; while the policy of expansion, especially as regards the Philippines, stands for a departure from our uniform historic policy, and the assump- tion of obligations which not only have not been laid upon us of necessity, but the rea- sonableness and propriety of which are wide- ly questioned. If we bargained for Louis- iana because we had to, it is also true that we have bargained for the Philippines be- cause we wanted to. While, however, our previous "enlarge- ment" of the Constitution, when viewed in the light of the attendant circumstances, hardly affords a satisfactory answer to some of the constitutional questions now under discussion, certain points may, by the uni- form action of Congress and the Executive and the decision of the Supreme Court, be regarded as settled. The right of the United States to acquire and retain territory on this continent, though nowhere expressly given by

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26 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1750 the Constitution, is no longer open to judicial inquiry. Judge Baldwin points out, further, that since islands fringing a continent are properly to be considered a part of it, our right to acquire territory may, with pro- priety, be extended to Porto Rico, Cuba (if that shall eventually come to us), and, per- haps, to Hawaii; for the acquisition of the Philippines, however, we find no warrant save in the right to take them as spoils of war, while for their permanent retention it is difficult to find authority anywhere. Fur- ther, the right of Congress to erect Terri- torial governments of such form as it deems fit, and to continue the Territorial status for considerable periods, is settled, as is the right of the Executive, pending the decision of Congress, to administer annexed territory under military government. On two or three other points, however, of grave importance in view of the character of our new possessions, the provisions of the Constitution raise serious questions on whose solution the course of judicial inter- pretation, notwithstanding the confidence of Prof. Judson, seems to throw an ominous shade. The provisions of the fourteenth and fif- teenth amendments, relating to citizenship and suffrage, raise two kinds of inquiries. Judge Baldwin discusses at some length the meaning and scope of the term "United States of America," and is inclined to doubt whether territory not, even in the broadest sense, a geographical part of America can become a permanent part of the United States at all. Prof. Judson, while likewise aevoting much space to the question, dis- misses the contention at last as not among the obstacles to expansion. Still, though the discussion over the name be set aside as merely academic, other problems raised by the two amendments remain: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdic- tion thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. . . . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servi- tude." The first of these provisions, according to Judge Baldwin, "would seem to make every child, of whatever race, born in any of our new territorial possessions after they be- come a part of the United States, of parents who are among its inhabitants and subject to our jurisdiction, a citizen of the United States from the moment of birth"; while by the fifteenth amendment such of these per- sons as are civilized "must have the same right of suffrage which may be conceded in those Territories to white men of civilized A citizenship of the United States for Filipinos and Hawaiians, with the further privilege of attaining State citizenship as well, is a possibility which few of us can contemplate with satisfaction, and in regard to which our enthusiastic expansionists are silent. A second constitutional difficulty arises over the application of certain provisions of sections 8 and 9 of art. i. Section 8 declares that "all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States"; while by section 9, "no tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State," nor shall there be discrimination between different ports in the matter of trade regula- tions. If our new possessions are to be reck- oned as parts of the United States, within the meaning of the Constitution, it seems impos- sible, without violating the whole intent and spirit of these sections, to have dif- ferent rates or kinds of taxes for different localities— one tariff for continental America and another for the Philippines, export duties in one place and not in another. How we can get on with a protective system in Ame- rica and an "open door" at Manila is not very clear; but Judge Baldwin does not hesi- tate to suggest that, under the present Con- stitution, the two are, in his opinion, in- compatible. A fair and logical interpreta- tion of the Constitution at this point would appear to necessitate one of two courses: either an "open door" for the present United States, Porto Rico, and Hawaii, if there is to be one for the Philippines, or else the extension to our new dominions of our own tariff system, whatever that may be. A further question has to do with trial by jury. The provisions of the Constitution in regard to the right of jury trial are ex- plicit, and are couched in terms not easily misunderstood. That the constitutional guarantees of personal liberty serve as limi- tations on the power of Congress in dealing with Territories as well as with States, and that they may be claimed by any person any- where within the civil jurisdiction of the United States, is a doctrine supported by ju- dicial sanction. It should not be forgotten, however, that the maintenance of the jury system in purity and efficiency presupposes a political point of view and habit of mind by no means universal as yet, and practi- cally unknown outside of English-speaking countries. I can but feel myself in accord with those who would regard the extension of the jury system, as we have it, to the con- glomerate and backward populations of our new acquisitions as a calamity only equal- led, If equalled at all, by the establishment among them of universal suffrage. Yet how, again, under the Constitution, trial by jury could be denied to the people of Hawaii and the Philippine Islands, if those regions are held to be parts of the United States, does not yet appear. Lastly, the incompatibility between a con- stitution and the political actions of the people who live under It need not consist solely In the defectiveness of the instru- ment at this point or that, or In outgrown statements of prohibition and command. It consists as often in a general lack of fitness for the work it is expected to do, a per- vading want of harmony between the con- stitutional structure and the temper and purpose of the national life. Viewed in this light, the constitutional status of imperial- ism seems to me to raise many questions of grave concern, not the less important because their answer works a subtle modi- fication in the national attitude. The sources and methods of national revenue and taxa- tion, the extent of the war powers, the parti- cipation of the House of Representatives in the conclusion of treaties, the status of the civil service, and the lack of uniformity and coutinuity in foreign policy incident to frequent changes of administration, are some of these questions. To none of them is the answer easily to be read in the vol- ume of judicial decision thus far; yet the adoption of the policy of expansion cannot fail to force them more and more upon our attention. I can but think that our present schemes of territorial enlargement, particu- larly that for the acquisition of the Phi- lippines, bristle with dangers which will increasingly appear; but of the many dan- gers, that of insensibly losing the distinct type of national character contemplated by the Constitution, and imagining ourselves to be what we are not, seems to me many degrees the greatest. I have commented on these opposing views of Judge Baldwin and Prof. Judson, not for the unimportant purpose of expressing ap- proval of the one or doubt about the other, but because, as it seems to me, they serve very well to call attention to a cardinal point in the whole expansionist position. That point is that the policy upon which we have, to all appearances, entered, is op- posed to the spirit, if not to the letter, of the Federal Constitution. Even though we ad- mit, if only for the sake of the argument, that every previous enlargement of the scope of the Constitution is defensible upon reasonable grounds of national necessity, the contention has little application to condi- tions in which, as has already been said, we are governed, not by our necessities, but by our desires. To the sincere imperialist, in other words, the logical accompaniment of his doctrine is an amended or revised Constitution, and it is for this that he ought forthwith, and in good faith, to strive. There are, I take it, but three courses open to us. The first is to admit the disparity between the Constitution and our wishes, and seek a revision of the Constitution in harmony with our aspirations. This is dan- gerous, but it is honest. The second ie to uphold unconstitutional acts by arbitrary and forced interpretations of constitutional provisions. This is lawlessness in the garb of "progress." The third is to "let the Con- stitution go," and give the people what it is said they want. This is revolution. William MacDonald. Correspondence. OUR DEAREST FOE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the present agitation of the ques- tion of territorial expansion, it may be of in- terest to your readers to recall the follow- ing passage, written fifteen years ago by one of our foremost historians. It sounds a sig- nificant note of warning. In the closing' paragraph of Parkman's 'Montcalm and Wolfe' the author says: "Those who. in the weakness of their dis- sensions, needed help from England against the savage on their borders, have become a nation that may defy every foe but that most dangerous of all foes, herself; destined to a majestic future if she will shun the excess and perversion of the principles that made her great, prate less about the enemies of the past, and strive more against the ene- mies of the present, resist the mob and the demagogue as she resisted Parliament and King, rally her powers from the race for gold and the delirium of prosperity to make firm the foundations on which that prosperity rests, and turn some fair proportion of her vast mental forces to other objects than material progress and the game of party politics." Very respectfully yours, Percy F. Bicknell. Malden. Mass., January 7. 1899. PICTORIAL ENJOYMENT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : Your reviewer of 'How to Enjoy Pictures,' in the issue of December 29, seems

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Jan. [899] The Nation. 27 to me to take too scornful a view of average men and women. "People," he says, "not too uneducated to read a book, who yet need to be told that the way to enjoy a picture is to look at it more than once, ... to try to understand . . . the character in a portrait, even the general lines of composi- tion in a landscape or figure subject." The implication of the review seems to be that if people do not already have a thoroughly sympathetic and appreciative way of looking at pictures, they are not worth considering at all. I believe this is a wrong attitude to take. The average intelligent American, either man or woman, has necessarily grown up with very few chances to see the original work of great painters or to hear artists discuss such work. Books on art are plenty., to be sure, but these are full of technical terms and phrases which no layman under- stands, and, being published for those already rich in money and opportunities, their price is usually prohibitory to people with mode- rate means. And what is the result? Look at the average man and woman when visit- ing a picture-gallery or running through the pages of a well-illustrated magazine; nine- tenths of the pleasure they might derive from the pictures is lost because they have never had any adequate help from parents or friends or school-teachers as to the way to look at such things. They are not stupid; they are not hopeless cases. Give them a hint or two of what you yourself see to ad- mire in the picture at which they have been gazing blankly, and they are quick to follow its lead for themselves, discovering more and more of what the artist put into his work. It is no disgrace that they did not know it all at first and by instinct. Most of us are ignorant enough in one direction or another; it is not the mark of a truly wise man to despise another's beginnings in a line where he himself may have been special- ly favored by fortune and circumstance. Nor is this all. When the MS. of Miss Emery's unpretentious little volume was of- fered to me for publication, I at first sup- posed it would prove readable mainly by persons quite unused to looking at pictures; but, on a personal examination of the book, I found it actually adding to my own plea- sure in pictures with which I had long been familiar. It was like looking at them again in company with an intelligent and sympa- thetic acquaintance, and comparing our im- pressions. And I find this experience of mine is being repeated in the case of many accomplished and cultivated persons who have also read the book and taken frank pleasure in it. I am personally not unfamiliar with art; and it seems to me that, in addition to the accepted literature of art criticism, some such simple, sensible, informal comments and suggestions as are given in this book are greatly needed. Yours truly, Louis Prang. Boston, January 3, l»9t<. [We said "it is even probable that there is a class" which needs to be told what this book undertakes to tell. Mr. Prang's contention seems to be that it is a large and respectable class. Doubt- less he is right. It is the fault of our modern culture that a man may be high- ly educated in literature, and remain an utter barbarian as far as knowledge of or feeling for art is concerned. But we must think that a better book could be written for those who need it. — Ed. Na- tion.] TO TALK LIKE A BOOK. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Looking through a file of the Nation for 1898, I came upon the following statement (in a review of some recent Italian publica- tions, in the issue of September 1, 1898): "Signor Avancini, on the other hand, is a Milanese writer of both prose and verse whose earliest volume appeared in 1888, and who is therefore quite of the fin-de-siecle school. In fact, some of his expressions are startlingly modern, as for instance where a younger brother replies to the reproaches of an elder with a 'Tu parli come un libro stampato.' " Permit me to say that the reviewer was needlessly startled by the phrase quoted. In the libretto of Mozart's "Don Juan," by Da Ponte, Lcporcllo says of Donna Elvira: "Parla come un libro stampato." Da Ponte, of whom Mr. Krehbiel has recently written so entertainingly, was in his way a clever man, but not exactly what we now under- stand by fin-de-siicle. As a matter of fact, "You talk like a book" is an old and common expression in more than one European language. Yours truly, J. r. January 2, 1809. Notes. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. have in press for early publication 'How Count Tolstoy Lives and Works,' by P. Sergyeenko, translated by Isabel F. Hapgood, and fully illustrated; 'Be- tween Caesar and Jesus,' by George D. Her- ron; 'Municipal Monopolies,' by M. N. Baker, John R. Commons, and others; and 'Con- temporary French Novelists,' by Ren6 Dou- mic, translated by Mary D. Frost. 'Great Books as Life Teachers,' by the Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, is in the press of Fleming H. Revell Co. The sixth and final volume of Prof. James Schouler's 'History of the United States' is set down for publication in the early au- tumn by Dodd, Mead & Co. Interesting announcements by Charles Scrib- ner's Sons are an international edition of Tol- stoy's works in twenty large volumes, trans- lated direct from the Russian under the su- pervision of Nathan Haskell Dole, with pho- togravure illustrations; and a new edition of Dickens's Works in thirty-four volumes, with illustrations printed from a duplicate, hith- erto unused set of plates after designs by Cruikshank, Phiz, and others. The first volume of 'The Story of France,' to be completed in two, by Thomas E. Wat- son, will be published immediately by Mac- millan Co., who announce also 'The Story of Old Fort Loudon,' by Charles Egbert Craddock; a translation of Carl Schnabel's 'Text-Book of Metallurgy'; and 'The Princi- ples of Agriculture,' by Prof L. H. Bailey of Cornell. Immediately forthcoming from Henry Holt & Co. are the American edition of 'Eigh- teenth Century Letters,' edited by R. Brim- ley Johnson, in connection with Stanley Lane Poole and Dr. Birkbeck Hill; 'God's Prisoner,' a story by John Oxeuham; 'Dis- cussions in Education,' by the late President Francis A. Walker; and 'A History of Eng- lish Romanticism in the Eighteenth Cen- tury,' by Prof. Henry A. Beers of Yale. A holiday book which arrived too late for notice before the holidays is Walter Crane's 'Floral Fantasy in an Old English Garden' (Harpers). It is in Mr. Crane's best vein of dainty fancy and delicate line and color, and when Mr. Crane is at his best he is very good indeed. The text is little more than a string of puns upon English floral names, and is not very successful in rhythm; but no one will care much about the text. A holiday book of very different quality is 'Ten Drawings in Chinatown,' by Ernest Peixotto (San Francisco: A. M. Robertson). This is published in a limited edition with a good deal of pretension, the drawings being printed on Chinese (?) paper and mounted on loose boards, while the text (by Robert Howe Fletcher) is printed, Chinese fashion, on one side only of the paper, and each page is sur- rounded by a yellow line. The drawings themselves are not, however, above the ave- rage of magazine work in technical merit, and have no great interest of subject and no charm of any sort. The story of the Sepoy Mutiny has been often told, but there is still room for the personal experience of any who were suf- ferers from its horrors. Col. Edward Vibert (late of the Fifteenth Bengal Cavalry) was a young lieutenant in the Fifty-fourth Native Infantry in the cantonments at Delhi when the mutineers, who had made their first out- break at Meerut, marched over the bridge of boats across the Jumna and were frater- nized with by the garrison of Delhi. Vibert was on duty in the Main Guard at the Cash- mere gate, saw the troops hesitate a moment, then with crazy excitement join the muti- neers and turn upon their officers. These and the civil officials, their wives, and children were nearly all massacred, but a handful of officers with a few women rallied at the Main Guard, dropped from an embrasure into the ditch, and made their way to the canton- ments. But here also the mutiny had spread, and again little parties fled from their blaz- ing quarters, shot down and sabred as they went. Vibert was in a group of ten of both sexes who managed to elude their pursuers, and, after some days of fearful experience, to reach an English garrison. The circum- stantial account of all this is the basis of the book, and it is thrilling to the last de- gree. An appendix gives Col. Mackenzie's briefer narrative of like personal experience in the outbreak at Meerut, and a lady's story of her escape to Kurnaul. The illus- trations are photographs of palaces, mosques, and residences, some with the visible effects of siege cannonade. Charles Scribner's Sons arc the American publishers. A volume of reprints from the Journal of Education is issued by Whittaker & Co., New York, under the title 'Essays, Mock-Essays, and Character Sketches.' These pieces may be said to range "from grave to gay, from lively to severe," and are altogether reada- ble. Some of them are of solid value from the educational point of view, and few of them are without appreciable merit. They indicate that the Journal of Education is a publication calculated to stimulate teachers and to broaden their culture. As an afterclap of 1896, or a foretaste of 1900, Mr. Lyman F. George has written an essay entitled 'Falling Prices and the Reme- dy' (Boston: George Book Publishing Co.). He contends that prosperity depends on ris-

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28 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1750 lng prices, that rising prices are caused by inflating the currency, and concludes that the currency ought to be inflated. He con- tends that "the American dollar should be made of paper, and should be stamped thus: One Dollar, United States of America. This is all that a gold dollar has on it, and it is all that is necessary for a paper dollar." He informs us that the panic of 1893 was brought on by a conspiracy of twelve of the largest national banks in New York city, and that they invited all the financial institutions of the city to join them. Some other state- ments of equal veracity are added, and on these premises the author's argument for in- flation rests. The view of political economy which is based largely on the doctrine of "marginal" or "final" utility is presented in 'Econo- mics,' by E. T. Devine (Macmillan). As a general account of social activity the book is not without interest, but we can hardly regard the presentation of the subject as the best "for the class-room of the college and high school." In 'Home Economics' (The Century Co.), Miss Maria Parloa furnishes to housekeep- ers a veritable encyclopaedia of their difficult and important art. This has now become so complex as to demand systematic study un- der intelligent guidance, which Miss Parloa provides. In discussing the subject of build- ing in such a manual, however, she under- takes too much. That subject requires more detailed treatment than can be given with- in her limits, and general principles are of slight practical value. But in what re- lates to the care of the house and to the commissariat of the household, her precepts are excellent. Her ideals are, to be sure, un- attainable by ordinary housekeepers, but they show them the end towards which they must struggle, and her recipes are in- valuable for every-day use. The chap- ters on foods and on marketing and carv- ing will be found useful by men as well as women. The 'Concise Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,' edited by F. Warre Cornish, Vice-Provost of Eton College (Henry Holt & Co.), though derived from Sir W. Smith's larger dictionary, is no mere abridg- ment of that well-known work. Mr. Cornish has naturally recast, and in many cases rewritten, articles that modern research in classical archaeology had rendered in part obsolete. A great improvement in method is the grouping of articles under one head, e. g., Architecture, Coinage, etc. The addition of over 200 fresh illustrations increases the definiteness of the book. Students of Cicero and Demosthenes will be grateful for the appendices of Greek and Roman law-terms. In the article on the theatre, Mr. Cornish discusses, with a bare mention, Professor Dorpfeld's theory that the Greek stage was on the same level as the orchestra until Roman times. Though a dic- tionary of antiquities is not the field for archaeological controversy, we think it would have been instructive at this point, in so im- portant a work, to give very briefly the lite- rary evidence— or at least the titles of the plays— in support of Dr. Dorpfeld's view. Mr. Cornish's volume is likely to supersede Smith and Rich in general school and under- graduate use. The Greek, Latin, and English indices are excellent. The book has a pleas- ing and scholarly exterior, and, though it contains more than 800 pages, is not cum- brous. We have received the third edition of Mau's 'Ftihrer durch Pompeji' (Leipzig: En- gelmann), which, besides additions to the old text, contains plans of the forum, the thea- tre, and the streets of tombs, together with some account and a plan of the newly dis- covered Villa Boscoreale. The little book has long been known as the traveller's best guide through the ruins, but it is naturally too brief to be of much interest on this side of the water. All students of Roman life, however, must be looking forward with in- terest to the same author's new book on Pompeii, which is announced by the Mac- millan Co. In connection with the foregoing we may fitly mention an enterprise to which the li- braries of this country alone might give all the support needed. We mean the publica- tion of the copper-plate engravings of the Temple of Isis at Pompeii now in the ar- chives of the Royal Academy of Archaeology, Letters and Arts at Naples. This body is the successor of the Herculaneum Academy, which in 1851 published a first and only Part of these ninety plates, political troubles preventing a completion. The century and a third which has elapsed since the temple was uncovered has wrought a considerable deterioration in it, and these admirable en- gravings are the best evidence extant of what it originally was. Their publication (entire) has been strongly recommended by Prof. Mau, and is to be superintended by A. Sogliano. Subscriptions may be sent to the Secretary of the above Royal Academy, Prof. Michele Kerbaker. The price of the large folio will be twenty dollars, and there must be thirty subscriptions to guarantee the un- dertaking. It is now nearly twenty-five years since Halm edited Velleius Paterculus, and in the meantime little has been done to improve the text of that historian. The new edition by Prof. Robinson Ellis (Oxford: University Press; New York: Henry Frowde) is, there- fore, a welcome contribution. It is a purely critical edition, with preface, apparatus, and commentary written in Latin. The text is based upon the Basle manuscript of Amer- bach. This copy, made before the cdilio princeps appeared, was not, in Prof. Ellis's opinion, the cxemplum properanter ac infcli- vltir dcscrlptum made for Rhenanus by a careless friend. Nor was it either, as he thinks, a copy of that copy (as Fechter and Halm held); but it was written, he believes, by Amerbach for his own use, and tran- scribed directly from the now lost Codex Murbacensis. We cannot say that we are convinced on this point by Prof. Ellis's ar- guments, which, especially on page xiv, seem to us illogical; but neither is he altogether convinced himself, for two pages later he seems willing to grant that Amerbach may have worked from a copy. But we do think that Prof. Ellis has shown that the Amer- bach, whatever its origin, represents the lost Murbacensis much more closely than does the editio princeps, aided though that is by the collation of M. made by Burer. The very errors of the Amerbach are in its favor, for they, are of just the sort that Rhenanus tells us he found in M.,and which he smooth- ed away in his edition into what he thought Velleius must have said. We cannot enter into the details of Prof. Ellis's arguments: they are chiefly orthographical. The result of his work shows a great many differences between his readings of the text and those of Halm. We have noted about twenty in chapters 9-12 alone of the first book. It is obvious that students of Velleius cannot af- ford to be without this new edition. After many days we have once more an edition of Caesar's Gallic War in which the great author is treated as a historian, and not as a medium for the study of the Latin language or the niceties of grammar. To Mr. St. George Stock we owe this boon, and to the munificence of the Oxford Clarendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde), which has presented it in a large and handsome octavo. Seven long introductory chapters precede the text, their titles being: The Com- mentaries, The Character of Caesar, Wars with the Gauls; Gaul, Britain, Germany; and The Roman Army. The Latin text is that of Hoffman, which is now, it seems, the textus rcccpius at Oxford. Each of the books has prefixed to it a full summary, and the notes, at the foot of each page, are brief and helpful to one who is reading Caesar to find out what he has to say. Several excellent indexes close the volume. Mr. Stock has here put students under a great obligation by his faithful presentation, between two covers, of the results of the best researches on Caesar's campaigns, and on the condition, in antiquity, of the countries which he visit- ed. The book certainly ought to be found in every good school library. The cheaper magazine is to be tried here by the English promoter, C. Arthur Pearson, editing it in person. It will cost eight cents, against the sixpence asked for it in England. At the opposite pole from such an enter- prise is Ercvna, a projected periodical "de- voted to the purpose of conveying to the Greek public a knowledge of Western pro- gress and ideas," under the editorship of Platon E. Drakoules, author of 'Neohellenic Language and Literature,' favorably reviewed in these columns. The place of publication will be Oxford, and the annual subscription four shillings, or five drachma. It will for the present be published only in Greek, and will thus have an interest for scholars and instructors the world over. Yet one thousand subscribers are needful to justify beginning the issue. The editor's address is No. 148 Kingston Read, Oxford. I'etermann's Mitteilungen, number eleven, opens with a monograph upon the lakes of the Black Forest, with tables and sections showing area, temperature, and depth. There follows a description of the glaciers and ve- getation of a little-known region in the northwestern Caucasus. Among the shorter articles is one upon the anomaly of the tem- perature of the surface water of the oceans, with a colored temperature and current chart. The German Government has appointed Prof. Dr. Sachau, the well-known Syriac scholar and professor in the University, di- rector of the Oriental Seminary in Berlin. Fully a decade ago, when the German colo- ny scheme began to develop rapidly, the Seminary was opened as an experiment, the object being to make it primarily a practical and not a scientific (wissenschaftlioh) insti- tution, in which young men would acquire Oriental languages for use in their callings in the colonies as missionaries, merchants, travellers, representatives of the Govern- ment, and the like. A double course was es- tablished—one, in which the scientific prin- ciples of the languages, as also the litera- ture, were taught by European specialists; and a practical department, entirely in charge of native teachers, in which the stu- dents learned to speak, read, and write these

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Jan. 12, 1899] The Nation. £9 tongues. The average attendance at the Se- minary has heen continuously a hundred and more, and the authorities have determined to make it a permanent institution. Prof. Sachau has been in temporary charge from the beginning, and now has been made the permanent Rector. He does not sever his con- nection with the University, nor has the Se- minary any special connection with the Uni- versity. The Seminary is the only one of its kind in existence. An architectural problem unprecedented in its magnitude and restrictions combined is approaching its solution at Munich. The vast new building of the National Museum is so far completed that the extensive historical collections are in part installed in their new quarters, and in part will be removed there in the near future. Its architect, Prof. Ga- briel Seidl, had, in the words of Dr. Strie- dinger (in the Neueste Nachrichten) , to build the Museum around the existing col- lections. A large number of carved and panelled ceilings belonging to several centu- ries called for rooms of divers sizes and heights; wall space, of proper dimensions, shape, and exposure to the light, had to be provided for valuable tapestries. The ef- fective disposition of friezes, columns, capi- tals, doors, inlaid floors, of numerous com- plete apartments decorated and furnished in styles of various periods, and of ii>any other collections and separate objects, rresented extraordinary difficulties to artistic combi- nation in the architectural designs and deco- rations. The successful overcoming of these is an event of great interest to architects. The sixth annual Conference of Teachers of Chemistry of the Northwest was held at Ann Arbor, Mich., during the holidays; Prof. William McPherson of Ohio State University being temporary chairman, and Prof. A. B. Prescott of Michigan University (who, with Prof. W. W. Daniels of Wisconsin Universi- ty, was responsible for the order of busi- ness), temporary secretary. The previous sessions have been held in Chicago. The Conference is unique in that it has no con- stitution, no dues, no permanent officers, no set papers, and in that it publishes no pro- ceedings and sets forth no approved scheme of instruction. The entire time is spent in discussing questions left over from the pre- ceding meeting or proposed by a committee appointed for that purpose. These questions have reference solely to instruction in che- mistry in high school and college. At pre- vious sessions the place, length, and cha- racter of the course in chemistry for the high school have received attention, espe- cially the number and order of students' experiments; whether the work should be wholly qualitative or wholly quantitative or a mixture of the two; whether analysis, so called, should form any part of the course; and how to organize research work for high- school teachers in conjunction with the staff of the affiliated colleges. At the Ann Arbor meeting, questions pertaining to college cne- mistry were taken up — hcv to lit the in- struction to high-school work; courses in physical chemistry, and courses in organic chemistry. The discussions have always been characterized by unusual freshness and vigor, and it is a pity that some permanent record of them has not been preserved and made public. — A correspondent writes: "Having had much experience of the dif- ficulty of consulting the card catalogue of a large library, it has occurred to me that it might be an advantage if the main-title cards should be colored, the cross-reference cards remaining white." —In the Century for January the com- mander of the Maine brings his "personal narrative" to an end, without, however, throwing much light on the explosion, and Lieut. Hobson adds an instalment to his graphic but quiet story of the sinking of the Merrimac. An article on the "Advan- tages of the Nicaragua Canal" is contri- buted by another naval officer, Capt. A. S. Crowninshield, who makes the extraordinary statement that the present Nicaraguan con- cession "will expire" in October, 1899, "should Congress [that is, the Congress of the United States] fail to pass the bill" now pending before it. This was, of course, writ- ten before the granting of the new conces- sion to the Cragin-Eyre syndicate, but it is strange that Capt. Crowninshield should share the politicians' delusion that the control of Nicaragua over her territory depends on the passage of any particular bill at Washing- ton. If the matter is under our jurisdiction, we can make Nicaragua do what we please at any time. The granting of a new con- cession while the bill in Congress is still pending, Is Nicaragua's reply to the allega- tion that by passing the bill we obtain the benefits of the old concession. A clever prize essay by Miss Florence Hotchkiss (a Vassar graduate) discusses Carlyle's "Dramatic Por- trayal of Character," while John Patrick writes about "The Carlyles in Scotland." Much of what the former says is just; she perceives that Carlyle's character-painting belongs often to a somewhat sensational spe- cies of art. Is there not, after all, at bottom a literary connection between the French Revolution and the eternal spirit of melo- drama? Do not the constant insistence upon the one carefully selected trait; the startling shifts of scene; the sweep of the whole to the climax, occasionally recall this "trans- pontine" stage? Why is Maillard always "shifty Maillard," why Is Petion always "vir- tuous Petion," and Robespierre never any- thing but "sea-green" or "incorruptible"? Is it heresy to say that Carlyle's so-called cha- racters of the 'French Revolution' are rather stagey portraits? —The Atlantic Monthly has for its leading paper an article by President Eliot called "Destructive and Constructive Energies of Our Government Compared." He institutes a comparison between military and naval expenditure on the one hand and expendi- ture for the advancement of science, the de- velopment of technical skill, the saving of life, the improvement of industries, and the support of education on the other, without, however, suggesting that expenditures on military and naval preparation be diminish- ed, much less stopped. He conservatively maintains that while we ought to have "the most perfect instruments and appliances of war" and "adequate bodies of men," we ought to make "much freer expenditures than our nation has ever made" in the other direction. The article intentionally avoids the questions, "How many perfect instru- ments and appliances of war do we need?" and "What are adequate bodies of men?" Yet it is these questions which must be an- swered before we know that any money will be left for "constructive energies." For it is the Imperialists, and not Mr. Eliot or his friends, who have got hold of the Trea- sury. Their first aim seems to be fostering destructive energies, and they are able to determine that money shall be destructively used until they see fit to stop. Still, they will all agree enthusiastically with what he says, and will be ready enough to vote some money for his programme out of any mo- ney in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated—when the proper time comes. The article is full of curious and instructive facts, as, for instance, the table of expendi- tures for the improvement of Columbia River at the Cascade Gorge. The original estimate in 1877 was $1,459,136; the amount expended has been $5,007,742, and after twenty years' work the improvement is still unfinished, and of no use to anybody. Norman Hap- good contributes an article on "The Actor of To-day" which lovers of the stage will find worth reading. The demoralization of the theatre is summed up in the epigram, "The Philistine who once condemned the play-houses, now chooses the plays," which may or may not be accurate, but is a fair hit at a generation of Philistine theatre- goers more or less the descendants of a Philistine generation of theatre-scorners. A remarkable "signed statement of a variety actor" is quoted as follows: "I think the day is not far distant when it will be a common occurrence to see 'Julius Caesar' or 'Hamlet' played by variety actors at con- tinuous performances. I am busily engaged, at present, reconstructing Shakspere's plays, as there are lots of lines in them that I do not like, and I think by careful pruning and rewriting I can improve on them so as to make them acceptable to a vaudeville au- dience." Speaking of "The School for Scan- dal," as brought out here, he says: "Sheri- dan, in giving an admirably balanced dra- matic action, entirely overlooked the ne- cessity of glorifying one actor. There was, therefore, nothing open to Mr. Daly but to supply Sheridan's oversight, which he did with astounding frankness." But adaptation is an art by itself. —Scribner's contains the first instalment of Stevenson's letters, contributed by his autho- rized biographer, Sidney Colvin. Their in- terest is mainly biographical, as they were written by Stevenson to his parents in 1868 and 1869, when he was in training for an engineer. The accompanying illustrations help to make them attractive. Mr. Roose- velt begins his account of the "Rough Riders," but gets no further in this num- ber than raising the regiment, of the com- position of which he gives a minute account. "The British Army Manoeuvres" is another illustrated article, contributed by Capt. W. Elliott Calrnes. For manoeuvres on a large scale in a thickly settled country like Eng- land, a Manoeuvre Act, to authorize the Government to move troops over a selected area, has been found necessary. By giving a few months' notice, territory can be "pro- claimed," and, on proclamation, the Govern- ment acquires the right to move troops, close roads, forbid access to certain points, and to make all ordinary civilian traffic of the district subservient for the time to the military requirements of the situation. On the other hand, compensation for injury and disturbance is provided for. Without some such legislation, it would soon become ne- cessary, in England at least, "to abandon all attempts to train an army for war." The difficulty of getting perfect training for war in time of peace has always been felt by ex- perts, and perhaps we shall soon hear of the necessity of proclaiming parts of Greater New York for the purpose. There are large

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30 Tlie USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1750 areas of the remoter portions of the city said (o be admirably adapted for it. The most ambitious literary performance in the cur- rent number of Seribner's is Mr. Robert Grant's first "Search-light Letter." It is addressed to the youth of both sexes in search of the ideal, and is occupied with ini- tially jocular and finally serious reflections or. life, democracy, and the ideal. For our- selves, we like Mr. Grant best when he is least serious; when he is solemn, we still like him, but find him hard to follow. He does not seem to perceive that his difficulty lies not in any opposition between demo- cracy and the ideal, but in an inherent oppo- sition between excellence and equality. A letter showing how to reconcile the longing for excellence with actual equality would do more to help forward Mr. Grant's philosophy than any statement of what it is. — Harper's opens with the necessary illus- trated naval article by Mr. S. A. Staunton, Flag Lieutenant to Admiral Sampson, who gives a straightforward account of last sum- ner's operations in the West Indies. Jour- nalists will be interested in what he tells of the Squadron Bulletin, the daily newspa- per printed on a hand-press on board the New York during the campaign. Every eve- ning, it seems, the chief of staff dictated to a stenographer the main facts relating to military and naval movements which had been reported during the day, and the next morning a copy of the Bulletin was in the hands of men and officers throughout the fleet. The tone of the Bulletin was satisfac- tory to all its readers, none of whom felt any inclination to "stop his paper." On the Mantelpiece, if we remember right, Capt. Reece served out a copy of the Saturday Jtevieio to every man; the idea of his creator being that there was something very ludi- crous in the conception. Thus are the jokes of one generation turned into the realities of the next. There are a number of solid political articles, among which perhaps the most noticeable is Sidney Whitman's "The Sultan at Home." Mr. Whitman's view of the Turk and the Turkish Emperor is such that "Abdul the damned" will derive much satisfaction from the article. The picture drawn of the Turk is almost identical with that which used to be drawn by Englishmen fifty years ago. He is every inch a gentle- man, rather humane and tolerant, and, if anything, too indulgent to Christians. It is impossible to understand why, if this view be correct, he is made to decamp from Crete. But an enthusiast like Mr. Whitman must be allowed to color his picture a little. He notes the strength of the German hold upon Turkey— German and Austrian goods pour- ing into the markets, a German and Aus- trian post open on Sunday, the Teutonia the great Constantinopolitan club, and so on. Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart writes an his- torical account of "Brother Jonathan's Co- lonies," and, by making the word "colony" cover everything he pleases, proves that we have always been a colonial power. It is curious to see a professor of history falling into the common error of identifying the little knot of politicians who forced on the war and the cession of the Philippines as "we," i. e., the American people. So far as is known, We have never been consulted at any stage of the game. —In the Revue des Dm.i Mondea for De- cember 1, "Th. Bentzon" chats to the ex- tent of forty pages about her experiences in eastern Massachusetts in the early summer of 1897. She was for some weeks the guest of Mrs. James T. Fields at Manchester, and appears to have been accompanied by her and Miss Jewett to such places as might be supposed to be interesting to a student of American literature. Concord and Salem have each several pages, the luxurious coun- try-houses of the "North Shore" are describ- ed in an appreciative manner, and glimpses are given of a Harvard commencement, the inauguration of the Shaw monument, and the pure country near Miss Jewett's home on the western border of Maine. Our tra- veller wonders, naturally enough, what the Puritans of two centuries since would have thought of the modern denizens of Beverly. These, it seems, are so thoroughly Euro- peanized that, in spite of the carved wood- work from papistical conventicles, which, along with altar-cloths "ravished from con- vents," adorn their houses, they no sooner are settled therein than they begin prepara- tions for returning to the Old World. An- other reason why they are not contented in these parts is the inadequacy of the English language to express their ideas or emotions, and their dependence on French and Italian. Mme. Blanc's errors of fact and spelling are not more numerous than those of previous French writers, but a few of them are amus- ing enough to deserve mention. Thus, at Salem she is struck by the "gambrel and lintoo [lean-to] roofs," and the Harvard Glee Club is explained to be "le Club de la Joie." One would have pardoned many worse blunders in return for greater viva- city and originality of view. —Preparations are being made to cele- brate with unusual splendor the semi-mil- lennium of Gutenberg's birth in his native city Mainz in the year 1900. The chief fes- tivities will take place on Sunday, June 24, to be followed on Monday and Tuesday by functions of a less ambitious kind. The centre of the first day's ceremonies will be an academic convention in which some pro- minent specialist, yet to be selected, will deliver a formal address on Gutenberg and his invention. This will be followed by a banquet. The second day will be marked by an historical parade with special cere- monies before the Gutenberg monument, and the third day will be devoted to festivities of a more popular kind. To mark the signi- ficance of the day, the city of Mainz will publish a scientific work on Gutenberg, to which contributions from noted specialists of Germany and other lands are promised. A second and more popular work for gene- ral circulation on Gutenberg is also being prepared, which will contain a full descrip- tion of the condition of education and cul- ture in Mainz in his day. Last and not least, it has been decided to arrange for a typo- graphical exhibition, which will illustrate in all its details the historical development of the art of printing from the days of Guten- berg to our own time, in which exhibit the publications between 1450 and 1470 will be represented in the greatest fulness. A Gutenberg endowment is also planned for the purchase of the incunabula of Mainz and of all the works pertaining to the history of the art of printing for the city library, and in connection therewith a Gutenberg Mu- seum. The Grand Duke of Hesse has ac- cepted the patronage of these festivities; and the selection of an advisory committee from among the noted scholars of Germany and abroad promises to give the Gutenberg semi- millennium international prominence. HENRY DRUMMOND. The Life of Henry Drummond. By George Adam Smith. With portrait. Doubleday & McClure Co. 1898. The choice of Mr. Smith, the well-known expositor of Isaiah, as Drummond's biogra- pher, is amply justified by his completed work. This is not of that kind which lat- terly has had the best repute — the self-ef- facing kind, which gives the story as much as possible in the words of the person whose biography is written, and as little as possi- ble in the words of the biographer. Mr. Smith has used Drummond's letters but spar- ingly, and mostly in the form of extracts. It does not appear that Drummond had a ta- lent for letter-writing equal to his average ability. His letters from Central Africa are given here more fully than others, but have more the interest of a remarkable experi- ence than any purely personal. His notes of travel in the New Hebrides are mere jot- tings without continuity or any literary cha- racter. In reporting Drummond's address- es, Mr. Smith has sometimes given his own summaries, and in these we miss the charac- teristic note. What makes his biography admirable is his fairness in dealing with Drummond's intellectual product and in his loving appreciation of the man. So far as the former is concerned, there is not the least exaggeration, and full scope is given to the adverse criticisms that have been made on Drummond's 'Natural Law' and 'As- cent of Man.' Mr. Smith's own criticism of the former is decidedly adverse. Something more of purely scientific confirmation of Drummond's "struggle for others" in his 'Ascent of Man' would not have been diffi- cult to find. As for Drummond the man, there is nothing fulsome in Mr. Smith's ap- preciation, but it is extremely cordial and well borne out by the facts which are in evidence. We lay down the book with the feeling that nothing that Drummond wrote is so morally inspiring as his character, and especially the simplicity with which he met more than once the temptations of a great and sudden fame. Drummond was born in Stirling, Scotland, August 17, 1851. From his sixth or seventh till his thirteenth year he went to the Stil- ling High School, where he was more effi- cient on the playground than in the class. He v,as good at cricket and never lost his love of manly sports. We find the mature man rushing off from his revival meetings to see a game of .football. He was ratter more than less a boy as time went on, see- ing that, as a boy, those of his own age did not like him so much as did the older boys r.nd ;nen. His love of boys was one or the most vivid characteristics of his maturity, and his attraction for them was immense. He was hoi himself a model boy in all re- spects-— ,vas generally late at meals; and the grown man was more interested in boys "without souls and without soap" than in the mode! kind, and watched the pranks of ragamuffins with an unfailing joy. To go a fishing was the chief pleasure of his boy- hood, and the one that persisted through his life without any compunction as to whether it was right for him From Hie Stilling High School he went to an academy at Crieff, leaving there in 1866 with prizes for Latin and English and for an essay on "War and Peace," and matriculat-

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Jan. 12, 1899] The Nation 31 'ng at Edinburgh University, being > at tbe age of fifteen, very small and with a fear of keeping so. Ke had a passion for chaffering and bargaining, and the Edinburgh auction rooms were the main haunt and region of such recreations. Disliking the classics, he took an erratic course in "Arts." It was Prof. Tait's course in natural philosophy that first woke him up to something more than a perfunctory performance of his duties. Yet in a class of a hundred and fifty he gained only the fourteenth place, and he left the University without a degree, a successful friend addressing him as "two thirds M.A." During his divinity career he came back to the University for botany, chemistry, and geology, and in the last won a class medal — a fact which signified much for his future in more ways than one. During his University course, and for some time after, his interest in mesmerism betrayed a certain openness of mind and his inability to confine himself to beaten tracks. To enter the Divinity Hall of the Free Church of Scotland he must first be ex- amined by the Presbytery of Stirling, and he got through all right, with his compan- ions, by first hiding the Presbytery's He- brew Bible in the coal-scuttle and so avoid- ing an examination in Hebrew. Strangely enough, the Divinity Hall had its chair of natural science, and upon this Drummond attended so cordially that he carried off the first prize. He wrote essays on Creation and Evolution which were significant as show- ing the preoccupation of his mind with these problems. He got no further than the pue- rility that evolution is a process to which God assigns its place and directs its opera- tion; but it was something to hail Darwin as "also among the prophets" of Christianity. At this time his scientific studies did not affect his view of the Bible in the least de- gree. "He stood," says his biographer, "on the ground of the older orthodoxy, with its doctrine of literal inspiration and its blind belief in the absolutely divine character o£ everything in the Hebrew Scriptures." No- thing could tetter indicate the length of the road he travelled to reach the 'Ascent of Man' than the fact that he was, as a stu- dent, warm in his defence of Henry Rogers's 'Eclipse of Faith,' which opposid levelation to rauue and reason as violently ps pnssi • ble. A term In Tubingen was an incident of his theological course; and this, probably, had rorut effect upon him Returning to Scotland, he resolved to post- pone his fourth session at New College in order to devote himself to natural science and to regular mission work. Retaining, however, his position as President of the Theological Society, he read before it an essay on "Spiritual Diagnosis." The idea was, that personal contact with individuals is the most important element in religious instruction and persuasion. There was in this essay much forecasting of the methods that subsequently made his own mission work successful to a remarkable degree, and almost immediately the opportunity was af- forded him to make a practical trial of his principles. Moody and Sankey came to Scot- land and he went and joined himself with them. From Scotland he followed them to Ireland, where they were warned that "all these revivals end worse than they were be- fore they began," and from Ireland to Eng- land, where there were tremendous meet- ings in Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, and London. Moody valued him highly and put him in positions of great responsibility. He developed a remarkable faculty for ad- dressing monster meetings, but it was in the class-room meetings with young men that he made full proof of his ministry. The con- fessional has never had a more pronounced believer in its efficacy than was he, nor one whose belief was better justified than his by sympathy and tact. Receiving thousands of confessions, he kept their secrets as in- violable as the Roman priest. He could adapt himself to the most various needs. The richest and the poorest found him equally at home, and college men not less, the class that tested most severely his ability to cope with it. His biographer devotes an elaborate chapter to "The Great Mission" of Moody and to Drummond's part in it. He deals frankly with its limitations, but is favorable to it upon the whole. For Drummond it was the greatest danger of his life. He was only twenty-three, and the wonder is that he was not spoiled by his success. On the con- trary, he was not hurt at all. His simplicity was as perfect at the end of his thirteen months' campaign as at the beginning, and he went back to New College and took up again the work of a student as naturally as if he had been off on a vacation of the usual kind. The range of Drummond's thought was never wide. His addresses at this time were afterward developed into some of his most famous publications, such as 'The Greatest Thing in the World.' He made them effec- tive by repeating them and making them bet- ter with each repetition. After his return to college, Moody wrote him from America, beg- ging him to come over and help him: "I think you would get a few thousand souls upon these shores if you should come." A sprained ankle and the advice of a sensible woman came timely to his aid. The advice was that an evangelist's career was gene- rally a failure: "Perhaps a few years of en- thusiasm and blessing, then carelessness, no study, no spiritual fruits; too often a sad collapse." But what to do with himself?— that was the question, and it was not an easy one to answer. Evidently the ministry, in its average form, had for him slight attraction, but for a few months he associated him- self with an elderly minister. An involuntary vacation followed, after which he found that he had "really forgotten all the more im- portant words of his ecclesiastical and theo- logical vocabulary." In 1877 he was appoint- ed for one year to the chair of natural science in New College, Glasgow (his theo- logical school), and held it for nineteen. With his lectureship he soon associated the management of a mission-church in a Glas- gow precinct, and gave to this for several years as much care as if it were his only charge. In 1879 he made a geological expedition to the Rocky Mountains with Prof. Geikie. He had five days in Boston before setting sail for home, and he was invited to dine with Long- fellow and Holmes, but he cut away to meet Moody and Sankey at Cleveland— a sad mis- take, thinks his biographer. He found Moody "free from superstition," but, on his re- turn to Scotland, took sides with Robertson Smith against his prosecutors, and gradual- ly assimilated the new criticism of the Bible in its length and breadth, proposing to write a tract in which Moses should confront a certain bishop in the Elysian fields with the question, "How dared you say that I did write the Pentateuch?" Yet when Moody re- turned to Great Britain, Drummond found that his admiration for him had increased a hundred fold, and just before his own death he said: "Moody was the biggest human I ever met." Meantime, several chapters of 'Natural Law in the Spiritual World' had taken form in his Glasgow mission, and he sent them to one London house after another only to have them "returned with thanks" — an interesting beginning for a book of which 123,000 copies have now been sold in Great Britain, and many moxe than that number in the United States. Final- ly he got a publisher, or rather was sought out by one who had seen some of the lec- tures in the Clerical World. By the time it reached the bookseller, the author was steaming down the Red Sea, and it was in the heart of Africa that he woke up about midnight, November 22, 1883, to find himself famous in the Spectator and in various let- ters reporting the astounding success of his book. Mr. Smith subjects it to a criticism that is at once kindly and severe. It was, in fact, something very different from what Drummond himself imagined it to be — a working out inductively of certain laws com- mon to the natural and spiritual world. In- stead of being this, it was a piece of bril- liant apologetics, endeavoring to bring cer- tain scientific principles to the rescue and defence of the traditional Christian dogmas, some dubious analogies being mistaken for the existence of a single law upon the na- tural and spiritual plane, while the most striking feature of the book was its com- parison of the unconverted soul to dead mat- ter, with an inability, like that, to have any life without a supernatural descent upon it. But the book had qualities that went far to make up for its defects, and its popular success was very great. It left Drummond as simple and unspoiled as his success with Moody and Sankey. It brought him letters of all kinds, ranging from valuable criticism to offers of marriage from America and Australia. All the cranks and faddists hailed him as "one of themselves." This experi- ence was renewed by the 'Ascent of Man,' one correspondent assuring him as "Hea- ven's Vicegerent" that "the Coming Woman was a Man," while another, a widow, thinks her one boy "promises well, and could be se- cured for the Kingdom if you would send him an autograph copy of your sweet hymn, 'Are they safe with Him?' " Africa, which at first seemed to Drum- mond "one continual picnic," ultimately gave him some deeper apprehension of life's tragic elements, and sowed in his constitution the first seeds of the disease which brought his life to an untimely end, after two years of increasing helplessness and agonizing pain, March 7, 1897. Besides matrimonial opportu- nities, and the praise of orthodox theolo- gians, hugging the Danaan who brought them such unexpected gifts of scientific con- firmation, the book induced the offer of a place on the staff of the Earl of Aberdeen, then Viceroy of Ireland, and later, from Mr. Gladstone, an urgent request for Drummond to stand for a parliamentary election in Lanarkshire. There were other singular re- quests, but they were all modestly but firmly waived aside. During the next few years, and for the re- mainder of his life, Drummond was much en- grossed by "the student movement," which extended from Scotland to America and Australia. In Oxford il had the least sue-

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32 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1750 cess, though he had good talk with Jowett, "also occasional silences." Liddell he found "very appalling," though "he thawed a little after twenty minutes over tea." He was told that it would be impossible for him to do anything at Harvard, the college being "un- der Unitarian auspices"; but "the work was really better than anywhere." An incident of his Australian journey was a visit to the New Hebrides, and some attention to the im- portation of the Kanakas into Queensland. He found the Kanakas themselves much bet- ter masters than Australian Englishmen, an omen which our expansionists should attend to, but they will not. The 'Ascent of Man' was written for a course of Lowell lectures in Boston, but its publication was hurried by the doings of a Philadelphia publisher, who put upon the market a book made up from newspaper re- ports of the lectures. Drummond "had the law on him," and got his costs, leaving the publisher with his plates and an edition of 10,000 copies on his hands. The book did not please the orthodox party so well as the 'Natural Law,' and it met with much scien- tific opposition, but, at the same time, it made a host of friends. It certainly did something to correct the exaggeration of natural selection as a selfish and brutal struggle for existence, though it was less ori- ginal in this respect than Drummond seemed to think, and it is true that he confounded the struggle of species, of which "the strug- gle for others" is a part, with that of indi- viduals. When all is said, Drummond was, first, last, and always, an evangelical Christian, much in love with Science and unable to be happy in his religious faith without her ap- proval and consent. His work was essen- tially that of an apologist, endeavoring to give an appearance of scientific rationality to the doctrines of Christianity as by him ap- prehended. To go to him for an unbiassed search for scientific truth would be a great mistake. With more advanced methods, he was engaged in the same business as that of Hugh Miller— the reconciliation of revelation and science;- but he did not feel himself, after his manhood had grown ripe, to be un- der Miller's necessity for reconciling science with Genesis. We should utterly fail to un- derstand his life if we did not recognize that the Christianity he wished to maintain, as natural and scientific, was the Christianity which he had found efficient for the saving of men's characters from various diseases and defects. His "enthusiasm for humanity," not as an abstract whole but in its indi- vidual concreteness, was the consuming pas- sion of his life, and it was marked by a na- turalness and simplicity and reality that make us love the man, whatever estimate we may put upon his intellectual methods and results. TOYNBEE'S DANTE DICTIONARY. A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante. By Paget Toynbee, M.A. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. 1898. Pp x 616. This attractive volume, with its beautiful typography and its double-columned pages of generous size, makes a most favorable im- pression. Mr. Toynbee was already known as a Dante scholar by published work of in- terest and value, and we were accordingly prepared to expect a useful work of reference in this Dictionary. It contains the names of persons and places mentioned in all of Dante's works — not merely in the 'Divina Commedia' — as published in the convenient Oxford edition prepared by Dr. E. Moore. It has also a considerable number of articles on "notable matters," "such as the denomina- tions of the several classes of sinners, etc.. and of the various heavens, . . . certain personifications and titles, . . . the titles of books quoted by Dante, and so on." These appear, from the alphabetical list in table xxxv. at the end of the volume, to be some- what over four hundred in number, after a large allowance for insertion of long titles in two or more places. Probably no one will object to the inclusion of such articles; they have a good claim to be classed with the proper names, strictly so called, which Dante has actually mentioned. After a few addenda et corrigenda come many useful tables, in- cluding genealogical tables of royal and noble families, a chronological table for the strife between Guelfs and Ghibellines, indices and tables intended to facilitate reference to other editions of Dante than that of Dr. Moore, and finally a few plates. The literature of comment on Dante is so extensive that it is a comparatively easy task to get together a large amount of informa- tion and reference for the proper names, and there is not much danger of serious errors as to most matters of fact if one is rea- sonably careful. Of course, difficulties arise when one wishes to feel certain that all the valuable investigations and studies in small problems and matters of detail have been properly utilized, and no one can hope to avoid an occasional sin of omission. But perhaps the hardest problem is how much to put in and how much to leave "lit. lu this matter we think Mr. Toynbee's judgment has generally been good, though some of his articles we could wish shorter and others longer. Perhaps the ideal way would be to include, either directly or through refer- ences, all that can be in any manner helpfui in understanding what Dante says, and in case of varying opinions to state at least one view fully and refer to the most au- thoritative possible statements of other views, and not to lose sight of any possible sources of Dante's knowledge or of any lite- rary or other influences that may have af- fected him. It is better to err on the side of fulness than to omit something which a modern reader might fairly wish to find. We should like to see, under Maomctto, some reference at least to the Mahomet le- gend as illustrated in Latin and Old French, and, under Beatrice, something more than is given in the way of reference (the reference to Romania xxiiii., 265, guides only indirectly to Scartazzini), and further, under Esopo, one would like to see mention of such an article as that of Mall on the me- diaeval fable literature and the 'Esope' of Marie de France in the Zeitschrift fur 10- manische Philologie, vol. ix. With reference to the last sentences in the article Esopo it may be said that while Warnke's edition of Marie's fables was doubtless not published in time to be used in this connection, yet Mall had already indicated an Italian trans- lation from the French of Marie. If Mr. Toynbee's understanding of Dante's refer- ence to the fable of the mouse and the frog were correct, it could be made to appear very likely that this Italian version was his source. But is it true that the tormented sinner in the "Inferno" corresponds to the mouse in the fable? If to the mouse and the frog correspond the two devils that quarrel and are both soused in the pitch, then there is no longer any special reason for thinking of Marie's version. It might be wished also that the forms of proper names had been con- sidered oftener from the etymological point of view — that, for example, the two forms Maomctto and Macometto — if Dante really used both — had been spoken of, and that the first syllable of Ciapetta (Capet) had been explained, as it might easily have been. If the author carries out his plan of treating the whole vocabulary of Dante's Ita- lian works, the etymological side cannot be neglected, yet on this side his competence is somewhat doubtful; the origin hoc-ille given for the French word for "yes" under Lingua, Oil is not quite reassuring. Mr. Toynbee is perhaps aware of the plan of the Dante Society in this country to prepare a new edition of Blanc's 'Vocabolario Dan- tesco'; would it be possible for him and the American editor to combine their efforts? Such a vocabulary ought, as he plans, to cover all the works of Dante written in Ita- lian. A work with which one can hardly avoid comparing this is Dr. Scartazzini's 'Enciclo- pedia Dantesca'; but as that work is still incomplete, it is well not to go into details. Suffice it to say that a comparison of several articles in the two works does not seriously affect our generally favorable opinion of the English book, and makes even more evident the general good judgment of its author. In some articles we find one book preferable, in others the other, or we find that each sup- plements the other. A few remarks on details noticed here and there may be added. P. 2, the foot-note is for a passage in the second column; as one sometimes needs in reading to find the place whence the reference is made, it is better to put the foot-note under the proper column instead of in the middle of the page. P. 17 is wrongly numbered 16. P. 44, since Dante's quotation is not in Latin, and Archemoro is not a familiar name, it would be well to mark the accent as on the e. P. 48, Aristo- tile: the reference to Par. xxvi., 38, might also be given under Dionisio2 and Platone. The English form Aristotle is not included in the Index of English or Anglicized names which differ from the Italian or Latin, and the same is true of Pliny; that index is doubtless not intended to be complete except for names which in English are markedly different from the forms in the main part of the Dictionary. P. 51, if Renier's "criti- cal text" of Dante's Provencal lines in the "Purgatorio" is given at all, attention should be called to the fact that the correctness of this text is still very doubtful at the best, and a reference to the remarks in Romania xxvi., 601, would be in order. In the fifth verse is printed vei, and in the fol- lowing verse vei. P. 54, why is the "letter addressed by the Signoria of Florence to their allies" given in English? There seems to be some inconsistency as to this matter of translation; on page 50 is given a Pro- vencal passage without translation, and on page 55 are quoted two others, the second of which is translated, while the first is not (though the substance of it is given just before the quotation). P. 156, the Old French line quoted refers, not to the father of Hugh Capet, but to the father of Hugh Capet's mother. P. 199, Dio: in the first paragraph *

Page 50

Jan. 12, 1899] The ISTation 33 a reference to Dcus would be appropriate. Detis and Deo already have a reference to Dio. But In general the matter of cross- references has received very careful atten- tion. P. 386, Minotauro: here we find a reference to Pasife, but the accent is doubt- less a mistake, as a note under Pasife calls attention to the accent on the i as shown by the rhyme. P. 443, the reference should be added for the passage in Benvenuto Cellini. In the same column, some lines above, if for the form Pluto (as representing Latin Pluto) reference is made to Juno, Scipio, Scorpio (there is a Latin Scorpius as well as Scor- pio), Plato, we might ask to have it noted that Dante never uses a form Plutone, while besides these forms in -0 he says also Jnt- none and Giuno, Scipionc, scorpione (not as a proper name), Platone, and the ending -one is the one to be expected for a Latin name like Pluto. Besides the words mentioned here, Zeno occurs as well as Zenone. P. 488, the "Livre des Creatures," as published by Thomas Wright in his 'Popular Treatises on Science' with the halting verses here quoted, is not the proper place from which to take (without indication of page or line) the verses of Philippe de Thaiin; they should be quoted from Mall's edition of 'Li Cumpoz Philipe de Thaiin,' beginning with verse 1387. P. 565, in the second column, line 5, read Saurian, and in the article immediately fol- lowing it is hardly made clear enough that Jean de Meun's version of the 'De Re Mili- tari' is not in the same volume as Jean Priorat's verse rendering. The title of Jean de Meun's translation is 'L'Art de Cheva- lerie'.' Pp. 605-607 (the list of articles deal- ing with "notable matters," table xxxv.), contain a few unimportant slips. For in- stance, the 'Liber Alfragani de Aggregatione Scientiae Stellarum' is entered under the let- ter L in this form, and under the letter A in Italian form (very properly) as Aggre- gazione delle Stelle, Libro dell', but not under its author's name, nor is the other title, "Elementa Astronomica," of his work mentioned in this list. But the heading under which, in the body of the book, we find the desired information is Alfergano (there are references from the forms of the title given in this table), and a similar state of things exists for the 'Liber Ugutionis de Deriva- tionibus Verborum.' It is in no captious spirit that we have indicated a certain number of flaws in this meritorious work; it is with the feeling that in a dictionary the errors in small matters need to be corrected more carefully than in most other books, and with the hope that in a later edition a close approach to the stan- dard of perfection may be reached. AS OTHERS SEE US. The Lainl of Contrasts: A Briton's View ot his American Kin. By James Fullarton Muirhead, author of Baedeker's Hand- books to Great Britain and the United States. Boston: Lamson Wolff e & Co. 1898. Pp. viii.-282. "It may be that a long list of inconsisten- cies might be made out for any country, just as for any individual; but, so far as my knowledge goes, the United States stands out as preeminently the land of contrasts — the land of stark, staring, and stimulating in- consistency"— Mr. Muirhead says in explana- tion of his book's title; "a land which may be bounded by the aurora borealis, but which has also an undeniable acquaintance with the flames of the bottomless pit." "It seems to me that I have met in America the nearest approaches to my ideal of a Bayard sans pcur it sans rcproehe, and it is in this same Ame- rica that I have met the most flagrant exam- ples of the being wittily described as sans pert et sans prochc." America is the paradise of women — there is no recorded instance even "of justifiable homicide of an American girl in her theatre hat"; but few things provided for a class well able to pay for comfort are more un- comfortable and indecent than the arrange- ments for ladies on board the sleeping-cars. "Their berths are not segregated at one end of the car, but are scattered above and be- low those of the male passengers; it is con- sidered tolcrahle that they should lie with the legs of a strange, disrobing man dan- gling within a foot of their noses." Ameri- ca is the land of comfort and of the wor- ship and power of the dollar; it is the land also of caravansaries which provide "all the discomforts which money can procure," and in which the millionaire stands meekly at the door of the dining-room till the head- waiter shall take notice of him. "It was an American who said, 'Give us the luxuries and we will do without the neces- sities,' and there is more truth in this epi- gram as characteristic of the American point of view than its author intended or would, perhaps, allow. In private life this is seen in the prefereuce shown for diamond ear- rings and Paris toilettes over neat and effec- tive household service. The contrast be- tween the slatternly, unkempt maid-servant who opens the door to you, and the general luxury of the house, is of the most startling, not to say appalling, description. It is not a sufficient answer to say that good servants are not so easily obtained in the United States as in England. This is true; but a slight rearrangement of expenditure would secure much better service than is now seen." And of course the climate is remarked upon: the climate, "in which, as the Grumbler says in Toicn Topics, winter and fall, spring, summer, and all, combine to make American weather." It must not be supposed, however, that Mr. Muirhead's pages are one repeated anti- thesis, or that the dominant note of the book is the critical. "Perhaps more than in any other country that I know of will what the traveller finds there [in the Unit- ed States] depend on what he brings with him," the author says; and for himself he seems to have brought with him a deter- mination to find a good word for almost everything that he discovers there. At times, even, he reveals a consciousness that the people of the United States have not com- monly been supposed to possess the robust passion for amendment which relishes fault- finding. 'The Land of Contrasts' is a "record of personal impressions," but the author feels at every step that to set down such a record without offence is a task demanding infinite alertness and tact; and when the impression is disagreeable, he hastens to place beside it an English parallel or an off- set. Men, he says, "of a standing and charac- ter who would not have done it in England, told me instances of their sharp practices in business with an evident expectation of my admiration for their shrewdness, and with no apparent sense of the slightest moral delinquency"; but he hastens to add: "The reproach comes with a bad grace from the natives of a country which has in its an- nals the outbreak of the South Sea Bubble, the railway mania of the Hudson era, and the revelations of Mr. Hooley." "The Ame- rican girl allows her admirers to spend mo- ney on her much more freely than the Eng- lish girl," and "American wives leave their husbands toiling in the sweltering city while they themselves fleet the time in Europe"; but en revanche; "The woman of New York and other American cities is often conspicu- ously superior to her husband in looks, man- ners, and general intelligence. This has been denied by champions of the American man, but the observation of the writer, what- ever it may be worth, would deny the de- nial." "The small American seems to con- sider himself the father of the man in a way never contemplated by the poet"; and. "It is a constant source of wonder to the thoughtfully inclined how the American man is evolved from the American boy." But, confessedly, the American man falls from that lofty beginning, and "no one need de- sire a pleasanter companion." "For myself, I unfeignedly admire the delicacy which leads to a certain parsimony in the use of words like 'perspiration,' 'cleaning one's self,' and so on"; but "there are certain lit- tle personal habits, such as the public use of the toothpick, and what Mr. Morley Ro- berts calls the modern form of <toTrai8o?, which I think often find themselves in better company in America than in England." In the course, however, of all this diplo- matic bowing and scraping, a number of things get themselves said of greater signi- ficance for two peoples who find it every day of more and more importance to understand each other. "Our brutal frankness, our brusqueness, and our extreme fondness for calling a spade a spade are often extremely disagreeable to our American cousins"; but "A native of the British Isles is sometimes apt to be a little nettled when he finds a native of the United States regarding him as a 'foreigner' and talking of him accord- ingly. An Englishman never means the na- tives of the United States when he speaks of foreigners," and is "apt, in all good faith and unconsciousness, to criticise American ways to the American with much more free- dom than he would criticise French ways to the Frenchman. It is as if he should say, 'You and I are brothers, or at least cousins; we are a much better sort than all those for- eign Johnnies; and so there's no harm in my pointing out to you that you're wrong here and ought to change there.' . . . And who is to teach us that Brother Jonathan is able now to give us at least as many hints as we can give him, and that we must re- alize that the same sauce must be served with both birds?" Or again: "The English have reduced to a fine art the practice of a stony passivity, which on its highest plane is not devoid of a certain lmpressiveness. On ordinary occasions it is apt to excite either the ire or the amuse- ment of the representatives of a more ani- mated race." But "the Englishman seems to have learned, through countless genera- tions, that he can express himself better and more surely in deeds than in words, and has come to distrust in others a fatal fluency of expressiveness which he feels would be ex- aggerated and even false in himself. . . . It requires an intimate knowledge of both countries to understand that when an Eng- lishman congratulates you on a success by exclaiming, 'Halloo, old chap, I didn't know you had it in you,' he means just as much as your American friend, whose phrase is: 'Bravo, Billy, I always knew you could do something fine.' " Of the total impression that he has carried away, Mr. Muirhead has a number of pleas- ant things to set down. Everywhere he found an unusual recognition of the claims of the defenceless, an unusual sense of jus- tice, defined as }<■ droit iltt pins faible. "Those who believe in man's sympathy for man must have faith that some day relative human jus- tice will be done, which will be as far be-

Page 51

34 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1750 yond the justice of to-day as light is from dark. And it would be hard to say where we are to look for this consummation if not in the United States." Everywhere (except in our "servility" before "such mighty po- tentates as railway conductors, hotel clerks, und policemen"!) he found in an unexpected measure the high spirit and self-respect which at its best is one of the prime elements of happiness, and one of the best fruits of the doctrine of equality: "Those may scoff who will at the idea of anything so intangible being allowed to count seriously in the es- timation of a nation's or an individual's hap- piness, but the man of any imagination can surely conceive the stimulus of the con- stantly abiding sense of a fine national ideal." Everywhere our tourist found "an almost childlike confidence in human ability, and a fearlessness of both the present and the future; a wider realization of human brotherhood than has yet existed; a greater theoretical willingness to judge by the indi- vidual than by the class"; and even, in spite of the expression of public sentiment within the past few months, an attitude towards militarism which is superior to that which is common among Englishmen: "One of the keenest dreads of the best American citizens during a recent wave of jingoism was that of 'the reflex influence of militarism upon the national character, the transformation of a peace-loving people into a nation of swaggerers ever ready to take offence, prone to create difficulties, eager to shed blood, and taking all sorts of occasions to bring the Christian religion to shame un- der pretence of vindicating the rights of hu- manity in some other country.' . . . Sym- pathizers with this view seem much more numerous in the United States than in Eng- land." With Ski and Sledge over Arctic Glaciers. By Sir Martin Conway. New York: M. P. Mansfield & Co. 1898. Svo, x, 240 pp. Maps and illustrations. During 1897 Sir Martin Conway, accom- panied by Mr. E. J. Garwood, continued the exploration of the interior of Spitsbergen, the first season of which was described, in his former book, 'The First Crossing of Spitsbergen.' In the present instance the party was completed by the addition of two Norwegians, one of whom proved most ser- viceable and efficient. The work of 1896 was chiefly in the mid- dle portion of the principal island near Ad- vent and Sassen Bays, and resulted in de- termining the existence of an immense num- ber of separate though adjacent glaciers, but no trace of the general "continental" ice- sheet which had been hastily assumed to cover the interior of the land. In 1897 the search for the supposed "inland ice" was continued in the more northern portion of Spitsbergen, which was also proved to bear merely glacial and mountain areas. The only large part of the archipelago which was found to carry an undifferentiated ice-sheet includes New Friesland and North-East Land. The discovery of this fact is the prin- cipal geographical result of the campaign of 1897. That it is an important fact is right- ly claimed by the explorer, for the following reasons: "The old th( lish but y, that glaciers not only po- systematically excavate their beds is practically abandoned. Its supporters na- turally considered that the larger the mass of ice the more vigorous would be its exca- vating action. A great arctic ice sheet was regarded as an extraordinarily powerful ex- cavator. We now know that moving land ice does not so operate upon its bed, but be- yond polishing the surface of the rock it covers, has mainly a conservative effect upon it. In the case of a country like the interior of Greenland, wholly buried under ice, the buried land surface undergoes mo- delling to a very slight degree except around the coast. On the other hand, in the case of a glacial region where mountains rise above the mean level and where rock faces are ex- posed to the rapid denudation that takes place at all snowy elevations, great develop- ments of surface-formation are going for- ward. In the case of an ice sheet, the forces acting on a land surface are conservative; in the case of a glacial region, the acting forces are formative. Hence the immense importance of distinguishing between these two types of ice-bearing country. When the great Asiatic plateau was elevated, the drainage ran off along the hollows in the line of the crinkling of the surface coincid- ing with the strike of the strata. Now, how- ever, by the operation of rivers eating their way back into the plateau at right angles to the strike of the strata, all the great rivers flow at right angles to their original direc- tion. The Indus was originally a stream no bigger than the Swat River, flowing down the edge of the elevated region. It ate its way through the Nanga Parbat range into the depression which goes on to Gilgit, and thus it stole all the waters of the upper In- dus of to-day, which in the remote past, I believe, discharged themselves (over a high region since excavated into mountain ranges) into the Kunar River and before that into the Oxus. . . . It is noticeable that, in each case, the river has broken its way through a range in the immediate proximity of its highest peak — that is to say, just where the fall and gathering of snow has been greatest and the denudation most ener- getic. "In the case of rivers the eating back pro- cess is well recognized and understood. It is not really the work of the river, but it Is accomplished by the various forces of atmos- pheric denudation, by frost and thaw, by avalanches, and so forth, all taking place about the head waters of the stream. I sug- gest that, under the action of similar forces, glaciers likewise creep back, and that the modelling of snow-mountains out of high plateaus is largely due to this process. Ac- cording to this theory, though glaciers do not excavate their beds to any great extent, they widen them by carrying away the re- sults of atmospheric and other denudation, and similarly they eat back at their heads. "The most striking examples I have seen of this are in Garwood Land. There, far in ihe interior, are a series of cliffs several hundred feet in height. What the origin of these cliffs may have been is immaterial. . . . They form the front of the remains of the old plateau, which has been and is being eaten away. ... By the melting of the snows above the cliffs and on their ledges, and by the action of frost and thaw, the rocks are being rapidly broken up. The debris falls upon the glaciers below and is carried away. If there were no glaciers in this position, the debris would pile up, a slope would be formed, and would presently reach up to the top of the cliff and protect it from further denudation. The presence of the glaciers below prevents the debris from col- lecting. The cliff thus continues its exist- ence, and merely moves backward by a steady progress, just as the cliff retreats over which Niagara falls. Where weaker rocks are encountered, or denudation is lo- cally more energetic, the cliff eats back- ward more rapidly. An embayment is form- ed which tends both to widen and creep backwards, becoming in time a tributary valley. . . . When two neighboring em- baymeuls, reaching back from the lower level into a plateau, send arms to join one an- other, or meet obliquely, a nunatak is form- ed" (pp. 209-213). Sir Martin concludes that the forces of de- nudation have been longer or more vigo- rously at work in the western portions of the island, as the development of the to- pography becomes less and less complete as one proceeds eastward, until parts of the undenuded plateau itself are encountered. The whole north coast bears evidence of a more rigorous climate than districts further south. The book is attractively and not too pro- fusely illustrated from photographs by Mr. Garwood, and includes an excellent map and sufficient index. There is not too much dwelling upon similar experiences to bore the reader not an arctic enthusiast. The volume is of comfortable size and weight, and in all respects shows a praiseworthy advance on the unwieldy book which pre- ceded it. The author insists on the form of spelling Spitsbergen which has been adopt- ed by the Royal Geographical Society as the only correct one, and it is to be hoped that it may find favor with geographers. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. All.' vo $4.50. ]S;isl>fi.nl. Herbert. Songs from Pugct Sea San Iranoisco: Whittaker & Ray Co. Bennett. C. E. Critique of Some Recent Sub- orn.live Theories. [Cornell Studies in Classical Philology.] Macmillan. Byron, Lord. The Prisoner of Chillon. and Other Poems. Boston: Houghton. Mifflin & Co. 15c. Curlyle, Thomas. Sartor Resartus. Illustrated bv E J. Sullivan. London: Bell; New York: Mae". niillan. $2. Carpenter, Edward. Angels' Wings: Essays on Art and Life. London: Sonnenscheln; New York: Macmillan. $2. Catherwood, Mrs. Mary H. Heroes of the Middle West. The French. Boston: Ginn & Co. 60c. Cesareseo, Countess Evelyn Martinengo. Cavour. Macmillan. 75c. Cleveland, F. A. The Growth of Democracy in tho Tinted States. Chicago: Quadrangle Press. cdlerid'ge, S. T. The Ancient Manner, Kubla Khan, and Christabel. Macmillan. 25c. Coiiyl.eare, F. C. The Dreyfus Case. London: C.eorge Allen; New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Crockett, Ingram. Beneath Blue Skies and Gray. R. H. Russell. Dolpit. Edouard. Sang de Corsaire. Paris: Cal- niann lAvy. Dill. Prof. Samuel. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Umpire. Macmillan. $4. Fisher, Herbert. The Mediaeval Empire. 2 vols. Mil. niillan. $7. Greater America. Heroes, Battles, Camps. F. T. N'eely. Crcgg, Rev. David. Things of Northfield, and (it her Things. E. B. Treat & Co. 60c. Cregorovious, Ferdinand. The Emperor Hadrian Translated by Mary E. Robinson. Macmillan .$4 (Inilliirt. Rev. Edmund. Annals of an Old Parish llisiorieal Sketches ..f Trinity Church, South- port, Conn. Whittaker. $2.25. Guiney, Louise I. The Secret of Fougereuse. From the French. Boston: Marller, Callanan & Co. $1.50. Guthrie. W. D. Lectures on the Fourteenth Amendment. Boston: Little. Brown & Co. Harding. J. W. A Conjurer of Phantoms. F. T. Neely. Harrison, Mrs, S. F. The Forest of Bourg-Marie Toronto: G. N. Morang. 65c. llic/zard. Prof. J. C. Eutroplus. American Book Co. 75c. Hemp], Prof. George. The Easiest German Read- ing. Boston: (linn & C... 4.r>c. Henderson, W, J. How Music Developed. F. A. St, ,kcs Co. $1.25. Hewlett. Maurice. Songs and Meditations. Lon- don: Constable; New York: Macmillan. $1.25. Homvood. Aubrey, and Hicks, Seymour. The Psyche: A Study of the Huntington, Soul. Whittaker. 25c. Huntington. Rev. W. It. Sonnets and a Dream. The Marion Press. $1. Jackson. Prof. A. V. W. Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran. Macmillan. Jones, II. A. The Rogue's Comedy. Macmillan. 75c, Keary. C. F. The Journalist. London: Methuen .V- Co.; New York: New Amsterdam Book Co. $1.50. Lang, Andrew. The Companions of Pickle. I-ong- ni.ins, (liven & Co. I.cadam, I. S. Select Cases in Ihe Court of Re- quests. 1497-1560. London: Quaritcb. Le Roux. Ungues. Gens de Poudre. Roman d'His- tolre et d'Aventure. Paris: Calmann Lgvy. Li upp, F. E. How to Prepare tor a Civil-Service examination. New York: Hinds \ Noble. MacNaughton, Eleanor Le S. Meadowhurst Chil- dren, and Other Tales. Cincinnati. O.: Editor Publishing Co. Man, August. Fiihrer durch PompeJI. Dritt Auf- lage. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. M.Kinzie, Itev. Alexander. The Divine Force in the Life of the World. Boston: Lamson. Wolffc & Co. Mead, E. G. Historic Homes of the Southwest Mountains, Virginia. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippln- Merrlll, 6. E.. Jr. Yale Verse. Maynard, Merrill & Co. $1.20. Monod, Gabriel. Etudes Critiques sur les Sources de l'HIstoire Carolinglenne. Paris: E. Bouillon. Morris, W. O'C. T" ' London: Blackie $1.25. Mueller, Hermann. Deutsche Gedlcbte. Schools. Boston: Ginn & Co. 45c. Neumann, Karl E. Die Lleder der Monche und Nonnen Gotamo Buddho's. Berlin: Ernst Hof- maiin A- Co.: New York: Lemcke & Buechner. No I. ..11 Edith M. Observations of a Rauchwyman in New Mexico. Macmillan. $1.75. Nichols. E. 1.., and Franklin, W s. The Elements of Physics. Vol. I., Mechanics and Heat. millan, | For Hlgb Mac

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Jan. 12, 1899] The Nation 35 Palmer, Prof. Arthur. P. Ovidl Nasonis Heroides. With the Greek Translation of Planudes. Ox- ford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Palmer. Kouudell. Memorials, Part II. I'ers ,nal and Political. 1865-18115. 2 vols. Macmillan. ss Paysou, E. P. Suggestions toward an Apoiiod Science of Sociology. Putnams. $1.25. Percv, Paul. Conjugaison des Verbes Kr.ane.iis W. R. Jenkins. 50c. Phipson, T. L. Voice and Violin: Sketches, Anec- dotes, Reminiscences. London: Chatto .^ YYindns; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.75. Protestant Episcopal Almanac. 1899. Whittaker. 25c. Rocca. Gen. Count Enrico della. The Autobio- graphy of a Veteran. 1807-1893. Maemillan. Schloss, David F. Methods of Industrial Kemune- ration. 3d ed. London: Williams & Norgate; New York: Pntnams. $2.50. $2.50. Seeligm; Karl. Altes mid \eues. A German Reader for Young Beginners, [iostoii: (iinn & Co Sladeii, Douglas. Who's Who, 1899. Ix»ndon: A & U. Black; New York: Macmillan. $1.75. Smith, George A. The Life of Henry Drammond. 1. & MeClure 1 „ G. W. With Kitchener to Khartum. Iiodd, Mead & Co. $1.5". Sticknev, .1. II.. and Hoffmann, Ralph. Bird World. A Book for Children. Boston: (J Inn A: Co. TOO. St. Nicholas. 1898. 2 vols. Century Co. C. W. A Cruise under the Crescent. Rand. McNally & Co. Sursuin Corda: A Defence of Idealism. Macmil- lan. $1. The Blue Laws of Connecticut. Truth-Seeker Co. The Bridge of Light: A Message from the Unseen. London: Gay & Bird. The Century, Mai on., 1898. Century Co. Trask, Katrina. ruder King Consi antlne. 5th ed. Putnams. $1. Traulie, .1. Pin phla: P. Blaklston s Son & Co. Trtibnor, K.. anil Menu, F. .Minerva: Jahrbuch der Gelehrlen Welt, 1898 1899. Strasshuig: TrUbner; New York's Lemeke & Buechner. I'lzer, Prof. F., and Fraenkel, A. [ntroduetion to Chemical-Technical Analysis. Philadelphia: P. Blakistoli's Son lV Co. $1 25. Wilson. I, 1.. W. lnile,l S s History In Ele- mentary Schools. Macmillan. :i"e. Woods. It. A. The City Wilderness. A Settle- ment Study. Boston: Houghton, Miiliiu & Co. $1.50. SOME BOOKS PUBLISHED IN 1898 Henry Holt & Co. Adams's Science of Finance. American Science Series. 8vo *§3.50 Atkinson's Elementary Botany. Elaborately illustrated. 12mo *1.25 Baly's Eur=Aryan Roots. Vol. I. With index of English derivatives., net. 15.00 Barnes's Plant Life. (Especially form and function.) 400 Illustrations. . . *1.12 Bennett's Primer of the Bible. 12mo *1. 00 Burrows's The Fire of Life. A Novel of English Life to-day. 12mo 1.25 Congdon's Qualitative Analysis. Interleaved. 8vo *.60 Cornish's Concise Dictionary of Greek & Roman Antiquities. Ill* tl. 8vo *4.00 Corwin's Supplementary Exercises to Whitney's German Grammar. Paper. *.25 Crowell's Logical Process of Social Development. 12mo 1. 75 Dryden's Essays on the Drama. (Strunk) English Readings. ltJmo *.50 Elliott's Durket Sperret. A Tennessee Romance. 12mo 1. 25 Federalist, The. (Paul L. Fori ) With appendix (149 pp.) index (55 pp. ), etc. 12mo *2. 50 Case's Library French and English Dictionary. Large 8vo *4.00 Godfrey's Poor Human Nature. A Musical Novel. 12mo 1.50 Hope's Rupert of Hentzau. A Romance. Illustrated by Gibson. 12mo... 1.50 Hope's Prisoner of Zenda. A New Edition. Ill'd by Gibson & Ince. 12mo. 1.50 Lady Jackson's Old Paris. New Uniform Edition. 12mo 1.50 Lady Jackson's Old Regime. New Uniform Edition. 12mo 1.50 Jenks' Law and Politics in the Middle Ages. 8vo net. 2. 75 Kent's Graphic Representation of English & American Literature. Paper. *.25 Langlois and Seignobos' Introduction to the Study of History. 12mo. net. 2.25 Leander's Traeumereien (Watson). Ten of the best of these stories. Boards. *.40 nartin's Human Body. Briefer Course. Entirely New Edition. (Pitz).., *1.20 rieras' and Stern's First Lessons in French. 12mo *1. 00 " " Grammaire Francaise. 12mo *1 25 Musset's Histoire d'un Merle Blanc (Williams & Cointat). Boards *.30 Newcomer's Elements of Rhetoric (especially Prose Composition). 12mo. . *1.00 Nipher's Introduction to Graphic Algebra. For High Schools. 12mo *.60 Ohnet's Fille du Depute (Beck). Good Practice for Conversation. 16mo. . . *.50 Pancoast's Introduction to American Literature. With portraits. lGmo... *1.00 Peabody's Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy and Physiology. ltimo *.60 Pugh's King Circumstance. A versatile volume of tales. 12mo 1.25 " Tony Drum. With cover and ten illustrations by Nicholson 1.50 Religious Pamphlets. By Wiclif, Knox, Fox. Newman, etc. (Dearmer). 12mo. net. 1.75 Remsen's Inorganic Chemistry. Advanced. Entirely New Edition *2.80 Ringwalt's Hodern American Oratory. With Representative Orations. 12mo. *1.00 St. Pierre's Paul et Virginie (Kuhns). Only American edition for the class-room. 16mo *■ ^ Schiller's Wilhelm Tell (Palmer). With illustrations and vocabulary. *.80 Schrakamp's German Grammatical Drill. 12mo *-65 " Exercises in Conversational German. 12mo *• 55 Stern's First Lessons in German. 12mo *1- 00 Tarbet's Fighting for Favour. A Novel of Adventure. 12mo 1.25 Tourgeneff and His French Circle. Letters. 12mo 2.25 Toepffer's Bibliotheque de flon Oncle. A New Edition. (Taylor). 16mo. *50 Wells' Her Ladyship's Elephant. A humorous tale. 12mo 1-25 Postage on net text-books t marked*) 8 per cent, additional. The Publishers' 1899 List of Books in General Literature, their descriptive list of works for School Libraries or their Descriptive Educational Catalogue free on application to 2q West 23d St., New York. (The publishers' text-books may also be had at their CHICAGO branch, 378 Wabash Ave i READ Y JANUARY ij. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Part I. 1766=1776. By the Right Hon. Sir George Otto Trevel- yan, Bart., Au'.hor of "The Life and Let- ters of Lord Macaulay'' and "The Early History of Charles James Fox." 8vo, gilt top, $3.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91 Fifth Ave., New York. The American College in American Life. By Charles F. Thwing, President of the Western Reserve University. 8vo, $1.50. "This volume is a most interesting and Impor- tant contribution to a subject that is now receiving great attention; it is the outcome of the deep thought and broad experience of an educator of learning and high repute in his profession, and the book is Idled «ilh information thai renders it pecu- liarly valuable for reference."— [The Cambridge Tribune. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 W. 23d Street, N.Y. Save Your Eyes. Send for package of our prepared (absorbent) polishing paper for cleaning eye=glasss», etc. 10c. silver per package; 3 for 25c. CALUMET CHEMICAL CO., Box 57, - - - BLUE ISLAND, ILL. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE flUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. Burton's Arabian Nights. 'pHE BURTON SOCIETY will print for private 1 circulation among its members a facsimile of the original edition of Burton's Arabian Nights. Full particulars on application. 18 Barth Block, = - - Denver, Colo. TflOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS GEORGE BUSSE, 12 W. 28th St., New York ARTISTIC FRAMING. JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. $2.00. " As a piece of historical biography It is a noble success."— A in. Historical Review. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO,

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36 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1750 XLhc Spectator. The Proprietors who In 1801 purchased the Spectator have since that date conducted it themselves. They are therefore exempted from many Influences which press severely on the Independence of Journalism, and have from the first made il I heir chief object to say out what they believe to be truth In theology, politics, and social ques- tions, irrespective, not. only of opposition from without, but of the opinion of their own supporters. Their object is to reflect the opinion of cultivated Liberals, but in the matter of the American War they fought against the mass of the ver\ ''lass t he v arc trying to represent, and were finally acknowledged bv tliein to luu '• been in the right. The news of the current week is compressed into an animated narrative, which the laziest or busiest may read. « Ithout missing the life or import of the events. The Spectator contains a list of all Books published during the week (not under one shilling in price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, a83 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 88 and 8.3 Duane St., New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Union Square, New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 35 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., i Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. NEW PUBLICATIONS IN GERMAN. Der Praktische Deutsche. By U. Jos. Beiley. Der Praktische Deutsche is ar- ranged after the plan of Paul Bercy's Le Francais Pratique, but U is by no means a translation of that book. The original plan has been preserved, but the ex :i vises reconstructed and fitted to the particular needs of the student of German. The aim lias been to provide the material necessary to enable the learner to converse with (Jet-mans in their own language, and to arrange it in such an order that the study will be pleasurable as well as profitable. Roman type is used throughout ex- cepting in a few lessons, and a vocabulary is at the end of the volume. 121110, cloth. Second Edition, entirely revised. 251 pages. Price, $1.00. WILLIAM R.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, Full-of=Matter, Moderate«Priced Reference Book. THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. 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Catalogues issued. E. W. Joecnson, 2 E. 42d St.. N. Y. Reatstered Trade Mark. Hemstitched Bed Linen. Absolutely pure linen of course. All fresh goods and specially priced for "The Linen Store" Annual Sale. Bolster Cases. 21x60-inch $1. 00 L 25 2. 00 each 21x72-inch 1.25 1.50 2.25 " Pillow Cases. 22j^x36-in.$1.00 1. 25 1.35 L 75 2. 50 2. 75 per pair 25 x36-in $1. 35 L 50 2. 75 3. 00 " 27 x36-in $1,50 3,00 3.50 " Sheets — Single-Bed Size. About 72x96 in $3. 75 4.50 5.00 6.00 per pair Sheets Double=Bed Size. About 90x96-in.$4.50 5.00 5. 50 6. 50 7. 50 per pair Send for booklet giving full details of the Annual Sale of Household Linens. JamesMcCutckon&Co. 14 West 23d St., N. Y. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, j Copyright Office, Washington, D. C. i 1898. No. 84,037,— To wit: Beit remembered. 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BOX 4037, STATION B.PHILADELPHIA CATALOGUE NO. 47 READY— AN entertaining variety. A. S. Clark, 174 Fulton St. (opp. St. Paul's), New York. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books issued everv Saturday. Sent gratis by H. W. HAQEMANN, 160 5th Ave., New York.

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The Natron VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 75 1 . THURSDAY, JANUARY 19, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. BOOKS FOR THE MUSICAL SEASON. WAGNER AND HIS WORKS The Story of His Life, With Critical Comments By HENRY T, FINCK With portraits. 2 volumes, crown ovo. $4.00 " It is a pleasure to say that he has written the story of Wagner's life and works with most admirable clearness, vigor, pictu- resqueness, and variety. In these qualities and in the compilation and ordering of facts, his work stands easily at the head of the Wagner biographies. . . . His nervous energy and frank fearlessness of statement make his volumes extremely readable. " — New York Tribune. HOW TO LISTEN TO MUSIC Hints and Suggestions to Untaught Lovers of the Art ByrlE. KREHBIEL. Illustrated. 12mo. Net, $1.25 "Rarely, if ever, have I read a book which impressed me from the first words of the introduction to the last chapter so vividly as being the rigbt thing said in the right manner. I heartily commend this helpful and stimulating book to all real lovers of music." —Mr. Walter Daturosch. " It is written in a clear and untechnical style. . . . Mr. Krehbiel is at his best in academical discussions; . . . he also has some amusing remarks on the errors made by literary men when they write about music. . . . The aim is excellent, and it con- tains information that every student of music ought to have. "—Henry T. Pinck in The Nation. WHAT IS GOOD MUSIC? Suggestions to Persons Desiring to Cultivate a Taste in Musical Art By W. J. HENDERSON. J2mo. Net, $1.00 " He has a facile, easy, but incisive style, a happiness of illustration, and a marked ability for condensation that makes his book decidedly interesting and profitable. ... In fact, the book is extremely successful in attaining its purpose."— New York Com- mercial Advertiser. MUSICIANS AND MUSIC LOVERS By WILLIAM F. APTHORP. l2mo. $J.50 " Books of sound and readable musical criticism are rare, and we commend Mr. Apthorp's essays as one of the best books of its class. . . . Sensible, well put things, abound in these essays, and a touch of humor is not lacking. . . . A longer review than the present would be needed to do justice to the acuteness, the insight, and the genuine musicianly feeling of this volume."— Chicago Dial. THE WAGNER STORY BOOK Firelight Tales of the Great Music Dramas By WILLIAM HENRY FROST. Illustrated. J2mo. $1.50 " He has done with this material what every creative artist does with the crude stuff which he finds at hand in nature. He has melted it over, moulded it anew, enriched it with the original designs drawn from his own stores, and made it subserve new purposes. The stories, moreover, are not those of the dramas as they appear on the printed pag<\ but as they move past the senses on the stage, charming eyes and ears, stimulating the emotions and quickening the fancy."— New York Tribune. MUSIC AND MANNERS IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD By H. E. KREHBIEL. 12mo. $1.50 " 'Mus-ic and Manners' is a book that not only gives present delight; it is one that will be read again and again with renewed appreciation, and with a constantly growing admiration for the art concerning wbioh Mr. Krehbiel writes, and f^r the art of the writer himself."— Mr. Philip Hale in the Musical Record. MUSIC: HOW IT CAME TO BE WHAT IT IS By HANNAH SMITH. 12mo. Net, $. 25 " It will not only give pleasure to scholars of music . . . but also to the non-professional it will appeal, because it presents a wonderful history with the absorbing fascination of a fairy- tale."— Boston Advertiser. CHOPIN AND OTHER MUSICAL ESSAYS By HENRY T. FINCK. 12mo. $1.50 "Marked by originality of thought and boldness of treatment. Mr. Pinck has written a book which will command admiration in all quarter?. It is an exceptionallv valuable contribution to American musical literature."— New York Evening Post. MUSIC AND POETRY. By SIDNEY LANIER. 12mo. $1.50 » All of it is manifestly the work of a man of gifted taste and much of it is of permanent value in the field of criticism."— The Outlook. "The book is full of life, freshness of view, scholarly appre- ciation, and true musical spirit."— Boston Advertiser. Scribner's New List of Musical Books (184 pages), containing works in every department of musical literature, sent free upon application. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS " ,57n^tvhorakvenue

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11 The Nation. [Vol 68, No. 1 75 1 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 87 Editobiai Articles: Signs of a Halt 40 Omdurman and Havana 40 The Czar's Details 41 Colonies and Writers 42 Special Correspondence: India Convalescent 42 A Memoirist of the Second Empire 43 Correspondence: The Louisiana and Texas "Precedents" 45 Missionaries Rather Than Soldiers 45 The University of California and the Legis- lature : 46 Judge Taney and Black Eights 46 Rostand's Anachronism 46 Notes 47 Book Reviews: Taylor's English Constitution 50 The Indian Famine 52 Historic Towns of New England— Historic Pilgrimages in New England 63 Doctor Pascal 53 Manila and the Philippines .' 64 The Wild Fowl of the United States and Bri- tish Possessions 64 The Bayeux Tapestry 64 With Peary near the Pole 55 Books or the Week 55 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Lawrence Scientific School DEPARTMENTS. Civil Engineering. Chemistry. Mechanical Engineering. Geology. Electrical Engineering. Biology. Mining and Metalllurgy. General Science. Architecture. For Teachers of Science. Anatomy and Physiology (as a preparation for Jfedical Schools). For Descriptive Pamphlet, apply to M. CHAMBERLAIN, Secretary, N. S. SHALER, Dean. Cambridge, Mass. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, Copley Square, Boston, flags. The Second Term now open. 33d Year. of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giving detailed Information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. Teachers, etc. A RETIRED COLLEGE PRO FES /~L sor takes a few pupils in English; gives practi- cal Instruction In Rhetoric ami Composition Kngllsh Literature and Criticism. Young authors advise. I lias ha. I experienced! ,-ditii,^ \lss. Meters to former lis. Address R. L. B., care of the Nation. A NORTH GERMAN LADY, II A V- S~L lng German and French diplomas best tcstlmo- nlals of prominent families in (icrnianv, iin.l high New York references, seeks a position as teacher ill a p-i\ate family or 11 sel 1 Address Mr. Wm. Erdtmann. 120 Broadway, New York. EXPERIENCED LADY TEACHER I ^ desires an engagement. Higher English, languages, ami music Will chaperone punlls o» take charge of a Highest references Address re& Harmony, office of the Nation. POUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL 1 Course, preparatory to Yale. Vassar.etc , reduced in less than one jear by private Instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber, Belleville, 111. (CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- V^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. The Organizer and for 8 Years Principal of a highly successful boys' school In the Middle West si iks engagement either for the present year or for next year. An expert secondary school man and an expert teacher in mostdepartuicnts. Satisfactory endorsement furnished on request. Address BOX F, care the Nation School Agencies. rHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 12-12 I21I1 St , Washington. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent. Hdg, Minneapolis. 730 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 525 stlms'n I'.k .LosAngeles 378 WabaBh Ave., Chicago. 825 M'ktSt..San Francisco. ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY. y~L 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent, teachers. Assists teache in obtaining positions. Harlan P. French Manager. C'CHERMER HORN'S TEACHERS' >Jj 4GRNCY. Oldest and best known In the D. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St , N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. Tours. BERMUDA For tbe Winter Go To FROST UNKNOWN. MALARIA IMPOSSIBLE. 48 Hours from New York, by Elegant Steamships, Weekly. "-"J**— West Indies PRETORIA, 3,300 Tons, Ian. 12 and Feb- J6 MADIANA, 3,080 Tons, Feb 4. Including Bermuda and Porto Rico. A. E. OUTERBRIDGE & CO., Agents, QUEBEC STEAMSHIP COMPANY, L'T'D, 39 Broadway, New York. EUROPEAN WINTER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- 'llets on application. lrl Landsee. Proprietor. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladies' Foreign Tour. Restricted; highest re ferences. Address 111 K Mi toUl M.S. Lock Ha yen, Pa We buv and sell bills of exchange to and I FTTPPS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, nc Australia and South Africa; also make /•ncKi-r collections and issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Credits, available iu all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS& CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. SIGHTS AND SCENES IN IRELAND. With upwards of 100 full-page Illustrations. 1 vol., cloth, gilt edges. Price $5.00. For sale by all book 11 ii. re. Cassell & Company, Limited 7 and 9 West 18th St., New York. THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN AMERICAN LIFE. By Charles F. Thwing. 8vo, SI. 50. " This volume is the outcome of the deep thought and broad experience of an educator of learning and high repute in his profession, and the book is filled with information that renders it peculiarly valuable for reference."— The Cambridge Tribune. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 27 West 23d Street, New York. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at col cge. I'racth c In conversa- tion and thorough drill In Pronunciation ami t'.rammar. From Education, Boston: " A well-made scries. Teach- er! and pupils will find the three hooks helpful and In- teresting." K INDERGARTEN supplies

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Jan. 19, 1899] The ISTation. 111 THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL STATEMENT Jrfome J&fe Snaurance Co. CEORCE E. IDE, President. No. 256 Broadway, New York. JANUARY 1ST, 1899. ASSETS admitted by the Insurance Department State of New York $10 559,150 87 LIABILITIES ; Value of outstanding insurance $g 759,542 00 Value of Dividend Endowment Accumulations (deferred dividends) 527,066 00 Other Liabilities 119,574 85- 9,406,182 85 SURPLUS on basis of Assets admitted by the New York Insurance Department $1,152,968 02 INSURANCE IN FORCE : $45,574,381 00 INCOME IN 1898: Premiums $1,731,725 03 Interest, Rents and other Receipts 480 340 88 Total $2,212,065 91 DISBURSEMENTS IN 1898 : Total Payments to Policy-holders $1,126,848 01 Other Disbursements 545,397 23 Total $1,672,245 24 GAIN IN ASSETS. OAfN IN SURPLUS. GAIN IN NEW BUSINESS. GAIN IN PREMIUM INCOME. GAIN IN INSURANCE IN FORCE. tSF" The present value of Deferred Dividends is treated as a Liability and amounts to $527,066. WM. M. ST. JOHN, Vice-President. ELLIS W. GLADWIN, Secretary. W. A. MARSHALL, Actuary. P. W. CHAPIN. Medical Director. WM. O. LOW. Counsel. Old Books. Choice Books. Typography. Rare Books. Quaint Books. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list Issued. 364 pages, Hvo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s). PICKERING & CHATTO, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF Knackfuss' Series of Mono- graphs on Artists. Richly Illustrated. JUST OUT. 1. Raphael, $1.50. II. Holbein, $1.50. Others preparing. LEMCKE & BUECHNER, 8 1 2 Broadway, N. Y. PUBLISHERS. ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Books. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUMI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Rare Early English Literature, Early Printed Books in Black Letter. Ancient Artistic Bookbindings, rare Prints and Autographs, etc. Only fine specimens are dealtwlth. 211 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. TDOOKS.—All Out-of-print Books supplied, J-) no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the. world over as the most expert book tinders extant. Please state wants. BAKKk's GREAT BOOKSHOP, 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued every Saturday. Sent gratis by H. W. HAQEMANN, 160 5th Ave., New York. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law. Edited by the Faculty of Political Sciein'ce Vol. x. of Columbia University. Number i Rhode Island and the Formation of the Union. FRANK GREENE RATES. Ph.D., Sometime Fellow in American History, Assistant Professor op History and Political Science, Alfred University. Paper, 8vo. Price $1.50. e Buffalo Express describes this series as:— " Valuable contributions logically written and thorough." THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, > Copyright Office, Washington, D. C. i 1898. No. 64,037,— To wit: Be It remembered, That on the 12th day of November, 1898, Marie Taylor of New York City has deposited in this office the title of a book, the title or description of which is in the follow- ing words, to wit: " Joseph and His Friend. A Story of Pennsylvania. By Bayard Taylor. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons," the right whereof she claims as owner in eoDformity with the laws of the United States respect- ing copyrights. (Signed) JOHN P.USSEL YOUNG, Librarian of Congress. In renewal from November 12, 1898. MAYER & MULLER. Booksellers. 2 Prlnz Louis Ferdlnandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). Direct supply, at best terms, of GERM AN NEW A N'D SECOND-HAN' J J Books, PAMPHLETS, and PERIODI- CALS In any department of Learning mid Literature. Cheapest oppori.ii 11 it.11 for Libraries, I'rolcssors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues on application. Best references. at WM. R.JENKINS' Publisher, 851 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK. Complete Catalogue on applicaotln. FRENCH BOOKS ,Si1-rSKB5.*.£s, FOKEICN BOOKS Building, corner W< ~ Burton's Arabian Nights. THE BURTON SOCIETY will print, for private circulation among its members, a facsimile of the original edition of Burton's Arabian Nights. Full particulars on application. 18 Barth Block, - - - Denver, Colo. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT riR. ORANT. LIBERAL I Whenever you need a Book. DISCOUNTS, i address MR. ORANT. Before buying books, write for quotations. An assortment of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books, 23 W. 42D St., .... NEW YORK. [Mention ibis advertisement and receive, a discount,] T IVING AGE INDEX, 1844-1896.— 1^, Subscribers increasing, price considerably re- duced. K. Roth, 11S5 Pine St., Philadelphia.

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IV The ZSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1751 THE STORY OF FRANCE Just Ready Vol. I. $2.50 Vol. I. Vol II. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE CONSULATE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE By the Hon. THOMAS E. WATSON Cloth, 8vo Two Vols. From the Settlement by the Qauls to Jm, Kead, the Death of Louis XV. c.oth,8vo,$,.So In Preparation. Mr. Watson's treatment of history is from a new and entirely modern point of view. The well-known poli- tical leader says in his Preface that it has been his purpose to lay before his readers " a clear narrative of the gra- dual development of a great people. ... to note the varying forms of government, to trace the ancient origins of modern laws and customs, to mark the encroachments of absolutism upon popular rights to describe the long continued struggle of the many to throw off the yoke of the few to emphasize the corrupting influence of the union between Church and State; to illustrate once more the blighting effects of superstition, ignorance, blind obedience, unjust laws, confiscation under the disguise of unequal taxes, and a systematic plunder year by year of the weaker classes by the stronger." The author is in very keen sympathy with the mass of the people, and for the first time we have the historical point of view of the laborer and mechanic told in a style that is bold, racy, and unconventional. It is a vigorous and democratic prese?itation of history. NEPV BIOGRAPHIES Henry A. Wise The Life of Henry A. Wise. By his Grandson, Barton H. WrsE, of the Richmond, Virginia, Bar. Ready in February. $2.50 Prominent in the history of the South, Minister to Brazil, Momber of Congress during exciting times, and Governor of Virginia at the time of the John Brown raid, his Life is of unusual value and interest. Cavour By the Countess Evelyn Maktinengo Cesakesco. Foreign Statesmen Series. Crown 8vo, cloth, 75 cents Delia Rocca The Autobiography of a Veteran: 1807- 1893. By General Count Enrico Del- la Rocca. Translated from the Italian and Edited by Janet Ross. Portrait. 8vo, cloth, $2.50 Michael Faraday Mis Life and Work. By Silvanus P. Thompson, D.S.C., P.R.S. With a Portrait and other Illustrations. Cen- tury Science Series. i2mo, cloth. Price, $1.25 IN PRESS R. H. Quick The Life and Remains of Rev. R. H. Quick. Edited by F. Storr, Editor of The Journal of Education (London). Cloth, cr. 8vo. In Press HISTORY AND ECONOMICS The History of Mankind By Professor Friedrich Ratzel. Trans- lated from the Second German Edition by A. J. Butler, M.A. With colored Plates, Maps, and Illustrations, Vol- ume III. 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top, $4.00 It is the most comprehensive work of its kind, and is now made accessible to readers of English. To the anthropologist it is of the greatest value, and to all readers as a general reference work. European History An Outline of Its Development. By George B. Adams, Professor of His- tory, Yale University. Fully illustrated. Crown 8vo A History of Greece For High Schools and Academies. By George Willis Botsford, Ph.D., Har- vard University, author of "Develop- ment of the Athenian Constitution." Cr. 8vo Spain Its Greatness and Decay (14 79- 1788.) By Martin A. S. Hume, Editor of the Calendars of Spanish State Papers, Au- thor of "The Year After the Armada, " "Philip II.," etc. With an Introduc- tion by Edward Armstrong. With Maps. Cambridge Historical Series. i2mo, cloth. Price, $1.50 net The Development of English Thought A Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. By Simon N. Patten, University of Pennsylvania. The Story of Old Fort Loudon A Tale of the Cherokees and the Pio- neers of Tennessee, 1760. By Charles Egbert Craddock, Author of "The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun- tain, etc. " Illustrated byC. P. Peixoi- to. Cloth, i2mo, $1.50 The Underground Rail= road From Slavery to Freedom. By Wilbur H. Siebert. Associate Professor of Eu- ropean History, Ohio State University. Very fully Illustrated with Portraits, Views. Facsimiles, and Maps. About 500 pp. Cloth extra, cr. 8vo, $4.00 LI. LivresduGouverne= ment des Rois A Thirteenth Century French Edition of Egidio Colonna's famous treatise, which is now published for the first time (aside from the early Latin editions). Edited by Samuel Molenaer, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, formerly Fellow of Columbia University. Columbia Uni- versity Press. Cloth, cr. 8vo, $3.00 net Send for a Catalogue of Books Published between Dec. 75, 1897, and Dec. 75, 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, - = NEW YORK.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JANUARY 19, 1899. The Week. Mr. Dingley's death removes from the House a type of man too rarely found in its membership. He owed his place and influence there to no brilliant qualities of oratory or leadership, but to the solid and somewhat plodding characteristics of a business man devoting his time to public affairs. An absolute freedom from all demagogue's tricks, and a per- sonal integrity which was never ques- tioned, gave him the unfailing respect of his constituents and colleagues. Such a quiet and steady confidence as was re- posed in him is, after all, a finer per- sonal tribute than the more demonstra- tive admiration which a showy man often evokes. As leader of the House, Mr. Dingley was a success very much as that other business man, W. H. Smith, was a success as leader of the House of Commons; that is to say, without any fireworks, but with tact and patience, he applied himself to the business in hand and got it done. His economic ideas, such as they were, never had a fair chance to be embodied into law, as the unhappy tariff measure with which his name is unfortunately associated was notoriously forced upon him, in its more flagrant schedules, against his judgment. The ferocious warfare already aflame be- tween the rival beneficiaries of the wool clauses of his bill is one melancholy proof more of the hopelessness of mak- ing a "satisfactory" and stable protec- tive tariff. It was said of Burke that he studied national commerce with a zeal as great as if he were to receive a com- mission on each transaction. Mr. Ding- ley was also, in his sphere and with his limitations, a serious student of finance and trade; and the disappearance of one of the lessening number of pur public men of that class cannot but be regard- ed, whether we agree with him or not, as a real loss. From the military point of view, Gen. Eagan's extraordinary attack upon Gen. Miles would prove a blessing in disguise if it could arouse the President and Con- gress to a realization of what the real trouble with the army is. Every military text-book of any value lays down as the fundamental theory of army organiza- tion a system of accountability by which every soldier and officer is subordinate and responsible to some one else, up to the commanding officer, upon whom rests the final responsibility for the army's ef- ficiency and value as a fighting machine. This vital principle, never fully carried out in this country, because of the pecu- liar position of the civilian Secretary of War, has practically been abandoned ever since President Grant reduced the position of the Commanding General to a mere sinecure, gave the Secretary of War powers never intended for him, and made the Adjutant-General really the most influential officer of the army, in- stead of merely the military secretary of the Commanding General, as he should be. As a result of this we have the pre- sent situation, in which staff generals like Eagan not only pay no attention to the Commanding General, but actually dclare themselves totally independent of his authority. One need only think of what would happen to any large dry- goods house which let every chief of department run his part of the business independently of the others and of the firm, to see how utterly preposterous it is to try to run a great national depart- ment, let alone a military one, upon such principles. Yet our much-vaunted ex- pansion, with its promised increase of efficiency in all departments of the Gov- ernment, has brought us no nearer to army reform than the drafting of a bill which intensifies and increases every evil in existence, and which, in view of the fact that we have European experi- ence to draw upon, may justly be called a monumental piece of ignorant and foolish legislation. The public has learned with great sat- isfaction that there is to be a trial by court-martial of Commissary-General Eagan. There is only one thing which could deepen the disgrace inflicted on the nation and the army by his conduct, and that is that it should go unpunish- ed, or should escape with nominal pun- ishment. It will doubtless be hard for President McKinley to be severe on one of his close coadjutors during the war, who was helping him to show that Alger had managed it well; but Eagan has left him no alternative. We do not recall any incident in the national history so well calculated to give foreigners a low idea of our morals, manners, and mili- tary discipline. When a staff officer can pass half an hour reading a paper of filthy abuse of his commanding officer, without interruption from a so-called "board of inquiry," it is no wonder that the Spanish Minister of Marine thought all our sailors would jump overboard when the fighting in the late war began. The thing to be done with Eagan, the only thing that will suffice, is to relegate him to private life, without ifs, buts, or "pulls." He cannot, or, at least, ought not to, be allowed to remain in the army. He has been there thirty years, and has apparently not learned the very rudi- ments of military discipline, or of civil decency. Each day furnishes fresh evidence that we are going to have a thorough discus- sion of the great issues involved in the Philippine question. For one thing, we have emerged from the period in which everybody "stood behind the President," and Mr. McKinley was encouraged to go ahead and do anything he liked because Republicans and Democrats alike were backing him up. What Mr. McKinley now does is subjected to scrutiny and criticism, as the conduct of the Ameri- can Executive should be and must be if he is not to become an irresponsible dic- tator. It no longer suffices to say, "The President has done so and so," because people no longer believe that the Presi- dent can do no wrong. On the contrary, public men do not hesitate to declare that in his recent action in regard to the Philippine situation Mr. McKinley has been guilty of usurpation of power. His supporters are forced to try to defend his action as within the prerogatives of the Executive, instead of devoting them- selves to fulsome praise of his patriotism and statesmanship. The proposed Philippine commission is not yet formally appointed, and the scope of its duties is still undetermined. One story represents that its work "will be purely of an economic, and not of a political, nature; it will not attempt to deal with the problem of government for the islands." Another says that it "will deal solely with the political questions involved in the conquest of the Philip- pines by the American forces." The Eve- ning Post's Washington correspondent offers what seems the most reasonable explanation, that "it is not intended to be a commission in the ordinary sense, but is designed by the President to act as a sort of advisory board, a local cabinet, as it were, to live in the Philippines and counsel him as to each new step in colonial development." Whatever the precise duties of this body may be, it is obvious that they must be most impor- tant and responsible. Nobody is fit to be a member of such a commission who is not a man of high character, of proved ability, of demonstrated discretion and judgment. Some at least of its members should, besides, possess knowledge of conditions in the East, and particularly of the Philippine archipelago, if such men can be found. Mr. McKinley's first choices for the three civilian members of the commission were President Schur- man of Cornell University, who is to be its chairman, Prof. Dean C. Worcester of the University of Michigan, and Charles Denby of Indiana. It seems high praise, and yet we think it is the simple truth to say that this i8 an ideal commission for the object in view. It would be hard to pick out three men in the United States who are so well qualified in every

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38 Tlie INTatioix [Vol. 68, No. 1 75 1 way for so responsible and delicate a mission. The question of the need, the legality, even of the motive of this com- mission remains open. Is it another red- herring like the military board of in- quiry? The recent appointment of a profes- sional politician of Alabama to the con- sul-generalship at Singapore seems the more extraordinary and indefensible, be- cause the Administration had just had brought home to it the importance of having an able and discreet man in that position. Singapore is near enough Ma- nila to make the representative of our Government there always liable to be involved in the complications of the Philippine question. It appears that early in June last Mr. Pratt, our late Consul-General there, received a delega- tion of Filipinos, who approached him as "the legitimate representative of the great and powerful American republic," referred to "the programme arranged between you and Gen. Aguinaldo in this port of Singapore," and expressed the "hope that the United States will effi- caciously second the programme and se- cure to us our independence under the protection of the United States." In his reply Mr. Pratt accepted the implication that he enjoyed practically absolute pow- er in the premises, and said, among other things: "When, six weeks ago, I learned that Gen. Aguinaldo had arrived incognito in Singa- pore, I immediately sought him out. An hour's interview convinced me he was the man for the occasion, and, having communi- cated with Admiral Dewey, I accordingly arranged for him to join the latter, which he did, at Cavite. I am thankful to have been the means, though merely the accidental means, of bringing about the arrangement between Gen. Aguinaldo and Admiral Dewey which has resulted so happily. I can only hope that the eventful outcome will be all that can be desired for the happiness and welfare of the Filipinos." Immediately upon receiving news of this performance by our Consul-General at Singapore, Secretary Day of the State Department telegraphed a sharp re- buke, instructing him to "avoid unau- thorized negotiations" with the Philip- pine insurgents. In a longer communi- cation by mail, Mr. Day said plainly that there was "a feeling of disquietude and a doubt as to whether some of your acts may not have borne a significance and produced an impression which this Gov- ernment would be compelled to regret." Mr. Day pointed out that the address presented to Mr. Pratt by the Filipinos disclosed an understanding on their part that the object of Admiral Dewey was to support the cause of Aguinaldo, and that the ultimate object of our action was to secure the independence of the Philippines, "under the protection of the United States"; and that Mr. Pratt's -re- ply did not repel this implication, while it represented that Gen. Aguinaldo was "sought out" by him. The Secretary said also: "Your further reference to Gen. Aguinaldo as 'the man for the oc- casion,' and to your 'bringing about' the 'arrangement' between Gen. Agui- naldo and Admiral Dewey 'which has re- sulted so happily,' also represents the matter in a light which causes appre- hension lest your action may have laid the ground of future misunderstanding and complications." All this showed that Mr. Pratt was unfit for his place. But it also showed that his successor should be a man who was conspicuously quali- fied for it by ability, character, and proved discretion. Instead of selecting such a man, however, the President has treated this responsible position as a "plum," to be given to a Republican "worker" in Alabama. Senator Hanna's ship-subsidy bill sticks unaccountably on the stocks. With his sic jtibco upon it, and with the pru- dently arranged endorsement of it by the President in his message, one would have expected the measure not only to have been launched by this time, but to be well on its way to its desired haven. To drop nautical metaphors, several ugly obstacles have been discovered in Mr. Hanna's path. One of them is a revival, of the fine idea of a bounty on agricultural exports, and a crafty plan to hitch that wagon to the star of the shipping-subsidy bill. Senator Hans- brough has already moved it as an amendment to the Hanna bill. No one could hold that it is not germane. Bounty for bounty, one on wheat exported is as fair as one on ships, and would go to far more necessitous folk than the other. There is a chance for beautiful argument on it, anyhow, and the session is slipping away. All told, therefore, in spite of the superior airs of Mr. Hanna, and notwithstanding his enlisting the services of a literary bureau and "plate- matter" to speed his bill, we do not look to see this particular form of expan- sion of the profits of good Republicans become law just yet. The Governor of Vermont failed in his first effort to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Morrill; the vete- ran lawyer whom he originally picked out being constrained by family reasons to decline the place. Gov. Smith, how- ever, stuck to the principle which had dictated the choice of Mr. Fifield, and has now found a man of the same type who will accept the office until the Le- gislature shall fill it in the fall of 1900. Chief Justice Ross of the Supreme Court was born in 1826, a few months earlier than Senator Hawley, and will regard his temporary incumbency of the place as the crown of a long and honorable career, rather than as a stepping-stone to a period of permanent service as a national legislator. His appointment as Senator calls attention to the system of a virtual life tenure of the judgeships which prevails in Vermont under elec- tions of the whole Supreme bench by the Legislature every other year. He was chosen a justice in 1870, and has been re- elected as his term expired ever since, being promoted to the Chief Justiceship in 1890. As there is no age limit for judges in Vermont, he undoubtedly might have remained on the bench as long as health and inclination to work had continued. The senatorial contest in Connecticut has ended in the best way for the inte- rests of the State and for the cause of good politics. Gen. Hawley is immeasur- ably superior in character and standing to either of the Republicans who sought to supplant him; and his success repre- sents the wishes of the mass of Repub- lican voters, while a victory for either of his rivals would have represented wire-pulling and pipe-laying. Returning to the Senate for another six years, at an age when he cannot expect anything in politics beyond this term of the of- fice, Gen. Hawley ought to develop once more the independence of thought and action which distinguished him a quar- ter of a century ago, when he fought the force-bill policy of the extremists In his party. The Hawley of that pe- riod has disappeared of late years, but there ought to be the possibility of re- viving him, and it would be a good thing for the nation as well as the State if the end of his long political career should show him once more a spokesman of the New England intellect and conscience in the new issues which confront us. Mr. Depew was in a very happy frame of mind when the information reached him on Thursday that he had received the Republican caucus nomination for the Senate, which accounts for his treat- ment of the information as news. That was his little joke. He and the Old Man have known all about it for many weeks. It pleased him to say that he was special- ly gratinedattheunanimity of the caucus, but that was merely an outward indica- tion of the beautiful perfection of Piatt's system. If Piatt had told the Republi- can members, a minute before the cau- cus assembled, to drop Depew and hand a unanimous nomination to Odell, or Payne, or Quigg, or any other man, the order would have been obeyed without hesitation or friction. If there is any- thing to be proud of in unanimity of that sort, Piatt is the man to feel the pride. It is a fortunate thing for the State that he has been willing to exer- cise his power in favor of Mr. Depew, rather than of some far less competent person. Mr. Depew has sound views on the money question, as well as on many other subjects of importance, and he has the ability to express them. Whatever else he does to please Piatt, he will ne- ver acquiesce in the latter's fundamen-

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Jan. 19, 1899] The ISTation. 39 tal rule of legislative conduct — "Vote and don't talk." Senator Depew can be depended upon to talk. Everything that Gov. Roosevelt has proposed to do thus far is unassailable by the politicians, because it is so ob- viously in line with his preelection pledges and so directly in the interest of simple good government. He is scouring the State for the best men he can secure for all important places. He is advocating legislation in the best in- terest of the State, and he is also taking steps which will make all legislation so open and so strictly in accordance with legal requirements that no bad measures can be passed in ignorance of their real character. His recent action in regard to legislative methods, taken in accord- ance with a suggestion which was made to him by the City Club, is extremely valuable. He had a conference with the presiding officers of the two houses of the Legislature, and had an agreement reached that no bill should be considered by him which reached him without all amendments to and changes in existing laws made by it indicated plainly by italics. This is simply saying that the laws defining legislative procedure shall be obeyed, but it is none the less a dead- ly blow at a legislative practice which has been coming more and more steadily into use during the past few years, for the purpose of concealing the character of vicious legislation. Another equally valuable decision made at the conference was that all local, special, and private bills should be considered during the first two months of the session, and not left to be "jammed through" in the rush of the closing hours. Anybody familiar with what is known as the "legislative business," knows that in these two ways the Governor has interfered seriously with the business of legislative jobbers of all kinds, and it is not surprising, therefore, that threats of trouble should be audible from the persons who are thus afflicted. It is a little cruel to his Mayor for Mr. Croker to assume so openly as he does, in his various addresses to the public, full responsibility for the city govern- ment. He takes upon himself the task of explaining all matters of municipal policy, taxation, improvements, higher municipal salaries, everything. The Mayor is ignored as completely as if he were of no more importance in the gov- ernment than Mr. Croker's bootblack. Not only does Croker assume the powers and duties of the Mayor, but of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the Municipal Assembly, and of the heads of departments. He is, as Quigg would say, "the whole thing." The seat of municipal government is not in the city hall, but in the Croker Club in Fifth Avenue. This is the "larger measure of borne rule" which our new charter has. secured for us. A few weeks ago the two houses of the Municipal Assembly, which were, you will remember, to be the em- bodiment of this larger home-rule spirit in the charter, presumed for a few ses- sions to delay the progress of some Tam- many measures. Mr. Croker addressed a public rebuke to the members for ne- glect of duty. The consequence was that at the next session every one of the mea- sures was passed with a "rush." Home rule has seldom had a more signal tri- umph. In view of the enormous boon which the charter has been to him, it seems ungrateful for Croker to say that our increase in taxation is due to the immense debt which consolidation heap- ed upon us. Where would he be to-day without the "fundamental advantages of consolidation"? He might be forced to live abroad all the time, or even to work for a living. Frederic Harrison does not agree with Mr. Chamberlain that the best way to secure domestic reforms is to assume crushing foreign burdens. In his an- nual address the other day before the Positivist Society, he refused to say any- thing about internal politics and home affairs, because they "had come to an end." "Imperial expansion," remarked this antiquated philosopher, "meant do- mestic stagnation. It swallowed up the energies of Liberalism and bartered pro- gress for glory." Mr. Harrison pointed to the deplorable condition of the Li- beral party, now a rabble without lead- er or discipline or a flag, and asked what was the cause of the disintegration and demoralization. He replied with truth that it was imperialism which had bro- ken up the party. On such a question it was impossible to play fast and loose — to have a party "one half Radical buff and the other half Jingo scarlet." It was not possible to ease the burdens of the masses at home as long as more square miles of tropical wilderness were added every year to their load. It was certain that their internal problems would never be solved by bubble-specu- lators and empire-gamblers who were teaching the people to ask, "What do we get out of Uganda and Wei-Hai-Wei?" These opinions of Mr. Harrison are not, of course, worth the attention of any American for one moment. The only Englishmen we should listen to at this hour are the men who are giving us the advice which Bismarck gave France — to go madly to colonizing; with what re- sults we see. Sir William Harcourt did not pound away at Romish practices in the Church of England in vain. He has succeeded in stirring up the authorities, both to a recognition of the existence of illegal ceremonies and to threats to proceed against offenders. The Archbishop of York has issued a pastoral in which he speaks of complaints over "the introduc- tion of services which are in no way authorized by the Prayer-Book," and which are "Roman in character." Then this prelate proceeds to specify no less than twelve ritualistic practices which he says are condemned by the episcopate — including unauthorized holy days, the use of incense, asperging, burning can- dles before pictures, invocation of angels or the Virgin, and "habitual confession." As the Ritualists are made of martyr stuff, there will doubtless be prosecu- tions. Lord Salisbury has said that it is the duty of the bishops to restrain their clergy, and that, if they do not do it, they themselves "ought to be punished." This gave Harcourt a chance for a truly Salisburian retort. Asking how the dere- lict bishops were to be punished, he re- called the short work which Salisbury's ancestor made of recusant ecclesiastics in Queen Elizabeth's time, but added: "Other days, milder manners. Lord Sa- lisbury would not, like Burleigh, suspend a Romanizing prelate — he has only pro- moted him." This refers, of course, to Salisbury's recent appointment of a Ri- tualist to the see of London. All told, Sir William is justifiably complacent over the storm he has blown up. But no poli- tical consequences of moment will fol- low, unless, as Dr. Guinness Rogers says, Harcourt is willing to go the length of proposing Disestablishment. Then, in- deed, the Nonconformists would be roused. The French judge, M. Beaurepaiie, who has torn off his gown and flung away his wig and joined the anti-Drey- fus mob, is evidently a man who has long been uneasy on the bench. He is not going to wait, as Lord Eldon did, to the end of his life to regret that he had not begun life as an agitator, but breaks off his judicial career while yet there is time. His abuse of his late colleagues seems to be only a mass of incoherent suspicion. We begin to see what kind of poison is at work in him, however, when we read that he felt "stabbed to the heart" when the judges actually dared to cross-examine the brave officers who came to swear that Dreyfus was guilty — they would sweai it because they were sure of it; in fact, they thought so. This judge, haranguing and foaming at the mouth, is one of the alarming signs of the times in France. We need not flatter ourselves that we are wholly without his kind. The same judge of the United 'States Supreme Court who made a stump speech from the bench at the time of the income- tax decision, and who may yet have to pass judicially on Philippine annexation, discussed that question before a Wash- ington audience on Wednesday week, and told them that "we have reached a period when we do not care what any nation on earth thinks about our poli- tics."

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40 The N"ation [Vol. 68, No. 1751 SIGNS OF A HALT. Only yesterday we were afraid that large numbers of the Filipinos would be killed by the American forces for not obeying the perfectly arbitrary com- mands of William McKinley. The isl- ands had been in revolt against the Spaniards for two centuries, and ac- cording to us, justifiably in revolt. Ad- miral Dewey found them in revolt, and availed himself of the services of the rebels against Spain, as far as he could. In fact, we gave them every reason to believe that one of our objects in destroying the Spanish fleet and taking possession of Manila, was to deliver the islands from Spanish rule, in the same way that we said we were delivering Cuba. Our repeated assertions that our object in seizing Cuba was to enable it to set up a stable government of its own, undoubtedly reached the Filipinos, and were read by them, particularly the de- claration of the revered McKinley that any other object would be "criminal ag- gression." Of course, said they, if the seizure of Cuba would be "criminal ag- gression," so would the seizure of the Philippines, whose inhabitants are quite as fit for self-government as the Cubans, and have given as serious proofs of dis- like to Spanish rule. We may imagine, therefore, with what astonishment they must have read Pre- sident McKinley's proclamation to them, a few days ago, through Gen. Otis. It took not the slightest notice of any rights on the part of the people of the islands, except what we were gracious- ly pleased to accord them — no recog- nition of their long struggle against Spain, no recognition of their long suf- ferings under her rule, no acknowledg- ment of their fitness for self-government, not the slightest intimation of any de- sire on our part to assist them in set- ting one up. He declared unblushingly that by the treaty of peace between the tJnited States and Spain — not the Fili- pinos—"the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Isl- ands are ceded to the United States," in "fulfilment of the rights of sovereign- ty thus acquired," said the unconscious wag. At the time this document was sent to the Philippines the treaty had not been ratified, hence, for legal pur- poses, did not exist. The annexation of the islands to the United States was the act of William McKinley solely; the sovereignty, the acquisition of which he announced, was acquired by him solely; the threats of "severity" and "firmness" which he gave forth, were the threats of William McKinley solely. There was, too, a dreadful obscurity about what they meant. Sent as they were through a military commander, it is fair to suppose that they meant slaughter and the burning of towns be- longing to a people who have never in- jured us, who had never heard of McKin- ley until a few months ago, and who would be killed simply for desiring to be free. According to the Hon. Whitelaw Reid's paper, they were to be treated as "children" after fighting for freedom for several generations. The proclamation was modelled on those which Napoleon Bonaparte used to issue to his conquered provinces, and the sole authority Mr. McKinley could show for it, except that of a military commander, was that of crowds at railway stations, and visions or dreams of his own about "Duty" and "Destiny." It must be a great joy and relief to many to see that his policy is at last beginning to undergo discussion. The debate in the Senate appears to be a revival of the old art of government, as understood by the founders of the Republic. This question of annexation and "glory-crowned heights" is being dragged out of the puddle of sentimen- tality in which it has been rolling for months. The old question of the Roman military commander, "Quis jussit?" — Who ordered you to do this?— a ques- tion which should never be allowed to sleep in a constitutional state for one hour, again begins to be asked. Who has authorized President McKinley to threaten a friendly people with slaughter and devastation if they do not obey him? How did Spain come to be able to trans- fer islands she did not possess? How did we come to profess sympathy with and offer help to 10,000,000 of people, for their liberation from a bated yoke, while concealing from them the fact that our real intention was to conquer them for our own use and behoof? How did Spain come to have $20,000,000 worth of islands to sell to us when we had just denied her right to them, by taking them from her by force? One of the negotiators, Senator Gray, at Wilmington on Saturday, surrounded the whole matter with mystery. He said we "were now in a crisis," and that his "heart was full of anxiety," and that the President had enjoined on him "mag- nanimity towards a fallen foe." It ap- pears, too, that we have been overtaken by "unexpected conditions." What are these conditions? Why cannot the Ame- rican people be told what the trouble is? Senator Gray further said: "Duty cannot honorably be avoided be- cause it may bring pain or danger. Nor can responsibility always be evaded because o£ its burdens. That I sought in Paris by all honorable means to escape this responsi- bility does not matter now. It came to a point at last that we must either leave the islands to Spain, take them as we did, or break off negotiations and come home with- out a treaty of peace. In the last event the iruce would be broken and a state of active war would have been resumed." But why had war to be renewed? What was the war to be about, if it had been renewed? We had got Cuba and Porto Rico, which was all we claimed at the beginning of the war. We did not need any treaty to give us possession of them. Who was to urge us to begin the war again? Surely not Spain. How was she to fight, and what about? She remained in a normal state of war with her South American possessions for many years. Why could she not have remained in a similar state of paper war with us? The root of all this trouble and "anxi- ety" is that we have been trying to make too big a thing of the whole af- fair, to figure as great conquerors and "destiny and duty" men in order to exalt somebody's horn, without the slightest occasion. If these great men in Paris had found out what kind of place the Philippines were before they bought them, and found out whether the Spa- niards could deliver them, and then had left it to Congress to decide whether an enterprise so opposed to our habits and traditions as their annexation should be entered on at all, all this groaning and "anxiety" might have been avoided. That the President should have entered headlong on such a very Asiatic business as annexing Asiatic pro- vinces, and issuing Asiatic proclama- tions to conquered peoples who had nev- er acknowledged his rule, without con- sulting Congress or any representative of the American people except crowds at railway stations, we can only ascribe to the flattery he has been receiving ever since the outbreak of the war. It has not been simply ludicrous; it has been most mischievous. It has not been the flattery offered to a great man in conse- quence of his exploits, like a book or a victory, but the blind, unreasoning flat- tery offered to the Sultan or the Shah because he has unlimited power. OMDURMAN AND HAVANA. The first thing Kitchener had to do after marching into Omdurman was to march out again. It is a modern city, in the sense of having been entirely built within a dozen years, but the Cloaca Maxima could not have contained more filth or emitted worse stenches than this proud capital of the Khalifa. It was all very well to face a Dervish charge, but reeking Dervish streets and open sew- ers put the victorious army at once to flight. It had to camp outside until Om- durman could be cleaned into habitable shape. The work has been done by na- tives under the direction of British of- ficers. One of these, in command of 2,100 Baggaras, recently wrote home: "I am glad to be able to say that we have now so cleansed and civilized Omdur- man that we need no longer go about with scented handkerchiefs or re- volvers." There is more than a chance coinci- dence in the British having to do in an Arab city what we are at the same time having to do in a Spanish city. Havana is not Omdurman, yet the ideas of hy- giene and of religion which made either city a pest-hole are not dissimilar. There is, in truth, a clearly marked streak of Orientalism in the Spanish character. It may have come from contact with the Moors for hundreds of years, and from

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Jan. 19, 1899] The N'ation. 4,1 partial assimilation of Moorish blood and civilization. At any rate, it is a fact that Spaniards, more than the other La- tin races, have the true Oriental fatal- ism which begets indifference to public cleanliness, and teaches submission to the scourge of epidemic disease as to any other chastening instrument in the hands of Allah. Experienced travellers in the East have more than once, on first visiting Spanish-American countries, ex- pressed their surprise at seeing the Orient reproduced there in little. It was like being on the banks of the Euphrates again. Especially in this matter of pub- lic filth and public indifference to it have the Havanese, living over their clogged and poisonous cesspools, had a not dis- tant resemblance to the Dervishes sit- ting upon their muck-heaps in Khartum. The leading Spanish historian of Cu- ba, Jacopo de la Pezuela, betrays the true Spanish standpoint in these affairs. In the introduction to his 'Diccionario de la Isla de Cuba' (1863) he speaks of the destructive earthquakes to which Santiago has been subject as "punish- ments" by Providence, though he re- joices that God "does not display his anger against that part of the island, in so terrible a form, more than two or three times in a century." As for yel- low fever and intermittent fevers, Pe- zuela states that they increase and rage in the rainy season; yet the rains are "one of the wise means which the Crea- tor adopts to relieve the inhabitants from the effects of a burning sun." Hence yellow fever is really only an in- cidental evil of a beneficent dispensation of Providence, and to resist it or com- plain of it would be impious. This theological conception of disease is one which the Teutonic and Protes- tant world has been slow in outgrowing, if indeed it may be said yet to have outgrown it. Palmerston was thought guilty of irreverence when he told the delegation of clergy, in the terrible cho- lera year, that he would much rather appoint a day for general cleaning of drains than one for fasting and prayer. The idea so .universal in the Middle Ages that every form of personal mis- fortune, including disease and insanity, was a direct proof of divine displeasure, and an invitation to mend one's morals instead of his personal habits, has by no means disappeared even in what we call progressive communities. But the important difference is that, whatever the lingering superstitions of the people, the health authorities act upon scientific notions. Pray* and do penance all you please, they practically say, but first pu- rify your water supply and build tight sewers and kill the germs of disease in clothes and houses. In the Spanish-American world this overriding of religious theory by scienti- fic practice has never become establish- ed. Spaniards are more consistent in their inherited Orientalism than we are in ours. A good instance of the typical Spanish way of looking at deadly dis- ease was recently made public in Hava- na. In a single room which was let on one of the main streets, nine men died one after the other of yellow fever. Then the owner stopped renting it. It began to look to him as if the displeasure of Heaven rested on that chamber of death. There was something uncanny about it, and perhaps he had better take it as a sign not to persevere in seeking tenants. He might die of the fever himself next, to bring him to his senses. He would be warned in time. It never occurred to him that there was any direct connec- tion between infected bedding and walls and the series of deaths. Undoubtedly it is in this mental atti- tude of the inhabitants of Havana that Gen. Ludlow will find his greatest obsta- cle to putting the city into a hygienic condition. If people think the rules of the health board are all humbug, if not positively wicked, it will be difficult to make them obey. The temptation to have a little private heap of filth, or to re- tain a concealed cesspool as a kind of family heirloom, will be strong. In Om- durman, it appears," the British officers went about their work of cleansing with revolvers in their hands — whether to shoot violators of the health ordinances, or to make the scavengers do their work thoroughly, does not appear. Gen. Ludlow cannot do this, nor can he get Baggaras to clean Havana. But if he is given the power and the money, he can certainly work such a transformation in Havana as the British have made in Kingston; and he may know, for the gratification of his professional pride, that he that reduceth the death-rate by 50 per cent, is greater than he that tak- eth a city. THE CZAR'S DETAILS. The Czar's peace proposals, or plans for disarmament, as they were variously called, were necessarily vague in their first outlines. A few salient facts were set forth vividly— the crushing burden of military taxes; the fierce competition of rival Powers in endeavoring first to become the stronger; the rapid superses- sion of existing armaments by endless new inventions of more deadly weapons and explosives; and the immense drain of war on the vitality and resources of civilized nations. The remedy for all this could not, in the beginning, be de- finitely laid down. The Czar's first cir- cular letter was necessarily of the na- ture of a pious aspiration. War was admittedly a horrible and growing evil, and the Czar called upon Christendom to devise some effective measures to lessen it. This very indefiniteness was promptly seized upon by open apologists or se- cret lovers of war, who said that dis- armament, or any form of mitigating the awfulness of war, was a beautiful dream, but only a dream. There was no way of translating the heavenly vision into the language of this practical and self- ish world. Accordingly they consoled themselves, after the first few days of insincere praise of the Czar's good in- tentions, by confidently predicting that nothing would ever come of them. Well, the Czar evidently means to make a good fight for peace. He has recognized the element of truth in the assertion that a Congress must have definite proposals before it, and has sent a second cir- cular letter to the Powers suggesting definite bases for discussion. By an exchange of views on these suggestions before the Congress meets, the way will be prepared for useful diplomatic con- ference. We are glad to see that the programme put forth is modest. Small beginnings are desirable in so great a movement. Thus, a thorny question is at once ruled out by the notification that "nothing touching existing politicalrelations shall be discussed" in the coming peace con- gress. In this way one of the greatest difficulties brought up by the opponents of the project is met by ignoring it. How, they have asked, could you get Germany and France to discuss disarma- ment unless first the question of Alsace and revanche were settled? How could you get Great Britain to sit down and debate with Russia and Japan a plan for limiting their navies, unless the whole matter of the territorial carving up of the Orient were first disposed of? It is evident that a too ambitious programme, covering all these points, would be wrecked by fatal objections at the threshold. Let us not aspire to too great things at first, writes Count Muravieff. Passing by the enormous, the perhaps insoluble problems, let us begin with things upon which there is a probability of our usefully agreeing. His circular letter restricts itself, there- fore, to various proposals for making war less savage and for keeping down the future growth of armaments, and the burdensome taxes to pay for them, even if there is no present possibility of reducing existing armies and navies. All this sounds not at all like a dream- er; it is prosaic and practical enough. Especially strong is the appeal which the Czar makes to England, and which her rulers would have great difficulty in refusing, or in justifying themselves to the English people if they did refuse it. The avowed naval policy of Great Britain is to maintain a navy equal to any two which might be brought against it. Mr. Goschen openly explained in the House of Commons that the only reason he asked for increased naval grants was that the increase of the Russian and French fleets made it necessary for Eng- land to launch more war-ships. Very well, says the Czar, as if in direct answer to Lord Salisbury's request for a definite policy, I will agree to build no more bat-

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4=2 The Nation [Vol. 68. No. 1751 tie-ships for a given period, if you will, and if you will meet French and German delegates with mine in Brussels or Copenhagen and get an agreement of that kind entered into by all the great Powers. That, we say, is as definite and direct and practicable a plan as could be asked. It fits known conditions exactly, and the taxpayers of England and France will want to know the reason why it cannot be adopted. The other proposals contained in Count Muravieff's circular letter relate to new international sanctions for arbi- tration and to new international agree- ments intended to lessen the barbarities and sufferings of war. These all seem easily attainable. The terms of the Ge- neva convention — that is, recognizing the wounded and hospitals and surgeons and nurses as exempt from hostilities of any kind — might readily be extended, with some additions, as the Czar sug- gests, to naval warfare. The Brussels declarations of 1874 against the use of explosive bullets and bombardments of "open" towns could be expanded to cover other practices. There is more doubt about the Czar's suggestion that higher explosives or more deadly weapons than those now in use should be forbidden. If war must needs be, the right to put as many of the enemy as possible hors de combat as quickly as possible can hardly be limited. But, putting aside the more debatable matters, the details which the Czar has now advanced in furtherance of his first general proposal of last sum- mer, show that he is in earnest, and that he is applying himself practically to the business in hand. His new circular letter brings the world distinctly nearer a practical agreement to make war a less constant preoccupation of civilized men, rarer in occurrence, and more humane when it does occur. COLONIES AND WL' I TEA'S. The French have just found out what Is the matter with their colonies. Most of them are confessedly failures, a drain upon the nation instead of a source of strength to it, causes of endless expense and vexation and disappointment. Well, the trouble is that there has been no "li- terary propaganda" in connection with French colonial projects. Only consider, writes Gaston Deschamps, how inferior I lie French have been to the English in this respect. Kipling's songs and tales send Anglo-Saxon colonists by the hun- dred to British possessions every year; but what French poet has sung the glo- ries of conquering the Malagassies, what French novelist has painted the attrac- tions of life in Dakar or Kotonu? Lucki- ly, a beginning of better things has been made. A man has been found who is go- ing to change all that. Gen. Trentinian, Lieutenant-Governor of the French Su- dan, has just left Paris, and on his staff he proudly announces that he has ap- pointed a writer. Yes, and this ccrirain is going out strictly to ccrire. He is go- ing not only to study but to "write up" the resources of the French Sudan, and in this way, declares the pleased Des- champs, will Gen. Trentinian "utilize for his colony the immeasurable forces which shape and lead public opinion." It truly seems a happy inspiration. If there is anything France is "long" of, it is writers. She has no crowding popu- lation of peasants or artisans to relieve by colonization, but on the boulevards of Paris alone enough writers could be caught to fit out a thousand colonies, each with its poet or feuilletonist. But we fear they can scarcely be induced to go. They will prefer to stay and go on with their graceful raillery of those who go. M. Alfred Capus, for example, has no more frequent theme for his wit in the Figaro than the huge joke of French colonies, the infinite stupidity of the colonist who goes out thinking that the country's distant possessions are intended to be actually cultivated and developed instead of merely an excuse for appointing more prefects and admi- nistrators. This is much better fun, be- sides being easier, than fighting one's way through African swamps and jun- gles. And what chance would there be, in Madagascar or on the Niger, to ex- perience that keenest of French literary delights — haranguing a mob and march- ing off with them to demand that some- body be spit upon? M. Deschamps is unquestionably right, however, in emphasizing the part which English writers have played and still play in English colonization. They are, of course, an effect rather than a cause. They write because there are strong and populous and expanding English colo- nies; and it is not their literary propa- ganda which has made the colonies suc- cessful, as the French colonies are to be as soon as the proper number of 6crivains are turned loose on them. But as a means of arousing interest in the colo- nies, and even of exciting enthusiasm about them, the English poets and story- tellers and travellers who have produc- ed so extensive and so excellent a colo- nial literature have filled a unique role. The note of imperialism in English poet- ry, for example, has been struck with in- creasing clearness in the past few years. Even the Laureate smites the foe with his tin sword. Mr. Newbolt and a host of lesser imitators of Kipling are all the while striking the imperialistic lyre. This literary tendency both reflects and incites a current political tendency. One has but to recall, in addition, the swarm- ing books of exploration and adventure and description, and the accounts of mi- litary expeditions, all relating to English colonies, or to lands soon to be made English colonies, to see how much there is in Gaston Deschamps's contention as respects the English colonizing system. It is necessary, though naturally pain- ful to us, to make a distinction here be- tween writers and journalists. "I beg you, my friend," said an old sea-dog of a French Admiral, to whom Deschamps broached his views, "ne me parlez pas dcs fournalistes !" They have, indeed, a way of throwing all military men into a rage, which makes their task of describing the glories of shooting na- tives a difficult one. Kitchener agiees thoroughly with Wolseley in regarding the newspaper correspondent as a dead- ly enemy. The gentlemen of the press who went with him to Khartum were forced to respect him, but, oh, how they hated him. He would give them no news. He censored or suppressed their dispatches. He treated them as con- spirators against the peace and safety of the army. If there was any face-slap- ping to do, he would attend to it. This is an old tradition in the English army. Wellington hated the slow-coach cor- respondents of his day. He complained bitterly to the authorities that every officer in his army in Spain who could write, or who had a friend at home who could read, was engaged in sending off letters about the strength and dis- position of the army which were sure to get into the newspapers, and so into the hands of the French. Now what we have to observe is that most of the writers we have had at work on our new colonies are journalists. We cannot see, however, that they have done much to make our colonial system pure and strong. When with the army, they spent their time showing up the incompetence of the officers; and since the peace, they have devoted themselves to blowing up every rumor of differences between military commanders into swol- len and portentous stories. We suspect that most of our military authorities could as easily be thrown into a rage by the word "journalist" as was the French Admiral. As for our other writers about the war and our new possessions, it seems to us that they are slightly over- doing it, even in this iterative world. There are those who, after having read a thing first in the dispatches, then in an official report, then heard it lectur- ed about and gossiped over for some months, will shy at the last rechauffe of it in a magazine. But we are assured that the sales are simply tremendous, and that is a complete answer. The real comfort, however, is that if it is writers that we need to make our colonies a howling success, we need have no fear. We back our own — either for glory or for "copy" — against the»writers of "any nation on earth," as we are now taught to say in all our prayers and speeches and judicial opinions. INDIA CONVALESCENT. Yale University, January 14, 1899. During the last year India has rested quietly, sloughing oft the mottled skin of

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Jan. 19, 1899] The Nation 43 plague, famine, and war. After a time there will come another famine, very probably an- other plague, and, if the hopes of some ar- dent Anglo-Indians are realized, another war. Doubtless these are all beneficial to the country, and answer the same purpose in India as does the annual overflow of rivers in China, though the latter method of re- moving the superfluous population is less costly to the state. But from the point of view of a new year's inventory, our in- terest lies rather in the immediate results of these scourges as shown on the survivors. Some of these results are very curious. Free speech and freer writing have been the boast of India since the country has be- come Anglicized. As may be imagined, none welcomed the novel privilege more than they who had been tongue-tied through centuries of oppression. To be allowed to attack Gov- ernment through virulent speech was a rare joy to those unable to show enmity in overt acts. So, as the plague continued, and the British Eaj began to show signs of weaken- ing and hesitated to continue that stringent policy which, in the first year of the Great Death, had almost overcome the disease, the recalcitrant native felt encouraged to speak. At first he did not venture to talk open treason. The Gujarati dailies, published in the vernacular and in English, praised Gov- ernment in honeyed speech, and counselled submission to all the strange fads of sanita- tion and inspection— in English; while in pa- rallel columns the native was urged in his own dialect, which the editors fondly be- lieved no Englishman would read, to evade the outrageous laws newly passed, and be true to the customs of his fathers, or, in other words, to resist all police interference. No notice was taken of this. But as month after month passed, the language against Government became stronger, till at last the climax came in the inflammatory speeches and editorials of one of the Poona agitators, who, as a warlike Mahratta, dared more than did the double-tongued Gujarati. The final word was spoken by Tilak, a man known in Europe and America as a Sanskrit scholar, in India as a dangerous malcontent. Tilak evidently thought that the time had come to fling aside the mask. In giving a laudation of the Mahratta chieftain-god Shivaji (whom the Mahrattas are just now endeavoring to turn from a dastardly human into a national divine hero), the eminent Sanskritist said in effect: "Down with the British; now is the moment to act. Our people are already inflamed with hatred. They see their social customs disregarded, their religious scruples ignored; they are ready for revolution. Let it come; strike now." He had scarcely spoken when the British were attacked in Poona: an assassin slew an English lieutenant; an- other officer was gravely wounded. Then the British woke up, applied their usual rule of thumb to the break in the machinery, convicted Tilak of treason, sent him to jail, passed a law that stopped free speech of that nature, and returned to polo and the suppression of plague. The Gujarati editors hastened to say that of course anything trea- sonable should be suppressed, and only the indomitable Mahrattas continued to snarl a little, though they muffled their tongues, for they saw that the lion had not yet become decrepit. This, then, has been the direct result of the plague. It remains to be seen whether the new law of treasonable speech will be applied to the members of the Indian Con- gress, but they, though malcontent enough, have always been more guarded in their lan- guage, and a western Mahratta will rush in where a Bengali Babu fears to tread. Of the plague itself there is something new to relate. In the first place, few people here know that the plague is now in its third year, and that it raged last year more de- structively than in 1896-97. After the first ex- citement, when interest in the subject began to pall, little was reported in the papers; but though no longer an attractive feature of journalism, the plague quietly persisted, and in its second year slew more than in its first, simply through covering a wider area. While not leaving Bombay, it ran across to Calcut- ta, and then spread south, so that the whole country has gradually become infected. This winter it seems to be slowly dying out, as did the plague in Athens in its third year. The most interesting fact brought out of late in connection with the disease is that in all probability it came from Kumaon in the Hi- malayas. Bubonic plague is endemic there, and it has recently been proved that some three hundred pilgrims from Kumaon visited Bombay just before the plague broke out, re- siding chiefly in those wards of the city af- terwards most sorely smitten. Famine has left little trace in India besides a deepening of ever-present distress. Peo- ple who have absolutely nothing but their lives to lose are not much affected by fa- mine's aftermath of poverty. This has struck hardest at the tradespeople in the great cities, and at Government, which has suf- fered severely from the drain on its re- sources. The peasants themselves, the bulk of the population, are now, with a new year of good crops, as well off as they were before — that is to say, they are diseased, heavily in debt, and generally hungry, their normal condition. Some of the charitably disposed Americans who sent corn to India may be interested to know that the Hindus of the Central Provinces were so much pleased with the new grain that they planted what they could spare, and are now raising crops of In- dian maize for the first time. If this cereal can get along without rain for four or five months it may prove a success, but it is rather a pity that the experiment was not tried first in the Punjab, where there is an excellent system of irrigation. It is somewhat remarkable that plague, famine, earthquake, and war are mentioned by Thucydides as characterizing the same period at Athens, and that these should also have characterized the late distress in In- dia. Plague and famine arrived hand in hand; then came the worst earthquake known in recent years; and before the year 1897 was over occurred the Tirah war, where more fighting was done and more hardships endured than the army of the Sirdar in Egypt could boast of in all its long me- thodical campaign. But to speak only of the outcome of this expedition, the fancied pun- ishment and consequent suppression of the border tribes have not quite answered ex- pectation. The Mad Mulla has but lately risen again, and where all was supposed to be repressed an active antagonism has again shown itself. To subdue this will, however, be a task of no magnitude. But it is strange that the British are so long in learning their lesson. There is but one thing to do— take the land and hold it, get rid of the nation of "buffer-tribes," and treat the Afridis as the Punjabis were treated. The former too would soon make a better buffer as an in- tegral part of the empire than as a hostile host of blackmailers. For it is notorious that the only way the British have been able to keep a semblance of order on their north - western trade route is to allow themselves to be regularly blackmailed: so much salary annually to every Afridl blackleg who will abstain from attacking a British caravan. The little war, as wara are reckoned there, is over; but the war-spirit has been aroused, and advices from India recount its latest manifestation. An officer of the Government has just proclaimed that it is high time to seize Thibet. This extraordinary proposal has created no little excitement. Is it only an absurd suggestion, or is it an untimely revelation, the latest instance of that new diplomacy which consists _ in blurting out what had better been left unsaid? Time will show. Meanwhile, the superior officers of the audacious speaker are very angry. He has already been reminded that when an officer criticised the Tirah campaign at Simla last summer he was forced to apologize, and was told that no criticism of governmental policy was permissible to a subordinate. Is there no way of stopping the mouths of these in- discreet persons? (they seem to say). But, in its manly directness, the suggestion must rouse envy in the bosom of every American forced to find a philanthropic motive for war and eager for trade. "What are we sit- ting here for, doing nothing?" queries the indignant official. "We ought not to let our soldiers rust out, now that the Tirah cam- paign is over. We ought to take Thibet. It would make a capital summer-resort; it would be a defence against possible aggres- sion on the part of Russia; and, finally, they all drink tea up there, and it would open a first-rate market to our Indian teas." Sim- ple, strong, and effective. No altruistic mo- tive is urged. It is not even proposed to Christianize the Thibetans. The British are to ravage the country ("a small army of about 20,000 would suffice," says the elo- quent pleader), build sanitariums, and es- tablish a tea-market. After reading so much about our mission abroad, it is refreshing to hear some one talk business and not even_ mention philanthropy. Washburn Hopkins. A MEMOIRIST OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. Paris, December 28, 1898. Memoirs on the period of the Second Em- pire are already beginning to appear, such is the curiosity of our time; but it can be prophesied that they will some day be all the more numerous because there was no liberty of the press under the reign of Na- poleon III. For the present, there are but few original documents on that period. We have the Memoirs of Gen. Fleury, who was one of the chief artisans of the Coup d'etat of December 2; the Memoirs of M. de Mau- pas, the prefect of police. M. Thouvenel has published a part of the Memoirs of his father, who was Minister of Foreign Af- fairs. We shall probably have the Me- moirs of M. Thiers and many others, which will throw some light on the most obscure portions of the second half of our century. The Marquis Philippe de Massa, brother of the present Duke de Massa, descends from R6gnier, who was made by Napoleon the first Duke de Massa. He has published a volume, 'Souvenirs et Impressions, 1840- 1871,' which has met with much success. Philippe de Massa was an officer in the French army, who rose to the rank of chef

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4,4= The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 175: d'escadron, and became attached to the Em- peror Napoleon. He was born at the begin- ning of the reign of Louis-Philippe, in the paternal house which had belonged to the grand-juge Regnier. This hdtel, given to RGgnier by the Emperor, was in the Rue de Choiseul near the Boulevard, in a quarter which, at that time, still had gardens. The recollections of M. de Massa's youth are not without interest. He remembers see- ing in the court of the hotel the fine equi- pages of Marshal Suchet, of the Countess Duchatel, of Madame Thiers (M. Thiers was related by marriage to M. de Massa's older brother) ; the youngmen of fashion made their visits on horseback or in cabriolets. "Society was divided into two camps: on the right bank of the Seine, the Court party was composed of the high bourgeoisie and the financiers, who lived chiefly in the Faubourg St. Ho- nore and the Chaussfie d'Antin; on the left bank, the Legitimist party sulked in its hotels in the Faubourg St. Germain." M. de Massa remembers well the return of the re- mains of Napoleon, brought by the Prince de Joinville from St. Helena. "The men of my generation," he says, "have not forgotten the popularity which this mission gained for the Prince, who justified it so well afterwards before Tangier and Mogador. What I remember, also, with gratitude, is that the Prince, by a delicate at- tention, distributed some souvenirs of the island to the families for whom such relics were to be the object of profound veneration. My mother, who was lady-in-waiting to the Princesses, his sisters, received from his hands and bequeathed to us a stone from the imperial tomb and a branch of the willow planted over it." Young Massa enlisted in the spahis in Af- rica. Each squadron of spahis is recruited in the region. The officers and non-com- missioned officers are half French, half Af- rican. The soldiers are all Arabs, living near the barracks in family groups (sma- lahs), with their own tents and horses. Massa was incorporated in the squadron of Batna, which was then a small place on the border of the French occupation. Among the officers he found Paul de Molenes, who ac- quired afterwards some literary reputation by his military stories, and Jules GSrard, the famous lion-killer. There was also a Labedoyere, cousin of the Colonel who was shot under the Restoration. The account given by the young spahi of his life at Bat- na, his expeditions to Biskra and the oasis, is very interesting. Biskra was then lost in the desert; it has become a winter station nearly as much frequented as Monaco. Dur- ing one of his expeditions, Massa made the acquaintance of the eldest son of Marshal Ney, the Prince of La Moskowa, a very dis- tinguished man, who was made a peer under the government of Louis-Philippe. After 1848, he devoted himself again entirely to military life, and had come to Africa to ob- tain the grade of general. He had on his staff Prince Joachim Murat. The Prince de la Moskowa invited Massa to enter his regi- ment of Chasseurs d'Afrique, and he had to exchange his turban for a shako and his Arabian saddle for a common saddle. He entered afterwards the regiment of guides, formed in 1851 by Col. Fleury. These guides had to perform for Napoleon III. the ser- vice performed for Napoleon I. by his for- mer guides, transformed in 1804 into chasseurs of the guard. The regiment did escort duty. Each morning a platoon, in full uniform, went to the Tulleries, and remained twenty- four hours in the proximity of the chateau. The Emperor had an escort in the evening to go to the theatre, and the officer was in- variably asked to dinner for the next day. The Emperor was never escorted in the day- time. After the creation of five other regi- ments of cavalry of the guard, the regiment of guides lost its monopoly of escort duty ano of the garrison of Paris. Massa took part in the campaign in Italy. He was in one of the first regiments which crossed the frontier, and received ovations from the Italian populations. All along the Cornice, now called Cote d'Azur, there was the same enthusiasm. At Vercelli "we re- marked a distinguished-looking young Italian officer, who was watching the details of our installation. We began conversation with him, and were struck by the correctness with which he spoke French, without the slight- est Italian accent. One of us complimented him. 'I am a Frenchman, like you,' said he; and as we seemed astonished, he simply add- ed: 'My name is Robert d'Orleans, Due de Chartres.' " M. de Massa gives a very graphic account of his doings in the campaign, and one of the great charms of his souvenirs lies in the fact that he writes with great simplicity, and never attempts to speak of what did not go on under his eyes. He does not pretend to be a strategist or a tac- tician or a diplomatist, he is a mere witness; and his sentiments are always creditable to him. He felt some humanity even on the battlefield. I have found his account of the battle of Solferino one of the best I ever read. Many people will be amused by what he has to say of Paris and of the official society under the Second Empire. He had, in 1862, been placed on the staff of General Feray, and he remained in Paris during the brilliant days of the Exposition, living in the society of Madame de Metternich, of the Mornys, the Walewskis, the Persignys, as one of the familiars of the court, and admitted to the select parties at Saint Cloud, at Fontaine- bleau and Compiegne. This life of gayety was interrupted by the expedition to Mexico, in which country he remained during eigh- teen months. The chapter on Mexico is one of the most interesting in the volume. M. de Massa makes us acquainted in it with Colonel Du- pin, an old soldier, who was the commander of the Counter-Guerillas, and who spread terror among the followers of Juarez. He calls him "a man of war and of pleasure, whose robust health made him immune in all climates." Maximilian reproached him for some rather too summary executions, but Colonel Dupin was not directly under his orders. The French army of occupa- tion was commanded by Bazaine, "a soldier of fortune, who had risen from the ranks to the highest grade of the military hierar- chy without having ever been a court- officer, and was then at the height of his military reputation." The French corps of 25,000 men, composed of two divisions of in- fantry and one brigade of cavalry, had to occupy and pacify a country five times as large as France. M. de Massa describes Maximilian as "by turns indecisive and bold, fair, with very expressive eyes and a pale visage." It had been decided in France in 1866, that the evacuation should take place and be ended in the spring of 1867. Maximilian could not rely on his own forces. The relations between him and Bazaine be- came very difficult; he reproached the French Government with abandoning him; Bazaine was accused for a moment of aspir- ing himself to the empire of Mexico. "Informed of thi6 accusation," says M. de Massa, "he one day opened the subject with me. 'How foolish,' said he. 'When a man has started with the knapsack on his back, and has just been named Marshal of France, what other desire can he have but to return to his country with this?' showing his epau- lette adorned with five stars and a cross of two marshal's staffs." The accusations of the Empress Charlotte against Marshal Bazaine had caused, how- ever, doubts in the mind of Napoleon III., who sent over to Mexico one of his aides- de-camp, General Castelnau, to control the acts of the French commander and to dis- suade Maximilian from abdicating. The rela- tions of Castelnau with Bazaine were not agreeable, as may easily be understood. Maxi- milian saw no solution of the situation if the French troops were withdrawn; but General Miramon set before him the terrible repri- sals for which his abdication would be the signal, and Maximilian resolved to remain. On the 5th of February, 1867, Bazaine left Mexico; he met near Puebla Colonel Lopez, who commanded the regiment of the Em- press's dragoons. "The Marshal, who had known Lopez for a long time, stopped him, and this, textually, is what he said to him before us: 'Lopez, you were one of the first to rally to the French intervention, and you were near me at the attack of San Lorenzo. Since I have appointed you officer of the Legion of Honor, and the Emperor has covered you with fa- vors, I hope that you will faithfully defend his cause, and, if necessary, that you will give your life for him.' 'Yes, Marshal,' answered the man, who, a few weeks after- wards, betrayed his sovereign at Quergtaro, as he had before betrayed his country under the walls of Puebla." On the 12th of March, Marshal Bazaine embarked with the rear-guard on the Sou- verain. M. de Massa tells us that the news of the battle of Sadowa, which reached Ba- zaine in Mexico, made him very anxious to precipitate the evacuation. Foreseeing that the French army would some day have to measure itself with the hereditary enemy which had attained such a terrific success over as brave an army as the Austrian, Ba- zaine said to Massa: "These people must be very strong to have swallowed so easily such a big morsel. France has not a moment to lose to place herself in a state of defence and to increase her forces." Singular and prophetic words in the mouth of one who had to play afterwards the principal part in the German war, and whose name was to become synonymous with the name of traitor. M. de Massa was named equerry to the Em- peror in February, 1870, on the very day of the plebiscite which gave the Empire 7,300,000 votes against 1,500,000. The effervescence produced by the candidacy of a Hohenzol- lern prince to the Spanish throne began soon afterwards. M. de Massa is convinced that, far from desiring the war for dynastic ends, the Emperor resigned himself to it under the pressure of public opinion. "Such," he says, "was the conviction also of those who had the painful honor to follow Napo- leon to the Army of the Rhine, and who wit- nessed the physical and moral sufferings which he had to bear on that Via Orucis of which Metz was the first station and Sedan the Calvary." He forgets to add that on the 2d of December the Emperor assumed ab- solute power; that he put an end to minis- terial responsibility and to the supremacy of Parliament; that he always proclaimed him-

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Jan. 19, 1899] The ISTation 45 self alone responsible to the country, and that it is no excuse for him to say that he obeyed public opinion; all the more because it is very doubtful if public opinion, taken in the widest sense, was in favor of war. The military party and the court party un- doubtedly were, but the country, though it felt some alarm after Sadowa, would have preferred peace and some sort of understand- ing with Prussia. M. de Massa's account of the war of 1870 is painfully interesting; it has a special value inasmuch as he accompanied the Emperor from the beginning to the day when Na- poleon surrendered at Sedan. M. de Massa represents Napoleon as a sort of victim, needing every day the special care of his surgeons, incapable of any prolonged physi- cal effort; reduced to being one of the im- pedimenta of the army. The final chapter of M. de Massa's souvenirs is no less interest- ing. He made, on the staff of Gen. Bour- baki, the campaign in the east of France which ended in the retreat into Swiss terri- tory, through the Jura Mountains. I repeat, in closing, that these souvenirs have the merit of perfect simplicity and sincerity, and, as such, may be considered an historical document of some value, espe- cially in what concerns the Mexican war and the Franco-German war. Correspondence. THE LOUISIANA AND TEXAS "PRECE- DENTS." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The imperialists refer to the objec- tions that were urged against the purchase of Louisiana and the annexation of Texas as proof of the fallacy of the arguments against annexing the Philippines. The application of a precedent depends upon the reasons on which it rested. The cases of Louisiana and Texas are not parallel, and furnish no rule to guide us now; they would equally justify us in sending a fleet to the Dardanelles and seizing Constantinople. It is true that we have no quarrel with the Turk; but it is easy enough to have one if we want it — our war with Spain is a case in point. The oppo- sition of the Federalists in Congress to the Louisiana treaty was purely partisan; they had dwindled to an insignificant minority, and no doubt would have voted to ratify it if their votes had been necessary. They pre- tended to oppose it on constitutional grounds. The same men the year before wanted to seize New Orleans and risk a war because the right to deposit Western produce in transit at New Orleans had been suspended, and the mouth of the Mississippi closed as an outlet to our commerce. They demanded pos- session of the key to the Gulf. The motive was not territorial expansion, but self-preservation — to utilize what we had by securing a right of way to the sea. There were no railroads then. The West was in a state of blockade. The real object of Jefferson's negotiation was the free navigation of the Mississippi to the Gulf. He only wanted a narrow strip of land on its eastern bank as a means to this end. The purchase of the vast domain of Louisiana was not even a dream, and the minister who bought it exceeded his instruc- tions. Jefferson was not an expansionist per se. He came into power on the theory of a strict construction of the Constitution, and did not think it gave him any authority to acquire territory. He said that the treaty made blank paper of the Constitution, and prepared an amendment confirming the pur- chase. Party pressure compelled him to pocket his scruples. Chief Justice Marshall very truly said that Jefferson broke up the Federal party by adopting its principles. In a letter to Tom Paine, Jefferson said: "On the 10th inst. I wrote you on the sub- ject of Louisiana, and mentioned the ques- tion of a supplement to the Constitution on that account. A letter reed yesterday ren- ders it prudent to say nothing on that sub- ject, but to do sub silentio what shall be found necessary. That part of my letter therefore be so good as to consider as con- fidential." All of which meant that their consciences must sleep until the treaty was rati- fied. It was feared that the bargain might be lost by delay; an extra session of Con- gress was called to ratify the treaty and provide for executing it. In a letter to Liv- ingston, who negotiated it, Jefferson said: "Your treaty has obtained nearly general ap- probation. The Federalists spoke and voted against it; but they are so reduced in their numbers as to be nothing." The Federalists taunted the Republicans with their own ar- guments against the use of implied powers. It is one of the revenges of history that Jef- ferson should have dealt the deathblow to strict construction. The irony of Fate placed Breckinridge — the reputed author of the Kentucky Resolutions of '99— and John Tay- lor, who had offered Madison's Resolutions of '98 in the Virginia Legislature, where they had either to sacrifice their theories or the treaty. They supported the treaty. It was a bitter pill to swallow. I have said that the negotiation was begun to secure commercial freedom, and not the extension of territorial boundaries. The in- structions to Livingston, the American Mi- nister, contemplated nothing more. Writ- ing to Livingston, Madison said, "The ob- ject of the most sanguine was limited to the Mississippi as our boundary"; and Liv- ingston, writing to Madison, said, "Talley- rand asked me this day, when pressing the subject, whether we wished to have the whole of Louisiana. I told him, no; that our wishes extended only to New Orleans and the Floridas." He told Talleyrand that this territory was Important to the United States only because "it contained the mouths of our rivers." Talleyrand astonished Liv- ingston by asking, "What will you give for the whole?" This was during the peace of Amiens; Bonaparte was First Consul. He was about to declare war against Eng- land, and knew by experience that colonies were a weak point in war. After a struggle with an insurrection in San Domingo, simi- lar to Aguinaldo's in the Philippines, he had abandoned the island to the negroes. He could not spare a sufficient force to guard Louisiana and prevent the English from capturing it; so he got rid of a burden by selling it. We propose to relieve Spain of a burden by buying it. The First Consul said to Marbois, "I renounce it with the greatest regret; to attempt obstinately to hold it would be folly." The example for us to follow as to the Philippines is Napo- leon's in getting rid of colonies that were only an encumbrance. If we acquire the Philippines, the first problem for us to solve will be the same that confronted Jefferson; How shall we govern them? The first act for the government of Louisiana, as drafted by Jefferson himself, invested the President with all the despotic power of the Spanish kings. It was to be in force three years, but Congress reduced it to one. John Ran- dolph reported the bill. By transubstantia- tion the great democrat became an auto- crat. The act violated every principle of civil liberty. Jefferson justified it on the ground that the Creoles were children. It will require about 3,000 years to educate the Malays up to our standard of citizenship. Thomas H. Benton, speaking of the Louisi- ana Act, said, "Nothing could be more in- compatible with our Constitution than such a government — a mere emanation of Spanish despotism," etc. The President took the place of the King. If such an extreme mea- sure was necessary to govern Creoles, what will be required to govern 2,000 islands 7,000 miles away inhabited by a race of bar- barians? As for Texas, those who opposed annexa- tion did not want to annex a war, or were opposed to the extension of slavery. But the population of Texas was American. The Senate is now in the position of the great pro-consul of Gaul when he reached the frontier stream that marked the con- stitutional boundary of his province. Will it cross the Rubicon and enact the role of the Triumvirates when they divided out the Roman world? John S. Mosby. San Francisco, January 10, 1890. MISSIONARIES RATHER THAN SOL- DIERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It is complained that those opposed to expansion have no programme. I am earnestly opposed to expansion. Perhaps it would be better for the Filipinos if we regu- lated their affairs for them. Probably the heathen within our land would profit by adoption into comfortable homes — to the dis- comfort of the homes. Our first duty is to our own country, and not only is the expense of the necessary increase in army and navy a menace to our comfort and works of civiliza- tion, but far graver is the menace to the character of our institutions and people, especially to those of our people who would, by contact with subject races, lose democratic habits of thought. Therefore I suggest the following pro- gramme: Not to buy the Philippines from Spain. To spend the twenty millions so saved in sending missionaries to the islands. We should thus save money, avoid political corruption, protect the character of our young men. At the same time the spirit of philanthropy is observed. Surely mission- aries are better for the heathen than soldiers. To be sure, some of the missionaries may meet death, but this must have been the prospect for some of the soldiers; and the missionaries have, probably, the advantage in preparation for such a catastrophe. We should not unwarrantably interfere with re- ligious liberty. Our modern missionary, I am told, first makes a man of the prospec- tive convert by education and the inculcation of the arts of civilization. After this process, the "native" is really freer, for he is more capable of deciding between the claims of his own and the missionary's belief. Very truly yours, A. B. H. Wkxtzvili.e, Mo., January 12. 1899.

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46 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 175: JUDGE TANEY AND BLACK RIGHTS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: May I ask of the well-known fairness of the Nation permission to protest against a misleading (I am sure not intentionally misleading) statement in your last issue? You say that "Justice Taney held that, his- torically, men of this color [negroes] had no rights that white men like us were bound to respect." The old mendacity that Taney had laid it down as the opinion of the Supreme Court that negroes had no rights which white men were bound to re- spect, has, I suppose, outlived its usefulness, nor do I charge the Nation with it. But those of your readers who have been brought up on it, will understand your phrase to mean that Taney held that history justified such a view of the relations. Whereas Taney did not go at all into the question of the right or wrong of slavery; that question was not before his court. The question before him was whether a negro slave could bring his case before a United States Court; in other words, was the plaintiff a citizen of the United States, as required by the Con- stitution? To decide this he examined, as was his duty, what was the status of slaves at the time the Constitution was made, in order to discover whether they could, at the time of its framing, have been considered citizens of the United States. I cite his own words, which I beg you will reprint: "It is difficult at this day to realize the state of public opinion, in relation to that unfortunate race, which prevailed in the civilized and enlightened portions of the world at the time of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and when the Constitution was framed and adopted. But the public history of every European nation displays it in a manner too plain to be mistaken. "They had for more than a century be- fore been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." He then proceeds to show from colonial and early State laws, that this opinion of the inferiority of the negro race was universal at the time the Constitution was framed, nor were they anywhere considered citizens. The question what rights, legal or moral, negro slaves possessed in 1856, was not touched by him, beyond the single issue whe- ther they could sue in a United States Circuit Court.— I am, sir, etc., Wm. Hand Browne. Baltimore, January 12, iw1.'- [Our expression was curt, but was in- tended to forestall precisely this criti- cism.—Ed. Nation.] THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND THE LEGISLATURE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the Nation of December 22, 1898, one who signs himself "A Californian" made certain statements to the effect that "poli- tics played an important factor" in the Uni- versity of California, and reflecting on the President, professors, and Regents of that University, and the Hon. Julius Kahn, Con- gressman-elect from the Fourth District of California. The fact that the author chose to remain anonymous, that his letter is dated so late as December 7, 1898, the fli and falsity of most of his statements, the high character of the Regents, President, and professors of the University, and of the Hon. Julius Kahn, and his election by over 2,000 Republican majority in a dis- trict which, at the previous Congressional election, gave over 8,000 Democratic ma- jority, and the general bitterness and plain animosity of the "Californian," all show that his letter to the Nation neither needs nor deserves a reply; and it would not have received one but for the fact that the publication was permitted to appear in so influential and, generally, so just a paper as the Nation. Permit me, as one of the Regents of the University of California, in justice to all concerned, to state the facts: Prior to 1887, the University of California was dependent largely on biennial appropri- ations by the Legislature, the annoyance of which was so great that a bill was passed in that year giving to the University the proceeds of a tax of one cent on each $100 of the taxable wealth of the State. From 1887 to 1897 the University received no ap- propriations from the Legislature, while in that ten years the student body had increased five-fold, necessitating, of course, greater appropriations. The legislative committee of the Board of Regents concluded to ask the Legislature for an additional tax of one cent on each $100. The University of California has charge of certain commissions, also, such as those of Viticulture, Forestry, and the like, which require legislation; and sometimes measures hostile to the University's interests are in- troduced in the Legislature. These interests were so important, so vital to the Universi- ty's existence, that it was felt by the Board of Regents that some one should be at the capital constantly, to further and protect them. Members of the legislative committee of the Board of Regents at the Legislature soon found themselves fearful of the respon- sibility, because of their ignorance of legis- lative procedure and methods, and their lack of acquaintance with the members of the Le- gislature, and, upon their return from Sacra- mento, the Regents were called together and informed of all the facts which they thought necessitated the constant presence of some one familiar with the University, and also with legislative procedure, who could remain at Sacramento during the entire session. The Secretary of the University was too aged and too ill, and the attorney of the Re- gents was away. Our choice, therefore, fell on the Hon. Julius Kahn. He was not a member of the Legislature, but had been a member four years before, and had distin- guished himself by coming from the Legis- lature with a reputation for ability and tact equal to any, and for honesty and integrity that nobody ever questioned, except the "Californian" who wrote the letter of Decem- ber 7, 1898. The Governor of the State, even in the heat of a bitter campaign, never dreamed of questioning the honesty of Mr. Kahn. Mr. Kahn remained at the Legislature dur- ing its entire session, and he succeeded, with the aid of many other friends of the Univer- sity, in securing the passage of the bill grant- ing to the affiliated colleges of the Univer- sity $250,000 for the buildings, and in passing the one-cent tax bill through the houses of the Legislature without a dissenting vote, and in obtaining the passage of the appro- priation for Forestry, Viticulture, etc., and two other bills of great importance to the University; being constantly employed from January 15 to March 16, 1897. He aided in onlisting the services of all the graduates of the University throughout this State, caused pamphlets and circulars of informa- tion concerning the University to be prepared and given publicity, and for his services, in- cluding the travelling and other expenses of himself and all those who aided him, such as telegraphing, printing, postage, telephon- ing, etc., and including the expenses of the Regents and the President and professors in this behalf, he was allowed $2,500, of which sum he paid out for expenses over $1,500, re- ceiving thus $1,000 for his labor. And his bills were paid without a dissenting vote in the Board of Regents, which body consists of twenty-three members, sixteen of whom are appointed by the Governor for a pe- riod of sixteen years each, and are among the best representative citizens in this State, and seven of whom are ex-offi- cio Regents, consisting of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Speaker of the As- sembly, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, President of the University, Pre- sident of the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, and the President of the State Agricultural Societies. As to the lobbying by the President of the University, the Regents and professors, etc., this statement is simply untrue. These per- sons went to Sacramento only at the request of the Committees of the Legislature on Ways and Means and on Public Buildings, when they were requested to come before such committees to explain the purpose and necessity of the appropriations asked for. As to the University being in politics, that statement is not true. The act creating the University, and now a part of the Constitu- tion of the State, provides that the Univer- sity shall be kept for ever free from politi- cal influence, and it has been so kept; and of the sixteen appointed Regents, that eight shall be Republican and eight Democratic, and no Governor of this State has ever vio- lated this provision. In the interest of that justice which the Nation has always been willing to show, I ask that you publish this letter at your earli- est opportunity, in the same columns which have been abused by the publication of De- cember 22, 1898. — Yours respectfully, J. B. Reinstein. SAN FrANCTSOO, January ft. 188ft ROSTAND'S ANACHRONISM. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A rather curious anachronism occurs in scene 6, act v., of "Cyrano de Bergerac"; Bageneau (a travere ses larmes). Je suls moucheui de— de— chandelles, chez Mollere. Cyrano. Mollere! 1,'tiiif m'nu. Mais je vcux lc quitter, des demaln ; Oul, je suis lndlgne! .... Hler, on jouait Scapin, Kt j'al vn qu'il vous a prls uih- Seine ! /., Bret. Kntiere! i;, in, in an. Oul, monsieur, le fameux " Que dlable al- burn faire? . . . " "Les Fourberies de Scapin," wherein oc- curs the famous "Que diable alloit-il faire dans cette galere," was not produced until 1671, twenty-one years after the date of the fifth act of "Cyrano de Bergerac." It isn't of any great importance. Perhaps it is too much like many of the trivialities critics make so much of in dealing especially with Shakspere's dramas. Still, it is proba- bly barely worth calling attention to for the purpose of asking, if I am right, how one

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Jan. 19, 1899 The Nation 47 who has evidently bestowed so much pains upon his work, who has so elaborated, so condensed, so clarified, bis delightful, pic- turesque, and humorous drama — for a French play, so deliciously pure withal — could have overlooked what is so obvious. That it was not done without knowledge is fairly certain. H. M. Doak. Nashville, Tens.. January 4. 1S99. [Cyrano's death (act v., scene 5) oc- curred in 1655, or sixteen — not twenty- one — years before the representation of the "Fourberies de Scapin" on May 24, 1671. "Le P6dant Joue," from which Mo- liere is said to have taken a scene, was played in 1654, though alleged to have been composed much earlier. — Ed. Nation.] Notes. The Macmillan Co.'s spring announcements embrace a 'Life of Henry A. Wise,' by his grandson. Barton H. Wise; 'The Life and Letters of Archbishop Benson,' edited by his son; 'Cardinal Newman as Anglican and Catholic,' together with correspondence, by Edmund Sheridan Purcell; 'The Life and Remains of Rev. R. H. Quick,' by F. Storr; 'Spinoza, his Life and Philosophy,' by Sir Frederick Pollock; a 'Syllabus of European History, with bibliographies, 1600-1890,' by Prof. H. Morse Stephens of Cornell; 'The Roman History of Appian of Alexandria,' translated from the Greek by Horace White; 'A History of Greece,' forhigh schools and academies, by George Willis Botsford of Har- vard; 'European History: An Outline of its Development,' by Prof. Geo. B. Adams of Yale; 'The Welsh People: Their Origin, Lan- guage, and History,' by Prof. John Rhys; 'Via Crucis,' a romance of the second cru- sade, by F. Marion Crawford; 'Letters from Japan,' by Mrs. Hugh Fraser; 'An Introduc- tion to the Poetical and Prose Works of John Milton,' by Prof. Hiram Corson of Cor- nell; 'Three Studies in Literature,' Jeffrey, Newman, and Matthew Arnold, by Prof. Lewis Edward Gates of Harvard; 'A Selec- tion of Poems for School Reading,' by Mar- cus White; 'Chaucer's Prologue and the Knight's Tale,' edited by Prof. Mark H. Lid- dell of the University of Texas; 'Introduc- tion to the Study of Literature,' by Prof. Edwin Herbert Lewis of the University of Chicago; 'The Development of English Thought: A Study in the Economic Interpre- tation of History,' by Prof. Simon N. Patten of the University of Pennsylvania; 'A Brief Introduction to Modern Philosophy,' by Ar- thur Kenyon Rogers of the University of Chicago; 'Naturalism and Agnosticism,' the Gifford Lectures (Cambridge, Eng.) deliver- ed in 1895-1896 by Prof. James Ward; 'De- mocracy and Empire,' by Prof. Franklin H. Giddings of Columbia; 'Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties,' from the French of M. Ostrogorski, by Frederick Clarke; 'The Distribution of Wealth,' by Prof. John B. Clark of Columbia; 'The Les- son of Popular Government,' by Gamaliel Bradford; 'The Government of Municipali- ties,' by Dorman B. Eaton; 'The Theory of the Leisure Class,' by Thorstein B. Veblen; an American edition of the 'Statesman's Year-book,' edited for what relates to this country by Carroll D. Wright, U. S. Commis- sioner of Labor; 'The Missing Link,' Pithecanthropus ercctus, Haeckel's lecture before the Zoological Congress at Cambridge in 1898; 'The Dawn of Reason: Mental Traits in the Lower Animals, with special reference to Insects,' by James Weir, jr., M.D. ; 'A History of Physics,' by Prof. Florian Ca- jori; and 'The Foundations of Zoology,' by Prof. William Keith Brooks of Johns Hop- kins. 'Democracy: A Study of Government,' by Prof. James H. Hyslop of Columbia; 'The Porto Rico of To-day: Pages from a Cor- respondent's Note-book,' by Albert Gardner Robinson; 'A General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture,' by Dr. Charles A. Briggs; 'The Kingdom,' by Dr. George Dana Boardman; 'The Bases of Mystic Know- ledge,' from the French, by Sara Carr Up- ton; and 'A Short History of Astronomy,' by Arthur Berry, will be issued directly by Charles Scribner's Sons. The Century Co. will publish next month 'The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll,' by his nephew, S. D. Collingwood, with 100 il- lustrations; 'The Maine,' a narrative of her destruction, by Capt. Sigsbee; and 'Cam- paigning in Cuba,' the capture of Santiago, by George Kennan. Henry Holt & Co. have nearly ready 'French Lyrics,' some 230 poems selected from more than 50 poets by Prof. Arthur G. Canfield of the University of Kansas. The second volume of 'Christian Missions and Social Progress: A Sociological Study of Foreign Missions,' by the Rev. James S. Dennis, D.D., is promised in the spring by Fleming H. Revell Company. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co., Boston, will pub- lish early in February 'The Student's Book of Days and Birthdays.' It will contain, in addition to the usual blank pages for names, the birthdays of eminent men and women, Founders' days and Presidents' birthdays for the leading colleges, and brief selections in prose and poetry. William Andrews & Co., Hull, England, will shortly publish 'Bygone Church Life in Scotland,' by the senior member of the firm. 'How to Prepare for a Civil-Service Ex- amination' (Hinds & Noble), by Francis E. Leupp, is an exceedingly practical and direct book. After a clear exposition of what the Government classified service now is, it sets forth the qualifications required in candi- dates, and gives many examples of the actual papers set before applicants in recent ex- aminations. The volume thus serves an ex- cellent purpose, not only in the way of useful guidance to those intending to take the ex- aminations, but also in dissipating the mis- leading accounts of their nature spread abroad by the opposition to the reform, and in proving once more how firm a hold the new methods now have in law and practice. The Scribners publish the American edi- tion of Alexander Innis Shand's 'War in the Peninsula, 1808-1814,' in a single handy vol- ume. Mr. Shand is already known by his Life of General Sir Edward Hamley, and in this new book offers what is, in the main, an abridgment of Napier's great work. The portraits of Wellington, Moore, Massena, and Soult are on copper, after well-known paintings. The maps are few but clear. The author refers to some of the later published authorities, like Marbot, but the chief use of the book will be in its character as a synopsis of Napier, in the form of a brief current story of the Portuguese and Spanish war with France. There is occa- sionally a slip in the paraphrasing. At the battle of Sauroren (July 28, 1813), after repeating the story of Wellington and Soult in near presence on opposite heights, when the Englishman, praising Soult's abilities, said he would still beat him by practising on his caution and getting time for Hill to come up, the author says, "So it proved. The French attack was only begun at noon." Soult turned the left of Wellington's prin- cipal body, but Hill, coming on the field, rolled back the assault and turned danger into victory. "It was a repetition of the stroke made by Soult at Salamanca," adds the author. Napier's words are: "It was the counterstroke of Salamanca"; but that was Wellington's own counterstroke upon Marmont. Soult, of course, was not there. But there is an error also in the time. Na- pier puts the scene of the two generals on the heights on the 27th, and says, "Certain it is that the French general made no seri- ous attack that day." He describes Hill's hard march on the 27th, resumed at day- break of the 28th, coming at the nick of time, when "about midday" the French at- tack began. It was a delay of more than a full day that was gained, not of part of a morning, and it brought the battle, as Na- pier tells us, "on the fourth anniversary of the battle of Talavera." We have here an instructive example of the way errors of transcription creep into history, and of the safety in reading the sources. We called attention on its appearance to the autobiography of the Italian Gen. E. della Rocca, an intimate personal friend of Victor Emanuel and for over seventy years a participator in or witness of the transforma- tion of Italy into a free kingdom. He died in 1897, at the age of ninety. A few years before his death he finished dictating to his wife the second volume of his memoirs, 'Autobiografia di un Veterano' (Bologna: Zanichelli), which has just been brought out in English by Macmillan. It covers the period 1859-1893. For readers who welcome side-lights on recent Italian history, and for libraries which keep such material up to date, mention should also be made of the second volume of 'Giacomo Dina e l'Opera Sua' (Turin: Roux, Frassati & Co.), edited by that model editor, Senator Luigi Chiala. It comprises the chief work of Dina from the death of Cavour through the war of 1866; and as Dina was in the confidence of Cavour's ablest successors, his utterances in political matters have often a quasi-official im- portance. Senator Chiala's notes and run- ning commentary need no bush. M. Rene Doumic sends out another volume of criticism, the third of his series of "Etudes sur la Litterature Frangaise" (Paris: Perrin & Cie.), in which he exhibits even more than usually the strong influence exercised on his mind and point of view by his master and editor-in-chief, M. Brunetiere. The singular preference for all that is seventeenth cen- tury, to the almost total exclusion of what- ever belongs to another age, is very strongly marked in the essays or articles contained in the present volume. Hugo and the Natural- istic school are equally ground to powder by Brunetiere's disciple, and that with a vivacity and a fierceness of which M. Bire might almost be envious. One cannot help the re- flection that M. Doumic is somewhat narrow- minded, and too uncompromising in his con- demnation of theories and practices not in accord with his classical creed. But the arti- cles are witty and well written, the reflec- tions in many cases just, and the conclusions and judgments well put.

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48 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1751 'L'Anarchie Litteraire,' by Charles Recolln (Paris: Perrin & Cle.), should have been noticed earlier, but it contains papers which bear rereading and consequently late notic- ing. There are some good criticisms of writers and critics (for the latter are very fond nowadays of giving their impressions and opinions of each other's work), and two or three interesting attempts to analyze the peculiar power of the Russian Realists and of Ibsen, who decidedly does not gain in favor with the French. The title of the book is apt, and is justified by the author in his en- tertaining preface. The recent official report of M. fidouard Petit on the condition of common-school ex- tension in France (published by the Im- primerie Nationale) shows us the people of that country from a different and far more favorable side than that presented in the newspaper accounts of the doings of Paris politicians. The progress of the various movements for spreading popular education which are carried forward largely by pri- vate enterprise and devotion, is truly as- tonishing, and unequalled in any other coun- try. Only one or two statistical data can be here given: The number of classes for adolescents and adults rose from 8,288 in 1894-95, to 30,368, with a steady attendance of nearly half a million young people, in 1897-98. In the first-mentioned year the classes for girls were less than a thousand; in the three following years there were provided, respectively, in round numbers, 1,800, 4,400, 7,400 classes. About 10,400 pub- lic lectures, illustrated or other, were given in the former year, while in 1897-98 their number had risen to nearly 118,000, with an attendance of not far from three and one- half millions. During the latter year, 18,- 000 sets of lantern-slides were loaned by the Musee Pedagogique alone, but there are two or three other institutions which render a similar service to the lecture committees throughout the country; and the public lec- tures and courses for adolescents are only two of the several provisions for the exten- sion of popular education. The reply of the Department of Public In- struction (Freiburg i. S. : B. Veith) to the memorial of the eight German professors whose exodus from Freiburg has been re- ferred to in these columns, will not be the last word on the subject. The eight have prepared an answer to the reply, which is being published by the Academischer Verlag, Munich, under the title: 'Heir Python und die Universitat Freiburg in der Schweiz.' The representations for school-children in German theatres have awakened some inter- est among educators in this country. We therefore call attention to a little brochure in which the experiences and results of last year's representations in Hamburg are re- lated from various points of view, including that of the actors and actresses: 'Unsere Volksschuler im Stadttheater' (Hamburg: C. Boysen). In November last "Wilhelm Tell" was again given before 8,000 children (in three sections), to be followed during the rest of the winter by Korner's "Zriny" and Hebbel's "Nibelungen." It is not half a dozen years since Prof. Budde of the University of Strassburg— who In recent months has been delivering a course of lectures at Union, Yale, and other American institutions — in a review of an English work, declared that the Germans had every reason to envy the English-speaking theo:ogicaI world for theease and facility with which, both in Great Britain and in Ame- rica, the results of critical scholarship could be popularized. A number of recent literary ventures in the Fatherland show that the Germans have been apt pupils of Englisn precedents in this respect, and that they too can prevent the results of scholarly research from remaining a terra incognita to cultured readers. The example of the Wurtemberg Bible Society, in producing a critical edition of the New Testament Greek text, prepared by Prof. Nestle, but based on Westcott- Hort and Tischendorf, at the nominal price of 35 cents, is all the more commendable because this edition is evidently destined to crowd out the current but thoroughly unreli- able textus reoeptus of two centuries ago still published by the British and other Bible societies, and popular only because it is so cheap. The new move of the Wurtemberg Bible Society is proving to be an eminent success, and at the recent annual convention of the association it was reported that the entire first edition of the Nestle Testament of ten thousand copies had been entirely ex- hausted, and that a new edition was in prepa- ration. Even the most poverty-stricken stu- dent of the New Testament can now own the very best text extant. The American Historical Review for Janu- ary (Macmillan) contrives to keep in touch with current interests by means of a paper, based on much research, by Frank Strong, on "The Causes of Cromwell's West Indian Expedition in 1655," and the influence which New Englanders such as John Cotton and Roger Williams had "in helping Cromwell to make up his mind in regard to it." Among the "Documents," also, we find several bear- ing on the expedition against Santiago de Cuba in 1741, which landed in the bay of Guantanamo. One, endorsed "Some Thoughts relating to our Conquests in .Amcilca," con- tains this suggestive passage: "Admitting us in quiet possession of all Spanish Ame- rica. To keep that possession we must do as the Spanish have done before us, we must have strong garrisons and Colonies. This will estrange our hands and treasure, and we shall soon be in a worse condition than the Spanish themselves." Of still greater moment is Prof. H. Morse Stephen's brief but clear "Administrative History of the British Dependencies in the Further East," a remarkable tale of flexible adjustment to varying conditions of colonial acquisition. A series of letters addressed from the South in 1861 to Secretary Chase, certain of them being special reports on request, will be found instructive reading. The National Geographic Magazine for De- cember contains a brief sketch of the five civilized tribes of Indian Territory, by C. H. Fitch. In it he refers to a fact, which to some will be new, that the numerous towns which have sprung up along the seven railroad lines in the Territory "are without legal existence, and have no recognized town or city government. They are without pro- per officers to enforce laws, have no water supply or fire departments, sidewalks, or other street improvements, no schools, ex- cept private ones, and no systems of drain- age or sewerage." Other articles are on the cloud scenery of the High Plains, Kansas, with photographs, and on the Atlantic Coast tides by M. S. W. Jefferson. There is also an extract from an interesting address at Tokyo, by Dr. Alex. G. Bell, in which he said that the geographical formation of Japan — "long ranges of lofty mountains with com- paratively narrow plains lying between their feet and the coast line"— indicated that it should be the "very home of electrical enter- prise." He urged the importance of edu- cating the twenty-five thousand deaf-mutes in the country, for whom there are only two schools at present, one in Kyoto and one in Tokyo. The Cabot celebration at Halifax in June, 1897, was the occasion of several papers which appear in the latest volume of the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. The account of the cere- monies at the unveiling of the tablet in honor of John Cabot includes addresses on Cabot's Landfall, by Archbishop O'Brien, President of the Society; on Modern Bristol, by W. Howell Davies; and on Bristol in the days of the Cabols, by W. R. Barker. There are also articles on the voyages of the Cabots — Latest Phases of the Controversy, with maps, by Dr. Samuel E. Dawson; the Cabo- tian Discovery, by John B. Thacher; and the Cabot Legends. Other papers are, "Canada during the Victorian Era," with numerous il- lustrations, by Sir J. G. Bourinot; "Mono- graph of the Cartography of New Bruns- wick," with reproductions of several ancient maps, by Dr. William F. Ganong; and "On the genus Lepidophloios," by Sir J. William Dawson. Dr. S. C. Chandler of Cambridge, Mass., by reason of "the splendor, the importance, and the variety" of his work in astronomical science, has been awarded the Lalande prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of France. In the current number of the weekly Comptcs Rendus of the Academy, the committee of award, consisting of Messrs. Faye, Wolf, Loewy, and Jannsen, brief- ly review Dr. Chandler's more noteworthy achievements. His name is most widely known in connection with the problem of the variation of latitude, into which he was one of the first to inquire and toward the elucidation of which he has done so much. His observations of variable stars, extending over many years, have resulted in the dis- covery of many variables of short period, while the series of catalogues of variable stars published by him constitute contribu- tions of the greatest value to stellar astro- nomy. His investigations concerning the identity of comet 1889, V (Brooks) with Lexell's comet are mentioned as illustrating his capability in other directions. The Aca- demy has also conferred the Damoiseau prize upon Dr. George William Hill of Washing- ton, for his researches in mathematics and astronomy, which are. as is well known, characterized by great profundity and novel- ty of ideas, and have contributed powerfully to the advancement of science during the past twenty years. A third American, Dr. Charles A. Schott of Washington, has been made the recipient of the Henry Wilde prize for his researches in terrestrial magnetism. It is announced that the competitive ex- aminations for the fellowships of the Ame- rican School of Classical Studies at Athens will be held this year on March 16, 17, and 18. Candidates are to enter their names on or before February 1 with Prof. B. I. Wheeler (Ithaca, N. Y.), chairman of fellow- ship committee, from whom all information as to place, subjects, etc., may be obtained. These fellowships yield $600 each. The Hop- pin fellowship, open to women only, yields $1,000, and Is assigned without examination, preference being given, however, to such persons as have already held a regular com- petitive fellowship.

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Jan. 19, 1899] The Nation. 49 —It is perhaps natural to look for a ram- pant plea for annexation of new territory from the Public Land Office, for an extension of possessions means so much land at a stated price, with wood and swamp rights. Mr. Binger Hermann, Commissioner of the General Land Office, has issued such a plea, as a public document, and disguised as an historical essay intended to correct an error in the map of the United States. This error lies in the statement of facts connected with the acquisition of the extreme northwest part of the United States. It has been assumed that it was through the Louisiana purchase that this territory was acquired. No, says Mr. Hermann; it became ours by "right of discovery in 1792"; by exploration in 1805; by the Astoria settlement of 1811; and by the Florida treaty of 1819. We cannot trace any mention of former historical labors of Mr. Hermann, and are obliged to judge him by this expansion pamphlet, issued at the public expense. His conclusions are endorsed by the Hon. C. N. Bliss, whose claims as a historian rest on his well-known biography or charac- terization of the Hon. T. C. Piatt. There are sundry maps, and certain portraits used "by courtesy of Magazine," though much better could have been found in the Library of Congress. Though the question turns on a question of boundaries, in which the degrees cf latitude play an important part, the one map, used as a frontispiece, is without any degrees of latitude. The whole essay is marked by a dangerous ignorance, expressed in language better suited for a stump speech than for historical exposition. —The pamphlet might be passed over were it not that these two eminent historians have carried their theory so far as to engrave it on the official Land Office map, the best and most widely distributed of maps of the United States. Wherever this map goes, there will go the ridiculous legend stamped on it by Hermann and Bliss, and every school child seeing it will obtain a false idea of our history. A mere reading of the inscrip- tion is sufficient to arouse criticism. If this territory was ours by discovery in 1792, and was actually settled on our behalf in 1811, where was the necessity for obtaining it by negotiation in 1819? Discovery alone consti- tutes a good title, and could not the English urge Cook's discoveries as antedating that of Gray? Spain claimed all this western re- gion by right of discovery, and in 1790 pre- pared to defend her rights by force, when England landed settlers at Nootka Sound. Hermann says our claim was good against England, but not against Spain. If so, the discovery and settlement go for naught, and it was the treaty of 1819 that alone estab- lishes our right to hold the territory. All else is irrelevant and confusing. Before making the change based upon his re- searches, it would have been well for Mr. Hermann to submit the matter to a recog- nized authority on American history, or, better still, to the American Historical As- sociation. His own readings have been limit- ed. He quotes Russell's and Olney's his- tories, and 'Chambers's Encyclopaedia,' but he does not know of Bancroft (the Western) or Henry Adams. The work closes with a partisan cry for annexation and general ex- pansion. Such work stultifies the Office in the eyes of the intelligent. — Expansionists and anti-expansionists alike can find ammunition in the ninth vol- ume of Paul Leicester Ford's edition of Jef- ferson's Writings (Putnams). The period (1S07-1815) is posterior to the acquisition of Louisiana by this Imaginative continental spirit. To the Governor of that Territory the President wrote on October 29, 1808: "The truth is, that the patriots of Spain have no warmer friends than the administration of the United States, but it is our duty to say nothing and to do nothing for or against either. If they succeed, we shall be well satisfied to see Cuba and Mexico remain in their present dependence; but very unwill- ing to see them in that of either France or England, politically or commercially. We consider their interests and ours as the same, and that the object of both must be to exclude all European influence from this hemisphere. We wish to avoid the neces- sity of going to war till our revenue shall be entirely liberated from debt." On April 19, 1809, he reverts to this idea in a letter to President Madison: "I suppose the con- quest of Spain will soon force a delicate question on you as to the Floridas and Cuba, which will offer themselves to you. Napo- leon will certainly give his consent without difficulty to our receiving the Floridas, and with some difficulty possibly Cuba." When the war of 1S12 was in progress, he thought, "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England from the American continent." —On the other hand, in his special mes- sage of February 10, 1807, he apologizes for a proposed gunboat armament as "merely for defensive operations," not fitted to protect our commerce on the high seas; "and still less can it become an excitement to engage in offensive maritime war." Writing to Tho- mas Paine on September 6, 1807, he believes that "gunboats are the only water defence which can be useful to us, and protect us from the ruinous folly of a navy." This without prescience of Capt. Mahan; and the following, of the Philippines (to Clement Caine, September 16, 1811): "What, in short, is the whole system of Europe towards Ame- rica but an atrocious and insulting tyranny? One hemisphere of the earth, separated from the other by wide seas on both sides, hav- ing a different system of interests flowing from different climates, different soils, dif- ferent productions, different modes of ex- istence, and its own local relations and du- ties, is made subservient to all the petty interests of the other, to their laws, their re- gulations, their passions and wars, and inter- dicted from social intercourse, from the in- terchange of mutual duties and comforts with their neighbors, enjoined on all men by the laws of nature." He anticipated that the insular colonies would "soon have to take care of themselves, and to enter into the general system of independence and free intercourse with their neighboring and na- tural friends." —The General Index to Notes and Queries has just appeared in an eighth volume of 143 pages, which, with the seven previously is- sued, brings the total of pages up to 1,221. The range of Notes and Queries, which will fill out its hundredth volume this year, or 50,000 pages, is wider than that of any en- cyclopaedia that has ever been projected. Es- tablished in London, the most cosmopolitan of cities, its Notes, whether resulting from experience, interviews, or research, were such as to rouse cosmopolitan Queries or criticism from the utmost corners of the English-speaking world. Week by week it has taxed for Its purposes all departments of the British Museum, as well as returned and retired travellers. In America as well as in the Old World, every puzzling question aris- ing in the conversation, games, or customs of society has led to Queries, and hence to Notes which have year by year shed new side-lights on domestic life. No literary en- terprise is too grand to seek or to find a valuable auxiliary in Notes and Queries. The Oxford Dictionary, incomparably superior to any similar work in any language, asks and receives such assistance almost every week — indispensable minutiae which had eluded its thousand co-workers. So has the unrivalled 'Dictionary of National Biography,' now ap- proaching its sixtieth volume, been aided in all its serial issues. When articles on any subject have become numerous they are clas- sified, to facilitate examining them. Thus, in the eighth index alone the Shaksperiana show five columns of titles, pointing to hun- dreds of criticisms. This department was long ago deemed by Furness worthy of his study (see Eysell in "Hamlet," etc.), and hence cannot be neglected by any dramatic student. As to Proverbs, observing that 246 of them were treated in the first series and 335 in the last, and that these numbers indicate the average in the other fourscore volumes, one sees a quarry from which it would be easy to build up a better book of proverbs than has been elaborated since the days of Solo- mon. Similar compilations might be made of Songs, sacred and secular, Epigrams, Epitaphs, etc. The present index points to more than 400 quotations, few of them in Bartlett, but many of them worthy to stand there. The word Folk-lore was created by the first editor of Notes and Queries, and its first series showed 300 paragraphs, or longer remarks, on the subject. So suggestive and hence sought for are the general indexes that the earlier ones are out of print— and if one turns up It brings a fabulous price at auction. That to the second series, borrowed from an Historical Society, was all copied with a pen by one Wisconsin minister who could neither find nor purchase the master key to a dozen favorites in his choice library. The compiler of the eighth and jubilee Index cannot but recall the fact that no survivor remains of those who founded and first la- bored for Notes and Queries. — The Journal of the Anthropological Insti- tute for August-November, 1898, contains three papers by Dr. E. B. Tylor, the well- known professor of anthropology at Oxford, which record an epoch-making step towards the sound understanding of Totemism.a sub- ject upon which writers of eminence have sometimes ventured without a due con- sideration of its intricacy, or of the likeli- hood that any generalizations prematurely achieved would be discredited by the subse- quent accumulation of well-attested facts. Such well-attested facts Dr. Tylor presents in his first paper, where he publishes, with a plate and the outline of an interpretation, a totem-post from the Haida village of Mas- set (Queen Charlotte Islands). The monu- ment itself is now set up at Fox- Warren (Weybridge). The Haidas and the Tlingit of Alaska are slightly varied branches of the same stock, and their otherwise parallel clan-groups, Raven and Eagle or Raven and Wolf, have a different arrangement of to- tems. Totemism has taken among the Haidas, as among the Tlingit, special forms

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50 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 75 1 adapted to local circumstances, but has ful- ly maintained its predominantly social im- portance. It is the basis of hospitality and asylum, has enforced exogamy, and served as a bond of social union. Its religious func- tion among the Haidas and the Tlingit is strictly governed by the fact that neither of these tribal groups has anywhere develop- ed the notion of lineal descent from the totem-animal. Such a belief, common though it is among American totemists, is wholly absent among the tribes under con- sideration, and its place is taken by certain rude notions of transmigration and reincarna- tion. Ultimately we reach some tale of an ancestor's adventure with the totem which takes the place of any notion of literal de- scent from the totem. The totem-post pub- lished and described in Dr. Tylor's first pa- per illustrates all these points more or less adequately so far as the Haidas go, and with the Haidas are involved the Tlingit of our own Alaska. The second paper estab- lishes something almost identical in the case of certain Pacific Coast tribes living to the south of the Tlingit, since it interprets two British-Columbian house-posts with to- temic carvings. These are in the Pitt-Riv- ers Museum, of which Dr. Tylor is the di- rector. — Professor Tylor's third paper, though by no means a long one, is rather longer than the first two, and gives some very much needed general "Remarks on Totemism." These go back to the beginning of the sub- ject in a book of the last century by J. Long, a trader and interpreter among the North American Indians. From Long, Mc- Lennan appears to have derived, with the word totam or totem, the facts dwelt upon in his article on "The Worship of Animals and Plants" (Fortnightly, 1869-70). McLen- nan, in order to interpret the great gods of the world as evolved from the humbler rank of totem-animals, did much violence to well-known features of primitive animal worship. (1.) Such peoples as the Natchez- worshippers of the sun— he arbitrarily class- ed as totemists, and lost sight entirely of the fundamental idea of the totem by in- cluding the sun among totems. Nothing about the totem is more essential or indis- pensable than that it should always be one of a species. Thus, at the very outset, one important reach of savage religious ob- servance which is clearly distinct from to- temism was unwarrantably appropriated. (2.) Another great range of savage religion was similarly annexed by the theory that gods having their incarnation or embodi- ment in species of sacred animals may ulti- mately be identified with those animals from whom they have presumably been evolved. After scrutinizing with destructive effect Robertson Smith's whole notion of piacular totem-sacrifice, and his attribution of the idea of communion in sacrifice to primitive savage observance, as well as Mr. J. G. Frazer's discovery of totemism among the Samoans, the writer concludes that the whole view deriving gods from totems de- pends upon accounts of Fijian and Samoan gods which are demonstrably erroneous, since totemism has not been discovered among the practices of Fiji or of Samoa. Mr. Andrew Lang having declared that he and Mr. Frazer freely allow that the evi- dence for sacrifice of the totem and com- munion in eating him "is very scanty," Dr. Tylor remarks that it "may be reason- able' lo go a step further and suggest that till the totem sacrament is vouched for by some more real proof, it had better fall out of speculative theology. Incidentally, our author also disposes of Dr. Jevons's ludicrous account of totemism as "a low form of Mo- notheism." The final conclusion is that "analogies, developments, or survivals of tolemism into the religions of the old civil- ized world" should be postponed "until sav- age and barbaric animal-worship shall have been more strictly classified." TAYLOR'S ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. The Origin and Growth of the English Con- stitution: An Historical Treatise, in which is drawn out, by the light of the most re- cent researches, the gradual development of the English constitutional system, and the growth out of that system of the Fe- deral Republic of the United States. By Hannis Taylor, LL.D. Part I. (xl and 616 pp.), 1892: Part II. (xliv and 645 pp.). 1898. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. This is a second-rate book written by a second-hand thinker. 'The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution' is dis- tinctly a second-rate work. But be it noted that this assertion is very far from being the same thing as the statement that Mr. Hannis Taylor has composed a treatise which under no circumstances could be of any value whatever. If 2,000 years hence it should have become as difficult to ascertain the details of English public life as it now is to understand the working of the Athen- ian Constitution, the discovery of Taylor's 'English Constitution' would be as impor- tant as the recent discovery of an Aristote- lian account of the Athenian polity. If, again, it had happened that no one had up to the present day written a constitutional history of England, the appearance of Mr. Taylor's book would excite universal inter- est. Nor, even as things stand, is his treatise uninstructive. It is not so much a bad book as a book which is superfluous, because students can with ease obtain con- stitutional histories which are better worth reading than the two thick volumes which Mr. Taylor has seen fit to publish. For from whichever point of view you regard these volumes, they will be found to be of less value than other well-known writings. Mr. Taylor's treatise, for example, is clear- ly not the result of original research. The writer has conscientiously read all the best-known books on the English Constitu- tion which, during the last fifty years or more, have been published in England or America, or have been translated into Eng- lish. The writings of Hallam, May, Stubbs, Freeman, Sir Fitzjames Stephen, Sir Wil- liam Anson, or Professor Dicey, are well known to him. If we take as a specimen of his handiwork that part of his treatise which purports to deal with the growth of the modern ministerial system, we see at once that he has mastered the ordinary and best-known authorities for the period be- ginning with the accession of the Han- overian dynasty; but a mere glance at Mr. Taylor's notes also proves that his read- ing has not deviated from the ordinary chan- nels. Bulwer's 'Life of Lord Palmerston,' May's 'Constitutional History,' Macaulay's 'Pitt,' Sir J. F. Stephen's 'History of the Criminal Law,' the 'Rockingham Memoirs," Lord Mahon's 'History of England,' Lecky's 'History of the Eighteenth Century,' and the like, are all writings which a man does well to read; they are recommended, we believe, to the attention of undergraduates who seek to obtain a class in the history schools, cither of Oxford or of Cambridge; and we should certainly consider that an undergraduate who had read all, or even two-thirds, of the books which Mr. Tay- lor refers to in his book vii., had read with industry and judgment, and, as regards one period of English history at any rate, might count upon a First Class. But the sort of work which is creditable to a student is not the kind of study which enables a man to claim credit for original research, or to stand in the same rank as, say, Stubbs, Gardiner, or Maitland. Mr. Taylor, however, may urge, and with truth, that he makes no claim to have made original discoveries in the realm of Eng- lish history. The candor, not to say the simplicity, with which he cites his autho- rities, disarms criticism. J. R. Green was, indeed, on some portions of English his- tory which he had specially studied, an authoritative writer; but, at any rate as regards the later periods, he was no more than a brilliant, and not always a very ju- dicious or accurate, essayist; he himself would have been amused to find himself treated as an authority for well-known facts or current anecdotes of the Georgian era. It is not, we may add, usual to refer in serious historical works to Whitaker. His Almanack is as useful and even as inte- resting a publication as can be bought for a shilling. But somehow its citation as an authority has about it to some minds some- thing comic. However this may be, one thing is certain: original research is not the note of Mr. Taylor's work. Let there, however, be no misunderstand- ing on this point. The fact that an historian relies on secondary authorities is no proof that he has not produced a history of real originality and of permanent merit. The doctrine, more or less openly inculcated in many quarters, that every man who writes an account of any period in the history of mankind, must of necessity consult for him- self all the original sources of information, embodies a noxious delusion. It is an error to suppose that a man may not write muct of the very highest value on the basis of in- formation supplied to him by investigators who have themselves inspected the original authorities; and this delusion is noxious be- cause it renders nugatory the labors of ear- nest investigators. If we cannot on many points take the results arrived at, for in- stance, by Stubbs or Gardiner as for many purposes final, it is absolutely impossible that historical knowledge should ever pro- gress. The most ordinary common sense sug- gests that the fabric of historical science can never be raised to any height unless each successive generation can, subject to certain precautions, build upon the foundations laid by their predecessors. If, then, there were nothing more to be said in criticism of Mr. Taylor's workmanship than that he had not thought it necessary to test again for him- self the authority for statements made, for example, by Hallam or May, it would still be perfectly possible that he should have produced a first-rate constitutional history of England. What is a more serious thing is, that, somehow or other, he has collected from his authorities only the most obvious and in many cases the most commonplace facts. But this again would be quite com- patible with Mr. Taylor having achieved au

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Jan. 19, 1899] The ]STation 51 object which we suspect he aimed at. He might conceivably, without any knowledge drawn from original sources, and without having read any books but those open to every student, have given a thoroughly good summary of the conclusions arrived at by the many eminent authors who have espe- cially studied the history and the working of English institutions. Such a masterly sur- vey of the present condition of opinion and knowledge with regard to the English Con- stitution would have been of infinite value. Unfortunately this kind of general view is exactly what we cannot find in Mr. Taylor's pages, and the reasons why we cannot find it are worth noting. The first is, that our author has, to all ap- pearance, swallowed rather than digested the fruits of his reading. As we glance through his pages we see many references to dicta taken from other authors. Take, for example, a characteristic passage, in- tended, we presume, to sum up Sir Robert Walpole's system of government. We are told, as we fancy we have been told more than once before, that the great minister was determined that "the firm should be Walpole & Townshend, and not Townshend & Walpole." We are informed (on the au- thority, by the way, of Green's 'History of the English People') that Sir Robert said, "I will not be the Minister to enforce taxes at the expense of blood"; and Walpole's ge- neral attitude towards public affairs is sum- med up in words taken from Carlyle's 'Life of Frederick of Prussia': "He had one rule, that stood in place of many: To keep out of every business which it was possible for hu- man wisdom to stave aside. 'What good will you get out of going into that? Parliamen- tary criticism, argument, and botheration! Leave well alone.' " Carlyle's invectives, we may remark parenthetically, of which the value, if any, was hortatory and transitory, are as unsuitable for embodiment in a calm and judicial estimate of Walpole's character as can be words uttered by any writer of eminence.. But the point on which it is ne- cessary to insist is, that Mr. Taylor's habit of collecting together scraps from the dif- ferent writers whom he has read is absolute- ly fatal to the attempt to analyze and ex- press the results of their speculations. It is the device of a man who does not know what analysis means, and is closely connected with the second cause of Mr. Taylor's failure to produce a sketch, so to speak, of the re- sults obtained by other writers. He shows no signs of possessing either the command of style or the logical lucidity, both of which are necessary conditions for the pro- duction of a bird's-eye view of historical pe- riods. For the task of summing up the es- sential results of much reading in a few bril- liant pages is not impossible to perform. Boutmy's 'Le Developpement de la Consti- tution et de la Societe Politique en Angle- terre' is not half the length of one of Mr. Taylor's ponderous volumes, yet it gives a brilliant sketch of the whole development of the British Constitution. Mr. Goldwin Smith has compressed together in 301 pages almost everything that is interesting and important in the annals of the United States. Few, however, it may be urged, are the writers who possess the exquisite lucidity of Bout- my or the epigrammatic terseness of Mr. Goldwin Smith. Let us compare Mr. Tay- lor with a writer who makes no claim to es- pecial gifts of style. Take Mr. Taswell Lang- mead's single volume; it is not a brilliant performance; it is intended for the use of students. We venture to say that, as a sum- mary of the ordinary facts of English con- stitutional history, it is a more serviceable and better book than Mr. Taylor's treatise. Mr. Taylor is essentially a second-hand thinker. The expression "second-hand think- er" Is open to legitimate criticism, but it conveys a meaning which is not as easily ex- pressed by any other well-recognized term. A second-hand thinker is a speculatist (to revive a word used by Dr. Johnson) who re- peats or reechoes opinions which he has learn- ed from others, and is to be contrasted with theorists who, whatever the intrinsic value of their speculations, think for themselves and look at things with their own eyes and not through spectacles lent them by their neighbors. It is, be it remarked, quite pos- sible that a second-hand thinker may write books of real value. He may summarize with great success the opinions of his time; he may reiterate and thus impress upon the world truths which have not yet become truisms, or which are in danger of being underrated just because they have received general acceptance. A man of originality, on the other hand, who thinks for himself, may, and sometimes does, think wrong, and his writings may turn out little better than a collection of paradoxes or fallacies which have been rejected by the sound sense of mankind. Still, the diffierence between the theorist who does really think for himself, and the thinker who merely adopts the ideas of others, is a distinction of profound sig- nificance. What it amounts to may be seen if we put Montesquieu side by side with Blackstone. The illustrious Frenchman and the Commentator are both authors of ex- traordinary merit; they are both masters of style. But if a critic asks why Montesquieu is placed high among political thinkers, while Blackstone, in spite of his extraordinary gifts, can hardly claim to be more than one of the most distinguished among England's men of letters, the answer is obvious. Mon- tesquieu, through his speculations are occa- sionally quite unsound, thinks for himself and generally thinks rightly. Blackstone, on the other hand, as a constitutionalist, with which aspect of him alone we are now con- cerned, does little more than adopt and re- peat the ideas of Montesquieu, or, rather, the ideas which, under the influence of Mon- tesquieu, had, when Blackstone wrote, be- come current in France and in England. The one is an inventor, the other is an imitator. Now there undoubtedly have been periods when writers on the English Constitution who repeated and propagated theories which they did not themselves originate, have rendered material service to the world. Blackstone, Hallam, even May (that very dreariest of constitutionalists) made generally known facts or theories which had not yet been adequately forced upon the attention of the public. Indeed, of Hallam it may be said that, though his thoughts are commonplace, his general conception of constitutional his- tory exhibited real originality. But there has now ceased to be any legitimate place for writers who can do no more than narrate the well-known facts of English history, or re- iterate the truisms, commonplaces, or plati- tudes which infest the whole realm of con- stitutional law. True it is, as pointed out by Bagehot, that on the English Constitution "much still remains to be said," but the im- portant things which remain to be said are new things, and not the trite thoughts which can be picked up by your second-hand thinker. Now the most marked characteristic of Mr. Taylor's work, to judge his book, as it may fairly be judged, by his reflections on the English Constitution since the accession of Hie Hanoverian dynasty, is that his writings never even by chance reveal a new way of looking at well-worn subjects. The title, it is true, of his treatise shows that when he began writing he had got hold of what is certainly a new, and might have proved in other hands a fruitful, conception, viz., the growth of the Federal Republic of the United States out of the English system of govern- ment. Unfortunately, Mr. Taylor seems in- capable of turning to account an original idea. The introduction, indeed, to his first volume contains a good number of remarks taken after our author's manner from a lot of other writers on the English origin of the American Republic. But these scattered reflections tell the reader very little which is not common knowledge. What, however, is a more serious matter, Mr. Taylor, as far as we have remarked, except in his introduc- tion, loses hold of the relation between Eng- lish and American institutions. When deal- ing, at any rate, with the reign of George III., he writes exactly as would the most commonplace of English historians who had no special knowledge of the United States or of its institutions. His treatise, in short, as regards the reign of George III., is the work of a man who has docilely accepted, for good and bad, the received doctrines of English Liberalism. In nothing does the commonplace cha- racter of his second-hand thinking more clearly appear than in his treatment of Parliamentary reform. He, of course, dwells on the anomalies of Parliamentary repre- sentation during the eighteenth century. He repeats for the twentieth time all the com- monplaces about the rotten boroughs, the sale of seats, and the like, and he does not even incidentally add a single item to the knowledge of any readers who are acquaint- ed with the best-known authorities for the Parliamentary history of the last century. But Mr. Taylor, while he reiterates state- ments which hardly bear repetition, lays lit- tle or no stress at all on two considerations which, though obvious, are constantly over- looked. The first is, that the unreformed Parliament, with all its anomalies and abuses, did, at least during the eighteenth century, reflect the sentiment of the nation, and on this very account commanded the ad- miration of a critic as independent and in- telligent as Paley. The second is, that there were at different periods two totally different schools of reformers. The ideas of Parlia- meutary reform carried into effect for a mo- ment at least by Cromwell, and more or less adopted by Chatham and by Pitt, differed essentially from the ideas embodied by the statesmen of 1832 in the great Reform Act. The wish of the earlier reformers was to transfer power from the towns to the coun- try. The later reformers increased, and wished to increase, the power of the great towns. Both the considerations to which we have referred are, we doubt not, well known to Mr. Taylor, and may, for aught we know, be noted in some page of his lengthy volumes; but to have forced them upon the attention of his readers would have involved some slight amount of original thinking, and would have been quite foreign to the genius of a man whose nature prompts

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52 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 75 1 him to repeat the truisms he has learned from the works of known and respectable writers. Why, indeed, a writer who simply repeats others should have been misguided enough to add another book to the already too long list of English constitutional his- tories, it is hard to say. But if Mr. Taylor has in this matter made a blunder, even his mistake is untainted by originality. There lived in the last century a gentleman men- tioned, if we mistake not, by Dr. Johnson, who wrote a book to tell all the world what all the world had for the last twenty years been telling him. THE INDIAN FAMINE. A Tour through the Famine Districts of In- dia. By F. H. S. Merewether, Reuter's Spe- cial Famine Commissioner. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1898. No manner of American man can have failed to learn something about the famine of 1896 in India. Readers of the Cosmopolitan cannot forget articles by Julian Hawthorne, who, specially commissioned by that maga- zine, had in the first months of 1897 travel- led widely where the Indian dearth was most destructive. Hawthorne proclaims that Mr. Merewether was "the only man he met in India whose statements concerning the fa- mine could be entirely relied on." This tes- timony must insure Mr. Merewether a can- did hearing. It was called for to render his words as credible as his photographs. The famine tour of our author outside of Bombay lasted sixty-seven days, during which, in traversing five thousand miles, he stopped at a score of the starvation centres. His investigations were in the service of Reu- ter's Telegraph Company. He interviewed functionaries in every province to whom he was accredited. Besides, he independently penetrated into hospitals, poorhouses, and relief works. Whatever this looker-on learned during a day was often telegraphed across a quarter of the globe, and the next morning read in the London Times. More of his telegrams, and letters as well, were dispatched to Bombay gazettes, and told of his progress in melancholy research. The volume before us, growing out of this nu- cleus, betrays haste and a literary careless- ness surprising in an Oxonian, so that it re- calls the old Greek courier who ran well but arrived too much exhausted for fitlv an- nouncing his tidings. Though the famine investigator had been already five years in India, he had seen little of its interior. It was, therefore, natural that he should dilate upon the national marvels and peculiarities which were forced upon his attention. His pages of this nature (which are not few) are instructive and pleasant reading. They help to save us from supping too full of horrors. But there is less excuse for such padding as multitudinous needless native words— and those not always interpreted— as well as half a dozen pages about taking a midnight train at a flag-station, or some hours' delay where a train was off the track, etc. The famine of 1896-7, with the diseases it engendered, as Hawthorne and others held, produced eight million deaths, and was the most destructive chronicled in the annals of British India. Such a mortality had appear- ed impossible in view of the safeguards against it which had been preparing for a generation— especially irrigation-wells, ca- nals, and tanks, as well as facilities for transportation. More than twenty famines had occurred within the century, and few of them had proved too colossal for provincial authorities to deal with. Hence rumors in 1896 of unprecedented starvation which rung in the ears of Indian magnates, long made little impression. Towards the close of that year, when such reports had startled the British public, their Oriental representa- tives were charged (and not without reason) with culpable incredulity, tardiness, and in- efficiency. They had been hoping against hope for the early and then for at least the latter rain. The vice-regal authorities were not moved to action as they should have been by Indian physiography. Two- fifths of the country is beyond hope of irri- gation. Water for storage-reservoirs is there wanting, as Pennsylvanians found it on Alle- ghany heights when they needed it for canal feeders. Harvests there without rainfall are as hopeless as in Egypt when the Nile floods fail. If the heaven is brass the earth will lie iron. It could not long be denied that the famine had been underrated, and by a natural reaction a sort of panic set in, both in India and in England. Half the popula- tion and more of the business of Bombay vanished when plague followed in the footsteps of famine. At this crisis, when Reuter's patrons demanded the truth- nothing extenuated, nothing exaggerated- he selected Mr. Merewether from a crowd of reporters to learn the exact facts and to make them known with all possible dispatch. His was a sadder pilgrimage than Dante's through the "Inferno." It lasted more days than the hours of the Italian's. The culmina- tion of the one in the starvation of Ugolino and his four children was rer>e?.tod u. million times in the other. Shakspere's lowest deep, that "man's life's as cheap as beast's," is no- thing to the lower deep which here opens. A mother who forgot her sucking child so as to have no compassion on the son of her womb when his tongue was cleaving to the roof of his mouth, was no more the strange thing the Hebrew prophet had thought it. Nor yet were eyes that consumed away in their sockets within skeletons who still stood on their feet. Photographs from the Mere- wether kodak present these abhorred ingre- dients to the eye beyond the power of words, and beyond imagination in Dante's chambers of imagery. The investigator's credentials gave him an inside view not only of the desolations which had been wrought, but, what is more, of the manifold endeavors to stay them which were on trial. His journeys were mainly by night, and, thanks to this economy of time, he could, within sixty- seven days, furnish an eye-witness's reports regarding starvation and relief at nearly thirty points of darkest India, and those dotting an area two or three times as large as the British Islands. His first and last discovery was what all men know and what no man really feels, that whatever was doing would have done a more perfect work had it been begun sooner. He says that in provinces equally pinched the famine "butcher's bill was no more than a tenth as large where relief came early as where it came late" (p. 292). The same truth was exemplified in individual sufferers. When taken into hospitals, it was found with surprise that many had been unawares fatally famine-struck, and were be- yond hope. When at length the Indian Gov- ernment clearly saw the immensity of the task before It, its spirit mounted with the occasion. But haste sometimes hindered good speed, and, on the contrary, "monumental red-tapeism" (our author's phrase) bound re- lief measures in chains and fetters of iron. The truth is, that no wealth or power, no skill or good will, could now say to the famine, Thus far, no further. But relief works were forthwith established. These were on a gigantic scale. One, for its supply of small copper coin, required "an almost continuous service of an elephant train" (p. 148). Another was a camp which showed 50,000 men working in one body. "It was soon found, however, that the herding to- gether of such a mass of human beings was" flying in the face of Providence, and invoking the appearance of the dread cholera demon" (p. 261). Religious crowds, matted and massed together like a swarm of bees, are found in every sacred city of India when- ever famine appears. The present writer was caught at Kumbhakonam (interpreted "mouth of the water-jar") in an army of pilgrims which filled the city, importuning the rain goddess there enshrined to grant the one thing needful for their withering crops. There was no hotel, no Government bungalow, no station lodging, and no train for escape by railway. Allowed to sit up all night in the stifling waiting-room, he heard hundreds gathered round the station for an early train praying and wailing without ceasing all night long. In such throngs, Indian plagues are generated and propagated, just the same whether assemblages are sacred or secular. Monster camps were perhaps a temporary necessity. They did great good, but their operations were attended with much imme- diate waste and many ultimate evils. At the end of February, 1897, 2,948,085 persons were maintained at such establishments. The water supply was often poisoned at its sources by the sewage of the neighborhood, the shelter was only what could be built by the laborers in two days allowed them for that purpose, and the clothing only the rags which they had been unable to sell. They complained much of cold to Mr. Mere- wether. How much they suffered can be understood by those who, like the writer, have there within twenty-four hours felt equally afraid of sunstroke and of freezing. Thermometers are no measures of feeling. The highest ideal of sanitation is to "smear a room daily all over with cow-dung." The wages paid at relief works were va- riable, rising and falling with the cost of the cheapest vegetable food In local markets. Had pay been higher than the purchasing power of such a ration, the seekers for it would have been beyond arithmetic. The results of work done often turned out to be no more than one-fifth of what was com- mon in ordinary contracts. Drones were safe. The penal ration was no deterrent. It could not be reduced much below the maximum, or starvation would follow — it did follow many times when there was no reduction. The dole dispensed by the head paymaster was more or less intercepted on its way down to the workman, and became like a sand-swallowed river which Is smaller at mouth than at source. At one relief sta- tion, where the dally disbursement was four hundred and fifty rupees, it was ascertained that less than half of It was expended by the laborers for food — and nothing for lux- uries. What became of the residue? In the judgment of the local treasurer It was em- bezzled by underling intermediaries, som»

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Jan. 19, 1899] Th.e Nation 53 of -whom were detected in the presence of Mr. Merewether. Relief stations of the largest size were found inexpedient and were quickly broken up. They were infected with the curses of the military camps from which they often borrowed the name. Not being a necessity, they had no excuse for existence. In seve- ral, however, of considerable dimensions, Mr. Merewether found much to praise. It had been urged that wages could never be paid daily in one of them, but he says: "I saw 6,500 people paid in half an hour" (p. 282), and details the process. Again, he saw ri- valry excited between competing gangs through an appeal to the native love of pomp and circumstance. The gang who dur- ing a week had yielded the greatest out- turn of work, were for the next week solemn- ly escorted to and from their task by the beat of a drum, and a professional tom-tomist had been specially engaged to relieve the monotony of the work with soul -inspiring music (p. 263). All through Mr. Merewether's painful pil- grimage in famine districts the question what to do about it and how to do it was always before him. His conviction became firm that the system of public relief works ought to lose ground, and that of village relief ought to gain the ascendency. He shows village relief as propping the wall of society where it is weakest in time to keep it from fall- ing— saving villagers from selling cattle and tools, clothes and furniture, at ruinous sac- rifices, from eating their seed-corn, and snapping asunder all home ties— at last sell- ing themselves into coolie servitude beyond the sea. He shows up the grand works as disintegrating villages (which are preemi- nently the units of Indian life) as fatally as any band of kidnappers could. Such un- wieldy works multiply the dangers of fraud and oppression; they employ villagers on im- provements in which they cannot feel the interest they would in those at home. Hence they obtain only half-hearted service. They cannot lift up hands that hang down nor strengthen the feeble knees. To revive the villages which they have killed is now the hardest governmental labor. Christian missions as humanitarian insti- tutions in India have never come to the front as in these years of scarcity. Their praise is not only in the writings of Mere- wether and Hawthorne, but in the mouths of English officials who had ignored or despised them. No other whites except the mission- aries are in touch with those whom famine pinches most. None are at all fit to be war- dens of orphans now more numerous than ever. None can make a little money leaven so vast a mass. No class can be so safely trusted as honest and wise almoners of bounty. Historic Towns of New England. Edited by Lyman P. Powell. Putnams. 1898. Pp. 699. Historic Pilgrimages in New England. By Edwin M. Bacon. Boston: Silver, Burdett & Co. 1898. Pp. 473. The present fad for patriotic and historical societies— "Sons," "Daughters," and "De- scendants" of every one and everything— Is doubtless responsible for the new crop of guide-books and annals. We have before us specimens of the two classes into which such books can be divided. 'Historic Pilgrimages in New England' is the work of a single writer. 'Historic Towns of New England' is made up of sketches of Portland, by S. T. Packard; Rutland, by E. D. Mead; Salem, by G. D. Latimer; Boston, by T. W. Higginson; Cambridge, by S. A. Eliot; Concord, by F. B. Sanborn; Plymouth, by Ellen Watson; Cape Cod Towns, by Katherine L. Bates; Deer- field, by G. Sheldon; Newport, by Susan Coo- lidge; Providence, by W. B. Weeden; Hart- ford, by Mary K. Talcott; and New Haven, by F. H. Cogswell. The thirteen sketches in this latter volume are supposed to have been edited by Lyman P. Powell; and the Intro- duction, by G. P. Morris, has the singular advantage of being so entirely disconnected from the rest of the book as to be equally serviceable hereafter as the preface to any other book. Some, at least, of the remaining contributors to this miscellany have a lite- rary reputation, but none have added to it by their present work. We mean by this that no one of these essays shows the slightest evidence of the hand of a master, nor any sign of that complete devotion to a subject which forces the author to write because he has a story which he must tell. We have said that Mr. Powell is supposed to have edited the book; on reconsideration, we con- clude that he, or some one man, has really edited it. with a flowing pen and a keen pair of scissors, as otherwise a dozen individual writers could not have maintained such a placid — we had almost said dreary— uniform- ity of style and treatment. We can, how- ever, cheerfully praise the illustrations, which, though not specially new in subject, are a relief to the text. Mr. Bacon's volume is a guide-book of modern type, covering the history of various places near Boston, and of course largely devoted to that of the capital city. There is a show of information elicited under the pretence of rambles made by the author for the edification of a young companion, but the fiction is not amusing nor well main- tained. Still, we prefer the guidance of Mr. Bacon, whose pen has for years been in constant use in many fields of literature, to that of the syndicate responsible for the other volume. The trouble with such books as these is that there are too many rivals in the field. Take Boston, for example, as a subject. There is scarcely anything new to be said on the points handled in all alike. The old houses have left no traces, the few surviving portraits have been reproduced to satiety, and the quotations from a few authorities are, as Macaulay would say, familiar to every school - boy. Although the town records have been published by the liberality of the city, no compiler of these books takes the trouble to read and digest this new material, to discover and bring to light important facts. Instead, we have a rehash of the old stock pieces, Gov. Winthrop, Peter Faneuil, Ben- jamin Franklin, and Samuel Adams; the Bea- con Hill and Faneuil Hall, the Tea- Party and the Boston Massacre. It is surely time to demand a surcease of the old, old stories, and the exercise of a little of the true spirit of historic inquiry. There is more value in the essays of Mr. C. W. Ernst on the deve- lopment of municipal government in Boston, brief and disjointed though they be, than in a hundred of these beautiful volumes, the product of the camera and the engraver. The fact that the ward system began with division of the town between the various scavengers, in order to establish health regulations, be- comes of stupendous importance when we consider that hence came the local militia, the fire-system, and other forms of local gov- ernment, which so influenced the public mind that they resulted in city government and the gradual evolution of ward politics and ward bosses. And yet, in view of the fearful degeneracy of the daily press, we may rejoice that our children are supplied with clean and at- tractive literature in books like these. Per- haps here and there the seed will take root, and a crop of true historians will arise. Doctor Pascal. By ftrulle Zola. Translated by Mary J. Serrano. Macmlllan. Pp. 491. 'Doctor Pascal' is the last of the Rougon- Macquart series to which M. Zola has de- voted the greater portion of his literary la- bors, and contains, as is fitting, a larger measure than any of its predecessors of the author's theory of practice, his philosophy of life. Heredity has been the topic of the series from the beginning, the heredity of the Rougons and the Macquarts worked out under the conditions in France in the Second Empire; and Doctor Pascal, the son (as tho student of M. Zola will recollect) of Madame FelicitS, studies the family tree of the Rou- gon-Macquarts as M. Zola himself had stu- died it, and announces M. Zola's deductions. Whether those deductions were anticipated by M. Zola at the time when he began the exposition which has reached its completion in them, the critic may well doubt. There have been from the first two per- sons in the unity of M. Zola's inspiration, the bard and the doctrinaire, and they have belonged always to different philosophical camps, and had different periods of pre- dominance. In M. Zola's earlier novels the bard is predominant, and the bard is "posi- tive," as the French say, and pessimistic. In M. Zola's trilogy the doctrinaire is predomi- nant, and the doctrinaire is optimistic and mystical. 'Doctor Pascal' marks the transi- tion from the earlier novels to the trilogy, and is the masterpiece neither of the bard nor of the doctrinaire, but the indispensable commentary on the masterpieces of both. "Ah, this heredity! what a subject of end- less meditation to him!" M. Zola exclaims of his hero. "The strangest, the most wonder- ful part of it all, was it not, that the re- semblance between parents and children should not be perfect, mathematically ex- act? He had, in the beginning, made a gene- alogical tree of his family, especially traced, in which the influences from generation to generation were distributed equally— the father's part and the mother's part." Out of evil, fatally, evil comes; there is the tragedy, done to the bard's hand, and the finished pessimism. "But the living reality contradicted the theory at almost every point. Heredity, instead of being resem- blance, was an effort towards resemblance thwarted by circumstances and environ- ment"; there is the possibility of optimism and of the infinite approach to the per- fecting of man. "Atavism he doubted; it seemed to him, in spite of a remarkable in- stance, taken from his own family, that re- semblance at the end of two or three genera- tions must disappear by reason of accidents, of interferences, of a thousand possible com- binations." It is doubtful whether any man of equal abilities, unless it was M. Zola's master. Honors de Balzac, ever "paid him- self" with scientific speculations so flimsy; between the bard and the doctrinaire there is little to choose, but the relation between them in M. Zola's mind is not obscure. "The wisdom of God hath methodized the course of things unto the advantage of good-

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54 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 75 1 ness, and thinking considerators overlook not the tract thereof," wrote Sir Thomas Browne in the seventeenth century; and M. Zola In the nineteenth has no other message to de- liver, and, in spite of his parade of positivism, has no credentials to offer beyond the simple faith that is in him. "Perhaps he, too [Doctor Pascal], had been only a dreamer, for he had dreamed the most beautiful dreams, the final belief in a better world, where science should have bestowed incalculable power upon man — to accept everything, to turn everything to our hap- piness, to know everything, and to foresee everything; to make nature our servant, to live in the tranquillity of intelligence satis- fied. Faith in life, voluntary and regular labor, would suffice for health. Evil was only the unexplained side of things; suffering would one day assuredly be utilized." .And the book reaches its climax and it3 close in a scene ten months after Dr. Pascal has died, worn out with labor and devotion to his studies. Clotilde, his niece, and the mother of his posthumous child, "glanced involuntarily at the ancestral tree spread out beside her. Yes, the menace was there — so many crimes, so much filth, side by side with so many tears and so much pa- tient goodness. . . . And after so many terrible Rougons, so many vile Macquarts, stillanother had been born; life did not fear to create another of them. . . . Even at the risk of producing monsters, it must of necessity create, never wearies of creating, in the hope, no doubt, that the healthy and the good must one day prevail. ... A mother nursing, was she [Clotilde] not the image of the world continued and saved? She bent over, she looked into the child's limpid eyes, which opened joyously, eager for the light. . . . Again came a distant burst of music. This must be the apotheosis, the moment when Grandmamma Felicity, with her silver trowel,- was laying the cor- ner-stone of the monument to the glory of the Rougons. The vast blue sky seemed gladdened by the Sunday festival; and in the warm silence of the workroom Clotilde smiled down at the child still nursing, his little arm flung straight up in the air like a banner of life." Manila and the Pltilippines. By M. A. Hamm. P. T. Neely. 1898. And now Margherita Arlina Hamm has given us the latest book on the Philippines, which makes the fourth on the same subject since the battle of Manila Bay. It is dedi- cated "to Rizal and Aguinaldo, • the dead martyr and living hero," and the preface states that the context is based on notes made by the author while a resident and traveller in the Far East, some of which have already been used in newspaper corre- spondence. The volume contains a chapter on Luzon, one on Manila, several on the manners and customs of the people, archi- tecture and shops, one each on Iloilo, Cebu, and Sulu, and a dozen on the inhabitants of the archipelago, the animal world, mines and minerals, typhoons, and the outlying isl- ands. The author goes into many minute details about local peculiarities in custom, construction, and mode of life, which range all the way from the stitching used in mak- ing pineapple-cloth to the abuses which brought about the brotherhood of the Ka- tipunan and revolution of 1896. She con- cludes her book with a chapter on the future of the Philippines, in which we read that this depends chiefly on the great Powers of to-day. She states that the soil is rich, the climate salubrious, the harbors on the coast safe, and the archipelago capable of support- ing a hundred million human beings in com- fort. Miss Hamm thinks that the only things needed are justice and wisdom to make the Filipinos develop into importers of shiploads of flour, textiles, rails, preserved meats, boots, shoes, and machinery. The author seems to have got together a good deal of specific information about these much-discussed islands, but we do not take it for granted that she has personally ex- amined many of the conditions of things which she describes. She has read well, talked with others who have seen more than she has, and does not doubt for a moment that, after the exercise of justice and wis- dom, steel rails will flow into the country, the natives will change their diet from rice to canned goods, and suddenly take to wear- ing gloves and shoes, and the whole archipe- lago will teem with prosperity and com- merce. Since the author speaks of the cli- mate as salubrious, it is not to be supposed she has remained in the islands long enough to suffer from climatic maladies that damp- en enthusiasm. While her production is pure- ly that of a correspondent, it makes interest- ing reading, and its 218 pages contain both in- formation and anecdote. It is cheaply manu- factured, and contains twenty-three illus- trations. The Wild Fowl of the United States and British Possessions. By Daniel Giraud Elliot, F.R.S.E., etc. Francis P. Harper. 1898. 8vo, pp. xxii, 316, frontispiece por- trait and 63 plates. We should have more to say of this excel- lent work were it not that we reviewed Mr. Elliot's two previous volumes at con- siderable length, and all that we have said of them is equally applicable, mutatis mutan- dis, to the present case. By the "Wild Fowl" of the title Mr. Elliot means the Anatidw, or family of the swans, geese, ducks, and mergansers, of great economic importance and of special interest to sports- men. His previous books, to which we have referred, were respectively upon the Limicolw or shore birds, and the Gallinw or order which includes poultry; each of which groups is comparable with the Anatidw in the points just said. The three together possess prob- ably greater attractiveness to a larger number of persons than all other birds put together; and the "trilogy" now completed may be rated as one three-volume work, of uniform excellence throughout. The numerous illus- trations of the Wild Fowl are mainly by the same artist, Mr. E. L. Sheppard, to whose merits and what we consider his limitations we have before referred; but in the present Instance the author has collaborated to some extent In producing the plates. The frontis- piece will be recognized by Mr. Elliot's many friends as the very man they know intimately —the naturalist himself, as distinguished from the man of the world and of affairs represented in the portrait which has hither- to had a wider circulation. This presentment may be held to atone for the versification with which our genial author has been tempt- ed to cp$n and close the present volume. l\Ton omnes omnia possumus— which may be taken to mean that there is not a 'possum up every gum-tree. Mr. Elliot shows in this instance more clearly than before his superiority to that rule of thumb of A. O. U. Code which dic- tates that original misspellings of generic and specific names shall be inviolate for ever, and Is justly severe upon those whom he styles the advocates of illiteracy— those whom Dr. Coues calls "impurists" when they twit him with being a purist. He has per- haps twenty departures, in this single family Anatidw, from the supposed established nomenclature of the A. O. U.- Check-list, some of the changes being merely ortho- graphic, others affecting the status of genera and species or subspecies. We are satisfied that most of these innovations are sound, and anticipate with confidence their prompt adoption by the Committee on Nomenclature which holds the fate of all names in the hol- low of its collective hand. One neat point Mr. Elliot makes is that Barelda, usually unexplained and supposed to be a nonsense word, is an original misprint for Havelda, derived from a Scandinavian or Icelandic word meaning "sea-duck." The etymology of Branta from ppeVflos, Greek name of some water-fowl, is also correctly given, as are the unwonted but proper spellings of JEx for Aix, JEthyia for Aythya, and CEdemia for Oidemia. Perhaps we may some day discover an etymon for Leach's term Dafila, but it still remains a mystery, if not mere nonsense. The Bayeux Tapestry: A History and De- scription, by Frank Rede Fowke. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1898. In the little museum connected with the public library of the town of Bayeux in Nor- mandy is preserved a very remarkable piece of embroidery. This is more than 200 feet long, and about eighteen inches wide; a piece of linen upon which a long series of designs have been worked with the needle and in worsted. It is admitted on all hands that the subject of the embroidery is the inva- sion of England by Duke William of Normandy, the details of the Battle of Hast- ings, and the conquest of the country. The only serious dispute is as to whether the work is absolutely contemporary with its chief actors, or is of a somewhat later epoch. The name commonly given to it in English, "the Bayeux Tapestry," is, of course, a mis- translation of the French Tapisserie de Bay- eux; in no sense is it a tapestry, using that word with the common English meaning. The prefatory chapter of the volume under con- sideration relates the story of this monument of old time, and states the arguments for its greater or less antiquity, and for and against the old tradition that Queen Matilda directed its manufacture. The final sentences of this history (p. 23) give the reasons for the au- thor's conviction that it was originally a church work. "I conclude," says Mr. Fowke, "the tapestry to be a contemporary work in which Queen Matilda had no part, and that it was probably ordered for his Cathedral by Bishop Odo, and made by Norman work-peo- ple at Bayeux." The authentic documentary record of the tapestry dates back not so very far. In 1562, when the cathedral at Bayeux was pillaged by the Huguenots, the embroidery was con- cealed for awhile, apparently in the town hall, and afterwards restored to the church, where it was used for decoration. Being there, it was naturally disregarded as an his- torical monument, or as a work of art, by the people of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, but Montfaucon's fa- mous work contains a drawing of it, and at that time (that is to say, about 1730) papers were read about it, and discussion grew somewhat interesting. It went to Paris In revolutionary times, after having risked de- struction as a thing of no consequence. In

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Jan. 19, 1899] The Nation. 55 Paris It was somewhat celebrated; it came back to Bayeux on the fall of Napoleon, and then It was adjusted, like a modern movable panorama, and rolled upon two cylinders. It is only since 1842 that it has been securely placed and cared for in a serious way. So much for the history of the piece in modern times. As to its character, its pur- pose, the record contained in it, the curious Information it gives concerning costumes and armor— the rest of the book is devoted to it. The text from page 25 to 136 contains a de- scription of each picture which has been selected by the author from the continuous band of decoration. Then follows an index, and then a series of seventy-nine half-tone plates, reproducing with some success, and on a scale of two-ninths of the original, the parts which, as above stated, were selected for analysis. The volume, therefore, is a piece of history of singular value to those who have not ready access to larger and fuller reproductions, or to the piece itself, and it also serves as a very faithful and fairly complete guidebook for the fa nous embroidery. With Peary near the Pole. By Eivind Astrup. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1898. 362 pp. 8vo. Ill'd. Mr. Astrup will be remembered as the companion of Peary during the adventurous and successful journey to the northern bor- der of the Inland Ice, and also as a member of the second expedition which in 1893-4 at- tempted to continue these explorations, but was defeated by exceptional bad weather that made it impossible to carry out Peary's plans. The present volume is a translation from the Norwegian original, by Mr. H. J. Bull, and is well illustrated from sketches and photographs by the author. It might be supposed that the volumes al- ready published by Mr. and Mrs. Peary must cover everything of interest connected with the expeditions, and that the present one was, therefore, superfluous. We were agree- ably disappointed to find that this was not the case. It is, of course, true that the es- sential facts of their work, with the fullest detail, are contained in Mr. Peary's volumes. But Astrup's story not only gives in com- pact form the outlines of the work done by the expeditions with which he was connected, but adds to this the details of an important exploration of the shores of Melville Bay made by him in person, and also some very fresh and entertaining observations on the natives of this desolate region. Without li- terary pretension or tendency to gush, the author has told his experiences very happily. His personal enthusiasm and interest in his work are conspicuous on every page, and make his book pleasant and interesting to the reader. Indeed, for the average reader, who is not an Arctic expert and does not care for minute details of travel and out- fitting, we feel justified in recommending this little volume as the best and most in- teresting account of its subject that has yet been printed. A large proportion of it is de- voted to the Eskimo of Northwest Green- land, whose good qualities are frankly re- cognized and heartily appreciated. It has always been cause for regret that no trained anthropologist formed one of the members of the various expeditions which have wintered in the vicinity of Cape York since the Polaris expedition, and that Bes- sels's Volume on the Eskimos of this re- gion has never been available in transla- tion. These Eskimos are certainly one of the most interesting groups of people known to the ethnologist, on account of the ex- traordinary isolation in which they have existed until very lately. Yet no mono- graphic study of them has been made, and, until the publication of the book now under review, their social characteristics have been almost wholly ignored in the reports of ex- plorers. The account given by Astrup is not profound or monographic, but it does contain a great deal of welcome matter, although the work of an untrained observer. The book is handsomely printed and well illustrated; but the map of Greenland is roughly drawn and there is no index. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adily, S. O. The Evolution of the English House. London: Sonnenscheln; New York: Macmllluu. W.60. Aui-inger, O. C. and Smith, J. O. The Christ. A Poetical Study of His Life. Putnams. $1.25. Deal. Prof. W, J. Seed Dispersal. Boston: Glnn & Co. Honrdinan. Rev. G. D. The Kingdom. An Exe- getical Study. Scril.ners. $2. Briggs. Prof. C. A. General Introduction to the I'n.fi-ssh.nal and Amateur Speakers. Eaton & Mains. $1.50. Cnrringlon. Gen. H. K. Washington the Soldier. Boston: Lamson. Wolffe 4: Co. $2.50. Dandllker, Prof. Karl. A Short History of Swit- zerland. London: Sonncnscheiu; New York: Mar- inlllan. $2.50. Dwlght. Henrietta L. The Golden Age Cook Book. Alliance Publishing Co. $1.25. Slav or Saxc Fuulke, *1. 2d ed. Put- 17H2-175G. Boston: Houghton, Mifi Henderson, J. V. Scottish Vernacular Literature. A Succinct History. London: David Nutt. Hume. M. A. S. Spain. Its Greatness and Decay tl-17!)-1788i. Cambridge: University Press; New York: Macmlllan. $1.50. Hyslop. Prof. J. H. Democracy. A Study of Gov- ernment. Scribners. $1.50. Lee. Albert. The Key of the Holy House. A Ro- mance of Old Antwerp. Appletons. $1. I.owenbers, Rev. W. J., and Brlerley, Henry. The Registers of the Parish Church of Bury in the County of Lancaster. Rochdale, Eng.: James Clegg. Martin, Prof. H. N. The Human Body. 5th ed. Henry Holt & Co. $1.20. Morehouse, G. W. The Wilderness of Worlds. Peter Ecfcler. $1". Newcomer. Prof. A. G. Elements of Rhetoric. Henry Holt & Co. $1. Ober, F. A. Puerto Rico and its Resources. Ap- pletons. Parmele. Mary P. A Short History of Germany. A Short History of France. Scribners. Each 60c Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. Paul et Virginie. Henry Holt & Co. 50c. Schultz, Jeanne. La Main de Sainte-Modestine. Paris: Calmann Levy. Scott. D. C. Labor and the Angel. Boston: Cope- land & Day. $1.25. Scribncr's Magazine, 1898. 2 vols. Scribners. Sullivan. W. R. W. Morality as a Religion. Lon- don: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan. $2. Thompson. Prof. S. P. Michael Faraday, His Life and Work. Macmillan. $1.25. Thwaltes, R. 6. The Jesuit Relations. Vols. XXXIII. and XXXIV. Cleveland, O.: Burrows Bros. Co. Trevelyan, Sir G. O. The American Revolution. Part' I. Longmans, Green & Co. HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. I1A TE JUST PUBLISHED : Canfield's French Lyrics. Kdiled by Professor Arthur Gravies Canfibld of the University of Kansas, xxll+382 pp. 16mo, $1 net. Over 2; Purine 1 li: Ltousscau -'•■! d" Lisle ( I l; Clienler CO: Arnault (1 1; Cha- 1 1 1: Nodier c.'i: Bexanger IH); Desbordcs-Valrnore uii; I.amarnne 1 1 2 1 ; de Vlgnv (21: Hugo i2'.ii; Barbior li); d'Agoult Mi; Musset (l:ii; !.">>; Laprade Cli: Ackefmann (I); Leconte de l.lsicilsii; Baudelaire (Hi; Dupont (4i; Lemoyne (?); Banvllb: nli; Thcurlci cJi: Lct'-uestre (Vi; mi (.lutigtn : 1 i: suPv ''nelli mime (2'2I; Daudet. (2); Ca/.u- lls; Verlaine (14); Bergeret (I); iicrouledc il Tlereelln (1); Maupassant. (81; Bourget (51 Boutelleau (2) The Introduction briefly outlines the history of the lyric in France and characterizes its qua 1 1; ios, and con- cludes with a summary of French versification. The brief notes arc chiefly literary and biographical. The above is a Companion Volume to Kleuze's Deutsche Gedichte Edited by Prof. Camilla v. Kleuzk of Chicago Univer- sity Willi portraits. xiv+:Wl pages. I (brio, (inc. net. Over 2:10 of the best German ballads and lyrics (in- eluding a few student and popular songs) represent- Ing fifty poets The introduction sketches the growth of the German iia 1 lad and hrie and touches on its re- lation to their English poetry and to music. The notes chief!) place the selections in the. lives of tbc poets and smooth textual difficulties. B OOA'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE IV, Standard and Rare. Books bought. Catalogues E. W. Jomiso.v, 2 L. 42d St., N.Y. A Company Engaged in Suburban Development A PRIZE OF FIFTY DOLLARS will be given for the name accepted for the subdivision, and Five Dollars each lor names accepted for the roads. For particulars, address WM. M. COYLE. 145 Nassau St., New York City JUS T P UB LI SHED • The Archdeacon. By Mrp. Walford, author of " Baby's Grand- mother," "Ledcly Marget." etc. Crown 8vo, fl 50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91 Fifth Ave., New York. 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53 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1 75 1 Dodd^Mead& Company Beg to announce the third large edition of Mr. Watts-Duntons new romance. The TENTH edition is now ready in England. (.(. 5? AYLWIN 1 2 mo, Cloth, $1.50. THE BOSTON TRANSCRIPT: In this novel there has been no disappointment. The poetical thought, the light and shades of character, the picturesque quality, en- gage the interest from page to page, and over all there is the rarest charm of style, something so limpid, frank and cheerful, that it makes an extraordinary impression on even the blase reader. . . . Sinfi Lovell is a splendid creation. THE PHILADELPHIA TELEGRAPH: Its greatest charm is its delightful vivid, ail-absorbing romance. Its study of the tender passion has never been surpassed for fire, tender- ness and heart. Sinfi Lovell is the greatest heroine of recent fiction, and one is inclined to believe that she will come to hold a place among the heroines of enduring literature. At All Bookstores. DoddyAfead& Company Publishers, New York. GENTLEMEN HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL PRESENT FOR A LADY, 16-60, WILL FIND The Augusta-Victoria Empress Opera Shawl a most appropriate Birthday, Wedding, Christ mas, or New Year's gift. They are entirely handwoven, about 40 inches square, with fl- inch fringe, at Bethlehem by expert SaxoD weavers. Softest wool and silk— woof silk and web wool— in rich light green, delicate pink, recherche1 red, pure white or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7.50 — check or money order — to THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., No. 13 Moravian Church Street. Bethlehem. Pa. LIBRARIES. We supply Public, Private, School, College, and Club Libraries willi all currciii lainks promptly an, I chi-aph [I. Ik our specialty. We ileal In nothing but books. Our Monthly Ihilletin of all the publishers' new, notewoi tb\ and popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. ROOK'S F0R SCARCE ONES CONSULT DWVHN.O POOR RICHARDS ALMANACK, tJVDXMCW Oriental Rugs. Exclusive designs in rich and soft Colorings for Drawing-Rooms, Reception and Dining-Rooms, Libraries, Halls, etc. Carpets. Axminster, Wilton and Brussels Carpets of the finest qualities manufactured. J3tocu)waij caj> 1 *)th 6t. NEW YORK. JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. $2.00. " As a piece of historical biography It Is a noble success."— Am. Historical Review. HOUOrlTON, MIFFLIN & CO. The Linen Store" Rtexutrcd Trait Murk. Annual Sale Table Linen Lot 4 The Famous Barnsley Goods 647 Cloths. 393 doz. Napkins. These are specially recom- mended for durability and for their handsome satiny appear- ance. The prices add to the attractiveness: % size (L5-inch) Napkins $4.50 2 x2 yard cloths &00 a 75 4.60 6.25 6.60 5.00 aoo 7.00 8.00 2 x 2Ji 2 x 8 2 x 3* 2x4 2Xx2}4 2% x 3 2% x 3X 2^ x 4 This single instance is but a hint of values which prevail throughout the store during the annual sale. Send for booklet giving prices in detail. James McCutcheon&Co. 14 West 23d Street, N. Y. ^Absolutely Reliable Ahuays emington Standard Typewriter, WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT. 327 Broadway, New York. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE HUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. PHOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS of Architecture, Sculpture, and paintings of all European Galleries Imported by GEORGE BUSSE, 12 W. 28th St., New York ARTISTIC FRAMING.

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The VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 752. THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Books Published During 1898, by DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, 149=151 Fifth Avenue, New York. (All cloth bindings unless otherwise specified. ) AJAX (The) Series of 12mos. 75 titles. (List and prices on application ) ANDREWS, William L. Fragments of American History. II- lus. 12mo net $10 00 New Amsterdam, New Orange, and New York. 8vo.net 25 00 ARNOLD, William Harris. First Report of a Book-Collector. Illustrated. 16mo net ATMERTON, Gertrude. bands. 8vo American Wives and English Hus- The Valiant Runaways. Illustrated. 16mo BARLOW, Jane. A Creel of Irish Stories. 12mo BARR, Amelia E. Maids, Wives, and Bachelors. 12mo BOOKMAN LITERARY YEAR-BOOK (The). Illustrated. 12mo. BROOKE, Stopford A. The Gospel of Joy. 12mo BURNS, ROBERT. Correspondence with Mrs. Dunlop. Illus- trated. 8 vo CANTON, William. The Invisible Playmate, and W. V. (New edition.) 12mo W. V.'s Golden Legend. Illustrated. 12mo CAPES, Bernard. 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11 The Nation [Vol 68, No. 1752 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post- Office as second class maiUmaiter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 57 Editorial Akticles: "The Manners of Liberty" 60 Samoa us an Example 60 Expansionist Dreams 61 The Remarkable Financial Situation 61 The English Political Muddle 62 Special Correspondence: License in English Rhyme.— 1 63 The Collected Works of Edward Burne-Jones. 65 Correspondence: "Destiny" Legalized 66 The California Legislative Instructions 66 The True Spain 67 "Interlock" 67 Notes 67 Book Reviews: The Zeno Voyages 70 The Child in Education 72 Problems of Modern Industry 73 The Great Salt Lake Trail 74 Modern Political Institutions 74 The True Benjamin Franklin 74 Books of the Week 75 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 111 The Wheel of God. By Geobge Egerton, author of "Key- notes," "Discords," etc. No. 34 in the Hudson Library. 12mo, cloth, 11.00; paper, 50 cents. "The author of 'Keynotes' has produced in this story what Is so far her best work . . . and has struck new and powerful notes. The story presents a searching piece of analysis at once vigorous and delicate and full of pouting passages which refuse to be forgotten. . . . It is impossible to do justice to such a book in other than a lengthy review, but it may certain- ly be pronounced one of the most notable novels of the month.'-COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER. O. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 & 29 W. 33d St. , N. Y. LITTLE, BROWN & CO. SAVE JUST PUBLISHED: CREATION MYTHS OF PRIMI- TIVE AMERICA In relation to the Religious History and Mental Development of Mankind. 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IV Tlie ISfation [Vol. 68, No. 1752 GINN AND COMPANY'S NEWEST BOOKS The World's Painters and Their Pictures By DERISTHE L. HOYT Lecturer in the Massachusetts Normal Art School Cloth. 37a pages. Fully Illustrated. $1.25. '^'HIS work has been most carefully adapted to the V*/ use of students. In connection with chief points of interest in the life and character of each artist is an analysis of the distinctive characteristics of his work and a list of his most important or representative paint- ings, with descriptive notes and the places where the paintings are to be found to-day. Heroes of the Middle West By MARY HARTWELL CATHERWOOD Cloth. 141 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents. '/T'HIS well-known author's work contains a condensed Vl* but carefully balanced set of narrative stories, cov- ering the entire period of the discovery and occupation of the Middle West by the French. 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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1809. The Week. The action of the House committee on coinage, weights, and measures in agree- ing to report a radical measure for the reform of our currency system is a poli- tical event of great significance. The bill is long and elaborate, but its most important features are those which ex- plicitly establish the gold standard by provisions that the gold dollar shall be the standard of value in the United States, that all obligations of the United States shall be payable in gold unless otherwise stipulated, and that no more silver dollars shall be coined, except from the silver bullion now held in the Treasury against the silver certificates or Treasury notes issued under the act of July 14, 1890; with other provisions for the gradual retirement and cancellation of all United States notes and Treasury notes. The most important considera- tion about this action of the House com- mittee is the fact that its Republican members are united and earnest in sup- port of the measure reported. They be- lieve in the gold standard, and they are not afraid to say so openly. They hold that there should be no further coinage of silver dollars, and they are ready to provide by law that there shall not be. They are convinced that the greenbacks ought to be retired, and they are anxious to pass a law which will force the re- tirement of this currency. That this bill will pass Congress during the pre- sent session is not to be expected. Its supporters doubtless do not anticipate that it will get through even the House. Nevertheless, it is a great thing to get all the Republican members of a financial committee out in open support of so "flat-footed" a measure of currency re- form. We have never secured from any representative body of the party in Con- gress so positive and commendable a proposition for permanent currency le- gislation as this. The so-called Nicaragua Canal bill, which passed the Senate on Saturday, is really a bill to build a canal across the isthmus anywhere, at any cost, under any contract or company, at any time. It is, in other words, a huge conglome- rate measure, into which all sorts of conflicting provisions were thrown. Only in that way could it be passed. Senator Morgan conquered opposition by yield- ing to it. It was charged that his ori- ginal bill was in violation of the Clay- ton-Bulwer treaty; therefore he accept- ed an amendment requiring the Presi- dent to open negotiations for the abroga- tion of that treaty, "or any other treaty found to be in existence and standing in the way of the construction of the canal." Here is plenty of work for ne- gotiators, but possibly none at all for canal-diggers. It was said that there were serious difficulties about the vali- dity of the contract with Nicaragua, about Costa Rica's interests and rights; it was maintained that perhaps our Gov- ernment could make a better bargain with the Panama Company than with any other. Never mind, just authorize the President to settle all these ques- tions. He is a fountain of inexhaustible wisdom. The bill really "leaves it all to McKinley," just as we have been leaving everything else to him. It is clear that the bill was passed in this hodge-podge state only in the des- perate hope that the House would pass some kind of bill of its own and get the matter into conference. The present state of opinion in Congress seems to be that some canal should be construct- ed across the isthmus, but by whom or where or under what auspices, there is a hopeless conflict of view. In these circum- stances, as we have said before, the most reasonable thing to do would be to refer the whole matter to a commission which should bring forward some practicable and self-consistent bill next December. The general desire and expectation of the country undoubtedly is that the isth- mus be cut by a canal. But there is no commitment in favor of any existing project. The best canal to be had on the best terms both of construction and operation — that is the thing the country wants, and the Morgan bill is as far as possible from providing it. In fact, if that bill were to become law as it stands, we should not necessarily be any nearer having a canal than we are without any bill at all. If the aim of Congress is not to pass bills for a canal, but to get a canal, a very different measure must be devised. Senator Hoar expresses confidence that the treaty will either be defeated alto- gether or amended so as to meet the con- tention of those who are opposed to the Administration's ideas on expansion and imperialism. It has been generally held that the treaty must be either accepted or rejected in its entirety, and the cham- pions of expansion have argued that its rejection would mean a reopening of the war with Spain. But the Massachusetts Senator insists that there are several ways in which the treaty can be amend- ed without causing a reopening of the state of war, or a violation of the terms of the protocol, under which we are, constructively at least, now at peace. One way which he suggests is to amend the third article of the treaty so as to make it conform to the first, and have it provide that, instead of "ceding" the Philippines to us, Spain shall "relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to" them, as in the case of Cuba. "I wish," says Mr. Hoar, "to see the Philip- pines in identically the same position as Cuba. We must not give them back to Spain, but we must see that a good and stable government is set up there by the Filipinos. I believe that, under the guidance of this country, those people would be able to establish themselves among the nations of the earth." Mr. Hoar thinks that such an amendment of the treaty as he proposes and hopes to see the Senate adopt would not require the reconvening of the Commissioners, but might be agreed to by Spain and the United States through the French Am- bassador. Suppose war should now break out between us and the Filipinos, as it has broken out so often between us and the Indians, and the good and wise William McKinley should conclude that they must be punished with fire and sword for not submitting to his authority, and should give orders to his generals to slaughter them freely, and not to allow any news of what they were doing to reach this country, as is the case at this moment (for he has established a strict censorship of telegrams), what dif- ference would there be between our Filipino question and our Indian ques- tion? How much should we know of what was going on among our "subject races"? What kind of place would "the glory-crowned heights" be? Is there a single politician in the United States who would, even for a brief season, give up "getting delegates" in order to de- vote himself to succoring and righting the desolate and oppressed? Where would the conquering Griggs be, or the conscientious Lodge? Where would that mighty host be who have so freely of- fered to assume all the responsibility that "Destiny" may choose to thrust upon them? Additional proof that the expansion- ists are finding more and more shoals in the course which at one time seemed such smooth sailing, comes from Wash- ington in the shape of hints that it may be impossible to pass the Hull bill for the reorganization of the army, except at a special session of Congress. Ru- mors that some compromise will be adopted by which the volunteers will be mustered out and the regulars maintain- ed at a war footing of 62,000 men, and that "the powers of the President" are to be extended to "cover the emergency," are heard on every side, as well as the statement that the entire influence of the

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58 The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1752 Administration will be used to force the bill through the House when it comes up for debate this week. The recent and still present scandals in the army, the Eagan outburst, the distrust of the abili- ty of Secretary Alger to reorganize any- thing properly, let alone a military body, and the weaknesses of the Hull bill itself, have all brought about a marked dimi- nution in the demand for more soldiers for the taxpayers to support. It begins to look as if the Republican leaders would have done well to accept the sug- gestion of Col. Bryan to organize a tem- porary army of occupation from the few volunteers who wish to remain in service and from additional enlist- ments, instead of asking so large an increase of an institution which Wash- ington and the founders of the republic deemed the greatest danger to free in- stitutions—a standing army. Mean- while, the regular troops hover between a peace and a war footing, nearly all the volunteers in Manila, Cuba, and in the South clamor to be released from the life of professional soldiers, and im- perialism knows not where to look for the forces upon which all imperialism rests — the men of the sword and bay- onet to spread the "blessings of civili- zation" by means of shot and shell. The antiquated and hide-bound me- thods of the War Department are dis- closed anew in the information that our troops in Manila are still receiving the rations prepared for use in this country, despite many earnest recommendations for a change from officers who served in Cuba. In answer to complaints about the food of the Colorado regiment now at Manila, one of its officers, who has just returned, has stated publicly that Gen. Otis and his officers are powerless to remedy the evil. "It would be advis- able," he said, "to purchase the food supplies for the army in some Asiatic port, and have their issuance under the supervision of Gen. Otis, who is familiar with everything affecting the army and eager for the adoption of any measure that will improve its condition. If this were done, it would secure an abun- dance of fresh food for the army, and would be less expensive to the Govern- ment than the shipment of food-stuffs from San Francisco. But this cannot be done without the sanction of the Sec- retary of War." And still we read that large shipments of canned and frozen meats are to be made from San Fran- cisco. Secretary Alger's failure to issue the proper order has led Senator Hawley to introduce a bill adding to the present army ration more rice, sugar, green cof- [ee, and other tropical foodstuffs, and we thus have the spectacle of the legis- lative branch of our Government inter- fering with the details of the manage- ment of an executive department, be- of the latter's notorious ineffi- ciency. The news that Havana is to be cleans- ed and made Into a modern hygienic city seems to its long-time inhabitants almost too good to be true. The Diario de la Marina of January 12, comment- ing on the dispatch which said that the Government at Washington had ap- proved Col. Waring's plan, declared that no step could give more legitimate sat- isfaction to all residents of Havana. The Diurio is a stiff pro-Spanish paper, and it confesses to a sorrowful feeling as it reflects that so many years of wealth and power had passed without moving the former administrators of the city to undertake "a work demanded by pub- lic opinion from time immemorial, and studied by our scientists and formulat- ed in our press in almost exactly the same terms as those found in the bril- liant report of the unfortunate Col. Waring." We only hope the Diario will not be disappointed again. The cabinet at Washington has been reported to have adopted the Waring plan, but we know of no contracts let, or even ad- vertised, to carry it into execution. Yet time is of the very essence of the affair. We may loiter, but yellow fever will not. The nymphs of sewers and sinks are having only a short vacation in Hava- na; in three months it will be over, and they will be filling up the hospitals with our soldiers unless the swiftest mea- sures are taken to head them off. "Another glorious page in the history of American seamen," we read in a message which the President aent to Congress last week. What, more fierce fighting? More ships sunk? More ene- mies gloriously slaughtered? No, it is only a tame story of the rescue of im- perilled whalers in Arctic waters by the officers and crew of the United States revenue cutter Bear. But the President does well to commend them to the grate- ful consideration of Congress and the people. They were engaged in a service as arduous, and displayed a heroism as conspicuous, as the crews who fought at Manila or Santiago. They encountered hardships and faced death for four months, on an expedition organized to save the lives of 275 Americans, whom they succeeded in rescuing; and such an heroic victory of peace, as Mr. Mc- Kinley says, constitutes a public service. It is at least as great as the slaughter of 1,000 Spaniards. It is well for the peo- ple, as it is for the army and navy, to be reminded that praise and reward are the just desert, in our time as in Words- worth's, of the happy warrior "Who, doomed to go In company wltli Pain, And Fear, and Bloodshed, miserable train! Turns his necessity lo glorious gain." The Legislature of the greatest State in the Union elects to the United States Senate a man who is the choice of the boss of the dominant party— aa it would elect Sereno E. Payne, or anybody else, instead of Cbauncey M. Depew, if piatt but so ordered. The Legislature of the second State in the Union gives only 16 votes less than a majority to the boss of the dominant party there, while he is awaiting trial on charges which may send him to the penitentiary. The Legis- lature of the next largest State but one chose for Senator a year ago a typical representative of the material element in our politics, Hanna having forced his choice by the use of his great wealth and the help of the Federal patronage which, as boss of the dominant party in his commonwealth, he could promise with assurance even before his next friend entered the White House. It is encouraging to turn from such specta- cles at Albany, Harrisburg, and Colum- bus to the very different scene presented by the choice of a United States Senator at Indianapolis, Mr. Albert J. Beve- ridge. Mr. Beveridge is only thirty-six years old. He has never held public office. He lives in Indianapolis, and, as the other Senator is also a resident of that city, the "locality" argument appeared to rule him out. He had no money, and no powerful professional associations, for he has never had a law partner. He represented no great corporate interests, and he had no political machine behind him. But he had many warm friends and devoted admirers, who believed that he would make a good Senator, and re- solved to see if they could not get the office for him. The struggle was warm and close, but the new-comer in politics won, and won on his merits. Mr. Beve- ridge is accused of being "a spread-eagle orator," and there is no doubt that he has a tendency to "hifalutin." But no- body can read such an address as that on "The Vitality of the American Constitu- tion," which he delivered before the Al- legheny County (Pa.) Bar Association a year ago, without realizing that he is also a man of genuine ability, who should outgrow his youthful faults of exuberant oratory. His character is be- yond criticism, his desire to render good service to the public seems deep and strong, and altogether the promise of his entrance upon a national career is great. That Quay would "have a Governor whom I own," if he should nominate William A. Stone and secure his election, was universally recognized throughout the campaign last fall. Nobody, there- fore, can be surprised that Gov. Stone has named for Attorney-General a Quay lieutenant with a very bad record. John P. Elkin was Deputy Attorney-General under the last State administration, and he was deservedly removed from office for his share in pushing through a scheme to pay padded rolls of legislative employees by signing with others a bond to indemnify the State Treasurer if the payment from the funds of the com- monwealth should be pronounced illegal

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Jan. 26, 1899J T h. e HSTation 59 in law, as it obviously was fraudulent in intent. It is entirely characteristic that a discredited politician of this type should be "vindicated" by elevation to the head of a department from a subor- dinate position in which he had been removed in disgrace. The sole defence which anybody attempts to make is that the indemnity-bond affair represented a "vicious habit" of long standing, which had been employed on former occasions for like unlawful purposes, and that Mr. Elkin had only committed "an er- ror of judgment." A particularly pestiferous bill has been introduced at Albany by Leon Sanders, a Tammany statesman who took his first lesson in the science of government under Barney Martin, when the latter was Commissioner of Jurors. Mr. Sanders proposes to prohibit all em- ployers of labor from working their em- ployees more than eight hours a day, no matter whether the employees wish to do so or not, with a penalty for violating the law not less than $50 nor more than $100. Such a law would make it impossible for any employer to have his men work overtime in an emer- gency, on any terms whatever. It would thus prevent the laborers from earning extra money when opportunities to do so should arise, and would be as much of an injustice and hardship upon them as it would be upon their em- ployers. As a matter of fact, there are thousands of workingmen who rejoice at the opportunity of working more than eight hours a day — that is, working as many hours as they feel they are able to work, and getting paid according to their merits and abilities. Mr. Sanders is a professional champion of the la- borers who "work mainly with their mouths" — that is, devise schemes which will enable them to get a living by put- ting shackles of various kinds upon real workingmen. If he should succeed in getting his bill through the Legislature, there would be no difficulty in convin- cing the Governor of its true character and hence of making its death sure. We felt sure that the Irish vote would have something to say, sooner or later, about the fiendish good understanding with England, and the new organization called the Continental League appears to offer a vent to Celtic spirit long out- raged by all this billing and cooing with the oppressor. In its declared purposes, it is against imperialism, but it is es- pecially against "entangling alliances with European Powers." No Powers are mentioned, but a glance at the names of the officers— Emmet, Quinn, O'Fla- herty, and the rest— will show Great Bri- tain who have their eyes on her. This is only one of the funny sides of the English entente. An Englishman who has travelled extensively in this country reports in the Contemporary his discov- ery of the way the "ordinary American" regards the new understanding. He did not find his average man on the Atlantic seaboard, but in the great Middle States, where, he truly says, is the habitat of "the pushing, loud-tongued, boastful, il- literate, buy-you-up American." This writer's testimony is as follows: "I talked with hundreds of men right across the States. The general idea was this: "Yes, it would be a good thing for you Englihh, but we've got nothing to gaiu. We can take care of ourselves, and you can't. You want our help. As we are at war with Spain, the English are taking advantage of the moment to force an alliance. You know we are the principal nation on the fact of this earth; we lick you in everything; we've licked you in war; and you want to keep on the best side of us.' " We are glad to think that there are signs of a little cooling in the English love for us, as allies and coadjutors in the work of conquering and ruling in- ferior races. The delay in ratifying the treaty, and the slow return of reason to the American people, are raising a suspicion in England at last that the press and the mighty men of the Con- servative party were a litle too hasty in presuming on the American alliance in conquests and seizures. We do not think the English press has played a more unworthy part for many years. It has been for months — when it knew we were laboring under the reason-dethron- ing excitement of war, and that a long and happy peace had left us in complete ignorance about the role we were under- taking as conquerors — urging us into adventures of every description, which would suit its own purposes and neces- sities, and writing all the time about our affairs as if it had any comprehen- sion of the influences which sway our opinions and determine our political ac- tion. The reasons it supplied for our entering on a warlike career have often been ludicrous in their absurdity, but they served the purpose of flattering American vanity and gladdening the hearts of contractors, jobbers, and cor- rupt politicians. We do not see that all this has increased the love of Eng- land, outside the gang of politicians who find English approval of their schemes a help in getting them executed. The manifesto recently issued by the Cobden Club is a sort of abandonment of its old policy of propagandism. It also apparently gives up the plan of influencing the American elections by money, which, according to some of our papers, it so long pursued with a certain malignity. It now apparently confesses that its missionary work among the na- tions in their home territory is hopeless, but it insists on the application of free- trade principles to the new countries which so many of them are seizing, and says, what is more important, that Eng- land will insist on it. The success of Lord Salisbury's attempt to enforce this policy of an "open door" on either Rus- sia or France has not been great enough to encourage much hope about the mat- ter, at least during Lord Salisbury's mi- nistry. At the end of any such policy there must be a threat of war, and this threat he will not make, at least during the Queen's lifetime. The Cobden Club offers magnanimously to let any nation seize any unoccupied territory it pleases. 11' it will only keep the "door open" to all the trade of the world, or, at least, to all English trade. The world has prob- ably never been in such a mess. It was never so fierce for trade, but it is so eager also for war that it cannot trade, and yet is so eager for trade that it can- not go to war. The policy of the Cobden Club receives great discouragement from the conduct of France, for instance. Great Britain had valuable trade rights in Madagascar. Half the trade of the island was hers. France annexed Madagascar. Since then she has been extinguishing both British trade rights and British trade. She is doing the same thing, almost, in Tunis. Now, is there any way of remedying this except by threatening war? We fear not. One result of this sort of thing is that the British public is more and more in- clined to believe that it must itself own the territory it wishes to trade with, if it is to have an open door. Protection is the doctrine of the natural man, and the natural man is now so powerful that he must try his experiment, and is, there- fore, Jingo. The politicians in Spain are as tough as our own; few die and none retire to private life. Sagasta's career was thought to be completely finished. The disasters which the country had suffered under him had made, it was believed, any po- litical future for him entirely impossible. He himself favored that view. He gave it to be understood that he was holding on only until the necessary measures of peace were perfected, when he would withdraw to indulge in grief and regrets in retirement. But later developments make it appear that he has no idea of doing anything of the kind. When the Conservatives first began to hint that it was time for him to resign, he said he must cling to office until the last humiliation had been undergone. But this did not suit Silvela, the Conserva- tive chief. He had struck up an alliance with Gen. Polavieja, and served notice on Sagasta that it was time for him to be going. But that Liberal and wily statesman also produced his political general — none other than Gen. Weyler— and refused to budge. The combination of Weyler and Sagasta is a very strong one; and the fact that the Liberal chief had auietly arranged it and now pub- lishes it, is sufficient notification that he means to hold his position as long as possible.

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60 The ZNTation [Vol. 68, No. 1752 "TEE MANNERS OF LIBERTY." M. Lavisse, the distinguished French historian, talking the other day of the French troubles, "the leagues, the re- unions, the speeches," the uproar and tumults, says he only hopes there will be more of them; that they will con- tinue and survive their "sorrowful cause," because these are "the manners of liberty." If the President will only take these words to heart, he may find some consolation in them for the delays in the Senate of which he complains. The Senate procedure is full of delay; the minority exercises an influence out of proportion to its numerical strength; the procrastination is wearisome and annoying to the Executive, who longs to put things through and begin in earnest the work of governing "subject races." The answer to all this is that that is the way in which our Government was meant to work. The Executive was not allowed to make treaties of itself, simply in order that the Senate might pass up- on them also. The framers were not willing to allow any one man to bind the country to anything, no matter how wise and good he was. Then the Se- nate, being composed of many persons with different points of view, can reach conclusions only through debate, collo- quy, and deliberation. A two-thirds majority is required to confirm a treaty, for the express purpose of giving the minority of a certain size power to hin- der its confirmation. When any one says, "You are a minority; why do you delay business when you know the ma- jority are against you?-" the answer is, "My rights under the Constitution have precisely the same origin as those of the majority. Theirs do not come from their being a majority; they come from being constitutional." If only one man had the power to hinder the confirma- tion of a treaty, his right to hinder and delay it would be of exactly the same force, vigor, and effect as the Presi- dent's to make it. Nobody under the Constitution has any authority better than any one else. All modern constitu- tions are made for the express purpose of preventing majorities from having ab- solute sway. If it were right that ma- jorities should thus rule, in America, we should have a totally different kind of government from that under which we have lived and flourished and excited the admiration of mankind for one hun- dred years. If it were considered wise that whatever the President offered to the Senate should go through at once, on his mere recommendation, the pow- er of considering and assenting to or vetoing his recommendations would not have been lodged in the Senate. You cannot strike at the Senate's privileges without striking at the President's also. These things appear commonplace enough to most Americans, and yet they seem to need repeating every now and then to the whole official class, or, at least, that portion of it which is given over to "expansion" and "empire." They have grown visibly impatient of dis- cussion. From the day, a few years ago, when Speaker Reed, in the interest of the tariff, "thanked God that the House of Representatives was not a delibera- tive body," down to the present moment, when the President, in the interest of the treaty, wishes the Senate were notso deli- berate, there has been a visible tendency towards government by the "sic voleo, sic jubeo" system. Deliberation has been becoming distinctly more contemptible; rapidity of legislation has been becom- ing more prized than its wisdom or per- manence. The boss has been becoming the leading power in the state, and the boss "votes but does not talk." And yet we have little doubt that a political philosopher would pronounce about half the legislation of civilized countries use- less or mischievous. Possibly the treaty is not a good thing. Possibly it is for the best interests of the American peo- ple that it should not be confirmed. Why should any Senator who thinks so not oppose it with all his might, by every agency which the Constitution puts into his hands? The trouble with the President and his fellow-expansionists is that they did not consider all these things soon enough. Would it not have been well, before building great fleets and raising great armies, to have weighed maturely whe- ther our Constitution, as it stood, was suited to a nation entering on a career of conquest and dominion, whether our frequent changes of Executive, our fre- quent elections, our rapid and uncon- trollable vagaries of public opinion on all sorts of subjects, the precarious con- dition of our finances, the furious in- fluence of irresponsible editors, fitted us for the rule of distant and barbarous regions? Unquestionably, our present Constitution was not intended for a con- quering nation with several different classes of citizens. A man with one eye can see that. The expansionists all see it themselves. They are, therefore, in order to get over the difficulty, engaged busily in pooh-poohing and evading the Constitution, like Tim Sullivan, as a "little thing between frinds," and an- nouncing that it is no longer suited to the American people. And yet the madness of all- this lies in the fact that it is based on the sup- position that Mr. McKinley, with his wisdom, will always be in power, doing "the best thing" for the nation; that the legislation, both State and Federal, will always be wise and moderate; that there will be no more Debses stopping railroad-trains, no more Tanners pass- ing laws themselves and executing them before the Legislature meets, and no more Congresses voting millions to the President \o be expended in his discre- tion. The day may come any year when wp shall not be able to ward off a Bryan by lavish outlay of money, and when these "glory-crowned" expansionists will wish they had thought more of the wis- dom of the old fogies of the last century and of the "hymns" which, one learned man says, were sung at the cradle of the Republic, but are too childish for the giants of these days. SAMOA AS AN EXAMPLE. It is a thousand pities that Robert Louis Stevenson did not live to write the later acts of the Samoan drama- farce or tragedy, one scarcely knows which to call it. What a Vailima Letter he could have made out of the occur- rences confusedly reported in the latest news from the Samoan Islands. In his 'Footnote to History,' Stevenson em- ployed his picturesque pen to convey to the civilized world some idea of the overriding of native preferences and rights which was going on under the benevolent protectorate of three great Christian Powers; but nothing which he ever witnessed could have quite equalled the events of the past fortnight, of which we are now getting such as- tonishing accounts. There is a disputed succession. Rival claimants to the throne take the field in the good old way. But the Chief Justice decides in favor of Malietoa Tanus. Who is the Chief Justice? One Chambers of Alabama, U. S. A. No wonder that Mataafa and his followers think that gentleman's opinions of small account. They number five thousand good fighting men; Malietoa has but a thousand; what can be clearer than that the court has made a wrong decision? Besides, there is a gentleman from Ger- many to agree with them. The German Consul overrules the American Chief Justice. He does it by breaking into the court-room, and then putting pri- vate locks of his own on the doors, to keep out all dissenting judges. Mean- while, the President of the Municipal Council, also a gentleman from Ger- many, goes into the balcony and screams out, "I am the Supreme Court. I am the Chief Justice!" It is to the marinf that he appropriately tells this whop- per, and at last accounts the American and British marines were gallantly join- ing "hands all round" and throwing the Germans into the street. Is this farce or tragedy? We cannot decide before the final curtain. The war- ships are hurrying, the German press is muttering, the English papers are chuckling and saying that America is in no mood to be snubbed by Germany, and the denouement is some days 'off. But whatever the result as affecting the relations of the three countries caught in this "miserable tangle," as one of the London papers calls it (and we have no doubt there will be a peaceful ad- justment), the whole thing is a capital illustration of the beauties of long-range and arbitrary government of natives

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation. 61 who do not want to be governed. Sa- moa is a convenient example of the sort of thing we are preparing for our- selves on an immensely greater scale in the Philippines. We must have a coaling-station at Pago-Pago, we are told, because it is a half-way house on the road to Manila. Well, if these things occur in the half-way house, what may we expect when we get still fur- ther away, and have 2,000 islands to deal with instead of 20, and 8,000,000 na- tives instead of 35,000? If it does not turn out a case of going further and faring worse, then all signs fail. Secretary Gresham, in his long report to Congress in 1894, traversed the whole history of our relations to the Samoan Islands, and asked pertinently at the end, "What have we gained beyond the expenses, the responsibilities, and the entanglements?" Of the Berlin agree- ment under which we had been acting, he truthfully said that it "has utterly failed to correct, if indeed it has not aggravated, the very evils which it was designed to prevent." This might have been foreseen. The Treaty of Berlin pro- fessed to grant to the Samoans an "au- tonomous government." Yet it vested all real power in foreigners. The Chief Justice is a foreigner and appointed by foreigners; yet he has an enormous jurisdiction, and his decisions are final. He not only determines who is right- fully King, but what powers the King may exercise; he recommends as well as interprets laws; he has exclusive jur- isdiction over all cases affecting real property and all cases whatever affect- ing foreigners. The Municipal Council, composed of six members and a presi- dent, is the supposed organ of local auto- nomy; but its president is always a for- eigner, and its orders "have no effect till approved by the three foreign coun- cils, or, if they fail to agree, by the Chief Justice." Such is the pretence of auto- nomous government granted the island- ers. As for the aim of the Berlin Treaty to prevent Germany, England, and the United States from squabbling over their several rights in Samoa, it has been no better attained. Friction has always ex- isted and seems to-day worse than ever. Such a thing it is for a country to depart from its "established policy." We do not now refer to the mere acquisition of distant territory, but to the question of governing it. Now it was Mr. Blaine himself, an expansionist before the ex- pansionists, who, on April 11, 1889, pointed out, in his instructions to our negotiators at Berlin, that the plan of governing natives without their consent was "not in harmony with the establish ed policy of this government." It is not. Vice-kings and judges and councils forc- ed upon a people half-round the globe are no more an American institution than they would be in darkest Pennsyl- vania. Samoa is giving us a foretaste of what awaits us in the Philippines. It would be a warning to Congress if Con- gress were in a mood to see a warning in anything. A man does not break his leg twice over the same stone; but Congress has a way of doing it not twice, but twenty times. Having scourged us with Samoan whips, it is anxious to try the effect of Philippine scorpions. EXPANSIONIST DREAMS. When Gen. Grant was in London many years ago, he had an attendant in the person of Adam Badeau, a newspaper reporter who had turned warrior for a brief season, and signed his notes in London as "Brigadier-General in at- tendance." Badeau, who accompanied his chief to many scenes of gayety and splendor, was struck on these occasions by the fact that every foreign general was covered with orders and decora- tions, and it made him feel small that Gen. Grant, who had conducted a great war, had none, just as the imperialists feel about the great William McKinley having no colonies and the great New Jersey Griggs having no "subject races" to rule. So he determined that this state of. things should not last, that he would provide his general with orders himself if there was no one else to do it. He accordingly composed or constructed a decoration made up of army-corps badges, all stuck together, which, in the matter of size, value, and conspicuous- ness, made the European notabilities hang their heads. Gen. Grant wore it. it is said, at one dinner, where it ex- cited intense interest and curiosity. The proudest European nobles felt that if they could find out what potentate be- stowed the decoration, they must have one, even if it should require a declara- tion of war. Unhappily, the American Minister of that day was not equally im- pressed. He heard some of the more knowing laugh over it; saw that poor Gen. Grant was being made ridiculous; gave him the wink, and the decoration, in the twinkling of an eye, became old gold simply. At present the rich men who elected and surround William McKinley are of all things desirous to make him a Or facto sovereign, like the Queen of England, with a full set of colonies and "subjects." So they wish to keep out of sight, as well as they can, the fact that he is the creature of a written constitu- tion, that he has no power except what the Constitution gives him, that without it he would be plain William McKinley of Canton, Ohio. So they pretend as well as they can that he is the head of a government just like hers; that, like her, he has not only constitutional powers, but prerogatives inherent in his sacred person, and that he can of his own mo- tion put fleets and armies on the ocean and extend his sway to any place in v hich the resistance will not be too vigorous. So they run around saying, "Di( any one ever hear of a nation the size of ours which had no foreign pos- sessions? Look at England — see how many she has. Look at her new con- quest in the Sudan. How is it to be governed? Have you not read in the papers that Lord Cromer said it was to be governed by the Queen? Why then do you object to having our foreign possessions governed by the wise and good McKinley? What is the matter with you? Why are you always growl- ing? Whoop-la!" On Sunday last there was a diverting passage in this line in the Hon. White- law Reid's paper, which is the more significant as the Hon. Whitelaw will undoubtedly be one of the proudest no- bles at the new court. Speaking of Lord Cromer's declaration to the Der- vishes in the Sudan about their new fu- ture, it says: "Of course, it may be objected that this action of the British is criminal aggression, rank imperialism, et cetera, and that it is a shameful thing to set up a government at Omdurman without a favorable plebiscitum in Dem Bekir. But we doubt whether such considerations will undo or defeat the con- vention which has been made, or will turn back the rising tide of civilization in the dark continent." We see here how, under cover of a withering bit of sarcasm, the reader is given to understand that there is no difference between the Queen's govern- ment and that of William McKinley, and how probable it is that persons who call William McKinley's conquests "criminal aggression" would call Queen Victoria's the same thing. There is a certain discredit for William Mc- Kinley in living under a constitution, and we are not surprised, therefore, that his followers keep it out of sight as far as possible, and show that William's conquests are just the same as Vic- toria's. And, as a matter of fact, the> are, except that Victoria's are authorized by descent and immemorial tradition, while William's are authorized by "growth." There was undoubtedly a time when Victoria's right to conquer and annex was disputed by turbulent nobles. William's right is disputed to- day by a very inferior class of persons, but his nobles are all with him, and the opposition of the vulgar sort will un- doubtedly die out before long. The spirit of criticism about the acts of our Gov- ernment is completely unknown at Uxu English court. Nobody in good society finds fault with the Queen's Ministers. See how they go on here about the way the President thinks fit to deal with a few millions of barbarians. THE REMARKABLE FINANCIAL SITU- ATION. The extraordinary change in the finan- cial relations between the United States and Europe, by which, whether tempora- rily or permanently, this country has been transformed from a continuous borrower on the foreign markets into the most im-

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02 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1752 port ant lender on the same markets, is I'ommonly described as a now and sud- den development. The change, however, really dates back a year or more. It was as long ago as the autumn of 1897 that the financial public began to hear of ope- rations in foreign exchange which amounted to borrowing at New York for the purpose cf deferring settlement of Europe's trade obligations to this coun- try. Since then, the transaction has be- come even more distinct. Not only is New York capital loaned for the purpose of deferring European payments, but ca- pital actually paid by foreigners to Ame- rican creditors is left, in very large amounts, on deposit in the foreign cities, and is there used by our banking agents for loaning-out to European borrowers. The situation familiar to American finance from the beginning of our his- tory until the close of 1896 is thus ex- actly reversed. Where our money mar- kets have for a series of generations been accustomed, in seasons of active trade and high discount rates, to look to Eu- ropean capital for relief, Europe is now, and has been for twelve months, depend- ing on American capital to meet the ur- gent needs of England and the Conti- nent. Nor does the series of contrasts stop here. During practically all of our pre- vious history, the average rate for mo- ney in New York has ruled above the average rate at London and Berlin; the familiar explanation being that England was an old country, with immense accu- mulations of capital, whereas the United States is a new country, with its own accumulated capital still inadequate for the development of its home resources. But nearly throughout the last six months, the London money rate has held 1 per cent, or more above that at New York, and the Berlin rate nearly twice as high as ours. Two months ago there occurred what bankers call a "squeeze" in most of the leading European money markets, in the course of which German rates advanced to the highest figure in eighteen years, while London and Paris were seriously disturbed. At any time prior to 1896, the result of such a foreign situation would have been instant recall of European capital from the American money cen- tres, with resultant demoralization at New York and perhaps (as in November. 1890) a panicky overturn of our specula- tive markets. But in November, 1898, instead of recall of European capital to London and Berlin, there were witnessed very heavy advances of American capital to those markets. Such transfers moreover, instead of embarrassing the New York market, produced not a ripple of disturbance. Eventually, the needs of England and the Continent were satis- fied by the American advances, and the course of our own markets proved that we had sent abroad only what could be readily spared from use at home. Here was sufficient proof of a radical change, on the very largest scale, in the financial relations between the United States and Europe. What was perhaps an even more striking demonstration of the change occurred eight months be- fore. We must first recall what happen- ed in the American money market af- ter the "Venezuela message" of Decem- ber, 1895. The bare possibility of a diplo- matic breach between Great Britain and the United States caused withdrawal of English capital from our markets, in- stantly and by wholesale. Sterling ex- change ran up to panic prices; $26,000,- 000 gold was shipped in a single month; the rate for demand loans in New York rose to 50 per cent., and the security markets went to pieces. With this may be contrasted the action of the markets last March, when the Spanish-American war became inevitable. The New York money market tightened; but, with the first sign of stringency, recall of Ame- rican capital from the foreign markets followed. Sterling exchange fell to the lowest figure, the local money rate eased off, and within two months $60,000,000 gold had been imported from Europe to the United States. Most people are aware of the chief causes for this extraordinary reversal of position. Current statements of for- eign trade point out the most essential factor. The recent returns for the full year 1898 show that during the last three years this country has shipped abroad $800,000,000 more merchandise than in the three years preceding. About two-thirds of this increase came from heavier shipments of products of the farm; at least a third, however, was in the form of non-agricultural and manu- factured exports. But if the United States was thus enlarging its export of manu- factured goods, it followed logically that foreign manufactures could in great part be dispensed with by our consumers. Therefore a decrease of some $200,000,000 iu the imports of the last three years, as compared with the three years preced- ing, need astonish nobody. But the re- sult, of course, is a merchandise trade balance in this country's favor for the period, greater by nearly a billion dol- lars than in the three preceding years. It will not be imagined that this enor- mous mass of trade obligations was set- tled out of hand in the form of money. Such settlements are very rare in com- merce. Part of it has been thus paid; our net gold import for 1898 alone was $141,000,000. But a very much larger part of the trade indebtedness was dis- charged by Europe's sales of its holdings of American securities— a natural trans- action, certainly, since surrender of the capital with which these investments had been bought and carried placed the foreign community in a position where it could no longer carry all of them. But it should also be observed that this Eu- ropean realization, representing as it did redemption of its foreign debt by the United States, necessarily reduced by wholesale first the interest charges which were annually paid by us to Eu- rope, and second, the total credit fund available for sale by Europe as a further offset to heavy trade balances. It is now a question of very curious interest and conjecture how much of this fund is left to-day in foreign investors' hands. The question as to the permanency of this remarkable financial situation is the problem of deepest interest for the cur- rent year. We can see three possible events by which existing conditions might be positively altered — American harvest failure, which would at once cur- tail our agricultural export trade; a spe- culative rise in domestic staple prices, such as in other years has quickly ar- rested exports and abnormally inflated imports; or, finally, such blowing of bub- bles in stock - market speculation as should derange the entire movement of capital. The last-mentioned possibility is on the whole the most dangerous of the three; of the others it must be said that neither farming advices nor market prices have as yet given serious warning. THE ENGLISH POLITICAL MUDDLE. In England, France, and America, both political parties have become so deter- minedly humanitarian that without the excitement of foreign politics one of them would go out of existence. In fact, it may be said that one of them has gone out of existence. The Liberal party in England has shared the fate of the Democratic party in this country. It exists only in name. It is just now supposed to be in a helpless condition for want of a leader, and violent quar- rels are going on in its ranks— if it can be said to have ranks— over the question why it has no leader. There are various explanations of this. One is that Mr. Gladstone can have no successor, which is in a measure true. He was such an overpowering personality that, it is held, there "must be a prolonged void after his departure, for some time at least. Another is that Lord Rosebery, who for some mysterious reason was selected for the post by somebody, some say by Mr. Gladstone himself, was not Liberal enough for the rank and file of the Li- berals, and not Home-Rule enough for the Irish, and suffered too much from Sir William Harcourt's hostility. Sir William Harcourt says himself that the trouble is due to intestine quarrels and intrigues, though what tney are about and who carries them on, does not ap- pear. He also hints that they are due to "imperialism," or jingoism. Nearly every English magazine, in fact, contains a diagnosis of the Liberal case, but no two of the doctors agree as to the na- ture of the symptoms. The convulsions they describe, however, seem to go on mainly at the clubs and in the House

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation. 63 of Commons; the country Liberals look on in apparent puzzle. But no one can have read much of the Liberal literature during the last few years without feeling that the com- plaint was one with which all parties are more or less afflicted, with which the Republican party among us was near being brought to death's door, but for the war. In home politics all the parties are the victims of anaemia— that is, want of vitality. Parties derive life and strength from the desire of some sect or set of people for something or other that they can define. One of the signs of party disease or decay is al- ways difficulty in finding a leader or programme. In the days of party growth or strength one never hears of the diffi- culty of getting some one to lead or some cause to advocate. In the days of the anti-slavery or of the anti-corn law struggle, any one who spent his time in- quiring for a leader or a platform would have excited much amusement. Events made both the leader and the platform. ft was so when the Liberal party un- dertook the passage of the Reform Bill. Leaders, even acceptable leaders, could be had by the half-dozen. Any one could lead who really loved the cause. In like manner here, the Republican party did not lack generals at the period of its formation. When the Conservative party in Eng- land had something to conserve, it too was also very strong; that is, when it was defending the corn laws, or re- stricted suffrage, or the Irish Union. But, since the passage of the Reform Bill, having nothing to save, it has never been able to supply leaders of its own party. Sir Robert Peel was its last. Ever since his time it has had to hire mercenaries, renegade Liberals like Disraeli and Chamberlain, who were willing to fight under any flag which gave them titles and decorations. It is really, therefore, little better off than the Liberals, ex- cept that it has that great party bond, the offices. If it had to fight now for mere existence, like the Liberals, it would be as badly off as the Liberals. It has only one first-class fighting man, Mr. Chamberlain, and it would never have had him without the best pickings. The trouble everywhere is not so much about parties and programmes as about principles. Both parties, as we have said, have done the work of preserv- ing or reforming. The political institu- tions have been brought down to the democratic level. Neither can well go any lower. Both proclaim the welfare of the masses to be their leading concern, both propose the same remedies, and each doubts the sincerity of the other. Exactly the same thing has happened here. Our politicians on both sides are crazy about the physical comfort of the people, and want to promote it in the same way; so that, except an extreme- ly slight difference of character, there is no reason for wishing one to be in office more than the other. In this ex- tremity war is the resource always of the party in power. Both the Republicans and Conservatives are now getting out of their domestic difficulties in the same way— that is, by going the other side "one better," by undertaking to "thrash somebody"; a programme which most delights the people, and makes the other side appear poorest and most miserable. We do not believe that there will be any revival of the Liberal party in England without the coming up of some stimulating and exciting question, and that may not be for years. But the question we ourselves think most likely to play that role is the disestab- lishment of the Church. No question lies anywhere so near the popular heart, or furnishes every day better weapons for agitators. The resistance, too, will be feeble. Large numbers of the clergy themselves would join in the assault on the church battlements. The agitation this year is only the rumbling of the storm. How to cut the church loose from the state without sacrificing the beauties of its services and edifices, and curtail- ing the religious instruction of the peo- ple, will be the problem, and no more serious one has ever engaged the atten- tion of a statesman; but it will hardly come to the front until everybody has been "licked" and people are tired of conquest. LICENSE IN ENGLISH RHYME.— I. Stanford University, December 30, 1898. "The poet's eye" has very properly been the central theme ot appraisers of poetry from Shakspere to John Ruskin and George Henry Lewes; and much that is luminous, with not a little that is obscure, has been written about imagination and vision and sincerity. That the poet's ear has received somewhat less than its fair share of atten- tion may be due to a natural delicacy about dragging that organ into prominence. But it Is not right that the vital element o£ har- mony—how vital we may learn from the case of men (like Emerson) to whose tran- scendent faculties of vision this adjunct has been in any measure denied — should be thrust so far back into the critical consciousness. Nor is it right that we should hear more about that "other harmony" of prose than about the primal harmony of poetry. The subject is confessedly a difficult one. Every critic holds himself competent to judge whe- ther or not the poet has seen true— the ap- peal to patent facts is so easy; but to sit in judgment upon his musical faculty is a different matter. A few have attempted it, and we remember with gratitude the appre- ciations of critics like De Quincey and the late Mr. Symonds. But these critics havo for the most part confined their observations to the subject of rhythm, the most obvious as well as the fundamental and indispensable feature of English verse. Upon the minor, adventitious feature of rhyme, it would be difficult to point to any adequate word. It is not the purpose of the present paper to attempt to supply that word. Sidney Lanier might have done it had he not been hopelessly committed to unpractical theories which grew out of his confusion of the poet's with the musician's art. Mr. Stedman or Professor Corson might do it, and, indeed, the contributions which the latter has al- ready made to the subject cannot be over- looked. Our present purpose, however, ia much less ambitious, being merely to set forth certain aspects of a practice common to all English poets; to contribute, if may be, something definite to the vexed subject of license in English rhyme. Random notes and queries and an occasional half-hearted protest betray an uneasiness of conscience on this subject on the part of the verse- reading public, which it seems worth while to try to set at rest.* Let it be understood at the outset that the question is not purely nor chiefly an histo- rical or scientific one. It lies more properly within the field of aesthetics. We must therefore beware of dogmatism. The spirit must be one of open inquiry, or, where that will no further avail, of a hesitating appeal to personal taste. It has been the mistake of nearly all writers on poetics that they have tried to lay down laws; but any at- tempt at legislation in the technique of Eng- lish poetry must give offence to a people who rejoice in the possession of a Shakspere and no Academy. We may safely hold that the laws of rhyme, like the laws of language, will take care of themselves. Certainly the professor is not the poet's keeper. And the present writer desires it clearly understood that no matter how often he shall find a poet's practice failing to square with a pro- sodist's rules, he will give himself no uneasi- ness. The question is this: Should any license in English rhyme be recognized? Should a poet permit himself to use imperfect or so- called "allowable" rhymes— pairs of words whose sounds through the rhyming portion do not exactly correspond, as love, prove; gaze, face; see, Ulertyf The question has been somewhat obscured by a secondary one that seems not very rele- vant—the question, namely, whether we should recognize such a thing as a "rhyme to the eye." Of course, the appeal of poetry is to the ear; rhyme is fundamentally a matter of sound, and the question is on the face of it something of an absurdity. We are not aware that any one has ever pleaded for or defended rhymes to the eye that are not in some measure rhymes to the ear, as indict and afflict, though and enough. Possi- bly there have been those who would debar rhymes to the ear that are not also rhymes to the eye, as fine and sign. A critic in Literature, writing in approval of the view of this subject taken by Mr. Brander Mat- thews in the late September number of Longman's Magazine, rather amusingly as- sumes that Dr. Holmes was of these, for he (the critic) writes: "Rhyme is a matter of pronunciation solely, not of orthography. . . . Oliver Wendell Holmes's contempt for the rhyme of morn and dawn was quite unjustifiable." Severe as Dr. Holmes was upon aspiring poets, this is surely a hard- ship he never meant to inflict, namely, that two words may not be rhymed simply be- cause they are spelled differently. The Bri- 1 familial' with the reader of poetr obliged to perpetuate a "noetic " pronunciation of the tlnun ichkI because he finds it rhymed with k ind. Aud some one. In the 'Standard Dictionary.' is responsible lor citing Mrs. Browning as authority for pronouncing hi i/l with short /, pi'csuiu.'tbh i.c-au-i- she rh vines it with mill, Hi iii a poem Id wbicli she also rlmnes xiitirr with nature :

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64 Tlie JSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1752 tish critic does not know that there are tracts and provinces of earth where dawn and morn are poorer rhymes to the ear than farm and warm, poorer because the differ- ence is not vocalic . alone, but semi-con- sonantal—the difference, that is to say, of a distinctly pronounced or even trilled r. The narrowness of Dr. Holmes's view lay only in his regarding the suppressed r as Yankee or Cockney, therefore provincial, therefore out- cast. If morn and dawn are perfect rhymes to the Londoner's ear (and Mr. Matthews even, a New Yorker, declares that any pro- nunciation of the words which does not make them quite impeccable as a rhyme seems to him stilted), there is no more to say. Lon- doners and Mr. Matthews's New Yorkers will use them, and there is no longer any hypercritical Dr. Holmes to object. But something is still to be said for this rhyme to the eye, and we do not feel like dismissing the matter with a fling at the palpable absurdity of pairing though with enough. If the ear derives pleasure from a repetition of sounds, so also does the eye derive pleasure from a repetition of forms. The pleasure in this case is undeniably sub- ordinate, for form as exhibited by colloca- tion of printed letters can make but a low aesthetic appeal. But symmetry is symme- try, and the appeal is there. To-day we get our poetry mostly by reading it in si- lence, and while true lovers of poetry do not fail to realize the music of the verse to the inner ear, the fact remains that the ear is reached through the eye. Therefore, it does not seem wholly absurd to assume that the eye has now some shadow of a claim in this controversy. Many readers are con- scious of a slight shock when they see stuff rhymed with enough. Spenser, with his fine artistic sense, recognized this when he used the large orthographic license of his day to bring into literal conformity the great ma- jority of his rhyme-words; as, knight, quight (which he otherwise spells quite); ayd, dis- mayd; world, horld, and hundreds of others. And if similarity of spelling adds to perfec- tion of rhyme, may it not be held also to de- tract from imperfection, to atone (as it were) for a fault of sound? Will not the eye assist 1& the illusion and make the imperfection seem less glaring? As a matter of fact, poets, and presumably their readers with them, have looked with a greater degree of favor upon the rhyming of come with home than with roam, or of home with come than with succumb. As a matter of principle and reason, have they not been right? So far as pleasure in rhyme rests upon a perception of the fitness of things, that pleasure may be enhanced by formal symmetry. But, of course, no poet will ever hold that a lack of such symmetry presents any serious obsta- cle to rhyme. To come now to the main question— the question of license in rhyme considered as sound only. Those who argue against "al- lowable" rhymes and in favor of absolute perfection fail to take into consideration two fundamental conditions. The first is the elusive and unstable character of pronuncia- tion. It seems to be assumed that pronuncia- tion is a fixed quantity, and that we can say positively that two given words make a per- fect rhyme and that two others do not. Now perhaps no two sets of vocal organs can pro- duce quite the same sound. Of course this objection would be futile, for, while you may not pronounce remember just as I do, yet you are consistent with yourself in pronouncing | it like ember, November, etc. But when we come to pairing words of slightly different composition, it is hard even for the indi- vidual to tell what words he does or should pronounce as rhymes. Will he rhyme airy with Mary or with marry or with merry, or only with fairy and chary? He cannot let dictionaries decide the mat- ter for him— they could not well re- gister all subtle distinctions even if there were uniformity among speakers in making the distinctions. By many dictionaries the letter 0 is marked alike in the words not, dog, loss, on. Yet a pronunciation of the three latter words which should make the 0 as open as in not would be held affected. Although neither you nor I would dare to say dawg, lawss, awn, neither presumably do we say clog, loss, on. The common pronunciation of on is probably somewhere between don and dawn, tending among careful speakers to approximate to qr coalesce with the former. Besides this individual divergence of pro- nunciation there is the provincial disagree- ment, which is a far more serious obstacle. It has been declared that an Ohioan's pro- nunciation of pen is not always distinguish- able on the one hand from a New Yorker's pronunciation of pan, nor on the other hand from a Tennesseean's pronunciation of pin. And sometimes this disagreement is found in words containing the same vowel. In London, been prevailingly rhymes with seen, and rather with father; in San Francisco, been rhymes with sin, and rather with gather. Clearly here is a difficulty in the way of this theory of perfect rhymes. Either the Lon- doner's poetry must be kept sacred to London ears or I, a San Franciscan, must give up my habitual pronunciation for the moment and say father and rather, and dawn and mawn. And what if rather and morn happen to come first in the pairs of rhymes? Can 1 in decency say /Cither and dornf The second fact which the supporters of the perfect-rhyme theory seem not suffi- ciently to consider is the nature of rhyme itself. Our definition of rhyme has always been somewhat elastic like our usage; of course, usage has given the definition. Rhyme means recurrence of the same sounds. But of how many sounds, and in what position? We have beginning-rhyme (alliteration), middle- rhyme (assonance), and end rhyme; or we have all combined— identical riyme (some- times confusingly called perfect rhyme). Since the present discussion has to do with end-rhyme alone, the others may be dis- missed. Now end-rhyme, or simply "rhyme" as we are in the habit of calling it, con- sists in the recurrence of how many sounds? Of all sounds, we say, from the vowel of the last stressed syllable to the end of the word, with at the same time a dis- similarity of the sounds or sound groups, if any, just preceding that vowel. If the words end with a vowel sound, we have end-rhyme pure and simple; if they end with a conso- nant, we go back and include the vowel sounds, making a combination of assonance and simple end-rhyme. This represents our ordinary understanding of the matter and affords a fair working definition. But this definition having been derived merely from the prevailing and fairly consistent practice of poets, there is manifestly no warrant for turning round and applying it as an iron- clad rule. The question of legitimate rhyme Is pre- cisely a question of how far we shall carry uniformity of sound, and whether we must always carry it to the same length. Now the quantity of uniformity, so to speak, va- ries much with different rhymes. Length and strength yield a fuller rhyme, fuller by a nasal, than breath and saith; moan and sown are fuller than mob and sob. We use such rhymes in succession; we do not object even when a single rhyme like mob and sob is fol- lowed by a double one like ember and re- member. We accept very light rhymes and very heavy rhymes. Why, then, should we insist that in a single pair of rhyming words, no matter how heavy the rhyming portion may already be, that portion shall always extend back to and include the vowel of the accented syllable? Why not rhyme amber with chamber and forest with sorest, seeing that, although the stressed vowels differ, so much yet remains to constitute a rhyme? It is true, the stressed vowel carries great weight — it is the most distinctive element of the word; and that is doubtless why, in the great majority of cases, it is included in the rhyme. But that is not a sufficient reason why it should always be included, nor is it any reason why every sound following it should invariably be included. The princi- ple of harmony amid diversity which we have seen to underlie our theory of rhyme, can be as legitimately applied here as else- where. Let us see now what the actual practice of our poets has been. We are not concerned with the difficult question of the origin of end-rhyme, nor with its rise to recognition in English poetry. We know that at certain periods, even after its use by Chaucer, it was regarded by scholarly poets or "makers" as unworthy of their art and fit only for use in popular jingles. Whether the composers of these rude jingles were to be more trusted for exactness in rhyming than the poets who were conscious artists, is an open question. Mr. A. J. Ellis ('Early English Pronuncia- tion') holds that they were. "When few peo- ple can read, rhymes to be intelligible must be perfect. . . . Licenses always produce a disagreeable effect upon children and un- lettered adults." But it seems unlikely that rude rhymers of an early day would be very different from unskilled rhymers of the pre- sent day, who persist in mating such words as rain, same; keep, street; whether, ever; market, carpet. Mr. Ellis's statement can be held true only so far as to be taken to mean that there must be perfect correspondence In some one sound, vowel or consonant. Up, luck; home, Joan; fishes, ditches were always good enough for nursery rhymes. But to turn to the poets, the practice of Chaucer and Gower is clear. They aimed to use only perfect rhymes as we understand the term to-day, with the difference that, under the influence of foreign models, they did not insist upon a dissimilarity of the consonants preceding the vowels, using very freely iden- tical or "rich" rhymes. They admit a few rhymes which we cannot consider absolutely exact on any theory of pronunciation (as were, beere; found, hond; remember, tender), but such are clearly conscious departures from their ideal, forced upon them by the poverty of rhymes of which Chaucer lome- where complains. Wyatt, on the other hand, with a few other versifiers, went to the op- posite extreme of sometimes ignoring the en- tire stressed syllable and rhyming upon un- stressed suffixes; as coming, parting (the metre shows that the accent Is penultimate) ; uncertain, mountain; remember, measure; then, seldome. Such are the extremes of practice

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Jan. 26, 1899] The nSTation 65 before Spenser. It is interesting to note that the oldest known Anglo-Saxon poem employ- ing end-rhyme throughout (Conybeare's Rhyming Poem, Exeter MS.) contains just about the proportion of divergences from exact rhyme that we may expect to find in any poem to-day. Beginning with Spenser, though the prob- lem of pronunciation remains always a vex- ing one, we can make out a tendency toward greater definiteness in one direction with less exactness in another. The tendency is to restrict the limits of the license, but to extend the resort to license within those limits. The full, identical rhymes, though still used (descent, per cent.— Pope; ray, ur- ru y— Shelley; sea, see— Swinburne), are ex- ceptional. Cases of mere assonance or vowel-rhyme (broken , open — Shakspere; win, him— Rossetti), except where deliberately adopted, as in several poems by Mrs. Brown- ing and George Eliot, are also of rare oc- currence. Rhymes like "Wyatt's upon un- stressed syllables are scarcely to be found at all. The limits are practically narrowed to our present definition of end-rhyme as given some distance back. On the other hand, the practice of substituting for identical sounds (within the rhyming portion of the words) merely approximate sounds, whether vowel or consonant or both, has been freely adopt- ed and extended. Spenser himself was still much inclined to cling to the Chaucerian ideal in this respect and allow no mere approximations, as is evident from his re- sort to violent distortion of words and to all sorts of dialectal forms to secure exactness of rhyme: sicim, dim (climb); /awes, wawes (leaves); rift, clift; grieffe, clieffe. But there remains a very large number of positively imperfect rhymes which he allowed to stand, some of them mere assonances; deckt, set; eherisht, florisht; mourne, learne, etc. Since the end of the sixteenth century, poets have fraukly adopted many imperfect rhymes, of which the following are types: Shakspere: Noon, son; love, prove; feast, guest. Pope: Toast, lost; devil, civil; remained, land. Keats: Essences, lees; woodlander, spur; honor, donor; innumerable, tell. Tennyson: Curse, horse; gaze, face; Christ, mist. Rossetti: Veterans, France; strong, flung; indeed, opened, fire-footed. Alphonso G. Newcomer. THE COLLECTED WORKS OF EDWARD BURNE-JONES. London, January 3, 1899. So much was written about Burne-Jones a few months ago, at the time of his death, that it would seem useless to attempt any further criticism, to offer any new estimate, if it were not that the two exhibitions of his work Just opened in London are far too important to be passed in silence. One is at the New Gallery, the other at the Bur- lington Fine Arts Club. Of the two, the col- lection at the New Gallery is the more fully representative. The paintings shown begin with the water-colors of the early sixties, and end only with the large "Arthur at Avalon" upon which he was still working at the time of his death. His beautiful tapes- tries have been brought from Staumore Hall. Innumerable drawings complete the collec- tion. A famous series like the "Briar-Rose" may be missing, or single pictures like the "Star of Bethlehem." You will look in vain for his stained glass; and, indeed, much of his work, having been done for definite de- corative ends, must necessarily be omitted from such an exhibition. At the Burlington Fine Arts Club the collection is smaller and limited to his drawings, but for this very reason it seems to me 'more perfect and complete in itself, for I think Burne-Jones is always most interesting in his studies and sketches. The managers of each show have published an excellent catalogue which will relieve the Morellis of the future of a large part of their labors where Burne-Jones is concerned; while in the introduction to the catalogue of the New Gallery, Mr. Comyns Carr quotes a few lines from a let- ter in which Burne-Jones has made for him- self the record which it has taken an army of critics, in a whole library of books, to invent or imagine for the Florentine or Venetian painter of the past. So long as these lines survive, there can be no question of the origin and development of his art, of the masters he accepted, and the influences he came under at the most critical stages of his career — in a word, no chance for his psycho- logical reconstruction. If few artists have been so successful in their lifetime, few have left such exact data about their work for posterity. The passage in the letter to which I re- fer deserves to be quoted in full. It Is, in the slang of a few years back, a human do- cument of the utmost value. It explains Burne-Jones better than he could be ex- plained by the eloquence of any one else: "I think Morris's friendship began every- thing for me — everything that I afterwards cared for. We were freshmen together at Exeter. When I left Oxford I got to know Rossetti, whose friendship I sought and ob- tained. He is, you know, the most gene- rous of men to the young. I couldn't bear with a young man's dreadful sensitiveness and conceit as he bore with mine. He taught me practically all I ever learnt; afterwards I made a method for myself to suit my nature. He gave 'me courage to commit myself to imagination without shame — a thing both bad and good for me. It was Watts much later who compelled me to try and draw better. I quarrel now with Morris about art. He journeys to Iceland, and I to Italy — which is a symbol — and I quarrel too with Rossetti. If I could travel backwards I think my heart's desire would take me to Florence in the time of Botti- celli." As you walk through the rooms hung with his pictures, you feel that the history of his art could not be more admirably summed up. Chronological order is fairly well fol- lowed, so that you come in the first room of all to the water-colors he painted when the spell of Rossetti was strong upon him — "Clara von Bork," "Sidonia von Bork," "Green Summer," "The Forge of Cupid," and too many others to mention, little gems of rich, warm, glowing color. You see in them often enough how much he stood in need of the counsels of Mr. Watts. The drawing is primitive to the last degree. His large, opu- lent ladies are opulent in one dimension only, I have heard it said of them. But there is a splendor, a vitality, an ardor in his work of this date that helps you to forget its shortcomings. "It was Watts much later who compelled me to try and draw better"— with some of the beautiful pictures of the seventies as a result; pictures painted when he had gained in knowledge what it must be confessed he had lost in ardor and vitality. The splendor of color had not yet faded, however, and the "Chant d' Amour,'' standing midway between his early Rossetti manner and his later entirely Burne-Jones manner, is perhaps his masterpiece. I was a little afraid that seeing it again might destroy my old Illusions; for the "Laus Veneris," on a second inspection, I found terribly crude and raw in color, and not to be redeemed even by the really exquisite design of the background. But the "Chant d'Amour" holds its own, to-day as in the past; and though without claim to originality, though you can trace throughout the influence of Rossetti, though you seem to see now Gior- gione, now Botticelli struggling with him for supremacy, its beauty is unquestionable, and it is probably one of the pictures by which Burne-Jones will be best remembered. "Af- terwards I made a method for myself to suit my nature" — the method, now accepted as characteristically Burne-Jones, which in the eighties and nineties mastered and over- powered him. Need I say what I mean by this? Does not the artist's very name sug- gest the strange, pale, gray-blue land, where weary heroes and anaemic maidens wander sad and heavy-laden with the burden of life? Weariness may have its pictorial quality, and I quite agree with Mr. Comyns Carr that an artist cannot always be in the mood to pose as an athlete. But I think that in many of the later pictures the new ideals had so taken possession of the artist as to come near destroying his feeling for beauty. There are designs in which his men and wo- men as symbols of sadness become almost clumsy and grotesque; while the method that suited his nature sometimes made him forget the method that better suited the painter. Never, in his more mature years, though he had trained himself as a draughtsman, did he work with the same freedom and breadth as in the little water-colors. It is curious to contrast the beautifully indicated land- scapes in several of these with the labored, tortured foliage in "The Beguiling of Mer- lin," for instance. The full rein he gave to his imagination was, as he admitted, bad as well as good for him, and often caused him to lose a just sense of proportion. The strong absorbed •him, was everything to him, and yet it is the strong that counts least in many of his compositions. If you take as an example the "Mirror of Venus," one of his most po- pular pictures, thanks to the engravings after it, you will find that the "painted poem" he always sought to produce is in the wonderful, the romantic landscape of the background, and not in the group of figures in which he intended the interest to be concentrated. I look at Venus and her maidens only to wish they were not standing there, on the edge of the pool, to break so fine a harmony; and I question, too, if Burne-Jones, had he not vowed himself to mysticism, might not have become one of our great modern land- scape painters. Of course, when Burne-Jones used the term "painted poem," and when his "poetic inten- tion" was praised by Rossetti, we under- stand what was meant. Mr. Comyns Carr, in his introduction, explains it clearly by his reference to Rossetti's "endeavor to rescue from the traditions of the past, and to re- fashion according to present needs, a lan- guage that might aptly render the visions of legend and romance." But the true paint- er's poetry is quite a different thing, and lovely and picturesque as was their concep- tion of many an old story or myth, both Rossetti and Burne-Jones were often serious-

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ee The Nation, [Vol. 68, No. 1752 ly handicapped by the medium with which they sought to give it expression. Burne- Jones, of the two, was the more accomplished technician, it is true, but he was not so In- spired a poet, and unfortunately he cultivat- ed the idea, the poetic intention, much to the neglect of purely technical qualities. At least, this is how I account to myself for the disappointment that mingled with my plea- sure as I passed from one to another of the long series of pictures at the New Gallery. But in his drawings he was never so restrict- ed by his medium, probably because, as a rule, he did not try to express so much with it. Pencil and chalk and crayon served him only for preliminary sketches and studies, frequently elaborate enough, but still notes and memoranda of designs and compositions ! to be carried out on quite a different scale and with quite different materials. For this reason, there is less to disturb or interrupt one's pleasure in his drawings, and as the collection at the Burlington Fine Arts Club is limited to them, it has proved, to me cer- tainly, more wholly delightful than the larger and fuller collection at the New Gal- lery. It is as impossible to enter into detail about each separate drawing as it was in the case of the paintings. I can merely ex- plain the general character of the show and the impression one receives from it. Per- haps nothing more interesting is exhibited than the very early pen-and-ink drawings, dating from 1856 to about 1863. Like the early water-colors, they reveal the influence of Rossetti. Their amazing elaboration would seem a fault, for wash would have given the same effect far more directly and simply, if it were not that the results are so amusing. The catalogue does not explain whether they were designed for any definite purpose, but, as far as I can remember, none was ever reproduced and published at the time. Burne-Jones was one of the group of illustrators of the sixties, and he has con- tributed to Good Words and the other publi- cations that have lately become so famous. But his illustrations of that period, all told, were very few, and no wonder, if he always, presented the wood-engraver with such an impossible task as the engraving of these drawings would have been. Nothing could be more minutely finished, no design more intricate. There are as many as seventy figures in the largest, "Buondelmonte's Wed- ding," and the Incident is varied in propor- tion. The subjects are usually mediasval or Biblical— the subjects, that is, which Millais and Holman Hunt and Rossetti and Sandys were treating in their illustrations; and not even Mr. Sandys ever "packed" a drawing more ingeniously and arranged it more deco- ratively. The manner is Rossetti's— so much so that when you look at two of the draw- ings, "The Waxen Image" and "Going to the Battle," you could almost be sure of the two Rossettis he had before him while he worked, if only the date in the case of the former did not show that the pupil really must have anticipated his master. His more recent illustrations, with one exception, are not here at all, though there are two or three series of designs for books and manu- scripts which he and William Morris under- took together; schemes which ultimately fell through. It so happens that some of the Kelmscott drawings have been sent to a show of black-and-white in South London, but their absence is less to be regretted, since, as is well known, Burne-Jones left it to his assistants to make the final designs for the wood-engraver, and his sketches can hardly be said to represent him as an illus- trator of books. Most of the other drawings at the Burling- ton Fine Arts Club are much more familiar and have been far oftener seen than his pen- and-ink work. There are the pencil draw- ings, entirely finished as far as design goes, and delicate and tender as silver points; the careful studies of drapery, of hands and feet, of plumage and foliage, proofs of the con- scientious study and hard work he brought to the painting of every one of his pictures; dainty little sketches in washes or chalk on a ground of color, notes of harmonies and arrangements to be used later; the large, melancholy heads he drew so frequently in recent years, which he himself valued so highly that it was by them he chose to be represented in almost all the great interna- tional shows on the Continent. In some of his drawings there is a tendency to the same over-elaboration that mars his paintings; in others, especially the chalk studies on tinted paper, simply and freely put in, there is something of the bigness and stateliness of the Old Masters. He is least satisfactory in his portraits done in chalk or pencil. A number hang in a room apart, as if to call attention to their weakness. They represent varying phases of one unalterable type; never, no matter how they are labelled, sitters or models of dis- tinct character and individuality. I must say one word about his drawings for chil- dren, though they were never intended for exhibition. Apparently, he made them sole- ly to amuse his own or his friend's children, and they are intentionally as primitive and childlike as possible. But they are full of real fun, as gay as his pictures are sad. A grotesque study of a cat and a delicious Noah's Ark are models of what such things should be, and one envies the children who possessed them. That the two exhibitions are of immense interest, that they give an unequalled oppor- tunity to study the life's work of Burne- Jones, I hope I have proved in pointing out the ground each covers. But, unfortunately, this opportunity, which may never occur again, has come too soon for a final deci- sion as to the rank he holds as an artist. It will be some time before his work can be analyzed and judged dispassionately. He still lives for us in the glamour of romance through which we now see the Pre-Raphael- ites and their followers. Though he was not one of the original group, he speedily became, in the eyes of the public, the cen- tral personage in the picturesque episode of Pre-Raphaelitism. He may have had his critics; Mr. Comyns Carr seems to take them so seriously as to resent their hostility. But without critics, there would not have been the same picturesqueness in his attitude, in bis isolation, as it were, from the common herd of artists. It took many years for Frenchmen to believe that some of the giants of 1830 were but pygmies after all, while how often, on the other hand, do the pyg- mies of one generation become the giants of the next? It is probable that Burne-Jones will always remain one of the most striking and individual figures in the history of Eng- lish art during the second half of the nine- teenth century; whether he will seem one of the greatest artists is another question. But a certain fact is that his influence, never more than superficial, dies with him. With him, there is an end to the movement which began as Pre-Raphaelitism, and which, though its fundamental doctrine was a re- turn to nature, led to the mediaevalism, the mysticism— the Neo-Gothic school, as it was called— of which the old Grosvenor Gallery was the Temple and Burne-Jones the High Priest. N. N. Correspondence. "DESTINY" LEGALIZED. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: You anti-expansion fanatics keep up such a bitter war that peaceful waiters upon "destiny" who would be content to sit still and see things come their way, are perforce dragged into the fight. I ask you, as a libe- ral adversary, to give this aid and comfort to your enemy. The argument seems con- clusive: "Tous les usurpateurs veulent conserver par les lois ce qu'ils ont envahi par les armes; sans cet interet naturel de jouir paisiblement de ce qu'on a vole,- il n'y aurait de societe sur la terre." The role of prophet was the last the uni- versal old Frenchman would have aspired to; but he *vas a seer, and his wonderful fore- sight seems to have reached far into our age and time. Columbia, Pa.. January 23. 1S99. THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATIVE IN- STRUCTIONS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Was there ever a more palpable case of going back on one's own principles than the recent action of the California Legisla- ture in instructing the California Senators to vote for Philippine extension and for impe- rialism? Their State has been fighting bit- terly for years against Chinese cheap labor, and involving the country in all manner of stringent laws to shut it out, and now it turns around and asks, not only to have its ports open to similar labor, but that twelve millions of it be added bodily to the country itself! What can the workingmen of Califor- nia and of the nation generally be thinking of in favoring such a movement? Is it said that the Filipinos are too poor and too igno- rant ever to leave their own islands to come into competition with the workingmen of America? Doubtless that is true of them if left to their own initiative. But how inevi- table it is that the same thing will be done with them that has been done in the past with the Chinese — great companies be orga- nized, and steamships employed to bring them here by the thousands and to flood with them the American labor market. The Illi- nois coal-miners have been thrown into con- vulsions lately by having a few hundred ne- groes brought from a neighboring State to take the miners' places. But how will it be when swarms of their dusky brethren are brought here to be their competitors in every kind of work, and when, with them made their fellow-citizens, there will be no possi- bility under our Constitution of making laws against them, as we now have made them against the Chinese? And of all places in the country, to think that California, which will be the first State to be flooded with such labor, should instruct its representatives to prepare its way! 1 have no prejudice against either Chinese

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 67 or Filipinos as human beings. I should like to soe them all happy and prosperous. But it is nature's method, in bringing about happi- ness, to have each race of people and each type of civilization, the same as each specieB of animals and of plants, developed true first of all to its own type, rather than to have them mixed up In a common mush, where each, instead of helping the other, tends only to degrade the whole stock; and then, when they are thus separately developed, its me- thod is to unite them in a larger organism where each, because of its very distinctness from the others, can best do its part. It is evidently to promote this separate type de- velopment that nature has placed races and nations in their separate localities and en- dowed them with their mutual antipathies. The hostility of Californians to Chinese, though brutal and wicked in some of its manifestations, is at its core the offspring of a divine instinct, and in its final result will be for the interest of a larger humanitarian- ism than any mingling with them now would be— a blessedness in which alike Californians and Chinese will share. To work out the problem of a free government in the midst, of the ignorance and lower type of material we already have among ourselves, is the ut- most we are likely to be successful in; and to weight the problem with millions more belonging to the same ignorant classes is almost sure to make its solution a failure, and a failure which will be the whole world's misfortune. Instead, therefore, of instructing their le- gislators to vote for this enormous addition- al burden, ought not our California citizens, and our workingmen the whole country over, to rise up and demand with one imperative voice that the vote shall be America for Americans and the Philippines for Filipinos? John C. Kimball. Haktfokd. CONN., January 23. 1S90. THE TRUE SPAIN. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have been a careful reader of your paper for the last year or so, and could not help noticing how unjust you are to Spain. You pick out a spread-eagle utterance of a Spanish general, as in your last number, and then, taking it as a text, you begin preaching to the Spaniards. If you will look at Prof. Altamira's article, "El Patriotismo y la Universidad," in the current numbers of the Boletin de la Institucidn Libre de Enseiianza. you will see that what he has to fight against is pessimism, not spread-eagle talk. His re- ference to the late war is in very measured terms (issue of October 31). The University has to struggle against the accursed greed to which are equally subject the superior nations (England) and the inferior nations (Turkey), old nations (Spain), and young nations (United States). The young nation has walked in crooked paths, falling into the same errors for which it despised the old nations. While advocating a closer union with the Spanish-American republics, he says they confessed their faults without rrbozo. When did the people of the United States ever confess without reboso? Many years ago, while calling on Eche- garay, I was ushered into a room all adorned with laurel wreaths and oakleaf garlands, testimonies of the esteem in which he was held by his people; and that man, instead of glorying in what he had achieved as a dra- matic writer, felt rather humiliated because he had not pushed his mathematical re- searches as far as he might have done. Yours respectfully, P, January 15, i«»fl. "INTERLOCK." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The geographical features of North America are such that the sources of two or more streams are often so close together that, at certain seasons, as in times of fresh- et, they flow into one another; and the sources of rivers which fall into the At- lantic are said to "interlock" with those which find their way to the Pacific, or Gulf of Mexico, or Hudson Bay. More than two centuries ago, the Rev. J. Clayton, in a paper read before the Royal Society, called attention to this phenomenon in the follow- ing passage: "The Heads of the Branches of the Rivers interfere and lock one within another, which I think is best expressed after the manner that an Indian explained himself once to me, when I enquired how nigh the Rivers of Carolina, Virginia and Maryland arise out of the Moun- tains, from those that ran Westerly on the other side of the Mountains, he clapt the Fin- gers of one Hand 'twixt those of the other, cry- ing, they meet thus; the Branches of different Rivers rising not past a hundred Paces distant one from another: So that no Country in the World can be more curiously watered." Philo- sophical Transactions, 1098, xvii, 701. Clayton wrote presumably in 1688; but it was not, so far as the present writer is aware, until the middle of the eighteenth century that allusions to this phenomenon became common; and then the word lock, employed by Clayton, gave way to interlock. This meaning of the latter word, which has received little or no recognition from lexi- cographers, is illustrated by the following extracts: "The town of Shamokin . . . contains eight cabbins near the river's bank right op- posite the mouth of the west branch that inter- locks with the branches of Allegheny." 1743, July 8, J. Bartram, Observations (1751), 14. "From the Head [of the Ohio River], which interlocks with the Cayuga Branch of Susque- hanna, to Canawagy, I have little knowledge." 1755, L. Evans, Middle British Colonies, 35. "About five miles from the Vine Creek comes in a very large creek to the eastward, called by the Indians Cut Creek. ... It extends, according to the Indians' account, a great way, and interlocks with the branches of Split-Isl- and Creek." 1770, G. Washington, Writings (1889), ii., 295. "At Kishkuskes (about IB miles up) are two branches of this Creek, which spread opposite ways ; one interlocks with French Creek and Cherage,— the other with the Muskingum and Cayohoga." 1778, T. Hutchius, Topographical Description of Virginia, &c, 20. "In some future state of population, I think it possible, that its [the James River] naviga- tion may also be made to interlock with that of the Potawmac, and through that to commu- nicate by a short portage with the Ohio." 1782, T.Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, Writings (1834), 111., 90. 'Nearly one-third of this vast plain is what the inhabitants call swamps, which are the sources of numerous small rivers and their branches: these they call salt rivers, because the tides flow near to their sources, and gene- rally carry a good depth and breadth of water for small craft, twenty or thirty miles up- wards from the sea, when they branch and spread abroad like an open hand, interlocking with each other, and forming a chain of swamps across the Carolinas and Georgia, se- veral hundred miles parallel with the sea roast." 1701, W, Bartram, Travels, 29. "At five o'clock arrived at the dividing rider. between the waters of the Osage and Arkansas (alias Wblte river), the dry branches of which interlock within 20 yards of each other." 1806, Z. M. Pike, Sources Of the Mississippi (1810), 186, "The Arkansas river penetrates far into the Rocky Mountains, its ramifications interlocking with some of the waters of the Missouri, Co- lumbia, San Buenaventura, Colorado of the West, and Rio de Norte." IH-H. J. (Jre^. Com- merceofthe PrcHries, ii., 106. "The headwater of the Penobscot in freshets actually become intermingled with those of the Allegash, Aroostook and St. Croix; and the geographical marvel is many times repeated within our limits of rivers interlocking at their source and flowing off in different directions upon different slopes." Ikhi. (J. j. Varney, Ga- .rttnr,,/ Maine. 11. "What the Jesuit did believe seems to have been in a general way that the Missouri, some- where in its springs, did interlock with other waters which sought towards the west an un- known sea near which were white men." 1894, .1. Winsor, Mississippi Basin. 188. Albert Matthews. Boston, January 22, 1809 Notes. Henry T. Coates & Co., Philadelphia, have in press 'The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,' by William Bender Wil- son, in two octavo volumes with 273 illustra- tions. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, announce 'The Young Citizen's Reader,' by Charles F. Dole. Ginn & Co. have in preparation 'A Labo- ratory Manual in Astronomy,' by Mary E. Byrd, Director of the Observatory, Smith College. D. Appleton & Co. will publish during the present month 'General Sherman,' by Gen. M. F. Force; 'The Cruise of the Cachalot; or, Round the World after Sperm Whales,' by Frank T. Bullen, First Mate; 'The Story of the Cotton Plant,' by F. Wilkinson; 'The Story of Geographical Discovery,' by Joseph Jacobs; 'A History of Japanese Literature,' by W. G. Aston; and 'A Writer of Books," by George Paston. Further announcements by Macmillan Co. are 'Don Quixote,' edited for use in homes and schools by Clifton Johnson, with Cruik- shank's illustrations; and 'The Develop- ment of Thrift,' by Mary Wilcox Brown, General Secretary of the Henry Watson Chil- dren's Aid Society of Baltimore. R. H. Russell will publish immediately a profusely illustrated edition of A. W. Pine- ro's comedietta, 'Trelawny of the Wells,' and Mr. Whistler's 'The Baronet and the But- terfly.' Mr. Frederick A. Ober is an old West In- dian traveller, and his book on 'Puerto Rico and its Resources,' which the Appletons have just published, is therefore not an extem- porized affair. Mr. Ober also knows his Spanish authorities and how to make good use of tbem. After a rather unnecessary placating of the expansionists in the intro- ductory chapter, he proceeds to an orderly and intelligent account of the island, with full details as to the climate, agricultural products, cities and towns, routes of travel, government and people, etc. A series of il- lustrations add value to a book which, for being both timely and trustworthy, should be much in demand. Considerable enlargement within and with .

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68 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1752 out previously existing departments charac- terizes Mr. Douglas Sladen's happy thought, Who's Who,' for 1899 (London: A. & C. Black; New York: Macmillan). This coun- try has been catered to by a list of American ladies bearing English titles, another of "great American newspapers of the rank of the great London dailies and weeklies," and by numerous additions to the American bio- graphies. Though the editor refers in his preface to recent events as drawing Eng- land and the United States closer together, as the ground of this last extension, we find none of the heroes of the late war, military or naval, to have thrust their way into the columns of the glite (Mr. Roosevelt was in last year's issue). Some editors, including the Tribune's, have been included, but not the yellow journalists; our new Senator from New York, but not Piatt or Quay. Mr. Choate will go to St. James's unheralded by 'Who's Who.' Mr. John Fiske is rightly ad- mitted; his neighbor, President Eliot, is still outside, though Presidents Harper and Gil- man now first come in. A want of proper perspective is visible in some of these in- stances, but it shall not make us anything but glad to have this annual, with all its in- evitable defects. Almost a novel idea is that of an illus- trated edition of 'Sartor Resartus' (London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan), and it has been freshly and interestingly carried out. The artist, Mr. Edmund J. Sul- livan, has generally avoided the narrative and more obviously illustratable passages, and has embroidered a sort of emblematic and pictorial commentary upon the doctrine of the book. One may not always know cer- tainly what he means, but one is always in- terested, and generally the connection be- tween picture and text is clear enough. The drawings themselves, which affect a German archaism of style that recalls Diirer and Holbein with an occasional touch of the sim- pler manner of Rembrandt, are always able and sometimes remarkably powerful. It is seldom indeed that one sees modern book- illustration of so much merit. R. H. Russell publishes a series of prints by Pamela Colman Smith "colored by hand in water-color and retouched by an artist" in the old manner. The art is, perhaps, worthy of revival, but in the present in- stance the prints are not specially fine in composition or drawing, and the color does not seem better than much that is produced to-day by mechanical means. A whole book- ful of designs by Boutet de Monvel or Wal- ter Crane costs no more than one of these prints, and almost any page of 'Joan of Arc' or 'A Floral Fantasy' is better as a work of art. The late war with Spain is by far the most conspicuous theme in the May-October vol- ume of the Century Magazine for 1898. What is noticeable, too, the new hostilities tend to revive the memory of the old, and there is a not insignificant series of chapters on our civil war. For the rest, the volume pos- sesses the usual variety of article and il- lustration. Most .curious, to the initiated, is the paper on the island of Naushon, whose noble owner was among the lamented dead of last year, with so much respect for pri- vacy that his name is nowhere mentioned or suggested. Several engravings after female portraits by Gilbert Stuart contrast with as many by T. Cole after Romney and Hopp- ner. Of the two bound volumes of Scrilmer's for the year 1898 the first has no trace of trouble in the West Indies. The series of articles on undergraduate life at women's col- leges goes on; Senator Lodge's 'Story of the Revolution' begins and proceeds; Capt. Ma- han is occupied with the naval campaign on Lake Champlain in 1776. With the July number, the first in volume two, the exi- gencies of premature manufacture of popular magazines yield to current events, and Mr. Richard Harding Davis makes his bow with "The First Shot of the [Spanish] War." After that, there is no lack of this subject, nor of the Anglo-American alliance as ex- pounded by the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamber- lain, nor of "Imperialism and Industrialism" coming into "The Point of View." Mr. Wyckoff concludes his "Workers— the West." The same demarcation is observable in 81. Nicholas's two volumes for 1898; and in the later as crows the old, so crows the young, with guns and gun-foundries, voyage of the Oregon, flying squadron, man-of-war eti- quette, etc. But the militant proportion is more modest. A semi-monthly Latin journal, called Vox Urbis, is now being published in Rome. Its purpose is to discuss archaeological, literary, and art problems, and also to encourage the writing of Latin poetry. In a recent num- ber there is an ode on the bicycle by Maurus Ricci, which is termed "birota velccissima," It is said that the periodical is proving po- pular and is on a paying basis. The Deutsche Rundschau easily holds its place in the front rank of German monthlies with instalments of fiction from such writers as Helene Bohlau, Paul Heyse, and Hans Hoffmann in a single issue (January, 1899), besides the usual number of articles by emi- nent workers in the fields of literature, science, art, philosophy, and history. Prof. Stein (Bern) expounds with clearness and vigor the nature of the tragic conflict be- tween society, as the arena of individualism, of social variability, on the one hand, and the state, as the representative of the race- interests, of social constancy, on the other. Optimistic philosopher as he is known to be, he does not consider the dilemma, indivi- dual versus genus, as insoluble. The Rem- brandt exhibition furnishes to Otto Seeck the warp for a very complete picture of the painter's artistic activity, ingeniously inter- woven with interesting details of his life. The usefulness of this essay (running through the December and January issues) is en- hanced by the frequent references, In foot- notes, to inexpensive, easily accessible re- productions of the widely scattered works of Rembrandt. On the occasion of the festivities in me- mory of the Reformation, Prof. Dr. Gertz delivered in the University of Copenhagen an address which has caused a sensation among the schoolmen of Europe. Though himself the representative of classical philo- logy in the University, he expressed in posi- tive terms his opinion that the ancient lan- guages, the Greek entirely and the Latin in part, are bound to lose their position in the secondary school, which "has to provide, above all things, for what is indispensable to the understanding of modern life and to an active participation in the same." Dr. Gertz does not anticipate a decline of classical phi- lology in consequence of relegating the Greek, like Sanskrit. Hebrew, and certain other languages, entirely to the university— a view shared, as is well known, by Prof. Wilamowitz-Mollendorf. The address is pub- lished in the December number of the Dan- ish review Tilslcueren (Copenhagen), and, in its leading passages, in No. 4, 1898, of the Zeitschrift fur die Reform der hbheren Schu- ien (Berlin). M. Alfred Fouillee, that stanch defender of classical studies, also advocates the drop- ping of Greek from the regular secondary school programme in his new volume, 'Les Etudes Classiques et la Democratic' (Paris: Armand Colin et Cie.). The time and energy thus saved he would in part devote to the strengthening of the course in La- tin. All these men are agreed in the judg- ment that the study of Greek in secondary schools does not yield results commensu- rate with the efforts. Of the hundreds of papyri finds made in the winter of 1896-'97 in the ruins of the ancient Oxyrhynchos, the modern Behnesa, in Central Egypt, the discoverers, Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, have published, together with translations and notes and eight fac- simile plates, only 207. It was seemingly the purpose of the lucky finders to issue in this first part specimens of the various kinds of documents found. The first six are called "theological" texts and belong directly to Biblical literature, two of them being of spe- cial value, namely, a small collection of extra-canonical Sayings of Jesus, and several verses from the beginning of Matthew in an uncial manuscript of the close of the third century; this being actually the oldest speci- men of a New Testament manuscript extant. Nos. 7 to 15 are called "new classical" pieces, and Nos. 16-29 fragments of known authors. The names here represented are Sappho, Ale- man (uncertain), Aristoxenus, Thucydides, Herodotus, Homer, Sophocles, Plato, Demos- thenes, Isocrates, Xenophon, Euclid, and Virgil. From No. 33 to No. 124 we have a vast variety of Greek documents dealing with the details of public and private life. The philological gain from these new docu- ments does not promise to be especially large, although, in connection with the Fayum papyri and some other new specimens of the Greek of that period, it will be now neces- sary to discard the unhistorical and uncriti- cal myth of a peculiar "Biblical" Greek for the Septuagint and the New Testament. The widespread interest taken in this pa- pyri find is attested by the fact that, at the recent annual meeting of the Egypt Explora- tion Fund, it was reported that, of the sepa- rate edition of the Logia brought out soon after its discovery, 25,800 copies had been sold. At this same meeting Sir E. Maunde Thompson declared that it would not be surprising if entire books of the New Testa- ment dating from the second century should yet be found among the papyri. New finds are constantly reported, and systematic in- vestigations have been begun in Dendereh, • where not even a beginning of diggings had heretofore been made, as also in Sakkarah, in the tombs of Sheik Said, and elsewhere, Prof. Petrie made the somewhat surprising statement that the British occupation of Egypt was not favoring scientific investi- gations. New restrictive rules hinder the diggings, while those wJio destroy the re- mains of the older civilizations are allowed free scope and are but rarely punished. The welcome and significant service of photography to astronomy was never more aptly demonstrated than during the last few weeks, by Messrs. Pickering and Chan- . dler, in the prosecution of research on the I orbit of that anomalous new planet D Q. Th«

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 69 peculiarities of its path rendering an accu- rate acquaintance with it necessary, search has been made among the library of photo- graphic plates accumulating for many years past at the Harvard observatory; and Mrs. Fleming, after overcoming many discourag- ing circumstances and vexatious sources of confusion, has at last discovered six inde- pendent images of the planet on plates taken between December 19, 1893, and April 18, 1S94., How accurate an orbit is possible from these chance photographs may be inferred from the fact that, during their interval, D Q travelled over a full quadrant of its path round the sun, and for two months of this time its distance from the earth did not ex- ceed 18% million miles, or about half the distance of Mars at his nearest. Many as- tronomers have a sense of almost personal satisfaction in the reconciliation and renew- ed cooperation of these eminent astronomers, whose differences are now, it is hoped, for- gotten and buried in the interests of a sci- ence too engrossing for personalities. One of them has ventured the name Pluto for the new planet. Why not Eirenica? The Consular Reports for January con- tains an account of trade conditions in Ja- pan, from which it appears that in 1895 we exported to that country, in round numbers, $35,000 worth of dynamo-electric machinery, in 1897 $341,000: of locomotives in the for- mer year to the value of $142,000, in 1897 $1,192,000. Our largest import from Japan was of raw silk, valued at $16,000,000. There are also interesting notices of the rubber industry in Para, of which the most serious difficulty is insufficient labor, and upon the raising of poultry in Belgium, where great progress has been made recently in the im- provement of the breeds and the care of the yards. The announcement that our Govern- ment is preparing to open at the Paris Ex- position of 1900 a "kitchen for the prepara- tion and gratuitous distribution of bread and other forms of food prepared from maize," has caused some apprehension among the German farmers, lest its introduction should diminish the consumption of home- raised wheat and rye. The exports of corn from this country to Germany, where it is fed to cattle only, in 1897 amounted to nearly one million metric tons, valued at $12,709,- 200, or nearly 50 per cent, more than in 1896. The British Trade Returns for 1897 show a decided innovation for the better over pre- vious issues^ Under the able management of Mr. T. J. Pittar, the Statistical Office has prepared a statement giving in parallel col- umns the returns of import and export for each article during the last five years. The convenience of such an arrangement in aid- ing the study of comparative movements of trade is obvious, and the compilation pic- tures at a glance the distribution of each enumerated article among the countries of supply or sale for a period of high com- mercial interest. The Treasury Bureau of Statistics issued a similar volume during the last year, and in these two volumes may be found the trade record of the two great commercial nations of the world for five years. The Maryland Geological Survey has is- sued its second volume, containing several scientific papers which add largely to the economic and historical knowledge of the State. To the "Report on the Building and Decorative Stones of Maryland," Prof. George P. Morrill contributes a chapter on the physi- cal, chemical, and economic properties of building-stones which will be of value to quarriers and contractors. A more detailed study of the character and distribution of Maryland building-stones, together -with a history of the quarrying industry, by Dr. E. B. Mathews, embodies the results of careful investigations in the field and in the labora- tory. This paper is illustrated by numerous colored heliotypes which reproduce very vi- vidly the characteristic appearance of the more important stones. The "Report on the Cartography of Maryland" consists of two sections. That on the aims and methods of cartography, by Henry Gannett, comprises a complete digest of topographic methods. Dr. Mathews's paper on the maps and map-mak- ers of Maryland contains reproductions of some of the early maps, and reveals many interesting facts regarding physiographic changes which have occurred in historic times along the Chesapeake and Atlantic coast- line. All the illustrations and maps are of a high order of excellence, and the book as a whole makes a most attractive appearance. The Geological Survey of Canada has re- cently published its Annual Report for 1896, which opens with a summary of operations during the year by the Director, George M. Dawson, LL.D. The announcement is made that the general classified index to the pub- lications of the Survey, including some 31,000 references, is approaching completion. Mr. J. Burr Tyrre'l contributes a special report on the geology and natural resources of the vast wilderness which lies north of the 59th paral- lel and extends .from Hudson Bay to Lake Athabasca, comprising an area of about 200,- 000 square miles. His explorations included an examination of the north shore of Lake Athabasca, the Doobaunt, Kasan, and Fer- guson Rivers, the northwest coast of Hudson Bay, and two overland routes between Churchill and Nelson Rivers. Numerous half-tones, giving a good idea of the cha- racteristic features of the country, and a map accompany this paper. Other special reports are on the geology of the French River, in- cluding the country around the north end of Georgian Bay, by Dr. Robert Bell; on a tra- verse of the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula from Richmond Gulf to Ungava Bay, by Mr. A. P. Low; and on the geology of southwest Nova Scotia, by Dr. L. W. Bai- ley. In his account of mineral statistics and mining, Mr. Elfric D. Ingall states that Ca- nada's mineral product has increased 125 per cent, during ten years, while in the Unit- ed States the increase has been only about 40 per cent. The total product of the former country, however, is but 3.5 per cent, of that of the United States. — Under the editorship of Mr. William G. Stanard the Virginia Historical Magazine is not likely to be wanting in varied contents. The January number contains a contempo- rary translation of the capitulation of Fort Necessity, known hitherto only through the French version. That Washington should have deliberately signed a document de- scribing himself as a murderer is incredi- ble, and the question has been whether the one person present among the Virginian troops who knew French misunderstood the reading, or the published French articles had been garbled. Mr. Stanard points out that this contemporary translation, found among the Virginia archives, contained in the preamble the word "assault,'' for which the word "killing" has been substituted. The French term was "venger l'assassin"— not a very acceptable expression, for "assas- sinat" would have been better. What is overlooked by Mr. Stanard is the phraseology of the seventh article, in which the French version uses "assassinat" and the translator "attack"— a bad translation, and not in keep- ing with the rest of the paper. It might be assumed that a careless coypist confused the French s as WTitten, and so made "attaque" into "assassin," but such a supposition will not account for the occurrence of assassin in at least two contemporary copies of the capi- tulation in French, and the published Precis des Fails. This Virginia paper seems to ob- scure rather than explain the incident, but offers ground for some interesting conjec- tures. —The accounts of some of the experiences in the educational and missionary field in Alaska, which the Commissioner of Educa- tion has included in his latest volume of Re- ports (vol. ii., for 1896-97), are not without the fascination peculiar to stories of pioneer life. At Circle City, on the upper Yukon, so the schoolmistress tells us in her report, the people want to hibernate during three winter months: "They cannot help it, for there seems to be something in the air tend- ing to that result." Still, the children would "straggle sleepily in," and by noon all would be in the school. In May the weather began to moderate and the birds slowly came, and "it seemed almost a sin" to keep the children in-doors. Kind nature came to the relief of the compassionate feacher: the weather sud- denly grew intensely hot, and out of the moss filling the chinks between the logs of the school-house there came crawling, as they awakened from their winter's sleep, "all kinds of bugs and worms, . . . bees, hornets, and our terrible pest, mosquitoes; . . . so before long we had to stop school." Since then, we learn from Commissioner Harris himself (vol. i., p. xxxvi), the in- habitants of Circle City have removed to the Klondike, and the school has not been opened again. The school reports from several places in Alaska are more or less encouraging, but they all go to show the Sisyphean labor of bringing barbarous or semi -barbarous people within the pale of civilization. One teacher, on St. Lawrence Island, tells the sad story of a whaler bringing with him a woman who taught the people to make whiskey out of molasses and flour by means of an appa- ratus consisting of a coal-oil can and an old gun-barrel, and several families were making it all winter. According to another, at Kar- Iuk, of all the children born there during the last two years but one remained alive. "Still," he continues unconcernedly, "there Is hope for the children in that they are rapidly learning the English language." —This Report for 1896-97 of the Commis- sioner of Education to the Secretary of the Interior is dated October 1, 1897 (vol. i., p. iii). The second volume, however, has only Just been sent out, and it is possible, there- fore, that the more recent dealings with the Metlakahtla reservation on Annette Island have led to the insertion of the interesting "Statement with regard to Mr. Duncan's Work among the Tsimpsheean Indians of British America and Alaska" (pp. 1626-28). This supposition is supported by the other- wise uncalled-for insertion in the "State- ment" of section 15 of the act of March 3, 1891 (reserving Annette Island for Mr. Dun- can's colony) which begins: "Until other- wise provided by law, etc." It appears that Mr. Duncan, who founded an Episcopalian mission at Fort Simpson, British Columbia,

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70 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1752 as early as 1857, was induced to emigrate with his whole prosperous colony across the bor- der, partly in consequence of the arrival, in 1880, of a bishop from England — so that he, the founder of the mission, would have had to take a second place, "which he could not very well afford to do," and partly by the surveyors of the Canadian Pacific Railway, who persisted in unceremoniously driving over the lands. — President Eliot's essays and addresses on educational problems are always practi- cal and suggestive. There are, no doubt, many who will be glad to meet, in a con- venient form, eighteen addresses which have been collected in a volume entitled 'Educa- tional Reform' (The Century Co.). It Is in- teresting to observe that, thirty years ago, in his inaugural address as President of Har- vard, President Eliot's ideals of educational principles and methods were practically those that be holds to-day. In this, the earliest of the collected addresses, we find already outlined the principles which have been gradually turned into practice at Har- vard, notably freedom of election in Uni- versity studies. We fancy that we trace in these addresses, which range in date from 1869 to 1897, a modification of the optimism implied in the statement in the inaugural address that, "with good methods, we may confidently hope to give young men of twenty to twenty-five an accurate general knowledge of all the main subjects of human interest, besides a minute and thorough knowledge of the one subject which each may select as his principal occupation in life. To think this impossible is to despair of mankind" (p. 4). Does the President of Harvard really think that "a general acquaintance with many branches of knowledge, good so far as it goes," has proved attainable by "great numbers of men"? We wish there were any sign of the intelligent public opinion that such wide and accurate knowledge might create. On page 386 is a good suggestion for a sort of cooperative college entrance exami- nation system by which the preparation of the entrance papers would be intrusted to a group of men taken from various institutions. By this plan, one college might demand more subjects than another, but, subject by sub- ject, the requirements would be the same. The desirability of a uniform method is ob- vious. President Eliot's belief in the value of uniformity is made prominent in every address; and his insistence that, while we ought to aim at variety in education, it should be a variety of equal things, is a wholesome doctrine in a country in which the prevailing system of a general education is too apt to give a student the impression that he has been pursuing severe studies through courses in English Literature and Pedagogy. —President Oilman's 'University Problems' (The Century Co.) resembles President Eli- ot's book in being a collection of addresses delivered from his inauguration as President of Johns Hopkins, in 1876, to the present day. Mr. Oilman is decidedly more con- servative in tone than Mr. Eliot, and his addresses contain fewer suggestions. They are, In fact, in the main, a series of opti- mistic reviews of the progress of education in the nineteenth century, and call for slight comment. The 'Open Letter on the 1'ro- posals for a National University in Wash- ington" has already been printed in the VenturV. president Oilman is naturally averse to the establishment of a rival institution within an hour's ride of Johns Hopkins; his apprehension that political in- terference would hamper a national uni- versity controlled by Congress seems well grounded. His aversion to coeducation is plainly expressed. He is ready to admit women without restriction of age or qualifi- cation to the advantages of the learned uni- versity extension branch of the Smithsonian Institution which he proposes in place of a national university, where, however, there will be no degree to make it worth while for women to intrude. In 1876, curiously enough, he hoped that an institution similar to Girton College might arise in Baltimore; this was to overlook the fact that, through the pre- sence of Girton and Newnham, coeducation flourishes in Cambridge in fact if not in name. —Vol. xxxi. of the Jesuit Relations (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co.) is whol- ly occupied with Lalemant's Relation for 1647, without containing either the begin- ning or end of it. Although a single docu- ment thus absorbs the space, a large range of topics is considered by the writer; and that, moreover, without any reference to the Huron mission. Among them the most inte- resting are the story of Jogues's death (with estimate of his character), a long chapter on Druillettes's mission to the Abenakis, and a description of the Attikamegues, who inhabit the Laurentian hills at a considerable distance from the river. Besides mentioning some circumstances connected with Jogues's return to France after his first experience with the Iroquois, Lalemant describes how he returned in September, 1646, to the scene of his previous tortures. While nothing could be gained by repeating here the well-known story of his fate, it is observable that death at last came to him by a sadden blow rather than after a protracted agony. Much greater valua attaches to the glimpses which are given of this remarkable man's character. Lalemant says that he was not physically brave; indeed, that he was by nature timor- ous. His first thought always took in the dif- ficulties which might involve a question, and, recognizing this quality of tempera- ment, he became deeply humble and al- ways said that he was a coward. "Yet the Superiors who knew him depended on him as firmly as on a rock. . . . 'Go' was enough for him — there is no monster, there is no demon that he would not have confronted with that word." He was quick-tempered beneath his habitual self-restraint, but so charitable towards the cruelty and treachery of the Indians that he entertained no aver- sion towards them. "He looked at them with an eye of compassion as a mother looks at a child of two, stricken with a raging dis- ease." The worst offence which can be ascribed to him is that he felt some com- placency at the sight of death, "believing himself by this means delivered from the sufferings of this life." His swiftness of foot was such that he might have escaped from captivity at almost any time. He remained among the Iroquois chiefly to perform sur- reptitious baptism, and he is given credit by our author with having thus saved more than sixty souls. Once, by a piece of rare good luck, "he found in a cabin five little chil- dren who were all In danger of death; he baptized them at his ease, and without noise, every one having gone out to see the public rejoicings." The principal feature of Druil- lettes's sojpurn among the Abenakis is that he was thereby brought into contact with the Capuchins at Castine, and also with the English. His work even received approval at Plymouth and Boston. As for the At- tikamegues, they are mentioned as a plea- sant contrast to the Iroquois. They make war only on animals and readily accept Christianity. So "if God strikes us with one hand, he sustains us with the other; if he afflicts us, he consoles us; if we are per- secuted by some savages at the south, we are sought after by those of the north." —Vol. xxxii. comprises a variety of docu- ments. In the first place, we have the con- clusion of the report for 1647; then a letter in Latin from Brebeuf to Caraffa, the gene- ral of the order at Rome; thirdly, the Jour- nal des Jesuites for 1648; and finally, the first eight chapters of Lalemant's contribution to the Relation for the same year. Lalemant's staple subjects are the Iroquois raids and a glorification, in anecdotal vein, of the good spirit manifested by Christian Indians. As both these matters have been copiously illus- trated in your previous notes, we pass on to Brebeuf's brief letter and to the diary which is styled Journal des Jesuites. The former of these is only a little more than three oc- tavo pages in length, but possesses consi- derable significance. Its aim is to secure for Paul Ragueneau a longer tenure of office at the head of the Huron mission than was per- mitted by existing rules of the order. He is credited with every executive and personal virtue which such an onerous post demands, and the plea is further urged that a conti- nuity of leadership is desirable. However, the most striking feature of Brebeuf's letter is his consciousness of the doom which is hanging over the Huron nation. After enu- merating the causes of thankfulness which the Jesuits in Western Canada have, he thus proceeds: "But, on the other hand, there are, altogether, many and considerable influences which not only hinder our work, but seem even to threaten the ruin of the whole mission. Some of these, indeed, are common to us with all the Hurons — especial- ly the enemy whom we call by the name of Iroquois; they, on one hand, close the roads and obstruct trade, and, on the other, devas- tate this region by frequent massacre; in short, they fill every place with fear." These words, written in the year before the final catastrophe which overwhelmed Hurons and Jesuits alike, show that BrSbeuf and his com- panions were by no means blind to the ten- dency of events. In styling the Journal des Jesuites "a rich quarry for the student of the economic and social history of New Prance," Mr. Thwaites by no means claims too much for it. A great many details which the Black Robes constantly make note of, but which would have seemed somewhat trivial or secular in annual reports intended for purposes of edification, are recorded here. Thus, a list of the New Year's presents for 1648 is given; the number of turkeys and capons which the Governors sent the Fathers on Epiphany; the price charged by a black- smith for mending an arquebus; the state of the game, fish, and fur markets; the day on which the first snow fell, and a description of the manner in which the principal feasts of the Church were celebrated by clergy and people. THE ZENO VOYAGES. The Annals of the Yoyayes of the Brothers yicolb and Antonio Zeno jn the North At-

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 71 Iantic about the end of the Fourteenth Century, and the Claim founded thereon to a Venetian Discovery of America: A Criticism and an Indictment. By Fred. W. Lucas. London: Henry Stevens, Son & Stiles. 1808. Royal 4to, pp. 233 and 18 facsimile maps. The family of the Zeni, from the four- teenth to the sixteenth century, occupied a position of considerable consequence in the commercial, social, and political life of the Venetian republic. Members of the family reached the highest official positions in the .state, became merchant princes, and allied themselves with foreign families of royal rank. It was a period during which Venice had a conspicuous part in the com- mercial annals of the civilized world. Each year between 1317 and 1533, it is recorded that a fleet of Venetian vessels, under the authorization and protection of the state, sailed to Flanders and England with glass and sugar, wines, and silk, which were ex- changed for wood, tin, hides, and broad- cloth. Other fleets traded to Greece and Constantinople with bales of English and Flanders cloths, while still others went on to the Black Sea for skins, to the Syrian ports for gums and spices, to Egypt and to the caravan ports along the northern coast of Africa. On one of these voyages, that of 1385 to the north of Europe, Nicold Zeno commanded the galleys bound for Flanders. A little less than a century later, when the expanding power of the Turk had begun to cut off some of the most profitable of these trading routes, another member of the family, M. Caterino Zeno, undertook the dangerous mission of carrying to the Persian King an appeal for an alliance against the common enemy which was threatening to overpower all its neighbors East and West. In 1558 a small volume was published in Venice purporting to contain an account of the Persian mission of Caterino Zeno, and also of the adventures of two other members of the family, the brothers Antonio and Ni- cold (there were three Zeni with this name in Venice in 1379), during the last two de- cades of the fourteenth century. The vol- ume was issued anonymously, but it seems probable that it was compiled by a Nicold Zeno, called the younger, who was great- grandson of the Persian Ambassador, who was in turn the grandson of Antonio, the brother of Nicold. There is not the least evidence, if we may except the opinion of Mr. Lucas, that the publisher of the vol- ume, Marcolini, was in any way responsible for the contents of the book printed at his house. The contents of this Zeno volume were regarded as trustworthy by contemporaries and by fellow-citizens of the compiler, some of whom were well versed in affairs and in the records of European expansion. Since their time, a fair majority of students of Atlantic exploration have held the opinion that the volume was based upon documents contemporary with the events which it pro- fesses to describe. Many of the statements in the second, or North Atlantic, narrative, however, are manifestly improbable as they are related. The result has been that many students have looked upon this narra- tive with suspicion, and not a few have de- clared that it was a fabrication devised for the purpose of heightening the glory of the Zeno family, and perchance also of detract- ing from the fame of the Genoese Columbus. Those who have suggested these motives have perhaps not given proper considera- tion to the fact, evident to any one who will examine the volume in question, that it does not contain a single expression of the satis- faction which the compiler might very na- turally have felt in his kinship with the first Venetian Ambassador to Persia, nor is there any phrase which can be construed into a claim that his ancestors reached dis- tant lands which were in any way connected with those discovered by Columbus, to whose name and exploit there is not the slightest reference. Mr. Richard Henry Major, in 1873, trans- lated for the Hakluyt Society that portion of the 1558 Zeno volume which describes the adventures of the brothers Nicold and An- tonio. An elaborate introduction contain- ed Mr. Major's reasons for believing in the essential truth of this narrative, together with his efforts to identify the modern names of the localities mentioned in the Ita- lian text. Mr. Fiske and others have adopted his conclusions without serious question, but there has been, nevertheless, an increas- ing disposition during recent years, among students who have bad occasion to look into the subject, to doubt the accuracy of Mr. Major's identifications. This has led in- evitably to a feeling of doubt as to the amount of reliance which could safely be placed on the whole narrative. It was mani- festly desirable that the subject should be examined anew, in the light of the many recent cartographic discoveries, and that a fresh effort should be made to establish de- finitively the falsity of the entire narra- tive, or to determine what portions of it are deserving of credit. This task has been assumed by Mr. F. W. Lucas. The result of his researches is a noteworthy contribution to the literature of American discovery. With the assist- ance of his publishers, the firm which has done so much during two generations to throw light on the dark places in our his- tory, Mr. Lucas has produced a magnifi- cent volume, a model for the setting forth of any serious work in cartographic his- tory. The text is illuminated by facsimiles, made by the most trustworthy processes of reproduction, of the maps to which the larger part of this investigation has been devoted, and of the original volumes in which the Zeno narrative first appeared in Italian and in Euglish. The appendices bear ample testimony to many hours of careful study of ancient volumes and maps, deciphering, copying, collating, comparing, classifying and tabulating names and legends and carto- graphic outlines. There is a bibliography which will prove of the greatest assistance to any one who desires acquaintance with the literature of European expansion into the Atlantic. There can be no doubt that Mr. Lucas has succeeded in producing a volume which will determine the treatment of the Zeno voyages by future writers of text-books and of popular history. The certainty and the clearness of his concluding summary, the generous fashion in which his theory is presented, the difficulty in discovering the precise grounds upon which the several steps of his argument are based, alike assure the acceptance of his dicta by those who will popularize his conclusions. Mr. Lucas states frankly that he desires to say "the last word on this great and mis- chievous imposture," and 'he sums up his work with the declaration that he has proved "that Zeno's work has been one of the most ingenious, most successful, and most endur- ing literary impostures which have ever gull- ed a confiding public." In the face of this utterance, Mr. Lucas will not take it amiss if he is met with equally clear and decided statements of opinion by those who continue to believe that the true and ultimate end of historical investigation is not mere negation —even in matters connected with the early ex- ploration of America— and that the insinua- tion of dishonorable motives and the denial of personal honesty are not the safest and wisest, although they may be the easiest, me- thod of dealing with the puzzling problems of history. The difficulty in following Mr. Lucas to his conclusions begins with the very first of his assumptions, which is that the two divisions of the Zeno book— the account of the Persian Embassy and that of the Atlantic voyages- are entirely distinct in their character. A most careful examination of the original vol- ume reveals not the slightest grounds for any such supposition. Even a superficial read- ing of the Hakluyt Society translation of the Persian narrative would suffice to show that the method of its compilation, the documents from which it claims to be derived, the style and the contents, are of exactly the same sort as the rest of the volume of 1558. Both, accord- ing to the compiler, are based upon his fami- ly archives. Both contain references to lost material of the greatest value. The story of the death of Archimedes finds its way into the Persian narrative in exactly the same man- ner as the myth of Daedalus and a North Atlantic Icaria into the other. Each illus- trates a psychologic phenomenon which is fa- miliar to most readers of mediaeval voyagers. As a basis for historical criticism, the argu- ments taken from the Icarian story are on a par with those (to which Mr. Lucas returns more than once) based upon the fact that no one in the nineteenth century has been able to find the manuscripts of which the Zeno book purports to give the substance. The discovery of specific fourteenth (or sixteenth) century manuscripts is not easy, nor is the hunt for them ordinarily successful. If Mr. Lucas will try to lay his hands upon almost any one of the original manuscripts of the documents printed in Ramusio's great col- lection, he will learn much concerning the chances of survival of historical material. A similar search for the manuscripts copied by Richard Hakluyt would doubtless be instruct- ive. In brief, the method of criticism adopt- ed by Mr. Lucas would destroy the value of the Zeno Persian narrative just as complete- ly as it assumes to do when applied to the ac- count of the Atlantic voyages. The argu- ment amounts to this, that if there is a state- ment in the text which can be found in print or in manuscript at an earlier date than that of the volume of 1558, then such a statement may have been taken from the earlier work; . if no such earlier authority can be unearthed, then the statement may have been a creation of the compiler's brain. The transition from "may have been," when frequently enough repeated, to "was," is another psychologic phenomenon of frequent recurrence in histo- rical literature. The story told in the Zeuo volume can be briefly outlined. The compiler states that when he was a boy, he got hold of a manu- script book which contained an account of the adventures of an ancestor who had made a voyage to the north of Europe. In child- ish fashion, he tore that book to pieces. Many years later, he discovered among the family archives, of which he would have be- come possessed through the death of his fa-

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72 Tlie ]STation. [Vol. 68, No. 1752 ther in the year preceding that of the publi- cation of the 1558 volume, certain letters in which these same adventures were described. Prom these he endeavored to construct a narrative which should replace the one de- stroyed by his childish heedlessness. The resulting pages contain the substance of two letters written from the north by the elder Nicolo Zeno to his brother Antonio, a third presumably addressed to some other member of the family, and three letters written by Antonio, after he had joined Nieold, to a third brother, Carlo. The compiler, the younger Nicolo, joins these together by connecting paragraphs. This, as Mr. Lucas remarks, is a well-known device of fictionists; it is also the method most naturally adopted by an in- telligent honest person who desires to set forth facts in his family history from docu- ments found in his family archives. These letters relate how Nieold the elder sailed from Venice around to the north of Hurope, where he was caught in a storm and driven out of his course, until he was wreck- ed on an island. Rescued from the plunder- ing natives by a powerful chief or "Prince" who chanced to be near, Nicolo's nautical skill was quickly recognized, and he was given a position of authority in the fleet of his rescuer. This position Nicolo soon im- proved by his success in several expeditions undertaken against the neighboring islands. Finding the life and its opportunities agree- able, Nieold wrote urging his brother Antonio to join him. After the arrival of Antonio, they engaged in various expeditions, one of which took them a long distance into the western ocean, to a country which is de- scribed under a name that can be made to suggest that of Greenland, but in terms which apply, not to Greenland, but very aptly to Iceland. Returning from this place, where the cold had broken Nicolo's health so that he soon died, Antonio and his chief deter- mined upon a voyage of exploration into the remoter west. They were persuaded to this, according to the narrative, by certain fisher- men's tales, the interpretation of which pre- sents the real crux of the Zeno problem. The voyage was undertaken, and, after various mishaps among the nearer islands, the ship started west before a fair wind for six days, "but, the wind changing to the southwest, the sea therefore becoming rough, the fleet ran before the wind for four days, and at last land was discovered." No one who has dis- sected the reports of early voyages of explo- ration would for a moment imagine from this passage that the discovery was necessarily made at the end of the tenth day. In return- ing from this country, Zeno sailed steadily eastward for twenty days, and for five days towards the southeast, before he hit upon •land, which luckily lay within the range of his earlier adventures. There is not the least reason why this discovered land, upon which Zeno left his chief to found a city and conduct further explorations, may not have been Greenland. There is nothing in the description of the country to render this improbable. There is little need of examining in de- tail all the points raised by Mr. Lucas in his indictment of the Zeno book. Even the treat- ment of the Frisland fisherman's story is amenable to the same sort of criticism as has already been discussed. So far as the text of Mr. Lucas's work is concerned, his evi- dently honest efforts to set forth the facts as they really are, have apparently prevented him from presenting any convincing proof of the falsity or the improbability of the story which has been outlined in the pre- ceding paragraphs. His efforts, indeed, have not been entirely negative, and he has of- fered two or three very suggestive hints which afford important assistance towards distinguishing between the true and the im- material in the Zeno narrative, and in dis- covering the most probable identification of the localities associated with the northern career of the Zeni brothers. The most valu- able of these contributions is the suggestion that the chief (or Prince) Zichmni, whose identification with the historical Earl Sinclair of the Orkneys has long been recognized as presenting many perplexing difficulties, may more probably have been the Vitalian pirate Wichmannus — the Italian language has no letter W — who was the leader of a very powerful band which conducted successful depredations in the Baltic and North Seas between 1388 and 1401. What little is told us of this leader and his doings renders this identification thoroughly plausible, making possible the explanation of many details which have been a source of much trouble to the defenders of the Zeno story. As re- gards the spelling of this and other names in the book of 1558, few things in Mr. Lu- cas's book are harder to understand than his insistence upon the difficulty of recon- ciling these names as spelled by Nieold the younger with those of any known individuals and places. Even in this present enlight- ened age and land, it may be doubted whether many members of the United States Senate, even among such as possess ancestors five generations back, would be able to tran- scribe correctly any large proportion of un- familiar proper names written in the course of a family correspondence by those ances- tors. The handwriting of the fourteenth century was not more easily read by a man of affairs in the sixteenth than that of our seventeenth-century ancestors is to-day. Even among our own contemporaries, there are some who find difficulty in writing proper names so that they will be entirely legible. Add the fact that, in Mr. Lucas's opinion, these names in the Zeno book were copied from manuscripts which had been preserved for a full generation after having been torn to pieces by a boy, and some amazement may be pardonable at his surprise because these names of places in the least-known portion of Europe, written in 1400, were not transcribed in 1558 in a way to render them perfectly intelligible in 1898. The few lines which are left for a reference to the material upon which Mr. Lucas bases the main portion of his indictment are per- haps not unfairly proportionate to its real importance. The Zeno volume of 1558 con- tains a map illustrating the narrative of the Atlantic voyages. According to the compiler, this map was redrawn by him from an old navigation chart found among the family archives, "all rotten and many years old." If any one will compare the photographic facsimiles of such well-preserved maps as the 1500 La Cosa or the 1544 Cabot with any half-dozen sketches or pseudo-facsimiles of these maps such as have appeared in scien- tific historical treatises within the last twen- ty-five years, he will be prepared to under- stand why the younger Nieold may not have succeeded in producing an accurate repro- duction of his model. Nieold junior must have been familiar with the current notions about the North Atlantic lands as they were represented in the maps of his own time. He would have been culpably negligent in his duties as an editor, according to the very proper standards of his age, if he had not endeavored to restore what he could not de- cipher in his model, in the light of what were for him the latest results of exploration and cartographic science. Mr. Lucas applies to this map the same critical method as to the narrative text. It is not easy to account for the adoption of such a method of cartographic investigation by one who understands as tho- roughly as does Mr. Lucas the state of the navigating and cartographic sciences in the fifteenth century. In his researches he has succeeded in discovering a prototype for every feature on the Zeno map, with two ex- ceptions. These two he assumes to be for- geries, hatched in the brain of the compiler of the map. It is hardly necessary to discuss this theory in detail; it should be sufficient to point out that in order to reconstruct the Zeno chart as it was published in 1558, Mr. Lucas has had to bring together facsimiles of more than a dozen maps drawn before that date, many of which exist only in manu- script at places remote from Venice. Had all of these maps been seen and examined, for whatever purpose, by any one man in 1558, it may safely be assumed that the result would have been very different from the map and booklet published for Nieold Zeno in that year. Mr. Lucas has, however, now- brought together in his volume admirable facsimiles of the pertinent portions of most of these, and of more than as many other maps of the same period, making the satis- factory study of them possible in hundreds of places far removed from the Old World storehouses where alone the originals may be consulted. For his contribution to our facilities for historical and cartographic knowledge, no praise or gratitude can be too strong. If his methods and his results have been sub- jected to still further criticism and indict- ment, it is because the truth, even in such a matter as the Zeni voyages, can be reached only through the clash of intelligent opinion vigorously expressed. Mr. Lucas has set a most creditable example of vigor and in- telligence. It would be unfair to him not to reply with equal earnestness and honesty of opinion, and with whatever intelligence can be gained through a diligent study of ma- terial inaccessible to the majority of stu- dents prior to the appearance of his volume. THE CHILD IN EDUCATION. A Study of a Child. By Louise E. Hogan. Illustrated with over 500 original drawings by the child. Harpers. 1898. Pp. 220. The Study of the Child. A Brief Treatise on the Psychology of the Child, with Sugges- tions for Teachers, Students, and Parents. By A. R. Taylor, Ph.D., President of the State Normal School, Emporia, Kansas. [International Education Series.] D. Ap- pleton & Co. 1898. Pp. 215. The Development of the Child. By Nathan Oppenheim, Attending Physician to the Children's Department of Mount Sinai Hos- pital Dispensary. Macmillan. 1898. Pp. 296. Not the least important of the results of the doctrine of evolution has been the em- phasis placed incidentally on the study of the development of individual children. Dar- win studied his own child. Earlier pioneers in such study were Tiedemann and Sigismund in Germany. The most systematic investi-

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 73 gation of this kind -was made by the late Prof. Preyer, as reported In his classic work, 'The Mind of the Child.' Since Preyer's study, similar investigations have been made by Paola Lombroso, daughter of the famous Ita- lian alienist; Miss Shinn, Mrs. Moore, and others. 'The Study of a Child' before us is another attempt to follow Preyer's example. It Is a record of the first seven years of a boy's life made by a mother apparently with no special psychological training. It has many of the merits as well as the defects of a record by an untrained observer. Among the former are the simple and straightfor- ward style, the evidence of freedom from psychological prejudice, and the absence of any attempt to make the facts support phi- losophical theories. Of the defects, one notes especially the scrappy notes on the psychologically interesting activities of the first year, the meagre record of the child's motor activities, apart from talking and drawing, the frequent gaps in the re- cord throughout, and, on the other hand, the occasional lapse into unimportant de- tails. The book is a simple story of the ordinary activities of an ordinary healthy child who spent his time in eating, sleeping, and play- ing; In sleeping, playing, and eating; and, at a later period, in sleeping, eating, play- ing, and talking — a child who loved "choo- choos" and rabbits, was interested in draw- ing and mechanical activities, sang songs, held dialogues with his pussy, puzzled over the idiosyncrasies of the English language and the mysteries of the human body, and sometimes broached problems of ethics and ontology. There is nothing in the volume that is sensational, few records of precocious activities, and nothing that will appear to be either a great contribution or a stum- bling-block to psychologists; and while much of It will be foolishness to practical fathers and mothers, still many homes would be quieter and pleasanter and many children healthier and happier if parents would ap- ply the suggestions for the training of chil- dren contained in this simple story; and every such record is a welcome contribution, however small, to the psychology of de- velopment. The "Treatise on the Psychology of the Child' is introduced to the public by Dr. William T. Harris, Commissioner of Educa- tion, as a "sound and wholesome book on child study," and Dr. Harris contributes a preface discussing the symbolic and func- tional stages of mind in childhood. That the book is wholesome and, for the most part, sound, is not to be denied, and" we shall not quarrel with the preface; but it is milk for babes in child study rather than strong meat for mature students in psychology. The author states that the book is "intended sim- ply to serve as an introduction to child na- ture and child problems," and such should have been the title. It would serve its pur- pose as an introduction better, however, if the writer had a deeper conception of the real sig- nificance of child study. He does not even give the results of many important investigations made in recent years, such as those by Garbi- ni, G. Stanley Hall, Sully, Russell, and Barnes — names which, by the way, do not appear at all (unless in the bibliography) in the pages of his book. Instead of this, seeing that the results in child study already obtained are Imperfect, he has attempted to systematize what is necessarily incomplete by filling the gaps in child psychology with the old con- venient dogmas of adult psychology. Thus, practically, the author does the very thing which the whole spirit of the child-study movement forbids. He fails to recognize that what may be true of the mature mind is not necessarily true of the developing mind. Dr. Taylor's style is not always clear, and some statements are unfortunate. For exam- ple, he says (page 60), "The bridge over from the physical to the mental is found in con- sciousness." To the psychologist this sen- tence is as luminous as the statement that the bridge over from Brooklyn to New York is found in Manhattan. How will it be un- derstood by the beginner? Again, on page 42, quoting CompayrG, the writer states that all young children are myopic. Now the functional myopia referred to by Compayre is a very different thing from what is usual- ly called myopia. In fact, hyperopia is so common in young children that many autho- rities regard it as the normal condition of the eye in infancy. Apart, however, from such minor defects, the book is usually clear- ly written. No one will question the need of a work on this subject in the International Edu- cation Series. However commonplace some of its teachings, it contains much of practical importance; and especially the parts relating to hygiene should be read and remembered by teachers. And now that Mr. Taylor has given us an "Introduction," it may be hoped that the editor will find some one to write the "Treatise." A praiseworthy contribution to such a trea- tise has been made by Dr. Oppenheim in 'The Development of the Child.' His thesis is that a child is a different creature from an adult, and his insistence is upon the educa- tional and hygienic significance of this fact. His data indicate that, so far as salient phy- siological and psychological factors are con- cerned, the child and the adult are almost totally different. "Multiply the proportions of the infant to those of the adult, and you will have a being whose large head and dwarfed lower face, whose apex-like thorax, whose short arms and legs give a grotesque appearance. The two do not breathe alike, their pulse rates are not alike, the com- position of their bodies is not alike." The proportion of the different parts of the body is not the same; for example, according to Vierordt, the muscles form 23.4 per cent. of the total weight of the body in the new- born child, 43.09 per cent, in the adult. The brain forms 14.34 per cent, of the total body weight in the new-born, only 2.37 per cent in the adult. The chemical constituents of the tissues are different in childhood and in maturity. The various organs differ. The heart and other viscera are different. There is a great difference in the relation of the heart to the arterial system. Oppenheim puts this graphically by saying: "In infancy the relation of the volume of the heart to the width of the ascending aorta is as 25 to 20, before puberty, as 140 to 56, and after pu- berty as 290 to 61." There are correspond- ing differences in blood pressure, nutrition, secretion, excretion, and other functions. Such are some of the more obvious. Still more interesting are the differences in the nervous tissue, the greater part of the cen- tral nervous system being "unripe" at birth; and equally important are the psychological differences between the child and the adult. In a word, the organism in childhood is un- even, unstable, provisional, and a valuable service has been rendered in bringing to- gether the evidence that the child is not the father of the man. The meagreness of our knowledge of de- velopment is apparent from the limitations of this book. The author hardly attempts to show that at different stages the child differs from the child. In fact, our present know- ledge does not permit us to form any com- plete picture of the child in the various stages of development from infancy to ma- turity. Yet such knowledge lies at the very foundation of any true system of education. A German writer. Dr. Stimpfl, has recently said that, after 2,000 years of talk, pedagogy is still in about the same stage of develop- ment as physics at the time of Galileo. Whether or not he puts this too strongly, he is certainly right when he adds that if bio- logical research shall contribute a peda- gogical physiology and psychology and a pedagogical hygiene in accordance with the laws of development, then pedagogy will un- doubtedly acquire the status of an actual science. Problems of Modern Industry. By Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Longmans, Green, & Co. 1898. The authors of this volume are probably, on the whole, the best exponents of "col- lectivism" in its modern form. Of their sincerity there can be no question; it is es- tablished by internal evidence as well as by that aliunde. The most conclusive test of it is to be found in the careful reason- ing with which they support their theories and attack those of their opponents. They recognize the existence of difficulties, and struggle seriously to meet them. Whether their reasoning appears fallacious to others is a different matter; they, at least, are heartily convinced that it is sound. For the fullest statement of their economic theories their 'History of Trade-Unionism' should be consulted; but In some of the essays re- printed in this volume readers will find everything essential. A few papers are mere padding, but most of them are sub- stantial and relevant to the issue. The views of these agitators are the only views of socialism that can logically be held. According to these views, the pre- sent system is unjust in that the people who work for wages do not and cannot get as much wages as their employers can af- ford to pay them. Hence the wage-earners must get hold of the Government and compel the employers to pay more. They must fix a minimum rate of wages and a maximum labor day; and if employers decline to carry on business on these terms, the Govern- ment will step in and carry It on for the public account. To the objection that pro- fits will be reduced, it is replied that they have teen much reduced in the past and can be still more in the future; and it is even maintained that this can be done with- out injury to foreign trade. Moreover, in the confiscation of the "unearned incre- ment," there is an infinite possibility of revenue. In the attainment of these ends it is indispensable that all wage-earners co- operate; hence they must be forced into trade-unions and be prevented from be- coming capitalists. Instead of rising in the economic world by prudence and by com- petition, they must retain their status, un- less chosen by their rulers for positions of authority. Such, in brief, is the logical basis of col- lectivism, which we need not here crlti-

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74= The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1752 else. Those who think the authors' rea- soning sound will certainly enjoy these es- says; those who think it fallacious will at least get the enjoyment which is derived from analyzing ingenious and plausible fal- lacies. The Great Salt Lake Trail. By Col. Henry Inman and Col. William F. Cody. Mac- millan. 1898. 8vo, pp. xii, 529, pll. 8 and other illustrations. This book has no more to do with its title than had Inman's 'Old Santa Fe Trail' to do with its ostensible subject; both deal with any part of the West in a reprehensible and factitious manner. Neither is devoid of a certain readability for the unwary, which makes them both pernicious. Col. Inman's offence in the present in- stance is greater than in the other. The book opens, after a few pointless words, with an account of the overland Astorian ex- pedition (pp. 3-31), with a footnote at the end of the chapter, "See Astoria, by Wash- ington Irving"— acknowledgment enough for some specific statement on one page, per- haps; certainly not for the misappropriation of a whole chapter. The next chapter (pp. 32-62) is lifted from Coyner's 'Lost Trappers' — an apocryphal book, now happily so rare and little known that Col. Inman may have thought he could with impunity serve over the old fables concerning Ezekiel Williams. Chap, iii., pp. 63-80, is similarly derived from the Autobiography of James P. Beck- wourth, without a word of acknowledgment. Chap, iv., pp. 81-96, has on its opening page a footnote, "See Washington Irving's As- toria," which settles that. Chap, v., pp. 97-109, is mainly quoted from some source not named. Chaps, vl., vil., pp. 110-162, on the Mormon emigration of 1847 and the Mountain Meadow massacre, are apparently thrown together from several sources, but mainly from Bancroft's History of Utah, as the word "Bancroft" constitutes a footnote on p. 120. Chap, viii., pp. 164-210, on the pony express, is said to be given "as related to the author of the book by Col. Alexander Majors"; but it includes some of "Buffalo Bill's" own yarns, and a rehash of the rub- bish about Slade and Jules which Mark Twain made famous in 'Roughing It,' and N. P. Langford discredited in his 'Vigilante Days and Ways.' So we might go through the several chap- ters, finding nothing new that is true, no- thing true that is new, and all the pick- ings singularly botched in their transfer to these pages, till we come to chaps, xvi., xvii., pp. 382-451. These are Col. Cody's contribution to the volume, apparently genu- ine, inasmuch as they are what the writer chose to say of his adventures and of the Custer massacre; but not now original, as they are all in quotation marks, and so, we suppose, transferred from some previous book by "Buffalo Bill." But chap, xviii., , pp. 452-476, oontains the story of "Old Hatcher's" fit of delirium tremens, of which Col. Inman says it is "presented just as he used to tell it." The English of this state- ment is, that Col. Inman abstracted it in full from chap, xix., pp. 236-265, of Lewis H. Garrard's 'Wah-to-yah* (12mo, Cincinnati, 1850)— without the slightest ref- erence to Garrard. What magnifies the of- fence is, that the whole is placed in quota- tion marks, yet persistently misquoted, as we find by comparing the two publications. The last chapter in the book, professing to give the "Story of the Union Pacific Rail- road" in twenty pages (!), is extracted with due acknowledgment from the address of Gen. G. M. Dodge before the Army of the Tennessee at Toledo, September 15, 1880. Modern Political Institutions. By Simeon E. Baldwin. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1S98. Although this book is made up largely of addresses delivered before various associa- tions, it has a sufficient unity of purpose. According to the author's use of the term, modern political institutions are those "which became such by the recognition and approval of our own century, or are contend- ing for that of the twentieth." Chief among these he reckons the foundation of all gov- ernment on the consent of a majority of the people, religious liberty, the written consti- tution as the supreme law, the combination of political absolutism with democracy, the regulation of succession to the dead in the interest of the state, international arbitra- tion, and the Monroe Doctrine. To these are added some institutions of a legal rather than political character, and certain general pro- positions which have a rather remote con- nection with institutions of any kind. It is at least doubtful if the Monroe Doctrine can be properly described as a political institu- tion; it might now, perhaps, be properly con- sidered in the essay on "The Decadence of the Legal Fiction." Nor is it apparent why the assertion by the Government of a claim to share in the property of decedents should be regarded &i anything modern; and the combination of political absolutism with de- mocracy was familiar to Aristotle. We must confess that we find a certain inconsistency In proclaiming this political absolutism and in calling the written con- stitution the supreme law. It is unnecessary to say that the framers of our Constitution intended to limit the power of the Executive. Many of them dreaded this power extremely, and they took great pains to hedge it about with constitutional restrictions. Neverthe- less, this author describes, almost in terms of exultation, the vast extent of the powers now exercised by the President, which he puts on the same level as those of the Czar of Russia. "The President, during half the year, is the United States more truly than ever Louis XIV. was France." We will not stop to discuss the correctness of this view; but we cannot read without amazement that there is no danger to the liberties of a peo- ple in the rule of a despot. "The most im- petuous man is held back if a hasty word or act of his might put the peace or welfare of a nation in peril. It is his very absolu- tism that has made the President, in respect to all matters of foreign policy— and there he is most powerful — the great conservative force in our constitutional system." We are tempted to recall the episode of Venezuela; but that episode, we find, the author regards with much complacency. In his examination of some departments of legal procedure, the author's scholarship is well employed. The paper on "Freedom of Incorporation" contains a careful account of the achievements of the Roman lawyers In the creation and development of corporations of all kinds, the renewal of the process In Europe after the Middle Ages, Its course in England, and the main lines which it has followed In the United States. This is the most elaborate essay In the book; but there are others, such as that on legal fictions, and the exemption of the accused from examina- tion in criminal proceedings, which are of especial interest to lawyers. The True Benjamin Franklin. By Sydney George Fisher. Philadelphia: J. B. Llp- pincott Co. [1898.] 1899. 12mo, pp. 369. The word "True" in Mr. Fisher's title la clearly intended to refer to the book, and not to the man, for his pen-portrait leaves an impression of a being far better described by its opposite, false. There is a story cur- rent in literary circles that a Philadelphian was employed to prepare, for a series, a life of Franklin, and that the MS. as first submit- ted was returned to him by the publisher with the comment, "If he was no more than this, he does not deserve a place in our se- ries." Of this curiously persistent Philadel- phian prejudice against its greatest citizen, the present book is a good expression. With- out any iconoclastic intention, by an entire disregard of proportion, Franklin is made so ignoble and so repulsive that one marvels that the most cultivated classes of both Great Britain and France could ever for a mo- ment have tolerated his friendship, much less have held him in veneration. It is Crom- well with the wart, and the wart so mag- nified by the depicter that it has become in truth a mask rather than a blemish. Scarce- ly a merit which Franklin possessed but is belittled into obscurity, while each fault is so accented that it is fairly thrust in one's face. Defects he had, known chiefly through his own honest confession of them in his Au- tobiography; but in that very book, which Mr. Fisher has so largely quoted from and so openly paraphrased, the author should have learned the proper ratio of space to give to the well and evil-doing of the man. That a runaway apprentice thoughtlessly and youthfully sinned is no reason for writing a life of him, but there is reason when we find that this 'prentice, step by step, atoned for every slip so far as lay within his power, and advanced himself to the foremost rank. To his own generation Franklin was a man of morality and honor whose aid could al- ways be counted upon for good, and whose friendship was a privilege. Is this judg- ment of his contemporaries, is a life given to the public weal, to count for nothing? But we have a more special bone of con- tention. Poor Richard remarked that "One mend-fault is better than two find-faults, but that two find-faults are better than one make -fault," and it seems to us that the epigram applies. Although Mr. Fisher notes in two places that women correspon- dents, in writing to Franklin, called him father, and signed themselves "your daugh- ter," and though a little more research would have shown him letters of Franklin couched in the same parental terms, on an allusion in a letter of John Foxcroft to "your Daugh- ter," and on three equally vague messages in Franklin's letters to "my daughter," he founds the positive statement that he had "an illegitimate daughter." As a lawyer, Mr. Fisher should know the true value of such testimony, the more that elsewhere he practically acknowledges that "speculations" over this newly discovered child "are mere guesses unsupported by evidence," leading us to conclude that the author is one of those described by Franklin when he declar- ed that "historians relate, not so much what is done, as what they would have believed." Fortunately, a little light can be shed on Mr*. Foxcroft, which will go far to show the

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Jan. 26, 1899] The Nation 75 yalue of Mr. Fisher's historical methods, both in research and in conclusion. John Foxcroft was married in London on August 2, 1770, by the Rev. Thomas Coombe, at St. James's Church, Westminster, to Judith Os- good of "this parish," resident in King Street. The groom was deputy postmaster under, and an old friend of, Franklin, and the latter was present at the marriage as one of the witnesses. If, after a due considera- tion of the dates of Franklin's English so- journs, Mr. Fisher wishes further knowledge on this subject for "speculation," we re- commend him to read Franklin's letter to Foxcroft of September 7, 1774. Space has been given to this matter be- cause it is announced as a startling dis- covery, and it is best that the bane should have its antidote; but otherwise it is not possible to take the book seriously. It is written in a hopelessly slipshod manner as to form; errors of quotations abound, and still more errors of fact; indeed, it seems as if the author went out of his way to err. He looks into the Autobiography, and, finding that Franklin had the pleurisy, and that his friend Dunhan died of "I forget what dis- temper," he promptly kills the latter with the pleurisy. Franklin's statement that he "burnt" his "wicked tract" becomes "tore up." "£1,000 Pennsylvania currency" is transmuted into $5,000 — an exchange that would have delighted any one possessed of the depreciated paper money of the time, but not one for a writer to make in these days. The long-sought-for "first appearance" of the "Speech of Polly Baker" is nonchalantly dated and placed in the Pennsylvania Ga- zette, but with a lack of preciseness that leads us to conclude that the author has been no more successful than his predeces- sors, and we cannot advise a waste of even Mr. Fisher's time in following up the clue he has so temptingly evolved. In the same manner he decides the moot point as to the approximate date of the birth of William Franklin, but unfortunately neglects to give us better authority than his own statement. Collectors of Frankliniana will be interested to learn that "Poor Richard" had, previous to Franklin's arrival in France in 1776, been the "delight for years" of the French, for it has generally been supposed that the first French edition was issued in 1777. Brad- ford, the printer, we are told, had come to New York "recently," though he had been a resident for twenty-nine years. England is engaged in preparations for war with Spain in 1743, which raises a question as to the status of the expeditions against Porto Bello, Carthagena, etc., of the previous years. Worse still is the assertion that the Seven Years' War began with Braddock's defeat. A commoner error is the statement that Burgoyne surrendered, though the General would have indignantly denied it, with the dictionary and all military men in his sup- port. Finally, the author has made a dead brother executor for a living one — some- thing difficult even for a lawyer— by mixing William and Thomas Whately. Such are types of the errors strewn as thickly through the pages as the author has strewn the "er- rata" of Franklin's life, but, unlike his, without counterbalancing virtues or at- tempted atonement. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. ley, 1 Ulan. BardeeD, C. W. Commissioner Hume. A Story of New York Schools. Syracuse: O. W. Bardeen. Carnegie, D. W. 8t>lnlfex and Sand. A Narrative of Five Years' Pioneering and Exploration In Western Australia. M. F. Mansfield & Co. _|8. Clark. J. C. L. Verses. Lancaster, Mass.: The Author. Emerson. R. W. Select Essays and Poems. Bos- ton: Allyn & Bacon. 30c. Garretson, Beulab C. Fireside Fancies. Philadel- phia: J. B. Llppincott Co. Guntcr, A. C. Jack Curzon. Homer Publishing Co. Haigh, A. E. The Attic Theatre. 2d ed., revised, enlarged, and In part rewritten. Oxford: Claren- don Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Hall, Tom. An Experimental Wooing. E. B. Herriek & Co. $1.25. Jordan, Kate. A Circle In the Sand. Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co. $1.28. King, Capt. Charles. A Wounded Name. F. T. Neely. Lest We Forget. Illustrated. E. B. Herrlck & Co. McManus, Blanche. Told In the Twilight. Illus- trated. E. R. Herrlck & Co. $1.25. Newton, Rey. R. H. Christian Science. Putnams. Ratzel. Prof. F. The History of Mankind. Vol. III. Macmlllan. $4. Remington, Frederic. Sundown Leflare. Harpers. Sciibner, F. K. The Love of the Princess Alice. F. T. Neely. Smith, Dr. E. F. Text-Book of Anatomy, Physiolo- gy, and Hygiene. W. R. Jenkins. $1. Snow, and Accompanying Verse. Creston, Iowa: Snow Publishing Co. $1.40. Spyri. Johanna. Rosenresli. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 25c. Starr, Frederick. American Indians. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 45c. Three Narrative Poems. Coleridge. Arnold, Ten- nyson. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 30c. Tineker, Mary A. Autumn Leaves. Verse and Story. W. H. Young & Co. $1. Treasure Bits. English Authors. French Authors. E. R. Herrlck & Co. Each 50c. Walford, L. B. The Archdeacon. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50. Ward, Elizabeth. Old Times in Shrewsbury. Shrews- bury, Mass.: The Author. $1. Waring G. E., Jr. The Sanitary Condition of City and Country Dwelling-Houses. 2d ed., revised. D. Van Nostrand Co. 50c. Watson. T. E. The Story of France. Vol. I. Macmlllan. $2.50. Whyte, Frederic. Actors of the Century. London: Bell; New York: Macmillan. $9. World Politics. London: Sampson Low. Marston & Co.; New York: R. F. Fenno & Co. $1. Young. William. Wishmakers' Town. Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co. $1. HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK, HA VE JUST PUBLISHED: WALKER'S DISCUSSIONS IN EDUCATION. By the late Francis A. Walker, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Edited by Jambs P. Munroe. 8vo, $3.00 net. The author had hoped himself to collect these papers in a volume. Though dealing with professional problems they are never technical, hut so fresh, incisive, and broad in treatment that they will be of Interest to most general readers. BEERS'S ENGLISH ROMANTICISM IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. By Prof. Hknby A. Beers. With gilt top. 12mo, $2.00. A book that happily combines scholarship with fresh and engaging literary style. The author's pictures of the various romancers are human and sympathetic. OXENHAM'S GOD'S PRISONER, a story i2mo,$i.85. The theme of this novel, that of a man's redemption through his courage and self-sacrifice, is an inspir- ing one. To escape the consequences of an unpremeditated crlme.the nero throws himself in the way of an astounding series of adventures The story Is laid chiefly in England and the Southern Seas. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LETTERS. Under the general editorship of R. Brimley Johnson. With gravure Portraits. Half vellum, gilt top. 12mo, $1.75 net per volume. Letters by Swift, Addison, and Steele. (Poole.) one volume. Letters by Johnson and Lord Chesterfield. (Birkbeck hiii.) one volume. They have Recently Published: GODFREY'S POOR HUMAN NATURE. A Musical Novel. 2d Impression. 12mo, $1.50. Boston Transcript: " We have nothing but praise to say of this fine, strong talc, and can recommend It h«art!ly and without qualification." Literary World: " There is a distinctly original touch In this story. . . . Full of Interest." A Revised Edition of a Book for Young and Old. LUCAS'S A BOOK OF VERSES FOR CHILDREN. Over 200 poems from 80 authors. With illustrated title-page and coverlining6 In color by F. D. Bedford, two other Illustrations, and elaborate binding. 12mo, $i.00. (Descriptive circular free.). Critic: " We know of no other anthology for children so complete and well arranged." A Company Engaged in Suburban Development of the roads therein. A PRIZE OF FIFTY DOLLARS will be given for the name accepted for the subdivision, and Five Dollars each lor names accepted for the roads. For particulars, address WM. M COYLE. 145 Nassau St.. New York City Burton's Arabian Nights. THE BURTON SOCIETY will print, for private circulation among its members, a facsimile of the original edition of Burton's Arabian Nights. Full particulars on application. 18 Barth Block, - - - Denver, Colo. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. ner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. BOOKS AT LIBERAL ISCOUNTS. Before buying books, write for quotations, assortment of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. QRANT, Books, 23 W. 42d St., .... NEW YORK. [Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.] 149alremonr St, (Lawrence rOREIGN BOOKS Building, corner West St.), = B1 >OOR~S.- no matter on what subject, Acknowledged the world over as the most expert hook finders extant. Please state wants. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham. England. -All Out-of-print Books supplied, i subject

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76 The HSfatioii. [Vol. 68. No. 1752 A DIFFERENCE OF OPINION. Historic Towns of New England. Edited by Lyman P. Powell. With introduction by George P, Morris. With 160 illustrations. Second impression. 8vo, gilt top (in a box), $3.50. CONTENTS: Portland, by Samuel T. Pickard; Rutland, by Edwin D. Mead; Salem, bv George D. Latimer; Boston, by Toomas Wentworth Higginson and Edward Everrtt Hale; Cambridge, by Samuel A. Eliot; Concord, bv Frank A. Sanborn; Plymouth, by Ellen Watson; Cape Cod Towns, by Katharine Lee Bates; Deerfleld, by George Sheldon; N2wport, by Susan Coolide-; Providence, by William B. Weeden; Hartford, by Mary K. Talcott; New Haven, by Frederick Hull Cogswell. What The Evening Post says: "Mr. Powell is supposed to THE have edited the book: the edit- EVE.POST: ing must really have been done ' with a flowing pen and a keen pair of scissors.' . . . In no other way could a dozen individual writers have main- tained such a dreary uniformity of style and treatment." What Other Critics say: "The authors of the Boston NEW YORK papers have succeeded In pre- T1MES: sentlng a wonderfully inte- resting account in which none of the more Important events have been omitted. . . . The quaint Cape Cod towns that have clung tenaciously to their old-fashioned ways are described with a characteristic vividness by Miss Bates. . . . The other papers are presented in a delight- fully attractive manner that will serve to make more deeply cherished the memory of the places described." " Mr. Powell's contributors NEW YORK have prepared a most inte- TRIBUNE : retting collection of papers on important New England landmarks. The writers enter into the his- tory of their respective towns with much elaborateness." "This very charming JOURNAL OF volume Is so exquisitely EDUCATION: gotten up, the scheme is so perfect, the fifteen writers have done their work with such historical accuracy, and with such literary skill, the illustrations are so abundant and so artistic, that all must rejoice that Mr. Powell ever attempted to make the historical pilgrim- ages." " Mr. Powell has rendered THE REVIEW a most important service to OF REVIEWS: the cause of American his- tory. ... The present volume is a unique and valuable contributi on to the literature of our national origins." Q.P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27& 29 W. 23d St, N. Y. GENTLEMEN HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL PRESENT FOR A LADY, 16-60, WILL FIND The Augusta=Victoria Empress Opera Shawl a most appropriate Birthday, Wedding, Christ mas, or New Year's gift. They are entirely hand woven, about 40 inches square, with 6- inch fringe, at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool aud silk — woof silk and web wool— in rich light green, delicate pink, recherch.6 red, pure white or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7.50— check or money order— to THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., No. 12 Moravian Church Street. Bethlehem, Pa. PHOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS GEORGE BUSSE, 12 W. 28th St., New York ARTISTIC FRAMING. \xm6toJ01e CAJVyo. Lyons Foulards Spring styles and colorings in Printed Foulards, India Silks, Soft and Uncrushable Satins, Corahs. NEW YORK. Kczistcrcd Trad* Mark. Opening of Washable Dress Fabrics at "The Linen Store." These goods for the coming spring and summer are now ready for inspection and sale. The assortments are more ex- tensive than ever before, and comprise only the best class of imported goods, in the follow- ing lines: Thin Materials for Waists and Gowns. French Organdies, Embroidered Swisses. Printed Pure Linen Lawns, Balsorlnes. Mimosas, Printed Dimities, Corded Mulls. Heavier Materials for Waists and Gowns. Scotch Cheviots, Madras Cloths, Oxford Shirtings, Linen Shirtings, Piques, white and colored, Fancy Cotton Ducks, Percales, Satin Broche Shirtings, Novelty Ginghams. Bicycle and Golf Skirt and Suit Materials. Tweed Suitings, Galatea Cloths, Linen Ducks, Linen Crashes, Linen Cheviots, White, printed, and colored Piques. Plain White Materials, Thin and Heavy. Linen Lawns, French Organdies, India Linons, Persian Lawns, India Dimities, Nainsooks, Madras and Cheviots, Piques and Ducks, Fancy White Cottons. Our Annual Sale ™%0^ of Household Linens vakeTfn Table Linen, Bed Linen, Tow- els, etc., will continue through the coming week. James McCutcheon & Co. 14 West 23d St., New York.

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The NtKbn VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 753. THURSDAY, 'FEBRUARY 2, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. THE FEBRUARY NUMBER OF THE North American Review CONTAINS: IMPERIAL RESPONSIBILITIES A NATIONAL GAIN. By Sir Q. S. Clarke, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. HIGH EXPLOSIVES IN LARGE GUNS, . . . Hiram S. Maxim SOME ASPECTS OF LUXURY F. Spencer Baldwin, Professor of Economics in Boston University OLD WAR PRISONS IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE, Major Arthur Griffiths, H. M. Inspector of Prisons RUSSIA AS A WORLD POWER, .... Charles A. Conant AMERICA AND THE WHEAT PROBLEM. By John Hyde, Statistician of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. CAPTURE OF ENEMY MERCHANT VESSELS, Commander C. H. Stockton, U.S. N., President of the Naval War College TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNITED STATES. . . S. A. Knopf, M.D. THE EVOLUTION OF THE COLORED SOLDIER. . Dr. W. Thornton Parker THE AWAKENING OF CHINA, . . . The Rev. Dr.'Judson Smith Foreign Secretary A. B. C. F. M. OUR MERCHANT MARINE. By the Hon. Sereno E. Payne, Chairman of Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. THE EXISTING COURT-MARTIAL SYSTEM, . Earl M. Cranston HOW HOLLAND HELPS THE HELPLESS, . . . Bessie B. Croffut OUR FISH SUPPLY AND ITS DEFICIENCIES, . . . A. H. Gouraud 50 cents a copy; $5.00 a year. Sold by all Newsdealers. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, 291 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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11 The Nation [Vol 68, No. 1753 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter, .1 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 77 Editorial Articles: What If the Treaty Is not Ratified? 80 More Tanneristn 80 The Next Step 81 Made in Spain , 82 A Glimpse Inside 83 Special Correspondence: License in English Rhyme-II 83 An American in London in 1835 85 A Tributary of the Seine 86 Correspondence: A Citizen to the Senate 87 The Balance-Sheet 88 War and Peace 89 A Tempered Life Tenure 89 Mr. Stillman and the "Crisplans" 89 Notes 90 Book Reviews: Recollections and the Record 92 Emiu Pasha 93 The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom 94 Matter. P^nergy, Force, and Work 95 L. L. Boilly 96 The Whitef oord Papers 96 New Yorkers of the Nineteenth Century 97 Letchimey.— Dmmagga JUtaka 97 Books of the Week 97 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashliurton Place. Boston. 1242 12th St., Washington. 15(1 Fifth Ave , New York. 414 Cent. l'.d-_- \ '■■" ' >"r Bdg, Denver. 525 StiiiiVn lik.I.os \11c-, p-s M78 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 825M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, /l 34 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. hlets on application. 3arl Landsee, Proprietor. PALESTINE AND EUROPE. A trip for clergymen and their friends especially. Cost. *55u Dutatl'oii March is to May 30. List closed February IS Apply at once for circular to Rev. ROBERT BARBOUR, 240 Rich \ye., Mt. Vernon. N._Y. _ EUROPEAN TOURS. 17th Year. Parties limited. Terms rea- sonable. Conducted by Dr. & Mrs. H. S. Pairie. Qlens Falls, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Clasi Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re ferences. Address THE MOORINGS, Lock Haven, Pa We buv and sell bills of exchange to and 1 bttpd« make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OP Australia and South Africa; also make /~r»cr»iT collections and Issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Credits, available In all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS* CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. GENTLEMEN HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL PRESENT FOR A LADY, 16-60, WILL FIND The Augusta=Victoria Empress Opera Shawl a most appropriate Birthday, Wedding, Christ- mas, or New Year's gift. They are entirely hand woven, about 40 inches square, with 6- inch fringe, at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk— woof silk and web wool— in rich light green, delicate pink, reehercM red, pure white or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7.50 — check or money order — to THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., No. la Moravian Church Street. Bethlehem, Pa. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE HUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 358 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice In converse- tlon and thorough drill In Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education. Boston: " A well-made scries. Teach- ers and pupils will nnd the three books helpful and In-

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Feb. 2, 1899] The INTation. 111 ► OOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOO 0(>0000 an Ame- rican public. Those who have read his previous " liliar with the simplicity ;yle, and realize that his foundation of thorough Fresh impressions of the earlier works of Gaston Boissier: Cicero and His Friends $1 75 Rome and Pompeii 350 The Country of Horace and Virgil a 00 A companion work to the above: The Riviera, Ancient and Modern. By C. Lentheric. Crown 8vo $a 00 Mysteries of Police and Crime A General Survey of Wrong-doing and its Pursuit. By Major Arthur Griffiths, one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Prisons, author of "Chronicles of New- gate," " Memorials of Milbank," etc. 2 volumes, 8vo, §0 00. Contents: Police, Past and Present-Judicial Errors— Captains of Crime— Crimes of the Highway— Murder Mysteries— The Poison- ers— Crimes of Greed and Acquisitiveness — Associations of Criminals. Volcanoes Their Structure and Significance. By T. G. Bonnet, D.Sc, LL.D.. F.RS., Professor of Geology at University College, London. No. 5 in the Science Series. Illustrated. 12mo. The author has endeavored to lead the reader, through descriptions of the varied phenomena of volcanic action, in the present and in the past, toward ascertaining by inference the cftuse or causes of eruptions. The book opens with an account of "a living volcano," in- stances being given which explain it at every stage from birth to death. Previous volumes in the Science Series are: 1.— The Study of Man. By Prof. A. C. Had- don. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $2.00. 2 — The Oroundwork of Science. A Study of Epistomology. By St. George Mivart 8vo, 3. -Rivers of North America. A Reading Lesson for Students of ( leography and Geology. By Israel C. Russell. Fully illustrated. 8vo, 4 — Earth Sculpture; or, The Origin of Land Forms. By James (ieikie. Fully illus- trated. 8vo, $1.75. The Literature of the Old Testament An Outline of the History of the Litera- ture of the Old Testament, with Chro nological Tables for the History of the Israelites and other Aids to the Expla- nation of the Old Testament By E. Kautzsch, Professor of Theology at the University of Halle. Reprinted from the "Supplements" to the Translation of the Old Testament edited by the author. Translated by John Taylor, D.Lit., M.A. 8yo, $2.00. The book comprises five ma namely: I.— History of the Literature of the Old Testament from the Pre-monarchic Period to the Post-Exilic Period. II.— Chronological Tables for the History of the Israelites from Moses to the end of the Second Century B. C. III.— Measures and Weights, Money, Computa- tion of Time in the Old Testament, IV.— List of Old Testament Proper Names, accompanied with an exact Transliteration of their Hebrew Forms, and, V.— A Survey of the Composition from Different Documents of several Books of the Old Testament. The Wheel of God By George Egerton, author of " Key- notes," "Di-cords," etc. No. 34 in the Hudson Library. 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents. "The author of 'Keynotes' has produced in this story what is so far her best work . . . and has struck new and powerful notes. The story presents a searching piece of analysis at once vigorous and delicate and full of pouting passages which refuse to be forgotten. . . . It is impossible to do justice to such a book in other than a lengthy review, but it may cer- tainly be pronounced one of the most notable novels of the month."— Commercial Advertiser. The Story of the Civil War A Concise Account of the War io. the t United States of America between 1861 ' and 1865 By John Codman Ropes, au thorof ''Tne Campaign, of Waterloo," etc. To be completed in four parts, with comprehensive maps and battle plans. Parti. — Narrative of Events to the Open- ing of the Campaigns of 1863 With 5 maps. 8vo, pp. xiv. + 274, $1.50. Part II —To the Close of the Campaigns of 1863. 13 folding maps Hvv, pp. xiv. + 475. S3 50. "The most complete, comprehensive, and Inter- esting account of the civil war which has ever been published. ... It ought to be In even school library, every private library, and every public library. -Ere. Leader. New I Q. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London 6OOOOOOOOOOOO 0000000-0-00 OOOOOOO 0OOOOO0O0t K. C. WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR. spep- Prevents cousiipatlou and live* troubles. others. Look for lines. Pamphlet Sand sample offer mailed free. PAN8Y Pastry Flour, Finest m* FARWELt & RHINES, Watertown, N. Y.. V. s. A. HENRY WADE ROGERS, "President Northwestern University J. LAURENCE LAUGHLIN, Professor Political Economy, The University of Chicago GEORGE R. CARPENTER, i'ii English Literature, Columbia. University FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON, Professor American History, The University of Chicago Hon. CARROLL D. WRIGHT, U. S- Commissioner of Labor CONTRIBUTE IMPORTANT PAPERS TO Self Culture Magazine FOR FEBRUARY, 1899. CONTENTS Washington (Portrait) Prea. H. W.Rogers, LL.D. Lincoln: Si goestions from His Life (Portrait) Prof. F. W. Shepurdson Columbia University (Ulus. ).Prof. Geo. R. Carpenter Commissions on the Tariff and Money Prof. J. Laughlin, Ph.D. Desultory Reading A Glance at Heidelberg, Past and Present (Ulus.) J Anna L. Welmore Smith. Tni: Tsar and Universal Pk ue.//H CnARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES (.IllUS.I C. S. Bernhetmer, Ph.D. Devil's Island— Dreyfus's Prison Prof. G. D. Fairfield. The World and Its Doings: Editorial Comment The Peace Treaty— A New Era for Cuha— Philippine Insurgency — Governor Roosevelt's Inaugural — The Late Mexican Plenipotentiary — The Late Senator Morrill and Congressman Dingley — The New Ambassadorships— National Disarma- ment—The Liberal Leadership In England— The Transvaal and Its Troubles— France, and a New Bonapartist Coup The Editor. Chronicle of the Month Correspondence: Inquiries Answered The Editor. Departments: Sociology. Civics, and Economics : The Study of the Future in the Light of the Present : II.— The Commercial Age H. W. B. Mackay. Woman and the Home : No Sex Distinction In Literary Work. H. B. Sieineford. Women and Newspaper Work— Charity, etc. Etta Tl". Peaitie. Am unci Music- Religion and Art Some Art Text Books The Literary World: Book Reviews The Editor. The Educational World: Education and Culture Prof. Charles Johnston. Religious Thought and Opinion: Prof. Henry Drummond, Author, Scientist, and Evangelist The Editor Human Immortality Science and Discovery: Some Problems of " The New Astronomy "—III. George Si Youth's Department: The Uncrowned Princes : I.— The King of Rome II.— The Prince Imperial Alice Stover. An Australian Bushman Business and Finance Index to Volume VIII. " If the previous numbers of Self Culture are up to the standard of the number I have just examined, the pe- riodical is unquestionably of much value to the reading public, w e are prone to look back to a golden age, and 00 our 1 • lot with the peoples m that happy period; but really there never was so golden a day as that on which so iuueb and so excellent thought could be procured for the paltry sum of 10 cents per month. Wishing you continued prosperity." Yours very truly, John Vance Cheney, Lttn Xetoberry Library, Chicago. SELF CULTURE will be sent for four months, a trial subscription, to any one mentioning this advertisement, and sending us twenty - five cents. For sale by all newsdealers. Subscriptions for full yea' may be sent through any newsdealer, or to the publisher. Self Culture Magazine, AKRON, OHIO. 10 CENTS A COPY. $1.00 A YEAR.

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IV Tlie JSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 NEW BOOKS FROM THE MACMILLAN COMPANY The Foundations of Zoology cd£S.vi£SU, By WILLIAM KEITH BROOKS **£; Biological Series Professor of Zoology, Johns Hopkins University Price, $2.50 net Vol. V. of the Columbia University Biological Series, uniform with Osborne's From the Greeks to Darwin; Willey's Amphioxus; Dean's Fishes, Living and Fossil; and Wilson's The Cell in Development and Inheritance. THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS By Douglas Houghton Campbell, Leland Stanford, Jr., University. Just Ready. Cloth ,$1.25 A brief and untechnical sketch of the development of the vegetable king- dom, based upon the most reliable investigations of recent years, for students of problems of evolution. THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE A Text-Book for Schools and Rural Societies. By L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, with contributions from his colleagues. 92 Illustrations. Cloth, tamo, $1.35 A complete outline, showing the inter-relation of branches of the complex subject of agriculture. " Vigorous and democratic. An original presentation of history." THE STORY OF FRANCE From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte By the Hon. THOMAS E. WATSON From the Settlement by the Gauls to the End of the Reign of Louis XV. Cloth, 8vo, $2.50. Two Volumes, Medium 8vo Just Ready Volume I. $2.50 " Now we have what we have long needed, a popular history of France, leaving as to each event a distinct impression. The style of presenting facts i: the vitality of a most modern life."— The Sun, Baltimore, Md. Volume II. In Press. . . Mr. Watson's style is eminently the narrative style— clear, readable, and that of Guizot, though the one writer is cold-blooded, and the other warm with LI LIVRES DU QOUVERNEMENT DES ROIS ng a Thirteenth-century French version of Egidio Colonna's " De Regimine Principium," now first published from the Kerr MS. 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FOURTEENTH THOUSAND AVE ROMA IMMORTALIS- Studies from the Chronicles of Rome By Francis Marion Crawford. In two volumes, fully illustrated with pho- togravures and drawings in the text. Crown 8vo, Cloth, gilt tops, $6.00, net. Essays on English Prose THREE STUDIES IN ENGLISH LITERATURE By Lewis Edward Gates, Assistant Professor of English in Harvard Uni- versity. Cloth, 12mo. Just ready. $1.50. These essays treat of three important prose-writers— Francis Jeffrey, Car- dinal Newman, and Matthew Arnold, and supplement one another, each touch- ing some aspect of the Romantic movement in English literature. Just ready Cloth. $1.50 Fully Illustrated A HISTORY OF GREECE For High Schools and Colleges By George Willis Botsford, Ph.D., Harvard University, author of " De- velopment of the Athenian Constitution." Just Ready.' Crown 8vo, $1.10 EUROPEAN HISTORY An Outline of Its Development By George B. 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The Nation. .VA'tC YOlih'. Tlirit>l>AY. FKISIU'MIY ■>, ismi. The Week. Congress finds itself in something more than its usual condition of con- gested legislation, only five weeks from the end of the session. The appropria- tion bills are in a backward state, and as for the sea of legislative troubles which expansion has brought upon us, both houses seem to be floundering in the waters helplessly. There is the army bill but just passed the House; there is the Nicaragua Canal bill still stuck in committee; there is the Hawaiian bill, dangling somewhere between heaven and earth: there is the shipping-subsidies bill, not yet discussed in Senate or House. That all these measures can be acted upon intelligently before the 4th of March is impossible. This is not say- ing that they will not be acted upon. They may be squeezed through and into conference in some rough-hewn condi- tion, or Congress may conclude to throw up its hands in despair, and follow the new fashion of "leaving it all to Mc- Kinley." If Congressmen find a bill to dig a canal too much for them, it seems simplicity itself to "authorize the Presi- dent" to go ahead and dig it. So of raising an army. Solemn Mr. Marsh of Illinois told the House on Thursday that he "violated no confidence" in say- ing that the President would not enlist one man more than necessary. How easy and natural to turn the whole mat- ter over to such an Executive. If Con- gress is at its wits' end — no long jour- ney-there is always the President to call upon to do its work, and he, if we know him, has wisdom to spare for all. The President has at last sent to the Senate copies of the instructions which he gave the Paris Peace Commission- ers. The documents were confided to the Senate under seal of strictest secrecy; therefore, their contents were at once known all over Washington. It appears that Mr. McKinley did not instruct his Commissioners to demand the entire Philippine archipelago. The island of Luzon alone was the extent of his ori- ginal instructions. It was the Commis- sioners themselves who found, in dis- cussion with the Spaniards, and after consultation with our army and navy officers, that it would be necessary to adopt the policy of all or none. Being the men they were, it is needless to say that they decided for all. They so informed the President, and he acquies- ced, •reluctantly," as usual. Without pinning our faith to the accuracy of all these details, as they come from the sii< red secrecy of the Senate, it is suf- ficient for the present to say that they are inherently probable, and that they are supported by independent evidence. But if the treaty is the Commissioners' and not the President's, if, as Senator Davis has boasted, they got more at Paris than they went for, what becomes of the theory of the strong silent man in the White House, foreseeing everything and settling everything? It was because he made the treaty that we are to trust everything else to him; but if he didn't make it, if it was forced upon him, we shall have to look elsewhere for a super- natural being to save the country from the necessity of thought and work. The pending treaty has this unusual stipulation: "The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall he deter- mined by Congress." The command is peremptory. Only Con- gress is vested with the authority, not the President and Senate, nor the Cu- baus, nor the Porto Ricans, nor the Fili- pinos. When Congress must determine is not stipulated. The treaties with France, Spain, and Mexico, ceding to us land and peoples, stipulated that the ceded inhabitants "shall" be admitted as soon as possible, "according to the prin- ciples of the Federal Constitution," to all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens. That with Russia also sti- pulated for citizenship of all (excepting uncivilized Indian tribes) who preferred to remain in Alaska. Why the new de- parture in the pending treaty? Spain had naturally little interest in the sold and quitclaimed natives, and she did not promote the stipulation. Why did the President and his Commissioners at Paris exclude the usual phrase, "accord- ing to the principles of the Federal Con- stitution," which Senator Teller now insists have nothing to do with Terri- tories till Congress shall so ordain? A treaty is the "supreme law of the land," and, therefore, if the treaty shall be rati- fied, then the present or the next Con- gress can dictate the political status of the dozen and more millions of ceded people. If the fourteenth article of amendment of the Constitution cannot expand over those millions, then Con- gress can declare that their children, as well as the existing natives, shall never be citizens. No President can veto any- thing that Congressmen may do in that relation. Will Congress determine those "civil rights and political status" before the treaty has been made and exchan- ged? If the Senate shall advise that the treaty be made, in its present form, and if the Constitution will not, proprto vigore, expand over the new acquisitions, then Congress can, if it has the physical force, constitutionally reduce all the Cu- bans, Porto Ricans, and Filipinos to sla- very, or any other form of Involuntary servitude such as exists in Zanzibar. That Congress will not do that, but will only reduce them to subjection as sub- jects, and not elevate them to be citizens, is inconsequential so far as concerns the wisdom or unwisdom of the treaty. Senator Davis's willingness to have the treaty brought to a vote on February 6 doubtless means that he and the Presi- dent are confident it will then be rati- fied. The opponents of the treaty, or of the dangers which they see lurking in the treaty, have been at a great tactical disadvantage. Ardent friends of peace, they have had to appear in the ungra- cious role of antagonists of a treaty of peace. It is as a treaty of peace that the instrument will be ratified, if at all. Merely as a charter of conquest, as a justification of government forcibly im- posed on distant races, as a document embodying grave departures from the established policy of this Government, it is evident that the treaty would be re- pugnant to the moral sense and the po- litical instincts of the people, and would be doomed in Senate and nation alike. But garbed in the livery of a treaty of peace, it may have to be accepted. Seve- ral Senators who are reckoned against it, and who are against it, per se, will doubt- less say that, under the circumstances, they do not feel justified in refusing to put an end to the anomalous and critical situation in which the country is placed as a result of the war with Spain. The demands of the business interests of the country that a possible menace to the present prosperity be removed by rati- fying the treaty, have already made themselves heard, and would speak in more imperative tones if the treaty were thought in serious danger of failing. Then there is the undoubted fact that the treaty would certainly be ratified after March 4 if defeated now. This takes the heart out of Senators who fight for victory, not for principle. One of President McKinley's nobles says in his paper, the Tribune, apropos of the Senate's delay in ratifying his treaty: "It is for the President to judge whether, in the light of all information at his com- mand, the time has come to put an end to uncertainty in the Philippine Islands about the intention of the Government. Perhaps the most merciful thing for the stupidly guided natives, and the wisest for those who are more or less consciously the tools of for- eign Powers, would be without further delay to smash up the shadow of opposition, scatter their forces, and take into custody some of their leaders who send insulting missives to Washington. Certainly such behavior on the part of Cubans, who do at all events show i better disposition towards responsible self- government, would not have been tolerated at any time." We could hardly have desired a better

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78 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 175;, illustration than the foregoing of Prof. Sumner's thesis produced the other day at New Haven, that it was the Spaniards who had conquered us, not we the Spa- niards. Could there be anything more thoroughly Spanish than the above sug- gestion that, being disgusted with the slowness of constitutional processes, the President should take the matter out of the hands of the Legislature by military force, execute the treaty in his own way, and lay violent hands on foreigners who owe him no allegiance, and over whom he has not one particle of legal authori- ty, because they do not obey his orders? We hope the professors of political science in the colleges are taking note of these things. They could not have a bet- ter example of the way in which public liberties have perished in all preceding republics. First you get up a war; then you make the people drunk with con- quest; then you make your conqueror your great man; then you get more and more to admire the swiftness and effi- cacy of -military processes; then you are struck by the additions he_ has made to the national glory and fame and impor- tance; then you conclude that a man whose military undertakings have ended so well must be a good and wise man: then you get furious with the legislators and advocates and editors for debating or gainsaying his plans; then you think he, as commander of the army, is really in possession of the' power he has asked for; then you advise him "to take away that bauble," the mace, to stop all gabble and lock the gabblers up, and you say that it is intolerable to have a great man's plans impeded by such people. The whole process is as familiar to students of history as the public highroad. One of the most effective of its arguments is that criticism encourages foreigners and domestic "kickers" to resist the great, man's arrangements for their welfare. "See," the nobles say, "you infernal grumblers, if it were not for you these darned greasers, yallow bellies, or da- goes would have submitted long ago. Your talk about the Constitution makes us sick; what do you want with a Con- stitution when you have good men like Alger and Hanna and Eagan and Mc- Kinley on deck? What is the matter with you, anyhow? You are always grumbling." Senator Lodge seldom sheds tears (except in political conventions where, as is well known, "strong men weep" at certain crises), but he was near the melt- ing point in his speech in the Senate on Tuesday week. This was especially the case in that part of his oration where he contemplated a possible "humiliation of the United States in the eyes of civilized mankind," with a brand fixed upon us as "incapable of great affairs or of tak- ing rank where we belong as one of the greatest of the great world Powers." At this point his voice broke, and he took refuge in poetry: "One more devil's triumph and sorrow for angels." Now, what is this threatened humilia- tion of the country before which Lodge blenches? Why, it is simply the demon- stration that we are not a swashbuck- ling nation desiring or fitted for a career of vulgar conquest. What is it that is to make us "incapable" of setting up as one of the greatest of the great world Pow- ers? Why, our Constitution, our laws, the habits and temper of our people. We are incapacitated from becoming an em- pire by the fact that our government is republican. We cannot rule subject races because our system contemplates only the self-government of men free and equal. Our Executive cannot go about the world annexing and governing ac- cording to his good pleasure, because our Executive is a creature of law, a man of limited powers if of unlimited wisdom. If these are the facts, where is the disgrace of taking action to reassert the nature and purpose of our govern- ment "in the eyes of civilized mankind"? The real disgrace, the real humiliation, attaches to the President and his ad- visers, and to Senators and Peace Com- missioners who have attempted to de- part from the established policy and the settled laws of the country, and are now whimpering when they find themselves in a scrape. Mr. Lodge has formulated and pro- claimed his Philippine creed. He be- lieves that the United States has the right and power to acquire, hold, and govern foreign lands and peoples for "constitutional purposes," but Congress is the sole judge of the constitutionality. His creed makes no mention of Consti- tutional methods, nor of the President and Senate, the treaty-making power, as having to do with either. He believes that Congress has "absolute" power to make a petit jury in the Philippines con- sist of only one man or of two men; to establish there the Mormon or any other religion, and empower a Government of- ficer to seize the private papers of a citi- zen. He condemns a modification of the treaty so that it will deal with the Phi- lippines as with Cuba. He confesses that he has no plan respecting the Philip- pines, knows not what it is expedient to do with them; avers that nobody knows, but believes "that we shall have the wis- dom not to attempt to incorporate those islands with our body politic, or make their inhabitants part of our citizenship, or set their labor alongside of ours and within our tariff to compete in any in- dustry with American workmen"— which belief presents the precise condition of things set forth in the Vest resolution as condemning the constitutionality of the acquisition. He fancies that if the treaty falls, the protocol will fall, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Manila will go back to Spain, the war will begin again, and McKinley's war power will have no more likelihood of end than it now has. Senator Lodge should have privately submitted his creed, before promulgation, to a good lawyer like Mr. Justice Gray of the Su- preme Court. The "friends of the Hawaiian bill" are reported from Washington to be exceed- ingly anxious lest their measure fail of enactment in this crowded and dis- traught session of Congress. We should think they would be. But if their work creates another such muddle in the isl- ands as was brought about by the hasty annexation resolutions of last July, the longer it is delayed and the more care- fully it is studied the better. An extra- ordinary judicial situation has been dis- closed by a recent decision of the Ha- waiian Supreme Court. We referred some time ago to the habeas-corpus proceed- ings before Chief- Justice Judd, in the case of returning Chinese. He held that, having certificates of residence in the islands, issued before annexation, they were entitled to return. Appeal, was taken to the full Bench, which has now reversed Justice Judd's decision, on the ground that the annexation resolution destroyed the jurisdiction of the Ha- waiian courts in all questions "arising under the laws of the United States." Congress destroyed, but it did not create. Until it acts to establish such courts as may be necessary to pass upon questions of Chinese exclusion, cases in admiralty, suits between citizens of Hawaii and citizens of California, no causes of that description can be tried in the Hawaiian Islands at all. This is the decision of the Hawaiian Supreme Court, which hae naturally excited something very like consternation in Honolulu. One of the quiet little changes in le- gislative practice which nobody notices, which the press barely reports, but which are of far-reaching importance, was effected in the Senate on Monday week. It was, the determination to take away from the committee on appropria- tions control of seven of the great ap- propriation bills. This change has been urged, and has been fought, for years. It is a change which took place long ago in the House, with the result, as Mr. Can- non has openly confessed, of increasing extravagance. Of the thirteen annual ap- propriation bills, the House committee on appropriations lias long had charge of only six. To increase the power and prestige of other committees, the right to frame their own appropriations has been intrusted to them. This breaking down of a centralized control over ex- penditures is undoubtedly one of the chief causes of swollen appropriations. It has been steadily resisted in the Se- nate by Mr. Allison. He has stood for

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Feb. 2, 1899] Th.e 1ST at ion. 79 the need of a central and coordinating authority presiding over all annual ex- penditures. Two years ago a strong movement was made to break up and distribute the appropriation bills among several Senate committees. Senator Allison was able to defeat it then, though with difficulty. Now he has sur- rendered. The small men of the small- er committees have proved too numerous for him, and have got their way. They will now be able not only to deliberate on agriculture and the army and navy and the post-office and the Indians, but to draw up money bills. What the sure result of this disintegration will be there is no doubt. Responsibility will be de- stroyed, and so will the surplus. The very judicial processes of the army, the attempts of its officers to keep the honor of their ranks unsullied and to punish and expel black sheep, are med- dled with and thwarted by the politi- cian at the head of the War Office. The Secretary allows a court-martial, but the verdicts he hangs up or reverses, ac- cording to the underground political in- fluences which the accused can bring to bear upon him. We say nothing of the pending Eagan court-martial; when we see an honest verdict in that case en- forced without fear or favor, we shall believe in it. But the court-martial of Capt. Carter has already become a public scandal, so outrageously have the Presi- dent and Secretary Alger, in connection with it, interfered with the regular course of military justice. That officer was tried by court-martial in December, 1897; he was found guilty of corruption in engineering contracts, was sentenced to dismissal from the army, the court also recommending that criminal pro- ceedings be brought against him. What has been the result? The President and Secretary of War have kept the papers in their possession all these months, and have been straining every nerve to find some way of letting the inculpated officer escape full punishment. Reason? Politi- cal and social "pull." Capt. Carter is an Ohio man to start with; he is rich and has rich relatives; he has powerful poli- tical friends, including Senator Piatt. In a desperate hope to save so well-connect- ed an offender, the President employed Mr. Edmunds to review the proceedings, to see if some legal flaws might not be found. Mr. Edmunds's bill of $5,400 the President then had the effrontery to order paid out of the National Defence Fund! This was too much even for a friendly Comptroller of the Treasury, who said he was unable to see what Capt. Carter's case had to do with the war with Spain. Yet people wonder that under such a President and such a Sec- retary and such debauching and disho- noring methods, regular army officers should not think everything for the best in the best possible of worlds. The average active stock on the New York market has already risen 30 to 50 per cent, in price within nine months. Many stocks have nearly or quite dou- bled in market value. Moreover, the last few weeks of almost unrestrained outside demand have not been wasted by the expert "promoter" of Wall Street. Such periods are his harvest seasons. A recent careful compilation by the Financial Chronicle shows that new cor- porations of the so-called "industrial" type, organized during 1898, reported ag- gregate share capital of no less than $916,000,000. A good part of these shares is now being rapidly floated on the sea of Wall Street speculation. No doubt much of this mass of capital stock is in- trinsically worthless — a mere bundle of paper certificates given away to the in- corporators as a "bonus" on their mode- rate investment of real capital. . But when, as has happened, the quoted price of even these shares on the Stock Ex- change is doubled or trebled, and when they freely pass current at such a valu- ation, it must be evident that the void in the supply of investment issues, good or bad, is being filled with great rapidi- ty. In other words, supply is overtak- ing demand. We do not profess to know when it will fully overtake it, or whether it has already done so. But what every experienced man does know is, that a season of excited stock speculation creates factitious values; that sooner or later the bubbles must be punctured and prices forced back to their proper level, and that when this happens, a large part of this "outside public" will be left with securities in their hands, some of them intrinsically worthless, others bought at a valuation which may not be reached again in years, if ever. The Memphis authorities have lately sought the permission of the Legisla- ture for the issue of the bonds needed in their city to extend the waterworks system, and had a bill passed, gene- ral in its nature but really applica- ble to their case, authorizing the tax- ing of districts, cities, and towns with a population of at least 60,000 to build or buy water-works, and to issue there- for bonds not exceeding $2,000,000 for any place, which "shall be payable in such money as the legislative council or other governing agency of the said tax- ing district, city, or town may deter- mine." This would, of course, authorize gold bonds, which the Memphis authori- ties would have issued. But, unfortu- nately, Benton McMillin, the new Exe- cutive, has always been a great "friend of silver," and he could not consent to see any discrimination against the metal of his love. He urged that the inevita- ble effect of the authorization sought would be to permit the payment of the proposed bonds in gold, and that expe- rience had shown that this privilege would be improved. He declared that he had never believed in the single gold standard, or monometallism, and that he could not be a party to any scheme which "is intended, so far as it does any- thing, to break down the bimetallic prin- ciple and advance the principles of the single standard." Accordingly he veto- ed the bill, which kills it. The result is, that the taxpayers of Memphis must pay a higher rate of interest on their water-works bonds than they would have to do, did not consistency require the statesman who is Governor of Ten- nessee to stand up on all occasions for "the bimetallic principle." It is probably from abundance of cau- tion, solely, that the French Government have adopted the bill to bring the Drey- fus revision before the full Court of Cas- sation, civil as well as criminal depart- ment. Premier Dupuy is keenly aware of the difficulty of getting the country to acquiesce in any verdict favorable to Dreyfus; and he seems to have re- solved to omit no measure which could satisfy even the most querulous of the perfect integrity of the court. The sus- picions thrown upon some of the crimi- nal judges by the clamorous ex-Judge Beaurepaire are but so many trifles light as air — M. Dupuy himself called them in the Chamber foolish and disgusting — yet, in the present inflammable state of pub- lic opinion in France, it is well to anti- cipate and disprove in advance even the most ridiculous charges. On the whole, we cannot but think that the situation is clearing. The Government steadily get in the Chamber large majorities in favor of orderly proceedings; and if the Court of Cassation is able in the end to pre- sent a harmonious and legally over- whelming report in favor of revising the Dreyfus trial, there is good reason to think it will be quietly received by the French people. Tariff wars are almost as disastrous in their ravages as those waged in real earnest. The one that has been raging between France and Italy for ten years was of the most foolish and reciprocal- ly harmful character. France clapped extra duties upon Italian imports, and cut them down from $62,000,000 in 1887 to $26,000,000 in 1897. But Italy was not idle meanwhile. Her customs taxes were levelled at the enemy, and reduced the value of French goods sold in Italy from $65,000,000 in 1887 to $32,000,000 in 1897. What could be a more perfect demon- stration? How could silly legislation and bad policy be writ larger? Yet it has taken eight years of persistent nego- tiation, as the ex-Ambassador to Rome, M. Billot, shows in the Revue des Deux Mondes, to bring either nation to its senses, and to end this unnatural com- mercial struggle, as it now has been happily ended. In tariff wars, like others, the difficult thing is, not to be- gin, but to stop.

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80 The ^STation. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 WHAT IF THE TREATY IS NOT RATI- FIED? The consequences of the failure of the Senate to ratify the treaty would un- doubtedly be unpleasant. The first and most serious would be the increased difficulty and expense of "getting dele- gates" at the convention for the revered McKinley, and the consequent revelation to mankind of our ingratitude to one of our greatest men. It would be like a failure to reelect Abraham Lincoln in 1864. But there would be something which his nobles would feel even more acutely than this — that is, the failure of a tremendous money-making scheme for which they are now all ready. Distance from home, a fertile soil, a subject popu- lation, strong military and naval sup- port, complete power over taxation, and great sympathy in the Executive man- sion and in the War Department — all are there. To miss them is to miss the finest chance ever offered to speculators in America. These are consequences not openly spoken of. The consequences which are spoken ui and dwelt upon are, the loss of the national dignity, the renewal of the war, the awful anarchy that would ensue in the Philippines, and the failure of any real "expansion." Two months ago we all thought we had expansion, at least, by the tail; we now find it is in danger. We ask ourselves, Can we bear it? Can we dispense, at this time, with the in- numerable blessings which many local prophets have assured us would flow from expansion? Frankly, in our opi- nion, we shall find it hard. We find it hard already to wait for the report of the President's commission, which we shall probably now have to do. The conduct of the natives in compelling our revered ruler to send out a commission, instead of submitting themselves at once to that proclamation, will meet with no apology from us. We have always been on the side of authority, and we shall so continue. A greater set of rascals we have not often heard of, except George Washington, who defied several similar proclamations in a most unseem- ly manner. Let us say, en passant, that the way this old fossil has been puffed and belauded strikes us as very silly. It was, of course, easy enough to preach peace and isolation to us when we were so small a people that we could not rob or bully any one; but the "cheek" of preaching peace and honesty to a nation of 70,000,000, which can rob and bully anybody it pleases, as some of the anti-annexationists are doing, strikes us as colossal. Now let us examine the dangers to expansion seriously. Of the dangers to the McKinley delegates we say nothing — that is too serious a subject for us to meddle with. But what about our hav- ing to begin the war again if the treaty be not ratified? We were sorry to see as sensible a man as Senator Gray lend- ing his countenance to so fantastic a supposition. In the first place, Spain is used to remaining at war for indefinite periods, on paper. She was for many years at war, on paper, with her South American dominions before she made a treaty of peace with them, after she had stopped fighting. Then who would bring on the war? Every war needs two parties, so that both we and the Spaniards should have to fight. What would the Spaniards fight with? They have no longer any navy, and their army is now beyond the sea and in a very di- lapidated condition. They have no ships to carry it to fight us either here or in Asia. We, on the contrary, have both an army and a navy, but we are without something just as importaht — something to fight about. We have got Cuba and Porto Rico without question or dispute. No one is meddling with us in either island, and we know of no one who de- sires to do so. Spain cannot and will not fight us in the Philippines, for the same reason for which she will not fight us in Cuba and Porto Rico — want of ships, men, guns, ammunition, and money. So with whom is the fight to be, and what is it to be about? The only way to bring it on is to invade Spain, when the Spaniards would prob- ably defend their homes; but there are no "glory-crowned heights" in Spain, as the elder Napoleon proved to his cost. The "loss of dignity" is next to be considered. To this also we are used. Gen. Grant was seized with the same de- sire for "subject population" as the re- vered McKinley, and, like the revered McKinley, he sent out the gifted Bab- cock to negotiate a treaty for the acqui- sition of the island of San Domingo, and he contracted for it. But the Senate refused to ratify the treaty. All the friends of the Administration said we had "lost our dignity," but the country decided to go without dignity for a few years until we had accumulated a fresh stock, and all was soon quiet again. It is not for the likes of us to advise the Senate what to do with the treaty, but we are able to assure them solemnly that a renewal of the war is not one of the consequences that will follow their refusal to ratify it. Nothing will happen if they refuse. We may have to continue a war with the Filipinos, but we shall probably have to do that any- how. And should we not have a nice war in Asia? Think how many wars with subject races the British have had. They had one only last winter in In- dia, and we have not had one since our last war with the Western Indians. Is it not high time to make a "subject race" or two feel the valor of our young men? It seems to us it is. So the thing now is to hurry on a good war with the Fili- pinos. The impudence of the rascals in claiming independence when their skin Is brown as copper pan, strikes us, as it does, doubtless, most true-hearted Ame- ricans, as the height of brass. As usual, too, there are certain black-hearted vil- lains at work among us encouraging them in their resistance by advising the Senate not to ratify the treaty, when they have been distinctly told by our excellent President, more than once, that it is a good treaty. Many of them are probably encouraged by the example set in the San Domingo affair, but they forget that there was no war accom- paniment to that. As Senator Teller said the other day, if American blood be shed by these rascals in resisting the great McKinley, everything will be for- gotten except the sacred duty of slaugh- tering more Filipinos than they slaugh- ter of us, and of inflicting more misery on them than they inflict on us. Then we must remember that for fully a cen- tury certain unutterable traitors have been constantly at work, trying by some scheme to prevent the other party in American politics from winning an elec- tion, and, our word for it, they are at it still. The dogs little know that the eyes of the other party are on them, and that they may be locked up for treason any day. MORE TANNERISM. The country was startled or shocked, two or three months ago, by the pro- posal of Gov. Tanner of Illinois to make laws himself for the State, and execute them in advance of the meeting of the Legislature, which he proceeded to do by prohibiting the entrance of certain colored citizens into the State in search of work, and threatening them with death in case of disobedience. The doc- trine as laid down by himself was as follows: "It sometimes becomes necessary for an executive to enforce the law in advance of its enactment. Public sentiment crystallizes into law. I am thoroughly satisfied that the public sentiment of the good, patriotic citi- zens of our State is overwhelmingly opposed to this system; that if the operators import this labor they do it at their peril, and re- ceive no aid from this State while I am (Gov- ernor." The fact that but few of the news- papers and no public man, not even the President, took any notice of it, did not, in our minds, in any degree diminish the importance of the occurrence. On the contrary, it increased it. A distin- guished English jurist who happened to be in the country at that time and thought the matter astounding, ran about, with somewhat diverting dili- gence, in search of explanations of this disregard of the Constitution, but never got any, and, we presume, is pondering over the matter to this day. As we expected, Tanner's action has been full of suggestion to the party who wish to rule without constitutional restrictions. The second article of the Constitution says, defining the Presi- dent's powers: "H<'

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Feb. 2, 1899] The Nation. 81 by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the Senators present concur." Nothing can be plainer than this provi- sion. It has been acted on without question for 110 years. It has been ex- plained and expounded by a large num- ber of publicists, native and foreign. We have never heard of any hostile or doubtful comment on it, at home or abroad. It has exactly the same force and authority as any other provision of the organic law. The President has no more right to disregard it than to de- clare himself entitled to a second term, Spanish-American fashion, without an election. Nevertheless, our good Wil- liam McKinley began to disregard it, without the least hesitation, on the 21st of December last, by his proclamation to the Filipinos. To these ignorant people he made the following extraordinary announcement: "With the signature of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, by their respective plenipotentiaries, at Paris, on the 10th inst., and as the result of the victories of American arms, the future control, dispo- sition, and government of the Philippine Isl- ands are ceded to the United States. In ful- filment of the rights of sovereignty thus ac- quired and the responsible obligations of gov- ernment thus assumed, the actual occupation and administration of the entire group of the Philippine Islands becomes immediately ne- cessary, and the military government here- tofore maintained by the United States in the city, harbor, and bay of Manila is to be extended with all possible dispatch to the whole of the ceded territory." There was in this statement hardly one word of truth. The signature of the draft of a treaty of peace by Commis- sioners appointed by the President no more made a treaty than the resolution of a nominating convention. The "future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands" were not there- by "ceded" by Spain to the United States any more than they would have been "ceded" by a contract for "spot cash" with Mark Hanna. The whole proclama- tion was not simply unconstitutional, it was what is called "bogus" — that is, it was an attempt to impose on ignorant or helpless people. As there was little or no protest against this bold usurpation of power, we felt sure it would not long lie fruit- less. Sure enough, it is being promptly followed up. The people who have been sure that expansion would do no injury to our own institutions, have not been kept waiting very long to see lawless- ness "expand" in every direction. The Constitution was undoubtedly intended for civilized human use, and the re- quirement that the Senate shall advise and consent therefore means that, with a view to advice and consent, it shall deliberate and take its own time. It is to decide, without help or interference, when the time to advise and consent, or to refuse to do so, has come. But to lovers of arbitrary power this is an exceedingly inconvenient arrangement. All military men like prompt ap- f.ioi) and fret under legislative .delays The state papers of European monarchs betv/een 1820 and 1860 are full of demon- strations of the folly and inexpediency of granting constitutions to turbulent peoples, on the very ground now put for- ward by one of the McKinley noblemen. The King of Prussia, the Emperor of Austria, the King of Naples, all with- drew constitutions after having once granted them, on the express ground that they caused delay and confusion in exe- cutive action, besides throwing impu- dent doubts on royal wisdom. Our own William knew perfectly well when he took office that he took it as the creature of a constitution over 100 years old. He knew when he went to war with Spain that the war would end in peace, he knew that the Senate would have to share in making the peace, and he knew the manners and customs of the Senate. More important still, he must have felt, when Dewey's victory, joined with the suggestions of Satan, tempted him into converting a war of humanity into a war of conquest, and issuing Windisch- gratz proclamations to a people fighting for their liberty, that there was much danger that both the Senate and the public might take a good while to make up their minds before entering on this new role, or that at all events he would have to submit to the law to which he owed his own political existence. But a more excellent way is evidently stealing into the heads of the lawless gang who surround him. Persigny and St. Arnaud were not more fertile and daring in ex- pedients. Listen to this delightful Tan- ner suggestion from one of the great men who negotiated the treaty, produced in his Tribune on January 25: "Under these circumstances, notwithstand- ing the fact that a vote twelve days hence has been ordered, it may be necessary to consider whether the hands of the Adminis- tration are really and necessarily tied up by the delays of the Senate. Spain having thrown up her hands, the United States is morally responsible for the protection of life and property in the archipelago. Can it be morally justified in standing much longer on a technicality about the actual ratification of a treaty to which both nations are committed, with the certainty that this delay increases tenfold the inevitable de- struction of both?" Not a bit, your Highness. We would go right ahead and execute whatever treaty we thought best, both for the Filipinos and the Americans. This tire- some deliberation of legislators has last- ed long enough. THE NEXT STEP. Does it not seem as if it were time for somebody who is interested in this ex- pansion business, to do something be- sides discuss the powers of the Su- preme Court, of Congress, and of the President, and the vigor of the Consti- tution, and the behavior of Jefferson? To this there seems to be no end. Every- body is taking a hand in it, in and out of Congress. The country is literally swarming with people wb happen to know how short-sighted Washington was, and how antiquated his opinions have become, and how well it will be to stop minding the Farewell Address. In fact, it looks at times as if the whole co- lonial question were about to be turned into one of those debauches of constitu- tional interpretation in which it was so common to indulge in the old days of tho anti-slavery agitation, and which are so apt to occur at monthly meetings of clubs. It sometimes seems as if the ex- pansion movement were about to fade into a piece of constitutional construc- tion, leaving the great McKinley in pos- session of the field and Dewey of Manila harbor. We learn through a morning paper that a nephew of the Admiral, who lives up the Hudson River, is in favor of the annexation of the Philippines, and that the whole Dewey family are of the same mind. Surely this ought to settle the matter. Why go on arguing? But we used to hear last summer, when the expansion movement first be- gan, that we would promptly organize a colonial civil service for the administra- tion of these new possessions, on the model of that of Great Britain. Those who feared that the result of these an- nexations would be simply a descent of our old political class on the islands, were for a time in a pitiable position, and kept out of sight as well as their private business would permit. The old regime was to pass away promptly, and a new -order was to arise in a conquering notion. Did you doubt it? Had you not seen the readiness with which our wealthiest young men rushed to the war? Could you question that on the return of peace the same young men would engage vigorously in organizing colonial services, and supplying the un- happy islanders with a pure, lofty, and skilful administration? It may be said that there is no use in doing anything about this until the treaty is ratified; but, as we have been given to understand, we are certain, treaty or no treaty, to "keep what we have got" — that is, to do what we have undertaken to do. We are going to keep the islands, no matter what anybody says, and should rather like on the whole to have somebody question our right or ability to do so. Consequently, the signing of the treaty or its ratification really makes no difference. We are bound to prepare a system of govern- ment for the islands, especially for the Philippines, which, we are told, we are to keep as a conquest. Now this can- not be done in a day. It will take months or years to get such a system organized. We cannot begin to prepare it too soon. We cannot govern and edu- cate and civilize indefinitely through a few military officers, however good they may be, whose experience is limited and whose health is made precarious by the climate. Have we anybody to-day ready in t:ii.o their places when they drop otT

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82 The ISTation [Vol. 68. No. 1753 except the old heelers who had or con- trolled votes in the last nominating con- vention? Absolutely nobody; when va- cancies begin to occur in Cuba or Porto Rico or the Philippines, it looks, at pre- sent, as if the good and wise McKinley would fill them promptly by old heelers such as the Consul-General whom he sent the other day to Singapore, and of whom there is an unlimited supply now awaiting his orders. War is an exciting pastime for young people. It sets all the maidens weeping for joy and excitement, and makes the 'young men drunk with martial ardor, but it does not prepare for the dry drudgery and details of a government service. Conquering is great fun, but administering in any way except the Spanish way is tiresome in the extreme. Who would not sooner discuss the con- stitutional authority of Congress or of the President, or the extent of the "war power," than draw up rules for a civil service? The result is that, eagerly as our young men rushed to the war, we hear of no- body who says a word now about the organized colonial government. Millions to-day "refuse to despair of their coun- try'; tens of millions feel that "all will come out right in the end"; but we do not hear of a single patriot buckling down to the work of providing any bet- ter system than that of the Spaniards, for the rule of our subject races. We could not give a better idea of what that rule must be, if it is to do us any credit, and of the kind of men who must car- ry it on, than a description of the du- ties of one of the British Commissioners in British India, where the climate, the population, and the degree of civiliza- tion are very similar to those of the Phi- lippines. They are exactly the kind of duties which the agents of our authori- ty in those islands will have to perform if we are to do any civilizing or any edu- cating, or, in fact, do anything but "keep what we have got." Is the conquering Griggs, who "assumed responsibility" so readily, doing anything about this mat- ter? Here is the official account of the work a district commissioner in India has to do, and, inferentially, of the kind of man he is to be: "Alike in regulation and in non-regulation territory, the unit of administration is the district — a word of very definite meaning in official phraseology. The district officer, whether known as collector-magistrate, or as deputy commissioner, is the responsible head of his jurisdiction. Upon his energy and per- sonal character depends ultimately the ef- ficiency of our Indian government. His own special duties are so numerous and so va- rious as to bewilder the outsider; and the work of his subordinates, European and na- tive, largely depends upon the stimulus of his personal example. As the name of collector- magistrate implies, his main functions are two-fold. He is a fiscal ofiicer, charged with the collection of the revenue from the land and other sources; he is also a civil and criminal judge, both of first instance and in appeal. But his title by no means exhausts his multifarious duties. Me does in his smaller local sphere all Unit the Home Sec- retary superintends in England, and a great deal more; for he is the representative of a paternal, and not of a constitutional, govern- ment. Police, jails, education, municipali- ties, roads, sanitation, dispensaries, the local taxation, and the imperial revenues of his district, are to him matters of daily concern. He is expected to make himself acquainted with every phase of the social life of the natives, and with each natural aspect of the country. He should be a lawyer, an ac- countant, a surveyor, and a ready writer of state papers. He ought also to possess no mean knowledge of agriculture, political economy, and engineering." MADE IN SPAIN. Considering our cultivated dislike of foreign-made goods, and especially just now our contempt for all things Spanish, we are importing a surprising amount of political ideas from Spain at present. To say nothing of our sudden fondness for militarism just as Spain is finding- it a burden too grievous to be borne; waiving the question whether we are not in a fair way to pay Spanish me- thods of colonization the sincere com- pliment of imitating them; we beg to ask if the debates and proposals in Con- gress do not show a marked tendency to Hispanicize our institutions. We refer especially to the readiness displayed in Washington to evade or sus- pend Constitutional guarantees, and to load upon the Executive duties and re- sponsibilities not his by Constitutional provision. Spain is the true home of this way of treating a constitution like a nose of wax, and of exalting the exe- cutive power. It is "rancidly" Spanish, as the Spanish phrase is. No country can boast of a finer line of constitutions than Spain. There is the Constitution of 1812, another one of 1833, another of 1845, and so on. They are all beau- tiful pieces of work. The division of governmental powers, the rights and guarantees of the citizen — all are there. But the trouble has been that if any constitutional provision ever got in the way of a dictator or prime minister, it had to go. Out came a "royal decree" urging a "reason of state" or a "case of necessity," and lo! the in- violable Constitution was violated, the indefeasible liberties of the Spaniard suspended. We have seen the process il- lustrated again and again during the past few years. Canovas and Sagasta vied with each other in snapping their fingers at Cortes and Constitution and doing the most unheard-of things by "royal decree." At this very moment the government of Spain is being carried on by a delegation of practically absolute power. The poor Constitution is lost in the shuffle. Even more conspicuously has this po- litical habit been displayed in Spanish America. The case has been more glar- ing there because all the Spanish-Ame- rican constitutions are notoriously mo- delled on our own. The severe division of legislative from executive, and these from judicial, powers; the familiar 'checks and balances"; the strict limi- tations imposed upon the President— the Spanish-Americans have them all. But having also Spanish political in- stincts in their blood, they make ducks and drakes of their written constitu- tions. A convenient method of reducing the Constitution to waste paper has been displayed again and again in Mexico. We speak of President Diaz as if he were an absolute ruler, and so he is; but the Mexican Constitution limits his powers very much as ours does the powers of our President. And the Mexicans ap- pear to be as devoted to their Constitu- tion as we are to ours. Officials address each other as "citizen" (ciudadano), and always append to their public letters, as a kind of pious whoop, "Liberty in the Constitution." But all that does not hinder them from driving right through the sacred document — worse than with the proverbial coach and four, they go through it with a diligence and twelve mules. Bill after bill has been passed by the Mexican Congress, in the years during which Don Porfirio has been building up his autocratic government, of which the general tenor is about as follows: "Section 1. All powers devolved by the Constitution upon Congress are hereby and till further notice conferred upon the Pre- sident of the Republic. "Section 2. This act shall take effect im- mediately. Liberty in the Constitution." How far the American Congress is now treading, or preparing to tread, in the footsteps of the Spanish Cortes and the Mexican Congress, every attentive read- er of its proceedings can judge for him- self. The "discretion" of the President, the "wisdom" of the Executive, these are now the great watchwords of de- bate. It may be said that this is all a part of the "war power," and so it is; but the war is over and yet the power remains. Is it under the "war power" that the Senate shirks passing a Nica- ragua Canal bill and "authorizes and directs" the President to see that the job is properly done? Is it a military operation to govern Hawaii, as it is pro- posed to, largely by executive order? Is it because we are or have been in a state of war that the President is to be given power to say what ships and what lines shall have subsidies? If all this is not heading straight towards the Mexicanization of our government, then sign-posts are erected in vain. Do we then dare to say that the good William McKinley is a wicked usurper? Would we compare him with Espartero or Marshal Prim or Gen. Diaz? Far from it, and that is the worst of it all. As usurper he would be a ridiculous figure. No one who so assiduously holds his ear to the ground to hear what the back-country districts are say- ing, can ever be a successful man on horseback. The very children would laugh at his pasteboard helmet and tin spurs and sword of lath. The hardest thing to be said is not that he is a dic- tator, but a dictatee; not a usurper, but a tool. To a really strong President the

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Feb. 2, 1899] The Nation 83 party leaders and political speculators would not venture to give such extra- ordinary powers. They give them be- cause they know he will exercise them as they direct. They find it a wearisome task to get Congress to assent to their schemes, and so they take the short cut of getting Congress to put everything in the President's hands. This button pressed, they do the rest. Thus it is that our Constitution is subverted and our institutions Hispanicized, not in the interest of personal rule by one strong will, but in the interest of a group, of a vulgar oligarchy, who make the Presi- dent their stalking-horse. The result is what a Spanish statesman once called a "bastard system" — neither the direct- ness and force of absolute rule, nor the free play of a constitutional regimen, but a crass and feeble imitation of arbi- trary power without either the dignity or the efficiency of a frankly monarchi- cal government. A GLIMPSE INSIDE. We have many times pointed out that the text-books on government which are in use in our schools and colleges are grossly defective in that they relate en- tirely to a form of government which has ceased to exist among us. The me- thods which they explain, in regard to nominations, to legislative functions, and to the general business of govern- ment, are all out of date in all our large cities and in a great many of our States. We have done away with all that, and have substituted a very simple system of autocratic rule by a single man— the boss who carries on the government through his machine. Sometimes one boss does this, sometimes another. When one gets in a tight place, the other helps him out, as when Boss Piatt helped Boss Croker to gain possession of the city by running Gen. Tracy as a decoy candi- date. But while there is a very accurate ge- neral impression of the real workings of the boss machine, it is only at rare in- tervals that we get exact information as to details. We are getting some of this now through a case which is in progress before Justice Fursman in the Supreme Court. A member of the cele- brated machine family, Hess, is suing a member of another and scarcely less celebrated machine family, Einstein, for libel in making some unpleasant charges against him as a candidate for Congress a few years ago. In support of his charges, Einstein is relating his own ex- perience, and is fortifying it with that of some of the ablest Republican ma- chinists we have, and together they are giving testimony which is of the highest educational value. It appears from the testimony of three of these experts that it is the regular practice to refuse to nominate a candidate for office until he has first given satisfactory assurance of his ability to "put up" a handsome sum for expenses. The sum demanded in the case of Hess ranges from $2,500 to $5,000. The experts appear to have had doubts of the good faith of Hess, for they in- sisted upon having the cash in hand before the nomination was made. This is a method of procedure in our nomi- nating system which is not even referred to in our current text-books on govern- ment, but see how exact and scientific it is! No cash, no nomination. The witness who explains this method most lucidly is the defendant Einstein himself. He testifies that he had doubts of Hess in various ways — first, doubts as to his party loyalty, Hess having been first a Republican, then a Democrat, then a Republican again; second, doubts as to his eligibility, since he believed Hess to be a resident of New Jersey; third, doubts as to his fitness, since Hess "had been mixed up in lobbying to prevent importers from paying the duties that they ought to pay under the law," and it was suspected that he wished to get into Congress to continue this kind of service. These objections were laid be- fore Mr Lauterbach, who at the time was the executive head of the Republi- can machine. Now see how easily Lau- terbach disposed of them. We quote from the court testimony: "Q. What did Mr. Lauterbach say in an- swer to that? A. He said it was awful hard to get a decent candidate to run on their side in that district, and that he was de- pending on Scannell to elect him [Hess], and that Hess had given him $5,000. "Q. Please state your reasons for objecting to Mr. Hess's nomination. A. First, that he had bought the nomination away from Luther Little, to whom it had been promised by Mr. Piatt. That was one reason. The other reason was that he was a Democrat masquerading as a Republican. There were several other reasons that I am not allow- ed to state. "Q. Did the suggestion that he was to be elected through the help of Scannell have anything to do with it? A. I thought it was a disgraceful way of being elected. "Q. Did you know who Scannell was? A. I knew he was a Democrat and a Tammany Hall man. "Q. Did you know that Scannell had at one time been tried for murder in this city.? A. Yes. "Q. Did you have any conversation with Mr. Lauterbach about the expenses of the campaign? A. Mr. Lauterbach told me that the county committee had got tired of put- ting up impecunious candidates, and I am pretty certain he gave me that as the reason for not putting up Luther Little — that he could not pay his campaign expenses. "Q. Did Mr. Lauterbach tell you that Hess had put up money? A. He told me that he had given him $5,000." There is the whole system in a nut- shell. The man who can put up the cash gets the nomination. "You cannot run a machine on wind," is the usual formula, but Lauterbach, being a man of more than the usual machine erudition, puts it more elegantly: "I am tired of putting up impecunious candidates." If Luther Little had had the money, he would have been as sure of the nomination as Hess, but even the Old Man's promise was not sufficient without the cash. The aid of Scannell of Tammany Hall is not un- usual in matters of this kind. You will remember that in the critical days of 1896, when Cornelius Bliss and other good Republicans were assailing the ma- chine as such a disreputable band of political rascals, led by a boss who was so bad that "self-respecting men could not be allied with him even for a good purpose," it was shown that the boss and Lauterbach had saved the machine from destruction through the aid of Tammany men in the primaries. It is a part of the system and must be set forth in all future text-books. Scannell, who took the stand after Einstein, de- nied all personal knowledge of Lauter- bach, or of this or similar transactions, swearing that he had no relations witli Republican machinists, merely knowing Lauterbach well enough to say "How do you do?" to him three or four times in his life. This also is part of the system. Croker and Piatt never meet, might not recognize each other if they did, yet they "get together" easily and work harmoniously in a "deal" when oc- casion requires. The trial in which these revelations have been made is still in progress. Hess himself has taken the stand, and it is much to be hoped that he will give us the whole story, for, taken all in all, the Hess experts, including Jake of the Police Board, are the best examples we have of what can be done with ma- chine executive government when it gets into the hands of really first-rate ability. LICENSE IN ENGLISH RHYME— II. Stanford University, December 30, 1898. Thus far, then, we are led to the conclu- sion that the attempt to set up the rule in English that "no rhyme but a perfect rhyme is ever worth a poet's while" is both im- practical and without historical warrant. It is impractical from the very nature of lan- guage. Doubtless a poet could, with suffi- cient painstaking, be consistent in his own practice; but if he is going to train his ear to demand absolute perfection of rhyme, he will soon be reduced, for unalloyed pleasure, to the reading of his own verses. It is with- out historical warrant, because few poets seem to have regarded exactness of rhyme as a desirable ideal, and scarcely one since Chaucer has come measurably near to con- sistency in practice. This license of "allow- able rhymes" regarded as a departure from some definite rule has been mostly a fic- tion of writers on poetics and makers of rhyming dictionaries, from King James down. It is the system-makers, carried away by their passion for reducing every- thing to uniformity, who have tried to dic- tate to the poets, whose verses, to be sure, if they observed uniformity, would have inestimable value as a criterion of old pro- nunciation to philologists a thousand years hence. We may not convert the system- makers; men who, like Dr. Guest, talk sol- emnly of this or that poet's "sinning," and declare that "the blunders of no writer, however eminent, should weigh with us as authority," are scarely open to conversion. But the question may be safely left with the lay reader: Shall we take Spenser and

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84 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1753 Milton and Shelley and Browning and Tenny- son and Poe as our authorities, or George Puttenham and Dr. Guest and Prof. Mat- thews? The most Important consideration — the aes- thetic value of "imperfect" rhymes — re- mains. It might seem to be already set- tled. When a prosodist in search of "pure rhymes" is forced to point to "the learned Sir William Jones," the heretical doubt is suggested whether a pure rhymer be a dis- penser of unadulterated aesthetic delights. If Poe and Tennyson liked the echo of floods and icoods, of unholy and melancholy, I take it that the sooner I can cultivate a similar liking, the better for me. It is idle to say that the poets have not employed such rhymes with full approval. It may be admitted that the most musical poets have sometimes, in straits, written rhymes which they would not commend for imita- tion. But that will not account for the numberless recurrences of certain imperfect rhymes. It may be admitted, too, that cer- tain rhymes, once good, have now and then, after a change of pronunciation, continued to lead a conventional existence for a time on the supposed suffrage of earlier poets. But that will not account for the steady growth in favor of certain rhymes, nor for the continuation of some to the exclusion of others. If blood and mood and have and grave live on, why have take and speak, de- sert and heart, find and joined, also at cer- tain times or in certain localities perfect rhymes, been abandoned? There is but one answer: certain dissonances have approved themselves to the poet's ear, while others have not. Imperfect rhymes may be in themselves musical. There is a degree of positive plea- sure in all rhymes. Many of the happiest effects of both poetry and prose are due to the conscious or subconscious presence of subtle rhymes. Take this passage from Swinburne's "Triumph of Time": The low downs lean to the son, the stream. One loose, thin, pulseless, tremulous vein, Rapid and vivid and dumb as 1 dream, Works downward, sick of the sun and the rain. A susceptible ear must find a keen de- light in the delicate rhyme of downs and lean, sea and stream, loose and pulseless, rapid and ririd, dumb and dream. Why then must end-rhymes have always a certain ful- ness in order to yield pleasure? Indeed, a most serious objection to the requirement would lie in its sweeping uni- formity, its levelling tendency. Variety in poetry, as in all things, means life, and mo- notony means death. A slight divergence or disagreement of vowel-color in a rhyme may give it a new zest. Even granting that such a divergence constituted a positive discord, the poet might still defend his use of it as comparable to the musician's, in- troduction of discord for the sake of height- ening the effect of the perfect harmony to\ come. The spirit of English poetry, except in its most barren, rule-bound periods, has led it to seek variety. The terrible monotony of the metres and coupled rhymes of Pope's day is a standing warning. Inversion of feet, substitution, slurring, have been em- ployed by masters of rhythm from Marlowe and Milton to Rossetti and Swinburne. And these same poets have avoided monotony of rhyme as they have avoided monotony of rhythm. Almost totally discarding identical rhyme to begin with, which renders French and Italian poetry so often distasteful to English ears, they have ended by frankly re- cognizing the principle of approximate as- sonantal or consonantal rhyme, with a fre- quent felicity of effect that justifies the liberty. Of course we must recognize degrees and observe due bounds in our license. Reason in all things, says the old proverb. Mr. Brander Matthews, in the article cited above, failing to remember that he himself had been willing to admit such slight im- perfection as Devon and Heaven, is disposed to argue that our rule must be hard and fast because the admission of one imper- fection will lead to others, and there is no stopping this side of hear and wood-pecker, Pleiades and slides. We may dismiss the ar- gument with the smile it was intended to provoke. It is of a piece with his argu- ment against eye-rhymes as forcing our ac- ceptance of clean and ocean, plague and ague. Such absurd extensions were never con- templated. Mr. Matthews refuses to dis- tinguish between degrees, and intimates that a miss is as good as a mile. But we know better; and even those who feel these things to be imperfections forced upon poets by the paucity of our rhymes, might well over- look them rather than cool the ardor or check the onward rush of a Shelley in the fever of composition. Your inelastic man is likely to be most uncomfortable, in ethics as in poetics, whether he be a preacher who insists that to steal a cooky is as bad as to rob a bank, or a school-teacher who does not know when it is politic to wink at the peccadilloes of a mischievous charge. The mischievous charge may be allowed to tit- ter now and then without any certainty that he will end on the gallows. Because I rhyme come with home, and river with ever, is no reason why I shall some day find music in the wedding of Mamelukes and parallax. What bounds shall we set to the license? It is difficult to say. There seems to be no reason for setting definite bounds. The mat- ter may be safely left to take care of itself. There is a system of checks and balances at work in the realm of art as in the realm of nature. The poet must find the golden mean between rule and license, and by his success in that we measure his artistic tri- umph. Tastes will, of course, differ greatly, and while it seems worth while to add here in conclusion a somewhat definite demarca- tion of the bounds of the license, it must be regarded as an observed demarcation and in no sense a prescribed one. If personal pre- ference creeps in, it is offered onlv for what it is worth. Cases of extremely imperfect rhymes, like the forced double and triple rhymes of By- ron's "Don Juan" (.appendix, index; laureate, Tory at, are yc at) or Browning's "Pied Piper" or "Flight of the Duchess" (office, trophies; from mice, promise; ins-and-outs, thin sand doubts), need not be considered. They are mainly tours dc force, most proper- ly used in humorous or grotesque poetry, since their chief merit is their difficulty and theW serve to amuse rather than to please. Restricting consideration only to those im- perfect rhymes that have been more or less freelyi employed by all poets, we may divide them' into three classes— rhymes in which the consonants are not identical, rhymes in which the vowels are not identical, and light rhymes, or rhymes upon a syllable having only a light or secondary stress. The first classV- rhymes in which the consonants following the rhyming vowels are not iden- tical— are the least common, which may be taken as evidence of general disfavor. Per- haps there is dislike of having the rhyme interrupted after it is begun. Perhaps, too. no one will tolerate a wide divergence of consonant sounds. Even the nasals, which are so close together that every unpractised versifier insists on rhyming time and thine, are rarely thus linked by poets; Spenser's strainc, became, and Rossetti's win, him, be- ing quite exceptional. The only different consonants commonly mated are voiced and voiceless fricatives: s, z; th, th; and more rarely f, v; thus, sees, peace; breathe, wreath; love, enough. Greater licenses are sometimes taken in double and triple rhymes, as in Spenser's shepherd, bettcr'd; Shakspere's broken, open; Swinburne's linger, singer; or Mrs. Browning's Eden, heeding; silence, islands; panther, saunter; trident, silent; know from, snow-storm; angels, candles. Here, however, we are getting into the re- gion of mere assonance or mere consonance. The second class — rhymes in which only the vowel sounds differ— comprises a large number of almost universally used rhymes, of which love and prove, charm and warm may be taken as types. It is certain that many ears find these both in themselves sa- tisfying rhymes and further welcome as a relief from the monotony of regular rhymes. That vowel-difference does not constitute so marked a departure from exact rhyme as consonant-difference seems to be due to the fact that all vowel sounds have a similarity of utterance,- so that any two vowels do in a sense rhyme, of which the old alliterative practice in regard to vowels is strong evi- dence. Further, given two vowels that are nearly alike, and follow them up with a semi-vocalic r or a nasal or any consonant whose sound can be prolonged, and you have a combination that is musical and satisfy- ing. There is more real rhyme in mourn and burn than in the more exactly correspond- ing but shorter and weaker sip and lip. And if the poet considers the effect of vowel- gradation, the consequent cadence is often more beautiful than any exact similarity could possibly be. In several lines cited above to show the musical effect of subtle half-rhymes, there is another exquisite mu- sical effect which is to be traced to a feli- citous gradation of vowels: ;\ i u e, ovviuii — In like manner the gradation of vowel sounds in rhyme-words may be extremely euphonious. We must content ourselves with two or three examples: Oh vet we (rust that somehow good will be the final goal of 111, ro pangs of nature, sins of will, Defects Of doubt, and taints of Mood. Her care is not to part and prove; She takes, when harsher moods remit, What slender shade of doufcl may Bit, And makes it vassal unto love. Outside it must lie winter among men; For at the (.-old liars of the ;-au-> again I heard all night and all the hours of it The wind's wet wins-'s and lingers drip witli rain. The last example suggests that there is a situation in which this imperfect rhyme is peculiarly effective — that is, where more than two words rhyme; where, there being a sufficiency of rhyme already, another per- fect rhyme is not called for or might even seem excessive. A striking example is Swin- burne's "Faustine," a poem of forty-one quatrains, each ending with the word Faus- tine. After half a dozen rhyme-words like lean, queen, clean, sheen, we welcome a change

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Feb. 2, 1899] The Nation 85 to thin, kin, sin, etc. Or take another case of three rhyme-words: From too much love of living. From hope and fear set free. We thank with brief thanksgiving Whatever gods may be That no life lives forever; That dead men rise up That even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea. The third class is that in which light syl- lables rhyme, or are rhymed with fully stressed syllables. These too have generally approved themselves to poets, who even ven- ture upon a slight wrenching of accents to se- cure this kind of rhyme, as in sing, tha'nks- givi"ng; her, ha'rp-playc"r. But there are limitations. In the matter of wrenching ac- cents, we scarcely find givi'ng, flowe'r, though we find tha'nksgivV'ng, su'nflowc"r. In the latter case, it is a change of a se- condary accent only that is at stake, a change which in such compounds is made easy by the natural tendency in our lan- guage to avoid two successive stressed syl- lables. One may rather like to have a poet compel him to pronounce mermaiden me'r- maidc"n. So, too, if we can follow Keats and Rossetti and Swinburne in their liking for the rhyme dwell, desirable, we will fol- low still more gladly when, by the interpo- sition of another light syllable, the rhyme is dwell, memorable; sea, amorously; and one may very much dislike the rhyme stable, memorable. In short, the shifting of second- ary accents is a light matter. But apart from this there are still limita- tions to the effective use of light rhymes. It should be noted first that there are some final syllables getting but a secondary stress that are yet so heavy in themselves as scarcely to come within the definition of light syllables. Such are the final syllables of words like Minotaur, widowhood, por- traiture. It would be a pity to deprive poets of such rhymes as him, cherubim; sent, blandishment. It objection arise at all, it must arise in the case of weaker syllables. But some of these are essentially musical. The word musical itself, for example, or coronal, or fcstiral, pairs easily with fait or call, especially if we allow a fuller articula- tion to be forced upon the words by such rhyming. Not that we should make them exact rhymes by pronouncing fcsliva'l, but there can be no harm in giving words a somewhat fuller sound in poetry for rhyme's sake than they would ordinarily have. So with final vd; head, tenanted. Of course the poet must not forego the requirements of art; he must see that the word be vital and organic enough to bear the enforcement of such pronunciation and of any rhyme at all. The pairing of two such words (as fcs- tiral, Bacchanal) is in questionable taste. And when the syllables are still weaker, as when Tennyson pairs philosophy and Ar- cady, the case becomes worse. Such weak endings are better paired with stressed syl- lables only, and even then, when the end- ings are so weak as the suffixes ncss or ly, they are very ineffective if they precede the word they rhyme with. They do not make good rhyme-givers. But when they stand in the second place they may be effective, be- cause of the cadence, the dying fall they give to the verse. This will be felt still more if two full rhyme-words precede. Mark the cadence of such a triplet as this by Whittier: Ah, cruel fate, that closed to 1 Inc. Oh sleeper by the northern sea, The gates of opportunity. Let it be repeated, in closing, that the whole subject is a delicate one, lying In the field of aesthetics, and not to be treated in a positive or dogmatic spirit. The poets themselves are the only legislators, and while a poet may sometimes give us offence by thrusting upon us an ancient rhyme like eye, liberty, or a Hudibrastic one like false, tails, we must content ourselves with a smile rather than a frown. Alphonso G. Newcomer. AN AMERICAN IN LONDON IN 1835. Sir: When recently engaged in writing the life of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, founder of the colonies of South Australia and New Zealand, the advantage I derived from the correspondence of Francis Place, the cele- brated political tailor and disciple of Jeremy Bentham, induced me to look into some of the numerous folio scrap-books, full of cut- tings from newspapers and other printed matter illustrative of the social condition of the people, which he bequeathed to the British Museum. On taking one of them down, the paper of which I enclose a tran- script fell out. I forward it to you for pub- lication if you see fit, hoping that you may be as much interested as myself in the noc- turnal adventures of an impulsive, good- hearted American, too devoid of the his- torical sense to admire Westminster Abbey, but chivalrous as a Knight of the Round Table, and emphatically one of Nature's gen- tlemen. His narrative has, moreover, genu- ine literary worth from the picture it con- veys of a wet night in London, and the glimpse it affords of the condition of the London poor. It is exceedingly to be re- gretted that all his other notes of a resi- dence in England, extending over nine months, should have been destroyed by him. If as racy and graphic as this estray, they would have formed a volume of singular in- terest. The writer's name would have been un- known but for Mr. Place's endorsement on the MS., which appears to have been sent to him some months after it was written, together with a list of books borrowed and returned, and the note I have transcribed for publication, which is written on a blank leaf. I read the name Robert Hun- nesley Blak, but "Robert" might be "Roberts," "Moberts," or "Shoberts," "Hun- nesley" might be "Hannesley," and "Blak" must bo an error for "Black," or less prob- ably "Blake." It would appear that Dr. Black must have remained in England for some time after February, 1835, but the books would probably be returned on the eve of his departure. As the State to which he belonged is mentioned, it should not be impossible to trace him. The election of Mr. Abercromby as Speak- er, mentioned at the beginning of Dr. Black's narrative, was a highly important event, be- ing the first test of the strength of parties in the new Parliament. I remain, dear sir, yours very truly, R. Garnett. British Museum, .Januai By Dr. ROBERT HUNNESLEY BLAK from Kentucky Some time after his arrival in London. Some time since I kept a diary of such mat- ters as suited not my intended book on Eng- land. Two months ago I made up my mind to burn them and did so— except, as I now find, this one of the night of Feby 19th last which being in a blue book escaped. Feb.y 19th 1835. London. At 7 ok to M. [ornlng] N. [ews] Office. [344, Strand.] Abercromby elected! — maj. 10 votes. Saw several conservatives dispirited, petulant, tome morose and silent. I laughed at them— they bore it. To two of them I had predicted the result of the elec- tion. To them I prophesied again (for I had twice before deliV it) that this session would bring great excitement and give rise to politi- cal discussions wholly new to the general com- munity—excitement differing from that of any previous time in having in it far more intelli- gence and less passion. They thought other- wise, indeed, laughed at what I said— I laugh- ed at their blindness. A few months will shew which was right— they or I. One of them, a very young man, connected with the newspaper press said— 'The people are mad— there is, I really think, more excitement about the elec- tion of Speaker, than there was about the pas- sage of the Reform bill.' I said . . . you yourself furnish proof of what I predict! When I got into the street I found it crowd- ed with people, (where I was being in the neighborhood of the Newspaper offices) al- though it rained very hard and blew harder than on any day since my arrival in England in May last. As I entered my door in Leicester square, I found standing under the portico — or stoop, a female who had stopt there for protection from the rain. My American thought, was to ask her in; but that would not do in London. I spoke to her, and soon perceived from her countenance, voice, and language that she was not a pad— but some poor melancholy being. I enquired if she lived far off?— 'in Westminster.' I asked, in tones which I suppose communi- cated what I felt, if she had a family— a child. How old?— four years. Is any one with it?— I do not know, perhaps not. If you will wait a moment I will bring out my umbrella, and see you a part at least of yr way home. Thank you Sir, said the poor woman, in a voice that I will swear came from an honest heart. We may play false with every thing else, but not with the voice — we are too unconscious of ita elements and their combinations to play the hypocrite to any perfection with it. I got my umbrella (which is very large), took her arm and saw her home. The wind blew so fiercely that it was sometimes impos- sible to carry the Ua stretch'd, and the rain fell— or flew rapidly upon the pavement and upon all in the streets. Our way led us through Haymarket past the splendid club houses — and by the Palace— like Terraces between which stands the monument to one of England's greatest rascals,* down the steps from this monument into St. James's Park through which we past. Here the gay lights dispersed around this beautiful place —shone like mere dots in the dark and dreary expanse over which the wind blew so excessive- ly hard as to make our walking difficult. Few persons were passing — the military centries were all in their boxes— against one tree, whose branches like those of all the trees, whistled in the wind, stood an old man in a cloak, and before him a young woman whom he was shel- tering from the wind and rain. We past close to them and by the light of a lamp near could distinguish their features. The inclemency of the night made them and my companion total- ly unheedful of each other. We soon left the Park surrounded with its magnificent dwellings and after a while reached Street— blazing in light from the shops lit up by gaz. Busy and cheerful trade, unmindful of wind or rain, kept its accustomed display. From this we turned two or three times, through small and darker streets (for in London all streets are well lighted) until we reached her abode. On our way we had scarcely spoken to each other. The fierce wind— the pelting rain, the wet •H. R. the Duke of York.

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86 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1753 ground and pavements gave our thoughts too much employment notwithstanding, she, poor thing, had doubtless enough of misery— and I an abundance of speculation to indulge. At her door I said— 'Shall I go in?' Do come in a moment — perhaps the rain will abate — for you must be very wet. I was not for I had thick shoes and a big coat on. But I went in — perhaps more from curiosity than proper feelings— for my pockets were almost as empty as hers. She took me into a little back room on the first floor. There burned— and hardly burned a small coal fire— by it sat on the floor her child playing with pieces of rags and bits of broken crockery arranged on a chair without a back. The moment the mother entered it sprang to meet her— but seeing me, put on its little wondering look and stood silent and close to its mother. 'This is a sad place, Sir, said the woman, to bring you into— but by your kind- ness and your behaviour to me I know you can make allowances.' I told her that was all no- thing and took a chair. The little ragged baby whispered its conversation to its mother, while I surveyed the room. Near the fire was an old square deal table — another half-round on which stood a tin cup, a sort of Glass case stood near one wall, in one corner was a low bed, covered with a faded print quilt or spread; in another corner was a small trunk, on which lay a frock, in different parts of the room were four or five chairs, in various states of dilapidation, over the mantle piece was pasted and hung up twenty or thirty small pictures, chiefly coloured prints— some bad— some pret- ty good; on the hearth lay a frying pan, a piece of tin which evidently served for a shovel and a rod of iron for a poker. There was a closet, which I supposed, contained some things— but little did the poor woman's room offer to the eyes. 'Come here, dear,' said I to the child, and it came instantly to me. It was a beautiful little creature— but nearly all young children are. I talked to it and played with its grace- ful little hands— and it readily began to move the joints of my fingers. The poor little thing saw that 1 was its friend and was at once assured. I gave it two pennies. The moment it clasped them, it darted to its mother, but just as it reached her lap, it drew back, and said poutingly— 'you shan't have It'— 'Don't be a saucy girl.' 'Yes you shall have it,' said the little creature, 'and I'll go and ask Mary to buy you some gin with it— shan't I?' She drew the child to her and gave her a slap that brought tears and sobs. The two things I hate most in man or woman, but especially in woman, was this poor woman guilty of— drinking and of beating children— in a moment my sympathy was changed into pity and disgust — and I left the house. Returning by Westminster Abbey, I thought of all the foolery, all the robbery, and all the rascality connected with that ugly and vene- rated pile of barbarism. In Parliament Street I met quite a genteel looking young female, alone and without an umbrella, she was hastening along at a tre- mendously rapid pace. I got a glimpse of her face which appeared to be very pretty. I turned— overtook her— held my umbrella over her, and then asked her to allow me to pro- tect her with it from the rain. She seemed quite at a loss what to do and scarcely answer- ed me. I took her manner for assent and kept on by her side— talking as much as the wind and rain and wet pavements would allow. She crossed Westminster bridge. The wind here blew furiously, and once we were compelled to stop in a recess till the blow passed by. At last her tongue began and went rapidly and sensibly. Just as we got over the bridge she said, 'You are going Sir, perhaps, far out of you way.' 'Exactly in it, if I am in the slight- est degree serviceable to you.' 'You are'— and she stopt speaking evidently not knowing whe- ther to turn me back or not. I said— 'will you allow me to be very candid and tell you why I put my umbrella ever you and why I still keep it above your head?' 'Yes.' 'The truth is that I was going beyond Charing Cross when I met you, but a glimpse of your face caused to flash upon me the thought that some acci- dent had placed alone in this inclement night, a young lady who deserved protection from rain and from insult too, and that I would at least offer that protection as politely and as gently as I knew how whether it were ac- cepted or not.' 'You are — very kind and I thank you very much indeed.' I asked her for her arm which she rather reluctantly gave me. But we got into chat and notwithstanding the night of wind and rain she talked as wit- tily as any one I ever heard— sorry am I that 1 can not now three hours after, put down any part of it with the slightest hope of success. We travelled on some distance and took the right hand street from the bridge. [Here a diagram.] She had undergone a chapter of accidents — and had ventured alone through that night lest her parents should be uneasy about her. She would not tell me her name, her residence, or any one particular about herself. She said she hoped that we might meet by some acci- dent, because altogether I had behaved strange- ly but so respectfully and kindly that she was bound to wish to see me hereafter to shew me that she really thanked me for my politeness —but that she would not tell me any thing about herself nor hear my name or residence (which I offered to tell her) because that would be making an acquaintance contrary not only to rules of propriety but to her parents' feel- ings. I told her that she was a good girl— to remain so— and to tell her parents what had past (that I will sd she)— At length she sd 'now you must go no fur- ther with me — because indeed you must not know where I live.' 'Indeed,' said I, 'I do not desire it under existing circumstances, for pret- ty, and witty, and good tempered as I am sure you are. I esteem your respect for your pa- rents' instructions and feelings far more— so good bye.'' And away she tripped. I returned over Waterloo bridge. The wind in- creased—the rain increased, the pavements swam in water— and I reached home at ten o'clock like a drowned rat. A TRIBUTARY OF THE SEINE. Paris, January 12, 1899. M. Huysmans was one of the early friends of Zola, and a contributor to the 'Soirees de Mfidan,' a collection of stories which made a great noise at the time of Its ap- pearance on account of Its scandalous im- propriety. M. Huysmans was then one of the apostles of the realistic school; he was coarse con amore; he had a studied vul- garity of thought and expression. Of late years he must have experienced grace; a great change had come over him. He wrote first a novel called 'En Route'; he was on the way to conversion. It was, however, diffi- cult to make out whether the author was sincere or not. Here again the imitation of Zola was apparent, and If Zola had not written his 'Lourdes,' very likely 'En Route' would never have been written. The doubt which this last book left in the mind was dispelled by a new work called 'La Cathe- drale.' Here the disciple had evidently gone further than the master. If 'The Cathedral' was meant to deceive Its readers, the at- tempt was really successful; but we would rather believe that there is no attempt to deceive In it— that the author's conversion is now complete. His journey has brought him to the Church, and there he has found complete rest. Huysmans, in his 'Cathedral,* still follows the method of his master. When Zola under- takes a subject, he surrounds himself with all the technical works which belong to it; he introduces in his story all these details, often without having quite mastered their character. He likes to appear encyclopaedic, to know the names of all the parts of an engine, of a locomotive, of a mine, of all farm implements; all the locutions of the market and the shop; all the slang of the Bourse, etc. This method helps him give an air of reality to his characters. Huysmans, following this same method, must have sur- rounded himself with volumes of mediaeval architecture before beginning his cathedral. He must have read all the "bestiaires" which explain the sense of the figures found in the Gothic churches. But, more than this, he studied carefully the history of all the mo- nastic orders, convents, and nunneries; and in this way he prepared the elements of a work which as a novel is very uninteresting, but which will be read with curiosity by those who make the development of religious ideas a concern. I would now only call attention to a vol- ume which has interested me, I confess, in- finitely more than the symbolism of 'The Cathedral' or the theology of 'En Route.' It has for its title 'La Bievre et Saint-Seve- rin,' and may be added to the collection of works on old Paris. There is already a large number of documents on the ancient streets, quarters, monuments of the old city, which was confined at first to an island of the Seine, and which, throwing bridges across the river from time to time, expanded by de- grees to its present limits. The heart of old "Lutetia" is still in that part of the valley where you can admire Notre Dame, the Sainte-Chapelle, the towers of the Concier- gerie, the Louvre, and the Tuileries. Saint- Sevgrin belongs to that old part of the city; Saint-Sevgrin, the old church, dear to the Jansenists, marks nearly the place where the Bievre, a small affluent of the Seine, joins the great river. It is not easy to translate the affected style of Huysmans. I must, however, give his own words on the Bievre: "The Bievre represents in our day the most perfect symbol of feminine need ex- ploited by a great city. Born in the pond of Saint-Quentin, near Trappes, it runs, slen- derly, in the valley which bears its name; and mythologically you can figure it to your- self incarnated in a very young girl, in a small naiad, still playing under the willows. Like many country-girls, the Bievre, as soon as it arrives in Paris, falls into the industrial snares. Stripped of her grassy vesture, of her rural ornaments, she has been obliged to go to work at once, and has exhausted her- self in horrible tasks. Surrounded by hard men, she has to go from one to the other, but they all keep her in turn in prison; day and night, she has to wash the dirt from the skin of dead animals, to take care of the wool, of the leather; she has to bear the biting of alum, of chalk, of caustics. How often, be- hind the Gobelins, in the pestilential smells of ooze, she may be seen, trudging along In the mire, beneath the rays of the moon, cry- ing, stupefied with fatigue, under the tiny arch of a little bridge." This is not exactly the style of the ordi- nary guide-book, yet Huysmans's volume is really nothing but a picturesque guide to the valley of the Bievre. The head of the valley, not far from Versailles, is still in the most rural state; thickly wooded, very solitary, so that you feel in it as If you were a hundred miles from Paris. Port Royal was in that region, and a few remains of It are still to be seen. The place inhabited by the "solitaires" will always be dear to many. The water of the Bievre was so pure that Oberkampf established on it the first manu-

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Feb. 2, 1899] The Nation 87 factory of cotton prints at Jouy-en-Josas. Napoleon visited it with all his court, wish- ing to encourage an industry which rivalled that of England. The "toiles de Jouy" be- came the fashion, and are even now sought after by many people for their pretty de- signs. Victor Hugo inhabited for some time the neighborhood of Bievre, a little place which takes its name from the rivulet. In the "Feuilles d'Automne" you will find a piece entitled "Bievre": "Oui. c'est bien le vallon! le vallon calme et sombre!" Then comes a charming description of the valley, in Victor Hugo's best style and his early manner, with changing rhythm. I will cite only two passages: " Et dans ce charmant paysage Oil l'esprit flotte, ou l'aul s'enfuit, Le bulsson. l'olseau de passage. L'herbe qui tremble et qui reluit, Le vieil arbre que l'age ploie, Le donjon qu'un moulin coudoie, Le ruisseau de moire et de sole, Le cbamp ou dorment les aieux, Ce qu'on voit pleurerct sourire, Ce qui chant* et ce qui soupire, Ce qui parle et ce qui respire. Tout tait un bruit harmonieux ! " The second, which ends the piece, is very characteristic of Hugo: " Et Ton ne songe plus, tant notre am* saisie. Se perd dans la nature et dans la pogsie, Que tout pres, par les bols et lea ravins cache, Derriere le ruban de ces collines bleues, A quatre de ces pas que nous nommons dcs lieues, Le geant Paris est couche ! " The giant Paris is all that interests the less poetical Huysmans. He takes the Bievre only when it ceases to be "a riband of moire and silk" and becomes a filthy current, is hidden by houses and factories, runs invisi- ble under vaults and bridges, along dark streets which bear strange names, between high walls, through long tanneries, and final- ly loses itself in sewers. "Following, in old times, the walls and towers of Paris, which it did not enter, the Bievre played, here and there on its road, with little mills where it turned wheels; then it amused itself by mirroring the abbey spire in the trembling azure of its waters, and accompanied with its murmur the offices and the hymns, echoing the talk of the monks who walked on its grassy borders. All has disappeared under the action of ages —the convent of the Cordelieres, the abbey of St.-Victor, the mills and the trees." Every Parisian or lover of Paris will read with some pleasure, even in Huysmans's strange style, what concerns the quarters of the capital which surround the Bievre — the parish of Saint-SevSrin, the Rue de la Harpe, the Rue de la Hachette, the Rue de la BQcherie, the Place Maubert, the abreu- voir Macon, now replaced by the Place St.- Michel, by the Boulevard St. -Germain. Great as have been the changes in those quarters, some parts still remain to testify of them. The churches especially have been respected. The Church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre is one of the oldest in Paris. It existed as early as 507 ; It was ruined in 886 by the Normans, and rebuilt, in the last part of the twelfth century, by the monks of Longpont. Nothing remains now of their cloister; the priory and the chapter were attached in the seventeenth century to the H6tel Dieu, and the sanctuary where, during the Middle Ages, were held the general assemblies of the University, was abandoned to all sorts of corporations. Dur- ing the Revolution, the church became a salt-depot. In 1805 Napoleon gave it back to the H6tel Dieu, and it became the chapel of the dead. The Augustine Sisters, who still care for the sick in the Hotel Dieu, used to take the veil and to pronounce their vows in it. It was finally, about ten years ago, given to the United Greek Church. M. Huysmans gives a very accurate and detailed account of this poor little church, which, from the outside, looks like a small country chapel; he also describes the Greek service, which is after the liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom. I had never read such an ela- borate comparison of the Greek and the Roman mass. Huysmans evidently thinks that this intrusion of the East into the pa- rish of St.-Severin is an absurdity; he would like to see the chapel given back to the popular order, such as the Franciscans, whose mission is to take care of the people. The inhabitants of this poor quarter never enter the church of St.-Julien-le-Pauvre; and, if they do by chance, they do not un- derstand the service. St.-Julien-le-Pauvre is unknown even to Parisians. St.-Severin, though it is almost concealed by new houses, is still often visit- ed, and it deserves to be. Nothing remains of the oratory dedicated to St.-Severin in the sixth century. It was burned by the Nor- mans; it was rebuilt in the eleventh century, and again destroyed; the existing church was built piecemeal from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century. During the Re- volution, it became a depot of saltpetre and powder; the nineteenth century saved it, and added to it a delicate door, taken from the church of St.-Pierre-aux-Bceufs, demolished in 1837, as well as stained-glass windows coming from St.-Germain-des-PrSs. The church itself, the nave, the apse, are very good and delicate specimens of architecture; some of the chapels have an exquisite orna- mentation. The church was once very rich, and is now very poor. Huysmans cites curi- ous customs of the Middle Ages attached to this church. It was the babit of women who had been confined to hear their first mass in it when they were able to go out, and a great mantle was kept in the church to be thrown over their shoulders. Travel- lers starting on a journey used also to go and pray in St.-Severin to St. Martin, the patron of travellers on horseback. The stu- dents who came on horseback to Paris from the provinces were expected to make a visit to St.-Severin. St.-Severin became one of the centres of Jansenism, but Huysmans, who has become intensely orthodox, as is natural in all con- verts, tells us very little about the Jansen- ists who lived in its cloister and were buried in its vaults. He seems surprised at the per- sistence of heresy in St.-Severin, where the worship of the Virgin Mary had long been very ardent; even after the Revolution, in 1807, when St.-Sevenn became again a church, the Jansenists succeeded in having Joseph Baillet, a fervent disciple of Port Royal, appointed its curate. Jansenism sur- vived there till 1869, but there is no trace of it left at this time. Correspondence. A CITIZEN TO THE SENATE. Senators: The pinch of the war with Spain will begin to be felt within two years. When that pinch comes, there will be no ninety men in the United States, ex- cepting the President, who will be regarded as so accountable for its consequences as yourselves. A large part of the American people believe now, and a great many more will believe then, that the sequences of the war ought to be no greater than the ne- cessity of the case requires. To the end that there may be a clear record for future reference of what you may do, and of what they want you not to do, we now formulate their chief objections: First. They object to a large standing army. They believe that a standing army in time of peace is a poor place for the American citizen. They object to a man being taken from the field of industry and thrift and use- fulness and set to doing nothing, and five other men being set to work to furnish him with food and clothes and lodging and trans- portation and arms and ammunition, and his proportionate cost of a great military establishment. In time of war Americans will volunteer to flght, and will uncom- plainingly endure hardship and suffering and neglect and injustice such as would be sub- mitted to by no other soldiers in the world. In time of peace the American loathes the idleness and monotony and constraint and confinement of a fort or barracks. As you are aware, desertions during recent years or peace have been so numerous as to cause serious solicitude in military circles; and it has not been an easy task to keep our little army supplied with good recruits. When it comes to an army five times as large, and for service in what we now consider foreign lands, where the men will be practically im- prisoned in unhealthy climates, it may be reasonably assumed either that the pay of the army and the cost of the military estab- lishment will be vastly increased, or that we must come down to the source of supply of those foreign governments which some of you are desirous of emulating — conscrip- tion. Still more will they object to a great standing army of foreign mercenaries. In these days of Mauser rifles and smokeless powder and dynamite shells and long-range artillery and range-finders, a standing army is a fearful machine to be moved by the hand of one man. Such a machine is in- trinsically a menace to liberty. We must recognize the fact that the day of "the em- battled farmers" has passed. Second. They object to the introduction into this commonwealth of semi-civilized millions of the inferior races. The inferior races have been the bane of the American people since the beginning— the source of all their national troubles. If the negroes of the South had been white slaves, as were the slaves of the Roman Empire, slavery would have died of itself before the century began and there would be now no antago- nistic classes in the South. If the Indians had been Caucasians, they would have made peace long ago, and, like our brethren of the South, would have melted into the body- politic and become stanch and patriotic citizens. If the Chinese were of our own blood, they would have acquired our habits and thoughts and ideas, and would now be useful citizens. And the negroes of the South, the Dakotas, the Cheyennes, the Na- vajos, and the Chinese were incomparably better material for American citizenship, for industry and civilization, than the hordes of treacherous and indolent Malays and Mo- hammedans that you now contemplate bring- ing within the responsibilities of the Re- public. Americans do not want these peo- ple— as to that all men are agreed. They do not want, if you persist in bringing them in, the ugly problem of what their status

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88 Tlie IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1753 shall be. They do not want to admit them to citizenship; they do not want to ex- clude them; they do not want to govern them; they do not want to misgovern them. What they want is that all Americans shall be equal before the law, and that the Ame- rican flag shall be the symbol of American citizenship. Third. They object to your trying to ride two horses and serve two masters. The Constitution was framed and adopted by our fathers, "To form a more perfect union, es- tablish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity." "Ourselves and our posterity" ! Have you never read those words before? We grant that the cession and acquisition of terri- tory is an inherent power of government; we concede that there is no clause in the Constitution which prohibits you from do- ing this thing; but, taking up the Consti- tution where our fathers laid it down, we insist that the only trust confided to you is to legislate and to make treaties for the welfare of "ourselves and our pos- terity." Will it be a blessing to the people who now dwell within the United States and their children if the whole world be ruled from Washington, and the Senate consists of two hundred Senators and the House of a thousand members? If your duty, as you understand it, bids you to confer the hard- won blessings of our liberty upon alien peoples, the path of your duty leads straight across the boundaries of the United States. You may go as missionaries or as soldiers, or in whatever character you please, but so long as you sit in our national capital as a part of our Government, your one official business is to act for the welfare of "our- selves and our posterity." Fourth. They protest against the false pre- tence that the Federal Government can ex- tend to distant colonies the blessings of liberty and good government. One of two things is certain, either that you intend to bring these semi-civilized countries into the Union as States, or that the Federal Govern- ment will do in these distant colonies what it has never yet done at home. You know- that our growth and greatness and advance- ment and intelligence are due to our Ame- rican system of general and local govern- ment. You know that the Federal Govern- ment is only the half of our governmental system, and that it has never more than half-governed when it has governed alone. Look, we beg of you, at the "Century of Dis- honor" and the great territory where it Is said that every square mile has been need- lessly stained with blood. Call to mind the treaties negotiated by the executive branch of the Government and broken by the im- becile procrastination of the legislative. Re- member how the Indians were abandoned year after year and decade after decade to the tender mercies of our border ruffians, and how our white women and children were abandoned to the Indians; how the Indians, maddened by hunger and threatened by star- vation, rushed upon the settlements while appropriation bills were sleeping in com- mittee-rooms. You have not forgotten how the buffalo were exterminated from the face of the earth in four years, and how, in con- sequence, we had to spend millions in fight- ing and feeding the Indians because there was not government enough in Washington to stop the ruthless butchery which tainted the air and made the plains black with rot- ting carcasses. And now, to-day, in this year of political regard for humanity, is there not the San Carlos Indian Reserva- tion, one of the infernal spots of the earth, a sage-brush desert without a tree, without a blade of grass, with insufficient streams for irrigation, where the thermometer stands at 120° in such shade as can be found, and where dust-storms blow from the arid plains? Have we not, at this time, imprison- ed there men bred in the free air of the mountains, men who fought faithfully in our ranks and guarded our public property with- out a single theft and aided us in subduing their own race, relying upon promises which were to be broken by the Government? Si- beria contains no such scene of human wretchedness. A pretty set are we to be sending our knight - errant Government around the world to right the wrongs of those who suffer through misgovernment! Why, the Czar might come over any day and give our rulers lessons in justice and humanity! And then, too, there are the Freedmen. Is it forgotten how they were fooled by the assurances of the National Government into bringing the first earnings of their freedom to Washington and depo- siting their money in the Freedmen's Bank, and how they were robbed of it within the sight and hearing of Congress by a corpora- tion which seemed to have been chartered by Congress expressly for that purpose? And the unhappy people of the South during the atro- cious years of the reconstruction period! The South had no just cause for rebellion in 1861, but between the close of the civil war and the close of the Grant Administration there were wrongs, and cruelties, and indignities enough to justify a dozen rebellious. Civili- zation itself was overturned by the Federal Government when the most ignorant and de- graded and incompetent class of each com- munity was put in charge of the State and allowed to rule and govern the others. "Was it not good enough treatment for rebels?" There were at that time eight women and children to one man in the South. Was it good enough treatment for them? Fifth. Especially do all true Americans ob- ject to and resent the imputation that the American people, under the guidance of Washington, have not heretofore been one of the nations of the earth, and that it is now their duty to take part in the strife and com- plications of the European political world — which means, as we understand the situa- tion, that our official and political classes, with their usual contingent of lobbyists and contractors, are to take part with the official and political classes of European govern- ments, and that our industrial classes are to pay for it. We believe, as our fathers be- lieved, that the American name has been honorably known in all lands; that American ideas have influenced all peoples; that our great army of industry, if it could be let alone, would compel the disarmament of Eu- rope; that our national progress has been without precedent or parallel; that our na- tional life has been, among international forces, the great moral power of the world; that our national sentiments have been in favor of peace and arbitration and industry and education, of little government, and that little devoted to the welfare of the gov- erned. This example and these sentiments are not to be flung away by those to whom we have intrusted the responsibility of gov- ernment. We believe, moreover, that there are few things for which we owe more un- ceasing gratitude to the Father of his Coun- try than for his farewell words bidding us as a nation to pursue our own quiet way. Under the teaching of Washington, the American flag was borne by merchantmen to every port on every sea; under the teaching which seems to greatly influence your ac- tion, it is to be borne by subsidized steamers and ships of war, for both of which the in- dustrial classes are to pay. We do not hold the influence of brute force, or (if you prefer it) of military force, an honor. We hold fast to our American ideas, to our American foreign policy, to simplicity of government, to all of those great principles which have made the American nation, without a great army or navy, a commanding power in the troubled and misgoverned world. A large majority of the American people so think and believe, and will in due time make their thoughts known. When that time comes, there will be no ninety men in the United States, always excepting the Presi- dent, who will be held to so strict an ac- countability as yourselves. A Citizen. THE BALANCE-SHEET. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It is often said of late that the re- cent war with Spain was worth all it cost in cementing the North and South closer together and in making our relations with England more friendly. In making this con- trast, it is evidently intended to compare moral effects with money cost. Probably few out of the masses of people perceive that there are moral losses as well as gains con- nected with the war. It seems worth while to enumerate some of these, if for no other reason than to get a juster view of the situa- tion. International arbitration received a se- vere blow, and the Czar's disarmament pro- posals a setback, when the peace-loving United States thought it necessary to fight Spain. The war has left us as a heritage the hatred of all Spaniards, the hardly conceal- ed ill-will of the Continental nations of Eu- rope, and the rapid growth of the hated militarism among large numbers of our peo- ple. If our new colonial policy is carried out, it will involve us in the wars and ru- mors of wars of European diplomacy; it will put us in the position of going back on the Declaration of Independence, with its doctrine that government should al- ways be conducted with the consent of the governed; it will remove the strongest ground for maintaining the Monroe Doctrine; it will raise the question as to the sincerity of our liiimauitarianism, and will even cause us to confuse two of our Lord's beati- tudes, making one read, Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall inherit the earth. Other questions are involved, as the in- crease of the standing army, and the diffu- sion of the evils of our civilization, such as the greed for gain, intemperance, and spoils politics, among the conquered races where these evils would be likely to take strong root. The introduction of the drinking habits of this country into Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines might with justice be compared to the forcing of the opium traffic on China. Fortunately, by retracing our steps as ra- pidly as possible, giving in the meantime order and good government to the conquered

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Feb. 2, 1899] The ISTation. 89 provinces, we may avoid much of the evil described. But it is going to cost a vigorous and persistent discussion to secure this re- sult. Job. V. Collins. State Normal School. Stevens Point. Wis. WAR AND PEACE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In Charles A. Dana's 'Recollections of the Civil War,' p. 167, I have just found a letter from Gen. W. T. Sherman to Mr. Dana, which is so interesting that I beg leave to call your attention to it. It has both literary and historical value. A busi- ness letter written by a general from his military headquarters in time of war, it nevertheless rises to literary excellence. It is also a commentary on this same General's famous remark that "War is hell." The circumstances can be briefly stated. Sherman was trying to feed a large army and accumulate supplies for an important forward movement. But people who desired to reach the front for various laudable rea- sons, and who brought letters from Wash- ington, were making such demands upon his transportation facilities as seriously to in- terfere with his military operations. He wrote a letter of earnest remonstrance to Mr. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, then at Washington, and closed with these words: "In peace there is a beautiful harmony in all the departments of life — they all fit together like the Chinese puzzle; but in war all is ajar, nothing fits, and it is the strug- gle between the stronger and weaker; and the latter, however it may appeal to the bet- ter feelings of our nature, must kick the beam. To make war, we must and will harden our hearts. Therefore, when preach- ers clamor and the sanitaries wail, don't join in, but know that war, like the thunderbolt, follows its laws, and turns not aside even if the beautiful, the virtuous and charitable stand in its path. When the day and hour comes, I'll strike Joe Johnston, be the result what it may; but in the time allotted to me for preparation, I must and will be selfish in making those preparations which I know to be necessary." Frederick W. Moore. Yandbrbilt University, January 2fi. 1893. A TEMPERED LIFE TENURE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Referring to a paragraph in the Nation of January 19, 1899, wherein the "virtual life tenure of judgeships" in Ver- mont is favorably noticed, it may be well to qualify the compliment by the proviso that judges who do not decide questions fa- vorably to railroad companies are excepted from life tenure. Compare the case of Judge Barrett. F. J. P. MR. STILL-MAN AND THE "CRISPIANS." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I must, in justice to Signor Crispi as well as to myself, disclaim the honor which your friendly reviewer of 'The Union of Ita- ly' puts on me, of being the exponent of the party of which Crispi is supposed to be the head, or of his views of Italian politics. In the first place, there is no such party. Crispi was, many years ago, the effective head of the "party of action"; but since I have known him he has never had a following for his personal views, so far as I know them, of half a score of Deputies. His strength has been in the popular voice and vote, but what bis views are on other topics than that of the relations between England and Italy and the Abyssinian policy (as to which I disagree with him), I do not know. I have never been intimate with him or in his confidence, except in momentary crises, like that of the affair of the French consulate at Florence, the tentative reconciliation by the Pope through Padre Tosti, and the convention for the Kassala frontier in 1890, in which in- stances he desired the support of the Times. Crispi is extremely reticent and taciturn, and, so far from admitting me generally into his confidence, he has repeatedly refused to be interviewed by me; and what I know of his policy, except in the cases I have men- tioned, I have gathered from his acts and public declarations. Above all, it is neces- sary that I should declare that I have never discussed with him the statesmen or the po« licy of the past — I don't think I ever heard him mention the name of Cavour, hardly of Garibaldi; nor did I ever talk with him of the revolution of 1860 in Sicily and Naples. And so far as I had any party sympathies in Italian affairs, they were with the Right; and the man with whom I have the most sympathy is Sonnino. To suppose, then, that I represent in any way the political tenden- cies of any party, and especially those of Crispi, is to make him responsible for the view taken in my book and do him the greatest injustice. The "Bill of Grievances," of which your reviewer speaKs as "drawn by the Crispians against France," was not that of the "Crispians," but of all Italy; and, with the exception of the intrigues in Abys- sinia, they were all in evidence before Crispi came to power or had any leading influence. The true father of the Triple Alliance was Gen. Robilant, who was of the Right and a true statesman. So far as there were any "views" ex- pressed in my book (and I tried to limit myself to the narration of facts and their logical consequences) they are my own, and, so far as I know, they do not agree with those of any of the Italian publicists or his- torians, certainly not with those of Villari, Chiala, Bersezio, La Farina, or Signora Mario, who are the main authorities on Ita- lian history. With regard to the facts, I am, of course, indebted to them and others, especially to Tivaroni; for the opinions based on those facts I am personally and entirely responsible. I am nobody's advo- cate, and nobody's defender or antagonist except where I believe that I correct mis- representation, as in Crispi's case, in which, from purely partisan motives, misrepresenta- tion has been so great as to pervert the his- tory of the time. In fact, the most com- mon objection to 'The Union of Italy' made by the English critics has been that it lacks warmth and color. But how could I give it warmth and color without departing from the severe impartiality which I had imposed on myself? I began my study of the epoch with the warmest sympathy for Carlo Alberto, but the facts dispelled it. I still retain the highest admiration for Cavour, but it does not prevent me from seeing that he made mistakes; and the en- thusiasm I felt for Mazzini in my days of participation in conspiracy did not resist the evidence which accumulated that he was a dreamer whose influence in Italian affairs was disastrous from beginning to the end, and that he had no judgment or political foresight. I wish that your reviewer had quoted the passage on which he founded his assertion that I "Imply that the Italians Inherited from Cavour their much-deplored subservi- ence to France." The exiles, Including most of the men who in later times have controlled popular feeling, and all the re- publicans and revolutionaries, refused to fol- low Cavour in his alliance with France under Napoleon III., and the "subservience to France" dates from the time of Depretis, Mancini, and Cairoll. I have said (p. 364) "the immemorial predisposition of the Italian people to regard the French as a friendly Power" — an expression which distinctly ex- cludes any such hypothesis as that this pre- disposition was an inheritance from Cavour; and (p. 393), "The Italy to which Cavour as- pired was an enlarged Piedmont, and, so far as the differences of nature permitted, he desired to make it a new England." So long as Napoleon III. was on the throne there was no "subservience," but hostility, ill con- cealed. But in that passage of the review in which Cavour and Crispi are put in contrast there is a distortion of what I have said which has no excuse. As to my judgment that Cavour was a poor judge of men, I have the au- thority of some who knew him personally, which I never did; the case of Crispi and Garibaldi was only a case in point. What I criticised was not a question of "refusal to hand Sicily and Naples over to Crispi in 1860," but of driving Garibaldi by intrigues cut of the kingdom which he had conquered for Victor Emmanuel, and over which Cavour had not the slightest moral right of control — it was sheer usurpation of the fruits of other men's labors. It was unjust, it was impo- litic, and the event has shown that it was ruinous to the completion of Italy, and that Garibaldi had a prevision which Cavour had not. No one would compare Garibaldi or Crispi with Cavour as statesman; and Crispi is even a worse judge of men than was Ca- vour; but we must remember that Cavour had with him the mass of the patriotic meu who made Italy, and a strong King who knew his duty to the country, though, of the list of men quoted by your reviewer, Rica- soli, Farini, and Minghetti are the only ones fit to be placed in the same rank as Crispi. Supported by all the moral influence of a generation of patriots, and governing the least turbulent half of Italy, Cavour could well dispense with martial law, while Crispi, in 1893, being refused the assistance of all the heads of groups (for there were no more parties or chiefs) except Sonnino, had to fight, not only a growing insurrection, but secret attacks from Court, Church, and the revolutionary element, united in personal hos- tility to him, with nothing but public opi- nion and the army to depend on. And the army, to its honor be it said, has always been true to Italy, for it has been educated in the traditions of the old Piedmont. To understand the politics of Italy to-day or to pronounce judgment on Crispi's "administra- tive ability," one must have lived in Rome when he was in power and understand the partisan rancor which is tearing the state into fragments, for such is the present fury of factional antagonism that ministries strike hands with the Vatican, or with the revolu- tion, to keep in power. And when, in 1893, the whole country was calling on Crispi as the only strong man, and (I speak of what I saw and heard) many of the most conserva- tive Italians united with the moderates in the call, and he was urged to assume dictatorial powers even by some of his own ministry.

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9G The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 the King himself (so I was assured by a con- servative Deputy fresh from a royal audi- ence) being ready to grant them, he re- fused, saying that "he was an old man with few years to live, but he would not set an example of violation of the Constitution." But neither Crispi, nor Cavour with Victor Emmanuel to back him, could have governed Italy in 1893 without martial law and the state of siege, and even with them there were days when the issue seemed doubtful. It is all very well to belittle the dangers past, but I do not forget, and Italy ought not, that to Crispi's iron will we then owed the speedy solution of the question, "to be or not to be," for the House of Savoy. Cavour was a great parliamentary statesman, Crispi a great revolutionary statesman; each was past master in his line.— Yours truly, W. J. Stillman. W. Bournemouth. Exg., January 16, lt-99. Notes. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. will publish in the near future Carlyle's letters to his younger sister, Mrs. Jane Hadding; a Life of Thaddeus Stevens, by Samuel W. McCall; a Life of Edwin M. Stanton, by George C. Gor- ham; 'Fields, Factories, and Workshops,' by Prince Peter Kropotkin; 'A Federation of the World,' by Dr. Benjamin F. Trueblood; Papias: A Study of the Second Century,' by the Rev. Edward H. Hall; 'Every-day Butter- flies,' by Samuel H. Scudder; and 'Corn Plants,' by F. L. Sargent. 'A Primary History of the United States,' by Allen C. Thomas, is shortly to be pub- lished by D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. A text-book on New York's history is in preparation for high schools and colleges by Charles H. Rammelkamp, instructor at Cor- nell. The Helman-Taylor Co., Cleveland, will publish 'An Anglican Study of Christian Symbolism,' by Miss Elizabeth Clifford Neff. The Macmillan Co. will bring out an en- tirely new edition of the 'Development and Character of Gothic Architecture,' by Prof. Charles Herbert Moore of Harvard Universi- ty, with many fresh illustrations. In mere luxury of edition Lieut. W. Ne- phew King's 'Story of the War of 1898' (New York: Peter F. Collier) leaves nothing to be desired. It is a great oblong folio, printed in large type on heavy paper, and overflowing with illustrations, mostly half-tones from nature. The author is a naval officer, and has secured Capt. Robley D. Evans to write ■an introduction for the navy, while Gen. O. O. Howard supplies one for the army. Capt. Evans's summary review is a criticism of Congress for forcing the navy to do its tho- rough work with such poor tools. Gen. Howard opens his with a praise of the pre- paration of the navy of late years, "as if in anticipation of a conflict." He Intimates a criticism of the War Department for shelv- ing Miles in favor of Shatter, permitting the latter to complete Miles's work "and receive the credit for it." The "story" proper need not be examined. It is not meant to be read in such a shape as this, being but a sort of obligato to the illustrations. These are mostly of a high degree of excellence, if more or less familiar. The lurid colored plates could well have been dispensed with; ■iiid what is the riddle of the allegory. "Her Consolation," a widow seated near her hus- band's military portrait, with the legend, "Gettysburg, 1863— Santiago, 1898"? Was the lamented gentleman slain by Lee avenged by shooting Spaniards? Similar in shape, and possibly superior in the number of colored prints of imaginary war scenes, but otherwise inferior to the foregoing, is the volume, 'Lest We Forget," published by E. R. Herrick & Co. There are some good portraits of naval commanders' and heroes, but the rest, with rare excep- tions, is rubbish. There is no text. Few historical characters have been more thoroughly itemized than Washington, thanks to his journals, letters, military or- ders, public documents, and a cloud of wit- nesses among his contemporaries. For al- most every day of his adult life we can follow him in his lying down and in his rising up. We know what books he own- ed, read and didn't read; we know his two favorite "familiar quotations," both from Addison's "Cato." These last form a natural introduction to the latest publication of the Dunlap Society, 'Washington and the Thea- tre,' by Paul Leicester Ford. We learn here when he went to the play, what he paid for the tickets, when he treated others; and his private account (surely not as juicy as old Pepys's) is supplemented by the press advertisement of the performance, or by a facsimile of the title of the published play, or a copy of an old print representing a scene, together with other invincible docu- ments, including a whole play reproduced. Incidentally light is thrown on the dawn of the drama in the colonies, and Mr. Ford records other shows than the theatre, of which the record pure and simple is rather meagre unsupported. Mr. John Thomson, librarian of the Free Library of Philadelphia, issues as its first Bulletin a Descriptive Catalogue of the Writ- ings of Sir Walter Scott, which must prove very useful for reference, as the annota- tions are very full. The whole serves as a summary life of Sir Walter, while the in- dex is to a certain limited extent an index to Scott's characters. The plan of extend- ing such catalogues to other collected works is much to be commended. The Bulletin may be procured for twelve cents, post Tree. No. 2 will analyze the "Library of Old Authors"; No. 3, 150 volumes of the Rolls Series, as catalogued by Mr. Thom- son. The enterprise may be said to ema- nate from the library of the late Jay Gould. Mr. Foster's Monthly Bulletin of the Pro- vidence Public Library for 1898, in a hand- some bound volume, is rich in lists and cata- logues on a great variety of topics, mostly of monthly current interest. Washington, Gladstone, Bismarck, Egypt, China, Spain and Spanish America, Cuba, the Philippines, are illustrated in a careful array of titles with annotations; as are California, Flor- ence, Thackeray, Photography, Latin Hym- nody, Domestic Science, etc. All these bib- liographical directories are good for the fre- quenters of any large public library. 'We re- gret that this feature of the Bulletin has come to a close fcr lack of funds, and that hereafter the Bulletin will be little more than a record of additions. The loss to the Providence public schools is palpable. G. P. Putnam's Sons announce the pub- lication of a new quarterly journal under the auspices of Section H of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science. It will bear the title of the American Anthro- I pologist (new series), and will be addressed to the general reader as well as to the spe- cialist in the study of man. The board of editors is a distinguished body of American (including Canadian) authorities. The man- aging editor is" F. W. Hodge, No. 1333 "F" Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. A handsome quarterly magazine, the Technology Review, aims to do, in part at least, for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology what the Harvard Graduates' Magazine does for the neighboring universi- ty. A feature in common is the reports from the various class secretaries, who, in fact, together constitute the committee in charge of the Review. Another is the General In- stitute News. The introductory paper is very properly a biographical sketch of Presi- dent Crafts, with a portrait. No doubt this publication will tend to hold together the alumni of the prosperous school in which it originates. Mr. Henry F. Waters's shrewd and almost "detective" face in the January number of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register will be welcome to the thousand readers of his "Genealogical Gleanings in England." The current instalment of these deals with Bromfield, Quinby (Quimby), Haskett (and Derby), Hedge, and other well- known New England connections. Mr. Hodges's notes on Roger Williams, endea- voring to fix the dates of his birth and death and the name of his wife, are good work- manship. The pedigrees of the namesake benefactor of Yale College, of the Hoar family, and of the Plymouth Brewsters in the early generations, are also among the unusually substantial contents of this num- ber. The Geographical Journal for January opens with Sir Clements Markham's address before the Royal Geographical Society on the progress of geographical work, in which he dwells especially on the proposed explora- tion of the Antarctic regions. Next follows a description of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, about 190 miles south of Java, by Mr. C. W. Andrews of the British Mu- seum. Separated from other lands by seas of enormous depths, and uninhabited until the last ten years, this island has developed an interesting fauna and flora without the in- terference of man. Apparently an upraised coral-reef, it also affords an excellent op- portunity of studying the nature and compo- sition of such formations. Major S. Paterson gives an interesting account of an expedition into the unexplored region in the valley of the Orinoco in southern Venezuela. He cha- racterizes the up-country Venezuelans, or "rationales/' as they call themselves in con- tradistinction to the "indigenos," or Indians, as "avaricious, thriftless, independent, faith- less, untruthful, lazy, capable of hard work, quick-tempered, vindictive, changeful, and full of laughter." In a land of great natural resources, which he is convinced "will one day develop into one of the richest commer- cial centres in the West," they "daily live on the verge of starvation, frequently for lack of energy to hunt for food." They were most friendly to the English, and were "disposed to view the boundary difficulty as merely a question of brag, out of which their own po- liticians, whom they distrust, hope to ag- grandize themselves in some unexplained way." Some of the results, geographical and historical, of the Pamir Boundary Commis- sion are briefly shown from a recently pub- lished report. In addition to maps accom-

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Feb. 2, 1899] The ISTation 91 panying these articles is one of the Shire Highland District in British Central Africa. The Scottish Geographical Magazine for January opens with a lively paper on the "New Seismology," by Prof. C. G. Knott, based on Prof. Milne's recently published work, but containing references to personal observations of earthquakes in Japan. The most startling result established by the new science is the fact "that the earth's surface is in a continuous state of move- ment." The delicate instruments now used "have brought to light quick tremors, gentle pulsations, and slow tiltings, not merely in so-called earthquake countries, but in every country under the sun." In regard to true earthquakes, the writer thinks there is some evidence of a tendency to increased fre- quency at times of new moon and full moon. He devotes himself mainly to a discussion of the problem of determining the velocities of the various waves of disturbance. There is also a useful summary of a report to the British Foreign Office on the trade of Central and Southern China, in which considerable information is given in regard to the im- portant places in the Yangtze valley, the products and natural resources of the coun- try, trade routes, and taxes. That most excellent scientific compend the Annuaire du Bureau dcs Longitudes for 1899 keeps well up to the high standard of pre- vious years. There is much, of course, be- sides astronomy; M. Cornu contributing on weights and measures, optics and electri- city, M. Moureaux on terrestrial magnetism, and M. Levasseur on geography and statis- tics. The special committee of the Bureau on the preparation of the Annuaire is com- posed of MM. Janssen (who recites the pro- mess of his high-level work on the sum- mit of Mont Blanc), Cornu, and Loewy, the last of whom is now director of the Paris Observatory. The appendixes to the An- nuaire occupy rather less space than usual, and embody several papers of interest— "Sur les ballons-sondes," by M. Bouquet de la Grye; "La GeodSsie moderne en France," by M. Bassot; and, most important of all, a paper by M. Gautler on the great siderostatic telescope he is now building for next year's Exposition. It has an object-glass of nearly fitly inches diameter set up on edge in a fixed position, its focal length being nearly -00 feet. This is the largest glass ever con- structed, being nearly one-quarter larger in diameter than the Yerkes glass, and collect- ing about one-half more light. But, being fed by an enormous mirror or siderostat, which must occasion a large loss, it remains to be seen whether its performance will equal that of the Lick and Yerkes telescopes, even supposing the objective to have reach- ed the high standards set and maintained by the Clarks. Minerva, the so-called (Italian) review of reviews — rather, an eclectic magazine, trans- lating or abridging notable articles from peri- odicals in many languages — enters on its ninth year as a weekly, instead of a month- ly, and introduces illustrations (even comic pickings) for the first time. In this country the change would, to the expert, signify a want of prosperity; but we will hope other- wise. The publication office is in Rome, Corso, No. 219. A significant article on Armenia is pub- lished in No. 289 of the Berlin Rundschau, the editor assuring his readers that the au- thor is a recognized Oriental scholar and tra- veller, and that the inside information here given is based on the best of authority. The article states that the Turkish Government does not wish a repetition of the massacres of 1895 and 1896, but that it is not able to carry out this resolution as against the Kurds. This explains the recurrence on a small scale of these atrocities, as recently at Bitlis. The writer states that "the last Oriental war of 1877-78 did not cost the Turkish Government as much as the events in Arme- nia in 1895-96." In round numbers, about 250,000 personswere killed in these massacres; and still worse was the thorough spoliation of the entire people. As a result, agriculture and cattle-raising, as well as taxes, are out of the question. "The order came from Constantinople to decimate the Armenians, in the sense that everywhere those who were conspicuous for their property, education, or influence should be killed, and in general the younger element should be put to the sword." "To attain this end, three methods were chosen, namely (1), the Turkish population were informed beforehand and were armed; (2) the irregular troops were employed, es- pecially the Kurds; (3) the regular troops were also used." In-some cities even the ar- tillery were employed. A number of prominent gentlemen in France have organized themselves into an Associa- tion Historique pour l'lDtude de l'Afrique, the object of the society being to send ex- ploring expeditions into the desert of Sa- hara for the purpose of finding remains of former cities and to prosecute studies in re- ference to their early condition. Among the members of this society are found such in- fluential men as the Prince of Arenberg, Prince Bonaparte, Count de Bizemont, Baron Hultot, Count Greffable, General Larchey, Marquis de Vogue, and others. Sufficient funds have already been secured to send out an expedition during the current year, which will operate in Morocco, Tunis, South Al- giers, and Tripolis. During the current winter semester of 1898-99 the twenty-one universities of the German Empire, including the Academy of Miinster, have been attended by 32,597 ma- triculated students, of whom the nine Prus- sian universities had 16,416. The number of foreigners is 2,092, of whom the greater pro- portion are in Berlin (504), Leipzig (305), and Munich (202). If we include in these statistics the schools of technology, veteri- nary science, mining, forestry, and agricul- ture, the whole number of students in Ger- many would be 44,333 matriculates and S.918 hearers. Without entering into details, we may add that the technical schools have 9,380 matriculates and 2,536 hearers, and 1,598 foreigners, of whom 540 are Russians; the veterinary schools have 1,206 matricu- lates and 160 hearers, and 54 foreigners, of whom 24 are Russians; schools of mining, 602 matriculates, 45 hearers, and 201 for- eigners, of whom 96 are Russians; forestry, 201 matriculates, 7 hearers, and 85 foreign- ers, of whom 43 are Russians; agriculture, 347 matriculates and 66 hearers, and 26 for- eigners, of whom 18 are Russians. This pre- ponderance of Russians is a remarkable phe- nomenon, and the fear has been expressed that, with the opening of the new institute of technology at Danzig, the Russian may outnumber the German students. A unique book has been prepared and pub- lished by a special committee appointed by the German Stenographical Association, namely, a 'Hiiufigkeitsworterbuch,' a dic- tionary of which the object is to determine <My the relative frequency of oc- currence of the more common words in 1 In- German language. No fewer than eleven million words were counted. It appears that the three words most frequently used were "die," "der," and "und." The first-men- tioned occurred 358,054 times; the second, 354,526; the third, 320,985 times; so that these three little words figure nearly one-tenth in the actual use made of the German tongue. The Presidential appointment of the late John Russell Young to the headship of the National Library was an historical event, not to say scandal; consequently the curiosity of posterity as to Mr. Young's personality de- served to be satisfied. Mr. F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, has done his part in an im- perial panel photographic likeness belonging to his notable gallery of public characters. It bears the usual marks of his expertness in his art. —We record with regret the death, on Ja- nuary 28, at Westborough, Mass., of the Rev. H. Warren Fay, a voluminous contribu- tor to the Nation for a long period in the department of Notes and Reviews. Mr. Fay was a classmate at Harvard (class of 1862) of the late John Richard Dennett, who in 1874 passed away under his friendly roof. He was afterwards for a time settled in Nan- tucket, but returned to his old home, with health fatally impaired. For several years he had been completely bedridden, and his suffering was constant and periodically in- tense. His spirit, however, was indomitable, and he was a standing lesson in courage and endurance to all his acquaintance. He was an omnivorous reader, and kept him- self abreast of French literature in particu- lar. The private notes, latterly written in pencil, which issued from his sick-chamber, were admirable for lightness and good cheer. He had a great capacity for friendship, a warm and generous disposition. His unabat- ed interest in the intellectual movement of the time, while racked by his malady, was truly remarkable. —The issue of Mr. R. L. Poole's great His- torical Atlas by the Clarendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde) goes steadily on, with none of the vexatious delays so apt to occur in the production of such a monumental work. Part xx. is already at hand, and the remaining ten parts, it is expected, will ap- pear during 1899. The later numbers (xiii.- xx.) on the whole maintain the standard of the earlier issues. With their appearance the series of maps illustrating the history of the British Isles is enriched by Mr. G. G. Smith's Scotland, c. 1600; Mr. W. H. Steven- son's England and Wales before the Norman Conquest; the Editor's England and Wales after the accession of the Tudors; and Mr. R. Dunlop's Ireland (1541-1643). Miss Ewart continues her series of Italian maps with the House of Savoy in Italy, and Italia Sacra; while Mr. Rhodes adds to his French series France in the thirteenth century, and Gallia Sacra, besides Europe in the eighteenth cen- tury prior to the French Revolution. Prof. Bury contributes two maps of the Eastern Roman Empire, one in the tenth century (two plates), the other 1025-1472, and Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole has three maps of West- ern Asia — under the Mohammedans (c. 970 and c. 1070); under Saladin (1190); and un- der tin Mongols (1330). The series of ec- clesiastical maps is further enlarged by the Editor's map of the ecclesiastical organiza- tion of the Spanish Peninsula, and the gene-

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92 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 ral European series by Prof. Prothero's Eu- rope, 1814-1863; Mr. Oman's Europe in 1360, and the Editor's Europe at the time of Otto (962). Mr. Poole further contributes two maps of Germany, one under the Hohen- staufen (1138-1254) and one in the later Mid- dle Ages (1273-1492). The promise of the title of the Atlas to comprise parts of the New World connected with European his- tory sees a partial fulfilment in three maps by Mr. H. E. Egerton— European Explora- tions and Colonies from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, European Colonies and Dependencies 1763, and European Colonies, Dependencies, and States Independent of Eu- ropean Powers (1815-1897). Unfortunately, these (in particular the maps relating to the United States) by no means equal the Eu- ropean maps in a6curacy or execution. It is matter for regret that this part of the work could not have been assigned to a competent specialist in American cartography. In that case, to take three examples of many, Oregon, the Louisiana Purchase, and Texas (plate 89) might have been more than mere conven- tional spaces on a map without form (correct form, at least) and void; and the city of Baltimore would not have dated her founda- tion from 1632 (plate 85). — In his elaborate and painstaking work on 'L'Ouvrier Americain' (Paris: L. Larose), E. Levasseur offers a good antidote to social unrest. Believing that a high rate of wages is a consequence of high productive ability, he sees much in the condition of the laborer in the United States to suggest a continued and even greater advance in material ad- vantage. If wages fall, it will be due to an excess of labor available through the failure of agriculture to absorb its contingent of immigrants. Any influence of the protective tariff in increasing or even maintaining wages is denied, and our author adopts to the full the opinion that the rate of wages is not determined by the price of the article pro- duced, citing the rise in agricultural wages in the face of a great fall in the prices of ag- ricultural products. Nor does he favor the intervention of the state save for the health and safety of the laborers. Individualism and state agency are the two often opposing principles controlling the development of in- dustry, and upon the preservation of a proper balance between them must depend the free- dom or subjection of the workingman. Pro- fit-sharing and cooperation have played but little part in the United States, while social- ism is regarded as an unimportant factor. Trades unions are good so far as they aid the sick and the needy, and so far as they enable the laborer to withstand the undue pressure of organized capital; but a strike is a condi- tion of war. The danger lies in the widen- ing breach between employer and employed, considered as belonging to two distinct classes of beings. Materially and men- tally, they may seem to differ from one an- other, but morally their interests are the same. — Although M. Levasseur's volumes were printed in 1898, he would be obliged to mo- dify some of his opinions in the light of recent events. The increasing weight of the debt due to Europe, paid for in exports the prices of which were falling, would hardly be considered to-day as affecting the general economy of the country. The question of restricting immigration, which M. Levasseur believed would be determined in a few years In fayor of more stringent m'ui pears to have been settled in a very differ- ent manner by the policy of expansion. If the competition of the blacks is to be feared In home industries, what would he have said to the competition of Cubans or Tagals in agricultural production, such as sugar and tropical fruits? Finally, M. Levasseur holds that the Americans enjoy a considerable ad- vantage over Europeans in having no stand- ing army, or costly marine, or war expenses demanding heavy sacrifices. If the estimates of Mr. Gage are accepted, this advantage must soon be in a measure neutralized. For the future of American enterprise M. Le- vasseur is very hopeful, having an unbounded faith in the good sense and conservatism of the people. Some of his criticisms of labor agitators might be well applied to our poli- tical leaders, if leaders they can be called; and the wage-earner has more to fear from their irresponsible schemes than from the concentration of large industries. We could wish that this work might reach those with whose interests it deals. The selection and arrangement of details prove the ability of the writer, while the philosophic treatment of the subject could hav.e come only from one who has passed a lifetime in studying so- cial statistics. —A cheap and approximately complete translation of the 'Thousand and One Nights' has long been lacking. This want is now being filled— at least for readers of German— by a version at present appearing in the ex- cellent little Universal -Bibliothch of Reclam in Leipzig. It is by a certain Max Henning, who is unknowr to us as an Arabist, but who seems to be fairly equal to the task which he has undertaken. In ten Doppel-Bandchen of about 200 pages each and costing each 40 pfennigs, his version has reached Night 606, and we may therefore expect its completion in seven or eight parts more. At that rate, the whole book will not cost more than eight marks — a phenomenal price for a complete 'Arabian Nights.' There is a short three- page preface with some bibliographical de- tails, not always very accurate, as to former translations, a statement that the present translation is based on the Buliiq edition (evidently meaning the second), and a pro- mise of a supplement taken from other edi- tions and of an appendix examining the large question of origin, authorship, etc. Besides the second Biilaq edition, the translator has used largely that of Breslau, and has also drawn a good deal from Burton. Thus, it is only through Burton that the Calcutta edi- tion of the first two hundred Nights has been accessible to him, and, apparently, the same is the case with the Macnaghten edition; otherwise it is hard to see why he did not take it as a base. The existence of the first BQlaq edition, which Lane used, seems to have been unknown to him. The transla- tion is good, and more complete than any other that has been published except Tor- rens's most unfortunately uncompleted ver- sion of the first fifty Nights, and the Burton edited by L. C. Smithers. About half of the verse has been omitted, and what is left, except a few specimens of the translator's ability to turn out Kniittel-cers, is rendered into prose after the fashion of Lane. Of rhymed prose only one specimen so far Is given, though, after Ruckert's masterly imi- tation of the 'Maqamat' of al- Hariri, a Ger- man might have been expected to again essay the impossible. The notes are few and in- adequate; for a commentary on the Nights jyg jnust si ill go to Lane. And so, in a com- bination of Lane and this version, the or- dinary reader will probably find his most satisfactory access at a moderate price to the great Saga-book of Islam. — There is a great difference of opinion among experts on the possibilities of Chi- na's foreign commerce. The great province of Yunnan, with a population of 8,000,000 souls, has been studied by an English con- sul", and by the mission of French merchants sent out by the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons. As the trade of this province may be turned into an English route by way of Bur- mah, or into French territory by way of Tonkin, each investigator had an interest in showing that the trade was worth making an effort to secure. The French commission re- ports that this trade is now $3,600,000 a year. The exports are chiefly opium and metals, copper and tin. Owing to rebellion and governmental interference, the mining of these metals has decreased until it now amounts to less than one-fourth the interest worked at the beginning of this century. The mandarins have the right to purchase the metal mined, and they resell at a profit, made larger by the difference between a pound in buying and in selling, the differ- ence varying according to the mandarin. Tea from the hills, tin, and opium are used as currency, and barter is the general rule. Four-fifths of the imports consists of cot- ton yarn, and this comes from India and Japan. Apart from that item, the "import trade is of no importance." —The English report is no less certain in tone, and speaks of the rumors of actual and potential trade, vast mineral resources, and "innumerable impossible schemes" for railways and developing the country. The obstacles to working the mines are so many and great as must certainly debar capital from profit, while, apart from the minerals, the province has few resources, and the in- habitants are lazy to a degree. As to a rail- road to Burmah, an engineer says that "by piercing half-a-dozen Mount Cenis tunnels and erecting a few Menai bridges" the road could be built. The entire trade in the pro- vince is in the hands of peddlers, and the movement of merchandise is in consequence small. Ssumao, the most southerly town of any importance in China, possesses no shops of any kind, and street stalls suffice for conducting all traffic. The staples dealt in are tea and raw cotton; the latter being dis- tributed among the country people, who spin and weave it in their homes. The total import of foreign cottons and woollens is only $3,700 a year. As to the people, "they are entirely at a loss to account for the presence of foreign officials. It is useless to explain that we are here for the purpose of fostering trade, as the obvious retort is that there is no trade worth fostering." This is one of the provinces nearest to the Philip- pines, and which is to be exploited com- mercially through those islands — according to the programme of the imperialists. RECOLLECTIONS AND THE RECORD. Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War. By James R. Gilmore (Edmund Kirke). Illustrated. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. 8vo, pp. 338. In historical studies few things are so dif- ficult as to estimate the value of personal recollections. After a lapse of many years, s,. likeiv tn be amended and eularg,

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Feb. :899J The nSTation 93 ed by the injection of material drawn from later events and experiences, that not a few of the more cautious investigators accept the rule that such recollections are of value only as they are supported by contemporaneous memoranda. Mr. Gilmore tells us in general that he was in the habit of making notes of his con- versations with Mr. Lincoln, and it is to be hoped that the original notes are preserved and may some day be given to the world in their authentic shape. It is a little hard to believe that a young man, as yet quite un- known to fame, lectured Mr. Lincoln upon the mischievous effect of his having Mr. Sew- ard in his cabinet when as yet the cabinet was hardly a month old and Sumter had not fallen. Yet our author tells us that in that first interview he gravely informed the Pre- sident that, if the Southern leaders had not thought Mr. Seward a coward, they probably would not have opened the cannonade upon Fort Sumter which was then going on; and that if he listened "to the timid advice which Mr. Seward, from his extreme caution, is sure to give him, he will run the country upon the rocks, where no earthly power can save it from going to pieces." He tells us that he broadly intimated that Mr. Robert J. Walk- er of Mississippi, who was present, was, since Andrew Jackson was dead, the proper person to replace Mr. Seward. We also learn that he opened to the President a plan of military operations for subduing the rebel- lion, which he thinks was essentially that to which we finally had to come. This, how- ever, was so often done by other people, first and last, that it is of comparatively lit- tle importance. A little later we are given at second hand, through Mr. Walker, an intimation that Mr. Lincoln followed up the suggestion of his young visitor, by offering the State Depart- ment to the gentleman named, who disin- terestedly replied that he thought a change would not then be wise. The difficulty, of course, is in reconciling this with the fact, known from a thousand sources, that Mr. Seward's optimism not only did noharm in itself, but was consistent with so cheerful a readiness to carry out faithfully the Pre- sident's views when they overruled his own, that Mr. Lincoln stuck to him to the day of bis death, and did not yield even to the formal request of a committee of the Senate to remove him. A curious episode is Mr. Gilmore's visit, as a representative of Mr. Greeley, to Gen. Rosecrans, in the summer of 1863, with over- lures to the General to become a candidate for the Presidency. The author professes penitence for his part in this intrigue to supplant Mr. Lincoln, which came to no- thing; but other incidents of his visit help us form a judgment of the accuracy of his memory, for we are now on ground covered by the Official Records. We are told that "soon after the battle of Stone's River the Secretary [Mr. Stanton] had written the General a personal letter, saying that he had made up his mind to of- fer a major-generalship in the regular army to the brigadier who first won an important victory." Rosecrans's indignation is drama- tically told. "Does he suppose I will sacri- fice the lives of my men to serve my personal ambition?" But "Stanton was a good hater. He took mortal offence at the attitude of Rosecrans, and then began to make a series of demands upon him that were impossible of execution; his last being a peremptory order tor a forward movement upon Chattanooga. This order Rosecrans had refused to obey, on the ground that it would imperil his army — a truth de- monstrated four months lattr by the slaugh- ter at Chickamauga; and now he asked me to lay before Mr. Lincoln his reasons for disobeying the Secretary's demands." The sequel was that Mr. Gilmore went to Washington "near the close of May," repre- sented to Mr. Lincoln that Rosecrans and every one of his general officers thought a forward movement would be suicidal and end in defeat, and gave his own advice to the President to "retire Stanton to a clerical po- sition and give Rosecrans full command of all the armies." He reports further that, upon his presentation of the case, the Presi- dent told him he might say to Rosecrans that the order would be countermanded, and that it would not be renewed till the General was supplied with all the men and horses he wanted; finally, that he persuaded Mr. Lin- coln to telegraph at once to Rosecrans that the order was countermanded, by saying "it would be a salve to a good many of Stan- ton's wounds." It would be difficult to put more errors into the same space. The letter concerning the Major-Generalship was not a personal one of Stanton, but an official one of Hal- leck. An "important and decisive victory" does not imply a sacrifice to a general's per- sonal ambition. Stanton could not himself make such an offer, but it implied action by the President. It was not soon after the battle of Stone's River, but two months af- terward. No series of demands was made by Stanton; the demands were constantly made by Rosecrans, and Stanton and all his subor- dinates showed marvellous patience and good will in dealing with them. No peremptory order for a forward movement on Chatta- nooga was made by Stanton or any one else. No order was countermanded. Gilmore could not have carried to Washington rea- sons for Rosecrans's disobedience. Rose- crans collected the opinions of his general officers on the subject of a forward movement by a circular inquiry dated June 8, two weeks after Gilmore had left the army. On the 12th, Garfield, as Chief of Staff, analyzed the replies, and, notwithstanding them, showed such cogent reasons for an advance that Rosecrans yielded to them. The circumstances which led to this inci- dent all occurred after Gilmore left the army. It was well known in Washington, as it was at the front, that Breckinridge, with ten thousand men, had been sent from Bragg's army to reinforce Johnston, who was trying to raise the siege of Vicksburg. Rosecrans's force was now 60 per cent, great- er than Bragg's, and it was summer. Mr. Lincoln personally telegraphed Rosecrans on the 28th of May: "I would not push you to any rashness, but I am very anxious that you do your utmost, short of rashness, to keep Bragg from getting off to help Johnston against Grant." Rose- crans's answer was the offensively curt one: "Dispatch received. I will attend to it," and he did nothing. On the 11th of June Halleck telegraphed: "I deem it my duty to repeat to you the great dissatisfaction that is felt here at your inactivity. There seems to be no doubt that a part of Bragg's force has gone to Johnston." In reply, Rosecrans told of his circular and his subordinates' an- swers, with the astonishing proposition that "no one thinks an advance advisable until Vicksburg's fate is determined"! He coolly counselled "caution and patience at head- quarters." Halleck answered at once, pa- tiently controverting his reasons, explicitly saying the authorities would not order him to fight Bragg, but, having given him all the forces they could, the responsibility must rest with him. Then came Garfield's unan- swerable review of the situation and advice to his chief to march against the enemy, of course, reinforced by personal discussion. Rosecrans was convinced that he ought to march, but said nothing to allay the anxiety at Washington, and on the 16th Halleck telegraphed the question, "Is it your intention to make an immediate move- ment forward? A definite answer, yes, or no, is required." Rosecrans answered pet- tishly: "If immediate means to-night or to- morrow, No. If it means as soon as all things are ready, say five days, Yes." He began the movement on Tullahoma on the 24th, and Bragg's consequent retreat beyond the Tennessee River is regarded by Rose- crans's admirers as one of his chief claims to renown. Meanwhile, to give Grant help in place of that which would have been more effectively given by the advance of Rose- crans and Burnside in conjunction, Burnside was ordered to send the Ninth Corps direct to Vicksburg, and his own movement into East Tennessee was delayed. Grant won the Major-Generalship. Comparing this brief summary of the record with Mr. Gilmore's narrative of his interview with Lincoln in the latter part of May, it becomes evident that his recollection plays queer pranks with him. We do not need to conclude that these Recollections will have no value to the his- torian. Some of them are better supported by contemporaneous evidence. An expert investigator will judge sagaciously as to the parts which may be antecedently probable. As a direct contribution to history, however, the book will need to be sifted as to every page, and it will be of more use in helping to give "local color" to incidents of the civil war than as proof of any important facts. EMIN PASHA. Emm Pasha: his Life and Work. Compiled from his journals, letters, scientific notes, and from official documents, by Georg Schweitzer. With an introduction by R. W. Felkin, M.D. 2 vols. Westminster: A. Constable & Co.; New York: Hadley & Mathews. 1898. Portrait, map. 8vo. Recent events in the Sudan, the capture of Khartum and the occupation of Fashoda by the French, have given a timely interest to this biography. Emin Pasha, next to Gor- don, was the most striking figure in the early history of the Mahdist revolt. Had he fallen, like his leader, in the defence of his pro- vince, he would have ranked with him among the world's heroes. But in the strong light which the Stanley rescue expedition cast upon him, the world was disillusioned. It discovered that he was a man brought into prominence by circumstance, and not by his force of character or by his heroic deeds. The impression made by the present bio- graphy, which, consisting almost wholly of extracts from his letters and diaries, is prac- tically an autobiography, is the same as that made by the accounts of Stanley, Jephson, and his companion in his last expedition, Stuhlmann. He appears to have been a man thoroughly conscientious in the discharge of !3 for the material welfare of

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94 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1753 the people whom he ruled, but lacking strong moral or religious convictions; a man, in a word, who became a Turk in nearly every- thing but his passionate love of nature. This is not surprising, if we remember that he lived for years in an enervating climate and deprived of any stimulating companionship. He himself was conscious of this deteriora- tion, for he refers in a letter, half-humor- ously, of course, to the fact that "my mental acclimatisation, i. c, my degeneration into the negro and the egoist, has proceeded apace, and so satisfactorily that at times I am quite alarmed." So, when the time for decisive action came, he was found wanting. Had he been what the world imagined him to be, when both England and Germany sent out costly expeditions for his succor, he would have founded an enduring state at the headwaters of the Nile, and advanced the civilization of Central Africa by half a cen- tury. Beyond a brief sketch of his early years and the facts contained in Dr. Felkin's in- troduction, these volumes, compiled with much discretion by a near relative, contain little new material which is worthy of note. Bmin was born in Oppeln, Prussian Silesia, in 1840, studied medicine at the University of Berlin, and entered the Turkish service as medical officer at Antivari in 1865. At this time he discarded his real name, Edward Schnitzer, for a Turkish one, though he did not assume the name of Emin until he joined Gen. Gordon in 1876 at Lado, on the White Nile. The next two years were spent mainly in missions to Mtesa and Kabarega, Kings of Uganda and Unyoro respectively. Emin's account of these missions and of some of- ficial tours through Equatoria, which suc- ceeded them, constitutes by far the pleasant- est part of the biography. They show him at his best— a keen observer, with unusual descriptive powers, and possessing infinite patience and remarkable tact in dealing with the natives. At one village a unique enter- tainment was provided for him: "No sooner was it dusk than dancing be- gan. At four different places drums re- sounded, and choruses, accompanied by ener- getic hand-clapping, responded to the recita- tive of a bard, who seized upon all sorts of subjects as themes for his improvised song. One of Rionga's people gave a very amusing imitation of myself inquiring for, and jotting down, the names of mountains, streams, plants, etc.— not even forgetting to mimic my taking bearings with the compass. 'What is the name of that village in front of us?' asked the impersonator. He himself gave the answer, 'Kljaja,' whereupon the chorus took up the word 'Kijaja,' and re- peated it about ten times." In 1878 Gordon, with some hesitation, ap- pointed him governor of the Equatorial Pro- vince, and for-several years he devoted him- self with untiring energy and considerable success to developing its resources. Dr. Jun- ker, the Russian explorer, gives an attractive picture of its condition soon after the rising of the Mahdi. As he approached Lado he went "through uninterrupted cultivated fields in the Bar! country. What a contrast to the native tillage we had left behind! Here even the negro's holding is secure; every- where browsing herds, and the inhabitants of the many Bar! hamlets, so far from being scared away by our approach, go on quietly with their work. My boys opened their eyes wide on seeing that here the strong does not rob the weak, and that the mighty gov- ernment of the Turk leaves the negro's Dron- erty inviolate." The station itself was "changed almost be- yond recognition," with its wide, regular streets and brick houses surrounded by lemon trees. From this time, however, Emin was forced to give up his civilizing work and to devote himself wholly to the task of maintaining himself against the attacks of the Mahdist Emirs. The history of his limited success, which was mainly due to his situation and not to the valor or loyalty of his soldiers, is told In minute and somewhat wearisome de- tail. It is unnecessary to dwell at length upon the account of the rescue. The in- terested motives and malign influence at- tributed to Mr. Stanley and to England, both by Emin and by his biographer, are clearly disproved in the translator's notes and Dr. Felkin's statement. The truth is, that the two men, unsympathetic by nature, were mutually and keenly disappointed in each other. Emin confidently expected moral and material support from Stanley, which the terrible hardships the latter had endured prevented him from giving. Stanley looked for a man like Gordon, forceful in character and action— a natural ruler of men, before whom he was to lay the proposition of the King of the Belgians to hold Equatoria as a part of the Congo Free State, and that of an English company to found with their aid a new state on the Victoria Nyanza. He found an amiable gentleman who had lost control of his mutinous followers — a band of wretched Egyptian clerks and savage Su- danese— and who was incapable of deciding even whether to stay or go. The sad story of Emin's last expedition, to which the second volume is wholly devoted, has already been told by his companion Dr. Stuhlmann, and reviewed five years ago in these columns. To that admirable account only personal details, which have little gene- ial interest, are added here. With the aim of extending the German possessions, Emin started from the coast in April, 1890, and with considerable difllculty reached the un- explored region to the west of the lakes. Here the expedition, weakened by hardships and the lack of food, was decimated by an epidemic of smallpox. The able-bodied were sent back to the east coast with Dr. Stuhl- mann, and Emin, after some months' delay, went westward with a vague intention of reaching the Cameroons. A few days* march from the Congo, in October, 1892, he was murdered by some Arabs, in revenge, his bio- grapher thinks, for a raid he made on an Arab station. It is a pitiful tale in which the catastrophe is foreshadowed by such entries as these in his diary, "I am very weary. Would it were over!" "Would that I had died after my fall on the stones of Baga- moyo!" The rank of Emin among men of science must be determined by them. In this bio- graphy he appears only as an enthusiastic collector from his boyhood to his death. This passionate and thoroughly unselfish love of nature was a resource of immeasurable worth in his situation. It was a constant stimulus to exertion, and kept him from mental stagnation. He longs for rescue, not that he may return to Europe and friends, but because "it would be a crime if all these beautiful collections were ruined." In one of the darkest days of the last expedition he writes, "Amidst all my recent troubles and trials, I have had one great consolation: I have discovered a largish cat, hitherto un- known to naturalists." The last entry in his diary, made probably a few moments before his murder, Is, "Das Barometer stelgt schnell [the barometer is rising rapidly]." Many of the museums of Europe were enriched by his zealous and absolutely disinterested la- bors, while his life-long attitude towards fellow- workers in science is shown in this sentence from one of his letters: "In any case, if either you or any of your friends wish for anything which it is possible for me to procure, whether in the department of zoology, botany, or otherwise, my services are absolutely at your disposal." He will have an enduring monument in his contribu- tions to the scientific knowledge of Central Africa, though posterity will probably deny his right to the title once given him, "the apostle of culture." His civilizing work has apparently left no trace. A word of praise should be spoken for the uniform excellence of the translation, which is in such smooth, idiomatic English that it is difficult to realize that it is a translation from the German. The volumes are attrac- tive in their appearance, and contain an index and a map of Emin's journeys in Africa. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom. By Wilbur H. Siebert, Asso- ciate Professor of History in Ohio State University. Macmillan Co. 1898. 8vo, pp. xxv, 478. That humor which heaven bestowed in large measure on the. abolitionists, while denying it in toto to slaveholding republi- cans, invented the term "Underground Rail- road" for an expedition always carried on above ground, and with only secondary use of railroads. An extension of the metaphor produced "agents, station-keepers or con- ductors." Political geography (as, the adja- cency of free Canada to the slaveholding United States as a whole, the adjacency of the free North to the slaveholding South), topography, character and derivation of population (as, New Englanders in the West- ern Reserve; Quakers in Southern Ohio, In- diana, and Illinois, who had left the South in order to have done with slavery), all con- tributed to determine the "routes." Yet in all this there was no "institution," scarcely here and there an organization till the Fugi- tive Slave Law of 1850 produced vigilance committees, not so much to help fugitives northward as to keep their free fellow-citi- zens from being kidnapped, and to warn man-hunters from free soil. Prof. Siebert, in preparing his mono- graph, had the advantage of several valua- ble works on the operation of the U. G. R. R., especially in Cincinnati, Southern Penn- sylvania, and Philadelphia. With commenda- ble industry he has made independent re- searches, ransacked anti-slavery literature, conversed with survivors, acquired where he could original records, letters, etc., drawn up a list of more than 3,000 "helpers," made estimates of the amount of traffic, retailed some of the more striking causes cilibres, made the first map of routes, examined the several laws attempted or enacted to carry out the constitutional provision for the re- turn of fugitives, and compiled a useful though not exhaustive bibliography. The re- sult is a work of reference of very high value, enhanced by a large number of portraits and other illustrations. It is, moreover, in the main, surprisingly readable, for the au- thor shows no great skill in construction, is somewhat repetitious, occasionally fatiguing- ly minute, and lacks graphic or pathetic power to narrate specimen fugitive cases

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Feb. 2, 1899] T li e 1ST a t i o n 95 which are among the most thrilling, heroic, tragic, and shameful in American annals. One who desires to view the subject on this side should turn rather to Levi Coffin's memoirs or to William Still's 'Underground Railroad Records.' The work is not pure history. It is frank- ly that of an entire sympathizer with Under- ground motives and methods. It has, fur- ther, a thesis, which is, that Underground activity furnished a connecting link of senti- ment between the earlier and the latter-day abolitionists, and that the "institution" had a far larger part in determining emancipa- tion—by telling upon the patience of the slaveholding oligarchy, and impelling them to secession — than historians and biograph- ers commonly allow. But this is somewhat to confound two factors in the situation: one, the humane sympathies which led Northerners of whatever political affiliation to hide the outcast and speed him privily on his way to a free country; the other, the open revolt against the Constitutional provision and the Fugitive Slave Law in particular, as evinced by Personal Liberty laws and vigilance committees, Shadrach and Jerry rescues, 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' and John Brown's wild scheme of a wholesale hegira. The annual losses by escapes, aided or un- aided, the South could and would have put up with but for the signs of the growing pub- lic sentiment of abhorrence of slavery, with desire and resolve to restrict the extension of the slave area. This manifestation of a militant Northern conscience was due al- most wholly to the persistent, organized, and uncompromising propaganda of the abo- litionists, with its inevitable effect upon the creed of parties. A man did not have to be a Liberty Party man, Conscience Whig. Pree-Soiler, or Republican to be merciful and helpful to the fleeing victims of slavery — if not systematically, at least on occasion. Here there was no touchstone but a com- mon humanity. But, had there been no spe- cific anti-slavery agitation, we might to-day be living under the conditions of 1860. For this argument, two facts are decisive: one is that secession was fomented and pre- cipitated by the fire-eaters of the Gulf States, or the parts of the South which suffered least from abduction or fugaciousness. The other is, that nothing but a divinely inspired mad- ness prevented the leaders of secession from accepting at the hands of Congress and the States in 1861 terms of constitutional amend- ment and guarantee which would have fortified the Slave Power beyond its wildest dreams in 1787. The real moral which Prof. Siebert's monograph points, though he does not (we think) remark it, is that had two incompati- ble contiguous confederacies been establish- ed by secession on this continent, the Under- ground Railroad (impossible to suspend as long as man was man) would have speedily led to a renewal of hostilities. To doubt that the Southern leaders foresaw this, is to dis- credit their discernment; but then we must infer that their aim was not independence, but to make this country, in Lincoln's words, "wholly slave"— that is, at least to make slave property in transit inviolable in every part of the Union. Prof. Siebert's explorations have some- times stopped short of first-hand authority. On page 68 he professes ignorance of a Phila- delphia Underground society of Quakers censured by Washington in 1786 (April 12, net May; the citation is at third hand). The organization in question can hard- ly have been other than the "Pennsyl- vania Society for promoting the abolition of slavery, the relief of free negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and for improving the con- dition of the African race." It was at that date on the point of revising its constitution, and in 1787 it made Franklin its first Presi- dent. (See Edward Needles's 'Historical Memoir' of this society, Philadelphia, 1848, or the late W. F. Poole's 'Anti-Slavery Opi- nions before the year 1806,' Cincinnati, 1873). As Washington complains of "a vexatious lawsuit respecting a slave," the case and the Society together are removed from the Un- derground category. On page 219, our author cites newspaper and magazine authority for extending the operations of the U. G. R. R. to Nova Scotia as well as to Canada. His "set- tlements of ex-slaves near Halifax," how- ever, are only the remains of the Maroons introduced in 1796 from Jamaica, and most- ly afterwards deported to Sierra Leone. De- pendence on Henry Wilson's 'Rise and Fall of the Slave Power' has made him miss both the exact date (May, 1843) of Mr. Garrison's address of welcome and promised succor to fugitives, and the significance of it as a criti- cism on a similar invitation penned by Gerrit Smith. For this he should turn to the Libe- rator (-13: 871. We have noticed one error on page 99, in Francis Jackson's letter to Theo- dore Parker, where "Brynes" stands for "[Anthony] Burns." The excellent index escapes this pitfall so far as to admit no Brynes; but then Burns is cheated of an entry due him. Matter, Energy, Force, and Work. By Silas W. Holman. Macmillan. 1898. 8vo, pp. 257. Very competent physicists may have a dif- ficulty in forming perfectly clear conceptions of the fundamental Ideas of physics; and the more difficulty they have, the more likely they are to want to write books on the subject, and the more deleterious those books will be. These are the minds which ne- glect the maxim of logic that the meaning of a word lies in the use that is to be made of it, so that every term of general physics ought to stand for a definite general phe- nomenon; and whoever clearly apprehends to what phenomenon a physical term re- fers, has nothing further to learn about that term except its grammatical construction. For instance, the word mass serves to ex- press the law of action and reaction. If mass is defined as "the quantity of mat- ter," then what is meant is the quantity of matter as measured by action and reaction. Mass, therefore, has to be distinguished from iccight, if by weight we refer to the pull toward the earth against the elasticity of a spring-balance. But to introduce dis- tinctions of terminology which refer to no differences in the phenomena, is an idle pedantry that only confuses at once the language and the ideas of students, and puts them out of rapport with the body of scien- tific men. Prof. Holman's word "weightal" is as superfluous as it is unbeautiful. The only way to keep scientific terminolo- gy free from confusion is to recognize the right of him who introduces a given con- ception into science to confer upon it its scientific designation and symbol, which should never be rejected nor changed except for really substantial reasons, such as the previous use in another signification of the word chosen. No man of sense will upon any light occasion violate all usage in this matter, any more than In any other. For Instance, the word gravitation is appropriat- ed by all writers to that fixed attraction be- tween distant bodies which varies only as their mass, while gravity is used for the ac- celeration of bodies toward the earth under the influence of gravitation combined with centrifugal force. It Is, therefore, injudi- cious for Mr. Holman to attempt to re- verse this practice by calling that "gravity'' which is known as gravitation, and that "weight" which is known as gravity. He seems to be particularly enamoured of the word "kinergety" for kinetical energy; but It is not likely to be adopted. As an example of the want of clearness of the book, we may take the following, which is printed in italics: "The sufficient evidence that all resistance is due to the action of energy lies in the fact that through resistance change in state of motion of bo- dies occurs." If, however, by "due to the action of energy" is meant, as should be meant, due to the production by kinetical energy of changed positions with changed positional energy, and the production by the distribution of positional energy of accelera- tions working changes of kinetical energy, then it is plain that, unless the conservation of energy be assumed at once, a resistance need not be "due to the action of energy." Great fallacies may lie hid behind the word "due." Le Sage's theory of gravitation is discuss- ed, without being criticised from a logical point of view. But if 'this theory is pro- posed in the hope that impact and a wonder- ful elasticity of incompressible bodies may supersede positional energy, then it would seem to be a blow aimed at the ideas of the differential calculus and of logic itself: for it would be an endeavor to form a concep- tion of nature as discontinuous, and conse- quently as radically unintelligible as pos- sible. If, however, positional energy and action at a distance are not to be attacked, why not admit that gravitation is such an action, until some facts are ascertained to the contrary? The vortex-atom theory is regarded with great favor by Prof. Holman. Yet, though mathematically only too profound, it is logically not much better than the theory of Le Sage, being an attempt to get rid of action at a distance in another way. As for Prof. J. J. Thomson's verifications of its re- sults by chemistry, they are too trifling to have much weight, not to speak of the diffi- culties they involve. There is nothing but a priori metaphysics against action at a dis- tance, which is indissolubly bound up with the principle of energy. Prof. Holman allows himself to treat with silent contempt Newton's theory that space is an absolute entity, although it is a scien- tific doctrine based upon the fact that bodies tend to preserve their absolute aspects of ro- tation. He falls into German metaphysics in accepting as self-evident Leibniz's hy- pothesis that space and motion are entirely relative, a notion unsupported by facts. Some of the German upholders of this doctrine say that bodies do not preserve their planes of rotation absolutely, but only relatively to an otherwise unknown body, which they name "Body Alpha." This "Body Alpha" is for all intents and purposes identical with New- ton's Absolute Space. Dr. Ernst Mach wishes to substitute for Body Alpha the tout en- semble of the bodies in the universe. The idea that a distant star by its motion

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9G The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 should instantly affect the rotation of a top, not by a physical force, but by a principle of dynamics, is contrary to all experience, and subversive of the validity of space as a repre- sentation of the relations of things. These people maintain that it is just as true to say that the earth stands still while the heavens move round it, as the reverse; so that we may say without falsehood that, by moving round the earth, the stars produce the phe- nomena of centrifugal force on the earth. This is action at a distance, with avengeance. It is to be remarked that the preservation of the p:ane of rotation depends upon the law that a body unacted on by any force moves in a right line; and if the aspect of the plane is not absolutely preserved, then the body moves in a straight line, not ab- solutely, but only relatively to Body Alpha or to whatever substitute for that fetish may be imagined. All this because the Leibnizi- ans obstinately adhere to a metaphysical no- tion that does not fit the observed facts. Geometers are unanimously agreed that it is impossible to prove that the sum of the angles of a triangle equals two right angles ex- cept by a premise as little axiomatic as Eu- clid's celebrated postulate concerning paral- lels. But if it be axiomatic that all motion is relative, there is no difficulty about the triangle. For in that case two bodies may have any velocity in any direction and yet remain at rest relatively to one another. Now, this is impossible if the sum of the angles of a triangle is greater or less than two right angles. h. L. Boilly: Peintre, Dessinateur et Litho- graphe. Par Henry Harrisse. Paris: Soci£te de Propagation des Livres d'Art. From Fragonard and Greuze and the court painters of the eighteenth century, to Geri- cault and Delacroix and the Romanticists of the nineteenth, French art for most peo- ple means nothing but David and his school. David, it is true, was the great man of the day; his influence was paramount in the stu- dios, his classical creed was supreme. But still there were a few painters so entirely out of "the movement," apparently so uncon- scious of the tendency of their age, that, in- stead of reducing everything to the classical formula, they went on painting the scenes and events of every-day life just as they saw these, truthfully, faithfully, simply, with no striving after notoriety— painters who to- day, as M. Harrisse says, would be called "des naifs." But it is really because they were so naive, so matter-of-fact, because they knew their limitations and attempted neither the idyllic with Watteau nor the high heroic with David, that their work now has its value. It was never great; most of it would be altogether forgotten were it not for its interest as an historical document. Of these painters, we agree with M. Har- risse that Louis Boilly holds the first rank. He was not by any means a master, he was not an artist of special distinction. But he had his own game in art— a game Thiers has defined as the painting of ourselves and our customs— and he play- ed it extremely well. He was really the Frith of his day, which, it should be remembered, extended through the Re- volution, the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire, and, indeed, long after the Re- storation. While most men were busying themselves with the making and unmaking of states, with war, with political and diplo- matic adventure of every kind, Boilly, the humble little provincial, was engrossed with the more familiar and intimate incidents of life. He painted his contemporaries as he saw them, the men in their cafes, Hie women in their homes; he painted the people wait- ing in line for the distribution of milk in days of distress, and for the distribution of wine in days of rejoicing; he painted the departure of the conscripts and the arrival of the latest news; he painted the crowds in the Louvre staring at David's famous pic- ture of the Coronation, and the crowds in the streets gathered to see the start of the diligence. In a word, he painted just those things which the artist of his generation, supposed to be inspired by Greece, despised as petty and trivial, though to us they are far more amusing than the toga-draped he- roes and the correctly balanced groups of the classical painter. Much the same subjects are repeated in the lithographs of Boilly, who was one of the first to practise the art of Senefelder as soon as it was fairly introduced into Paris by Lasteyrie and Engelmann. His prints some- times, to tell the truth, are very tiresome. We have absolutely no patience with the series of Grimaces by which he is best known, though it must be admitted that the exaggeration of feature and form that irri- tates us was quite in accord with the fashion of the time. Even Daumier, later on, often enough fell into the same trick. But what- ever fault you choose to find in them, the fact remains that Boilly's paintings and drawings and lithographs are invaluable as a chronicle of a very important and very fascinating period in French social history. It is for this reason we are glad that M. Harrisse has thought it worth while to make a catalogue of them, and the Societe de Propagation des Livres d'Art has been will- ing to publish it. M. Harrisse has done his work thoroughly and excellently. He has prefaced his cata- logue with a sketch of Boilly's life and an estimate of his work. Of the artist's life, there is not much to tell. He was born in 1761. at La Bassee, a little town in the neighborhood of Lille. He was trained to be a house painter, but his ambition was to make himself a painter of pictures, and he managed to earn enough money, chiefly by portraits, to settle in Paris in 178a. He mar- lied, he had many children, he worked quiet- ly, despite the social upheaval that was dis- organizing France. Only once was he in- terrupted, when the engravings after his pictures were thought too gallant and gay by a Republican Society of Arts, and he had suddenly to take to painting the -Triumph of Marat." He worked indefai igably, for his fame was never sufficient to bring him large prices for his pictures, and it was merely by his unflagging industry that he succeeded in living by his art. Some idea of his industry is to be had when we learn from M. Harrisse that in the course of his career, besides everything else, he painted not less than 5,000 portraits. A.- M. Harrisse has pointed out, his pictures Buffered, first because of the change in public taste brought about by David, and afterwards because of the new change ushered in by the Romanti- cists, for he did not die until 184".. But the public delighted in him as the English pub- lic delights in Frith. M. Harrisse thinks, however, that he will be more and more ap- preciated by competent judges and critics, as time goes on. We are not so sure. We cannot help wondering if his work will not always be prized for his subjects rather than for its artistic merit, if he will not be re- membered as the chronicler rather than the artist. M. Harrisse has catalogued no less than 1,364 pictures, drawings, and lithographs. He has made a separate list of the pictures exhibited at the Salon. In every case he has given all available information as to size, subject, and history; but he modestly de- clares that he can make no claim to com- pleteness, that he has probably accounted for but half of Boilly's work, so much of it has disappeared. If, out of his forty-eight Salon pictures, presumably his most important, but seventeen can be found, there is no doubt that there were innumerable pot-boilers of which not a trace is left — no great loss, we fancy, to Boilly's reputation. M. Harrisse hopes his readers may fill up many of the gaps, but it is a question whether there is any one to-day who can pretend to a tithe of M. Harrisse's knowledge of a painter now so obscure and forgotten as Boilly. The catalogue is well printed, and is illustrated with a sufficient number of photogravures and process blocks after Boilly's most cha- racteristic designs to give a fair idea of the artist and his work. Altogether the book must prove of immense service to any one studying the social history and the art 0/ France during the long period of which Boilly kept so accurate and often so amus- ing a record. The Whiiefoord Papers. Edited, with Intro- duction and Notes, by W. A. S. Hewins. M.A. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. 1898. The name of Whitefoord is most familiar to Americans in connection with the negotia- tions which ended the Revolution. Caleb Whitefoord was an intimate friend of Ben- jamin Franklin, and for this reason became sole secretary to the Commission which ne- gotiated the preliminary treaty in 1782. He is also the main figure in the volume of correspondence now under review. The fa- mily was Scotch and of ancient origin. Its founder lived in the last half of the thir- teenth century, and held lands near Paisley, in the shire of Renfrew. For some centuries bis descendants were only of local conse- quence, but, during the English Parliamen- tary Wars, one of them, Col. Walter White- foord, gained some reputation as a truculent supporter of the Stuarts. It was he, for in- stance, who on May 2, 1649, assassinated the regicide, Dr. Dorislaus, in his own apart- ments at The Hague, whither he had been sent on a mission by the Commonwealth. No one of the name has ever reached very great eminence, but in the eighteenth century two Whitefoords (and those the two with whom we are here concerned) attained a certain degree of distinction. These were Franklin's friend, Caleb, and his father, Col. Charles Whitefoord. To associate one's self with Sir Walter Scott is always a short and sure way of at- tracting public attention, and Col. White- foord merits notice for having given the au- thor of 'Waverley' a valuable hint. One of the finest incidents in the first novel of his immortal series is the relationship between Baron Bradwardine and Col. Talbot. Scott found the basis of their romantic friendship In an actual occurrence of the battle at Pres- tonpans. As Alexander Stewart of Inverna- hyle was leading a charge which routed ths

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Feb. The ISTation 97 Hanoverian troops opposed to him, he ob- served a royal officer remaining still at his post despite the desertion of his followers. When ordered by the Highland leader to sur- render, the officer made a lunge at him with bis sword, but, failing in the attempt, was soon disarmed. He "was now defenceless, and the battle-axe of a giantic Highlander (the miller of Invernahyle's mill) was up- lifted to dash his brains out, when Mr. Stew- art with difficulty prevailed on him to yield. He took charge of his enemy's property, pro- tected his person, and finally obtained him liberty on his parole. The officer proved to be Col. Whltefoord, an Ayrshire gentleman of high character and influence, and warmly attached to the house of Hanover." Thus writes Sir Walter In the Introduction to 'Waverley.' Before long, however, Whlte- foord was on the winning side and could re- quite his obligation. Stewart was proscribed, his property was seized, his wife and chil- dren even were threatened. In this plight Whitefoord made his way in person to the Duke of Cumberland and used every argu- ment, not only on behalf of his friend, but also for the defenceless family. Cumberland proving obdurate, the Colonel took "his com- mission from his bosom, laid it on the table before his Royal Highness with much emo- tion, and asked permission to retire from the service of a sovereign who did not know how to spare a vanquished enemy." This dra- matic coup carried the day, the Duke yielded, and thus Whitefoord repaid the services which had been done him on the field of battle. The letters which are now edited for the first time by Mr. Hewins cover, as has been said, two generations, and extend from 1739 to 1810. The dividing date within this period is 1753, when Col. Charles Whitefoord dies, and the correspondence of his son, Caleb, then aged nineteen, begins to be copious. Throughout the earlier section topics and interest are almost wholly military. There are letters from Cludadella In Minorca and from Guantanamo in Cuba, besides much de- tail concerning the Jacobite rising of 1745. When the Pretender landed in the High- lands, Whitefoord waa visiting friends in Scotland, and though he thought that the in- vasion would "end in smoke," he hastened to join the forces. Indeed, such was his zeal that he "went volunteer, refusing to be Ad- jutant-General or Alde-de-Camp to the Com- mander-in-Chief, with pay, thinking it his duty to serve his Majesty to the utmost of his power without any private view." His gallantry at Prestonpans we have already seen. His letters are those of an officer In the field, short and businesslike. The only long document among them Is a detailed de- fence of Sir John Cope, who was brought be- fore a court-martial for suffering the clans- men to beat him. The court held with Whitefoord and exonerated Cope, on the ground that he had been basely abandoned by his troops. After Culloden, little of more than private interest transpires in the life •f Col. Whitefoord. He died seven years later, when in the full tide of professional success. His son, Caleb, would never, save for the chance acquaintance with Franklin, which gave him a place in public affairs, have emerged from the obscurity of an artistic dilettante, or been talked about beyond the little circle where he was, as Burke Bays, a diaeur det bons-mota. At most he might occa- sionally have been mentioned in the Oentk- man't Magazine, or alluded to In letters or memoirs. He was a sprightly and agreeable man who wrote for the newspapers, collect- ed pictures, and was an acceptable guest at the dinner-tables of gentlemen and men of letters. He was also a devotee of the thea- tre, knew Garrick intimately, and was often called upon to write prologues or epilogues. It speaks well for his character that he kept his friends throughout life, and that the most illustrious among them were willing to in- convenience themselves on his behalf. Besides Franklin, Caleb Whitefoord had for correspondents Smollett, Garrick, Warren Hastings, Woodfall the publisher, Copley, and the Earl of Buchan. Nothing, however, of much moment comes out in their letters to him, and we have little hesitation in fixing on his part in the peace negotiations as the most striking feature of the volume. With Oswald, his colleague, Whitefoord hired one of the best hotels in Paris, and kept open house there. The business occupied thirteen months, and, though, through a change of ministry, their services were not properly rewarded by Government, they enjoyed a pleasant degree of consequence while terms were being arranged. Pp. 187-189 contain some amusing anecdotes of the negotiations, from which we extract the following pas- sage. On one occasion Whitefoord was talk- ing with a Frenchman, who boasted of the glory his country had gained, and emphasized England's folly in going to war with her coionies: "He talk'd of the growing Greatness of America, and that the thirteen united States wou'd form the greatest Empire in the world. Yes, sir, I replied, and they will all speak English, every one of 'em. His triumph was check'd. He understood what was Intended to be convey'd, viz., that from a similarity of Language, Manners and Religion, that Great Empire wou'd be English not French." While devoid of extraordinary value, the Whitefoord Papers make very agreeable reading. They are beautifully printed, and Mr. Hewins has performed his editorial du- ties with complete thoroughness and success. New Yorkers of the Nineteenth Century. By Mrs. John King Van Rensselaer. F. Ten- nyson Neely. 1898. In this collection of selected pedigrees Mrs. Van Rensselaer revives the memories and many of the names of the Dutch matrons ce- lebrated In her late charming book on the Good Wives of Manhattan. They reappear even beyond the third and fourth generation, to justify the Scriptural promise of Inherited virtues and persisting qualities. The traits Impressed by Holland ancestry show them- selves again in the gfandchildren and great- grandchildren who led the social and busi- ness life of New York in the early years of this departing century. The New Amsterdam stock, though still dominant, had diffused Itself through alli- ances with the worthiest of new-comers dur- ing the period succeeding the provincial era. At a very early date, indeed almost contem- poraneously with the English conquest, many of the old Dutch names were lost by be- ing merged in marriage with families of French and Scotch connection; and, by the time included within these charts. New Eng- land, too, had contributed the stimulus of her energy In a great degree to modify the cha- racter of the residents of Manhattan. The distinction of leadership in New York social life as it then was is thus shared by all races. not excluding even the Hibernian. A part of the impulse in its advance is due to the blending of the qualities of each, and each of the names here recorded suggests some achievement in war, or politics, or finance tending to the solid building up of New York at the outset of the present century. A part only, perhaps a quarter or a fifth part, of the intended series of genealogical charts is presented in this publication. Great care has been taken, through laborious study of public records and family papers, to in- sure accuracy in its elaborate details. The series when completed will not only form a record of value to the curious student of ge- nealogy, but will also greatly aid profes- sional researches into questions affecting th« descent of property on Manhattan Island. Letchimep; A Tale of Old Ceylon. By Sln- natamby. With illustrations. London: Lu- zac & Co. Ummogga J&taka (The Story of the Tunnel). Translated from the Sinhalese by T. B. Yatawara. London: Luzac & Co. These two recent books are worthy of mention as throwing light on phases of life in India at different ages, and also because they are issued by the publishers to the India Office In London. The 'Tale of Old Ceylon' gives an interesting picture of southern In- dian life at the opening of the sixteenth century, when the first Portuguese settle- ments were established around the coasts of Ceylon. The plot is one of political in- trigue. A king is banished through the ma- chinations of an unscrupulous minister. His wrongs are partly avenged through the in- strumentality of two young lovers, whose romantic adventures make up the under-plot- The second work is a translation of the jataka Tales, or anecdotes from the life of the Buddha in a previous existence. Each addition to our knowledge of the Jatakas is welcome to students of Buddhism and to those who are interested in folk-lore. The present translation is not made from the Pali, or sacred language of the Buddhists, but is based upon the Sinhalese version. On pp. 19, 20 is found a curious analogue to the judgment of Solomon over the child. In the Indian tale the Buddha is represent- ed as discovering the true mother from the false by resorting to a sort of tug-of-war test, in which the rival claimants are to draw the body of the living babe over a line marked upon the ground. It is need- less to add that the real mother yields her claim rather than to submit her child to the cruel torture. The "Bosat" gives judgment accordingly. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Henry Frowde. Apthorp. W. F. By the Way. Essaya on Music and Art. 2 vols. Boston: Copeland & Day ?1.20. Aub, Theodor. The Bankruptcy Law of the United States. Brooklyn Eagle Office. $1. Beers, Prof. H. A. A History of English Roman- ticism In the Eighteenth Century. Henry Holt & Co. Boylan. Grace D. If Tam O'Shanter'd had a Wheel, and Other Poems and Sketches. E. R. Herrlck & Co. $1.25. Brooks. Prof. W. K. The Foundations of Zoblogr. Macmlllan. $2.50. Browning, Robert. Complete Works. [Camberwell Edition.] 12 toIs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $9 impbell. Prof. Lewis. Rell ture. Longmans, Green & Campbell. Prof. D. H. Lectures on the Evolution of Plants. MacmlUan. J1.25. Carpenter, E. J. America In Hawaii. Boston: Small. Mayo'ard & Co. $2. Craddock. Charles E. The Story of Old Fort Loo- don. MacmlUan. $l.SO.

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98 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1753 J. B. My Inner Life. Longmans, Green Boston: Ginn & Co. 70e. Fernald, J. C. Tbe Imperial Republic. Funk & Wagnulls Co. 75c. Garrissoa, Charles. Theopbile et Paul de Vlau. fitude historique et lltteralre. Paris: Plcard & Fils. Gates, Prof. L. E. Tbree Studies In Literature. Macmillan. $1.50. , , „ „., General Index to tbe Library Journal, vole. 1-22. New York: Library Journal. Glbtxs, W. E. Lighting by Acetylene. 2d ed. D. Van Nostrand Co. . C. Plains and Uplands of Old France. Verse and Prose. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. $1.50. Greene, H. C. Theopbile. A Miracle Ploy. Bog- ton: Small, Maynard & Co. $1. Hull. Tom. When Cupid Calls. E. R. Herrick & Co. HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 WEST 23D STREET, NEW YORK. HA VE RECENTL Y PUBLISHED: BEERS'S ENGLISH ROMANTICISH— EIQHTEENTH CENTURY. OXENHAM'S GOD'S PRISONER. A Story. 12mo, $1.25. It contains many thrilling scenes and strong delineations of emotion.' WALKER'S DISCUSSIONS IN EDUCATION. LESSING'S MINNA v. 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"It would be difficult, if not impossible, to name Burke's Peerage. A GENEALOGICAL AND HERALDIC DIC- TIONARY OF THE PEERAGE AND BARO- NETAGE. TOGETHER WITH MEMOIRS OF THE PRIVY COUNCILLORS AND KNIGHTS. 61st Edition, 1899. 1 volume, royal 8vo. 1,845 pages. Nett $10.00. Indispensable to all those desiring full informa- tion respecting the Lineage and Families of the Titled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland. "While most other publications of the kind form most useful Indexes to the living members of the Aristocracy, Sir Bernard Burke's handsome volume is perhaps the most useful and valuable companion to the student of English History."— [London Times. Burke's Landed Gentry. A GENEALOGICAL AND HERALDIC HISTO- RY OF THE LANDED GENTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 9th Edition, 1898. 2 volumes, royal 8vo. 2.160 pages. Nett $25.00. A faithful record of the pedigrees and arms of the untitled country gentlemen of Great Britain. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London. Ready February 10. THE STUDENT'S BOOK OF DAYS AND BIRTHDAYS. An attractive hook and a valuable gift. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, $1.25. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Boston. SIGHTS AND SCENES IN OXFORD CITY AND UNIVERSITY. Described by Thomas Whittakkb, B.A., Exeter Col., and Illustrated with 101 Platen after Original Photo- grapns. With an Introduction h\ (ikobob Saints- bubv, M.A. 1 vol., cloth, gilt. Price, $4.00. Cassell & Company, Limited 7 AND 9 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. Volume III. of the HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, Edited by William Laibd Clowes, contains an Impor- tant chapter on the American Revolution, by Captalu Mahan. Now ready. Royal 8vo, cloth, $6.50 net. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. / IVING AGE INDEX, 1844-1896.— I -. Subscribers Increasing, nrhe conniiterably re- duced. E. Roth, 11 »5 Pine St.. Philadelphia. DOOR'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, C 'ATALOGUE NO. 47 READY.— AN entertaining variety. A. S. Clabk, 174 Fulton St. . St. Paul's), New York. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books issued every Saturday. Sent gratis by H. W. HAOEMANN, 160 Sth Ave., New York. KINDERGARTEN supplies IV. at SCHERMERHORN'S, 8 East 14th St., N. Y Send for new Catalogue.

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Feb. 1899] The Nation APPLETONS' Popular Science Monthly. FEBRUARY, 1899. Vegetation as a Remedy for the Summer Heat of Cities. By Stephen Smith, M.D., LL.D. Calls attention to the great value of all forms of vegetation in mitigating the excessive summer heat in cities, and shows the beneficial effect which such a mitigation has on the general health. The Science of Observation. By Charles Lrv-y Whittle. Illustrated. Points out the fact that all of our great modern advance has come about through the use of a sci- entific system of observation, and then by a series of object-lessons illustrates the means by which these careful aud accurate methods of "seeing" may best be taught. The Labor Problem in the Tropics. By W. Alleyne Ireland. A discussion of the important question of Con- tract Labor in the Tropics. The article is based on a long study of the subject made during a resi- dence in various of the tropical possessions of England. Fiance. Spain, and Hollaud. The au- thor's conclusion is that contract labor is essential to successful tropical industry. The Spirit of Conquest. By J. Novicow. Calls attention to a number of the fallacies con- tained in the usual arguments held to justify eon- quest and expansion, and points out the dangers and evils of such a policy, which, the author holds, far outweigh any advantages to be gained through it. nivart's Groundwork of Science. By W. K. Brooks. Points out a weak point in Professor Mivart's philosophy, and shows the harm which comes from such careless philosophizing. Other articles: Death Gulch, a Natural Bear- Trap; The Law of the Diffusion of Taxes, II.; The Great Bombardment: Short History of Scientific Instruction, II.: The Scries Method; The Earliest Writing in France; Sketch (with portrait) of Ga- briel de Mortillet. Editor's Table; Scientific Books; Fragments. 30 cents a number; $J.oo a year. D. APPLETON AND COflPANY, 72 Fifth Avenue, New York. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, ) Copyright Office, Washington, D. C. i 1898. No. 64,037— To wit: Be it remembered, That on the 12th day of November, 1898, Marie Taylor of New York City hae deposited In this office the title of a book, the title or description of which is in the follow- ing words, to wit: " Joseph and His Friend. A Story of Pennsylvania. By Bayard Taylor. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons," the right whereof she claims as owner In conformity with the laws of the United States respect- ing copyrights. (Signed) JOHN RUSSELL YOUNG, Librarian of Congress. In renewal from November IS, 1898. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. Burton's Arabian Nights T^HE BURTON SOCIETY will print, for private A circulation among its members, a facsimile of the original edition of Burton's Arabian Nights. Full particulars > 18 Barth Block, - - application. - Denver, Colo. FRENCH BOOKS at WM.R. JENKINS', Publisher, 851 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK. plete Catalogue on appllcaotin. 149a lremont St. (Lawrence Building, coi hit West St.), = = Boston, Mass. Importations from Europe. Catalogues on application. All Out-of-print Books supplied, ubject. Acknowledged the 1DOOKS. ID no matter on what world over as the most expert book finders extan Please state want*. BAKH,1I'< I.MU'I BOOKSHOP, 14-1B John Bright street, Birmingham, England. RriTYl/Q roK scarce ojfEs ocwitn/r DLNJIVO POOR RICHARD'S ALMANACK, gratis. BOX 4037, STATION B, PHILADELPHIA. IMPORTANT BOOKS ON Modern European History Edward J. Lowell. The Eve of the French Revolution. Crown 8vo, $2.00. A picture of the king, the court, the church, nobility, and army of the period, with studies of Paris, the provincial towns, and the country. " A penetrating, subtle, and comprehensive review of the ante-revolutionary situation."— The Lite- rary World. Harold Murdock. The Reconstruction of Europe. A Sketch of the Diplomatic and Military History of Continental Eu- rope. From the Rise to the Fajl of the Second French Empire. With an Introduction by John Fiske, and Maps. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. " Au historical work exceedingly interesting in style, aud extremely valuable by reason of its scope. No romance possesses anything like" the interest of the history of the twenty years covered by Mr. Mur- dock's book. He has told the story with admirable mastery of its main lines, and with decided narra- tive power."— Christian Union, New York. James Breck Perkins. France under the Regency. With a Review of the Administration of I.ouis XIV. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. " He is to be praised for having produced a work, on a period of French In'story comparatively ob- scure to English readers, of the highest degree of readableness, and bearing every mark of thorough investigation and candid temper."— The Literary World. Professor Trent, in the Sewanee Review, remarks : "This is a remarkably fair and accurate his death of Mazarin. vay a credit to American scholarship " France under Louis XV. 2 vols., crown 8vo. $4.00. "This is undoubtedly the best English treatment of the subject."— New York Sun. "This book makes more fascinating than ever the story of the decay of the ancient regime. No striking colors are used in depicting the characters of that fateful epoch, no eloquence is used in sum- ming up the evils of its political conditions, but the pages are none the less full of light and feeling- white light and calm feeling, such as thorough knowledge and judicial temper naturally create."— The Outlook. William R. Thayer. The Dawn of Italian Independence. Italy from the Congress of Vienna, 1814, 10 the Fall of Venice, 1849. With Maps. 2 vols., crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00. " A valuable contribution to the study of a somewhat obscure section of recent European history." — The Spectator (London). "The general impression made by Mr. Thayer's work is a vigorous, well-constructed, and attractive view of a great epoch in the history of Italy."— Literary World (Boston i. Herbert Tuttle. History of Prussia (ii34-i757)» With Maps, Prefaces, etc. 4 vols, crown 8vo, $8.25. Vol. I. To the Accession of Frederic the Great (1134-1740), $2.25. Vol. II. Under Frederic the Great (1740-1745), $2 25. Vol. III. Under Frederic the Great (1745-1756). With a Preface and Index covering Vol. II. and Vol. III., $2.25. Vol. IV. Under Frederic the Great (1756-1757). With a Biographical Sketch of the Author by Professor Herbert B Adams. $1.50. " Herbert Tuttle has made not only his own people, but us Germans, likewise, no insignflcant pres- ent ; he has succeeded, like Lewes with his biography of Goethe, and Seeley with his Stein, and far bet- ter than any German, in unfolding a clear, luminous, and comprehensive picture of an important period of our history."— Frankfurter Zeitung. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston. 11 East 17th Street, New York.

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VI ARTISTIC MEMORIALS TABLETS Memorial Tablets, Ancient and Mo- dern, Honorary and Mortuary, in Bronze, Brass, Mosaic and Marble. Our varied designs are always origi- nal, and made to meet the architec- tural and artistic conditions of the place in which the. memorials are to go. Of all forms of memorials the tablet is the LEAST EXPENSIVE, especially where permanence is de- sired in union with good taste. Spe- cial designs and estimates submitted. Historical Booklet (Illustrated) sent upon re- quest. WINDOWS Our memorial windows are made of TIFFANY FAVRILE GLASS, which is produced exclusively at our own furnace, and cannot be obtained from other makers or used by any other artists. In range, depth and brilliancy of color it has never been equalled, and when we employ it in window work the greatest care is ex- ercised in selecting the piece, in or- der that we may obtain the desired effect both in color and texture. The selection is made by a trained artisan, under the supervision of an artist. Special designs and esti- mates submitted. MONUMENTS Out-of-Door Memorials, Mausoleums, Tombs, Headstones, and all forms of mortuary monuments of our con- struction possess both Beauty of De- sign and Durability. In Marble, Granite or Bronze, our work always maintains the correct proportional form, the proper relation of ornament to form, with the whole in harmony with the environment, thus making the most modest memorial a WORK OF ART. Special designs and es- timates submitted. Historical Booklet (Illustrated) sent upon request Tiffany Studios (Tiffany Glass & Decorating Co.) 333-341 Fourth Ave., N.Y. Historical Booklet about Glass Mosaic( Illustrated) also upon request. The Nation. Life and Accident Insurance. 49TH ANNUAL STATEMENT. CONDENSED. /ETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, HARTFORD, CONN. MORGAN O. BULKELEY, President. Assets, Jan. 1, 1899 $so,aa7,020.8i Liabilities to Policy-holders (re- serve), and all other claims 42,981,968.79 Surplus as to Policy holders, Jan. 1. 1899 7,245,052.02 Payments to Policy-holders in 1898 4,764,460.71 Premium receipts in 1898 6,431,702.09 Interest receipts in 1898 3,442,193.00 Total receipts in 1898 8,863,895.09 Life, Endowment, and Term Poli- cies issued and revived in 1898, ■ 1,609, insuring 21,979,183.50 Life, Endowment, and Term In- surance in force Jan. 1, 1899.... I57.392.932.oo Accident Insurance in force Jan. 1,1899 09.861,120.00 Paid Policy holders since or- ganization 100,503.459-02 >ETNA LIFE'S GAINS IN 1898. INCREASE In New Premium Income $172,925.00 In Total Income 366, 343. oO In Assets 2,642,053.00 In Surplus 357. "78. 00 In Life, Term, and Endowment Insurance in force 6,731,034.00 In Accident Insurance in force. . . 8,677,950.00 In Number of Policy holders 7.©93 TOTAL INCREASE In Insurance in force $15,408,984.00 J. C. WEBSTER, Manager Life Department, Germania Building. 62 William St., New York. GEORGE C. STERLING, Manager Accident Department. [Vol. 68, No. 1753 HnfcK any experienced user of writing |r^l| machines which one is unquestion- ably the best known because the oldest, most durable, easiest to run and to get operators for. The answer will invariably be the Remington Standard Typewriter. WYCKOFF. SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK RICHARD A. McCURDY President STATEflENT For the year ending Decembr 31 1898 According to the Standard of the Insurance Department of the state of New York INCOME Received for Premiums From all 01 her Source* $42,318,748 61 12,087,SM> 92 .000,029 l:t DIS1U HSKlliiMS To Policy-holders for Claims by Death $13,205,0 To Policy-holders for Endow- ments. l)ivi«k'inls, etc. - - 11,483,3 For all other accounts - - 10.493..'! $85,245,(188 SS ASSETS lulled States Bonds and other Securities - - - $100,050,141 33 First Men Loans on Ilond and Mortgage .... 08,503,5SO 90 Loans on Hon iIn and other Se- curities 0.300,019 00 Heal Estate appraised by Insur- ance Superintendents at $23.534. vjo.ss : Hook Value 20,004,049 61 Cash in Hanks and Trust Com- panies 11.021,3;: 30 Accrued interest. Set Deferred Premiums, etc. - - 0.431,957 10 $277,517,325 30 LIABILITIES Poller Reserves, etc. - - $233,058,040 Cs <0nti11tr.1t .<iunrnnt.ee Fund - 42.23S.0S4 (is bi visible Surplus - - - 2.220,000 00 $277,517,325 30 ice and Annuities in $971,711,997 I have carefully examined the foregoing State- ment and find the same to be correct ; liabilities calculated by the Insurance Department. Charles A. PRELLiiK Auditor From the Divisible Surplus a dividend will be apportioned as usual. ROBERT A. GRANNISS VicF-PRFsinFNT Walter R. Gillette Isaac F. Lloyd Fbi dejuc Cromwell Emory McClintock General Manager 2d Vice-President Treasurer Actuary Constable C\3vjo. Spring Cottons White and Colored Pique. Embroidered Mulls. Printed Dimities. Zephyrs. David and John Anderson's Celebrated Fabrics unrivalled for durability and wear. NEW YORK. PHOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS of Architecture, Sculpture, and painting* of all European Galleries Imported by GEORGE BUSSE, 12 W. 28tb St., New York ARTIBTIC FRAMING.

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The Na$k>n ^ VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 754. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Scribner's New Publications Essay on the Bases of the Mystic Knowledge By E. Recejac. Translated from the French by Sara Carb Upton. Crown 8vo, $2.50. Scientific TN this work the subject of mysticism has, for the first time, been treated from a scientific and psychologies* and 1 point of view. This book supplier an authoritative critique of the knowledge acquired through mystic expe- rt uthoritative. rience, and forms a dignified and able treatise on what is really vital and enduring in this subject. General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture By Prof. CHARLES A. BRIGGS, D.D. Containing the Principles, Methods, History, and Results of Its Several Departments and of the Whole. 8vo. 688 pp. $3.00 net. AN important woik coveritg the wbo'e field of Biblical study. It gives a histcry of every department of Biblical research, with ample illustrations; states the results attained, the present problems, and the aims for the future. " 'Biblical Poetry," "His- Seholarly and Exhaustive. AmoDg the contents are. "The Language of Holy Scripture,'' " Biblical Prose Literature," torical Criticism," and so forth. The Kingdom. By George Dana Boardman BASILEIA" An Exegetical Study Partial Contents:— Foregleams of the Kingdom— Arrival of the Kingdom— Misconceptions of the Kingdom— Definition of the Kingdom— Laws of the Kingdom— Symbols of the Kingdom. Crown 8vo. $2.00. A STUDY of every New Testament scripture which contains the words "The Kingdom"; with the purpose to rescue the phrase from radical misconceptions; to define its nature; to unfold its symbols; to set forth its is- sues, and to state its laws. A book for every thoughtful American Democracy : A Study of Government By James H. Hyslop, Professor of Logic and Ethics in Columbia University. Crown 8vo. $1.50. " PRESERVES warm praise, wide reading, ard the thoughtful attention of all American citizens to its many truthful arraignments Lf of existing evils, its noble protest against contemners of the principle of personal liberty, and its calm, weighty, reasonable, and always interesting suggestions toward better things."— Boston Daily Advertiser. The Prayer Book and the Chris- tian Life The Conception of the Christian Life Implied in the Book of Common Prayer. By the Rev. C. C. Tiffany, D. D. 12mo. *L25. " TT is a thouahtful, catholic, and stimulating interpretation of 1 the significance of the Book of Common Prayer and of its value to the church. There is nothing sectarian about it, at d Christians of all names will appreciate it."— The Congregation- alist. A Manual of Patrol ogy By Wallace N. Stearns. With an Introduction by Prof. Thayer of Harvard University. 8vo. $1.50 net. AN account of the chief persons, sects, orders, etc.. in Christian History from the first century to the Reformation, witb notes and bibliographical references. '1 his is an invaluable book for every student of New Testament literature. Essays on the Higher Education By Prof. George Trumbull Ladd, of Yale University. 16mo. $1.00 net. SEVERAL suggestive essays on the general subj°ct of Higher Education. The topics discussed are: " The Development of the American University. " '• Tbe Place of the Fitting School in American Education," " Education, New and Old," and "A Mo- dern Liberal Education." A Short History of Astronomy By Arthur Berry, M.A. With 104 illustrations. Uni- versity Series. 12mo. $1.50 net. A POPULAR outline account of tbe history of Astronomy from iis tarliest origins in Egypt and Coaldea to the present day. With short biograpnical sketches of great astronomers, which are of especial value in marking the various epochs of astronomical thougbt and progress. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 157 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK

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11 The Nation [Vol 68, No. 1754 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 99 Editorial Articles: The End of the Beginning 102 Some Wholesome Restraints 102 John Morley's Warnings 103 The Theatre and Public Morals 104 Special Correspondence: Rembrandt In London 105 Parnell.— 1 106 Correspondence: A King of the Philippines 107 The Dilemma of the Filipinos 108 FrankLn's "Anecdote" 108 A New Era in Cotton 108 Horace, Dante, and Tennyson 109 The Beast-like Sound 109 The Philosophy of Rhyme 109 Notes 109 Book Reviews: » Bismarck's Reflections and Reminiscences.. 113 Was Christ Born at Bethlehem? 114 A Gunner Aboard the "Yankee" 114 The Gods of Our Fathers 115 John Adams, the Statesman of the Ameri- can Revolution 115 Books op the Week 116 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Feb. 9, 1899] The USTation. iii THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES. Outstanding Assurance Dec. 31, 1898 $987,157,134.00 Assurance applied for in 1898 198,362,617.00 Examined and Declined 30,318,878.00 New Assurance Issued- 168,043,739.00 Income 50,249,286.78 Assets, Dec. 31, 1898.... 258,369,298.54 Assurance Fund ($198,898,259.00) and all other liabilities ($2,160,550.27) 201,058,809.27 Surplus 57,310,489.27 Paid Policyholders in 1898 24,020,523.42 HENRY B. HYDE, President. J. W. ALEXANDER, V.-P. ftbe Spectator. The Proprietors who In 1801 purchased the Spectator have since that date conducted It themselves. They are therefore exempted from many Influences which press severely on the Independence of Journalism, and have from the first made it their cliiei b feet to say out what they believe to be truth in theology, pulltles, and social ques- tions, Irrespective, not only of opposition from without, but of the opinion of their own supporters. Their object Is to reflect the opinion of cultivated Liberals, but in the matter of the American War they fought against the mass of the very class they are trying to represent, and were II mil I v acknowledged bv them to have, been In the right. The news of the current week is compressed Into an animated narrative, which the laziest or busiest may read, without missing t lie life or import of the events. The Spectator contains s lisl ol all Hook* published during the week (not under one shilling In price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly Increase Its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private geutleinen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, U83 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duane St., New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Union Square, New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 57 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 33 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., i Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. 149a Trcniout St. (Lawrence Building, corner West St.), ===== Boston, Mass. importations from Europe, Catalogues on application. B< 'CS.—AU Out-of-print Books supplied, i matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over ss the most expert book tinders cxtanr. Please state wants. BAKEB'S GRKAT BOOKSHOP, 14-10 John Bright Street, Birmingham. England. 7THE 39th Annual Statement of ^■^ the Washington Life Insurance Company (of which Mr. W. A.) Brewer, Jr., is President), is an exhibit of the Company's solid and compact strength epitomized. The Company's Building at 141 Broad- way, in its architectural beauty, the substantial character of the structure, its perfect adaptation to the Company's business, and the light and attractive offices supplied to the public in the very heart of the city's financial centre, furnishes undoubted evidence of the wisdom shown in the selection of the loca- tion. The fact that the entire building is well rented is enough to say of the nature of the investment. The sums paid to policy-holders in 1898 aggregate $[,522,153.24, in which amount are included divi- dends and other items of "returned premiums." The assets on the first day of January had increased dur- ing the year in the sum of S5 55,- 926.82 to $15,082,226.21, com- posed of Municipal and other Bonds, First Mortgage Loans on New York City property, Real Estate and Loans to the holders of the Com- pany's policies. The record of the year shows an increase of nearly $2,000,000 in amount of insurance written, and gains in assets, in income, in surplus and in volume of business. The liberal and just treatment of its members in the prompt pay- ment of claims, dividends, and sur- render values, is a well-established usage of the Company of many years' duration, dating back to the very commencement of its business. The unhesitating readiness of The Washington to grant loans on its policies has proved of incalculable value in preventing the loss of the insurance. The knowledge of these essential truths has convinced the public that good insurance may be had, and where to get it. In the last five years THE WASH- INGTON paid a larger amount to policy-holders in return pre- miums (i. e., for dividends and surrendered policies) propor- tionate to premiums received, than the average of all other life insurance companies in this country.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 6, No. 1754 " THE ONL Y A UTHORITA TIVE RECENTL Y WRITTEN, FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT OF ACTUAL CONl ONS." Ti "TLOOK. NOW READY. FOURTH EDITION. The Philippine Islands and Their People A RECORD OF PERSONAL OBSERVATION AND EXPERIENCE WITH A SHORT SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO By DEAN C. WORCESTER, Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Michigan, Member of the recently appointed Philippine Commission. Fully iustrated from photographs taken by Dr. P. S. Bourns in visits to all the chief islands." Clot. 0, $4.00 " A timely book and also a valuable one." — Philadelphia Press. The results of two expeditions covering years: one private, with the Spanish ofyials often antagonistic, the other official, backed by the Spanish Government. No one wiles from an equally comprehensive experience. " Is highly interesting.' The Nation. "Unusually valuable." Review of Reviewi ♦♦ Full of unexpected information, interestingly presented. We strongly recommend this volume ; first, because of the great variety and diversity of its information, which is well and discriminatingly presented; and, second, on account of the in- herent interest of the whole volume, which is as absorbing, though, of course, in a different way, as a good adventure story." — The Herald, Bos- ton. "The great timeliness and per- tinence of the information contained sive it an insistent claim to careful attention. . . . Exhaustive with- out degenerating into mere detail and statistic, its contents are in- formed with a spirit of disinterested- ness and candor worthy of high praise. At the same time it answers, and authoritatively, many questions which every conscientious citizen is just now asking himself." — The Dial, Chicago. "Trutworthy and rllable." Journal. " Ho with Inte- est." Independent. In Its Sixteenth Thousand. F. M. CRAWFORD'S STORY OF ROME A powerful and convincing piece of wri — The Philadelphia Evenip ph. By the Hon. THOMAS E. W/TSON Ave Roma Immortalis: The Story of France STUDIES FROM THE CHRONICLES OF ROME. By F. MARION CRAWFORD, Author of " Saracinesca," " Corleone," Etc. Illus- trated WITH PHOTOGRAVURES, A MAP AND MANY PEN DRAWINGS IN THE TEXT. Two volumes, cloth, medium 8vo, $6.00 net. "It is one of the most beautiful illustrations of book- making even aside from its unique value and unparalleled charm. "—Herbert Putnam, Public Library, Boston. It makes the narra- . The book is in- "The schcnn is, on the whole, ideal, tive uncommonly tangible and vivid. . valuable. "—The Tribune, New York. "It ie the most— oh, far and away the most — interesting book I ever read about Rome. It fascinated me."— Dr. Weir Mitchell, Philadelphia. " The ablest book on Rome published in recent years."— Tribune, Chicago. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE CONSULATE OF NAPOLEON BONAP.VTE. Vol. I. From the Settlement by the Gauls > the End of the Reign of Louis XV. Cloth. Crown Ivo, $2.50. Vol. II. From the End of the Reign of Luis XV. to the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. IB n ration que and it rheto- "His style is terse, simple, and direct. rapid and graphic. His diction is strong and hi 1 of events and of social conditions is always pic.i oft.n dramatic. He has wit, humor, and much < rical fervor which in oral utterance wo call eloqn — George Carv "The history of no people is so fascinating French, and no one has written more entertainir —St Louis Glob' "A powerful and convincing piece of writii — The Evening Telegraph, 1 STON. I of the out it." iphia. Send for the new Lists of Forthcoming Books and of Books fssued during i898, by THE MACM1LLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., Ne\* York

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The Nation. n HSDA V, FEBRUARY 0, 1899. The Week. ultimate ratification of the treaty 'i the United States and Spain was l when the results of the elections \ovember became known, lough those elections the Republicans uch gains in the United States Mite that, after the 4th of March next, ill have a good majority in that ; and with the help of Democrats id favored ratification, a two- vote was certain in case the issue Boold be pushed over to an extra ses- iie only question was whether ra- L.ition should come before or after the March. The vote proved to be al- i-c as close as possible to the limit of :ighty-four Senators recorded inselves; fifty-six yeas were neces- ind fifty-seven were given. The ma- jat.y could have lost one. and still have their point; but they could not pared both of the two Southern rats who went over to them at the moment. The new complications l by the collisions between the Aierican forces and the Filipinos under Ido which began on Saturday erved as an excuse for the change iion which Messrs. McLaurin of ippi and McEnery of Louisiana just before the vote was taken, here been no change in the situa- Manila, the friends of the treaty have been forced to ask a recon- ion and push the final action over fter the 4th of March. The rati- n was due to the conclusion by is of character, ability, and inde- nce, who regret that we ever got id in the Philippines and who op- no policy of conquest, that they to vote for it. The best represen- of this class is Senator Spooner 31 onsin, who is so much against ion that he opposed the annexa- : Hawaii last summer, and whose je would have enabled him to with Messrs. Hoar of Massachu- ind Hale of Maine on Monday if his at had agreed with theirs. His of last week was the strongest >r the treaty that has been made, ■'■of the candor and independence hich characterized it. 1 1 eaty is not yet the supreme law and, as Spain must first ratify it. be will do so promptly admits of ibt. Not only is she a weak and ied nation that must submit to ie terms of the victor, but she has motive of self-interest to bring the to a close at the earliest possible After what we have found out about the Philippines, who supposes that Spain would take them from us now as a gift, if she had to subdue and govern them? The truth is that Spain jumped at the chance, offered her by the war, to rid herself of what was rapidly becom- ing, without the war, an intolerable bur- den. Of course, her Commissioners at Paris made as stiff a fight for the Philip- pines as was possible when in their hearts they knew that their own country wanted to get rid of them for ever. They would gladly have stipulated for much more than $20,000,000. But when they found our one formidable editor-diplo mat unyielding, they secretly thanked God that they had got as much, out of him as they did before he discovered how bad a bargain he had made in buy- ing an insurrection. Spain has already abolished her Ministry for the Colonies. Whatever future fate has in store for her will be enacted within the Peninsula. To this all parties and all sections of the country and the army itself are now agreed; and the ratification of the treaty is only a remaining form. Some of the baser newspapers are using left-over war headlines to describe the hideous affair with the Filipinos, but we are glad to observe not the slightest sign of popular approval of this attempt to make a battle out of a battue. Ame- ricans have not yet got to the point of rejoicing at the sight of natives armed only with bows and arrows marching bravely up to be cut down, like so much standing grain, by machinery. The news from Manila undoubtedly came as a cold douche to most people in this country. They never dreamed of succeeding so soon to the Spanish in the Philippines in the role of hated oppressors. In our good-natured and shifty American way we were going somehow to "manage" the islanders. Well, it seems the poor fellows do not want to be managed, and will fight us and be killed by us, just as if we were but so many Spaniards. Of course, they listened to leaders who have shown incredible folly. The only com- fort we have in our general sense ot mortification at the frightful loss of life is that it did not result from direct ag- gression by our forces. Our soldiers were attacked, and could only play the game of war through to the bitter end, as, of course, they did, bravely and effi- ciently. But the country is sick at heart of this kind of glory. More than ever should our policy at Manila now be one of forbearance and conciliation. If the slaughter grew out of a misunderstand- ing of our character on the part of the natives, let us undeceive them by caring for their wounded and telling those who are prisoners to go home and go to work, and in all ways preparing their minds for the coming of our college presidents and missionaries. The welcome of these last would seem to be endangered by the work of our machine guns. As a Pr<B- paratio Evangelica, a rapid-fire battery is a modern improvement that would have made Eusebius wonder. It is universally admitted in Washing- ton that the Hull bill, which passed the House on Tuesday week, cannot obtain a favorable vote in the Senate during the present session. Created in the noxious atmosphere of the staff departments, for their especial benefit, without providing for a single military reform or a single scientific advance, and made and remade while under discussion on the floor of the House, it furnishes a striking exam- ple of careless and vicious legislation. The inability of the Republicans them- selves to fasten upon the country so for- eign and dangerous an institution as a large standing army has been the real cause of its defeat in what seems to be the hour of its victory, and the impor- tance of the defeat lies in the fact that without a large standing army imperial- ism cannot exist. The military problem presented by the failure of the bill is serious indeed. With more and more volunteers being discharged, the clamor of the remainder for release from garri- son duty increases, while the mustering- out of the regular soldiers who enlisted for the war only would reduce the per- manent army by about 20,000 men. Where are their successors to come from ? The unanimous action of the House in adopting an amendment to the army bill which abolishes the army canteen and forbids the sale of liquor in any camp or post of the United States, formu- lates a conclusion towards which impar- tial students of the problems involved have been drifting for some time. The canteen is a place where the lighter kinds of "drinks" are sold, under the re- gulation of the authorities and without the incentive that the ordinary saloon- keeper has to promote excess in order to help his business. The argument for this institution has been that drinking could not be entirely prohibited, and that there would be less drunkenness if the Government allowed the soldiers to' buy beer in camp than if they were tempted to go outside for whiskey. This seemed plausible, and a good many army officers were at first inclined to endorse the system. But the experience of the re- cent war furnished overwhelming evi- dence for the opponents of the canteen. Each colonel was allowed to establish a canteen or prohibit it, and in Florida, in Cuba, and in the Philippines alike those regiments which were forbidden it

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lOO The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1754 not only suffered much less from drunk- enness than the others, but had by far the smallest' percentage of sickness and death from disease. Every general in the army who has expressed an opinion now opposes the canteen, except one — and his dissent is the strongest argu- ment on the side of the majority, for he is Eagan. The experience of our army only duplicates that of England in showing that soldiers who do not drink intoxicat- ing liquor are far more efficient, and far less subject to disease and death, than those who do. Experiments were made with three regiments from each of seve- ral brigades in the British army at dif- ferent times, and in several instances where forced marches and other hard work were required. In one, every man was forbidden to drink a drop while the test lasted; in the second, malt liquor only could be purchased; in the third, a sailor's ration of whiskey was given to each man. The whiskey-drinkers mani- fested more dash at first, but generally in about four days showed signs of lassi- tude and abnormal fatigue; those given malt liquor displayed less dash at first, but their endurance lasted somewhat longer; while the abstainers improved daily in alertness and staying powers. As a result, the War Department decided that in the Sudan campaign not a single drop of stimulant should be allowed in camp, save for hospital use. The officers, including even the generals, were forbid- den the accustomed spirits, wines, and malt liquors at their mess-tables, and an order was issued that the liquid refresh- ment for all hands, including even camp- followers, must be limited to tea, oat- meal water, or lime juice and Nile water. The wonderful freedom of the Kitchener expedition from disease, although mak- ing forced marches through the desert under a burning sun and in a most un- healthy climate, fully justified the new rule. The truth is, that the requirement of abstinence from intoxicating liquors for soldiers is only the application to the army of a principle which is coming to be generally accepted in industrial life, that men occupying responsible posi- tions, like locomotive engineers, motor- men on trolley-cars, and men in charge of delicate machinery, must be men who are never in danger of getting drunk. The capacity of the Democratic party, or rather of the Bryanites, for folly was again illustrated in the House when their votes were cast for a proposed amendment to the army bill providing that "no part of the army shall be used for, or shall do the duty of, a posse comitatus, or be employed in putting down strikes or riots, or do any police duty whatever in any State in this Union, except upon the application of the Legislature or of the Executive of such State (when the Legislature cannot be convened) in accordance with section 4, article iv. of the Constitution of the United States." The object of this amendment, as was explained by its chief advocate, was to prevent any Pre- sident in future from imitating the ex- ample set by Mr. Cleveland during the Chicago strike riots in 1894. The Anar- chist Governor of Illinois having then refused either to restore order himself or to ask the assistance of the Federal authorities, President Cleveland acted upon his own initiative, and sent a force of the regular army, which soon put an end to a situation that had become a national disgrace. This action was warmly approved at the time by the whole nation, without distinction of par- ty, Southern Democrats rivalling North- ern Republicans in their commendation of the new rule of constitutional con- struction thus established. The condem- nation of the precedent now by Con- gressmen who call themselves Demo- crats, only shows how Bryanism has driven brains and principles out of the party. The easy passage through the House last week of the most extravagant river and harbor bill ever known furnishes fresh evidence of the nonchalance with which Congressmen nowadays vote away public money by the tens of millions of dollars. The bill carries something over $30,000,000, and the Representative who had it in charge asked unanimous con- sent that general debate be limited to half an hour! He was evidently sur- prised that anybody should want more than thirty minutes for thirty millions, but one Iowa Representative suggested that there ought to be at least an hour, and then another insisted that even an hour was not enough to discuss the prin- ciples which underlie such a measure. An allowance of ninety minutes was at last made, the friends of discussion be- ing assured that further debate would be allowed when the bill was taken up by items. But discussion produced no effect, whether devoted to general prin- ciples or to specific exposures of parti- cular wastes of money, like the expen- diture of $1,500,000 on the improvement of the Muskingum River in Ohio during the last dozen years, the commerce meanwhile having fallen off almost to nothing. Every effort to amend the bill in the public interest failed, and only seven votes were cast against its passage —the smallest minority ever recorded on such a measure. It must be said for the alternative Ni- caragua Canal bill reported on Saturday by the House committee as a substitute for the Senate bill, that it is at least a more direct and honest measure than the nondescript affair which Senators voted in order to rid themselves of a disagreeable business. The House bill brushes aside all the nonsense about paying the Maritime Company for its good will, and about guaranteeing bonds, and comes straight to the point by ap- propriating the money outright from the Treasury. That is where it would have to come from eventually, and it is hon- est to say so in the beginning. But there are grave defects in the House bill, quite apart from all questions of policy and cost. The President is, under its terms, to purchase from Nicaragua and Costa Rica the land necessary to build the canal and to "defend" it. Here is difficulty number one. Nicaragua has expressly said that she would never alienate any of her territory for the pur- pose of an interoceanic canal. It was because the committee was plainly in- formed of this that it struck out the word "sovereignty" from its first draft. The President was to obtain the sove- reignty over the land necessary; now he is simply to obtain a "complete title" to it. But, for the United States to own land in a foreign country, without hav- ing even extra-territorial jurisdiction over it, is a dangerous novelty. Besides, the bill says not a word about neutral- izing the canal, though we are under solemn treaty obligations to guarantee the neutrality of any canal that may be constructed across the isthmus. Instead of neutralizing, we are going to "de- fend" it, on the well-known principle of American public law that canals are built, not to promote commerce, but to provoke war and to be defended against a world in arms. A caucus of Republican Represen- tatives in Congress was held on Thurs- day evening. Its sole object was to con- sider the attitude which the party ought to assume towards the question of cur- rency legislation. There was a full and frank discussion, which ended in the passage, by an almost unanimous vote, of a resolution providing for the ap- pointment of a committee of eleven members of the present House who have been elected to the next House, "for the purpose of considering monetary legis- lation and submitting their views to a Republican caucus at the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress, with authority to confer with a like committee from the Senate." The discussion which led up to this action was interesting and, on the whole, encouraging. Three speakers op- posed the idea of doing anything about the national finances. One of these three, Mr. Walker of Massachusetts, is a man who is always "on the off side." A pro- fessed friend of currency reform, he has by his 'crankiness" done more to thwart progress than any silverite in the House, and it will be a great gain for the cause of sound legislation when he surrenders his seat to the gold-standard Democrat who beat him for reelection last fall. The plea of those who opposed any action was that it would not be "good politics."

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Feb. 9, 1899J The IsTation IOI As Mr. Cannon of Illinois put it, "the present prosperity of the country makes it inexpedient to enter upon financial discussions." Mr. Walker was still more blunt. He said that "it would be far better politics to postpone action until after the campaign of 1900." Gen. Gomez has made an astonishing discount in his demands for the Cuban army. To drop from $57,000,000 to $3,- 000,000 shows what a deep strategist the old General is; no wonder he made the Spanish think him invincible if he was able to exaggerate his strength as he is his claims. It was a tidy number of of- ficers that the Cuban army had, accord- ing to the estimates for their pay sub- mitted to President McKinley. Commis- sioned officers to the number of 5,119, and non-commissioned numbering 9,762, when the privates amounted to but 30,- 160, yield a proportion which could not be matched anywhere in the world, we suppose, off the comic-opera stage. Gen. Shatter's army, for example, had rela- tively only about' one-third as many of- ficers as the Cuban army, and yet it was not officers which Shatter lacked. But here, again, it may be that we have only another instance of the strategic ability of Gen. Gomez. He knew that the Spa- nish were all the while hoping to end the insurrection by killing off the Cuban ge- nerals, and he took measures to show them how desperate their cause was by creating so many that they could not possibly dispose of them all. But when all is said, the action of the Cubans in agreeing to accept a small advance of money and to disband is a great relief. It will immensely help on the work of pacifying the island. Gen. Breckinridge is inviting the wrath of Alger, Corbin & Co., embalm- ers, and thereby subjecting himself to the peril of court-martial or inquiry, by revealing the fact that a lot of em- balmed beef has been sent to Cuba by the War Department for the relief of destitute and starving natives there. He has been examining the rations sent to these poor people under the supervision of the Commissary Department, and has found "hundreds of cases of spoiled beef." He allows this fact to be made known, accompanied by a statement of belief that there is much more of the same sort of food among the supplies which have been forwarded. Some of the cases were given to the destitute on Saturday, and the ungrateful creatures absolutely refused them. Several of them were broken open in a public park, and an unanswerable demonstration was thus made as to their quality. Capt. Oskaloosa M. Smith, who represents Alger's Subsistence Department in and about Havana, is very indignant with Gen. Breckinridge, and has written a sharp letter to him asking him why he is there "interfering with the commis- sary business." This letter Gen. Breck- inridge has ignored. Here is surely ample ground for a court-martial. The entire proceeding is insulting to Secre- tary Alger and to the Commissary De- partment. It is said that the "embalmed beef" went to Porto Rico before it waa sent to Havana. That was done prob- ably to get it into a thoroughly "ripe" condition. Should the destitute Cubans not be treated as well as our own sol- diers? Two more departments of the State Government at Albany have now dis- covered that they have deficits, making four thus far which have been left in that condition by the Black Administra- tion. The list, with deficits, now stands: Public Buildings about $200,000; Public Works, $200,000; State Treasury, amount unknown; State Capitol Commissioner, $7,000. Others are likely to be added soon, for the cause which has produced the deficits in these four was common to all branches of the government. Mr. Easton, who was the Superintendent of Public Buildings under Govs. Morton and Black, says that among his 200 em- ployees, he was allowed to have only one as his personal selection. All the others were put on the payrolls at the request of other people. The chief reason for the deficit in the Treasurer's department was the conduct of the retiring Black in- cumbent in raising all salaries of subor- dinates just as his term expired. He realized that this would be his last op- portunity to get in a blow at the hated "starch," and he struck so violently at it that if his salary list were to stand throughout the present fiscal year, the department would have a deficit of near- ly $30,000. Another very popular method of getting rid of "starch" was the em- ployment of "special counsel" by the At- torney-General for various kinds of legal service. Good Piatt men, who were often members of the Legislature also, were usually chosen as beneficiaries of this kind of expenditure. The ecclesiastical trouble in England continues, and the people who thought Sir William Harcourt was making a mistake because of his manifest unfit- ness to handle such sacred subjects, find that they themselves were mistaken. In the first place, he has overthrown the ritualistic bishops in fair combat. They wanted to keep him on doctrinal and dogmatic ground, where he would ap- pear to disadvantage when matched against divines, but he was too 'cute for them. He insisted on keeping them to the law of the land establishing the Church and prescribing its ritual, and in that field he won an easy victory. He unhorsed all the Church champions in rapid succession, and proved to the bishops that they had legal duties in the matter which they could not evade; that they had the legal power to re- press ritualistic practices, and were bound to exercise it. They are accord- ingly, one by one, girding up their loins and setting about it. In the meantime, the attention of those who do not care to read long letters In the Times, is kept fixed on the matter by the excesses of Kensit, an unworthy and much exposed citizen, who does the work of disturb- ing the ritualistic services so as to as- sociate them with tumult and disorder, which does damage them with the reli- giously and devoutly disposed. He charges "processions of the cross," shouts interruptions, alluding to "idola- trous practices," from galleries, and is accompanied by a considerable body of young athletes, who love a row and do not much care whether it is about the Eucharist or a race-horse. These people are able to keep going because of a good deal of sneaking popular sympathy, and they produce effect by creating scandal. There were some striking points in the speech on the French colonial system which M. Pelletan, reporter on the Bud- get, delivered in the French Chamber the other day. He remarked that, while the army and navy cost more than those of any other country, the colonies cost more than those of all other countries put together. At this there were excla- mations of incredulity, but M. Pelletan proceeded to quote figures to show that England spent 30 millions on her colo- nies, while Holland, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Italy spent about 30 mil- lions, making 60 altogether, whereas France spent 80 millions. What benefit, he demanded, did France reap from those 80 millions — or rather 90, for the estimates were always exceeded? In 1897, French exports to the colonies amounted to 118 millions, and, assuming the profit to be 20 per cent., the cost price was 95 millions. This gave a net loss of about 60 millions. England, on the other hand, exported 2,000 millions' worth of goods. He was aware that the West Africa colonies were remunerative, but why embark in adventures in which there was nothing to be gained? This system of conquests at a certain loss was an absurdity unprecedented in history. Never before had a nation expended about 60 millions and many lives for the singular advantage of ruling by force over distant populations. Could this absurdity, he asked, be continued at a time when the debt cost one milliard and the national defence another? The root of the evil was that there was no colonization, but only military occupa- tion, while there were constant conflicts between the colonists and the military authorities. At this point M. Pelletan was interrupted, but he insisted that France was really governed by a bu- reaucracy, and that there was not a suf- ficient check on expenditure,

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102 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1754 THE END OF THE BEGINNING. The outbreak at Manila, which has been long expected, occurred on Satur- day, and the ratification of the peace treaty followed, almost inevitably, on Monday. Very few of our public men have the courage to stand up against a military excitement. Any one who wants to know how our statesmen at Wash- ington felt on hearing of the "rebel" at- tack on our lines at Manila, will do well to read Sir George Trevelyan's fourth and fifth chapters of his recently pub- lished 'American Revolution,' describing the state of mind of George III. and his cabinet after they got the news of Lex- ington and Bunker Hill. A glance, too, at Burke on 'Conciliation with America' will suggest some useful reflections. He will not find much talk of justice, or mercy, or conciliation, or peaceful rela- tions, or trade, or commerce, or kindli- ness, in the lucubrations of these states- men, but much about "lawful authority" and "dignity" and "treason" and "wick- edness" and "national prestige" and "re- bellion" and "insolence." There is no- thing better known in history than the armed conqueror's vocabulary. There had been a vigorous censorship of telegrams, and the military dispatches had led us to believe that the Filipinos were quieting down and acquiescing in our rule. It appears that this was not true, and that our agents really knew no- thing, or very little, about the feelings of the natives; that the American people were as ill informed about the Filipinos as the Filipinos about us. Had they known anything about us, they would not have indulged in an armed outbreak on or about the very day on which the vote was to be taken on the treaty in the Senate. By calm discussion, by appeals to the reason and sense of justice of the American people, they were making con- siderable headway; by taking arms, they have undoubtedly injured their cause, even if they have not helped ours. It reminds us of Cervera's coming out of Santiago to be destroyed just as Shaffer was thinking of retreating. But the treaty is now really of little consequence. The news from Manila confirms what we said the other day as to its having given us nothing except a right to conquer, if we could, in return for $20,000,000; or, in other words, what the lawyers call a chose in action. If Spain could have delivered the goods, they might have possibly been worth the money; but twenty millions of dollars for the right to try to do what Spain has been vainly trying to do for many years, makes it seem as if we had bought "a pig in a poke." Judging from the experience of the Spaniards, this war may last long. In every engagement we shall undoubtedly kill more Filipinos than they will kill of us, and cause more misery among these creatures than they can possibly cause among us, and keep the world wondering over the strange- ness of the business in which America is engaged in the hundred and tenth year of its existence. What fills us with most apprehension, and we should think would do most to keep Mr. McKinley awake at night, is the fact recorded by Prof. Worcester in his book on the archipela- go, that the tactics by which the na- tives were able to achieve so many suc- cesses against the Spaniards were to draw them into the interior in pursuit, and then disappear, leaving them in some unhealthy region to wrestle with malaria. Against disease, neither Mau- sers nor Gatlings nor Maxims will avail us. But, however the thing now goes, there are certain reflections which no enlightened and civilized man can es- cape. We have apparently rushed into this business with as little preparation or forethought as into the Cuban war. We got hold of the notion that it would be a good thing to annex 1,200 islands at the other end of the world, simply be- cause we won a naval victory over a feeble Power in the harbor of one of them, and because people like Griggs of New Jersey wanted some "glory." We then went to work to buy 1,200 islands without any knowledge of their extent, population, climate, productions, or of the feelings, wishes, or capacity of the inhabitants. We did not even know their number. While in this state of ignorance, far from trying to conciliate them, assure them of our good inten- tions, disarm their suspicions of us — men of a different race, religion, and lan- guage, of whom they had only recently heard — we issued one of the most con- temptuous and insulting proclamations a conqueror has ever issued, announcing to them that their most hated and secu- lar enemy had sold them to us, and that if they did not submit quietly to the sale we should kill them freely. This was bad enough, but what made it worse was that it was all, as a matter of fact, un- true. Is there in any history but Spa- nish history a record of statesmanship like this? SOME WHOLESOME RESTRAINTS. A good many people are troubled by the difficulty we have had in getting a treaty ratified by the Senate, and some are in favor of dispensing altogether with senatorial consent, Tanner fashion, when the Executive happens to be in a hurry and knows that the people are with him — which is simply another form of the French coup d'etat. But when the present crisis is all over, whether we an- nex or do not annex, conquer or do not conquer, we believe there are few men who care for the future of America, who will not acknowledge that the delays and difficulties which the President has en- countered, contain a lesson of the high- est value. Nothing is more tempting, and, therefore, more full of danger for weak men, than a too subservient public. This is eminently true of taxation. Readiness to pay taxes, for instance, seems to be and is a political virtue, and yet it is not very far from being a vice, for it may, and probably will, prove a great encouragement to extravagance. There could not have been worse ma- terial for a political martyr than Wilkes was in England, or a more unworthy ad- dition to the House of Commons, and yet the fight made on his behalf proved one of the most important contributions ever made to English constitutional liberty, and one of the most valu- able lessons ever given to the Legis- lature. When President McKinley came, drunk with glory and with flattery, out of the Spanish war, he evidently forgot that he was under any constitutional restraint, and undertook, as his proclamation of December 21 showed, to dispose of the Philippines in an address to the inhabi- tants that the first Napoleon, in the height of his power, might have issued. Nothing could have. served so effectually to recall him to a sense of his real situa- tion as the delay and difficulty he has had in getting the treaty through the Senate. Neither he nor any of his suc- cessors for many years to come, will for- get that even the most successful war will not suffice to make the ratification of a treaty easy. The Senate will always contain bad men, cranky men, suspi- cious men, and jealous men, who, even if they cannot defeat a President's pro- jects, will keep him mindful that he is a servant and not a master. But the Senate is not the only useful restraint on him. His terror about pos- sible rivals for the next term is an- other. A President who, like nearly every President in the past, seeks a se- cond term, has, in the first place, to keep a strict watch on possible rivals, and see to it that they do not secure an undue share of credit or glory. "Possible rivals" is, in fact, the bogie which has haunted the imagination of both President Mc- Kinley and his Syndicate ever since the outbreak of the Spanish war. Every President sees in this the one serious political objection to going to war. The object of nearly every politician in seek- ing war in America since 1812 has been to secure glory for electioneering pur- poses. A Presidential candidate, there- fore, who is already in the Presidential chair, has to keep a vigilant eye on such of his subordinates as are in any way connected with the war, lest they acquire an undue share of military credit. Over a year before the outbreak of the Spa- nish war, a well-informed correspondent wrote to us that the best guarantee against an attack on Spain was that the President could not himself take the field, and that the glory would almost certainly fall into the hands of some un- known military man, who might thereby succeed in wresting the next Presidential

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Feb. 9, 1899] The Nation 1G3 term from even the "Advance Agent of Prosperity." ThiB fact had by no means escaped the attention of the McKinley Syndicate, and, in looking over the field to see who most needed watching, the first ob- ject of suspicion was naturally the Com- mander of the army. If he were to be allowed to go to the scene of action, the political consequences might prove disastrous, and he was therefore stu- diously kept at home and discredited as far as possible. But to keep rivals out of the field and yet make some money for the Syndicate was no easy matter, for no sooner had the Commander-in- Chief been cut off from military glory than he began to nose about the con- tracts, an offence hardly less serious than winning battles, and the more out- rageous because the public had been so thoroughly intoxicated that it had be- come "patriotism" not to complain of anything the Syndicate did. Still, the substitution of a friendly board for a legal statutory court of inquiry revealed to the public the anxiety of the Syndi- cate about their plans. This anxiety was increased by the appearance on the scene of Roosevelt and his "Rough Rid- ers," and their success in the field, and, worse than all, Roosevelt's success in New York. This made another candi- date to be looked after and discredited. Roosevelt's civil-service performances and his mode of dealing with abuses have made him still more objectionable, but they have undoubtedly, by mere force of contrast, imposed very serious restraint on the Syndicate, who, if freed from it, would undoubtedly have "re- velled in spoils" during the coming year, especially in administering our new pos- sessions. We have little doubt that the beautiful colonial civil service which we were to have after Dewey's victory, has long been a joke in the War Depart- ment, over which the revered McKinley has smiled faintly. To sum up, we believe that we may during the next year expect extremely valuable results from the necessity of keeping an eye on both Miles and Roose- velt. Peace, friends, hath her victories no less renowned than war. Neither Alger, nor Corbin, nor Eagan is the man to flinch when there is important work to be done, but we must not ex- pect '"irresponsible assault" to displace them. The necessity of watching the two rivals will, however, we may be sure, prevent the execution of many brilliant schemes. Of one thing we may be certain: "The displeasure of the Pre- sident at the course of the commanding general" will not find expression in a court-martial or court of inquiry. The more likely way of disposing of him will be that described in the Sun on Thursday: "While nobody is in a position to say what the decision of the President will be, every- thing points to action relieving Gen. Miles of his duties without the formality of an of- ficial inquiry or a trial by a military body." Public inquiries are nasty things, of which we have had enough. We advise the public to keep a close watch on the irritated Eagan, to see what hap- pens to him. JOHN MORLEY'S WARNINGS. The speech which Mr. Morley made to his Scotch constituents three weeks ago was nominally on the political situation in England. It really dealt almost exclu- sively with the question of imperialism, which is cutting through English parties as it is through American. The political orators are few who can discuss a local condition in a way to illustrate universal truths, but John Morley is one of them. His penetrating analysis of British hy- per-imperialism, his account of its drift, his warnings against the dangers into which it is recklessly running, are so clothed upon with the qualities of the higher statesmanship that they fit the imperialistic mania in any country. They are as profitable for reproof and correc- tion to Americans as to Englishmen. In addition to his other merits, Mr. Morley has the rare political virtue of not dreading to stand alone. He has written in one of his essays of "the aw- ful loneliness of life"; but the loneliness of a public man cleaving to principle when all others forsake him and flee, does not frighten John Morley in the least. He likes as well as any man to be with a party espousing vital truth, but if it is a question between party and truth, he prefers to be lonely with the truth. The English Conservatives have been thoroughly Jingoed, and the larger num- ber of Liberal leaders have run after the false gods of imperialism; but Mr. Morley refuses to allow himself to "slip and to drift a few yards to-day, a few more yards to-morrow, into the adoption of, or acquiescence in, a course of policy," a spirit and a temper" which he believes from the bottom of his heart to be "in- jurious to our material prosperity, to our national character, and to the strength and safety of our Imperial State." But he takes his position with such simple dignity, he has at his command such re- sources of philosophy and such an arse- nal of language, that really, after read-, ing his speech, one feels that it is not he that is lonely, but the other fellows. No man who had once been the object of Morley's finest sarcasm could get much true comfort out of having been proved to be silly along with great num- bers. The orator had a splendid and power- ful passage in which he paid his respects to the Jingo clergy. His own reputed atheism lent just the needed edge to his rebuke of Christian apologists for war. He had for text a clerical address at a meeting of the Congregational Union, in which were all the usual mumbling clauses to the effect that we could not be for peace at any price, that there were worse things than war, that we lived in a work-a-day world not likely to adopt at once the higher laws of religious life. What a spectacle it was, cried Mr. Mor- ley, to see good men in the excruciating dilemma of dreading to be Jingo, and yet dreading still more to be thought for peace at any price. The fighting bishops of the Middle Ages could not have seemed more out of place as holy men. Worse things than war! So there are worse things than smallpox and deliri- um tremens; but you do not expect your physician to console you with the reflec- tion. It was true that we lived in a practical world; but was it not for men who believed in the higher laws to in- sist upon carrying them precisely into that practical world? Otherwise, you had only to imagine these clergymen in com- pany with the Forty Thieves, and you would hear them saying, "We are for the Ten Commandments, but still this is a work-a-day world; we cannot stand aloof from the practical business of life, and we are not for the Ten Command- ments at any price." This was what was rapidly becoming of the Decalogue, and as for the Golden Rule the modern cleri- cal version of that was, "Always swim with the stream." Mr. Morley rose almost to prophetic stature when he denounced the common and complacent remark that "Gordon is avenged" by the slaughter of 10,000 men at Omdurman. It was an "impious and dishonoring" notion that that heroic man, as merciful as he was fearless, was like "some implacable pagan deity who needed to be appeased by hecatombs of human sacrifice." Equally trenchant and searching was Mr. Morley on the ques- tion 01 conquest in order to make trade; butchery of natives in order to make places for aspiring Scotch youth. He asked his Scottish audience if they had made up their minds once for all that "it is right to kill people because it is good for trade." If they had not considered that nice question for a nation with a conscience, they should do so at once, for the doctrine was spreading. Morley's account of the five points of the Jingo creed we must cite entire. It was as fol- lows: "First, that territory was territory, and all territory was worth acquiring; second, that all territory, especially if anybody hap- pened to want it, was worth paying any price for; third, that this country possessed the purse of Fortunatus, bulging and over- flowing with gold, and was free to fling mil- lions here and there with the certainty that benignant fairies would, by magic, make them good, and so let us spend easy with lavish hand and a free conscience. The fourth article of the creed was — Do not show the slightest regard to the opinions of other nations, and you have no share whatever in the great collective responsibility of civilized people as joint guardians of the interests of peace and good order to the state system of Europe. The fifth article of the Jingo creed was that the interests of the people of this country— and he here drew no dis- tinction between classes and masses— ad- vancement in all the arts of civilized liffe

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104 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1754 and well-being, thtir needs and their re- quirements, were completely and utterlya se- condary and subordinate question." The warning which Mr. Morley gave that imperialism would break down dis- astrously on the financial side, was pe- culiarly one for Americans to take to heart. We are having our fat years now, but does not all experience show that they will be followed by lean years? The burdens which are barely tolerable now will become then too grievous to be borne. The army and navy and the whole blown foreign service will then be in danger of being starved. So- cial discontent will rear a more threat- ening head than ever. New blows will be levelled at property and public security. Exploitation of the waste places of the earth for the benefit of capitalists will surely lead to spoliation of capitalists in their own land. This is in special de- gree the danger of a free nation smitten with the thirst for territorial aggrandize- ment and the pagan pride of empire. It will overstrain its resources, and will turn and rend at home the leaders who have lured it into perils and disasters abroad. The only remedy, for English- men or Americans, is to insist upon dis- cussion and deliberation, and not to for- sake for one single hour "those prin- ciples and professions, that temper and that faith, which came down to them from the great men who begat them." TTIE THEATRE AND PUBLIC MORALS The report that a bill will be intro- duced before long in the State Senate, the object of which is to establish the office of Theatrical Censor in New York city, suggests some serious reflections. There can be no doubt that something of the kind is wanted in this city badly enough, but it would be a good deal bet- ter to let conditions remain as they are than to intrust the powers of such an of- fice to an unworthy or incapable person. It is not difficult to imagine the sort of man who would be selected for Theatri- cal Censor by our present rulers. The post would afford opportunities for some of the very richest pickings that ever came within the grasp of a hungry poli- tician. He would be able to exact tri- bute not only from the better kind of theatrical managers, but from the pro- prietors of every music hall and variety show in the metropolis. The very last thing in the world that he would think about would be the effect of a perform- ance upon public morals. His only ob- ject would be to make the giving of any entertainment, without the payment of tribute, as difficult as possible. Everybody knows that an active stage censorship exists in all the greater Eu- ropean cities, and everybody knows also that our very foulest dramatic importa- tions come to us from the countries where the censorship is supposed to be the strictest. The explanation of this fact is that the Continental censors con- cern themselves chiefly with political sentiment, and care very little indeed about any mere offence to decency or morality. Here, of course, there is no demand for a political censorship. We should need an officer somewhat akin to the examiner of plays in London, a uni- versity scholar of eminence who has de- voted many years to the study of thea- trical literature, and is able to compre- hend the scope and province of the thea- tre. He confines his supervision almost entirely to matters affecting questions of propriety, and, being entirely above all suspicion of political influence or pecu- niary interest, it is very seldom that one of his decisions is opposed or disputed. In fact, so little is heard of him that comparatively few persons are aware of his existence or of the authority which he exercises. The appointment of such a man in this city, with ample discretion- ary powers and an absolute guarantee of non-interference, might be beneficial, but in the present circumstances it would be folly to look for any such Utopian occur- rence. Nevertheless, it is high time that some steps were taken to check the increasing recklessness and audacity with which the lower order of our theatrical enter- tainers are seeking to fill their pockets by pandering to the baser instincts of the vulgar crowd. No old theatre-goer can fail to be impressed with the extra- ordinary development of license upon the New York stage, which is practically the stage of the whole country, within the last twenty-five years. In the palmy days of the old Union Square Theatre, for instance, in the seventies, there was a constant outcry in conservative quar- ters against what was called the demo- ralizing influence of the English adapta- tions of the contemporary French emo- tional drama, which were so popular at that time. The influence of some of them, to be sure, was not particularly whole- some, but all of them were submitted to a pretty careful process of expurgation, and the evil in them, as a rule, was only darkly suggested and never openly ex- pressed. It is not so very long ago that the utterance of a very common, almost meaningless, oath upon the boards of the Madison Square Theatre was resented as an outrage upon the feelings of a re- fined and delicate audience. No scru- ples of this kind are discernible in the conduct of the spectators in our modern theatres. Whereas, in the olden days, a mere allusion was resented, the actual representation of the thing itself is now watched with approval and even eager- ness, and in many cases the more real the abomination, the more vigorous is the applause. There can be no doubt that the wide dissemination of the verbal and picto- rial horrors of the yellow press is re- sponsible to a very large extent, if not entirely, for the general demoralisation into which the taste of the middle class- that is, of the theatre-supporting class — appears to have fallen. When an appe- tite for the morbid, the unclean, and the prurient has been encouraged by surrep- titious reading, it requires grosser and grosser means of gratification. It was in the music halls that the public demand for what is commonly called spicy en- tertainment was first discovered, and the want was supplied with diabolical ce- lerity. The most audacious performers, male and female, degenerates who had become notorious in Paris and Vienna, some of whom had been expelled by the police of those profligate cities on ac- count of their abominable exhibitions, not only found a refuge but a rich re- ward in our music halls. They made for- tunes for themselves and for the men who hired them. It was the spectacle of this prosperity, so easily if so vilely won, that prompted the managers of certain second and third-rate theatres to enter into active competition with them in the direction of public indecency. It would have been bad enough if the evil had stopped there, but of late the directors of houses hitherto deemed respectable have not scorned to profit by presenting scenes upon their boards which, upon the street, would call for the instant in- terference of the police. And the amaz- ing part of it all is that the audiences which witness these atrocities unmoved, are composed largely of men and women of all ages, possessing every outward in- dication of education and refinement. There is no saying to what depths this degradation of the stage and of the pub- lic may not proceed if some means be not found to punish the most notorious offenders. There is a notion on the part of the public that it is the duty of the better newspapers to act as moral con- stables in this matter, but the fact is, that the newspapers, although they can encourage the mischief in a thousand ways, are quite powerless, as the case now stands, to suppress or even greatly to mitigate it. Experience has proved beyond all possibility of doubt that an honest denunciation of a play on account of its uncleanness has no other result than the sending of a great number of readers to witness it. It is unfortunately the fact that some newspapers outside the admittedly yellow class, while feign- ing virtuous indignation, contribute enormously to the profits of this unclean business, by publishing minute details of the grosser offences perpetrated before the footlights. It is difficult to believethat a remedy for an evil so glaring cannot be found within the provisions of the common law. An indictment of two or three managers at the instigation of the District Attorney, and a prompt and re- morseless relegation of them to the peni- tentiary, if only for a week or two, on the score of disorderly or indecent con* duct, would be more effective than any censorship which is at all likely to be

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Feb. 899] The Nation 105 established under the patronage of Tam- many Hall. If the District Attorney has not time to bestow upon the considera- tion of a question affecting so vitally the moral well-being of the community, the matter might be taken in hand by some of the societies for the prevention of vice, which could not easily find a more important subject on which to ex- ercise their energies. REMBRANDT IN LONDON. London, January 7 1800. When in doubt, attack the Royal Aca- demy, seems to be the motto of a certain section of the British public. At irregular intervals, usually at moments of least pro- vocation, the story of Academical evils is told again, and again new methods of re- form are urged upon long-suffering artists. This winter, the attack has come in the shape of a large and elaborate treatise ('The Royal Academy: Its Uses and Abuses'), by Mr. Laidlay, B.A., Barrister and Artist. I do not propose to enter into Mr. Laidlay's argument, in the first place because my concern just now is not with the crimes of the Academy, and, in the second, because Mr. Laidlay's methods are far too confused and involved. It seems a pity, so long as he took upon himself the task, that he did not set about accomplishing it more tho- roughly. The history of the Royal Academy, written calmly and dispassionately, would be a far more eloquent plea against this much-abused institution than a windy ar- raignment prompted, apparently, by some personal grievance. From the time of Gains- borough, and thence onward through the pe- riod when Fuseli proclaimed his wrongs, there has been reason enough to find fault; but it is not likely that Mr. Laidlay can be successful where commissions, and societies, and movements, and New English Art Clubs, and newspaper crusades have failed, espe- cially as artists have the remedy in their own hands if they really felt they could en- dure the injustice no longer. If outsiders ceased to, send to the Academy exhibitions, if they combined to boycott it, the Academy could not survive many years. The only im- mediate outcome of Mr. Laidlay's book, how- ever, has been the suggestion that a new, a liberal, a just, a truly representative Aca- demy be started by the County Council, which having already taken art under its wing by establishing a technical school as a rival to South Kensington, is considered by its admirers to be ready equipped to solve any and all artistic problems in the country. But I must confess, the performances of the County Council as patron of art, so far, do not inspire very great confidence; and as the scheme would adopt all that is prac- tically worst in the old Salon, and as, in the face of the six thousand or more artists in the country, it gayly calls for a gallery in which every picture shall hang on the line, the last probably has already been heard of it. All this is very amusing— though perhaps a little tragic — in its way; but more amus- ing still is the wonderful luck that has at- tended the Academy at this crisis, as at every other stage of its triumphant career. Had Mr. Laidlay published his book in the spring, had his summing up of old evils been at once followed by a fresh evil in the spring exhibition, with Its accompany- ing rumors and complaints of favoritism and worse, he might at least have run the chance of sympathetic notice and discussion. But it so happens that hardly has his book attracted the attention of the critics when the Royal Academy opens one of the most important winter exhibitions it has ever held. A couple of years ago the Council decided that there was no money in Old Masters, and last year and the year before Millais and Leighton were offered as a sub- stitute. But the supply of modern Aca- demical masters is limited, and it seems to have occurred to the Council that the Aca- demy's "Winter-Garment of Repentance," as the winter show has been defined, had its moral value, even if it did not pay in actual shillings. And Mr. Laidlay is silenced, and municipal schemes discounted, and the Aca- demy justifies its existence by an Exhibition of Rembrandts which, if it but included "The Night Watch" and "The Syndics," would be finer in many respects than the much more loudly advertised show in Am- sterdam. As a stroke of policy, nothing could be more masterly: chance, certainly, is always on the side of the Royal Academy. I pointed out at the time that many of the most notable pictures at Amsterdam came from England — the superb portraits sent by Lord Iveagh; the little Velasquez- like boy belonging to Lord Spencer; Lord Northbrook's landscape with its careful study of light; the Duke of Westminster's beautiful "Gentleman with a Hawk" and "Lady with a Fan"; the Queen's pictures from Buckingham Palace. All these reap- pear at Burlington House, together with many others from English collections, that were not seen in Holland. Indeed, the most remarkable feature of the show is the proof it gives of the great numbers of fine Rem- brandts that are owned in England. The National Gallery is not drawn upon for contributions; only a very few foreign col- lections and museums have loaned their treasures. And yet, while there were one hundred and twenty-three pictures at Am- sterdam, there are one hundred and two here, and these include far less rubbish. Rubbish seems a hard word to use in speaking of Rembrandt, but at Amsterdam you could not help feeling that if Rembrandt did paint some of the work shown it would be doing him greater honor to forget it. Where England is poorest is in the large sub- ject pictures. But, after all, there are but two which fully sustain and deserve the fame they have won for him. No one but Rembrandt could have painted "The Syn- dics," though when you look at some of his minor groups, for instance at "The Ship- builder and his Wife" from Buckingham Palace, which is here, and which I had le- membered as one of his masterpieces, you wonder how they would stand the test of hanging in the Haarlem Museum with the great Regent Pictures by Franz Hals. The "Shipbuilder and his Wife" is one of his early works, it is true, and it may be said that the comparison is not altogether just. But I mention it only because to see it again at the Academy is to realize more than ever that, great as an artist may be, it does not follow, as the enthusiast is apt to think, that everything he chooses to do must be beyond reproach. The other exception, of course, is "The Night Watch," which holds a place apart. Beyond these two, I think every one who has seen Rembrandt's large subject pictures, and who is honest, will ad- mit that no small measure of disappointment mingles with the admiration they inspire. There is one at Burlington House, "Bel- shazzar's Feast," lent by the Earl of Derby, which is so weak in color, so poor in draw- ing, so commonplace and even grotesque in composition, that you cannot understand how the man who was painting that same "Shipbuilder and his Wife" in 1633 could have committed this indiscretion "about 1636," the dato suggested in the catalogue. There are, however, two or three of his smaller Biblical and classical subjects that are as lovely, as marvellous in their manner, as the larger canvases are disappointing; above all, a little "Tobit and his Wife," be- longing to Sir Francis Cook, and not exhibit- ed at Amsterdam — a rich, shadowy interior, with a glimpse of a red town and a bit of green through the window that helps to remind you what an incomparable De Hooghe Rembrandt would have proved, had he not been Rembrandt. There are one or two land- scapes also that did not find their way to the Dutch show, especially the Marquess of Lansdowne's "Mill," with its rich golden glow, exhibited, if I am not mistaken, at the Winter Exhibition a few years ago. But when all is said, it is in his portraits that Rembrandt was supreme, and one or tw'O now at Burlington House I do not remember ever to have seen. The most remarkable is Lord Penrhyn's "Lady with a Parrot," paint- ed in 1657, just a few years before that state- ly portrait of himself now in the possession of Lord Iveagh; at a time, that is, when his eyes were keenest to discern the beauty and picturesqueness and romance of old age. The old lady, in her simple black gown and severe cap and collar, sitting so quietly with her arms resting on the arms of the chair, in her hand a handkerchief, as in the hands of that no less perfect "Old Lady" of the Luxembourg, has all the serenity and dignity of Rembrandt's finest presentments of him- self, when age had grizzled his hair and wrinkled his powerful face. Another por- trait of peculiar interest comes from Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan and is called "Portrait of the Painter." I do not know on what au- thority this title is given, and I fancy many will be disposed to question it; for the pic- ture represents a handsome youth of appa- rently not more than fifteen or sixteen. He sits with a drawing on his knees, from which he looks up and directly at you, his face eager and serious and full of charm. But there are certain passages in it, more par- ticularly in the treatment of parts of the cos- tume, that point to a later date; the tech- nique is that of a much more mature period than the one suggested. The only explana- tion is that the canvas may have been begun when Rembrandt was still the youth it de- picts, and not then finished, but kept by him in his studio and touched and repainted from time to time when he chanced to re- member it; and this seems likely enough. A few other portraits have the added inte- rest of not being so well known as the greater number shown. There are several wonderful old women; there is another much younger woman, lent by Lord Leconfield, commonplace for Rembrandt — an early work of 1635— but curious for the Vandyck-like grace of the poses and prettiness of the face; and there is, too, a portrait of "Alotte Adriaans," of four years later, that almost suggests Holbein. Amsterdam, supplementing the great na- tional collections, one supposed, could have

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1G6 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1754 nothing more to learn about Rembrandt. But already, a few months later, in England one has the chance to see other phases of his work, other proofs of his tremendous energy and genius. He was simply inexhaustible as an artist. I make no effort, however, to enter into further detail about the collection, because, as I have explained, the most im- portant pictures in it are those I described when I wrote of the Amsterdam Exhibi- tions; and as in general character the two shows vary but slightly, the effect produced, the conclusions forced upon one, are much the same in both cases. Even the drawings, as at Amsterdam, come chiefly from the portfolios of Mr. Heseltine and M. Bonnat. And, it is to be regretted, the Academy has adhered so closely to the example set at Amsterdam that Rembrandt's etchings have not been hung. However, Mr. Colvin has long been preparing an exhibition of all the Rembrandt prints and drawings in the Bri- tish Museum collection, one of the finest and most complete in the world. After this, there will remain nothing to do but to prepare the perfect show of all, in which only Rem- brandt's masterpieces, brought together from every corner of Europe and America, would be placed side by side in one gallery. The Academy has issued an excellent cata- logue, with a useful chronological index added. It will prove of value to all stu- dents of Rembrandt as a book of reference, even to those who have not had the pleasure of seeing the show. N. N. PARNELL.— I.* Dublin, January 21, 1899. Presuming the time had come when «t were well for the memory of Mr. Parnell and for the good of Ireland that his life should be written, few were better qualified for the task than Mr. Barry O'Brien. It has been objected that he was not allowed access to Mr. Parnell's private papers, and that no one, during the survival of many still, in the prime of life, is likely to be allowed ac- cess to them. But Parnell's was a life whose vivid interest depends not on unpublished details, but rather on a strong personality and the manner in which it impressed and affected contemporaries. Mr. O'Brien's book might be more complete If private papers had been open to him; but, even without that advantage, it may be more valuable than any biography written after the present generation had passed away could be. The book compels attention; otherwise there are not many Irishmen that understood and felt with Parnell through the major portion of his career, who would not, from the sadness of the last months of it, shrink from the task of reviewal. Considering the political bias of the au- thor, it is an admirable piece of work. Few men were in the position, as he shows him- self to have been, to elicit, concerning phases in the life of Mr. Parnell, opinions, verging on the confidential, of Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, Mr. Duffy, Mr. Chamberlain, Mr. Rhodes, and other prominent men. He has availed himself of his opportunities, and in- sured for his book a permanent place in all libraries pretending to any completeness iu the department of British and Irish his- tory. The balance of the relation is well preserved. Too many writers of political •'The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell, 1846-1891 ' By R. Barry O'Brien, Barrlsti-r-at-La« Harnvrs Two volumes in one. Pp. 378, 394 lives lose themselves in history. Here we have no more than immediately concerns the subject of the story; and we are given, what is often wanting, the environment of the stage when the hero appears upon it. I shall have occasion to differ from Mr. O'Brien in his presentation of the facts of the last year of Mr. Parnell's life. Parnell came of a family honorably asso- ciated with literature and with the history of Ireland, and upon his mother's side with the history of the United Stales. There was doubtless a peculiar strain iu the blood, as appeared in the curious superstitions that, through all, lurked in the corners of Mr. Parnell's mind. He was born in an ancestral home, amidst lovely scenery consecrated in Irish song. There was nothing attractive in his childhood and early life, no promise of the character that was to develop. He was "sent down" at Cambridge for misconduct, and never completed a college course. A youth who opined that the Greek lexicon was wrong when it did not justify his ren- dering of a passage, was not a promising subject for university distinction. Even in his prime, he showed himself ignorant and uninterested concerning literature and art. His tastes lay towards mechanics and che- mistry. His entrance into politics in his twenty-ninth year appeared more a freak than anything else. In so far as it was ear- nest, it was due to resentment at the low estimation in which his country was held. "The idea that the Irish were despised was always in Charles's mind," wrote a sister. His d6but was eminently discouraging to those who had made themselves responsible for bringing him forward. Says O'Connor Power: "He seemed to me a nice, gentlemanly fel- low, but he was hopelessly ignorant, and seemed to me to have no political capacity whatever. He could not speak at all. He was hardly able to get up and say, 'Gentle- men, I am a candidate for the representation of the County of Dublin.' We all listened to him with pain while he was on his legs, and felt immensely relieved when he sat down" (1., 75). The home-rule movement, inaugurated five years previously, was flickering towards extinction. Fenlanism, intensified by resent- ment at the cruel treatment of the treason- felony prisoners, was the dominant power in Irish politics. In Parliament it was impos- sible effectively to arouse the British con- science concerning Ireland. Mr. Biggar and Mr. Ronayne had the clear-sightedness to see the necessity for a change of tactics. "What's the good?" B. would say: "we can't get them [Irish bills] through. The English stop our bills. Why don't we stop their bills? That's the thing to do. No Irish bills; but stop English bills. No legislation; that's the policy, sir; that's the policy. Butt's a fool; too gentlemanly; we're all too gentle- manly" (i., 92). Parnell followed Biggar's lead, and soon became the acknowledged head of an active Irish party, bent upon ob- taining as much as possible for their country, and, when ignored, making themselves dis- agreeable. Some of the distinctive customs and procedure of Parliament upon which Englishmen most prided themselves had to be radically altered before they could recover control of its proceedings. The deaths of Butt, Martin, and others of the elder gene- ration of Irish Nationalists left the ground clear for the exercise of Mr. Parnell's pecu- liar genius. Those not content to serve un- der him had to stand aside. "Parnell excelled us all," said one of his obstructive colleagues, "in obstructing as if he were really acting in the interests of the British legislators. He was cool, calm, busi- nesslike, always kept to the point, and rare- ly became aggressive in voice or manner. . . . The very quietness of his demeanor, the orderliness with which he carried out a policy of disorder, served only to exasperate, and even to enrage, his antagonists" (i., 107). Mr. O'Brien then quotes from another fol- lower: "He was a beautiful fighter. He knew ex- actly how much the House would stand. One uight I was obstructing. S was near me. He was generally timid, afraid of shocking the House. He said: 'O , you had better stop, or you will be suspended.' 'Oh, no,' quietly interjected Parnell, who was sitting by us, 'they will stand a good deal more than this; you may go on for another half hour.' I did go on for another half hour or so. Then there was an awful row, and I stopped. Par- nell had gauged the exact limit. Another night I was obstructing again. Parnell came in suddenly and said, 'Stop now, or there will be an explosion in five minutes, and I don't want a row to-night.' In all these things Parnell was perfect" (i., 109). It was not without opposition and doubt as to the sincerity of his professions that the Fenians left him alone to follow a constitu- tional movement. He suffered personal vio- lence, and was driven from at least one platform. He managed with consummate adroitness to conciliate their opposition, and ultimately to attach them, without actually committing himself to them. His attitude towards those who differed from him, whether they w-ere in advance or lagged be- hind, was not opposition, but an appeal that a fair chance should be given him to work out his programme. "We shall therefore see him," writes Mr. O'Brien, "as the years roll by, standing on the verge of treason felony, but with marvellous dexterity al- ways preventing himself from slipping over." "Parnell's great gift was his faculty of re- ducing a quarrel to the smallest dimensions," and he had an instinct for knowing, where he appeared least informed, in political af- fairs. And so he became the best hated man in England, the idol of the Irish people— he was the first Irishman since the days of the Volunteers who, upon their own ground, hu- miliated those who despised Ireland1. A new departure came in bad harvests and an out- burst of agrarian discontent that had only slumbered. He was led by Davitt into the establishment of the, Land League, through which society in Ireland was shaken to its foundations. These were the days when Mr. Parnell uttered the few sayings that survive iu the minds of the people: "Hold a firm grip on your homesteads." "Ireland can- not afford to lose a single man." "No man, has the right to fix the boundary of the march of a nation." And those fateful words, so often used as a handle against him and his party in the after home-rule struggle: "None of us . . . will be satisfied until we have destroyed the last link which keeps Ireland bound to England." (Were they an echo of words used by Grattan one hundred years previously, and quoted by Boswell to Johnson? "We will persevere till there is not one link of the English chain left to clank upon the rags of the meanest beggar in Ireland.") The Government's hand was forced, and a land bill surpassing the wildest hopes of previous land reformers (but since curtailed in its benefits by administration) was placed upon the statute book. Once again Ireland re- alized that material reform was to be obtained only through violence and outrage. "I must

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Feb. 1899] The !N"ation 107 make one admission," said Mr. Gladstone in ISO?,, "and that is, that, without the Land League, the act of 1881 would not now be on the statute book" (i., 293). Some thousand prominent Leaguers were already in prison, under Mr. Forster's act, "on reasonable sus- picion." Mr. Parnell conceived and advised that the land act would be made best use of by bringing forward strong test cases at first, not by the tenants crowding into the courts. Having given grounds for the sus- picion that he desired to thwart the act and discredit the Government, lie was himself committed to Kilmainharn. The abortive "no- rent" manifesto followed. Outrages and mur- der increased to an appalling extent, discred- iting Mr. Forster's assurances that, if he were given a free hand in imprisoning sus- pected persons, the country would subside. Even Mr. Parnell was startled. The negotiations ending in the "Kilmain- ham treaty" are succinctly and clearly stated by Mr. O'Brien. Mr. Parnell, with his Par- liamentary colleagues, and Mr. Davitt, who had been relegated to Portland prison, were released on the understanding that Mr. Par- nell at least would use his influence to lull the agitation. Wide reforms were foresha- dowed by the Liberals, and a new page might have opened in Irish history but for the murder of the Secretaries. A coercive re- gime was again entered upon, and thoughts of reconcilement were abandoned. This was the period when Ireland, In defiance of the Pope's dissuasive rescript, contributed £40,- 000 to clear Mr. Parnell' s estate from mort- gage and make him easy as to money affairs. Home rule became the one plank in his platform. So early as 1880 he had declared: "I would not have taken off my coat and gone to this work if I had not known that we were laying the foundation in this move- ment for the regeneration of our legislative independence" (i., 240). British parties were played off against each other, and at one time, as is shown through the Carnarvon negotiations, fully elucidated by Mr. O'Brien, there appeared every prospect of the Conser- vatives adopting some modified form of home rule. Mr. Chamberlain, in the extended in- terview concerning those times which he accorded Mr. O'Brien, appears to clear him- self from the charge of inconsistency in re- lation to that question. He never contem- plated more than a system of representative councils in supersession of the boards by which Irish affairs are administered. At the general election of 1885, Mr. Par- nell returned to Parliament backed by a so- lid phalanx of 84 of the 103 Irish representa- tives. The Liberals were 335, the Conserva- tives 249. By throwing himself and his 84 men on the side of the Conservatives he could neutralize the Liberal majority, while, joined to the Liberals, a working majority of over 170 could be shown. Mr. Gladstone brought in his Home Rule Bill. It was de- feated, and the Conservatives returned to power. Then followed the most interesting years of Irish agitation. The agricultural question agaiu came up. The Plan of Cam- paign was launched. A perpetual Coercion Act was passed. Irish members, Irish sus- pects, Irish agitators (not implicated in trea- son) were treated with previously unheard-of severity in imprisonment. Parnell himself unaccountably held aloof from the fray, and seldom visited Ireland except on rare occa- sions, such as that so charmingly and graphi- cally described by Mr. Horgan early in the second \oluine. The Gladstonian Liberals became enthusiastic for the Irish cause in all its phases. No Liberal platform in Great Britain was complete without the presence of Irish members. Ireland was flooded with Bri- tish sympathizers. The "union of hearts" between the two peoples appeared complete — the contest of centuries at an end. Happy were those Irish patriots who then sank to rest. The forgery of the Pigott letters was laid bare mainly through the acumen of Mr. Egan.* The speeches of Sir Charles Russell and Mr. Davitt before the Commission pre- sented the Irish cause in a clear and ble light to the British people. Upon the other hand, the Irish Unionists, realizing as never before the danger of the situation as con- cerned themselves, banded themselves toge- ther for the fray in the "Loyal and Patriotic Union." At by-elections the home-rule cause steadily gathered strength, and a large Liberal majority at the next general election was certain. Most Home-Rulers confidently expected that within three years a Par- liament would be sitting in Dublin. Mr. O'Brien thus opens chapter xxii. of his book: "Parnell's career, from his entrance into public life, in 1875, until the beginning of 1890, had been almost an unbroken record of success. He had silenced factions, quelled dissensions, put down rivalries, reconciled opposing forces, combined constitutionalists, healed the ancient feud between the Church and the Fenians, . . . had united the Irish race all the world over, and placed him- self at the head, not merely of a party, but of a nation. He had defeated almost all his enemies in detail. ... He had, indeed, reached the highest pinnacle of his fame; he seemed invincible. Yet he was standing on a mine, and while the air still rang with the rejoicing which hailed his latest triumph, the train was fired, his doom was sealed." He alone knew the mine upon which he stood. In him alone it lay to anticipate an explosion, and, as far as possible, mitigate Its consequences. D. B. Correspondence. A KING OF THE PHILIPPINES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The speeches of Senators Piatt (of Connecticut) and Foraker unwittingly reveal the abyss into which they ask the country to plunge with them. They no doubt reflect the sentiments of all who wish to launch on an unknown sea of adventure. When ob- jection is made to incorporating Asiatics in- to our body politic because our national Constitution was made for European races, and particularly the Anglo-Saxon, and is not fit for the government of peoples who have no traditions of freedom and are steep- ed in despotism, their answer is that Con- gress has absolute plenary power over Ter- ritories, and is subject to no Constitutional restrictions in governing them — in other words, that a government of a Territory is entirely outside the Constitution. The only practicable way by which Congress can ex- ercise such power is by transferring it to the President. It is true, they say, that, in an organic act, Congress usually extends the Constitutionandlawsof the United States over a Territory, but that the Constitution does •Mi-. Parnell almost despaired of discovering the perpetrator, and proving the forgery, when Mr. ,m lind retired t,, the Unit. m] States, point- ed out that the word "hesitancy." spelled lenev" in one of the letters published by the Turn's, ^ns similarly snelled In letters from I'igott in bis possession. The chapter dealing with these forg'-riejj niirl the subsequent trial is one of the most interesting in the book. not propria rigore extend itself there, as it does over a State. Consequently, if, after adopting the constitution for a Territory Congress should pass an act In conflict with it, to that extent it repeals the constitution. These declarations should be taken as notice that if the Philippines are annexed, they will be governed without regard to Con- stitutional limitations. The advocates of this policy do no! seem to be conscious, in making this avowal, thai they furnish an overwhelming argument against holding Asiatic possessions, where, from net 1 Congress must invest the President with a trinity of power — executive, legislative, and judicial—which is the very essence of despot- ism. It means the creation of a great Orien- tal monarchy and an attempt to establish at Washington the empire of the Caliphs of Bagdad. It is not much comfort to be told that our President will be another Harouu al-Raschid. Mr. Piatt quotes from a speech of Mr. Webster's the following language as to the power of Congress over the Terri- tories: "It may establish any such govern- ment and any such laws In the Territories as in its discretion it may see fit. It is sub- ject, of course, to the rules of justice and propriety, but it is under no Constitutional restraints." He also cites with approval, as does Mr. Foraker, the acts of Congress that made the President absolute dictator in the Territories of Florida and Louisiana, and a late decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (86 Fed. Re- porter, 456), the syllabus of which reads: "Congress has full legislative power over the Territories, unrestricted by the limitations of the Constitution." The Court was unanimous, and the opinion is supported by references to Supreme Court decisions tending in the same direction. Be it so; then let us be- ware of intrusting Congress with this colos- sal power to be delegated to the President, except in a case of absolute necessity. If there were a rocky island in the Pacific be- yond our jurisdiction that was a Gibraltar which commanded the entrance to the Golden Gate, no one would question the propriety of our acquiring and holding it in self-defence. No such reason can be alleged for our hold- ing the Philippines, but just the reverse. They would be a weak point in war which we should have to defend. The force de- tached to defend them could be of no use anywhere else. The occasions for using despotic power should be reduced to a minimum; familiarity with it abroad may gradually sap and under- mine all the safeguards of freedom at home. In such a school the Praetorian bands were trained. A government of the Philippines must be a despotism or no government at all. Asiatics are not fit for anything else. Mr. Foraker says we will hold them only tem- porarily until these people are fit for self- government. But all people are fit for self- government in their own way. Asiatics and Africans are as contented with their forms of government as we are; they never will be with ours. But why confine our philan- thropy to the Philippines? Why not em- brace all Asia in this benevolent scheme to regenerate mankind? The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan undertook that. But we can't govern Asiatics consistently with those prin- ciples of liberty that are embodied as a bill of rights in the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Congress can establish a religion, extend the Anti -Polygamy Act I to the archipelago, or grant an indulgence

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108 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1754 to Mussulmans and let them follow the ex- ample o£ Mahomet; it can enact hills of at- tainder and ex-post-facto laws, and deprive men of life, liberty, and property without due process of law. The islands will he governed as a Crown colony, and the Presi- dent will he King of the Philippines. How long, then, will it he before that immortal ode— "Alexander's Feast"— will cease to he simply an imaginary picture of a scene in a long-buried past? But those who rely on the authority of Mr. Webster have failed to heed his prophecy of woe in a speech against expansion and imperialism deliver- ed shortly before the one quoted. He said: "Arbitrary governments may have terri- tories and distant possessions, because ar- bitrary governments may rule them by dif- ferent laws and different systems. Russia may rule in the Ukraine and the provinces of the Caucasus and Kamtchatka by dif- ferent codes, ordinances, or ukases. We can do no such thing. They must be of us, part of us, or else strangers." The italics are Webster's. The fact that the advocates of annexation claim this gi- gantic, extra-constitutional power proves that it is their purpose to exercise it. Jno. S. Mosbt. San Francisco, January 29, 1899. THE DILEMMA OF THE FILIPINOS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Apropos of the missionary argument for expansion, the clergyman under whose ministry I sat last Sunday offered the follow- ing petition on behalf of the Filipinos: "We pray Thee that those who prefer to remain in darkness, and are even willing to fight in order to do so, may, whether will- ingly or unwillingly, be brought into the light!" Instantly there came to my mind the naive remark of the pious author of the 'Chanson de Roland,' in describing one of the victories of Charlemagne over the Mussulmans: —that is to say: "There was not a pagan left in the city who was not either killed or made a Christian." So may it be in Ma- nila, when a similar dilemma is prepared for its inhabitants! The serious aspect of this matter is that, just as there were united 111 Charlemagne a greed for aggrandizement and a piously barbarous desire to make Christians by con- quest, so we see joined together to-day — not in the same individuals, but in the unnatural cooperation of the most diverse dispositions— the imperialism of selfishness and the im- perialism of philanthropy. Each forgets that its greatest successes in the past have been due to an appearance of disinterestedness. But no wonder that we move so fast with two such allies hand in hand! Yours very truly, Raymond Macdonald Alden. vni\ khmty (ik l'|. nnsyi.vama, January SO, 18U9, FRANKLIN'S "ANECDOTE." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Just before the proceedings of the first American Congress of 1774 reached Great Britain, the King suddenly dissolved Parliament, and issued writs for a genera] election. It was a move of peculiarly shrewd "politics," for the Ministry had every reason to believe that the proceedings of Congress would be conciliatory, tending to allay the heat of the English public against the colo- nies; and by thus prematurely forcing a new election while the public was still excited against America, it was hoped that the Gov- ernment majority would be increased — a theory which proved eminently successful in practice. When the proceedings of the Congress were transmitted to Parliament, they came before men prepared to give them no heed, and were referred, with a great mass of other papers, to a committee which Edmund Burke happily styled "the Commit- tee of Oblivion." Franklin, who was then in London, drew up what he termed an "anec- dote" of the King's speech for the meeting of this Parliament, undoubtedly intended for publication in the press of the day, but which, so far as I have been able to learn, was not printed then, and is included in no collection of his writings, yet which de- serves to be known, both for its clever imita- tion and for its shrewd prophecy. Very truly yours, Paul Leicester Ford. Brooklyn, February 3, 1899. ANECDOTE The intended speech for the opening of the first Session of the present Parliament viz Nov 29 1774 My Lords and Gentlemen It gives me much concern that I am obliged at the opening of this Parliament to inform you that none of the measures wch I adopted unon the advice of my late Pari1 in respect to the disturbances of my American colonies have produced those salutary effects, weh re- lying upon the supposed wisdom of their de- libeiations I had been induced to expect. I therefore sent that Pari1 a packing rather abruptly, & have called you in their place to pick a little advice out of your wise heads upon some matters of the greatest weight & importance relating to a sort of Crusade that I have upon my hands. I must needs tell you that the business if you chuse to undertake it for me will be a seven or ten years job at least. You must know then that my ministers have put me upon a project to undertake the reduction of the whole continent of North Ame- rica to unconditional submission. They W have persuaded me to coax you into this pro- je< t by representing it to you as a matter very easily to be done in a twinkling, and to make you believe that my subjects in America whom you have always hitherto considered as brave men are no better than a wretched pack •lly run a ways, & that 500 men with whips w'1 make them all dance to the tune of Yankee Doodle; but I w* t»ll you no such thing because I am very sure if you meddle with it that you will find it a very different sort of business. Now Gentlemen of the House of Commons I give you this fair notice for yourselves & your Constituents. If you undertake this job it will cost you at the least farthing a good round sum of 40 or 50 millions; 40 or 50 thousands of your Constituents will get knock- ed on the head and then you are to consider what the rest of you will be gainers by the bargain even if you succeed. The trade of a ruined & desolated Country is always incon- siderable, its revenue trifling; the expence of subjecting & retaining it in subjection certain & inevitable. On the other side sh" you prove unsucces^ful, shd that connexion wch we wish most ardently to maintain be dissolved, shd my Ministers exhaust your treasures & waste the blood of your Country men in vain will they not deliver you weak & defencless to your natural enemies? You must know this is not the first time that the Serpent has been whispering in to fax America. Cost what it will, make thtni your hewers of wood & drawers of water. Let them feel that your little finger is thick- er than the loins of all your ancestors. But I was wiser than all that. I sent to L'1 Rock- ingham & the advice that he gave me was this, not to burn my fingers in the business. That it was ten to one against our making any hand of it at all, that they were not worth shearing & at best that we shd raise a cursed outcry & get but little wool. I shall remember his last advice to me as long as I live. Speak good words to them and they will be thy Servants forever. And now my Lords & Gentlemen I have stated the whole matter fairly & squarely before you. It is your own business, and if you are not content as you are, look to the rest for yourselves. But if I were to give you a word of advice it should be to remind you of the Italian Epitaph upon a poor fool that kill'd himself with quacking Stava ben, por star meglio, sto qui. that is to say. I was well, I would be better, I took Physick and died. A NEW ERA IN COTTON. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The greatest event in the history of cotton is Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin. Another great event, if not fully as great, is the discovery of a new system of baling cotton by which it is compressed as it leaves the gin-stand to twice the cubic density formerly attainable, and, without the old wrapping of heavy jute bagging and iron ties, but with only a simple neat cotton or burlap covering, it is ready for direct shipment to any part of the world. This system is commonly known as the "round bale." Under the old system of baling cotton, we are taxed 6 per cent, on every bale of cotton we export. The foreigner buys cotton only. He will pay nothing for iron ties or jute bagging, but taxes every bale 6 per cent, tare for the weight of its wrapping. As cotton is by far the most valuable ar- ticle for export this country has, the tax is a severe one. The value of our cotton ex- ports for the past twenty years is $4,367,- 191,810. The tax the Southern planter has paid and this country has lost in gold amounts to the enormous sum of over $262,- 000,000. In the round or Lowry bale the cov- ering weighs practically nothing, and there is no tare. The Southern farmer pays no tax. A wrapping for cotton that has. cost the country's wealth over a quarter of a bil- lion dollars in twenty years should be a magnificent one. As a matter of fact, no great commodity has been handled in the barbarous (I do not speak extravagantly) way cotton has. It arrives at the mills badly exposed, in many cases the bagging almost entirely gone, and the cotton dam- aged from rain, mud, etc. In the round bale the package arrives at its destination in perfect condition. The farmer saves the loss from damage he used to pay. Because of the greater density of the new bale, ocean freights are one-third to one-half of the old rate. Insurance is also less. In Mem- phis the Board of Underwriters have re- cently reduced the rate to one-half that of the old. Every one of these savings is just so many dollars in the Southern farmer's pocket. A radical revolution in the method of handling cotton cannot be accomplished in a moment. The^ enormous money invest- ment in compresses will naturally endeavor to protect its interests. But the round or

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Feb. 9, 1899] The ISTation. 109 Lowry bale is such an enormous stride along the path of progress that it is impossible to withstand it. Very few years can elapse before, necessarily, its use will be universal. W. Collier Memphis. Tenn., February 1, 189U. HORACE, DANTE, AND TENNYSON. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Horace has insinuated himself Into many a modern verse, and he was unques- tionably "old" and "familiar" for Tennyson. The interesting suggestion of your corre- spondent, however (Nation, December 22, 1898), that the closing lines of "Ulysses" axe a reminiscence of Teucer's address to the companions of his voyage (Odes, I., 7), at least needs qualification. Surely it is well recognized that the "Ulysses" — if we consi- der the poem as a whole — was inspired by the twenty-sixth canto of the "Inferno," while the passage in question is not so nearly re- lated to Horace's verse as to the following (112 ff.) : " 0 fratl, dissi, che per cento milia Perlgli slete giunti air occldente, A quests tanto plcclola vigilia Dc' vostri sensl ch' i del rimaucnte, Non vogliate negar r espertenza, Dlretro al Sol, del mondo senza gente." Dante in his turn, it may be, has Horace in mind— Horace at any rate in this ode, as once or twice elsewhere, is strangely Dantesque; but again, a more obvious origi- nal is at hand. Dante knows Horace — at least he cares for him— chiefly as satirist and critic: if the present passage is not an excep- tion, he apparently does not imitate him. Any coincidence, however, with the manner or the words of his btton maestro Virgil is at least direct, if not intentional. Here one na- turally recalls the familiar verses in the •JEneiA' (I., 198 ff.): Whether these lines are a "charming remi- niscence" of Horace's, or vice versa, is a more delicate and possibly insoluble ques- tion. It need not be added that while Tennyson was more immediately influenced by Dante's Ulysses, he may well have felt the kinship of all three passages. E. K. R. Tours, France, January 15, 1899. THE BEAST-LIKE SOUND. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I do not remember ever to have seen a protest raised in the press against what seems to the writer a growing tendency, certainly here in the West, to use colloquial- ly, instead of words, sounds termed fitly, I think, beast-like. It strikes one as a sad (though doubtless an unconscious) combination of laziness and under-breeding to hear constantly the hunh, hunh of affirmation, the unh, unh of nega- tion, and the everlasting hutighf of interroga- tion, besides the shades of meaning indicated by kindred sounds which quite fail of co- herent expression. Some of these latter va- riants are, by the way, often amusing by their Ingenious adaptation to the passing mood. Parents early practise the whole gamut upon their children, and I have seen them take apparent hearty pleasure in the "beast- like" replies of the little ones. Teachers in the public schools are victims, and confirm their charges in this original sin. Young men in trade and professional life give free vent to this sound, and is it to be wondered that young women in society fairly chatter in It? But while rare among older men of position, it seems particularly attractive to women of all ranks and ages. Women of cultivation — indeed, of most gentle and re- fined manners — persist in introducing the sound to the marring of their English. The writer hesitates somewhat in putting the matter before you thus at length— amid the general prevalency of the beast-like sound about him, he is indeed "a voice cry- ing in the wilderness"; but possibly the at- tention of others may be arrested by a condi- tion of our colloquial speech which many (deafened by the iteration of these sounds described) do not heed. At any rate, among your readers I feel sure of sympathy with my plaint.— Yours faithfully, Henry Leverett Chase. St. Louis. January 2d. 1899. THE PHILOSOPHY OF RHYME. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent, Prof. Newcom- er, settles the question between perfect and allowable rhymes very neatly by defining rhyme to be "recurrence of the same sounds," and leaving the similarity to be determined by the usage of recognized poets. Poetry is verse written by poets, and Shak- spere and Burns are ultimate authorities in rhyming usage. The definition of a rhyme cannot be made a priori, but must be in- duced or generalized from an examination of the verse of those whom common consent calls poet. Still, their usage is in accordance with certain principles or with the philosophy of the subject. What is the function of rhymes? First, the rhyme marks the termination of the lines, and, by manifold "combination and arrangements," enables us to form a great variety of stanzas, like the rime royale, the sonnet, the Spenserian, the French ballade and rondeau. The Greeks and Romans elaborated stanzaic forms with- out rhyme, but we cannot do so. These forms give pleasure by their ingenuity as well as by their metrical beauty. For this function of rhyme, perfect rhymes are not necessary. In fact, in one very pleasing form (the sestina), identical words in in- geniously changed sequences make the stanza. The second function of rhyme is to give the pleasure which comes from the per- ception of temporal acoustic correspon- dences, or, in plain English, echoes. Leav- ing on one side the question how far this pleasure arises from the musical sense, and how far it arises from the gratification we take in ingenious constructions, an echo al- ways gives pleasure. But an echo is never an exact repetition. Owing to the mo- tion or changing density of the air, an echo is never a perfect rhyme, and part of the pleasure it gives comes from the very fact that the sound is modified when given back. It may be rather fanciful to say that the rhymes of poets are analogous to the echoes of nature, continually changing in tone and timbre, and seeming to come from some- thing alive and not be struck out with the monotonous iteration of a hurdygurdy; but it is certain that neither is mechanically per- fect, and that the lack of perfection is part of their charm. However, this is a mechanical age, and I suppose we must have machine-made verse with perfect rhymes, as a "typical pro- duct." Fortunately, we are not compelled to read it, but can still enjoy "imper- fect rhymes" in Burns's songs and Shak- spere's Sonnets and "Venus and Adonis." Prof. Newcomer is undoubtedly right, too, in saying that there are very few absolutely perfect rhymes in our language, and that the similarity of the vowel sound in two words depends very much on the individual pronunciation. In other words, there are virtually only imperfect rhymes in English. Charles F. Johnson. Trinity College, hahtfohh. .1 :■ nil.i l> Ml. I Sill). Notes. M. F. Mansfield & A. Wessels issue im- mediately 'Studies of the Mind and Art of Robert Browning,' by James Fotheringham; 'Aubrey Beardsley,' by Arthur Symons; 'The Story of the West Indies,' by Arnold Kennedy; and 'The Long, White Cloud (New Zealand),' by the Hon. William Pember Reeves. Dodd, Mead & Co.'s spring list embraces Ruskin's Letters to Rossetti and other of his contemporaries; a translation of Jou- bert's 'Thoughts'; 'Songs of the Rappahan- nock,' stories by Ira S. Dodd; and a new volume of poems by Paul Laurence Dunbar. Macmillan Co. announce a translation of Joseph Texte's 'Jean Jacques Rousseau, and the Origins of the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature,' by J. W. Matthews; and an 'Ele- mentary History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great,' by C. Oman. 'In Cuba with Shatter,' by Lieut. -Col. J. D. Miley of the General's staff; 'A History of Yiddish Literature in the Nineteenth Cen- tury,' by Prof. Leo Wiener of Harvard; and 'The Orchestra and Orchestral Music,' by W. J. Henderson (in the "Music-Lover's Libra- ry") will be published by Charles Scribner's Sons. A. C. Armstrong & Son will soon bring out 'Book Auctions in the Seventeenth Century,' by John Lawler (in the "Book-Lovers' Li- brary"), and 'Neglected Factors in the Study of the Early Progress of Christianity,' by Prof. James Orr. " Among the works promised for the com- ing season by the New Amsterdam Book Co. are 'Dickens and his Illustrators,' by Frederick G. Kitton, containing twenty-two portraits and seventy original drawings, with sketches of each artist's career; 'Twen- ty Years in the Near East,' by Ardern G. Hulme Beaman; 'British West Africa,' by Major A. F. Mockler-Ferryman; 'The Down- fall of the Dervishes,' by E. N. Bennett; 'Two Native Narratives of the Indian Mu- tiny at Delhi,' translated by the late Charles T. Metcalfe; 'Annals of Eton College,' by Wasey Sterry; 'Memoirs of Admiral the Right Hon. Sir Astley Cooper Key,' by Vice- Admiral P. H. Colomb; 'The Canon Law in England,' by Prof. F. W. Maitland; 'Reading and Readers,' by Clifford Harrison; and 'Dante's Garden,' by Rosamond Cotes. From Doubleday & McClure Co. we are to have 'The Fight for Santiago,' by Stephen Bonsai; 'How to Plan the Home Grounds,' by S. Parsons; 'Through the Turf Smoke,' Irish peasant stories by Seumas MacManus; and Dr. Maurice Jokai's 'Hungarian Nabob,' translated by R. Nisbet Bain. J. F. Taylor & Co., No. 66 Fifth Avenue,

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no The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1754 New York, have in hand a new uniform edi- tion of the Novels and Poems of Charles Kingsley, supplemented by the Letters and Memoirs of his Life, edited by his wife. This "Westminster Edition" will fill four- teen medium 8vo volumes, printed from new type at the University Press, Cambridge. There will be numerous illustrations by Zeigler, Reich, and others. The number of sets will be limited to one thousand. "Beacon Biographies" is the name select- ed for short lives of eminent Americans con- templated by Small, Maynard & Co., Boston, under the general editorship of M. A. De Wolfe Howe, as, 'Daniel Webster,' by Nor- man Hapgood; 'J. R. Lowell,' by Prof. E. E. Hale, jr.; 'R. E. Lee,' by Prof. W. P. Trent, etc. 'The Memory of Lincoln,' by I he same firm and editor, will consist of the very best poems which have to do with Lin- coln. Finally, Washington's Farewell Ad- dress, with an introduction by Worthlngton C. Ford, will bear the same imprint. The handiness of the si^e of the dozen little volumes of the "Camberwell Edition" of Browning's Complete Works (T. Y. Crow- ell & Co.) is first to be commended in this venture. The outward appearance also is at- tractive, and the type is sufficiently large and clear, although the quality of the paper does not permit an elegant impression. The editors, Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke, have supplied "arguments" to the longer pieces, and superabundant notes for followers of the cult if not for school use. The lines are numbered. We must not- forget to add that a pretty photogravure frontis- piece—portrait, scene from nature, painting, or what not — adorns each booklet. A new edition of Luce's 'Seamanship,' fourth in number, revised by Lieut. W. S. Benson, U. S. N., has been issued by the D. Van Nostrand Co., after an interval of four- teen years from the previous one. This text- book, which is still prefaced by a short note from its distinguished author, Rear-Admiral S. B. Luce, U. S. N., has been brought up to date and to the battle-ship era without omit- ting anything of value concerning the han- dling of craft of various kinds under sail alone. Its value would be still further en- hanced by a fuller treatment of the handling and qualities of vessels of two and three screws based upon experience and the dis- cussions in the h'aite Maritime, but it still easily maintains its lead as the best text- book of the kind in the language. Its ap- pendix has been rendered especially valuable by the part relating to the definition of tech- nical terms used in modern naval construc- tion. Albert Lavignac's 'The Music Dramas of Richard Wagner and his Festival Theatre in Bayreuth' (Dodd, Mead & Co.) is a book for which there ought to be a brisk demand this season when we are having Nibelung cycles, and Wagner operas two or three times a week. M. Lavignac is professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatory, and as the Pari- sians are just at present perhaps the most enthusiastic of all Wagnerites, his volume was warmly welcomed there. Esther Sin- gleton has made a readable English version of it, retaining all the musical examples as well as the pictures and portraits, adding to the latter -one of the late Anton Seidl, as the latest addition to the list of Bayreuth conductors. Only two days before his death Mr. Seidl wrote to the translator giving some information about Bayreuth which is printed on p. 510. M. Lavignac begins his volume with a sketch of life in Bayreuth, which is followed by the story of Wagner's life, brief- ly told. Then follow analyses of the poems and music of the operas from "Tannhauser" to "Parsifal," written with French lucidity, and avoiding technicalities as far as possible. In his naming of the Leitmotive he does not always follow Wolzogen's lead, but that is no ground for complaint. The appendix contains Bayreuth casts from 1876 to the present day; also tables of Bayreuth rehearsals, with other information not accessible elsewhere. In brief, M. Lavignac has justified his te- merity in writing "the thousand and first book on Wagner." 'Leslie's History of the Greater New York,' by Daniel Van Pelt (Arkell Publishing Co.), disposes of New York proper in one volume and of the outlying boroughs in another. The work is frankly a popular compilation, not a philosophical history in any sense. For example, the career of Tweed and his gang is rehearsed justly and in proper re- probation, but the continuity between Tweed and Croker, or between the ring system and the boss system, is not even suggested. In fact, Croker's name does not, we believe, appear in these pages — but there is no index. Apropos of Tweed, it is well to be remind- ed that Spain extradited him for punishment in courteous excess of treaty requirements. These volumes are freely and not badly il- lustrated. A checkered fate is revealed in the history of Norwich University, compiled by Wil- liam A. Ellis, B.S. (Concord, N. H.: Rumford Press). This institution has more than once changed its name and its location — from Ver- mont to Connecticut, and then back to Ver- mont; from Norwich to Middletown and Northfield. Its original style was "The Ame- rican Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy"; for a time in disfeas and deeply indebted to a succoring alumnus, it was dubbed Lewis College. The institution, founded in 1819, has been a feeder to West Point and Annapolis, and its alumni, gradu- ates, and non-graduates, took part in all our wars following that of 1812. Rear-Admiral Dewey is in the latter class, and there are at least three who attained equal rank in the navy — Carpenter, Hiram Paulding, and Boggs. Many of the lesser generals of the civil war; politicians like W. Pitt Kellogg, and Horatio Seymour, and Gideon Welles; notable scholars, clergymen, and men of sci- ence, are scattered up and down the biogra- phical sketches here painstakingly put toge- ther, with very interesting portraits (often of an early and a later date). Several chap- ters of reminiscence supplement the intro- ductory chronicle of the University. The work is a useful addition to its kind, and is handsomely printed and illustrated. The value of the files of the Library Jour- nal to the profession has been greatly en- hanced by the publication of a 'General In- dex' (New York) to the twenty-two volumes ending with December, 1897. The early vol- umes of this series are now rarities, and the Index will at least show him who consults it some part of what they contain on the sub- jects he is interested in. It is not, how- ever, a compound of the annual indexes, which must still be resorted to for certain details. The compiler, Mr. F. J. Teggart, now the librarian of the Meohanics' Institute. San Francisco, has made a free offering of the fruit of his labors, originally undertaken for his own use. The latest volume was in- dexed by Miss Helen E. Haines, managing editor of the Journal. The page is printed in two columns, one blank to allow of addi- tions. Some years ago several fine specimens of historical fiction that betrayed a wonderfully accurate knowledge of the details of church and secular history appeared in Germany and attracted general attention; but for a long time it was not known to the literary world that the "George Taylor" who pro- fessed to be the author was none other than Prof. Adolf Hausrath, the Heidelberg church historian. With the sole exception of the late Prof. Ebers, the Leipzig and Munich Egyptologist, Hausrath was the only Uni- versity man who had successfully utilized his minute investigations for the purposes of fiction; and he possessed the advantage over Ebers that he did not modernize his charac- ters in thought and action. Hausrath has re- cently brought out a new novel, entitled 'Pa- ter Maternus,' "a romance ef the seventeenth century." The scene is laid in Italy, and depicts the experiences of a young Augusti- nian monk, who goes to Rome to find peace for his soul, and finds it there — not where he expected, but in the house of a converted Jew. Hausrath is peculiarly happy in a piquant style, reminding the reader of Re- nan. In 'Pater Maternus' the author evi- dently had in mind the personality and ex- periences of Luther. Tennant & Ward, New York, announce for March 1 a new monthly magazine, the Photo- Miniature. The first number will treat of Modern Lenses, and each issue will be a like monograph pertaining to the theory or prac- tice of photography. Jfhoilora is the name of a new monthly journal published by the New England Bo- tanical Club under the editorship of Dr. Ben- jamin Lincoln Robinson, curator of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard. University. Its aim is to further the study of the local flora. Among the contents of the initial_ number are brief articles on "Rattlesnake-plantains," "A New- Wild Lettuce," each with a plate, as well as notes on "Fleshy Fungi near Bos- ton" and on "New England Algse." Among the contributors are Dr. Robinson, Merritt L. Fernald, and Hollis Webster of Harvard University. Petermann's Mitteilungen, number twelve, contains the concluding parts of the mono- graph an West African culture by L. Fro- benius, and the account, by N. A. Busch, of his journey in the northwestern Caucasus. There is also the useful index of the geo- graphical literature of 1898, which shows a large increase of noteworthy works over the previous year. Out of the 884 titles, 176 relate to works on universal geography, 294 to Europe, 94 to Asia, 82 to Africa, and 53 to the United States. Nine articles on the political situation in Austria by Dr. Max Menger, originally pub- lished In the Neues Wiener TageUatt, in June and July, 1898, have been reprinted in pamphlet form (Vienna: Steyrermiihl), and form a convenient means of gaining an in- sight into the critical condition of Austrian affairs. An appendix contains the several ministerial decrees concerning the use of the German and the Czechic languages in Bo- hemia and Moravia. The opening of the first free public library and reading-room in the large and wealthy city of Niirnberg makes one reflect with wonderment on the almost universal lack of such institutions in German cities. This is, no doubt, to be accounted for by the exist-

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Feb. 9, 1899] The Nation, 111 ence of so many excellent libraries, open to scholars and the higher classes generally, and of the popular Leihbibliotheken, which, to a certain extent, meet the wants of the middle and lower classes. The foundation of free public libraries of a higher order, with well-appointed reading-rooms, however, has commenced at last, with the result of prov- ing that a real demand for them exists. At Niirnberg the opening of the first was even immediately followed by the demand for a second in another part of the city. The university statistics of Germany for the current winter semester give little pro- mise of the speedy solution of the "learned proletariat" question, which has vexed and perplexed the authorities for a decade and more. There has been, during all these years, an overproduction of university graduates, an excess of supply over demand. The state has been able to utilize only a certain por- tion of the finely educated specialists who offered their services in the departments of theology, law, medicine, and the various branches found combined in the philosophi- cal faculties. Bismarck on more than one occasion declared In Parliament that these disappointed graduates furnished the brains of the Social Democratic party. Accordingly the authorities have been rather discourag- ing than encouraging attendance at the universities, and have proposed in various ways to make admittance more difficult, e. g., by denying it to the graduates of the Real or scientific schools, and admitting only those who had finished the Gymnasium or classical course. Notwithstanding all this, the attendance has steadily increased, and now has reached the high-water mark in 32,233 matriculated students, or more than a thousand beyond the contingent reported last winter, when it was 31,110. Miss Alice Bache Gould having given to the National Academy of Sciences more than a year ago the sum of $20,000 to establish a fund to be known as the Benjamin Ap- thorp Gould Fund, in memory of her fa- ther, a sufficient available income has now accrued to warrant beginning its distribu- tion, in accordance with the terms of the trust and a letter of instructions from the donor, to assist in the prosecution of re- searches in astronomy. Prof. Lewis Boss of Albany, Dr. S. C. Chandler of Cambridge, and Prof. Asaph Hall, formerly of Wash- ington, are the directors of the trust, and they are now prepared to receive and con- sider applications for appropriations. The objects of the Fund are, first to advance the science of astronomy; second, to honor the memory of Dr. Gould by insuring that his power to accomplish scientific work shall not end with his death. Work in the as- tronomy of precision is to be given the preference in all cases over any work in astrophysics, both because of Dr. Gould's especial predilection and because of the pre- sent existence of generous endowments for astrophysics. In recognition of the fact that during his lifetime Dr. Gould's patriotic feel- ing and ambition to promote the progress of his chosen science were closely associated, it is preferred that the fund be used pri- marily for the benefit of investigators in his own country, or of his own nationality. As, however, it is recognized that sometimes the best possible service to American science is the maintenance of close communion be- tween the scientific men of Europe and of America, even while acting in the spirit of this restriction the directors may occasion- ally judge It best to make a grant in aid of a foreign Investigator working abroad. The regulations for the award of the Rine- hart scholarship in sculpture in 1899 have just been issued by the Rinehart Committee, Peabody Institute, Baltimore. We cannot summarize them further than to say that examples of work by candidates— "relief, figure in the round, and drawings" — must be sent to W. S. Budworth & Son, No. 424 West Fifty-second Street, New York, marked "Rinehart Scholarship," on or before March 25 proximo. The scholarship yields $1,200 per annum and may be held for four years, with lodging in the Villa dell' Aurora, the home of the American Academy in Rome. — Harper's Monthly for February opens with an illustrated article of some interest on "Lieut.-Col. Forrest at Fort Donelson" —a condensed chapter from a life of General Forrest by Dr. John A. Wyeth. The point of the paper is that the Confederate troops surrendered were sacrificed unnecessarily; that they might all have escaped, as Forrest and his men did, quite uumolested by the Federal army. The author seems to have accumulated a mass of evidence on the sub- ject, and if he is right, of course what hap- pened afterwards might have been different; but the main thing was the loss of the fort, and to prove that this might have been saved is a pretty difficult task. Of one thing there is no doubt, that Forrest refused to surrender, and expressed the opinion at the time in his report that, had the Con- federates renewed the fight the next day, they would have gained a victory, "as our troops were in fine spirits, believing we had whipped them." Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge, who has just finished a history of the Revolution, begins his "Spanish-American War." His historical style is not unlike that of a good many others, but his idea of turning historian to justify his own political course is a good one. His Massachusetts vassals will read this history with varied emotions. What we enjoy most about him is his ingenuity. He says of the Maine, that had Spain shown "a generous sympathy" and made "a prompt offer" of reparation, she might have saved herself. Now, any one would imagine from this that Spain refused sympathy and made no offer. The fact, of course, is that Spain offered to submit the whole matter to arbitration, and abide by the result, whatever it might be. But let no one charge Mr. Lodge with misrepre- sentation; what he said was generous sym- pathy, and a prompt offer; the sympathy was not generous enough, and the offer should have been two days or so earlier. Again, he gives an account of the Virginias case, in which he says that war was averted because 'the forces which cared nothing for humani- ty and a good deal for an undisturbed money market pre\ ailed." The fact, of course, was that Spain acceded to all our demands, and we could not go to war, because, as our Gibbon says in his next sentence, the papers of the Virgin ins proved to be fraudulent. She was not au American ship. Mr. Lodge ac- cuses the Cleveland Administration of "neglect of the cases of American pri- soners" in Cuba. Now, Dr. Jose Ig- nacio Rodriguez, who was counsel for one of these prisoners, the celebrated Julio Sanguily, and himself took part in the former Cuban Revolution, who has for many years resided in Washington, and who recently accompanied our Peace Commission to Paris as an expert in Spanish law, wrote a full account in 1897 of this case of Sanguily. Speaking of himself as counsel, he says on page 55 of his pamphlet: "He knew by his own personal experience, covering more than a quarter of a century of daily contact with the State Department, not to say any- thing of historical teachings, that in the matter of protection to American citizens against injustice and oppression on the part of Spain, and in the fulfilment of this duty, mauly Imanfully?] as well as efficiently, the Administration of Mr. Cleveland, with Sec- retary of State Mr. Gresham and Secretary of State Mr. Olney, has a record which its enemies cannot obscure, and which chal- lenges comparison with that of all the other administrations which preceded it." —The Reminiscences of Julia Ward Howe, of which the third instalment appears in the Atlantic for this month, carry us back to a society now almost obliterated, that of the London of 1842-3, when Sydney Smith was in his prime, when the English of American guests was still curiously listened to and benevolently corrected, when the story of Laura Bridgman was new, when Carlyle was beginning his career, and Macready was act- ing Claude Melnotte, and Fanny Elssler was dancing, and Almack's was in its glory, and Charles Sumner was a young man — according to Carlyle "a vera dull man," of promise. Americans then went abroad well provided with letters of introduction, and, besides this, Mr. Howe, as his wife observes, was then "a first-class lion." Perhaps as curious an anecdote of manners as any is one of Dick- ens's behavior on hearing Mrs. Howe inter- ject a term of endearment in some remark addressed to her husband. "Dickens slid down to the floor, and, lying on his back, held up one of his small feet, quivering with pretended emotion: 'Did she call him "dar- ling"?' he cried." According to Sydney Smith, Mrs. Howe made only one slip in pronuncia- tion. She should have called the House of Lords "the House of Lards." Purveyors of realistic fiction will find the collection of "Farewell Letters of the Guillotined" worth study. They are a mass of letters from the victims of the Reign of Terror, written by them just before being executed; they show that people brought face to face with in- evitable death become calm, not excited. "Only in one instance is there a breath of malediction." "The Subtle Problem of Chari- ty," by Jane Addams, is valuable chiefly as giving a striking picture of the essential contrast between the worlds in which the well-to-do and the poor live. In one case the only plausible explanation which suggested itself of the charitable efforts of a "visitor" was that the beneficiary had discovered an awful family secret involving her, and that the charity was merely disguised blackmail. One economical point is that the rich avoid early marriages partly because they do not want too many dependent children; the poor marry earlypartly because they hope that some of their children may soon contribute to the family purse, and perhaps support their pa- rents in their old age. In other words, among the poor, children are, or are thought to be, so much potential capital. — The Hon. George F. Hoar contributes to Scribner's his reminiscences of "Four Na- tional Conventions," 1876-1888. His consti- tutional dislike to say anything unpleasant about members of his own party prevents his giving an effective account of the strug- gles which have rent it during the last twenty

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112 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1754 years. Of Mr. Blaine, after his defeat for the Presidency, he makes the curious re- mark that "his subsequent career in the Department of State, 1 believe, satisfied the majority of his countrymen that he would have made an able and discreet President." Of Garfield he says that he has heard men who knew him very weir when the leader of the House, say that they never could feel sure that "he would not get wrong at the last moment, or have some private under- standing with the Democrats and leave his own side in the lurch." This, he says, he feels sure was a great mistake. "Garfield's hesitation, want of certainty in his convic- tions, liability to change his position sudden- ly, were in my opinion the results of intellec- tual hesitation, and of a habit of going down to the roots of his subject before he made up his mind." Mr. W. C. Brownell's essay on Thackeray is the most substantial piece of writing in the number. It is useless to at- tempt to quote from it, especially as Mr. Brownell's method is not that of definition or epigram. Perhaps part of it might be summed up by saying that while the great dramatists give us real characters, the novel of Thackeray gives us real characters plus the showman, who happens to be also a great humorist, a man of the world, and a poet, too, for that matter. —The Century has for its leading illus- trated article an account, by Frederic Court- land Tenfield, formerly United States Diplo- matic Agent and Consul-General, of the steps being taken to enlarge the cultivable area of Egypt. Among the pictures, by R. Talbot Kelly, is one of Philae as it is, but as it will no longer be after the great dam at Assuan is constructed. What Mr. Pen- field calls the "practical Egypt" is a small country— the ribbon-like strip of alluvial land bordering the Nile, measuring not more than 10,500 square miles (barely as much as the States of Vermont and Rhode Island together); while the extension planned, and to be completed in the next six or eight years, will add some 2,500 miles more. Gen. Shatter gives a long account of "The Capture of Santiago de Cuba," which is a very colorless reply to his critics. He de- clares in substance that he managed the campaign well, and that the celebrated "round robin" was merely a reaffirmation by his officers of opinions already expressed to them by their commander. When he tele- graphed to Washington that he was "seri- ously considering withdrawing about five miles and taking up a new position," he was actually "preparing to push the siege," and, hearing about this time that Cervera had "gone to his doom," he dashed on to vic- tory. —The January issue of the Oxford English Dictionary (New York: Henry Frowde) car- ries the letter H to Hod, and Dr. Murray promises the remainder by July 1. Few Instalments have better exhibited the his- torical richness of this word-book. We pass over the bewildering variety of forms of the pronoun of the third person, mostly obsolete (like hisn and halt); we refer rather to such information as is to be found under Hell, where is set forth its Biblical transla- tion of Jewish and Christian use; under the much controverted Hide (of land); under the (Cossack) Hetman, captain, and (Polish) Heyduck, brigand, and obsolete (Old Eng- lish) Henchman, muleteer or groom, revived by Scott with a Scotch twist as gillie, and given a political partisan sense in this coun- try; under Highness, where the application of the title is nicely explained; under Hill, where we are told that in England any emi- nence, to be a mountain, must exceed 2,000 feet; under Heresy, whose "earlier sense-de- velopment from 'religious sect, party, or faction,' to 'doctrine at variance with the Catholic faith' lies outside English," and Heretic, in which "the position of the stress, as differing from words immediately from Greek or Latin, such as ascetic, theoretic," is due to derivation through the French; under High (a remarkably long article), where Chaucer is shown to have set the pace for Spenser in squaring his orthography with his rhyme, using "both heigh (hey) riming with seigh saw, and hy, hye riming with Emclye, etc." It is curious to learn that Hockey makes an isolated appearance in 1527, and recurs first with Cowper in 17S5; that Hereabout (1225) and Hereaway (1483) took on a final s first in 1584 and 1613 respec- tively; that Helpmeet is a nineteenth-century word, and not found in Webster as late as 1832; that the substantive Hem is as old as 1,000, while the verb, to edge, is not known before the fifteenth century; that the verb Hem, to clear the throat, dates from 1470, the interjection Hem! only from 1526 (Skel- ton). This latter date is posterior to the publication of Erasmus's 'Colloquies,' but the interjection is English, and the great Dutch- man had already made his two sojourns in England. We may, therefore, suspect that he there picked up the word for the colloquy, "Virgo Pcenitens," where we read: "Hem, male sit huic tussi" (Hem! hang this cough). The word being foreign alike to Latin (in this sense) and to the Continent, the edi- tors of the 'Colloquies' found it necessary to explain this "aside" as "feigning a cough" (so the Amsterdam Elzevir 1662, and even Roger Daniel's London edition of 1655). Per contra, Dr. Murray records no sign that an- other neologism Of Erasmus's, in "Abbatis et Eruditae," viz., the use of hero'inarum in the sense of 'great court ladies,' has affect- ed our English Heroine at any period. "Po- tentes aulicas, quasi semideas," is the Elzevir gloss, and Daniel's likewise. It was, by the way, another Daniel (Samuel), in his 'De- fence of Rynie,' who flouted Erasmus as having "brought no more wisdome into the world with all [his] new revived words than we find was before." —If George Herbert, in 1633, depicted Hell as "full of good meanings and wishings," it was Johnson in Boswell who paved the place with good intentions. "Hell of a row" has been detected in the Morning Post of June 26, 1810, two years before James and Horace Smith's pun in the 'Rejected Ad- dresses' ("Punch's Apotheosis"): "I'm Juliet Capnlet, who took a dose of hellebore— A lioll-of-a-bore I found it to put on a pall." Among the compounds we look in vain for Hell-bent, as "Maine went for Governor Kent." But America has been by no means neglected. Richard Grant White's Heterophe- my is here, and Peter Herdic's vehicle named for him; Old Hickory, and Hicksite; Emer- son's "hitch his wagon to a star"; Heeler, ascribed to the New York Herald in 1877; Hired (man), which is treated at considera- ble length as a notable Americanism; High- falutin; and Highbinder, to which Poe gave the clue, proving the name to have been adopted by a gang of New York rufflans on the North River side of lower Broadway In 1805. The word has now changed its coast and its nationality— calam, non animum — de- signating (since 1887 at latest) a secret gang of Chinese desperadoes in California. The vehicle of this transmigration will probably always remain a mystery. American, too, is our telephone call. Hello!, though it is mak- ing its way in England, as is shown by a quotation from Mary Kingsley along with "Are you there?" "Who's there?" is also common in England, we believe. In Ger- many the formula is self-introductory — "Here is ■ ." Under Heterodoxy we find quoted from Carlyle's French Revolution (1837) "the difference between Orthodoxy or My- doxy and Heterodoxy or Thy-doxy." When Orthodoxy in turn is reached, we may hope to meet with Franklin's original version of this pleasantry ("Orthodoxy is my doxy, and heterodoxy is your doxy," given as one of Franklin's "definitions" in John Adams's diary, November 30, 1779, Works, 1851, iii., 186). —It is well known that Dr. Karl Dand- liker of Zurich, the author of a learned 'Geschichte der Schweiz' in three volumes, has also written a manual of Swiss history which, like his larger work, is held to be a standard authority by German readers. We announce with great pleasure the appearance in English form of this one-volume sketch. The translation is entitled 'A Short His- tory of Switzerland,' and has been made by E. Salisbury (Macmillan). The chief cause of the satisfaction which we feel at the appearance of this book is quickly stated. To the best of our knowledge no thorough study of Swiss history (leaving aside es- says or monographs on constitutional top- ics) has yet been published by an English- speaking author. One could easily recall the titles of several books which make pre- tensions, but in no case are we aware that fulness of erudition is a chief characteristic. In all of them the hand of the book-maker rather than that of the mature scholar is apparent. Mr. W. A. B. Coolidge's no- tices of the separate cantons in the 'Ency- clopaedia Britannica,' and his articles in the English Historical Review, alone show ade- quate information; but, unfortunately, they are not comprehensive. Moreover, we lack, in English, translations of Vulliemin, Ril- liet, Dandliker (the opus), and Dierauer. Translations should not be permitted to take the place of original works in one's own lan- guage, but in the present instance we wel- come a good epitome of Swiss history from whatever source it comes. Concerning Dandliker's scope and the quality of his writing, much might be said were this the proper place for an extensive review. He is not picturesque nor even animated, but he is clear— and that statement carries high praise when applied to a history of Switz- erland. For complexity of topics the can- tons hardly equal the towns of mediaeval Italy, and yet the two may be brought into comparison. Cave-dwellers, lake-dwellers, Helvetii, Romans, Alamanni, Burgundians. and Franks are easily managed; nor does the League of Forest Cantons present much difficulty. But when the earlier Bund be- comes one of eight, and this again a Bund of thirteen, the threads mingle so blindly that skill is required in keeping the clue. Dandliker, besides being a master of the facts, is intelligent and intelligible. It fol- lows that the sketch now translated should take rank before any other manual which is available in English. The English ver-

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Feb. 9, 1899] The Nation. 113 sion of it must also be commended for smoothness and accuracy. BISMARCK'S REFLECTIONS AND REMI- NISCENCES. Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman: Be- ing the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck; written and dictated by himself after his retirement from office. Translated from the German under the supervision of A. J. Butler, late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Two volumes, xxi, 415; xx, 362 pp. Harper & Bros. 1899. Bismarck was a nervous man, even by the American standard; and his life was an in- cessant struggle for self-control. When the policy of the Government was strongly at- tacked in the German Parliament, and his attention, as often happened, was so whol- ly centred upon his opponent that he forgot himself, he was wont to display his irrita- tion and impatience in every line and move- ment of his face and body; and when, almost before the last sentence of the attack was ended, his huge form lurched up, the auditor who was unfamiliar with the Chancellor's characteristics naturally expected an out- burst of invective. Bismarck, however, in- variably began his reply in a tranquil tone, meeting his adversary's arguments either with a dispassionate statement of the facts as he viewed them, or with gentle and ap- parently good-humored persiflage. At the moment when the strain of waiting was over and the responsibility of public speech began, the life-long habit of self-mastery asserted itself. Something of the surprise which strangers in the galleries of the Reichstag always felt on such occasions will undoubtedly be arous- ed in the reader who lays down Busch's diary and takes up Bismarck's memoirs. As Busch displays him, Bismarck was intolerant of differences of opinion, impatient at the least delay in the realization of his purposes, and unable to see any good qualities in those who crossed his policy. In his own book Bismarck discusses his political struggles with perfect calmness; describes his royal masters and their consorts, his associates and his enemies, with apparent freedom from prejudice, or at least with an obvious effort at faithful portraiture; and writes throughout, as he spoke in the Reichstag, with almost perfect self-control and in a tone and manner that are worthy of his position and his career. The difference is owing partly, of course, to the mere in- terval of time, but mainly to the sobering sense of responsibility. To an underling like "little Busch," supposed to be devoted and trusty, he might say anything; to the German public and to future generations he would say nothing that was not seemly. As far as the manner is concerned, he has, in fact, said nothing unseemly, not even of Augusta. As regards the matter, it may be questioned whether he has not, in her case, made revelations which a good royalist should have suppressed. How he has dealt with William II., we do not as yet know, for the memoirs close with the reign of Frederick III. It has been stated, in the German press, that a third volume exists, but that the family does not intend to publish it at present. To the historian the chief value of Bis- marck's reminiscences will be found in the fact that upon some important points they substitute direct for indirect evidence, and personal for hearsay testimony. Apart from this, it cannot be said that the book makes any important contribution to our knowledge of events or of their causes. Bismarck's Frankfort dispatches and Sybel's history, to say nothing of the letters and memoirs of other participants in the political life of the period, had practically covered the ground down to 1870. For the following decades there were, indeed, no publications of the same authority. But Bismarck's diplomacy was, on the whole, unusually above-board; his indiscretions, if revelations that were for the most part deliberate can be so termed, were numerous; and after his retirement from of- fice he inspired not only occasional editorials and magazine articles, but solid books like Blum's. So much, therefore, had already been told that there was really little left to tell, and in his reminiscences Bismarck at- tempts no complete or even connected narra- tion. He aims at little more than to furnish supplementary material, to throw side-lights upon events, and to make us better acquaint- ed with the personal influences that were operative in the courts and in diplomacy. What weight the historian is to attach to the new matter is a question that the future historian will have to settle for himself. So much, however, is already clear: no such falsification of history has been at- tempted as Busch's book had led the public, or a part of the public, to expect. Nor are the charges that have already appeared in German reviews of the book — charges of suppressio veri and suggcstio falsi — to be taken as more authoritative than Bismarck's own story. It goes without saying that no man, however honest his effort, can describe the events of his own life with absolute ve- racity. They arrange themselves in his own mind, in greater or less degree, as they should have been. This process of rearrange- ment, however, has been going on, not in Bismarck's mind only, but also in the minds of all the surviving participants in the events which Bismarck describes; and the result- ant divergence of recollections is a phe- nomenon with which historians are as fa- miliar as are courts of justice. In one di- rection only does it appear that Bismarck has consciously suppressed — or rather ignor- ed—a part of the truth. Like Sybel, he lays much stress upon the Prussian efforts from 1862 to 1866 to reach an understanding with Austria; and he at least permits the reader to assume that his real object during these years was rather to divide with Austria the control of Germany than to expel Austria from Germany. Again, in stating his reasons for forcing France to declare war in 1870, he passes over the fact which to the ordinary mind would appear to constitute his best reason — the fact that negotiations were in progress for a French-Austrian-Italian coali- tion against Prussia. It is conceivable that Bismarck is moved in both instances, as Sy- bel doubtless was in the first, by the desire to avoid offence to Germany's chief ally. Bismarck's conjectures regarding things that he could not know, are of course enti- tled to little weight as compared with his tes- timony about things that he at least might have known. The motives and aims which he ascribes to his opponents in the palace, in Parliament, and in the army, are necessarily hypothetical. Bismarck was a good guesser: a great deal of his success in diplomacy was due to the accuracy of his guesses; but the best guess is something short of evidence. Assuming that Bismarck has told us only what he believed, we still have difficulty in accepting all the "intrigues" of chapter xxvi. An alliance between Protestant Tories and Ultramontanes, such as occurred after Bis- marck's retirement, may well have been pre- paring in 1878; the Empress Augusta would naturally have favored such an alliance; but we cannot believe that the National Liberal leaders (cf. vol. ii., pp. 206, 216) were in such uncongenial company. There can, we think, be little doubt that, after his fall from power, which was doubtless preceded by much pull- ing of wires and exercise of back-stairs in- fluence, Bismarck had in his old age a touch of the commonest of delusions— that of per- secution. We have the first hint in Busch (vol. ii., p. 511), when Bismarck declares, just before his resignation, that he is send- ing off his papers to avoid a probable seiz- ure! This delusion rapidly extended back- ward and colored Bismarck's view of ante- cedent facts. In Blum's book, which was largely inspired by the Prince after his re- tirement, there were nearly as many con- spiracies as in the present reminiscences. Closely allied with this disposition to dis- cover intrigues is the emphasis everywhere laid on personal influence as a factor in de- termining the course of events. In this, however, there is no suggestion of anything less than perfect sanity of judgment. Bis- marck is making no guesses and advancing no theory; he is simply giving us the result of his experience. His own career, his own Influence in shaping history, have been a striking demonstration of the one-sidedness of Tolstoi's saying, that great names are merely the labels that we affix to events. Bismarck's reminiscences reinforce the de- monstration by showing the influence exer- cised by lesser men in high places. His re- flections drive the lesson home: no one can read his acute criticism of Prussian poli- cy from 1790 to 1859 without seeing how dif- ferent the course of events must have been if the third Frederick William had been less dense, the fourth less erratic, and both of them more willing to take risks. This in- sistence on the personal element lends to the story in many passages a dramatic in- terest that few histories possess; and the masterly studies of the chief actors will make the book live as literature. Frederick William IV., William I., Augusta, and Gort- chakoif, for example, have become as real, in these pages, as any characters in fiction; and they are made real after the best lite- rary fashion, not so much by direct descrip- tion, gocd as this is, as by their acts and words in little matters. In the same way, Bismarck makes himself real; and perhaps the most interesting ques- tion that the book raises is this: How far does Bismarck's Bismarck, as revealed in these reminiscences, differ from the Bismarck that we have already known? Here again we can only say, as we have said of the contri- bution the book makes to our knowledge of history, that we obtain from it new data, but nothing to change our general impres- sions. We find a nature fundamentally aristocratic. We find an intellect of marvel- lous clearness, that sees things exactly as they are, not warped by prejudice or colored by desire. We find a constructive imagina- tion of the highest order, which enables its possessor to divine things he does not know, and to foresee things he cannot reason out. We find a temperament of restless energy; a will of irou, or rather of steel, because it is

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114: The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1754 supple; and a courage that often seems auda- city. On the side of morals we discern, as in the case of all greatly successful states- men, a sharp if unexpressed distinction be- tween private and public affairs. In public affairs, the only test of right is advantage- not, of course, the advantage of the states- man, not even the advantage of the king, but the advantage of the state. This, in Bis- marck's case, was not simply the state whose affairs he was administering; not simply Prussia, from 1S62 to 1866; not simply the North German Union, from 1866 to 1870; but the state that he aimed to create — the nation- al German State. Bismarck's "realism," as it has often been called, finds striking expression in chapter xii., in which he describes the loyalty of the average German to his dynasty, and explains the absurdity of the attempt to unify Ger- many over the heads of all the dynasties: "Whatever may be the origin of this facti- tious union of particularist elements, its re- sult is that the individual German readily obeys the command of a dynasty to harry with fire and sword, and with his own hands to slaughter his German neighbors and kins- folk, as a result of quarrels unintelligible to himself. To examine whether this character- istic be capable of rational justification is not the problem of a German statesman, so long as it is strongly enough pronounced for him to reckon upon it" (vol. i., p. 324). The italics are ours. The adjective "fac- titious," by the way, which suggests a judg- ment, is interpolated by the translator; there is no warrant for it in the "partikularistische Zusammengehbrigkeit" of the original. Of Bismarck's frankly avowed disregard of interests other than German, an excellent illustration is given in chapter xv., which deals with the Polish question. He explains that, in the early sixties, there were at the Russian Court two parties: the one friendly to Poland and to constitutional government both in Poland and in Russia; the other hos- tile to Poland and devoted to absolutism. The former party was inclined to a French alliance; the latter to a Prussian. "It was our interest," Bismarck writes, "to oppose the party in the Russian Cabinet which had Polish proclivities" (vol. i., p. 340). He therefore used all his influence, first as Ambassador and afterwards as Premier, to frustrate the reform of Polish and of Russian institutions. It is possible that the pro- gramme of the Polonophils was not in Rus- sia's interest; it may be that Poland was irreconcilable, and Russia itself unripe for constitutional government; but Bismarck does not consider it necessary to discuss these questions. "It was our interest" is final. His duty was to Prussia; not to Po- land or to Russia or to humanity. The title which Bismarck gives his book la exactly descriptive of its contents. He has not attempted to write his own life or the history of his time; he has simply given us certain "reminiscences." These, in the majority of instances, are selected less for their own sake than to furnish a text for "reflections"; and there are several chapters which are simply reflections upon German policy, domestic and foreign. There can be little doubt that Bismarck's chief motive in writing the book was to influence. by his arguments and suggestions, the move- ment of German policy. In the German as In the English title the Gedanken, the re- flections, come first. It is probable that this testament will long be cited, not merely because of the authority of his name, but also because of the intrinsic good sense of the counsels he has bequeathed to his peo- ple. In even the most masterly chapters, how- ever—those dealing with international rela- tions— there is a singularly limited horizon. Bismarck discusses European politics as if his little Continent were the world. Great Britain seems merely a neighboring island, and Russia appears to have no interest or existence outside of Europe. That there are other continents; that issues are arising out- side of Europe of such magnitude as to dwarf all purely European questions; and that these world issues must reach into and modify the relations of the European states among themselves — of all this, Germany's greatest statesman, who himself started Ger- many upon a course of colonial experiment, takes no account. The explanation is ob- vious. In Bismarck's youth the rest of the world exercised no appreciable influence upon Europe. In his manhood this influence was still a negligible quantity. In his old age the partition of the world seemed a commer- cial rather than a political affair. The ulti- mate political results lay far beyond the roads his mind was wont to travel. His disregard of world politics is a striking proof of the completeness with which men of action belong to their own time. The present ruier of Germany is a man of in- comparably less wisdom than his grand- father's chancellor, but he is (at least in his interests) of our generation. Was Christ Bom at Bethlehem? By W. M. Ramsay. London: Hodder & Stoughton; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Prof. Ramsay here brings new material to bear on the account, given in the Third Gos- pel, of the birth of Jesus. According to the Evangelist, the birth occurred ^Uen Quiri- nius was governing Syria, and it occurred in Bethlehem because Joseph and Mary went to that city in consequence of a decree of Au- gustus that all the world should be enrolled. To this account various exceptions have been taken, the chief objections being that Augus- tus is not known ever to have ordered a gene- ral census, and that Quirinius was not gover- nor of Syria at that time. The most important part of Prof. Ramsay's book is his reply to the first of these objections. A few years ago (in 1893) three scholars (Kenyon in Clas- sical Review, Wilcken in Humes, Viereck in I'hilologus) announced, independently of one another, the discovery that in Egypt, under the Roman Empire, an enrolment was made every fourteen years. The Egyptian census documents mention the years 62, 90, 104, and so on up to 230 a. d., as years of enrolment, and one, found by Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt four or- five months ago, gives a year earlier than 50 (held by Ramsay, from the names of the officials mentioned in it, to be the year 20). That this system was extended to Syria, Prof. Ramsay holds to be probable from the statement of Tertullian that the en- rolment with which the birth of Christ was connected occurred under Sentius Saturninus (governor b. c. 9-6), and from the testimony of an inscription (recently shown to be genuine) in which it is said that a certain Q. Acmilius Secundus, by order of Quiriuius (then governor of Syria), made the census of the population of Apameia. Prof. Ramsay concludes that Augustus in- stituted a general census system for the Em- pire, and that this is the statement in Luke. Reckoning back from a. d. 62 (or from 20) the year b. c. 8 would be an enrolment year. Palestine was a troublesome district, and Augustus, Ramsay suggests, might well have desired to know its military strength. But b. c. 8 is too early for the birth-year, and our author suggests that Herod, knowing that the census would not be palatable to the Jews, obtained a delay of a year, with the further concession that the enrolment, to humor the Jewish national spirit, should be by tribes and families, and not after the Ro- man fashion. Prof. Ramsay assigns the birth of Jesus to the late summer of 7 or 6 b. c. As to Quirinius, our author holds that he was at that time military leader in Syria; Varus, the Imperial legate proper, was a man without military experience, and, as the country was turbulent, Quirinius, an able and successful general, might have been placed there to preserve order. These new details of the Imperial system of enrolment are of very great interest, and it seems not improbable that it was instituted by Augustus. It is also true that the Greek present infinitive ( d7roypai(>€<r0ai 1 may refer to the recurring seasons, or the general rule, of enrolment, and that the title given to Qui- rinius (we/ioyeiW) may mean "military leader," or "procurator," and that such an officer might have been charged with the conduct of an enrolment. It is doubtful whether Prof. Ramsay's spe- cial interpretation is permitted by the Greek. When the Evangelist says: "This, as first enrolment, occurred when Q. was procurator (or military governor) of Syria," the word "this" almost certainly refers not to a gene- ral law but to a specific edict. The chrono- logical argument is, however, not affected by this point, and Prof. Ramsay's defence of the accuracy of Luke is entitled to consideration, though a final conclusion cannot be reached till more facts have come to our knowledge. Whether his arguments turn out to be valid or not, he has brought together much inte- resting material. His book is marred here and there by a bitter and unjust tone towards those much-enduring persons, "the critics." On the whole question two obvious remarks suggest themselves: Luke's general credit as historian would not be destroyed by a mis- take of a name or a date; and his general credit is not established by proving his ac- curacy in this particular case. .1 Gunner Aboard the "Yankee." Edited by H. H. Lewis, late U. S. Navy. Doubleday & McClure Co. 1898. This book, which carries with it an intro- duction by Rear- Admiral Sampson, is the re- sult of the experience of a member of the New York Naval Reserve in the war just closed, and is based upon the personal diary of the anonymous author, who is known on the title-page as No. 5 of the "after-port (5-in.) gun." The Naval Reserves of the United State* have been and are still practically a naval militia of a number of the States, recognized and aided by law, it is true, by the general Government, but, previous to the war, with no official and definite role or assignment to duty by the bureau in the Navy Department charged with the care and assignment of the personnel, both enlisted and official, of the navy. Our navy, from its small size and the constant demands made upon it, was, be- fore the war, mobilized up to almost its full strength; its modern construction caused but a small part of its material to be under

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Feb. 9, 1899] The Nation 115 repair, and there was practically none in ordinary or inactive reserve. This fact, and the busy demands of administrative routine, led to a neglect of preparation for expansion and for the mobilization of the auxiliary na- val reserve forces, until the warlike situa- tion and the foresight of the then Assistant Secretary of the Navy induced the necessary measures for a mobilization of the reserves and the general expansion of the navy. Un- der these circumstances the Naval Reserve .force finally received attention and place in the schemes for providing a war navy for offensive and defensive purposes, and the various bodies were then directed to fill their complements and prepare for active service. The naval authorities who' had discussed the r61e of the Naval Reserve, but who lack- ed the administrative function to place them, had proposed that the reserves should be used to man the vessels that were to form the second or inner line of defence. These vessels, localized as far as possible, were to consist of auxiliary vessels improvised from tugs, yachts, and smaller merchant vessels, of a size and for a duty such that individual intelligence would count for the most, and manual labor and numerical force for the least. This, with the coast signal service and local torpedo-boat work, was and is the rdle of the naval militia as distinguished from the proper and seagoing Naval Reserve. But the war with Spain never became a de- fensive war of a nature which involved the continuance of a second line of defence, and the vessels, large and small, which were as- signed at first to coast-defensive purposes were drawn off gradually for the constantly Increasing blockade duty and for the other offensive operations in the West Indies. The few that remained were mostly consigned to the patrol of mine fields and minor auxiliary purposes, or to man the obsolete monitors for harbor defence. Hence a very large por- tion of the Naval Reserves served in deep- sea vessels, and were drafted into the sphere of active warfare in foreign waters. Al- though, to a certain extent, the use of this fine personnel to do the duty of the hewers of wood and the drawers of water on board ship was like the using of fine razors to cut blocks, none the less was the work done well and uncomplainingly; and in the re- ward most eagerly sought after— a brush with the enemy— they showed a spirit as well as a skill and endurance that deserved and received words of high commendation from their commander-in-chief. The men were bet- ter than the officers, as a rule, in the Naval Reserves, always excepting the graduates of Annapolis and the few others who had seen service in the merchant marine. The narrative in this book is from one of the men before the mast and "behind the gun," who was drafted with a number of his fellows of the New York Naval Reserve into the U. S: S. Yankee, formerly the Morgan liner El Norte. Fortunate in their ship, they were even more fortunate in their command- er, one of the best all-round officers in the regular service. The story will be found to be of interest, and is told with a sprightli- ness and humor that should give it many readers. It is not probable that in any future war In which the United States may be engaged, an enemy of so little enterprise will be found as Spain proved to be, nor one so sparing in its raids and attacks upon our coast towns and coastwise commerce. Hence it is important that, after the formation of a proper national reserve for the navy, sea- going and with sea experience, sufficient aid should be given to the naval militia of the various States as a supplement to the Naval Reserve for torpedo-boat work, for auxiliary naval purposes, and for the inner line of floating defence. The experience of the late war emphasizes the existence of a distinc- tively military factor to be found in the panic fears of wealthy and thickly settled sea-coast districts. The Gods of our Fathers: A Study of Sax- on Mythology. By Herman I. Stern. Har- pers. 1898. Pp. xxx+269. Precisely who our fathers would be if they were determined by deduction from this book, it is not possible to surmise. It may be, however, that the author himself had this very fact in mind, for we are a com- posite people made up fundamentally of all sorts of Germanic elements united into a veritable hodgepodge of descent. As a whole, we should be shown by such an evolution of an ancestor not only to be more Norse than anything else, but to be preponderantly of direct Norse extraction at the time of the Viking age, which it is perfectly plain that most of us are not. The fact that the book is called a study of "Saxon" mythology sheds only an apparent light on the subject. The very first paragraph shows that the au- thor uses "Saxon" in a purely generic sense, in spite of the .specific signification that rightly belongs to it, for here there are gods enumerated of whom the Saxons never heard, and, later on, he speaks of Loki as "the Satan of the Saxons," and of Baldur as "the Saxon Christ," though the real Sax- ons were guiltless of either the one or the other. The fundamental difficulty in the present book lies just in this heterogeneous charac- ter of its material. The author plainly starts out with the assumption that Norse mythology is Germanic— or, as he puts it, "Saxon" — mythology, and that all of it is of equal importance. With this, which from the nature of the case is by far the principal por- tion of the material that has come down to us from the heathen days of any part of the race, he combines wholly at random any- thing else he can find among the other Ger- manic peoples, with no thought of resulting incongruity. He has his drag-net out for things "Saxon," and all is "Saxon" that comes into it. What appears, consequently, from the book to be a mythological system is in reality no system at all, but an omnium-gatherum of Germanic mythologi- cal matter of all degrees of value, and of all ages and places of origin. Instances of these processes appear throughout the book. Walhalla, for instance, is described as "the human heaven of the Teutons, a sort of Olympus and Elysium combined," when in reality this was a Norsemen's paradise, wholly a development of the warrior spirit of the Viking age, and one in which the rest of the Teutons had no share. Much of the mythology to be gathered from Norse sources is inherently new and local, and some of it is not, in a proper sense, mythology at all. Although the belief in giants, in this way, as per- sonifications of the forces of nature, is a possession of the whole Germanic people, and one, furthermore, that they shared with the other Indo-Europeans, the giants as we have them from Old Norse sources are pure- ly creations of Northern, and not of Ger- manic, phantasy. We know, in point of fact, infinitely more about the mythology of the Scandinavian North along broad lines, not merely because our sources' of informa- tion are fuller and clearer, but in great part for the reason that there was, through spe- cial development, infinitely more to know. Yggdrasil, the world tree, for instance, is Germanic, but its whole outfit — the goat, the stag, the deer, the dragon, the eagle, the squirrel — is elements of Eastern-Christian mysticism thus locally associated. There is much, furthermore, in Old Norse sources that is simply to be ascribed to the creative poetic phantasy of the skaldic poets them- selves, and that never had any firm lodgment in the religious belief of the people what- ever. The author, however, entirely ignores all principles of this sort, which have become veritable truisms to one who has read the literature of the subject. Besides the uncritical use of material, the book is full of curious misapprehensions. "The realm of Hel," it says, "as an abode of departed spirits, virtually appears only at the close of the Asen dynasty," when, in reality, it is one of the most fundamental conceptions of Northern heathendom. The 'Heimskringla' it calls "a crude attempt at universal history," when, to quote Carlyle, who correctly appreciated its value, it is "to be reckoned among the great history- books of the world.'' The meaning of "Lo- ki" has nothing to do with lux; this god does not "invariably designate the element fire," and he is not "the personification of evil." To correct the faults of statement, however, would be essentially to rewrite the book from title-page to colophon. At the beginning, in lieu of a dedication, the author prints the following quotation: "It would be an interesting work to show how Norse and Greek Mythologies respec- tively have colored the religious, social, po- litical, and literary character of Greek and Romance peoples on the one hand and Norsemen and Teutons on the other. Some- body will undoubtedly in due time be in- spired to undertake such a task." It need hardly be said that the lists are still open. John Adams, the Statesman of the American Revolution. With other Essays and Ad- dresses, historical and literary. By Mellen Chamberlain. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1898. Pp. 476. Under the editorial supervision of Mr. Lindsay Swift, Judge Chamberlain has here brought together a selection of the more im- portant papers and addresses prepared by him for various occasions during the last fifteen years. With two or three exceptions, they deal with subjects in American history and biography, in both of which fields the author has long been a recognized authority. While they by no means represent the sum of Judge Chamberlain's work as a scholar, they serve to exhibit his principles and me- thods, and his views of the proper standpoint from which to interpret American history. That some of his most original conclusions no longer seem novel, is of itself a gratify- ing indication of their acceptance by thoughtful students who have gleaned after him. The initial essay on John Adams, the long- est and most important piece in the volume, is a thorough-going expmination of th«

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116 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1754 causes of the Revolution and of the rela- tion of Adams to the constitutional side of the struggle. No writer has set forth more clearly or instructively the nature of the influences which brought about the se- paration of the American colonies from the mother country. In Judge Chamberlain's view, writs of assistance, the Stamp Act, and the various revenue and coercive measures of Great Britain were the occasion, rather than the cause, of the Revolution. They were irritating and, from the standpoint of political expediency, indefensible, but they only hastened a crisis which, even without them, could not have been permanently averted. The causes of the Revolution lay rather in the inherent temper of the colo- nists, their English love of freedom and self- government, their jealousy of commercial interference, and their increasing reliance upon their charters as the real constitu- tional foundation of their government and their political rights. It was the peculiar merit of John Adams that he was one of the first to see the constitutional significance of the contest, and that he led Massachu- setts, and through her the other colonies, to a more or less discerning acceptance of his ideas. In the paper on the "Constitutional Rela- tions of the American Colonies to the Eng- lish Government," Judge Chamberlain goes over this ground again, with especial refer- ence to the constitutional aspects of the case as presented by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. While admitting Jeffer- son's knowledge of the English Constitution as well as his sincerity of purpose, Judge Chamberlain is forced to conclude that, from a constitutional standpoint, the famous in- dictment of George the Third can hardly stand; on the contrary, "had the King been arraigned on these charges before a court of justice, undoubtedly by advice of counsel he would have demurred to the bill" (p. 155). It was the use of constitutional powers to the Injury, and especially to the economic injury, of the colonies that formed the impregna- ble strength of the American position, and indicated for the colonists their true line of protest; whereas Jefferson, driven to con- struct a political manifesto which should be at the same time in accord with admitted constitutional principles, missed the point, and framed an indictment of the King which is "perhaps the only one ever drawn in which the real offence Is not even mentioned, and where an innocent party was vicariously sub- stituted for the real offender" (p. 158). We can do no more than to refer very briefly to some of the remaining papers. The one on the "Genesis of the Massachusetts Town," originally part of a formal discus- sion before the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety, is a vigorous criticism of the theory which connects the town with the contem- porary English parish, or ascribes to it such origin and status as are set forth in Alex- ander Johnston's History of Connecticut. In Judge Chamberlain's view, the origin of the unit of local government in New England is to be sought neither in the forests of Ger- many nor in the ecclesiastical system of Eng- land, but primarily in the special conditions and needs of a new self-governing commu- nity in a new world. The Germanic theory in general, and Johnston's application of it in particular, are subjected to further de- structive criticism in the "Remarks on the New Historical School," read before the same society at a somewhat earlier date. The pa- per on "The Authentication of the Declara- tion of Independence," in itself a model of painstaking and exhaustive research, may be regarded as the final word in the contro- versy over the date on which the Declaration was signed. The essential characteristic of Judge Cham- berlain's historical method is his reliance upon primary sources of information. His conclusions are invariably the result of exhaustive study of original and contem- porary material. He himself confesses, in one or two notes to the present volume, that his, for the moment, neglect of secondary writers has sometimes caused him unneces- sary labor, and led him into doing for him- self work already satisfactorily done by others. But the invariable citation of chap- ter and verse in support of his statementSj and the constant evidence that his knowledge is based upon first-hand research, give to his historical writings a high and permanent value, and invest his conclusions with a soundness, a freshness, and a defensible- ness to which a less exacting worker could not attain. Add to this power of intelligent and patient labor the mental equipment of a trained lawyer and experienced judge, and a clear and forcible style, and we have a scho- lar whose work, though not large in amount, combines with singular success industrious search for facts, skill and fairness in weigh- ing evidence, and attractiveness of literary form. Of such qualities American historical scholarship can never have too much. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Barry, Rev. William. The Two Standards. Cen- tury Co. $1.50. Cajori. Prof. Morian. A History of Physics. Mac- Duff. J. D. 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New York: James Pott & Co.. Smyth. Prof. A. II. Pope's Iliad ot Homer. Books I., VI., XXII., XXIV. Maemillan. 25c. Spencer, Rev. F. A. The Four Gospels. A New Translation. W. H. Young & Co. $1.50. The Autobiography of Charles 11. Spurgeon. Vol. 11. 1854-18UU. F. II. Kevell Co. $2.50. Architect and Building News Co. The Judgment of Socrates. A Translation from Plato. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 15c. Wright, Prof. W. Grammar of the Arabic Lan- guage: 3d ed., revised. Vol. II. Cambridge (Eng.): University Press; New York: Maemillan. "Literature," says of Prof. Beers' "Eng- lish Romanticism in the Eighteenth Cen- tury" (Henry Holt & Co., New York. 12mo. $2): "The author presents In himself a rare combination — a scholarly and historical knowledge, which places at his command a seemingly inexhaustible fund of literary data, and a keen and appreciative literary taste. The style of the book is happily easy, and a certain characteristic humor runs plea- santly between many of the lines. . The author is always interesting and lucid, his analyses are clear and profound, and his lighter details of literary happenings are of- ten delightfully amusing. The book is a notable example of the best type of unpe- dantic literary scholarship." JUST PUBLISHED; The Polish Rider BV REMBRANDT. Tarnnw.-.ki, ineasu ing 111x18 inches. ,,n paper. $5 ( Illustrated special Catalogue of our Standard »E^o^r^i!;T:;i!-,,^n^t™^ BERLIN PHOTOGRAPHIC CO. &&»& READ Y FEBKUAR Y loth. The Heart of Denise AND OTHER TALES. By S. Levett Yeats, Author of " The Che valierd'Auriac," "The Honourof Savel.i,'- etc. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, cloth, ornamental, 11.25. " Mr. Levett Yeats, as a writer of romantic fic- tion, is to be ranked abreast of Mr. Weyman, and, iu some respects, ahead of his more proline fellow author."— Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Harnack's History of Dogma, Vol. V. ($2.50), containing an exposition of the life and doctrines of Augus- tine, has just been issued by Little, Brown and Company, Boston. ROOKS k££ SCARCE ONES CONSULT ■ l£* p-°or R|C»ards almanack, gratis. BOX 4037, STATION B, PHILADELPHIA AUTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous jTJ. People bought and sold bv Waltrr R Rirui.u,« ' \ ork City. Send for price-lint. Roman Africa Archaeological Walks in Algiers and Tunis. By Gas ion Boissiek. With 4 Maps. Large l2ino, $1.75. M. Boissier needs no introduction to an Ameri- can public. Those who have read his previous books are already familiar with iha simplicity and clearness of nis style, and realize that his work is based upon a foundation of thorough scholarly knowledge. Fresh impressions of the earlier works of Gaston Boissier. Cicero and His Friends $1 75 Rome and Pompeii a 50 The Country ot Horace ami Virgil 2 00 A companion work to the above. The Riviera, Ancient and Modern. By C. LENTHfeRIC $2 OO Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK-LONDON. PHOTOGRAPHS AND CARBONS of Architecture, Sculpture, and Paintings of all European naileries Imported by GEORGE BUSSE,12W.28thSt..NewYork ARTISTIC FRAMING. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued e\eri Saturday. Sent grails iiy H. W. HAGLMANN, 160 Sth Ave., New York. DOOA'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, JD Standard and Rare. Hooks bought, Catalogues Issued. E. W. Johnson, .' h. 1'id St., N. Y.

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Feb. 9, 1899] The Nation. LINCOLN, Poet and Prophet 142 Messages a To the Senate and Pkuse (JJTRep On the 3d of No^mber Cuba between the U: brig Jules et Marie, resulting in gation of this Government to ma tioned if the injury resulted from i do I forget that some of more experience than in view of the great /esponsibi want of respect to yourselves vLAtv^xq display. Is it doubted, then\ that tnaasian the war, and thus lesien its e^pendi doubted that it would Yestore thelna perity and perpetuate bVth indenRte' Congress and Executives- can secure people respond to a united find earned they, by any other means! Jo certfihly or objects? We can succeedyonly by c imagine better?" but possible, still the questio* recurs, of the quiet past are inadequate to piled high with difficulty , and we case is new, so we must flunk anew a ourselves, and then wi (/ Fellow-citizens, we this Administration v sonal significance or i fiery trial through wh to the latest generati not forget that we s world knows we do power and bear the assure freedom to t we preserve. We : earth. Other means m peaceful, generous, just applaud and God must Was^in^ton, December 3, r86z, itatives: jook place off the coast of >an Jacinto and the French e to the latter. The obh- jerefor could not be ques- le part of the San Jacinto. Did YOU Ever read the inspired words of the Martyr President, bracketed in the accompanying fac-simile page? You will find them in the Messages and Papers of the Presidents" AUTHORIZED BY CONGRESS The Carefully Compiled, Anno- tated and Indexed Utterances (Official) of Each and All the Presidents of the United States, Since the Foundation of the Government. Inaugural addresses, annual mes= sages, special messages, procla- mations, executive orders, veto messages, etc., etc., secret diplo- matic correspondence, State De- partment instructions, private military and technical reports ; in fact, the complete story of the Government of the United States An encyclopedic index covering every subject, and giving the essen- tial facts in condensed form, raises the work to the highest value for the statesman, the student and the citizen. With the index it occupies TEN Oc- tavo Volumes of About Seven Hundred Pag:es Each. The illus- trations consist of a complete gallery of Portraits of Presidents. Government Buildings, copies of famous historic paintings, etc., which have never before been published in any book. A Committee on Distribution has been appointed with Hon. Ainsworth R. Spof- ford, of the Congressional Library, as General Secretary, for the purpose of placing this great work before the Amer- ican people at a nominal price— but a trifle more than cost. On all requests for particulars, samples, etc., accompanied by a deposit of oIVE DOLLAR, a set, of the books will be laid pending further in- vestigation. If you decide within ten days nol to make api.lication for the work, the amount will be refunded. All requests for further information will re- ceive prompt attention in regular order, if addressed to AINSWORTH R.SP0FF0RD GEN. SECY Committee on Distribution, Dept(W) WASHINGTON, D. C.

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VI Tlie IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1754 Stories of the Cherokee Hills. By Maurice Thompson. With 8 full- page Illustrations by E. W. Kem- BLE. 12010, $1.50. "Mr. Maurice Thompson is on his own ground in the volume, 'Stories of the Chero- kee Hills,' and on his own ground Mr. Thompson writes with genuine humor and picturesque power There are se- ven stories in the volume, and they are full of Southern humor, sentiment, and charac- ter-study."— The Outlook, N. Y. "There is about them a lightness and grace, a warmth of color, which comes as much from the author's loving memory of bygone days as from his skill in casting over his creations the golden tint of a grace- ful fancy. As a side light upon social condi- tions that have vanished, the sketches are valuable, while as literary productions they are entirely charming." — Brooklyn Eagle. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. NEW PUBLICATIONS IN GERMAN. Der Praktische Deutsche. By U. Jos. Beiley. Der Praktische Deutsche is ar- ranged after the plan of Paul Bercy's Le Fran<;ais Pratique, but it is by no means a translation of that book. The original plan has been preserved, but the exercises reconstructed and fitted to the particular needs of the student of German. The aim has been to provide the material necessary to enable the learner to converse with Germans in their own language, and to arrange it in such an order that the study will be pleasurable as well as profitable. Roman type is used throughout excepting in a few lessons, and a vocabulary is at the end of the volume. i2mo, cloth. Second Edition, entirely revised. 251 pages. Price, $1.00. WILLIAM R.JENKIN5 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, Full-of-Matter, Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. 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The Nati v„>», V0.v., 1 '"l; Wa, Kan- VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 755. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS, NEW AND REVISED EDITION The Scapegoat A Romance and a Parable. B v Hall Caine. author of "The Chris- tUn," '-Tub Deemster." "The Manxman," "The Bsndman," etc. New and revised edition. Uniform with the autnor's works. 12mo Cloth, $150 " This book In Its present form Is new to American readers, although a hook un- der the same title, telling practically the same story, was published In America seven years ago. That, was just after the passing of the Copyright Act, and the effort to meet the conditions of the new law seemed to require that, the romance should he published In what 1 knew »a- an Immature and wholly unsatisfactory form. This was the form In which It was being published serially In Iji-lish and American jour- nals, without the revision usually considered neeessan for any piece of writing before Its appearance a,,eeial]'. desirable In the case of the present work. . . When health ami opportunity allow ed, I did mv best to make the story worthy of the reception it bad received by an effort to lift its literary execution to the level of Its artistic motive. •' with these alterations and with amendments made very recently I am now offer- ing'The Scapegoat ' to American readers practically. I think, as a new Look, certainly as a book which Is In great part new."— Prom the Author's Pre/ace to the JVew Edition. THE ONLY BOOK ON PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico and Its Resources A Book for Travellers, Investors, and Others, containing fu'l accounts of N«tural Features and Ke^ourcea. Products, Peooie, Opportuni- ties for Business, etc. By Frederick A. Ober author of " Camps in the Caribbees." '■ Cm *o»'8 Island," etc. With maps and illus- tranons. l'imo. Cloth. $1 50. THE HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE writes the author: "You have brought togetier in a small space an Immense amount of most valu- able information, which It is \ cry important to have within the reach of the American people at this time." "An orderly and Intelligent account of the Island. Mr. Ober's book Is both timely and trustworthy."— New York Eoening Post. The Story of the Cotton Plant By F. Wilkinson. F(t.S, Director of the Textile and Eajmeer School, Bo ton. A new vjlunie in the Library of Useful Stories. 16mo. Illustrated. Cloth, 40 cents. In clear and simple language the author tells the story of cotton, tracing Its progress from the plant to the thread. The early history of cotton, the various phases of its growth, and the processes of preparation and manufac- ture, are lucidly described. Cannon and Camera Sea and Land Bittles of the Spanish-American War in Cuba, Camp Life, and Return of the Soldiers. 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11 The ISTation. [Vol 68, No. 1755 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second clans maiUmatter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 117 Editobial Articles: The Warning 120 The Dlscredl ted Commission 120 Baggage Explanations 121 The Right of Marine Capture 122 Bpeoial Correspondence: Farnell.-II 123 Excavations in the Fortim 124 Correspondence: "Take Up the White Man's Bnrden" 126 Domestic Peace, Foreign War 126 Notes 126 Book Reviews: A Pioneer 129 Henry Reeve 130 Chinese Porcelain 131 The Battles of Trenton and Princeton 132 The Autobiography of a Veteran 133 The City Wilderness 133 The Hittltes aud their Language 131 Elements de Botanique 1 34 Modern American Oratory 138 Books or the Wise 135 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union. $U.00. 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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The ISTation 111 50* Reduction THE PRICE OF THE History of the Jews By Prof. H. QRAETZ Seduced from {18 to $9.00 per set of Six Volumes (An average of over 600 octavo pages to each volume.) A complete description from the earliest times to the present. The concluding volume contains an elaborate Index, Maps, and Chronological Tables. "Prof. Graetz Is the historiographer par excellence of the Jews. His work, at present the authority upon the subject of Jewish History, bids fair to hold Its preemi- nent position for some time, perhaps decades."— Preface to Index Volumt. Scholars, Students, Clergymen, Laymen The Jewish Publication Society of America i«i5 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Old Books. Rare Books. Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. 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Real Estate $2,009,684.43 Cash on hand and In Hank 1 ,5 1 U.090. 1 7 Loans on bond and mortgage, reul estate 6.7M.>,u*3.yD Interest accrued but not due 201.V7w.rtii Loans on collateral security 1,182.327.64 Loans ou this Company's Policies 1,176,489.34 Deferred Lite Premiums 324.ihi7.u5 Prems.due and unreported on LlfcPulUies 85 1 , 1 20.97 United States Bonds 14,000.00 State, county, and municipal bonds 8,814,032.58 Railroad stocks and bonds 11,068,878.37 Bank stocks l.Oiui. >S8. 50 Other stocks and bonds 1 .462.300.00 Total Assets 8i3.3lJ,442.4« LIABILITIES. Reserve, 4 per cent., Life Department. . . »18. 007, 596.00 Resc rve for Re-lnsurauce.Accideiit Dep't 1.3HM.372.80 Present value Instalment Life Policies... 007.044.00 Reserve for Claims resisted for Employers 430.101.05 Losses In process of adjustment £20,248.38 Life Premiums paid in advance 35,2o7.68 iixes.rents.etc 110,000.00 Special Reserve, Liability Department... 100,000.00 Reserve for anticipated change in rate of Interest 400.000.00 Total Liabilities gjl. U9.HJ.-j. 30 Excess Security to Policy-holders.. £4, tuJ,al7.1U Surplus to Stockholders S3.105.S17. 10 STATISTICS TO DATE. Life Department. Life Insurance In force $9T. 3-1'2,8-21 .00 New Life Insurance written lnl8H8. 16.087.551.00 Insurance on instalment plan at commuted value. Returned to Policy-holders in 1898.. 1.382,008.95 Returned to Policy-holders since 1864 14,534.359.53 Accident Department. 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IV Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1755 The Macmillan Company's New Books •« Vigorous, democratic, and original; powerful and convincing." The Story of France. From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte By the Hon. THOMAS E. WATSON. Two Vols., Medium 8vo. Just Ready. Vol. I., $2.50. Vol. II. In Press. Vol. I. From the Settlement by the Gauls to the End of the Reign of Louis XV. Cloth, 8vo, $3.50. •' Now we have what we'have long needed, a popular history of France. ... Mr. Watson's style Is eminently the narrative style— clear, readable, and leaving as to each event a distinct impression. The style of presenting facts is that of Guizot, though the one writer is cold-blooded, and the other warm with the vitality of a most modern lif e."— The Sun, Baltimore, Md. The Lesson of Popular Government. By Gamaliel Bradford, A.B. Two vols., Cloth. In Pres$. 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The Nation. ,\KW YORK, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY IK, 1890. The Week. The difference between the McEnery resolution adopted by the Senate on Tuesday and the substitute offered by Mr. Bacon of Georgia is not great. Both protest that the United States has no intention of permanently annexing the Philippines, and both look to the ulti- mate self-government of the islanders. Mr. Bacon, however, contemplates the erection under our control (if not by our initiative) of "a stable and independent government," whereupon we are to "leave the government and control of the islands to their people." Mr. McEnery would give the islands "a government suitable to the wants and conditions of the inhabitants," as a preparation for self-government, and "in due time make such disposition" of them "as will best promote the interests of the citizens of the United States and the inhabitants of said islands" (mark the order). In practice, it will be found that we shall maintain our sovereignty as long as we please, in default of a fixed policy to withdraw at once and let the Filipinos begin the art of self-government as soon as our last ship and our last soldier leave the scene. There was a tie vote on the Bacon substitute, and the Vice-Pre~ sident turned the scale against it — a fact of some significance in case anything should happen to Mr. McKinley before the expiration of his term. The President has done now what he should have done five or six months ago, appointed a court of inquiry to go to the bottom of the army scandals. This is the only course authorized by law and as such competent to bring out the truth, as was repeatedly pointed out last Sep- tember, when the President was consi- dering the matter. He refused to follow it then, and adopted the expedient of a commission which had no authority to compel the attendance of witnesses or to administer oaths, and which, from the time of its selection to the present mo- ment, has commanded the confidence of nobody. Its report was so thoroughly discredited in advance that the President himself was compelled to confess its worthlessness by appointing a new in- vestigating body to do what this one has failed to do. What he has really done is to authorize a genuine inquiry to decide whether or not his bogus inquiry has suppressed the truth. That the new body has the ability and character, as well as the power to do this, nobody will ques- tion. Its members. Gen. Wade, Gen. Davis, and Col. Gillespie, are as well fitted for the task as any officers in the army, and we shall know precisely what the facts about embalmed beef are when they have finished their work. That the conclusion will be reached very soon is a safe calculation, for Gen. Miles, upon whom the burden of proof rests, has his evidence well in hand and will be able to present it without delay. The Judge-Advocate had in his pocket at the Eagan trial, and should, according to army usage, have made a specification of it, a letter written in the previous July to a citizen of New York, which showed clearly that Eagan's "paper" on Gen. Miles was not the result of a sudden impulse, but was his habitual mode of meeting remonstrances on his official conduct. The reason why this letter was not produced, the historian will say, was revealed by the nature of the defence, which was insanity or hysterical excite- ment, induced by newspaper denuncia- tion, for charges which Gen. Miles's sub- sequent revelations proved to be true, but which, at the period of the trial, it seemed possible to cover by a furious air of injured innocence. This defence again furnished the court-martial with the ex- cuse for the recommendation to "clemen- cy" for one of the most heinous of mili- tary offences. What will seem to the historian to clinch the proof of a "put- up job" is the President's dealing with the sentence of dismissal. Eagan was just six years from retirement by age, so his sentence is made to run, "suspension from rank and duty" for just six years, with admission to the retired list after- wards. In fact, he loses nothing by his crime and conviction, except his allow- ances lor forage (about $75 a month), and he distinctly gains by relief from duty at his age. He will for six years lead a life of leisure on full pay. This disposition of the case, which we fully expected, will explain to a large portion of the public the reason why Alger can- not be got rid of, and do much to con- firm in many minds the belief in the ex- istence of the McKinley "Syndicate." But he is such a good man. The list of deaths among our troops in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines during January, one of the healthiest months of the tropical year, contains seventy-one names, including those of a colonel, two captains, and a first lieu- tenant. It is probably the shortest which we can expect to have, until our troops are withdrawn in large numbers, since, aside from the warfare in the East, smallpox in Manila and yellow fever, al- ready reported in Cuba, must be counted on to swell the roster of the victims of imperialism from day to day as the warm and rainy seasons approach. Al- ready there are rumors that all the Ame- rican troops must be out of Cuba by April 1 if serious losses are to be pre- vented, and the friends of the volunteers are naturally growing more and more eager for their return. To them it may be some slight consolation to realize that our troops are in very much better situa- tions than is, for instance, the French army in Madagascar. Its death-rate per hundred is from seventy to seventy-five. French soldiers who survive return home prematurely aged and broken, bringing back in their systems the poison of the swamp fevers, which can almost never be eradicated. Another matter bearing upon the question of health as related to the na- tional Government still more imperative- ly demands action before the session ex- pires a fortnight hence. The danger of yellow fever in the United States dur- ing the coming summer is greater than we have ever before encountered, be- cause of the greater freedom of inter- course betwen Cuba and our Southern States since the surrender of the island by Spain. The ablest and coolest au- thorities are most impressive in their warnings. Dr. George R. Fowler of Brooklyn, who has been chief surgeon and medical inspector on Gen. Lee's staff since last July, has just returned from Havana, and he expresses the gravest apprehensions as to the danger of a ter- rible outbreak of yellow fever after the rainy season sets in. There is every rea- son to expect the appearance of the dis- ease in our Southern States, and un- less Congress takes early action we shall see the usual quarantine wars between the different commonwealths in the most aggravated form ever known. The South- ern press is already sounding a note of alarm. The New Orleans Times-Democrat says that this warfare "has been going on for years, and the situation has be- come steadily worse instead of better, the boards getting further away and de- nouncing each other more savagely"; that "the story of these interstate agree- ments is one of failure, of loss and in- ' jury to the South, of stagnation of busi- ness, distrust, and even hostility"; and that, "if our quarantine affairs are going to be administered in this way, if there is to be a continuous struggle between the several boards, then the South has one of the greatest perils to face it has ever known." The Timcs-Dcniocrut closes by declaring that "there is but one es- cape— placing the quarantine in the hands of the federal Government." English newspapers do not understand American squeamishness over pushing civilization forward in the Philippines

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118 The IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1755 on a powder cart. We are young and tender imperialists. The English are hardened to the business; they know all about "punitive expeditions," and are blase in fighting now the Matabele, now the Afridi, shelling palaces in Zanzibar in order to settle the royal succession to their taste, and cramming the Bible and cotton goods down the throats of recalcitrant natives. In time we may hope to attain this high imperialistic level, but as yet we have a few dregs of republican conscience left to trouble us. Americans have queer and unplea- sant sensations when they see their sol- diers mowing down natives armed with bows and arrows. All accounts agree that one detachment of the insurgent army, the Ygorotes, were so armed, and that they were put forward against Krag- Jorgensens and Maxims. Of course, our troops had to cut them down like wild beasts as they did, but there must have been many an American soldier to ex- claim, when all was over, as English soldiers cried out at Omdurman, "This is not a battle, but an execution." For the rest, the military dispositions of Gen. Otis and the conduct of the troops in action appear to have been de- serving of all praise. The affair was undoubtedly far more serious than the first dispatches indicated. In fact, the test of the stuff of our soldiers was more severe than that the English army had to undergo in fighting the Dervishes. The Khalifa ordered his men out in broad daylight to charge the English on a perfectly open plain. Few of them ever got within half a mile of the English lines, the mass being slaughtered by the Lee-Metfords at a range of nearly two miles. The attack of the Filipinos was by night. In the morning our troops had to charge through jungles and rice-fields against an enemy intrenched and occu- pying fortified villages. A portion of the native army, as Gen. Otis reports, had arms of precision and quick-firing guns. They knew the ground, which was neces- sarily strange to our men. Under all these circumstances, we say, the task of our army before Manila was harder than Kitchener's before Omdurman. If the Dervishes had stayed in their works, de- fended by Krupp guns, and awaited as- sault, instead of rushing out to seek Paradise by the shortest route, the two cases would have been more nearly pa- rallel. Of course, the critical feature of Kitchener's campaign was that he was operating at such an enormous distance from his base. A serious reverse would have meant annihilation such as befell Hicks Pasha. Gen. Otis had no such pos- sibility of crushing disaster to disturb him. The selection of Mr. Samuel J. Bar- rows to succeed the late John Russell Young as head of the National Li- brary is probably a gain for the service. It is, however, a concession to two mis- chievous pretensions — the one, the old spoils doctrine that public office is a proper refuge for politicians who have lost a job (as Mr. Barrows, whose Massa- chusetts constituency declined to reelect him to the House of Representatives last November); the other, that journalists (as in Mr. Young's case) have the first claim to the most important librarian- ship in the country. Mr. Barrows's per- sonal appeal to Senators to look with favor on his nomination is another un- pleasant feature in connection with the filling of a post which should seek the man. However, in point of scholarship, culture, and experience in library affairs, Mr. Barrows is much better equipped than his predecessor. His Congressional career has disappointed his best friends; may he favorably disappoint in his new career those who object to the principle of his selection. Secretary Long has put an end to the Sampson-Schley controversy for all time. In a letter to the Senate giving the rea- sons which induced the President to pro- mote Sampson over Schley, he sets forth at great length in chronological order all the official data bearing upon the campaign against Cervera's fleet, with a result which is very disastrous to Schley and extremely creditable to Sampson. He shows that Schley deliberately dis- obeyed orders from the Navy Depart- ment, leaving the entrance to Santiago virtually unguarded for two days, there being during that period nothing co ob- struct Cervera's escape, had he attempt- ed it, save the unarmored scout St. Paul. He shows also that Schley's excuse for disobeying orders, that he was short of coal, was not true, since he had on board the Brooklyn at the time between ten and twelve days' coal supply, and even more on the other vessels of his fleet. He shows also that in the great battle of July 3, in which Cervera's fleet was destroyed, each commanding officer pro- ceeded on standing orders laid down by Sampson, and that from first to last he was the guiding genius of the whole affair. He shows finally that Admiral Sampson, in spite of Schley's disobedi- ence of orders, magnanimously recom- mended that he should be promoted be- cause of his services in the battle of July 3. A correspondent sends us a document to which we venture to call the attention of the Assistant Secretary of the Trea- sury, Mr. Howell, whose interesting ex- planation of the personal-baggage-in- spection regulation we comment upon elsewhere. The proposal to restrict to $100 worth the amount of wearing appa- rel and personal effects which an Ame- rican returning from Europe could bring in free, was first made in 1892. A bill making that restriction was before Con- gress, and the news of it reached an American in Paris. He wrote to the Committee on Ways and Means at Wash- ington for information about the bill, and received from its clerk, Ruter W. Springer, a reply giving the text of the bill, and saying in explanation of it: "You will see by the opening words of the bill that 'the wearing apparel and other per- sonal effects (not merchandise) in actual use of residents of the United States re- turning thereto from foreign countries' is that to which the bill refers, and European citizens visiting this country will not be in- convenienced in the slightest degree. The hill in iatrinieil lo jn-olrct domestic tailors and other laboring men ivho produce what ■may he genericaliy known as personal ef- fects; and it is thought will not affect for- eign commerce to any great extent. The hill /ins been petitioned for by So. 000 tailors and over 1,500 other persons." That puts the measure on its proper ground. It is not designed to produce revenue, but to "protect domestic tail- ors," and was petitioned for by 25,000 tailors. Who got up these petitions? Do Shayne the furrier and his associate tailors know anything about them? Quay continues in that most unfortu- nate of roles — a boss without prestige. On Thursday he suffered another serious setback at Harrisburg. He was afraid to stand trial in the traditional way, with the public prosecutor enjoying the imme- morial right of securing a jury of men who seemed worthy of trust. So he re- solved to have the Legislature abolish the old rule by passing a law which would prevent the District Attorney from "standing aside" men summoned on a jury panel whom there was good reason to suspect. It was the most im- pudent proposition that could be ima- gined, and success was the only thing that could redeem it from contempt. But the scheme has failed, for a majority of the House postponed further considera- tion of the matter until March 21, while the trial of Quay is set for February 27. The reverse is not only disastrous to the boss in itself, but still more so in its moral effect, since it greatly encourages his opponents and disheartens his sup- porters. A copy of the interesting circular which Mr. Croker has sent to all the members of his club, asking them to increase its membership, has been for- warded to this office. It is an extremely interesting document in many ways, but in none more so than that in which the great man reveals himself frankly as the guiding genius of the institution. He is not its President, or Secretary, or any other official. He signs himself modest- ly as "your fellow-member, Richard Croker"; but that he is the real boss of the club, that everything it does or thinks proceeds from him as absolutely as if the letters "D. C." on the lamp- posts of its front door actually stood for Dick Croker, is visible in every line of the circular. "There is," he says, "a

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Kation. 119 first mortgage on our house, amounting to $125,000, which it now becomes our duty to pay off. If we all act together it need not be difficult to do this. With 2,250 names upon our roll, a simple cal- culation shows that, if each member brings in one new member, the initiation fees thus derived will enable the club to pay off all its debt and have a hand- some surplus. That we can do this during the current year, if we make up our minds to it, admits of no doubt." Why not require every man on the city pay-rolls who has had his salary raised to join at once? That would settle the matter in a jiffy. Possibly this order has been issued already, in a secret cir- cular. It would hardly be put on club paper as this one has been. The proposed police bill which has been prepared by Mr. Elihu Root, after repeated conferences with the Governor and the leaders of the Republican orga- nization, is by all odds the best measure of the kind that has been drawn in many years. It embodies two fundamental principles that we have advocated re- peatedly as the basis of real reform in police administration — a single head or Commission, and complete separation of the Bureau of Elections from the Po- lice Department. On the latter point there is no longer room for argument. All the teachings of experience favor it, and we should have had it provided in our new charter had the framers of that instrument been less under the influence of partisan Republican considerations. The experience which we have had since Tammany got possession again, has con- vinced even machine Republicans that a bi-partisan board is of no use to them. They have had two Republican members of the board since Van Wyck came in, and the board is as thoroughly Tam- manyite as if all four members belonged to that organization. All opposition to a single head seems to have been over- come, therefore, and that change seems to be generally conceded. It is to be accompanied, of course, by the establishment of an entirely inde- pendent Bureau of Elections, with a bi- partisan board of four members in con- trol, to be appointed by the Mayor, on condition that "no more than two shall be adherents of the same political party. ' ' A bi-partisan election board is a necessity in order that the interests of no single party may dominate its action; but so long as we have a Tammany Mayor, we shall be in danger of having some such board as our present Police Board. Two Tammanyite Republicans may be as- signed to sit with two Tammany Demo- crats, and there will be no redress. The phraseology used in the present bill is the only one which will not conflict with the Constitution. Under the phraseology the Mayor might, if he chose, appoint two Tammany men, a Socialist and a Prohibitionist, leaving the Republicans out altogether, and his act would be legal. We must in this, as in all other matters, depend for good government solely upon getting a good man for Mayor. The proposition of the State Board of Tax Commissioners that the Legisla- ture shall in some way tax the deposits in the savings banks of this State will meet with no sympathy either from in- telligent students of the problem of taxa- tion or from the people at large. If all personal property were bearing a just share of the burden of taxation, some- thing might be said in favor of bringing these deposits into the tax list. But when it is notorious that the assessors discover but a small proportion of the personal property in the State in indi- vidual hands, there is something very like injustice in the proposal to place a tax on the accumulations of people of small means because it is possible to do this when they are placed in banks, which have to make reports of their finances to a State department. Surely, the mere fact that a poor man's money can be found and taxed, is no reason why the force of the law should be brought to bear against it. The reasoning of the Commissioners seems very defective. They start out with the declaration that a tax of one-fourth of 1 per cent, would bring about $2,000,000 into the State Treasury, and without reducing the in- terest paid to the depositors. Aware, apparently, that there is something wrong in the idea that such a sum as this can be taken from any class of people without their knowing it, they next assume that it would reduce the rate of interest, but declare that this would not amount to more than one dollar a year for each depositor. The savings bank is acknowledged to per- form too valuable a service for the State to have its operation hampered in this petty way. If the Commissioners would study the recommendations of such ex- perts as the late David A. Wells, they would learn how to make personal prop- erty bear a just share of the tax burden without inflicting injustice or individual injury. Exactly what the "open door" means and implies has been a subject of vigor- ous debate ever since the phrase was in- vented. But Lord Charles Beresford, just arrived at San Francisco after his semi- official visit to China, imports a decided- ly novel element into the definition. He gravely assures an interviewer that the open door in China involves a unified Chinese army, officered by Europeans, and armed and equipped according to the best modern standards. Precisely what relation this new Chinese army will have to the open door is not made clear; per- haps its duty will be to shoot down any man who attempts to shut it. Lord Beresford is not explicit on this point, partly, we suspect, because if he tried to explain his real thought, it would be seen that he has in mind the possible use of Chinese soldiers against his dear- est foe, the Russians. But it will be a great comfort to the statesmen of China to be told that the control of their army is taken from them in the mystic name of the open door. Mr. Rhodes has consented to defer his Cape-to-Cairo railway scheme a little. He will take a guarantee for one more section of it, and await developments. Developments of an unpleasant kind, however, appear in the London Truth, which has a terrific exposure of faults and follies and scandals in the con- struction of the line from Mombasa to Uganda. Parliament had voted $15,000,- 000 for this section, but Truth brings figures to show that it will cost nearer $50,000,000, and can never be made to pay. It also adduces many instances of incompetence and extravagance of which the select Foreign Office com- mittee in charge of operations has been guilty. Incidentally it is mentioned that already 5,000 coolies have lost their lives in the construction of the line. A paper which, like Truth, makes a specialty of exposures, must expect to have its charges rather generously "written off." But the margin left is serious enough, and would seem to warrant, if not to compel, a parliamentary investigation before another penny is voted. Mr. Balfour's proposal to endow a Roman Catholic university at Dublin comes at an unlucky moment. With the anti-Ritualist agitation rising higher every day, it is not probable that Parlia- ment will even give a hearing to the pro- ject. Of course, Mr. Balfour's plan in- volves erecting a great Protestant uni- versity at Belfast at the same time, but though this seems a perfectly fair equi- valent to him, it will not to the aroused English evangelicals. All told, it is a singular and embarrassing position which Mr. Balfour now holds as leader of the House, in presence of spreading and violent theological passions. An apostle of toleration and a devotee of sweetness and light, how can he possibly take sides in the controversy? Yet how can he hold the balance level? His let- ter explaining his plans for the Irish universities breathes of benevolence, and abounds in the subtle distinctions so dear to his intellect. But, under the circum- stances, it gives him an air of a detached philosopher innocently entering Donny- brook Fair. The Catholics will have none of him because he does not go far enough to suit them. The Protestants will rage at him because he goes much too far to suit them. It looks as if the mild metaphysician were not cut out for such shillelah-work.

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120 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1755 THE WARNING. Primarily, we suppose, Mr. Cannon's bold and startling speech in the House on Thursday was Speaker Reed's way of saying "Check!" to the Hanna-McKin- ley Syndicate gamesters. They, in their desperation, have been challenging the power of the Speaker and the Republi- can leaders in the House to keep down appropriations. What shall it profit a Syndicate to hold the Government in trust unless it can exercise the right to lay taxes and vote appropriations? Hence the fury of Hanna and his fel- low-speculators when informed that Mr. Reed was opposed to their schemes. They never heard of such impudence. But they would teach the Speaker who was master. They would pin an appro- priation of $115,000,000 for their pet Ni- caragua Canal bill to the river and har- bor bill, and ask Mr. Reed what he was going to do about it. Well, what he did was to put up his lieutenant, Chair- man Cannon, to make a statement of the financial situation of the Govern- ment; to warn the party and the House and the country of the catastrophe to which the imperialistic raids on the Treasury would swiftly carry us. Mr. Cannon has always clung to the old-fashioned notion of the responsi- bility of a chairman of the committee on appropriations. He bluntly declares that his chief function is not to make appropriations, but to prevent their be- ing made. In his way, he thus plays the part of a finance minister or Chan- cellor of the Exchequer in countries which have a rational system of public finance — ruthlessly killing private ap- propriation bills, and holding down the sums voted for the public service to the lowest possible figure. This is the main business of a government confronting a popular legislature. But, in this case, the rest of the Government have gone over to the raiders. From President down (or up), they have endorsed and pushed ship subsidies, canal extrava- gances, and every form of surplus-dis- sipating bill. Mr. Cannon stands alone. But his position, if unique, is also high- ly honorable and useful, and his courage in taking the country into his confidence will not lose its reward. If not imme- diately, then in the near future, Ame- ricans will have grateful words for a man who stood up in the midst of an imperialistic orgy of squanderers of the public money, and told the truth and called a halt. Mr. Cannon's first flashlight on the gulf which yawns before the Treasury was his proof that the deficit at the end of the current fiscal year will be $159,000,000. This he figured on the basis of the actual monthly deficit for the portion of the year already elapsed. Secretary Gage had estimated the deficit at $112,000,000, but the difference only showed how expenditures had gone on swelling beyond all expectation. Even this huge deficit of $159,000,000 did not reckon in the $20,000,000 to be paid to Spain for kindly selling us an insur- rection, nor the $25,000,000 or upwards of claims of our citizens against Spain which, under the treaty, our own Trea- sury assumes. Mr. Cannon next paid his respects to the boasted surplus, and showed that it would be practically ex- hausted by July, 1900. At the end of the present year there would be an avail- able surplus of $108,000,000. But even Mr. Gage had admitted a deficit of $31,- 000,000 for the year 1899-1900, and that, of course, was on the basis of existing law. But already the appropriations for the army and navy had added millions to the estimates; and the total upshot would be that in less than two years we should have to issue more bonds or levy fresh taxes. This would be truly an awful thing for the Advance Agent of Prosperity, just on the eve of his second campaign. "Where do we come in, then?" faint- ly asked the champions of the Nicara- gua Canal bill and ship subsidies. "You do not come in at all," was Mr. Cannon's rough answer. "You are out in the cold and must stay there." Surely they must, unless we mean to rush to embrace bank- ruptcy. When the severest economy is necessary to pay ordinary expenses, with what face can we appropriate $115,000,- 000, as the Hepburn bill proposes to do, to dig a canal in foreign territory? Even this sum is a mere first guess at the cost of the canal, which is certain to de- mand $200,000,000 if built in the wasteful way laid down in the bill. And as for pure gratuities to Hanna and his fel- low-subsidy-seekers, what figure in the election would a party cut which had flung $50,000,000 into their eager hands and then had to issue bonds to foot the bill? The Hanna-Payne subsidy bill was truthfully described by the minority report as "one that was prepared and brought to Congress by a voluntary com- mittee of ship-owners and ship-builders, representing the gentlemen who will re- ceive the bounty which the bill pro- poses to give from the public Treasury." It will at least require an extra ses- sion, after Mr. Cannon's speech, for that burglarious crew to get inside the vaults. Mr. Cannon's fearless words, moreover, go beyond the particular matter of the danger in our financial situation, or the iniquity of any special scheme of public thievery, and strike, even if unintention- ally, at the great peril of reckless im- perialism. As John Morley said the other day, an essential article of the imperial- istic creed is belief in Fortunatus's purse. The true expansionist flings pub- lic money about as if there were no end to the national resources. Mr. Cannon has performed the great public service of presenting his little imperialistic bill. He shows that, in spite of war taxes and war loans, the last dollar in the Trea- sury is in sight. There must be new im- perial taxes and imperial loans if we arc to go ahead in our present lavish way. This is a very disagreeable revelation, but it is the one that always comes to man or nation that has run a rake's pro- THE DISCREDITED COMMISSION. It is safe to say that there will be no general demand for copies of the full report of President McKinley's investi- gating commission. The abstract given to the press on Monday will quite suf- fice. One needs to read only that to see that the report is nine-tenths white- wash to one-tenth apology. The plain truth is, that the Commission lost public confidence before it began its work, and that it has since passed through stage after stage of discredit, until finally it had to suffer the awful blow of having its creator disown and repudiate it, as respects the chief part of its inquiries, by appointing a competent court of inquiry to do what it had so signally failed to do. How can the President expect the public to pay any respect to his commis- sion's report on the great beef scandal when he himself has practically shown that its conclusions on this subject are not worth the paper they were written on? The whole course of the affair, from the appointment of the Commission to its rather pitiful finale, has been one long demonstration of how not to do it. When Mr. McKinley set about the business, there was^much firm talk about his stern determination to secure a commission which would completely command pub- lic respect and trust, and which would push the inquiry to the bitter end with- out fear or favor. Some of the eminent men first named seemed to promise such a result. But it was an ominous thing that one after another of them declined to serve. The significant thing was, that they did it in almost every case after conferring with the President. This does not necessarily imply that they found him half-hearted in the business. It does surely indicate, however, that they found the proposed method of inquiry weak and vicious in method, and that they were unwilling to have their names as- sociated with what was bound to be a fiasco. It was certain to be that in any hands; in the hands of the men who finally consented to serve, failure was foredoomed. More than one of them was an avowed partisan of War Department methods; others were open to the sus- picion of being prejudiced by personal favors received; the rest carried little or no weight. The result was inevitable. A dawdling inquiry, without power to compel the presence of witnesses — from which, in fact, witnesses shrank as from a prejudiced tribunal — has issued in a report in which the hair has grown in the shaving, so portentously slow has it been in preparation, and which fell flat

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation. 121 as a document in which the public will take but the most languid interest. But if the Commissioners show them- selves feeble and almost unable to make up their minds in nearly all matters else, in one particular they are suspiciously emphatic and make their animus clear. One great culprit they have found, and he is Gen. Miles. It would be laughable, if it were not so despicable, to note how they go out of their way to attack him. In the part of the report relating to the military camps, for example, there is a glaring instance of their partiality. Some of the sites they report to have been badly chosen. Chickamauga was bad, Camp Alger was bad, Tampa was bad, Miami was bad. Yet the only instance in which they specify an officer respon- sible for locating a camp in unfavorable surroundings is the case of Miami. Why was this? Because that was recommend- ed by Gen. Miles. No mention was thought necessary of the man who se- lected Camp Alger or Chickamauga or Fernandina; but wherever they saw Gen. Miles's head they showed their eager- ness to hit it. So they tacked on his name, leaving the others 10 be brilliant by absence. It is, however, when the Commission approach the beef scandals that they show most clearly their own incapacity and parti pris. They begin by severely condemning Gen. Miles for not having run to the President with his first sus- picion that the meat was bad. Instead of waiting, as he did, to get complete reports, he should have gone off on the first hint he had that the rations were not what they should be. As a military procedure we do not comment upon this; but that it was common sense seems clear to the layman. Then the Commis- sion triumphantly fish out of the War Department records a recommendation by Gen. Miles in 1897 of "canned meats put up by reputable firms" as an army ration in Alaska, and seem to think, in their fuddled way, that this is a com- plete proof that putrid meat was a good thing for the soldiers to eat in Cuba and Porto Rico. Then they victoriously present proof that the refrigerated meav was, on the whole, good, when the main charge is that the canned roast beef, so called, was bad. But really it is not ne- cessary to dwell upon this part of the report. The President himself has made the sufficient comment upon it by throw- ing the whole of it into the waste-basket, and appointing a military court to do thoroughly the work which these civi- lians have hopelessly bungled. The really valuable part of the report is in danger of being overlooked in the mass of irrelevant or prejudiced matter. This is the testimony of the Commis- sioners, unwilling witnesses as they are, to the essentially faulty organization of the army in general and the War De- partment in particular. They point out how the various departments were con- tinually at cross-purposes with each other and with their official head. The result was delay and floundering. When these Commissioners, who certainly are entitled to pose as authorities on flound- ering, assert this of the operations of our military authorities, under the pre- sent vicious system of organization, it may be taken to be true. Thus at what- ever door we go in, we always come out with the conclusion that the army is badly organized, that it works under an- tiquated and conflicting laws, and that there is a crying need of adopting new methods, so as to put our army into line with the teachings of experience and the practice of the leading military countries. This part of the Commis- sion's report is well worth the attention of the Senate in its consideration of the army bill. B IGGAGE EXPLANATIONS. The Assistant Secretary of the Trea- sury repudiates with something ap- proaching to heat the charge that the Treasury has been "doing anything at the dictation of this or that merchant"; and asserts that what it has been trying to do is its duty in "enforcing the law in the manner most promotive of good morals in its own service." Well, how is it that what is called "The Merchants' and Manufacturers' Board of Trade," officered by two tailors, one tailor-trim- mings dealer, one shirtmaker, one auc- tioneer, one shoe-dealer, one dealer in dressmakers' supplies, and one furrier, have been boasting through these officers for two years that it was they who had got the regulations changed; that their design was to stop people from buying things in Europe which these dealers had for sale in New York? How was it that they were allowed to put on the wharf detectives, in their own pay, to watch the officers of the Government and see that they did their duty? This sort of thing has been going on openly for two years, without denial or re- monstrance on behalf of the Treasury. Was the assumption surprising that the passengers were being harassed in the interest of private dealers? Has Shayne been telling falsehoods about the opera- tions of the Treasury, or has he not? If he has, why has he been allowed to do it so long without contradiction or re- monstrance? The Assistant Secretary's explanation, that the regulations, far from being in- tended to bring profits to the tailors, were meant to enforce the law in the manner "most promotive of good morals in our own service," is interesting. But in all services we have ever heard of in which "good morals" are of any im- portance whatever, there are only two modes of promoting them. One is to employ a high class of men; the other is to diminish the temptations to do wrong, and increase the rewards to do right. This means, being interpreted, the ex- action of high qualifications from per- sons desirous of entering the service, and the giving them, when in, fixity of tenure and high pay. This question has been so much discussed, both here and in England, and h;is been so thoroughly tested in every civilized country, that we feel quite warranted in saying that all doubt on the subject is ended. When a man complains now of the badi his service, we prescribe these remedies with as much confidence as we have in prescribing a blue pill for inactivity of the liver. To us the Assistant Secre- tary's remedy, the tormenting of the public with whom the officers come in contact, is extremely odd. All civilized Powers have precisely the, same diffi- culty to contend with that we have. They all collect a large portion of their revenue, if not all, by duties on imports. They all have to contend with the dis- honesty, in one form or other, of the inspectors on the wharf or on the fron- tier. They all try to meet it by sharp punishment of the officer who is em- ployed to prevent smuggling, and who yet allows it to be done by any class of men, whether passengers by foreign steamers or any other. America is the only one, as far as we know, which makes the passenger or traveller a public servant pro hac vice, and proceeds to make him assist, by a process of an- noyance, in collecting duties on his own baggage, which the Government officer, through either corruption or negligence, fails to do; at the very moment, too, when the passenger will be most unwill- ing to undertake any such task. This seems a startling statement; but is it not correct? The Government collects the bulk of its revenue through customs duties, and employs a large host of of- ficials to collect them on all goods com- ing over the frontier. It has power to employ as many as are necessary, and professes to do so. It is the duty of these men to search the baggage of every passenger. They fail in their duty, and the experience of human nature tells us that it is for one of three reasons. Either their original character was bad, or they are not paid well enough, or the temptation to smuggle is made too strong by the amount of the duties. The Government makes no effort to improve the character of the officers, or to raise their pay, or to diminish the temptation to smuggle by lowering the duties. The only thing it can think of is to annoy the passengers to such a degree that they will hesitate either to travel or to buy clothing or other small articles abroad. The way this remedy is applied is al- most comic. When one of the great steamers arrives with five hundred or one thousand passengers on board, all are obliged to sit in rows, waiting for hours to make sworn "declarations" be- fore a small number of officers, con-

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122 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1755 cerning a number of things they may not have seen for at least a fortnight, and which they must then produce, no matter how small in value. If they fail to enumerate the various articles in their baggage, no matter how trifling, and the officer finds them afterwards, it may be presumed that the passenger's declaration was a perjury, and the officer may report him to his superior as a person who has sought to defraud the revenue. His only recourse is to throw himself on the mercy of the Deputy Sur- veyor. To him is submitted the question, practically without appeal, first whether the "declaration" is or is not a perjury; whether the swearer meant to smuggle, and whether he has told the truth about the price of the article. The inspector who examines the baggage and the De- puty Surveyor then have the passenger in their hands. One of them may ac- cuse him of lying and smuggling, throw all his clothing out on the wharf, detain him for hours, and insult him grossly. The object of all this is to make the passenger submit to great humiliation in order to relieve the Treasury from the necessity of employing more inspec- tors, and paying them such salary as would deliver them from temptation. Nothing can be more amusing than the plea of the Assistant Secretary that the Government treats passengers leniently in taking "forgetfulness," "absorption of mind," or "business worry," as an ex- cuse for omissions in making the decla- ration. The Treasury theory evidently is, that the traveller is a person who is caught in something flagrante delicto — that is, when he ought to be collecting revenue for the Government, he allows his thoughts to wander off to his chil- dren or his own wretched affairs. It evidently considers him very kindly treated when he is not worked harder, and does not have his property confiscat- ed oftener for absent-mindedness. The truth is, the whole affair has been greatly muddled. In the first place, the value, or rather the importance, of the passenger travel, from the revenue point of view, has been grossly exaggerated. Dingley knew so little about it that he allowed himself to be persuaded by the New York tailors and dressmakers that it could be made worth ten million dol- lars a year to the Government. It is not worth, as has been shown by experiment, $200,000. It is not worth the civilized man's while to annoy and pursue his fellow-citizen that the state may get this sum. It is, to use the popular phrase, "a mean business." It is worth twenty times that sum to the United States to have its citizens see the world, mark, learn, and inwardly digest. We are the only people who try to frighten travel- lers away. The sight of a transatlantic steamer's saloon full of passengers, wait- ing to swear their "declarations," makes foreigners wonder and Americans blush. The source of the trouble is, that Ame- ricans have not yet learned to distin- guish between trade and travel as means of collecting revenue. Trade is profit- able; travel is worth nothing. To have citizens move about and see is the main use of travel. To be persuaded by tail- ors to stay at home and buy their goods is a sorrowful experience which we cer- tainly ought to avoid, now that we have begun to be conquerors. A nation that has killed four thousand heathen in one fight ought not to coop people up and make them swear about their sleeve- buttons and undershirts. What does the great Griggs say to this? Does he call this glory? THE RIGHT OF MARINE CAPTURE. Commander Stockton, President of the Naval War College at Newport, has an article in the February North American Review, in which he opposes the proposed surrender of the right to capture the merchant vessels of an enemy at sea. The article is written "at the suggestion of Capt. Mahan," and is intended to be a clear presentation of the subject "from the point of view of a belligerent," and of one "to whom the practice and prin- ciples of international law are not un- known." The article is a summary of all that can be said in favor of the right of marine capture. Commander Stockton is, we think, quite right in assuming that the Declara- tion of Paris may now be regarded as an integral part of international law. The rules that the neutral flag protects the enemy's cargo, and that neutral goods are not subject to capture under an ene- my's flag, have been adopted by the great majority of civilized states, and by us they have, in practice, been accepted as binding; but it should not be for- gotten that if we are not yet among the signatories, it is because we alone among all governments objected that the Decla- ration did not go far enough, because it did not exempt all private property from capture. Commander Stockton says at the out- set that he is opposed to prize-money laws, and is in favor of their repeal, ob- viously because he perceives that until the prize-money laws are repealed, there will always be a sinister pecuniary in- terest affecting the settlement of the controversy. But, for ourselves, we be- lieve that the prize-money laws are the life and soul of the system, and that without them, as we shall endeavor to show, the capture of merchant vessels would speedily lose its interest for everybody. Prize-money may be little or nothing to Commander Stockton, but his disclaimer does not affect the fact that the navy as a whole has a most powerful pecuniary interest in the main- tenance of the practice. Indeed, as ene- mies of the practice, we are rather grate- ful to him for so separating the mili- tary argument in favor of marine cap- ture from the baser motives on which the system is supported, that any one can readily see just how strong the for- mer is. To come at once to his argument: his first point he evidently thinks a novel one. Hitherto the advocates of marine capture have discussed it as a simple ex- tension to the sea of the exemption of private property from seizure on land. Commander Stockton insists, on the other hand, that private property on land is not free from seizure. He says that the . extent of the exemption on land is "over- estimated." This statement he supports by showing that, in the Franco-German war, the Germans took, by means of "systematic, but unrecompensed, requi- sitions and contributions," some six hun- dred millions of francs. He also insists upon the great damage to property done by the march and encampment of armies in the field. Besides this, there may be deliberately ordered devastation on land, as in Sherman's march to the sea. What has been given up on land is pillage, or the appropriation to the individual soldier, officer, and commander of the goods and chattels, and money and orna- ments and statues and bills receivable of the citizens or subjects of the enemy. This is true, but it is not new. It may all be found in such a well-known hand- book as Lawrence's 'Principles of Inter- national Law.' What the advocates of exemption from capture at sea say is, not that there is no confiscation or de- vastation on land, but that the requisi- tions and damage are allowed only for purely military reasons — the subsistence of troops, the operations of war, or com- pensation for military losses — and not for the unmilitary and sordid purpose of en- riching the soldier at the expense of a defenceless victim. Merchant-ships are captured altogether as plunder, and the proceeds are divided among the captors exactly as if they were pirates or bucca- neers; the case does not differ from plun- der on land, except that prize money is obtained through the adjudication of a court, and therefore is more decorous than the corresponding land operations. The real question is, supposing prize money abolished — how much value would the right to capture merchant ves- sels still have, as a pure belligerent right? How far does it contribute to making the enemy sue for peace? Com- mander Stockton argues that it is a very valuable right for several reasons: (1) because many vessels can be made over into war-ships; (2) because incoming cargoes, if not seized, would yield to the belligerent customs duties; (3) because capture is cheaper than an effective blockade; (4) because by capturing mer- chants' ships you may cut off the ene- my's food supply or destroy its com- merce. The reply of the advocate of the ex- emption to all this is, not that it is not theoretically true, but that in the history

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation 123 of modern warfare there is no proof that the right has been of any substantial value to a belligerent in shortening the war or bringing the enemy to terms. In all the wars that we know anything about, the pecuniary losses through cap- ture have been compensated by insur- ance; and the crippling of the enemy by cutting off its food supply, though much talked of, has never taken place. In our civil war our merchant marine was obliterated, yet commerce went on just as usual, and when an impartial court estimated our damages, they were unable to put the loss higher than $15,- 500,000, in a war which cost thousands of millions. Commander Stockton tries to meet this by saying that if they had had any prize courts, the Confederates would have prevented the English from carrying our cargoes, and confiscated American vessels transferred to the Eng- lish flag, as having only a colorable re- gister. But he supports this strange con- tention by no authority or proof what- ever. The fact is, that, under the prac- tice which has become established since the Declaration of Paris, endanger- ed commerce, at the outbreak of a war, goes for refuge to neutrals, and, with their aid and that of the insurance com- panies, the losses through marine cap- ture are so distributed as to play no part in bringing the enemy to terms. The idea of throttling the food supply of your enemy, and making prizes of all his ships, and so bringing him to terms, is a magnificent belligerent dream, but it is not such war as we know anything about. It is a legacy of Napoleon to our reactionary publicists; but even he found it impracticable, and it is certainly much further from realization now than it was in his day. There are a great many of the old rights of war for which a far clearer case can be made out than for the re- tention of the right to capture private property at sea. For instance, there was the right to murder or enslave enemies when taken prisoners, universal through- out the ancient world, or to hold them to ransom, so much valued in the Middle Ages. Is it- not a distinct loss that we must feed and protect and house prison- ers, and get nothing out of them in re- turn? Would not a poor country, going to war with a rich one, have a great military advantage if it could seize upon multi-millionaires and other contribu- tors to the sinews of war, and insist upon their ransom under pain of death? Plunder on land was most effective dur- ing the Thirty Years' War in Germany, and caused far more damage than has been caused by the right to capture mer- chant vessels in any modern war; shall we restore it? The moment you abandon the modern view that the only legiti- mate object of war is the exhaustion of the armed forces of the enemy, ever> right of war becomes valuable, even those which have fallen Into desuetude and disgrace. Almost every one of Com- mander Stockton's arguments in favor of marine capture can be matched by one in favor of plunder on land. PARNELL.— II.* Dublin, January 21, 1899. Capt. O'Shea, a Parliamentary colleague, had in 1880 introduced Mr. Parnell to his wife. "A friendship, which soon ripened into love, sprang up between them, and from 1881 they had lived together as husband and wife." Capt. O'Shea strangely does not ap- pear to have realized the situation until 1889, when he filed divorce proceedings. I must here part company with Mr. O'Brien. The re- mainder of his narrative, covering the last two years of Mr. Parnell's life, is largely an apology for him and condemnation of those who repudiated his leadership. The author contends that the connection was generally known, that in any case Parnell's followers condoned it after the trial, and that they abandoned their leader at the call of Mr. Gladstone. He implies that home rule would have been saved had they stood by him; that Mr. Parnell's death, the dissen- sions that have paralyzed Ireland, and the practical disappearance of the home-rule cause from consideration are due, not to the action of Mr. Parnell, but to that of his former followers. Upon all these points I differ with Mr. O'Brien, and must appeal to authorities slurred or Ignored by him. The connection was not generally realized. To a considerable degree, from the period of his imprisonment Mr. Parnell appeared an altered man. His old earnestness was abated, his openness and a certain simplici- ty of character appeared warped. He shrank generally from publicity, and upon some cru- cial occasions he was not to be found. The real cause was not generally suspected. When rumors of the divorce proceedings (a year before the trial came on) appeared in the press, Mr. Davitt went over from Dublin expressly to see Mr. Parnell. The interview was afterwards reported in the New York papers, and is given at page 14 of Mr. Stead's 'Story of the Parnell Crisis': "Mr. Parnell then spoke to me as follows: 'Davitt, I want you to go back to Ireland to tell our friends that I am going to get out of this without the slightest stain on my name or reputation,' and he repeated those words again. I fully believed, and I think he in- tended me to believe, by those words, that he was entirely innocent of the charge made against him. I immediately went and told John Morley so. I crossed over to Ireland and told Archbishop Walsh. Mr. Morley was delighted and so was Archbishop Walsh— intensely relieved, Archbishop Walsh was. I wrote out to friends in Australia and in America, and I repeated those very words- that he was entirely innocent of the charge made against him." Week after week, his organ, United Ire land, reported votes of confidence passed in the belief that he would successfully defend the action. Our feelings were voiced by a speaker at the Cork Board of Guardians: "Any one who knew the character of Mr. Parnell knew that a man in his position, leader of the Irish race, not alone in the United Kingdom, but all over the world, would never, by committing such an offence, give himself and the cause of his country away to his enemies." And so it was all over Ireland. We con- fidently assured the high-minded men and • •The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell. 1846-1891. ' Bv It Barry O'Brien Barrister nt-Law. Harpers. Two TOlumea In one. Pp. 378, 394. women who in England and elsewhere es- poused our cause, that he would come out unscathed from the divorce proceedings, as he had from the Pigott forgeries. The trial came on, and was undefended by Mr. Par- nell. The jury gave a. verdict against him without leaving the box. "I repeat [says Mr. O'Brien] that I do not think it is my duty to enter into the de- tails of this most unfortunate suit. Mrs. Charles Stewart Parnell [Mr. Parnell mar- ried Mrs. O'Shea after the divorce] and her children [by Capt. O'Shea] are still alive. I must consider her and them. I shall not •dwell on a subject full of sorrow and pain to both." That is precisely the difficulty which Mr. O'Brien should have realized when he under- took the responsibility of writing Mr. Par- nell's life. No one desires to "dwell on a subject full of" such "sorrow and pain." Mr. O'Brien's book will find a place upon the shelves of the principal libraries through- out the world. No one will undertake the hateful task of publishing the divorce pro- ceedings in permanent form. Not many will care or find it easy to consult the papers of November 17 and 18, 1890. Not many are like- ly to have preserved the condensed accounts given in the 'Story of the Parnell Crisis,' an extra of the Pall Mall Gazette. The re- velations were of the most scandalous cha- racter. Falsehood and duplicity had mark- ed Mr. Parnell's conduct. He had, passing under feigned names, taken different houses to facilitate the intrigue. He had disguised himself, he had hidden away. Much of the evidence could never be gainsaid; some, which it was said might have been shaken on cross-examination, has never been weak- ened by any open explanation. Addressing a meeting afterwards in Dublin, Mr. Parnell said: "I could not come amongst you and look you in the face as I do to-night, did I not know that there is another side to this question, as to every other question, and that you will wait and hear the other side before you decide." Neither during his lifetime nor since his death, so far as I am aware, has any other side to the shocking evidence been presented, and it was then realized that in forcing Capt. O'Shea upon Galway in 1886, he had palmed off on Ireland the husband of her who for years had been his mistress. Seme excuse can be offered for those who upon the moment, at the National League, and at the Leinster Hall, boasted unshaken confidence in their leader. The Leinster Hall meeting had been called long before for general purposes. Some were conciliated by the resolution concerning Mr. Parnell ap- proving only his political conduct. Most felt bewildered. Many were carried away by what Mr. McCarthy said: "I am not going to ask what were the mo- tives— I am perfectly certain myself that they were generous and they were chivalrous — which led to the result that no defence wa3 put in in that case. I am not going to ask you here — I shall not ask you whether, if my esteemed personal friend, Mr. Frank Lockwood, who sat in that court, had been allowed to ask certain questions in that case, whether he might not have knocked all to pieces certain evidence given there, and whe- ther he could not have made the case to assume a position very different in ap- pearance. . . . You would have had a very different story to-night." It is impossible to explain the attitude of those who saw nothing in Mr. Parnell's con- duct to weaken their allegiance — of admirers who became adorers, of those who previously

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124, The Nation [Vol. 08, No. 1755 criticised or held aloof and now became his most ardent followers. Nothing can explain it but the glamour, force, and attraction of his personality. "I have often thought Par- nell was like Napoleon," said Mr. Chamber- lain to Mr. O'Brien. Prepared to sacrifice to the Irish cause everything but honor, shocked most of them beyond expression at the proceedings in the divorce court, puzzled by such speeches as Mr. McCarthy's and the apologies of some of the most high-minded men and women in Ireland, the Irish members attended Parlia- ment, which met a week after the trial. Some sought counsel of English friends, and were amazed there also to find opinions favorable to Mr. Parnell. We were informed on re- liable authority that a communication from Mr. Gladstone would be read at our assem- blage, before the election of chairman. It was understood that, in consideration of Mr. Parnell's services to Ireland and his feelings, he was to be reelected, whereupon he would of his own accord resign, and, for a time at least, retire from public life. No communi- cation was read, he was reelected, he made not one word of apology. We supposed that somehow it was generally thought best to condone his conduct— that the general politi- cal outlook would not be materially affected. However, almost immediately afterwards it became known that Mr. Gladstone had writ- ten a letter to Mr. Morley asking him pri- vately to convey to Mr. Parnell his opinion that his leadership of the Liberal party would be difficult if Mr. Parnell's leadership of the Irish party were continued. It was evident that Mr. Parnell had kept out of the way. A member afterwards acknowledged that Mr. Parnell's private secretary remarked to him: "Morley is searching everywhere through the House for Parnell, with a letter from Glad- stone, but I will take devilish good care he will not find the chief, because I will keep him out of the way." Mr. McCarthy appears to have been re- sponsible for not having at the meeting com- municated to his colleagues the contents of this letter, when aware that it would not otherwise be brought forward. In self-de- fence, Mr. Gladstone gave the letter to the public the same evening. The principal pas- sage ran: "While clinging to the hope of a communi- cation from Mr. Parnell to whomsoever ad- dressed, I thought it necessary ... to acquaint Mr. McCarthy with the conclusion at which, after using all the means of ob- servation and reflection In my power, I had myself arrived. It was, that, notwithstand- ing the splendid services rendered by Mr. Parnell to his country, his continuance at the present moment in the leadership would be productive of consequences disastrous in the highest degree to the cause of Ire- land; . . . would not only place many hearty and effective friends of the Irish cause in a position of great embarrassment but would render my retention of the leader- ship of the Liberal party, based as it has been mainly upon the prosecution of the Irish cause, almost a nullity. This explana- tion of my own view I begged Mr. McCarthy to regard as confidential, and not intended for his colleagues generally if he found that Mr. Parnell contemplated spontaneous ac- tion. But I also begged that he would make known to the Irish party at their meeting to- morrow afternoon that such was my conclu- sion, if he should find that Mr. Parnell had not in contemplation any step of the nature indicated." A majority of the Irish members felt they bad been tricked, and demanded that the question should be reopened. Mr. Gladstone's letter was in no sense felt by them as a com- mand; it conveyed necessary information as to what was likely to be the attitude of Eng- lish Liberals, the main wing of the home- rule army. Mr. Parnell, with extraordinary adroitness, set about confusing the issue. He issued a manifesto calling in question the good faith of Mr. Gladstone, and declar- ing that the "independence of a section of the Irish Parliamentary party" was "appa- rently sapped and destroyed by the wire- pullers of the Liberal party." He played upon every prejudice and passion of the Irish nature. The English were "wolves now howling for my destruction," as later Mr. Gladstone was "an unrivalled sophist," "a garrulous old man." On his own showing, he deliberately violated the seal of secret, private, and confidential intercourse at Ha- warden. Future political cooperation of re- sponsible ministers would be impossible. It was asked of the majority: "Would any peo- ple, on the eve of victory, abandon, because of an act of immorality, the general who had organized victory?" The answer was clear: "Certainly, if, in the exposure, characteris- tics fatal to confidence in him were shown; and if his conduct and bearing had alienated a leader and a people without whose aid vic- tory was impossible." Ireland became fatally divided against her- self; the majority believing that to obtain home rule under or through Mr. Parnell would be impossible— the other that it was possible only through him. Few can look back with any equanimity upon the contest that ensued, and that was exacerbated by Mr. Parnell's decease. He wore himself out in frantic effort to reassert himself. It was scarcely to be expected that Ireland would carry on an internal quarrel upon a higher plane than that she had so often found necessary to assume in her contest with Great Britain. Protestants realized one curious fact, that, accordiug to Catholic ca- nonical law, Mr. Parnell appeared to aggra- vate the moral offence by marrying Mrs. O'Shea, a divorced woman. I must now draw to a conclusion this per- haps tco lengthy notice of Mr. O'Brien's book. He keeps much out of view the extent to which Mr. Parnell's success depended on the assistance of the men who gathered round him. Upon one side of his life we should like to have had more information— the quarrying and mining operations he car- ried on in the County of Wicklow. Often, while pondering these volumes, have I asked myself, Can it be that the Ireland of to-day is the same Ireland as that of Mr. Parnell's time, fused in agitation, set in grim determi- nation for the attainment of home rule? A few lines from the Irish correspondent of the Times might be taken as fairly representing the present situation: "The present circumstances of Ireland may be briefly summed up in the statement that at no period of her history did she appear more tranquil, more free from serious crime more prosperous and contented. . . . There is no longer the agitation which convulsed the country in days gone by. . . . The re- lations between landlord and tenant continue to be generally friendly, and both parties are, with some remarkable exceptions, adapt- ing themselves with prudence and good feel- ing to the change consequent upon the ap- plication of a new law." We must, however, remember that this is quoted by Mr. O'Brien as written in 1875, on the eve of the most searching agitation Ire- land has seen in this century, it is never safe lo judge from appearances. Neverthe- less, many of the elements and conditions of violent agitation that formerly existed ap- pear now wanting, apart from the extent to which Mr. Parnell gathered to himself, only to carry down with him, the political spring and hope of the country. The revulsion from the delusive hopes of the French Revolution is said, with many Liberals in the early part of the century, to have induced a phi- losophy of despair. The breakdown of the home-rule movement, small in importance as it was in comparison with the French Revo- lution, has not been without a similar in- fluence. No chapter in Mr. O'Brien's book is more interesting than the last — Mr. Gladstone's "appreciation" of Mr. Parnell— a remarkable proof of the generosity and self-forgetfulness of that noble spirit. I shall conclude in Mr. Gladstone's words: "Poor fellow, poor fel- low! . . . Dear, dear, what a tragedy! I cannot tell you how much I think about him, and what an interest I take in everything concerning him. A marvellous man, a ter- rible fall." D. B. EXCAVATIONS IN THE FORUM. Rome, January 15, 1899. Since I wrote you last December, the exca- vations in the Forum have been steadily con- tinued. The exploration of the foundations of the Temple of Vesta is completed. After clear- ing away the encumbering earth, brick walls were found. These, built in the centre of the mound, were four in number. The one on ihe western side had been destroyed in some past age. The others seem, from the excel- lent character of the work, to be of the time of Hadrian; but as no stamped bricks were found, it is not possible to be absolutely sure of the date. Near the bottom of the cham- ber formed by the walls a brick with the words liee Dn Theodorico Bono Rome came to light. This, however, did not belong to the walls, but is evidence that, as was the case in respect to many other buildings in Rome, Thcodoric interested himself in the preservation of the Temple of Vesta. What purpose was served by the walls cannot be told. Were they built by Hadrian to support the superstructure, or did they form a cham- ber for the ashes of the sacred fire which were taken off once a year and thrown away by the Porta Stercoraria? Of small' objects few were found. A splendid boar's tusk and one or two Roman bronze coins of late date were turned up. Much more numerous were the fragments of vases ranging in date from our own times to the end of the fifth century before Christ. • These shards were, as a whole, of but little value, but among them was one small piece that is of sufficient in- terest to make up for the dulness of all the rest. It is a bit of a Greek red-figured vase of the end of the "strong" style, and shows the figures of two warriors in combat. It was found deep down among the foundations. Its interest is in the suggestion it affords that such were the vases used by the Vestals for their own needs and those of the goddess. How else could such a fragment have got so deep down below the temple? Such has proved to be what Lanciani (to mention only one, but he the latest, among many writers on the subject) described as "a shapeless mass of concrete"! What will first strike the attention of who- ever now, returning to Rome, goes to the Forum, is the Honorary Column. Once more it stands erect and fulfils its purpose; for (hough we do not know to whom it was ori- ginally set up, it serves henceforth as an ho- norable monument to Minister Baccelli and

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation. 125 to his "braccia destra," Signor Boni, with- out whom its disdained fragments would still be cluttering the ground. There is no ques- tion that the column stood originally not di- rectly on the existing brick base, but, like the Column of Phocas, on a marble pedestal placed between the base and the shaft. This pedestal has not been found. Consequently, some were in favor of doing nothing about the co- lumn, while others thought it had best bo placed directly on the brick base. Fortu- nately neither of these courses was followed, but a pedestal of brick was made of the same proportions as the pedestal cf the column of Phocas, and on this the column stands. This i?, clearly, the proper solution of the ques- Oon, To erect the column on the base with- out any pedestal would have been to make an architectural abortion which no one with any understanding of architecture could advise. As in the cn.se of the brick support of the adicula of the Atrium Vestae, this brick pedestal is not a restoration or iu any way deceptive. It merely serves to set the column in its proper relation to the base and to the neighboring buildings. A work that does not attract much visual attention, but which adds greatly to the at- tractiveness of the Forum, is the closure of the opening made by Rosa years ago into the Cloaca Maxima at the eastern end of the Basilica Julia. The constant stench that arose from the sewer made the neighborhood disgustful, and the only reason for the ori- ginal making of the hole, or for now leav- ing it.was that inquisitive tourists might look at this ancient drain. There are so many opportunities for the satisfaction of the "yellow" curiosity that enjoys such sights, that this hole seemed needless, and it re- quired only a few moments' consideration on the spot to convince Minister Baccelli that it had best be closed. Another small but much required under- taking was the insertion of some iron bars in the base of the Temple of Saturn to clamp together the blocks which showed ominous signs of giving way and letting the super- structure crash down. Signor Boni has seen to this, and the Temple is safe for a long time to come. So far I have described matters of im- portance, but in no way surprising or ex- citing. Two discoveries, however, have been made the interest attaching to which could scarcely be surpassed in connection with the history of Rome. One of these is the base of the column set up where Caesar's body was burned, and one the "black stone" which was supposed to mark the burial-place of Romulus. For what more could one ask? After the exploration of the Temple of Vesta was completed, Signor Boni turned his at- tention to the Temple of Caesar. As all who have studied the topography of the Forum will remember, Suetonius tells of a column of Numidian marble (what we call giallo antico) dedicated parciili patriw on the spot whore Caesar was burned. An altar also was placed there, but this was destroyed because the worship of Caesar was illegal. After- wards, Augustus built, as he tells us in his autobiographic inscription, the Temple of Julius. Later authors say that the temple stood on the site of the funeral pyre, and it is scarcely conceivable that Augustus should have destroyed the column. Those who know the Forum will recall that in the front wall of the podium of the Temple of Julius there is a semicircular recess, in front of which Btands a wall of tufa. This tufa wall does not close the recess to all access, but merely makes it necessary to enter from the sides. The wall is of late origin— probably, to judge from the construction, of the third or fourth century of our era. If there was one spot where more than anywhere else one would have sought for traces of the marble column, m the space between this late wall and the inexplicable hemicycle. It is well- nigh incredible, but it is the fact, that when some time ago tins spot was excavated, only a lew bushels of earth were taken away at one end of the wall, and the space between it and the hemicycle left absolutely unexplor- ed! Signor Boni has now cleared away the in! there, on a pavement of well-cut travertine blocks, are the remains of a base such as one would expect the column to have had. This is the pavement which Caesar trod. 'Here is the very spot where once his body rested. Here Antony aroused the deep- er emotions of the plebs, and here from the plninix ashes of a dead Republic rose the young Empire. Only the core of the base is left, and the marble that originally covered it has dis- apeared— stoien, no doubt, in the sixteenth century by one or other of the architects who used the Forum as a quarry. This core is noteworthy, for it is made of fragments of giallo antico and gray Carrara (lunense) mixed with pozzolatia — these chips being, most probably, those made by the workers on the coiumn; for giallo antico was not a common marble, and lunense was rare in those days. Pliny says that M. Lepidus, a consul in C76 a. u. c, was the first to in- troduce the giallo, while Mamurra, one of Caesar's officers, first used lunense in large pieces. To many persons the so-called Tomb of Romulus will be of quite as great interest as the site of Caesar's funeral pyre. The ancient authors give us but scanty informa- tion about the tomb. What they say, though slight, is perfectly clear. Festus, under the words niger lapis, writes that there was a "black stone in the Comitium which showed where there was a grave"; some thought this had been intended for Romulus; he, of course, was never buried, and, after his dis- appearance, the grave was used for Faustulus and Quinctilius. These statements are borne out by the scholiasts on a verse of one of the Epodes of Horace (xvi. 13), who say that Varro wrote that the Tomb of Romulus was before the Rostra, where, also, two lions stood. One of the scholiasts quotes Varro as saying not before but behind the Rostra. For various topographical reasons, this must be a mistake. A few days ago this "black stone" was found. Signor Boni had for some days been exploring the late branch of the Sacred Way that ran from the Arch of Severus to the Temple of Faustina. In the neighborhood of the arch there was an op- portunity to enlarge the extent of the ex- plorations, and very soon a well-laid traver- tine pavement of the Republican epoch was found. It was in close proximity to the spot on which the buildings of the Comitium stood, and this pavement is part of that of the Comitium. Hardly had it been discover- ed when the workmen came upon a traver- tine curb. Further digging showed that this curb protected a black stone. This has now- been entirely uncovered, and turns out to be a small pavement, about twelve feet square, of black marble blocks (19-25 cm. thick), protected on all four sides by the travertine curb, the latter, however, not entirely pre- served. This is sufficiently strange, but what proves the sanctity of the site is, that when (probably in the fifth century a. d.) the road was built that now runs from the Arch of Severus over the spot, large marble slabs were raised like a solid fence all about the black stones to protect them. The blocks of the pavement, which are not absolutely regu- lar in form, are of the black marble streaked with white that comes from Taenarum— what the modern scapellini call marmo nno <li Qrecio. For the present they have been par- tially covered up, as the attacks 01 hunters began instantly after the aim ment of the discovery, and the authoi not desire fresh confirmation of Horace's words : Not only is this niger lapis of great interest in itself, but we now know more accurately than ever before the approximate position of many of the most sacred monuments of Rome, for close to the Tomb of Romulus was the statue of the wolf suckling the two bro- thers, and the Naevian fig-tree planted by Tarquinius Priscus over the spot where he had buried the stone which Naevius cut in two with a razor. How splendidly dead his- tory is awakening into life! Since the discovery of the metope of the Basilica vEmilia, several other objects of a similar nature have been found. One, most interesting because the first of its kind known, is a piece of one of the windows of the second story of the Basilica Julia. This had been discarded by the previous excava- tors as of no interest. Considering that they thought so little of the metope of the Basilica ^Emilia as to build it into the retaining wall of a road, it is not surprising that they did not realize the value of a piece of window frame. There are, in truth, no terms of con- tempt too strong to characterize the work that has been done before this year in the Forum and that which is still being done in other parts of Italy. Were it worth while, proofs of such mismanagement, carelessness, and self-seeking could be given, that those hearing them might think they were lis- tening to tales of Turkey. The discovery of such pieces as the metope suggests two things that it is greatly to be hoped Minister Baccelli will successfully ac- complish. One of these has been already undertaken: it is the taking over from the Church of the Temple of Romulus, which, freed from late additions and put in its ori- ginal shape, so far as may be, will then serve as a museum for all objects found in the Forum, and others, such as photographs or engravings or casts, that are connected with it. Here ought to be put the statues of the Vestals found in the Atrium Vestae and now in the Museo delle Terrne. Where they now stand they are lifeless objects — dead archae- ological facts, material statistics. In the Forum near where they were originally placed, they would acquire some faint im- pulse of life, and render the Forum and Ro- man history more truly intelligible than it now is even to those few who are blessed with the power of imagination. The other suggestion given by the present work is that the Minister arrange for the excavation of the northern side of the Fo- rum, which is entirely disused except for a loop in the track of the electric tram — a loop which, with no difficulty whatever, could be run along the road beside S. Adriano This undertaking would be worthy of him. To do

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126 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1755 what has so far been done required no intel- ligence; the results have all been got by merely removing earth that plainly was out of place. It will take some thought and trouble to carry out the further excavation here suggested, but it will have to be done some day. Minister Baccelli might as well pluck the laurel as leave it. Then, too, the ground where the Capitoline Plan was found ought to be excavated. It never has been. A mere ditch, a few feet broad, was dug at the foot of the wall on which the Plan was originally fastened. If the earth, not only a few feet, but a few yards away from the wall were searched, other pieces of the Plan would, in all probability, be found. That game is assuredly worth the candle. There are many other varied interests of which to write — the question of the Ducal Palace at Venice, which has aroused much comment; the Ponte Vecchio at Florence, which seems to be saved this time; the School at Mondragone, which has nothing to do with antiquities, but is a good illustration of certain governmental conditions — but I fear I have trespassed too much already on your valuable space. All must sincerely hope that the new year will carry out the promises uttered with the last breath of 1898. R. N.. Correspondence. "TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN'S BUR- DEN." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I wonder if anybody fully appre- ciates how this recent lyric is taking hold of people, and what an appeal it is making in favor of imperialism and militarism to many whom no other appeal would reach. The "burden" is the work of civilizing and po- licing the world, beginning, of course, with the Philippines. The "white man" is the Anglo-Saxon. It is to America that the appeal is made to "take up" this "burden." The "judgment of your peers," which is to drown every other voice, is the judgment of England. And certainly if the lines mean more than this, they mean this at least. But let us not stop at the first line. Let us look the "burden" fairly in the face. There it all is, set down in black and white by an expert who weighs his words. I for- bear quotation, as the lines are familiar, but can the most hardy read them without a shudder! And who imposed this burden? That is a very long and a very old story. The burden of civilization, whence came it? But the main question is, Who are to share it? Who laid it upon the shoulders of the "white man"? There is a Good Book that says something about burden-bearing, but it makes no such limitation as this. In- deed, it was once a problem how to get the "white man" to assume an iota of this bur- den. Do not reason and revelation agree in this, that all races— white, black, and red- need the discipline of this sort of burden- bearing? Have we not read into these lines a race pride and a race narrowness which demand a chastisement somewhat like that which Mrs. Browning used to administer to her insular friends? "You evidently think that God made only the English. The Eng- lish are a peculiar people. Their worst is better than the best of the exterior nations. Over the rest of the world He has cast out His shoe." E. A. Strong. Ypsilanti, Mich., February 6, 1899. DOMESTIC PEACE, FOREIGN WAR. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the Nation for January 26, in an article on "The English Political Muddle," occur these words: "Both the Republicans and Conservatives are now getting out of their domestic difficulties in the same way, . . . by undertaking to thrash somebody." I am reminded of a remark that Plutarch makes in his Life of Coriolanus: "The con- suls contrived it so that employment abroad [under arms] might still the intestine tu- mults." This was nearly twenty-four cen- turies ago, when the Roman republic was in its teens. For us the device has the respectability of age; to the Romans it might have appeared as a youthful indis- cretion. A. B. H. Wentzville, Md, February 6, 1893. Notes. 'Democracy and Empire,' by Prof. Frank- lin H. Giddings, an imperialistic apologia, and 'The Trail of the Gold-Seekers,' by Ham- lin Garland, an account of the author's journey to the Stickeen River and Atlin Lake country, will be published by Mac- millan; the one shortly, the other in June. In October, 'Boy Life on the Prairie,' also by Mr. Garland. Longmans, Green & Co. have in press or in preparation 'Selections from the Sources: A Supplement to Text-books of English His- tory, b. c. 55-a. d. 1832,' arranged and edit- ed by Prof. Charles W. Colby of McGill Uni- versity; 'The Life of William Morris,' by J. W. Mackail; 'The Early Married Life of Maria Josepha, Lady Stanley, from 1796,' edited by J. H. Adeane; the fourth and con- cluding volume (1660-1696) of The Memoirs of the Verney Family,' by Margaret M. Ver- ney; 'A Handbook to French Art,' by Miss Rose G. Kingsley; 'Wood and Garden: Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur,' by Gertrude Jekyll; 'A Text-book of Theoretical Naval Architec- ture,' by Edward Lewis Attwood, Assistant Constructor, R. N.; and 'Indian Philosophy,' by Max Miiller. M. F. Mansfield and A. Wessels, No. 22 East Sixteenth Street, New York, are making a facsimile reprint, for subscribers, of the first (Lahore) "Public Document" edition of Kipling's 'Departmental Ditties,' now become very rare. They announce a!so the same au- thor's poem, "The Betrothed," with illus- trations in tint by Blanche McManus. J. M. Bowles, Boston, will soon publish 'Composition,' by Arthur W. Dow, curator of the Japanese Paintings and Prints at the Bi Bton Museum of Fine Arts. 'Washington the Soldier,' by Gen. H. B. Carrington (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co.), is, in the main, an abridgment of the valu- able work by the same author, 'Battles of the Revolution.' The maps of battle-fields are the same, and for authenticity and com- pleteness are among the very best that are accessible. They were carefully compiled and drawn by the author himself. In the briefer form, recast and made more distinct- ly biographical, the book will be welcome to a large class of readers to whom the larger work is not easily within reach. The second edition of Haigh's 'Attic Theatre,' just issued by the Clarendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde), practically su- persedes the edition of 1889 in respect to many points which have been illuminated by the discoveries and investigations of the last ten years. Several chapters have been entirely rewritten, others have been thoroughly re- vised, new illustrations have been added, and the latest conclusions as to many moot- ed questions have been incorporated in the work. Moreover, all the latest literature, German, French, English, and American, on the stage question and on the architecture of theatres recently explored is here repre- sented with great completeness. While adopting Dorpfeld's plan of the Dionysiac Theatre at Athens and some of his profes- sional opinions as to the date of its struc- tures, Mr. Haigh rejects, after an elaborate discussion, the German antiquarian's special views on the stage question. The whole treatise is brought up to date In the most satisfactory manner, and the Clarendon Press deserves the thanks of scholars for this second edition, which sums up so promptly the conclusions of many scattered dissertations and the results of explora- tions accessible only in expensive publica- tions. The Germans possess a model mill turn in pan:o in the 'Jahrbuch' of Kiirschner, of which the issue for 1899 is as rich in its con- tents as any of its predecessors. The amount of general information, from reliable sources, found between the covers of this pocket encyclopaedia is truly remarkable. While on American subjects it is quite na- turally not complete, on non-American, and especially European, subjects it is almost all-embracing for a volume of its scope and purpose. The cost is only one and a half marks. Of Andree's 'Allgemeiner Hand-Atlas' a new fourth and thoroughly revised edition has appeared, edited by A. Scobel. This stan- dard work now contains 263 fine maps, near- ly equally divided between main and side maps. The additions to the new issue deal largely with America, thus repairing one of the shortcomings of the first three editions. Not only political, but also physical and commercial geography is furnished here, representing the latest detailed researches all over the globe. About 200,000 geographical names constitute the index. A popular edition of Andree has been brought out by the pub- lishers, Velhagen & Klasing, in Leipzig, for the remarkably low price of 28 marks (or, in leather binding, 32 marks), while aa edition do luxe on Japan paper in fine binding will cost 120 marks, and be limited to 100 numbered copies. The high coloring of the mountain- ous districts causes some difficulty at times in reading the names. A list of 220 early books relating to Ame- rica (more than half antedating 1550), the gift in December last of Mr. Alexander Maitland, is recorded in the January Bulletin of the New York Public Library. There, too, is to be found a summary review of the valuable library of Samuel J. Tilden, now incorporated with the amalgamated col- lections resulting from his foundation. We can mention only 123 volumes of Cobbett's 'Parliamentary History' and Hansard's 'Parliamentary Debates'; 115 volumes of the New York Herald (1846-1886), with files of the World (1860-1886), Times (1865-1886), Tribune (1867-1886), and Sun (1870-1886); an extraordinary collection of Gillray's carica- tures (1777-1811), mounted and bound in eight folio volumes, with specimens of Ho- garth and Cruikshank; and numerous exlra- illustrated works— Waverley, Moore's Byron,

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation 127 Bray's Stothard, Thornbury's Turner, Par- ton's Franklin, Ticknor's Prescott, Boswell's Johnson, Macaulay's Life and Works, etc. ; Duyckinck's 'Cyclopaedia of American Lite- rature,' and Cromwelliana. The Library of the University of Penn- sylvania has been acquiring, through P. S. King & Co., London, a set of British Parlia- mentary Papers — the most important before 1880, a complete collection since that date. A catalogue of the earlier papers has been printed by Messrs. King, with analytical an- notations revealing curious and important documents concealed under general and ap- parently unrelated titles. The second annual report of the Historical MSS. Commission of the American Histori- cal Association, dated December 30, 1897, and issued last year from the Government Print- ing Office, is notable for its tabulation of certain Colonial Assemblies and their jour- nals as a guide to students; for the conclu- sion of the letters of Phineas Bond, British Consul at Philadelphia, to the Foreign Office, 1790-1794; and the Mangourit correspondence respecting Genet's projected attack upon the Floridas, 1793-'94. The next report will be eagerly awaited, as it will contain the cor- respondence of John C. Calhoun, as already announced. Commissioner Swan's eleventh report on the Public Records of Massachusetts is re- markable for an appendix giving the loca- tions of towns in counties, according as these have undergone change of boundaries. Such changes are described in detail before the alphabetical list is given. As the Massa- chusetts example of the care of records is being followed by other States, and deserves to be followed by all, the report has a wide- spread interest. A State standard ink has been evolved for insuring permanence of re- cords, and Mr. Swan now addresses himself to the subject of the ink proper for type- written records. This discussion, too, has a general importance. For one thing, he says, never use a copying-ribbon for records. The well-known American Father Hecker is not allowed to rest easy in his grave. He was made last year the occasion of a stout volume, by Charles Maignen, entitled 'Etudes sur l'americanisme. Le Pere Hecker est-il un saint?' (Rome: Desclee & Lefebvre; Paris: Retaux). The question implies the author's answers. The Abbe discovers, be- side the virtues of his antagonist, short- comings spiritual and intellectual, and aber- rant doctrine. Father Hecker was a Liberal in disguise. His pet Paulist foundation makes no show in vigor in comparison with the Redemptorists whom he quitted when seeking a more "American" form of con- ventual life. The Annales de Geographic for January contains a brief description of some of the physical features of the coast of Maine as an example of the coastal plane, by Prof. W. M. Davis of Harvard, and the conclusion of M. Pasquet's account of the development of London — the "ville-province." His aim has been, not to attempt to exhaust so vast and fertile a subject, but simply to show "how the past of London has determined the present, how this past still lives in the pre- sent." There is also an illustrated account of a journey in Southern Yunnan, and an in- teresting summary of the results of the commercial mission to China of the Lyons Chamber of Commerce, accompanied by a va- luable "economic" chart, exhibiting, among other things, the principal products, dis- tributing centres, and ways of communi- cation in Central and Southern China. M. Martonne describes the curious distribution of forests in Madagascar, where they form a belt— in some places two belts— surround- ing the interior treeless highlands, the dif- ferent species of trees and their commer- cial value. The overthrow of Mahdism has directed attention anew to the great Mohammedan Religious Order of the Santisiyah, which, though not yet fifty years old, has one hun- dred and twenty monasteries scattered throughout northern Africa and the Sudan, and seven hundred students in the theologi- cal -college attached to the head monastery in the oasis of Jaghbub in the Libyan de- sert. According to a writer in the Church Missionary Intelligencer for January, the great object of the founder "was to erect an impassable barrier to the progress of West- ern civilization and the influence of Chris- tian powers in Muslim lands." In these ar- dent propagators of a great Pan-Islamic movement it is possible that Great Britain and France will find deadly foes harder to conquer than the Khalifa and his dervishes. Among the varied contents of the January Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Ex- ploration Fund are reports of the new ex- cavations on the possible site of Gath by Dr. Bliss and his associate, and an interest- ing notice, with photographs, of Abraham's oak at Hebron, by Dr. C. Shick. In regard to this region he says, "One thing struck me, namely, to see that in the last forty years the cultivation of the land, hills, and valleys had made marvellous progress round this site and Hebron in general. Every- where it was green with vines, trees, etc., and between them are many new houses in all directions. Moreover, wherever I went, there was plenty of water to be found either in cisterns or springs, and I could see seve- ral rivulets or little brooks." A traveller on the east of the Jordan in 1898 met the Haj pilgrimage on its way tcr Mecca. It consisted of 10,000 civilians, with an escort of 500 mounted infantry and a mountain bat- tery, and was at least four miles long. Chil- dren and women, he says, were almost in as great numbers as men, and for half an hour after it passed he could hear it "like the sound of the sea." He was particularly im- pressed with the marvellous discipline which prevailed among this mixed multitude. "The Mythology of the Bella Coola In- dians," by Franz Boas, is published in the Memoirs of the American Museum of Na- tural History as the second contribution of the Jesup North Pacific expedition. It treats of the remnants of a once numerous tribe now living on the coasts of Dean Inlet and Bentinck Arm in British Columbia. They are shown to have developed a peculiar myth- ology, involving the coordination of a num- ber of supernatural beings whose functions are so well defined that they may properly be termed deities. This system is vastly superior to that of the neighboring tribes. The Bella Coola are divided into village communities organized on an endogamic basis, each having its tradition and rites. The description of their ceremonies, and translation of many of their legends, con- stitute a valuable addition to our know- ledge of Indian folk-lore. A series of plates portray the masks used in some of the cere- monials. The Museum has also issued the tenth vol- ume of its Bulletin, containing several papers of note. "The Huichol Indians of Mexico," a primitive tribe hitherto almost unknown, are described by Carl Lumholtz, who also contributes an article by himself and Alea Hrdlicka on "Marked Human Bones from a Prehistoric Tarasco Indian burial-place in the State of Michoacan, Mexico." These are believed to have been the bones of enemies kept as amulets and buried with the warrior who procured thorn. William Beutenmul- ler's "Descriptive Catalogue of the Bomby- cino Moths found within Fifty Miles of New York City" is illustrated with several plates. Papers on "The Extinct Camelidae of North America and some Associated Forms," by J. L. Wortman, on "The Vertebrate Fauna of the Hudson Highlands, with Observations on the Mollusca, Crustacea, Lepidoptera, and the Flora of this Region," by Edgar A. Mearns, and contributions from Joel A. Al- len, Henry F. Osborn, and others are in- cluded in this volume. The Anales of the Argentine' Meteoro- logical Office, volume 12, contains the first instalment of a series of observations relat- ing to the climate of Ascuncion, Paraguay, and Rosario, province of Santa Fe. Dr. Murray remarked lately that it was a rash man who should affirm what his Oxford Dictionary didn't contain. A correspondent reminds us that Franklin's "Orthodoxy is my doxy," etc., has already appeared under doxy, but not ascribed to him, and with an error of J. Q. Adams for John Adams, and of year (1778 for 1779). There, also, is given Priest- ley's attribution of nearly the same formula to Bishop Warburton. —Mr. Todd, who founded the newspaper department in the Boston Public Library, has procured for that institution a file, com- plete as far as possible, of the London Times. This gift is of 232 bound volumes, which in- clude all issues since 1808. The file in the Lenox Library runs back two years further, to 1806. That in the Congressional Library is said to be the only one in Ame- rica containing all issues of the Times from its establishment in 1788. It seems impossi- ble now to discover in book marts any file for the first twenty years which are lacking in Mr. Todd's collection. Nor is this strange, since in 1800 its circulation was no more than 1,000 copies. " It is now thirty years wanting one since Mr. Todd brought about the establishment of a newspaper reading- room in Newburyport, by offering the City Council $300 a year for purchasing newspa- pers if an apartment for the use of them should be furnished by the authorities. He was then a resident of Newburyport, and has described to the writer how he was led to that new library departure. Meeting busi- ness men (often of liberal education), he asked scores of them how many books they had read during the last year, and in most cases the answer was, "None. We must read the papers or we cannot do business; and then we have no time for books." So- lon's laws were not the best he could_ give, but they were the best the Athenians would take. Thus speaks Mr. Todd regarding his experiment in Newburyport and his benefac- tion to Boston. —The Wisconsin Historical Society, which ended its first half century on the 30th of January, has just published an annotated Catalogue of its Newspaper Files in a vol- ume of three hundred and seventy-five pages. The size of this compilation appears sur- prising, although the collection amounts to

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128 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1755 ten thousand bound volumes; but the work is much more than a list of newspaper titles. On well-nigh every page are notes as to the successive editors, politics, religious doc- trine, and other features of the publications. For example, the New York Weekly In- spector, an octavo journal which attained two volumes, August, 1806-7, was "edited by Thomas Green Fessenden in opposition to Jefferson." (It was to this publication that Poe truthfully referred for one of the earliest occurrences of the word highlinder.) In many files there is many a gap, but it is frankly stated with infinite painstaking what and how many there are of these miss- ing links. Thus, it is confessed that the sixty years of the Pennsylvania Gazette treated in sixteen lines are represented by only thirty-four volumes, although not a few numbers are of the rarest dates, as 1775-'77, the volumes for which three years are quoted -by dealers as worth $500. Repro- ductions and facsimiles are also carefully acknowledged, and the presence of an index in each volume. To facilitate the labor of consulting the catalogue, it is divided into two parts, the first of which is styled Geo- graphical. Here the papers are arranged al- phabetically according to their location — first those in the several United States, and then those in foreign countries. In the se- cond part, termed Chronological, the ar- rangement is by decades, with abbreviated titles, while for details in each case the reader is referred back to Part First. The earliest of all issues was in Oxford (Eng.), Mercturms A aliens, 1643. The earliest dates in America were the Boston Gazette, 1719, and, in Philadelphia, the American Weekly Mercury and the Independent Whig, both 1720. The foreign publications are set forth under two hundred and eighty-two titles. The titles up to 1750 were sixty-nine, and fifty-six In the Revolutionary decade 1771- '80. Among foreign notabilia are the Toron- to Grip, 40 volumes, the Parisian Moniteur, 31 volumes, and the Leyden Nouvcllcs Ex- tiaoniinaires, 18 volumes, from 1765. This Wisconsin newspaper index seems to make a new departure in its line, and has cost a prodigality of labor. No newspaper searcher in any large collection can fail to hold in grateful remembrance Miss Emma Helen Blair, to whose patient, intelligent research and rare expertness the editors chiefly as- cribe whatever is most valuable in the Cata- logue. The American Economic Association has published (through Macmillan) the first of its studies for 1899, containing the notable presidential address of Prof. Hadley, on the "Relation between Economics and Politics," ■'<"1 the reports of two committees, on cur- rency reform and on the twelfth census. All ireful attention, and give evidence of the useful activity of the Association. 'Die Report on Currency Reform is a tem- perate and careful statement, by a body of competent specialists, of the reasons why reform is needed, and of the direction in which it should proceed; and, without ob- truding any pet plan of its own, gives ad- vice which, alas, the average Congressman is too apt to disregard. Yet every such judi- cal statement of the needs of the case has ect on public opinion, and serves to si lengthen the slow-gathering convictions half-informed legislator. The Report "i the Committee on the Twelfth Census is a more elaborate production, and criticises in detail the methods of our overgrown cen- sus. A reasonable pruning of the scope of the census is generally advocated, and the familiar and sensible recommendation for the establishment of a permanent census bureau is repeated. We observe that the complete reports by the various experts (some twenty in number) who examined for this committee the several divisions of the census, are to be published in full as oue of the larger monographs of the Association. The volume so made up will be a mine for all who have occasion to use the census volumes, and will command attention among the official compilers of statistics the world over. —We take this opportunity to notice two other of the Studies recently published by the Economic Association. Mr. M. A. Al- drich's summary account of the American Federation of Labor (No. 4 of the Studies of 1898) is by far the best to be had of that curious organization. Neither a trade-union proper, nor a loose affiliation of everything in sight, like the English Trade Union Con- gress or the Central Labor Unions of our cities, the American Federation has pursued for many years a steady policy of promoting trade-union organization, which, whether or no one sympathizes with its aims, com- mands the respect due to careful plan and consistent execution. It has at least a fight- ing chance of escaping the fate of its pre- decessors, and especially of the Knights of Labor, who met deserved defeat and almost extinction after a brief career of o'ervault- ing ambition and organized disorder. How far the Federation will succeed in maintain- ing its coherence, will withstand the blan- dishments of the Socialists and the insidious temptation to take a hand in party politics (always the beginning of the end in our la- bor organizations) — all this the future must show. Meanwhile Mr. Aldrich's compact ana- lysis will be welcome to observers of this factor in the social movement. Somewhat lifferent in type, yet useful in the same way, is the account of the purchase of the railways by the state in Switzerland, which Dr. J. Cummings has translated from the French of M. Michele. Here we have a movement which, on the surface at least, is of signal interest to the American public: the purchase and prospective management of the entire railway system by a democratic community having a federal political organi- zation very similar to ours. It is true that the small scale of the operation, the peculiar geographical position of Switzerland, the cu- rious financial complications from the own- ership of bonds by the Swiss and of stocks by foreigners, deprive the experiment of the significance which at first sight it seems to have for us. But none the less the move- ment is a most instructive oue, taking its place with the state railways of the Austra- lian colonies as portending a danger or a tri- umph— as one chooses to view it — for the future of democracy. This account, at all events, tells the tale; we know of no other source in English where one can learn just what has been done in Switzerland, why and how the railway purchase is to take place, the pros and cons of the debate. As everywhere, the advocates of state purchase take a rose- colored view of the financial outlook, and do not fairly grapple with the financial compli- cations which are inevitable when the de- mocratic public demands at once good pay for the servants and low rates for the ser- vice. —When is there to be an end with Sir Richard Burton? His life was essentially one of "fierce wars and faithful loves." Dr. Johnson would have taken him to his heart as a good hater. And the wars and the hates promise to drag themselves on so long as there are papers of his left that in any degree seem ready for publication. His friends would be well advised to leave him at rest with the work which he has done and of which the world already knows; it is surely enough to keep his fame as a great linguist, an unwearied explorer, and a gal- lant soldier. He was uot a scholar— his judgments and theories are worth nothing; but what he saw he told, and we can de- pend upon his story. His great version of the 'Thousand and One Nights,' in spite of the loquacious inadequacy of its commen- tary, is the work of a specialist in life though an amateur in books. Compare his account of Mecca with that of Snouck Hur- gronje. Burton's, with all its little absurdi- ties, lives; that of the Dutch scholar is learned, accurate, and very dull. But for the existence, at least in print, of such essays as have now been edited by W. H. Wilkins ('The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam'; Chica- go: Herbert S. Stone & Co.), there seems no shadow of excuse. The volume, beautifully printed and got up, with an excellent etch- ing of Leighton's portrait, contains three separate papers. The first, on the Jew, might be regarded as a venomous attack if it merited any regard at all; but in it Burton is among books, and his amateurism is rampant, self-sufficient, and exhaustive. His appendix, dealing with human sacrifice among the Eastern Jews, and with the mur- der of Padre Tomaso, the only part of first- hand value, is suppressed by the editor. The second is a study of the gypsy, and may contain some useful matter, as it is based on Burton's own observations. That, how- ever, can be determined only by "Chingan- ologists" — such is their beautiful name — and to them we must leave it. Experience of Burton in other fields suggests that the har- vest here may not be great. Much of the essay is taken up by polemic as to priority. Third, comes a comparatively short paper on Islam, about which the less said the better. It seems to have been written soon after 1853; and it will be absolutely mis- leading to all but those who do not need to read it. Perhaps, when all our squabbles and jealousies have been stilled by the throwing of the little dust, these essays of Burton may be read as we now read 'The Anatomy of Melancholy' of his great ancestor. Then the wild ideas, the far-fetched learning, the squinting brain working in a style strange- ly mixed of the purest English and a dozen tongues besides, may come to their true kingdom. -Mr. Thwailes's edition of the 'Jesuit Rela- tions' (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co.), which is now almost exactly midway in its course of publication, reaches with volumes xxxiii. and xxxiv. what is probably the cul- minating point of its interest, if one con- siders the narratives chiefly as records of heroic and self-obliterating deeds. We refer to the destruction or dispersion of the Huron people by the Iroquois, a catastrophe which involved one of the Jesuit missions and sev- eral of the leading missionaries. 1648 and 1649, memorable in European history for the Peace of Westphalia and the execution of Charles I., were also years of great activity in the American wilderness. During 1648

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] Tli© Nation 129 the Jesuits thought themselves (leaving out the one contingency of Iroquois attack) with- in easy reach of a coveted object, viz., the salvation of several thousand Hurons. We have already seen that Brebeuf did not shut his eyes to the likelihood of a deadly attack from the Five Nations, but, during the twelvemonth before that relentless foe came with fire and sword, the purely missionary prospects appeared much more hopeful than ever before. At one spot in Huronia, the residence of Ste. Marie, there were, accord- ing to Ragueneau's report, forty-two French- men, including eighteen Jesuits. 1,300 per- sons had been baptized since the last annual report, and 3,000 natives sheltered by the fathers during times of famine and pestilence. Furthermore, it had been proved by expe- rience that a better means existed of reach- ing the Indians than by open denunciation of their witchcraft and devils. Gentle ridi- cule and an appeal to the judgment were yielding the fruits of salvation where threats of hell-fire had previously proved fruitless. Many of the early converts are reported as proving steadfast, and manifesting a faith which does not desert them even among the flames of torture. —Thus, in 1648, Ragueneau records some striking successes; yet the year had its full share of disappointment and death. On the 4th of July St. Joseph was sacked by the Iro- quois, Father Daniel martyred, the church destroyed, and the flock butchered or scat- tered. Early in the next spring the fee re- turned, now confident of capturing the prin- cipal Huron villages and destroying the flower of the race. Two explicit accounts remain of this raid — the most sanguinary which was ever directed by one North American tribe against another. The one is Christopher Re- gnaut's narrative of the death which Bre- beuf and Gabriel Lalemant met; the other, Ragueneau's story of the whole invasion, with its immediate results. We omit details of the torture to which the Jesuits were sub- jected (merely recalling their superb forti- tude), and confine our brief notice to Re- gnaut's statement concerning the episode. Since this is the principal source of informa- tion as to the manner of Brebeuf's death, it deserves scrutiny. The details proceed from an Indian source, for neither Regnaut nor any other Frenchman fell into Iroquois hands at St. Ignace and survived. In this regard our source resembles that relating to Dol- lard's exploit at the Long Saut in 1660. He and his sixteen followers were all killed, and the circumstances of the fight rest on Huron testimony. However, Regnaut stands much nearer to Brebeuf's martyrdom than does any French writer to Dollard, because on the day following lie reached the spot and found re- mains which justified the Indians' stories. He describes in the most explicit way what he discovered, and how he secured the relics which were afterwards venerated at Quebec. The style of this important document is sim- ple and straightforward, although in conclud- ing the writer apologizes for its roughness: "Ce n'est pas un Docteur de Sorbonne qui a compose1 cecy vous le voyez bien; cest un reste d'Iroquois et une personne qui a vescu plus qu'il ne pensoit." A PIONEER. Emma Willard and her Pupils; or, Fifty Years of Troy Female Seminary. Ameri- can Tract Society. 1898. This bulky volume, published by Mrs. Rus- sell Sage, frankly accounts for itself in a pre- face of admirable candor, though of very lit- tle literary competence. It is part of an or- ganized attempt by students of Mrs. Wil- lard's Troy Seminary to do honor to their teacher, and incidentally to place themselves in the ranks of sharers in the so-called high- er education. The work of collecting and compiling this record was intrusted to a committee of the Emma Willard Association. The result is something between an expanded form of the ordinary general catalogue of a college or university, and a literary and so- cial study of an institution of learning. This is to be regretted, for, in spite of index and classification, an alphabetical list of the stu- dents of the Troy Seminary conceals by its very fulness much that is of interest to the reader, and, on the other hand, the histori- cal sketch of Mrs. Willard and her work seems almost pitifully inadequate until it is supplemented by the scores of interesting re- miniscences appearing in the rambling con- tributions of the representatives of Mrs. Wil- lard's seven thousand pupils. The portraits of persons connected with the Seminary give a fair impression of the wide range of tho influence of Troy Seminary, and suggest some of the reasons why Mrs. Willard, in spite of her undoubted ability and devotion to the interests of women's education, did not succeed as did her contemporary, Mary Lyon, with far less personal magnetism and with a less striking personality, in found- ing a permanent institution or in definitely influencing the course of higher education for women in this country. Mrs. Willard leaves the impression of hav- ing been more of a courtier than of a states- man. Her trust was in persons rather than in ideas; and her resources, in the demon- stration of strong individuality rather than in the development of fundamental social ideals. When the New York lower house threw out the bill for endowing her school, she declared, "Could I have died a martyr to the cause and thus have secured its suc- cess, I should have blessed the faggot and hugged the stake"; but she had apparently played her last card, except so far as she could recommend her school by industry and enterprise of the personal sort. It is a per- fectly natural sequel, from the reader's point of view, that her personal and deputed con- duct of the school should be referred to as "the Willard dynasty," but the reader feels that this is not the way institutions grow. Mr. Depew's tribute to her on the occasion of the dedication of the Russell Sage Hall in 1895, "She was an apostle, an evangel of the higher education of women. . . . Her in- fluence did not stop here. It crossed the ocean; ... it created Girton and Newn- ham Colleges under the shadows of Oxford and Cambridge," etc., is not simply eulogy in hysterics, it is a complete misapprehen- sion of the history of the higher education of women. The relation of Girton and Newn- ham to the education of women is so essen- tially different from anything dreamed of by Mrs. Willard that it may fairly be ques- tioned whether she would have approved of it; and in any case the credit for the idea of a college for women connected with one of the English universities and resulting in Girton College must be definitely given to Miss Emily Davies, as far as it is worth while to assign credit for ideas so manifestly in the air that it is almost a matter of chance who happens to express them first. But all this detracts not at all from the value of the specific services Mrs. Willard rendered to her generation, nor from the impressive dignity of her personality, and only changes the angle from which her work is to be viewed. Born In 1787, in Ber- lin, Conn., the sixteenth of seventeen chil- dren, before the appearance of Webster's Dictionary or Spelling-Book, when families still did "chores" and knew leisure only by change from less to more congenial labor, Emma Hart was trained by the efforts of a father who read Shakspere and Milton aloud to his family, and who told them what he knew of science and encouraged their inte- rest in it. She seems always to have been a girl whom Miss Austen would have call- ed superior; and when, after financial trou- ble came upon her husband, Dr. John Wil- lard, to whom she was married in 1809, she opened a school, it was the sort of thing readily looked for from her and in which her success was taken for granted. But a little town in Vermont, such as Middlebury, did not offer scope enough for her grow- ing plans, and, with the experience she had gained in Waterford, N. Y., and in Mid- dlebury, Vt., she moved her school to Troy. In this step she had enlisted the sympathy of DeWitt Clinton, John Adams, Thomas Jef- ferson, George Combe, and Dr. Dick. It was in this stage of her work that she hoped for State aid, and indeed the Senate granted $2,000 for an endowment; but the bill failed in the House. With the help of $4,000 rais- ed by the Troy Corporation by tax, and another fund raised by subscription, Mrs. Willard, at thirty-four years of age, opened the Troy Seminary. Precisely what this change of plan meant to Mrs. Willard, and how far it may have modified the scope of her ambition, it is now impossible to say. It must be ad- mitted that she was bitterly disappointed at her failure to secure State help for her school; but whether she essentially changed the character of what she was trying to do in view of this failure, or not, it is certain that her work had from the start certain clear limitations and an equally clear co- herence. She found the public impervious to ideas that she valued highly, and, in many directions, she had politely to bully her public; in others she waited for the results of the educating process she was applying to the parents through their daugh- ters. In this connection some of her letters, fortunately preserved, are most edifying, in spite of their inflated rhetoric. One of her primary objects was to improve the charac- ter of the teaching of women in the United States, and to this end she wrote text- books and trained promising pupils for the profession (as she tried to persuade them their work might be considered). Her success may be inferred from the fact that she helped organize schools in Greece and in Bogota, besides supplying teachers to scores of schools and to hundreds of fa- milies in this country. Some sixteen years before Mt. Holyoke was opened, she insist- ed upon public examinations for her pupils, provided them with instruction in science, and was one of the first to use the so-called laboratory method of instruction. She com- bated the notion that study of anatomy and physiology was indelicate in a woman, and insisted upon instruction in manners, cooking, and morals. She was a firm sup- porter of what was then known as wo- man's sphere, and wrote and talked em- phatically of the claims of the home. Her

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130 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1755 interest in the engagements and marriages of her pupils was almost romantic, and she enjoyed journeying from one to another of the homes they had made, to see how they carried out the spirit of her instructions. The history of the school is a frank dis- play of the thousand and one interests, big and little, trivial and important, that make the thing we call education in a school for a hundred boarders and two hundred day scho- lars. Board and tuition in the Seminary, in 1819, cost at the rate of $3.50 a week. There are hints from time to time in the letters of old graduates that the modern college girl might profit by the simplicity in dress and furnishing required at Troy Seminary. One writes: "I recall the simple, uncarpeted rooms, . . . each furnished with a lowpost dou- ble bedstead, a painted bureau, table and Washstand of the simplest pattern, two chairs, a looking-glass, and a box-stove for wood. . . . We made our own beds and fires and brought up our own pitchers of water from the pump in the yard. A lunch of excellent dry bread, a slice apiece, was served to all who wished it twice a day, at eleven a. m. and nine P. M." The course of study was more or less flexi- ble, and nowhere is there a record of what precisely was required for graduation. It was not until 1S43 that diplomas were awarded, but after that time a sharp distinction for official purposes seems to have been made between the holders of full diplomas and of "partial certificates." The textbooks used by Mrs. Willard herself have an antiquated flavor, full of quaint associations to some of us, from corner cupboards in country houses, or from the stories of aunts and cousins who went to Troy when a young woman from Canandaigua was known as one of the "Western girls." They wereNewman's 'Rheto- ric,' Hedge's 'Logic,' Paley's 'Moral Philoso- phy,' Dugald Stewart's 'Intellectual Philoso- phy,' Day's 'Algebra,' Legendre's 'Geometry,' Adams's 'Latin Grammar.' Besides writing and helping compile textbooks on geography and history, Mrs. Willard published a 'Trea- tise on the Motive Powers which produce the Circulation of the Blood,' which attracted respectful comment from scientists in Eu- rope. Her 'Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain ' by its sale helped found the first girls' school in Athens. Her poem "Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep" was written on her return from her first visit to Europe in 1S30. At this time she visited the Government schools of France, and came back with profound conviction of the im- portance of the work women had to do in the world. In 1838 she surrendered the con- duct of the school to her son and his wife, and retired to Berlin, Conn., where she took an active part in the educational interests of the State and of New England. Her friends at this time were Dr. Henry Barnard, Mr. May, and Mr. Alcott. In 1844 she went back to live in Troy, in the seminary grounds, and there, in 1870, she died. The record of the pupils of the Troy Semi- nary is given in decades, each with a cha- racter and atmosphere of its own. The first naturally has more of the picturesque and the socially interesting, although there is quite as much of definite attainment and more of positive accomplishment in any one of the later periods. A touch of pa- thos and tragedy comes in with the his- tories of the woman associated closely with the civil war. The Troy Seminary had always drawn many pupils from the South, and it is to the credit of the school that the representatives of both North and South were energetically loyal to their standards of duty during the conflict, and prompt to avail themselves of opportunities for the renewal of old ties as soon as it was over. The fifth decade closes the connection of the Willard family with Troy Seminary. In 1872 Mr. and Mrs. John Willard with- drew, the seminary property owned by the city was purchased by the trustees, and Miss Emily Treat Wilcox made principal. That the school, even after its fifth decade had closed, was still popular, is shown by the fact that, on Miss Wilcox's withdrawal, in 1895, eighty young women received diplomas for the full course and nine took certificates for a partial course. But before this the wo- men's colleges had been opened, and depart- ment work had been organized along lines of a strict division of labor. The time was past when a woman teaching mathematics, chemistry, the higher branches of physics, English literature, and psychology, herself, however highly endowed or however attrac- tive and influential, could expect to compete with the college for women, differently or- ganized and with a most attractive social life. The fifth decade, therefore, contains many names of a high degree of general attainment, but fewer than any other of eminence or special accomplishment. Hence- forward these were to be looked for in the catalogues of Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, Smith, Wellesley, Radcliffe, Bryn Mawr, the asso- ciated colleges for women, and in coeduca- tional colleges and universities. HENRY REEVE. Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Henry Reeve, C.B., D.C.L. By J. K. Laughton, M.A. Longmans, Green & Co. 1898. This is the 'Life' of a man who was ex- ceptionally happy in realizing every energy and using all his talents like tools. A "lam- bent dulness" inevitably plays about the bio- graphy of one who, without personal bril- liance, pursued so unchequered a career. Henry Reeve is a good representative of a nation that has set its heart's delight upon action, and these two volumes record a long life of hard work and energetic play. With no advantages of birth or fortune, without a spark of imagination or a ray of humor, this middle-class provincial, by dint of a calm self-confidence and an intelligent and active interest in the questions of the day, acquired an influence that, for fifteen years, at least, was international. He was the only son of a widowed mother of small fortune, and it was to her common sense that he owed the advantage of not having buried his mind in a university education — a piece of good fortune that sometimes lifts your average Englishman above the mediocrity that, to the 'varsity man, too often appears golden. Like Gibbon, he rubbed off the pro- vincial in Switzerland, and acquired his cos- mopolitanism in the brilliant society of Ge- neva and Paris. A desultory education and frequent visits to the French capital did much to counterbalance the solid British qualities of a man who had not a single redeeming vice. That there was much solidity to leaven we gather from his youthful letters from Gene- va. At the age of nineteen, he writes in de- scribing a friend's marriage: "The young ladies have, of course, been thrown into a delicate confusion by this early enlevement of one of their virginal band; puis, de I' autre cote, the cohort of male admirers in dire dismay and disappointment. . . . I, for my part, at the above-mention- ed soiree, made my congratulatory bow with all due gallantry; but in my own room I have felt that a very vain bubble, when it bursts, leaves almost as great a chasm in a man's spirit as if a mountain rose from its foun- dations and became air" (p. 20). This is "steep" even for the Early Victo- rian thirties. At the same age he "thinks with Cousin" (or rather, "has long thought") •what Cousin thinks; at twenty-two he writes that "Hugo has fallen rather "low, and is so mad, so childish, and so blackguard that all his acquaintance have cut him, or he them. I saw him at the Bibliotheque du Roi, but did not care to renew our acquaintance" (p. 36). A few years later he "dropped the acquaintance" of Louis Napoleon. It is not, however, our object to show that Henry Reeve lacked a sense of proportion and a sense of humor; we should rather re- mind ourselves that this dull person who, to judge by his correspondence, from his teens to his seventies, was never guilty of an in- correct sentiment or a single epigram, so im- pressed his contemporaries with his ability that at twenty-five he was given the respon- sible and well-paid post of Clerk of Appeals to the Privy Council, and at twenty-six was "on terms of acquaintance with the whole cabinet." From 1842 to '57 he was one of the chief leader-writers for the Times, in the days of Delane's editorship, when the spirit of nations still rose or sank every morning at the bidding of the most important jour- nal in Europe. Reeve had nothing of the "touch-and-go, blackguard-genteel" which, as Scott said, distinguishes the genuine press-man. He never "plunged," but wrote his leaders with a lively sense that he was swaying the cabinets of Europe. And when- ever there was a political crisis, especially in foreign affairs, it is plain that Reeve's private letters of advice (written, for the most part, from Paris) had a real influence on the policy of the English statesmen to whom they were addressed. His relations with French politicians were hardly less in- timate. Guizot and De Tocqueville, whose 'Democracy in America' he translated, were his lifelong friends. Perhaps the most in- teresting portions of the book are those con- nected with the Coup d'Etat and the fortunes of the Empire, to which Reeve was invete- rately hostile. In 1855, at the age of forty- two, he succeeded Lewis as editor of the Edinburgh Review, and ceased to write for the Times. In spite of Disraeli's sneer at the quarterlies as "Boots at the Red Lion and Chambermaid at the Blue Boar," whose occupation had gone with the coming of rail- ways, the editorship of the Edinburgh was still one of the highest prizes of the pro- fession of literature. Moreover, Reeve, who, besides writing many articles himself, never published the articles of his contributors without careful revision, may be said to have occupied, like Oliver Wendell Holmes, "not so much a chair as a settee." He was, at heart, an historian and a politician rather than a literary man. If we may judge from his 'Life,' he practically left off reading when he began to write. We get no glimpse of his literary prefer- ences or dislikes; his judgment of Carlyle— he "is odious — arrogance, vanity, self-con- ceit, ingratitude to old friends"— is purely personal and in the nature of a tu quoque. Though his thorough grasp of a given po- litical situation made him invaluable in

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The USTation. 131 Downing Street, he had no gift for political prophecy. He always expected an Orleanist restoration, he backed King Otho and cham- pioned Austria against the Hungarians. Gladstone, who has fared so ill in contem- porary biography, was naturally the bete noire of so determined a Conservative. After the defeat of the home-rule bill in 1886, Reeve writes: "I do not remember another instance in which a man's best and earliest friends have turned upon him, to unmask him, and that without any motive of per- sonal resentment. It is the noble motive which led Brutus to strike Caesar" (p. 346). It was about this time that Mr. Labouchere said of Gladstone: "How is it possible to play with an old sinner who has got an ace up each sleeve, and says God Almighty put them there?" The professional politician will fend in these pages much that is of interest, if not strikingly new. In 1873 Reeve suggests that "England is directly concerned in Cuba by its close proximity to the Bahamas. Cay Lobos (British territory) is buf twenty-four miles from Cay Confites (Cuban territory). That leaves but eight miles of high seas in width. The people of the Bahamas have made frequent complaint to the Governor about the conduct of the Spanish authorities in Cuba. In August this year the Governor of the Bahamas sent a memorial to the Cap- tain-General of Cuba about the impediments to the Bahama sponging-trade caused by the arbitrary acts of the Spaniards. No notice has been taken of this. It has not even been acknowledged" (p. 220). In 1895, during the struggle between China and Japan, he writes to a friend: "It is curious that nobody points out that the Unit- ed States are the country with the largest future interest in the Pacific, and that they must have a voice in this controversy" (p. 398). The general reader will be Interested in Reeve's account of the famous "Brougham hoax," which is told in outline in the 'Gre- ville Memoirs,' but now for the first time in detail. In October, 1839, Reeve wrote to his mother: "So rapid and so mysterious is the flight of all rumors which have grief in them, that I shall probably not be the first to announce to you the death of Lord Brougham. Yesterday morning A. Montgomery, a youth on whom Brougham doted, rushed over to Gore House before they had sat down to breakfast, with the letter in his hand. ... It was from Shafto, the only uninjured survivor of the par- ty. Brougham, Leader [still alive in 1898], and Shafto hired a bad hack carriage to go from Brougham Hall to see a ruin in the neighborhood. It was so like him to choose to go in a wheelbarrow instead of a coach and four. They had not gone far when the splin- ter-bar broke; they were thrown out, and one of the horses kicked Brougham on th& head, which made him insensible, so that he could not get out of the way of the carriage, which turned over on him in the ditch, crush. ed his head, and killed him on the spot." This was the only letter received in Lon- don. In an hour the rumor pervaded the town. "Sheil rushed from the Athenaeum to pen a magniloquent obituary, which appeared in the next day's Chronicle. . . . Windsor Castle shook with glee, and Lord Holland began to think that he should venture to speak again in the Lords'. For the first time for five years, all the world talked for a whole day about Brougham's virtues, and there was wondrous forgiveness of injuries in the whole metropolis. For my part I had selected the 12th and 13th verses of St. Jude's Epistle for the funeral sermon. . . . Nobody could look at Brougham's wild, un- couth handwriting without tears in his eyes. . . . I had not half done my reflections on B. and his gifts when I discovered from a letter from Brougham, dated Sunday, that he did not die on Saturday. In the after- noon everyody learned it was a hoax — a very pretty piece of devil's amusement." Reeve adds that, in November, when the Queen had withdrawn from the Council, "the Duke of Cambridge ran round the room af- ter Brougham, vociferating at the top of his voice, 'By God, Brougham, you did it; by God, you wrote the letter yourself ' ; to which B. could not well reply," though he had ac- tually challenged his old friend, Sir A. Pa- get, the week before, for saying as much. Reeve makes another effort to clear Mrs. Norton's memory of the charge of treachery which Mr. Meredith has done much to per- petuate in 'Diana of the Crossways.' The facts are these: Early in December, Peel an- nounced to his colleagues in the Cabinet his intention to repeal the Corn Laws. Lord Aberdeen told Delane, the Times editor, on December 3, and on the 4th the Times pub- lished it. There was great agitation, and Peel resigned on the 6th. His premature an- nouncement in the Times was a piece of strategy on the part of Aberdeen, who wish- ed to soothe the Government of the United States in the negotiations then pending. But this was not known, and so the scandalous story arose that Delane had bought the secret from Mrs. Norton, to whom it had been confided by Sidney Herbert, one of her admirers. Mr. Meredith, in the last edition of 'Diana,' has added a note to the effect that the incident is fiction, but the misrepre- sentation will probably haunt Mrs. Norton's memory for ever. Reeve owes a great part of his reputation to the notoriety he gained over the publica- tion of the 'Greville Memoirs.' Greville had intended to intrust the famous journals to Sir G. Lewis, editor of the Edinburgh, but he survived Lewis, and Reeve, a week before Greville's death, was invited to take over the memoirs as he had taken over the editorship of the Review. The 'Greville Me- moirs' had a success of merit as well as a succis de scandale. The first part was pub- lished in 1874. "The Queen, though I believe she had not yet read the book, but only newspaper ex- tracts, sent me a message by Helps to ex- press her disapproval of it, on these grounds: (1.) It was disparaging to her family. (2.) It tended to weaken the monarchy. (3.) It proceeded from official persons. I begged Helps to reply, with my humble duty, that j the book showed that, if the monarchy had really been endangered, it was by the de- pravity of George IV. and the absurdities of William IV.; but that under her Majesty's reign it had become stronger than ever" (p. 226). The Queen, however, never forgave Reeve, and he never received the K.C.B. which would naturally have followed on the C.B. given to him in 1871. We do not think it is altogether the fault of his biographer, Prof. Laughton, that one reads the two massive volumes of this bio- graphy without becoming interested in the personality of Henry Reeve. He kept no journal intime, and we could have spared the extracts from his meagre diary of engage- ments which Prof. Laughton has too con- scientiously included. A mere list of din- ner engagements with all the celebrated men and women of Europe, and no record of their table-talk, is but a Barmecide feast for the reader. To us, Reeve appears as a sedate and pompous official. His biographer should have made some effort to explain how it was that a person who, from his letters, seems able to record nothing but commonplace facts and strikes no spark from his correspond- ents, was a social success, to a degree that is mysterious, in the most fastidious and bril- liant circles of London and Paris. Chinese Porcelain. By W. G. Gullaud. With notes by T. J. Larkin, and 485 illustra- tions. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1898. Pp. xxiv, 270. This book is an attempt to do for the stu- dent in ceramic art, or in the collecting of decorative objects generally, a part of what is done at a much higher cost by the large books of Du Sartel and Grandidier. That is to say, it gives a great many illustrations, in fairly good photographic prints, of im- portant pieces of Chinese porcelain, and these are so far described that their signi- ficance is explained to the comparatively un- practised student. It is a regrettable fact that photography renders fine Oriental cera- mic ware rather less agreeably than works of art of any other class. The gloss or still higher polish of the porcelain, the rounded forms retreating from the focus, the preva- lence of deep-blue which the photograph al- ways misinterprets, the placing of patterns, borders, and figures on such inaccessible surfaces as the shoulder of a vase or the in- ner side of the lip — all these circumstances enhance the general difficulty of rendering bright colors in the photographic gray and white. A piece of porcelain has to be han- dled to be enjoyed— every collector knows that; even the piece behind the plate glass of the museum and plainly visible in full day- light (as all museum pieces are not), is dif- ficult to appreciate thoroughly. Take away from it, then, the charm of color, the truth- fulness of representation which only a com- paratively flat near object can receive, and show from one point of view only that which is meant to be examined from a quite inde- finite number of points of view, and you face a difficulty which has hitherto been insu- perable. For this reason the description of each photograph in the text is quite essen- tial. Even a nearly flat plate is much better understood after being so described; and when it is a convex and somewhat elaborate piece which is the subject of examination, the description becomes indispensable. There are two attempts in the book at classification of pieces, the one by their shapes, the other by their surface decoration. It is hard to see the value of either of these attempts. The first classification, that of form, begins with the commonest European shapes, cups with handles, cups and saucers, dishes and platters, and the like; and one of these tea-cups is called "bell-shaped," an- other "cylindrical," which it certainly is not, and other pieces are described simply as "rectangular," meaning thereby rectangu- lar in plan, or "hexagonal," or "octagonal," with the same significance. It would be hard to explain what is gained for the stu- dent by being able to refer to such a classification as this. The only thing which be would be apt to get from the pages and the cuts devoted to this sub- ject is the readier use of the names employ- ed in the trade — such names as "beaker," "ginger-jar," "pilgrim-bottle," etc., and such adjectives as "oviform," "bulbous," and "pear-shaped." In other words, these pages serve as a dictionary reversed; the name of the object being given after the presentation of the object — or definition first, term after- wards. The possible utility of this is, of course, to be admitted. The other classifica-

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132 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1755 tion, that by decoration, is apparently an enlargement of the rather preposterous one introduced by Albert Jacquemart. It is due to the dealers in porcelains to say that they are not very much enamoured of the at- tempted division of Chinese porcelain into famillc vcrte and the other families, and the relegation of by far the greater number of varieties and styles to the "exceptional" class. On the other hand, the terms "celadon," "un- der-glaze," and such partly naturalized French terms as "flambe" and "souffle" should be explained, and are so explained here. The fault to be found with this part of the work is its failure to seem really learned — to be the outcome of a lifelong ac- quaintance with the subject. This is still more visible in the prefatory chapters devoted to the Chinese religion; drawing, painting; symbols, emblems, and charms; flowers and plants; and fabulous animals. In all this there is apparently one point of view only, the old, exclusively Eu- ropean, untravelled, non-Oriental, conde- scending tone. The religion and philosophy of China are treated as if by a Christian mis- sionary, the painting is treated as if by an exclusive student of eighteenth-century paint- ing in oil, the decorative writing is treated as if by a person who cannot understand that writing in itself can be lovely, and who is, therefore, not a student of mediasval or later manuscripts. The symbols, emblems, and charms are explained according to the tradi- tional old ways, without any serious attempt at ascertaining the facts, and the way in which the painting on porcelain of animals and plants is criticised can be best exempli- fied by the following sentence (p. 115) : "The drawing of flowers on porcelain is often so conventionalized, and the coloring so untrue to nature, that it is frequently difficult to make out the particular species intended." As to this last subject, it is, however, fair to say that it is rather description than cri- ticism which this part of the book under- takes. It is only when one opens the book at the brief chapter devoted to drawing and painting that he meets the full European ig- norance of Oriental art in a concentrated form. The opinions of Marryat about Chi- nese painting, and the queer old stories, so often repeated, of how the Chinese could not understand drawings in perspective, and the like, are offered here once more as grave analysis, and here again a sentence expresses the whole chapter: "The inveterate preju- dices of the Chinese did not admit in paint- ing either of drawing or perspective." Again, in the paragraph on Drawing and Painting, on page 7, and under the general treatise on Religion, it is gravely alleged that, as the Chinese always prefer literature to fine art, so "the small amount of encouragement accorded to drawing and painting accounts for the, in some respect, backward state of these arts in China." One would suppose that the recent treatises on the painting of China as seen through Japanese eyes, and on the painting of Japan, founded confessed- ly upon that of China, and what little has been ascertained direct of the great early schools of painters in the Middle Kingdom, had never been published. It is true, indeed, that Western people are hardly able as yet to study Chinese painting of the great schools with any thoroughness. Even the painting of Japan is but inadequately represented, ex- cept in one or two collections, not generally accessible; and perhaps those who control and best know those collections would be the first to say that even their abundant stores fail to reveal the whole historic truth. At the same time it is now easy to check and modify out of existence the hasty conclusions of writers who, half a century ago, before the opening of the Japanese world to Europe, themselves knowing nothing of any fine art whatever, blundered into statements not only untrue but containing the exact opposite of the truth. The conclusion seems to be that nearly five hundred photographic illustrations with such comment as will explain their general signi- nificance cannot but be valuable, and that some of the information given in the chap- ters of general discussion is useful as well, except that this latter is too generally min- gled with erroneous or wholly inadequate criticism. The Battles of Trenton and Princeton. By William S. Stryker. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1898. Illustrated. In selecting the battles of Trenton and Princeton for historical study, General Stry- ker takes a subject that he has made pecu- liarly his own. He has from time to time printed for private circulation essays on the events connected with those engage- ments, and the volume now published com- prises the mature results of special investi- gation. It is hardly necessary to point out the author's minute attention to detail, and the many evidences of his industrious drudg- ery among printed and manuscript sources. The work has been done thoroughly; and if it fall short in any line, it is not because of carelessness on the part of the writer, but because of certain limitations of view ine- vitable in so restricted a study. The importance of the surprises, rather than battles, was of a political and not a military character; and in laying so much stress upon the military incidents, Mr. Stryker has slighted the more important, because the more lasting, effects on the social aspect of the Revolution. He has a partial appreciation of some of these effects, as his closing chapters show; but he fails to recog- nize their value in educating the Revolution- ary forces. The evacuation of Boston by the British army certainly had a great effect in furthering the cause of liberty. The mere fact that an army, hastily collected, imper- fectly equipped, and ignorantly officered, should have obliged the seasoned and disci- plined troops of England to retreat from a stronghold open to the sea, was in itself sufficient to support the views of those who thought the success of revolution possible. But when the same forces, with the Ameri- can army better trained and equipped, met on Long Island and above New York, the advantage possessed by the foreign soldiers became manifest, and Washington was forced to retire until he was beyond the Delaware, and pursuit was checked only by the ab- sence of boats and the want of enterprise on the part of the British to build them. Retreat is disheartening to an army when no alternative of success is offered. It was hopeless to make a stand against the enemy; almost equally hopeless to retreat through a country favorably disposed to accept the King's mercy, so liberally offered and so niggardly given. The very atmosphere of the Jerseys was tinged with loyalty, and Washington was "cruelly disappointed" in receiving no aid from the inhabitants. Hardly a company of men reinforced him in his long and anxious journey, while hundreds flocked to the following standard of the King, eager to make their peace and take the oath of al- legiance. He gained no military strength during the retreat, but was successful in plac- ing a wide river between his army and the enemy, thus securing time for gathering to- gether his scattered forces. Even this was a matter of some difficulty, for Lee's eccentric movements and disregard of orders made a full union doubtful. Indeed, had not Lee been, or permitted himself to be, captured, the battles of December would never have taken place. As it was, reinforced by mili- tia and in full command of his own army, Washington found himself strong enough to venture an offensive movement, and the suc- cesses have come down as constituting his strongest claim to military glory. It is not as military operations, however brilliant, that Trenton and Princeton are to be gauged. They proved thus early in the game the incapacity of the Continental Con- gress to conduct the war, and the remark- able ascendancy of Washington's personal- ity. They were the first test applied to the system of running a campaign through a legislative council, as compared with' one controlled by a strong and independent exe- cutive. Congress had raised its army on short enlistments; so each December the trained force melted away, to give place to a new army that must be whipped into form, This experiment, defensible on political grounds, was disastrous in a military point of view, and reacted disastrously on the strength of Congress. To raise a new force and to pay bounties, required funds; to equip, to clothe and feed it, was very cost- ly; to transport it, with all its baggage, in active service, was almost beyond the pow- er of the commissariat as then constituted. Money was demanded in immense sums and wastefully expended. But Congress had no funds, levied no taxes, and was possessed of a doubtful credit, contingent upon suc- cess. Bills of credit had been issued in large amounts, and were accepted by the people until the enemy gained advantage. Every step taken by the British in the Jerseys re- duced the area of circulation of these bills, and cast discredit on the whole issue. For who would accept these promises anywhere when their value was seen to vanish at the approach of the hostile force? British gold against American paper won the day, for un- less the Revolution ended in independence, the Continental credit was worthless. Fur- ther, Congress was confessing its own weakness by hastily leaving Philadelphia on a prospect of Howe's advance, and by conferring powers of a dictator on Washing- ton. Yet this was the body that "created" the credit on which the bills must rest. Their formal resolutions denying any inten- tion to leave the city were as mischievous as those denouncing as enemies any who should refuse to accept at par the paper money. Both acts showed weakness, not strength; and both acts were properly interpreted by the people. Unless Congress could give some evidence of an established credit, the contest was at an end. Unless it could still circulate its bills for something like their face value, it could not carry on the war. A military success was essential, and it was in recogni- tion of this fact that Washington determined upon risking all on a happy stroke. His conduct was justified by the event. He checked the advance of the British, saved

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation. 133 Philadelphia from capture, and obliged the enemy to retire to New York. The waver- ing were strengthened, Congress resumed its sessions at Philadelphia and again set the printing-presses to work. The poison of de- preciation had set in too far to be check- ed, but It wrought more slowly; and the question of army management was brought to the front, though not fully settled for some years. Unless Washington had sur- prised the Hessians and carried the day at Princeton, the battle of Saratoga would not have been fought, and the French alliance would hardly have become effective. Tren- ton and Princeton are, therefore, pivotal events in the Revolution; but it Is because of the lessons they taught in the administra- tion of the army that they are of special value. Short enlistments were soon set aside for enlistments "during the war." Paper money in a few years ran its course of de- preciation and disappeared from circulation, proving more destructive than the British army had ever been. With an army at his back, and a commissariat no longer de- pendent on the weak credit of Congress, Washington husbanded his strength until the happy occasion of the Virginia campaign offered a fair opportunity for exerting it. The politics of the Revolution made vic- tory possible only when the Congress and its foolish financial experiments had been crowded from the scene. In December, 1776, Its incapacity was first tested and proved. It is a pleasure to meet with a work com- posed on such a scale and showing such care in matters usually slighted— such as the names and ranks of the officers. Appa- rently Lieut. Kimm was twice killed and on different places of the field (pp. 149 and 172). It is hardly just to assume, on so slight evidence, that Charles Lee was In- forming the enemy before his capture. The tendency to accept legends is compensated by a bulky appendix of original documents. The book has many illustrations, some of which are hardly historical. The Autobiography of a Veteran, 1807-1893. By General Count Enrico della Rocca. Translated from the Italian and edited by Janet Ross. Macmillan. 8vo. Pp. 299. The translation of Della Rocca's memoirs has been made by Mrs. Janet Ross, daughter of that delightful letter-writer. Lady Duff Gordon, and granddaughter of Mrs. Sarah Austin, who was herself well known as a writer and translator. In translating, Mrs. Ross has somewhat condensed, especially the passages dealing with military details, which, for the ordinary reader, have little meaning and less interest. The result, so far as we have compared the translation with the ori- ginal, is usually satisfactory. We have no- ticed no instance in which the General's opinions have been misrepresented through omission or condensation. The work as It stands in English, even more as it stands complete In Italian, is as entertaining as it is important. It will take Its place along with the autobiographies of Garibaldi and of Massimo d'Azeglio as a successful personal record of a great period. Many readers besides those who pay special heed to the history of recent Italy, will enjoy it, because it not only gives fresh news of famous persons and events, but also reveals In its author a character intrinsically inte- resting. Della Rocca Is a type of that best class of Piedmontese nobility which did so much to transform little Piedmont into the Kingdom of Italy. Aristocracy has hardly ever had so fine an exemplification as In Piedmont during a part of this century. There noblesse oblige meant something. Della Rocca, like his peers, was brave, soldierly, devoted to his sovereign, having the instinct for diplomacy which seems to be innate in all Italians, and able, In spite of provincial bringing up, to conduct negotiations of great moment among the men of the world in Paris or Vienna. Moreover, in his personal criticisms on his contemporaries he is gene- rous and candid; and he freely acknowledges his own mistakes. Very entertainingly does he describe the life of the old regime in which his youth was passed; and thencefor- ward, for more than fifty years, as he was attached to the person of Charles Albert and Victor Emanuel, he gives us near views of these remarkable princes. And not of them only, but of Napoleon III. and Plon-Plon, of Cavour, Lamarmora, Garibaldi, and most of the other Italian leaders of the age. He is no eavesdropper, nor scandal-monger, and had much rather talk over old campaigns than rehearse the court gossip of Europe; but he still admits enough personal details in his narrative to endue it with life. For the historian, he has many little points con- cerning the coming to pass of great events, and some secrets and half -secrets to reveal; while at all times his Is the testimony of a credible witness whom fortune placed in a favorable position. To enumerate the important events in which Delia Rocca took part would be to outline most of the crises in Piedmont's his- tory for half a century. He was particu- larly useful on secret or delicate missions. As early as 1840 Charles Albert employed him to investigate privately the French fron- tier fortifications. Della Rocca slung the tin box of an amateur botanist over his shoulder, and, while ostensibly busy in collecting flow- ers, he learned what was necessary about the French defences. Later, he was sent on a delicate errand of a different kind. After the death of Queen Maria Theresa, Victor Eman- uel was urged to marry again, and Napoleon III. hinted that it would be politic for him to ask for the hand of Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmarlngen. Accordingly, Del- la Rocca was secretly dispatched to Diissel- dorf, where he pretended to be a mere ordi- nary traveller, bent on seeing the sights of the city, while really hoping to get a glimpse of the Princess. For a while he was baf- fled. At last, however, he bethought him of asking to visit Prince Hohenzollern's stables, and this brought him an invitation to the palace and the chance he wanted of setting eyes on the Princess herself. He decided that she was too young and shy to suit his master. Among his diplomatic missions we may mention that to Napoleon III., after Orsini's attempt, when the Emperor was greatly exasperated against Piedmont, and Delia Rocca's discretion and tact conciliated him. These specimens show what stuff his book contains. It Is well worth read- ing. In writing it, the chivalrous old General has added another historical por- trait to the really vital documens pour servir of the century. The City Wilderncas: A Settlement Study. By Residents and Associates of the South End House. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1898. We have in this compact volume an ex- haustive study of the "South End" of Boston and its Inhabitants. Beginning with the time when the old "Neck" was but a narrow path, often submerged by the tide, the au- thors trace the changes in the topography of the region, under the influence of increasing business and population. As these demands increased, the flats and marshes were filled in, houses and shops were built, and on half a square mile of made land there now live some 40,000 people. Necessarily the surface of this land is to a great extent too low for residential purposes. The sewage is pumped out, but the dampness cannot be, and the sanitary conditions must be unfavorable in spite of all regulations. Moreover, such por- tions of the land as were originally fitted for residence, and were covered by well-built houses, are no longer occupied by well-to-do people. The tide of the ocean has been forced back, only to make room for the tide of immigration. This floating scum neces- sarily deposited itself where it could find a place, and its presence drove away such of the former inhabitants as were able to re- move to more agreeable neighborhoods. Their dwellings, built for the housing of single families, have been altered so as to shelter three or four, their yards and gar- dens have been covered with tenements, and the alleys, intended for the use of garbage- carts, have become the front streets of In- ferior houses. The inhabitants of this region represent every nation of Europe and all the conti- nents of the globe. There is a native Ameri- can element, not of the best, but it is far outnumbered by the heterogeneous mass of immigrants. It must be said that this motley herd somehow manages to lead its varied life with surprisingly little friction and with a certain amount of prosperity. Not more than one-fourth of the families be- long to the class called poor, having in- comes of less than ten dollars a week, and only one-sixth of them receive alms. That they receive what is better, in the shape of elevating influences, is proved by the appear- ance of this book. It records a bewildering number of systematic and unsystematic ef- forts on the part of outsiders to improve the condition of this "city wilderness," not the least of which is to be reckoned such a mis- sionary enterprise as the "South End House." This book, however, is not a record of the work of the "settlement"; It is a study, substantially on the lines followed by Mr. Charles Booth in London, of the physical, racial, social, economic, and political condi- tions of a community of foreign nature, es- tablished within an American community, and comprehended within American citizen- ship. Such communities are found in all our great cities, and as this investigation is thoroughly scientific in character, it deserves the attention of all who are interested In charitable labors. We shall pass by the chapters which de- scribe the characteristics of the different races, their employments, their amusements, and their vices, and shall note only that there is no lack of religious influences or of schools of divers kinds. These descriptions do not differ materially from others in similar fields, although it is cheering to find a hope- ful spirit lighting up a sombre picture. The chapter on the "Roots of Political Power," however, deserves particular attention aa Illustrating that degraded form of party gov- ernment which produces "boss-rule." The description of the development of tha local

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134: The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1755 "boes," or political leader, is particularly graphic, and is a genuine contribution to po- litical science. The lesson which it bears on its face would seem to be that no progress towards better city government is to be expected so long as there is a great deal of patronage at the disposal of government officers. The local politician, in short, at- tains his power because he is able to dis- tribute some of the public revenue among his followers. Without that resource he would lose his influence; and his influence increases as the number of "places" offered by the municipal government enlarges and as their emoluments are swollen. In view of this, the anticipation expressed in another chapter that enlarged municipal functions and the limitation of municipal employment to the members of favored guilds will purify our politicians, appears to us inconsistent. No attempt is made to support this theory by evidence, and, as we have noted, the evi- dence brought forward is against it. But a difference of opinion on this point need not keep us from heartily appreciating the dis- interested labors which have resulted in so instructive a volume as this "Settlement Study." The Hittites and their Language. By C. R. Conder, Lt.-Col. R. E. Dodd, Mead & Co. 8vo. 1898. Whether with or without reason, it still remains true that scholars are wont to look askance at the writings of certain men whose theories they treat with ill-concealed disdain. The author of the volume before us belongs in this category. Others might easily be mentioned, and it will be remem- bered that the name of Schliemann figured on the list. It cannot be denied that men like Schliemann, Sayce, Conder, and others are often carried away by their zeal for the subject of their investigations, and advance theories which cannot be maintained under the bright light thrown upon them from the workshop of the humdrum scholar. The world may sneer, if it will, but it is the richer because these men have lived and theorized. By all means let us have cool- headed scholars to control results, but we also need men who are not afraid or ashamed to go ahead and propound theories at the risk of seeing them adjudged fallacious or even chimerical. For science is advanced and the ground is cleared even by a negative result. In the present book. Col. Condor's thesis is that the Hittites were Mongols who spoke a Mongol (Turanian or Turkish) agglutinative language, and that, therefore, the Hittite in- scriptions are to be deciphered by the help of Mongol speech. In his 'Hettitische In- schrlften' (1892) Peiser had already declared in favor of comparing the Hittite language with the Turkish, and made an attempt at deciphering the inscriptions. Then came Jensen with his 'Hettiter und Armenier,' in which he classes the Hittite as an aggluti- native or suffixing and uninflected language, but nevertheless ranks it as Aryan, and com- pares it with Armenian, a prefixing and in- flected language. Both Jensen (whose work Messerschmidt has severely criticised) and Conder undertake to translate the Hittite inscriptions, but with results so widely di- vergent that, for the present, laymen must needs suspend judgment, to put the matter mildly. According to Conder, the Mongol race held undisputed sway in the Tigris-Euphrates val- ley from 2250 to 1700 b. c. Their empire was first shaken by Egypt (1700 to 1200 B. c), and was finally overthrown and its inhabi- tants scattered by the Semitic race in Assyria and Palestine (1200 to 700 b. c). Their pe- culiar script ceased to be used before 1500 b. c. The earliest notice of the Hittites in Syria is in the fifteenth century, when their empire extended from Marash to Carche- mish and Phoenicia; but as history ad- vances, their empire contracts, until we hear of it only at Carchemish. East of the Eu- phrates the Hittites were only occasional in- vaders. The author next essays to show that his thesis that the first ruling race in western Asia was Mongol, is proved both by the language and the physical type as seen in Hittite monuments. He does not claim for them the Mongol type of the Mantchus or the Chinese, but that of the pure Turks or Tatars of Bactria. These people he calls Sumerians, and contends that their language presented all the main features of the Turk- ish speech of to-day. These Mongol tribes ruled west of the Euphrates in Syria and Asia Minor before the Semitic race gained power; they were attacked in the west and north by Aryans and in the south by Semitic races, and were finally crushed at about 700 b. c. The texts, written in a very early pic- torial script which still exists on rock-cut sculptures throughout all this region, were surely couched in Mongol speech, and not in Aryan or Semitic speech, seeing that the population was certainly Mongol. The pe- culiar script of the rock-cut sculptures is intimately connected with that of the Su- merians In Chaldea. Conder next investigates the rock sculp- tures, the slabs, and seals which are inscrib- ed with Hittite inscriptions, and undertakes to prove that the religious designs found upon them serve to show that the religion of this Mongol race was portrayed by symbol- ism identical with that of the Sumerians and Akkadians. Religious symbolism, therefore, like racial type and language, supports the contention that the Hittite script was that of the northern Mongols of the earliest age, and dates from about 2250 b. c. The Hittite sym- bols do not exceed 167 all told, while the Egyptians possess 400, the Babylonians 550, and the Chinese 24,235. The inscriptions are written in boustrophedon style — a fact discovered, we believe, by our Dr. Ward, though no credit is given him for this or his other work along these lines. Between the Hittite hieroglyphs and the Cypriote syllabary the author draws a pa- rallel which seems to have a plausible basis, and then he proceeds to show that the Cy- priote emblems were originated by a people who spoke a Mongol language. For instance, a Cypriote sign having the outline of two mountains has the sound mi; we, therefore, must hunt for a language in which mi means "mountain" or "country," if we would find the language of those who invented the script. Similarly, a sign representing a man holding a stick has the sound of fa or da. Accordingly, in the language of the inventors of the script la or do must mean beat or drive. And so on. These conditions are ful- filled in Mongol speech, where ma and mi do mean "earth," "land," or "place," and da means "to drive." Conder next proves that internal evidence of the texts themselves shows that the structure of the language is Mongol, that Is, agglutinative, using suffixes and post-positions instead of prefixes and prepositions. Col. Conder then falls foul of De RougG and his theory as to the origin of the alpha- bet, and shows that in early Egyptian Hiera- tic Aleph did not mean "ox," nor Beth "house," etc., as we should naturally expect from their Phoenician names. But we do find that in old Mongol a or av means "bull," and in Akkadian ab (Turkish ev) mean* "house." Therefore, we owe the invention of the alphabet to the Hittites and not to the Egyptians. This thesis, we believe, was maintained by Sayce some ten years ago in his book, 'The Hittites.' Scholars generally believe that De Rouge's theory Is builded upon the adamantine rock, and therefore may not be undermined. But there are some who chafe under this yoke, and Evans, for instance, in his masterful essay, 'Primitive Pictographs and a Pras-Phoenician Script from Crete and the Peloponnese,' ultimately points to the Hittites as the original inven- tors of our alphabet. Now, whatever may be the final word in regard to all this theory, it has much in it that is plausible, much that is suggestive, as well as much that is wrong. The Elamttes, Kassites, and Sumerians have nothing to do with the Hittites, so that the first chapters of the book might have been omitted. Assyrlo- logists will certainly call Col. Conder to account for his comparison of the Hittite hieroglyphs with the archaic script of Baby- lonia, and philologists will hardly approve of his linguistic methods. The results of Col. Conder's labors are set forth in the several appendixes. Appendix 1. deals with Chronology, ii. with the Akka- dian language, iii. with Deities and Myths, iv. with the Hittite syllabary, consisting of 167 symbols, v. with the Origin of the Alpha- bet; vi. gives a translation of the Hittite texts, vii. gives the Hittite vocabulary. At the end of the volume we find sixteen plates containing the known Hittite inscriptions. These plates will be valuable, although much less so than if they had been larger. In the front of the volume a map professes to show the distribution of the Hittite monu- ments, but it fails singularly to do so. It were difficult to discover why the author has neglected to note the existence of Hit- tite monuments at El Flatun Pufiar, Fassil- ler, Izghin, Arslan Tash, El Bostan, and Singhirli; but such is the fact. Col. Conder does not wield a facile pen, for his pages are disfigured by such sentences as this: "Ten years of study seem to result in the historical rather than the religious being the true explanation" (p. 159), or this: "In conclusion of the present chapter. It Is proposed to consider the later history of the script" (also p. 159). EUmcnts de Botaniquc. Par Ph. Van Tieg- hem. Paris. 1898. Of late years there have been few greater surprises in botany than that which has been given by Prof. Van Tieghem's revolutionary proposal to change the system of classifica- tion of plants. So-called natural systems of classification of organisms are expressions of views as to relationships. Under the oid dogma of constancy of species, such a thing as a natural system, in the sense of its ex- pressing relationship by descent, was mani- festly an impossiblity. Degrees of differ- ence and of likeness were carefully weighed, and from the results were constructed sy»-

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Feb. 1 6, 1899] The Nation 135 terns which were expressions of these de- grees. Some of the systems were character, tzed by most Interesting collocations of spe- cies, and were helpful in many ways. The most widely accepted of these systems which had their birth under the dominance of the belief that species did not greatly change, was the work of many hands. In its com- posite form, it was adopted by innumera- ble writers, and is even now the basis of some of our most convenient manuals. But it became plain, after the general acceptance of a working theory of evolution, that the established system must be revised. It was admitted that the marvellous sagacity of its constructors had, in truth, anticipated many of the results reached by applying the the- ory of natural selection, but the time appear- ed to have come for a complete revision in accordance with the new luminous thought. This work fell to the hands of certain Ger- mans, and their reconstruction was thorough, Hanstein, De Bary, Eichler, Engler, and many others, cooperated in the endeavor, and although the system was not finished at one coup, It was marvellously consistent. Its usefulness as a practical system has been everywhere acknowledged to a greater or less extent, and it is, day by day, more and more approving itself to its users. It appears to be a clear statement of the birth-relations between species of plants. A few years ago, Prof. Van Tieghem of Paris undertook the study of certain parasi- tic plants of the higher class, and came to remarkable conclusions as to the structure of their seeds. The Investigation has been con- tinued with but. few interruptions from that time to the present, but its course has tra- versed some fields outside of its earlier li- mits. As a consequence of these excursions, the author began to suspect that there had been an overlooking of obscure affinities even where the light had seemed brightest. In communications to the French Academy, Prof. Van Tieghem gave from time to time frag- ments of his discoveries, and last year pre- sented a synthetic view— a system, in fact. The proposed system differs in so many par- ticulars from the recently established one which we have referred to, that it has been looked upon in most quarters as based on insecure foundations. There has been a ge- neral feeling that the results attained were of extreme interest, but could not be conso- lidated into a unified working system of clas- sification. In the handbook now before us, Prof. Van Tieghem makes a fair trial of his system, and commends it to the attention of elementary students. This is of the nature of a dis- tinct challenge, and the challenge will no doubt be eagerly accepted by many. We must frankly say that the boldness of such a challenge commands respect, and, however the contest may terminate, cannot fail to have profound Influence upon existing sys- tems. In stating this to the lay reader, one feels as if he ought to give in untechnical language the reasons for this conviction. Such a presentation of the case is, however, plainly impossible from its very nature, and we can only hint at even the most striking of the innovations. As everybody knows, there are two great groups of higher plants known respectively as dicotyledons and monocotyledons; the di- viding line between them, based on the num- ber of seed leaves, being associated with other less constant but yet strongly marked characters. Among these secondary charac- ters are the contrasts as to structure of the stems, velnlng of the leaves, and numerical plan of the blossoms. The line between the two groups was laid down as long ago as the close of the seventeenth century by the great master, John Ray, and nothing has been done from that time to this to obliterate the line. But, as may be supposed, much thought has been given, since the idea of selection as- sumed sway, to the fundamental question of the relationship between these groups. Did they spring fully differentiated from a com- mon stock, or did one develop from the other at a later period, and so on? Such answers are hard to obtain, but a few of them seem to be nearly within reach. The questions and answers are purely speculative, and have, at first sight, little or nothing to do with the questions of a practical character as to what plants are on this side and what are on that side of John Ray's line. It would seem to most persons to be a matter of inspection and counting whether grasses, for instance, have in their seeds one cotyledon or two. In such inspection and* counting, everybody has made out for the grasses only one cotyledon or seed-leaf in the embryo, and hence, from John Ray's time down to Van Tieghem's. grasses have been by common consent term- ed monocotyledonous. But Prof. Van Tieg- hem has detected a rudimentary second cotyledon in the embryo of grasses, and has associated this discovery with certain others. As a result of his interpretation, he places the grasses in a quasi-intermediate class, and puts by their side a vagrant order of dicotyle- dons which have held an uncertain position in all systems. This may indicate the revo- lutionary character of Prof. Van Tieghem's work. It may also indicate to our botanical teachers that in his elementary treatise may be found many surprises worth examining. And we may say to such teachers that they will find the little handbook thoroughly French in its lucidity, and charming from beginning to the end. Modem American Oratory: Seven Repre- sentative Orations. Edited, with Notes, and an Essay on the Theory of Oratory, by Ralph Curtis Ringwalt. Henry Holt & Co. 1898. Pp. vi, 329. Mr. Ringwalt prints here, without abridg- ment, addresses delivered by Schurz, Black, Phillips, Depew, Curtis, Grady, and Beecher, as specimens of the chief styles into which oratory is divided; with the additions indicat- ed on his titlepage. There is, further, a bib- liography of orators and oratory- The volume Is intended as a textbook, containing both precept and example for young speakers. There are pretty abundant references to pre- vious treatises, and at the same time the determination to be untrammelled by the past is pushed to paradox, contempt being expressed at the very outset for the "popular estimate which ranks Edmund Burke among the world's great orators." After reading carefully every word of the introductory treatise, one is forced back upon the conclu- sion that Mr. Ringwalt, like all his prede- cessors, will do good service by teaching young orators some things to avoid; but as soon as they attempt to construct orations by his precepts, they will lose the very essence of all oratory— reality. There are, in some of his model orations, many passages in the falsest taste, which were perhaps carried off at the time by the personality of the speak- er, but which would be very likely to infect a college speaker by the taint of their In- fluence. Mr. Rlngwalt's English Is by no means above criticism. He says "masterful" for "masterly" (p. 12), "look to" for "look at" (p. 13), "proportion" for "portion" (p. 61). He upholds Cicero's Oration for Milo as a model of narrative oratory; yet he must know it was never delivered, and conse- quently lacks one of his own essentials for a really model speech. HOOKS OK THE WEEK. Albalat, Antolne. 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136 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1755 HENRY HOLT & CO.. N.Y. BEERS'S ENGLISH ROMANTICISM- EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. i2mo,$2. WALKER'S DISCUSSIONS IN EDUCATION. 8vo,$S net. OXENHAM'S GOD'S PRISONER. A Story. 12mo, $1.25. GODFREY'S POOR HUMAN NATURE. A Musical Novel. 12mo, $1.50. PUGH'S TONY DRUM. Illustrated by Nicholson & Pryde. 12mo, $1.50. The New Far East A Study of Present Political Conditions and Prospects. By Arthur Diosy, Vice-Chairman of tho Council of the Japan Society. With 12 illustrations from special designs by Kubota Beisen, of Tokio, a reproduction of a cartoon designed by His Majesty the German Emperor, and a specially drawn map. 8vo, probable price, $3.50. 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The N^ion VOL LXVII1— NO. 1 756. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. The Macmillan Company's New Books JUST READY. The Lesson of Popular Government. By GAMALIEL BRADFORD, A.B. (Harvard). In two volumes. Cloth, 8vo. Ready about the first of March. This bojk inight be callel a Dsfenca of Democracy. It points out thaG government directly representative of universal suffrage has never existed in th9 world till this century, nor in full development till the third decade. No argument from any previous structure of government can be regarded a« conclusive, and time enough has not elapsed to justify positive inferences. The only really essential part of government is the executive. The function of a legislature should be, not to govern, but to see that the executive governs honestly and in the public interest, to obtain the advantages while preventing the abuses of executive power. The method prevailing in the United States of a single executive head — President, Governor or Mayor — elected by the whole people of the separate divisions, and confronted by a legislative body forms the best machinery for testing universal suffrage which the world has seen. That it has so largely railed is owing to the ambition of the legislative which has grasped the whole of government, depriving the executive at once of power and responsibility, and removing the govern- ment from the right and control of the people. The Development of English Thought. A STUDY IN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY. By SIMON N. PATTEN, Professor of Political Economy, University of Penna. Cloth Extra, Cr. 8vo, $3.00. CONTENTS. Chapter I. — The Theory. Chapter II. — The Antecedents of English Thought. Chapter III. — The Calvinists. Chapter IV. — The Moralists. Chapter V. — The Economists. Chapter VI. — Concluding Remarks. National Character. It is not what a man sees or hears that determines his character, but the activities or motor reactions which these perceptions excite. These motor reactions are slowly acquired but persist indefinitely because they reappear in each succeeding generation. An environment, on the other hand, consists of c rtain definite objects and forces consti- tuting at a given time the requisites for survival, and lasts only so long as a given group of these requisites has a supreme economic value. When a group of requisites is displaced by another, men are compelled to develop new activities in har- mony wiih the new conditions. There has been, therefore, not one perpetual environment but a series of temporary en- vironments, each of which has given to the race, through the economic struggle it has excited, certain characteristics that have become a part of the national character. And thus character is the one enduring, growing element in a civili- zation ; when compared with it all else, whether economic or physical, is temporary and fleeting. This view of the im- portance of character is not opposed to an economic interpretation of history, but is a plain deduction from it. That which endures has more importance than that which is frequently displaced. Mr. Watson's "Story of France." From the Earliest Times to the tylraUmto and Merest." Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte Tm*to.?™£&. $s.oo. -o,o. Can, Koo,™ By the Hon_ TH0MAg E WATS0N. M ,. $,.5o. Vo,. „. I, ft. Literature says of the first volume: "Mr. Watson has not only done a work that was worth the doing, but he has done it, for the most part, exceedingly well. He has given us a highly interesting book upon one of the most fascinating themes of history, an hiHtorical drama of which the interest steadily grows from the humble beginning of the nation to the consummation. ..." The Evening Telegraph, Phila., says of the second volione: "The public will await it impatientlv. Therein, of course, the author will describe the period of the great Revolution, which will naturally be the crown of the e'ntire work. We have every right to expect it to be an exposition which will attract the notice of the world." Send for the New Lists of Forthcoming Books and of Books Issued during 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol 68, No. 1756 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. POUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week I37 Editorial Articles: The President in Boston 140 The Decline of the Port 140 The New Question in England 141 Special Correspondence: The Pre-Iuiperial Josephine 142 Correspondence: Kules for Undermining a Flourishing Republic 143 The Spanish Conquest 144 Mr. Kipling's Call to America 144 Toynbee's Dante Dictionary 144 License in German Poetry 145 Files of the London ' 'Times' ' 1 45 Notes 145 Book Reviews: Sven Hedin in Asia 148 tieikie's Earth Sculpture 150 Chandler's Encyclopedia 151 Zoroaster 151 Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England vor Shakespeare 152 Books of the Week 153 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.00. 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(TCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' O AGENCY. ld«-M and best known in the U.S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. to its in- irely hears of vt An ApffTirv '? val»"ule m propom /Ul A^CllCy fluence. If it merely bears OI va- cancies and tellsfV|nf is something, butifitis asked to yon about them UK* I lecommend a teacher and rec- ommends yon. that is more. Ours D(i/,nmnlan ,4 c C W BARDEfeN. Syracuse. NY. KCCOIlimenaS FOR SALE OR TO RENT. Buildings and Grounds suitable for a first-class Boan Ing School. Apply to M. A F.. Portsmouth, N. H. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PABT8. By L. C. Boname,!z58 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examinational college. Practice In conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education. Boston: "A well-made series. 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Feb. 23, 1899] The ZTSTation iii WASHINGTON nts tMft\ have at least lamation of tictoed by your tl\ Houses of ecame. uniu- 100 YEARS Have passed since the GREAT- EST of ALL Americans penned his farewell address, but have YOU read the touching leave-taking which closes on the accompanying fac-simile page? You will find it in the messages anil Papers (AUTHORIZED BY CONGRESS) The Carefully Compiled, Anno- tated and Indexed Utterances (Of- ficial) of Each and All the Presi- dents of the United States since the Foundation of the Government. Inaugural addresses, annual messages, special messages, proclamations, execu- tive orders, veto messages, etc., eta, secret diplomatic correspondence, state department instructions, private military and technical reports; in fact, the com- plete story of the Government of the United States. An encyclopedic index covering every sub- ject, and giving the essential facts in con- densed form, raises the work to the highest value for the statesman, the student, and the citizen. Witli the index it occupies TEN octavo volumes of about seven hundred pages each. The tions consist of a complete gallery of Portraits of the Presidents, Government Buildings, copies of famous historic paintings, etc., which have never before been published in any I that, after forty-tfive years upright zeal, Ihe\ faults\of oblivion, as m ■pelf must aponi Relying on fi kindness \n tl fervent' love tJwarl it which \\ native soil of I himVelf and\ hij anticipate witlgkJsing exfteq myself to realize ^wthqut allory tl midst of my fellow-citizens free government — the ever-favg reward, as I trust, of our A Committee on Distribution has been ap with Hon. Ainsworth K. Spofford, of the C sional Library, as Genera] Secretary , for 1 pose of placing this gre:it wnrk before the Ai people at a nominal price— a trine more tlm In ten days 1 the amount will be refunded. ALL requests for further Information will receive prompt attention, in regular order, if addressed to AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, Gen'l Sec'y, Committee on Distribution, Dept. (W) , WASHINGTON, D.C.

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IV The IsTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 GINN AND COMPANY'S NEWEST BOOKS Hastings and Beach's General Physics By Professors Hastings and Beach of Yale University. Illustrated. 768 pages. $2. 75. Young's General Astronomy Revised Edition. By Professor C. A. Young of Princeton University. Half leather. 630 pages. Illustrated. $2.75. Byrd's Laboratory Manual in Astronomy By Mary E. Bykd, Director of the Observatory, Smith College. 273 pages. $1.25. Selections from Cowper's Poems Edited by Professor James O. Murray of Princeton Uni- versity. 243 pages. $1.00. Athenaeum Press Series. Hoyt's World's Painters and Their Pictures By Deristhe L. Hoyt of the Massachusetts Normal Art School. 272 pages. Fully Illustrated. $1.25. Catherwood's Heroes of the Middle West By Mary Hartwell Catherwood. 141 pages. Illus- trated. 50 cents. Fassett's Colonial Life in New Hampshire By James H. Passett, Superintendent of Schools, Nashua, N. H. 145 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents. Physical Geography By WILLIAM M. DAyiS Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard University ASSISTED BY WILLIAM H. SNYDER Master in Science in Worcester Academy, Worcester, Mass. Cloth. 428 pages. Illustrated, $1.25. ^KHIS NEWEST text-book on Physical Geog- ^^ raphy presents the leading principles of this branch of science in a form admirably adapted to the needs of pupils in secondary schools. The sub- ject is treated as dealing with " the physical environ- ment of man." Especial care has been taken to adapt the descrip- tions and explanations to the capacity of pupils in our higher schools. BOSTON. Descriptive Circulars of all our books sent, postpaid, on application. QINN & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. LONDON. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS German Higher Schools THE HISTORY, ORGANIZATION, AND METHODS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GERMANY. By JAMES E. RUSSELL, Ph.D. Dean of Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York 8vo, pp. xli-456, with 7 Appendices of Tables and a Full Index. $2.25 Contents: Beginnings of German Schools— The Rise of Protestant Schools —The Period of Transition— The Reconstruction of the Higher Schools— The Prussian School System— The Higher Schools of Prussia— Foundation and Maintenance of Higher Schools— Rules, Regulations, and Customs— Examina- tions and Privileges— Student Life in the Higher Schools— Instruction in Reli- gion—Instruction in German— Instruction in Greek and Latin— Instruction in Modern Languages— Instruction in History and Geography— Instruction in Mathematics— Instruction in the Natural Sciences— The Professional Training of Teachers— Appointment, Promotion, and Emoluments of Teachers— Ten- dencies of School Reform— Merits and Defects of German Secondary Educa- tion—The Privileged Higher Schools of Germany in 1807— Attendance in Higher Schools in Prussia— System of Privileges— Salary Schedules— Pensions of Teachers in the Higher Schools of Germany— Extracts from the General Pension Laws of Prussia— Leading Educational Journals of Germany— Index. ***For many years American Educators have drawn professional inspira- tion from German sources, and more recently it has become apparent that German ideas are taking root in British soil. The history, organization, and methods of the German elementary schools are generally well understood. We have grown familial- with the German universities and have profited not a little from the relationship. But very little has been written in English on the secondary education which is the foundation of the German university train tag and the basis of all professional service in the Fatherland. Yet it is pre- cisely in this sphere that German education can be studied to best advantage, and from it we have most to learn. Sanitary Engineering A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE COLLECTION, REMOVAL, AND FINAL DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE, AND THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS OF DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE With a Special Chapter on the Disposal of House Refuse and Sewage Sludge, and Numerous Hydraulic Tables, Formulae and Memoranda, including an Extensive Series of Tables of Velocity and Dis= charge of Pipes and Sewers, specially computed by Ganguillet and Kutter's Formula By Colonel ECS. MOORE, R.E. Author of "Sanitary Engineering Notes," etc.; formerly Instructor in Esti- mating and Construction at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham. Large 8vo, with 534 Illustrations and 70 Large Folding Plates. Pp. xxvii-621, $10.00 net. The Testing of Materials of Construction A Text-book for the Engineering Laboratory and a Collection of the Results of Experiment. By William Cawthobne Unwin, F.R.S., M. Inst., C.E., Hon. M. Inst. M.E., Professor of Engineering at the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute ; formerly Professor of Hydraulic and Mechanical Engineering at the Royal Indian Engineering College. Second Edition. With 5 Plates and 188 Illustrations and Dia- grams in the Text. Hvo, 4K5 pages, $6.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York,

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1899. The Week. President McKinley's address to the Commercial Club in Boston contained a frank announcement that the protection- ist "racket" is played out. "We have quit discussing the tariff," said Mr. Mc- Kinley, "and have turned our attention to getting trade wherever it can be found." With something dangerously like plagiarism from his predecessor in office, he added: "We have turned from academic theories to trade conditions, and are seeking our share of the world's markets." This is the very thing which the same eminent economist declared only eight short years ago would lead to national disaster. "The foreign mar- ket is delusory," was then his cry. It was the "poorest" of all markets, he said, because "in the foreign market the profit is divided between our own citizen and the foreigner, while with the trade and commerce among ourselves the profit is kept in our own family. If any one says, after reading that profound utterance, that Mr. McKinley in 1890 evidently knew nothing about foreign trade, we agree, with the addition that we do not think he does now either. Clearly all that will be done by the present Congress regarding our policy towards the Philippines will be the rati- fication of the treaty, the appropriation of the $20,000,000 required to carry out one of its provisions, and some make- shift measure for keeping in the army during the next twelvemonth as large a force as the exigencies of the situation require. The $20,000,000 appropriation was ruled out of the Sundry Civil Bill in the House on a point of order on Thursday, but the course of the debate showed that the money would be voted in some way before the 4th of March. It would, of course, be ridiculous to force an extra session simply in order that the appropriation might be made after the 4th of March, instead of before. Indeed, Mr. Bailey, the Democratic leader, who is a member of the committee on rules, said that this committee would provide a way to meet the demand, and there would be no popular support of any op- position to such a provision. On Mon- day a separate bill carrying the appro- priation passed the House without diffi- culty. It is no pleasant prospect which the news from Manila holds out. The na- tives have taken to the jungle, where they feel perfectly at home, and ask us to come on. This is an old game of theirs. They have tried it on the Spa- niards for years, and it seems the most natural thing in the world for them to begin it on the Americans. Gen. Otis has troops, enough to hold his lines and repel all attacks with ease; but an ag- gressive campaign in the interior is out of the question. Even after reinforce- ments arrive, it will be impossible to hunt the natives down in detail with- out enormous loss of life. If they choose to go on fighting, we may have for a long time nothing better to offer to the world in the way of Philippine gov- ernment than the Spanish did— that is, the coast towns held by force, and the interior left unexplored and uncontrol- led. It is a great disappointment, un- doubtedly, that the Filipinos have shown such a perverse determination to select the sauce with which they were to be eaten; but it should have been foreseen. "Why shall we not," asks Mr. Denby in the Forum — "why shall we not take the people of -the Philippines kindly by the hand and lead them into the blessed light of perfect freedbm?" Well, Mr. Denby and his fellow-commissioners are now nearing Manila, and will soon be in a better position to answer the question than any one at this distance. Seen from here, the principal difficulty in tak- ing the Filipinos kindly by the hand is that they seize that particular occasion to stick a Malay creese into you. Article 13, amending the Federal Constitution, declared that involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime duly proved, shall not exist "in any place" subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The Philippine archi- pelago will, by the treaty, be thus sub- ject. In the secret documents relating to the treaty recently published there is, on page 369, in a report of the testimony given by Gen. Merritt before the Paris Commission, the following: Senator Davis — "Do you understand that a condition of slavery prevails which is de- scribed in that letter read?" Gen. Merritt— "Yes, sir; entirely as de- scribed by Mr. AndreV' Andr6 was highly commended by Mer- ritt as having been in the Philippines fourteen years as Belgian Consul. His letter is on pages 386-389. It describes as generally prevailing the slavery for- bidden by the Constitution of the United States. What is to be done with such slave labor? The majority of the Senate Republican leaders and lawyers contend, as Teller, Foraker, and Piatt of Connec- ticut have contended, that the Philip- pines will not be under the thirteenth amendment till Congress shall so enact. Will Congress enact it? If Congress will not make the enactment, then can Presi- dent McKinley, or his army officers, act- ing under the Constitution, uphold the slavery? Ought they not to destroy it wherever met? Which Spanish laws are, after the treaty has been ratified, to be enforced in the Philippines? The earnest and unusual appeal of the War Department for the passage of the Hull army-reorganization bill, given out on Sunday, doubtless reflects the anxiety of the Administration lest it be caught without the necessary troops to carry out its Christian policy of civilizing the Fili- pinos by means of rifle and cannon. It is true, as the appeal states, that Senator Cockrell's compromise bill shows little of the expert's hand, and is lacking in many minor details, but the same is true of the Hull measure in a very large de- gree. The open confession that the lat- ter was drawn solely by Adjutant-Gene- ral Corbin and the officers of the depart- ment (nearly every one of whom would obtain promotion under it), without any aid from line officers, confirms a well- accepted belief in army circles, which led to its being received with grave sus- picion, aside from its inherent faults and weaknesses. No progressive military re- form bill could come to life in any Wash- ington staff bureau to-day, because such a measure would begin by sweeping con- solidation and effacement of those very bureaus which the Hull bill will strength- en and fortify to a remarkable degree. Yet these branches of the army are the very ones which were to blame for the delays and suffering of the last summer, and their present organization is one long since abandoned by all the Con- tinental nations. The fact is, that if the army's reorganization is to depend upon hasty action taken within the next two weeks, nothing but wasteful, ineffi- cient, ignorant and even corrupting legislation can be looked for. What is needed is an extra session, with plenty of time for the careful examination of a really scientific and far-seeing measure, and with no time for the hasty passage of some concoction of the discredited firm of Alger & Corbin. The navy personnel bill, originally drawn a year ago by Gov. Roosevelt, has now passed both houses of Congress, and after minor conference changes will go to the President. A more radical altera- tion of the corps of officers could hardly be made, since the bill provides for pro- motion by selection, raises the pay to correspond to that of the army, and practically amalgamates the line and en- gineer officers. How this last change will affect the service can be known only af- ter it has been tried for several years, since not even the English navy has as yet gone so far as to demand that the young officers must be trained engineers, as well as expert gunners, navigators, and fighters. The weak points of the re-

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138 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1756 organization are the provisions that when retirements and deaths do not an-, nually provide twenty-five promotions to the lieutenant-commander's grade, a board of rear-admirals shall weed out the least efficient officers, who will then be forcibly retired. Whether this ever- cnanging board can be relied on to act in a judicial manner and to be free from the minor political influences which have hitherto made themselves felt in Wash- ington naval circles, is a grave question. The principle, too, of retiring able-bodied officers, competent to be of considera- ble valueto the Government, simply to make room for younger officers, estab- lishes a new and dangerous precedent in our pension policy. The late war has proved that the present commanding of- ficers, even if above the ideal age of command, have been fully qualified to perform all the duties asked of them. Whatever the outcome of this reorgani- zation, nobody will deny that the navy has earned the right to try to improve itself still further, by its admirable bear- ing and conduct in the war, and by its splendid example of what can be done by a department of the Government from which the politicians are kept at bay. We accept the confession of the "friends" of the Nicaragua Canal bill that it is dead for this session of Con- gress. Certainly they could devise no more irregular or desperate means of getting their cherished measure through by hook or crook than the one which they tried on Wednesday of last week in the House, only to meet with ignomini- ous failure. If the rules of the House, devised to prevent sneak-thieving in connection with appropriation bills, are to be openly set aside in favor of grand larceny, there is an end of safeguarded legislation. No wonder the House drew the line at the revolutionary proposal of the "friends of the Nicaragua Canal" to fasten their measure as an amendment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation bill. When we say "friends of the Nicaragua Canal," we mean, of course, the people who want, not a canal, but a bill. Any old thing will do. In Heaven's name, pass a bill! Morgan's bill, Hepburn's bill, the Maritime Company-^ bill, the Cragin - Eyre bill, any one of them, any two of them dovetailed, all of them shuffled up together — pass any measure you will, only pass something. That is what the "friends" have been saying to Congress, and the reason is obvious. As Mr. Dockery warned the House, the same forces which are push- ing the subsidies bill are pushing the crude, the impossible canal bills. They are the forces of corruption— what it is convenient to call the McKinley Syndi- cate. Senator Hanna frankly avowed their plan of campaign in angry talk to Mr. Cannon. In this halcyon time of ex- pansion the Syndicate must g;ab all that was in sight. Subsidies, bounties, canal bills— anything would "go" if it was only labelled "expansion" or "greater Ameri- ca." The next Congress might be more particular or timid. Now was the time to seize everything, and what did Mr. Cannon mean by getting in the great Hanna's path? Well, behind Mr. Cannon there stood a burlier form than his. It is the Speaker of the House to whom the credit is due of having smashed the Syndicate. Another step towards the abolition of liquor in the military and naval ser- vice of the nation has just been taken by the Navy Department. The canteen system that has existed in the army, by which beer was sold under the oversight of the military authorities, has never ob- tained a strong foothold in the navy; but there have been several vessels aboard which such sale was permitted, and there are now two such. An order has been issued by Secretary Long an- nouncing that, after mature deliberation, the Department has decided that it is for the best interest of the service that the sale or issue to enlisted men of malt or other alcoholic liquors on board ships of the navy, or within the limits of naval stations, be prohibited; and forbidding commanding officers and commandants hereafter to allow any such liquor to be sold to or issued to enlisted men, either on board ship or within the limits of navy-yards, naval stations, or marine barracks, except in the medical depart- ment. against the controlling influence of po- litical considerations in appointments. There is still a chance to save the next census from being wrecked. The bill which provides for that great enterprise passed the House with a section enact- ing that, in the selection of the statisti- cians, clerks, and other employees, the operation of the civil-service law, which would naturally apply to such places, should be suspended. The Senate has it in its power to amend the measure so that these thousands of positions shall be brought within the sphere of the merit system. It seems absurd that any argu- ment should be required to demonstrate not only the wisdom of such a provision, but also its necessity, if the census is to be worth anything. Experience has shown the truth of this beyond the possi- bility of question. The rules were sus- pended in 1890 in the same way as is now proposed, and the result was that the Superintendent had to give the larger share of his time to the distribution of "patronage," and got such an inefficient set of subordinates that their work was largely worthless. The pending bill pro- vides for "pass" examinations, and its advocates have claimed that such tests would be as valuable as competitive ex- aminations; but the "pass" system was tried a decade ago, and it proved utterly worthless, alike as a method of getting efficient employees, and as a guard A Washington correspondent reports that the Republican leaders in Congress think that they have got hold of a new issue. They have "kept it dark" hitherto, but judge that the time has now come to reveal it. It is nothing less than a pro- position, in accordance with the four- teenth amendment, to revise the basis of representation of the various States in the lower branch of Congress and in the electoral college, with a view to a radical reduction of the power exercised by the States which formerly used to be known as "the Solid South." Every State places some restriction upon the right of male citizens to vote; not one, for example, allowing an idiot to cast a ballot. Some States require the payment of a poll or other tax as a prerequisite to voting. Many States insist that a man shall be registered in order to vote. Several States, like Massachusetts in the North, and Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana in the South, have established an educational qualification. These lat- ter three States have constructed an ela- borate system, of which the educational test is only a part, with the openly avow- ed design of disfranchising the larger part of the negroes who formerly voted. The practical operation of this system gives those Southern States whose colored population is large, Representa- tives in Congress and Presidential elec- tors out of all proportion to the number of votes which they cast. As nearly all these Representatives and electors are invariably Democrats, the Republicans have a partisan motive for wishing to make a radical change. The plan proposed is to find out the number of male citizens in every State whose right to vote is denied or in any way abridged, and reduce the Repre- sentatives and Presidential electors for each State in the proportion which the number of such male citizens bears to the whole number of its male electors. This would involve only slight changes in the North, but would revolutionize the representation of the States in the South, particularly the lower South. But how are you going to establish the fact of abridgment? A large proportion of the qualified white voters in Massa- chusetts and of the qualified black voters in the South do not go to the polls. The fact that they do not cast their ballots does not mean that their right to vote has been abridged in any way. It simply indicates that they do not care enough about the privilege to exercise it. It is futile to think of effecting through the fourteenth amendment what the fif- teenth amendment has failed to secure, namely, protection against nullification of the right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condiiion of servi- tude." The Supreme Court has always

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Feb. 23, 1899J The Nation. 139 shown a blind eye to evidence of such nullification. Sanitation in Havana and Santiago has already, though incomplete, wrought wonders in stamping out infectious dis- eases and reducing the death-rate. There will necessarily be something of a re- lapse, however, when (he rains come and find Havana without adequate sewerage. It is already too late to undertake the work this year; to have the streets torn up in the rainy season would be to in- vite worse horrors. This question of cleaning up old cities and conquering the plague after conquering the terri- tory which it. haunts, is one with which the English have had long and sorrowful acquaintance. "Year by year," says Kipling, "England sends out fresh drafts for the first fighting line which is of- ficially called the Indian Civil Service. These die or kill themselves by over- work, or are worried to death or broken In health, in order that the land may be protected from death and sickness, famine and war, and may eventually be- come capable of standing alone. It will never stand alone, but the idea is a pret- ty one and men are willing to die for it." A recent number of the London Lancet gave a tragi-comic account of the efforts of an English surgeon to root out the plague in Malegaon. There was no hospital, so a rest-house in a Mussul- man cemetery was converted into one, which, the surgeon wrote, "was very handy, for the cases usually die in five days." The dogged energy of the man in pursuing his course in the face of the ignorance and superstition and hos- tility and deception of the natives at last had its reward, and Malegaon be- came plague-free. But it was not till after the Englishman had had his house looted by the natives, and he himself had been smitten with the plague; in the end, however, the people feted their deliverer. Doubtless the most serious complica- tion which Governor Roosevelt has to face in the way of a Black legacy is the financial condition of the State. It was brought out at the conference of Repub- lican Senators on Thursday, that the deficits in the various State departments now aggregate about §453,000. It was also revealed that, in addition to spend- ing the $9,000,000 special appropriation for canal improvements, with the work only half done, Aldrich entered into con- tracts for nearly $5,000,000 more of work, and that the State might be held liable for these. Then there is a special item of $1,500,000 for war expenses which must be paid. Part of this will be paid back ultimately by the national Govern- ment, but in the meantime it must be met by taxation. Here is a total of about $7,000,000 to be added to the State's ex- penditures for the year, and that means a perceptible increase in taxation. Thus the Roosevelt administration must be made to bear the burden of the short- comings and misdeeds of the Black re- gime or starchless partisan orgy. If the special counsel, under the Govern- or's inspiration, can succeed in bringing Aldridge and Adams to book for their doings, the responsibility for the greater part of this burden will be placed where it belongs, squarely on the shoulders -of Black and Piatt. The people of the State can be trusted, in any event, to see that it is in no way chargeable to Gov. Roose- velt. The assault of the Croker Government upon the Manhattan Elevated Railway Company gives that corporation the op- portunity of its life. Let its managers come before the public with a full reve- lation of all their relations with Tam- many in the past, setting forth the facts as a reason for refusing to yield any further to demands from that quarter. That would silence all Croker's fears and anxieties lest the company be not doing its full duty to the dear people. It would remove all his doubts about the artistic perfection of the elevated struc- ture in Battery Park. It would quiet the qualms of President Mike Murphy and Dr. Feeny of the Health Board about the unhealthful influence of absorbent matting on the floors of the cars, and the danger to life from draughts through the lack of vestibules on the company's trains. The whole Croker "outfit" would find everything relating to the company's business in perfect condition on the mere threat of a revelation of this character. Why will not Messrs. Sage and Gould make such disclosure? Why not let us all know how it comes about that the extremely cordial relations which existed between Croker and the company when Mayor Van Wyck came in, are now so thoroughly disrupted? Only a little more than a year ago nothing was too good for Croker's agents to say of the elevated system. Croker's Mayor extolled it in his first message, and Croker himself spoke highly of it in his various public com- munications. What was the cause of these delightful relations then, and what has led to their discontinuance? The public mind is in a very receptive mood on these points now. We may say. also, that it is in a more friendly mood toward the Manhattan Company than it has been for a long time. The vicious character of Croker's assault, combined with his obvious ingratitude for past fa- vors, has created sympathy for the com- pany. There is a general feeling that Croker has "gone too far." Then, too, he has timed his assault badly. We have just emerged from a most unusual test of our transit facilities, in which the ele- vated lines have demonstrated their great usefulness, not to say their su- periority, in such crises, over all other methods which we have in use now. The people have had it brought home to them that, if we had not had the elevated lines, we should have been nearly deprived of the facilities of lo- comotion. They are no more convinced than heretofore that the elevated system is adequate for our needs, but they are convinced that until we have something better we cannot suffer any diminution in the accommodations which it offers. Our ruler should have waited until plea- sant weather had come, say five or six weeks hence. His motives in making the attack would possibly have been ques- tioned with as much interest then as they are now, but he would not have so alarmed the public about its own con- venience. He should be able to see that the one thing he should avoid in the administration of the government is se- rious interference with the comfort of his subjects. He can rob and blackmail all he pleases, but he must not make life uncomfortable for us. There must be ad- visers about him who are shrewd enough to see this if he is not. The adviser was certainly shrewd, or else had a retentive memory, who reminded him of that Bat- tery Park agreement upon which he could base his assault. Nobody believes that Croker himself remembered that this agreement was drawn in 1876, when William C. Whitney was Corporation Counsel. Mr. Whitney himself is so ab- sorbed in the affairs of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company that it is doubtful if he remembered it himself till he saw Croker using it as a club. Had he been consulted, he would surely have advised against the assault at this time. The French seem to be acting on the whole with great restraint and good sense in the crisis precipitated by the sudden death of President Faure. This will disappoint their enemies abroad as well as intriguers at home. It will also mystify a certain order of excited com- mentators on French affairs who have built up, for their own comfort, a pleas- ing sort of fiction about "Gallic" fickle- ness and folly. Things which would be incredible anywhere else they confident- ly predict for France; and if you ask why, their only answer is, "Oh, well, France, you know " In particular are they given to foretelling a revolution in France. In favor of whom or how brought about, they will not say, but a revolution they insist upon having year after year. Now it need not be denied that French affairs take many unexpect- ed turns, and that the safest prophets are those who arise after the event; but there have been signs for some time that the solid and conservative elements of the country were getting more and more in control of the situation. Their success in peacefully electing a suitable Presi- dent in M. Loubet furnishes excellent reason for hoping that they may soon surmount their remaining political dif- ficulties.

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±4=0 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No 1756 THE PRESIDENT IN BOSTON. It cannot be denied that Mr. McKin- ley's speech before the Home Market Club in Boston last Thursday was as shrewd as it was characteristic. There was not a spark of initiative or leader- ship in it. The President stood up before his fellow-countrymen, in this great crisis of our national life, to confess him- self as perplexed and confused and igno- rant as they, yet as hopeful also, as well- meaning, as ready to grin and bear it, to trust to luck to make all come out right in the end. These are not the arts of the great political orator, or the ways of the daring political leader, but they per- fectly fit the assumed role of an expec- tant and obedient servant of the people. They hit the great average dulness be- tween wind and water. "McKinley thinks just as I do," will be the complacent re- mark of the mass of his readers. Nine- tenths of mankind divide all thought in- to just two classes — "my idee exactly," and "humbug." Mr. McKinley is one of the rare public speakers who are able to talk a good deal of humbug in such a way as to make their average hearers think it excellent sense and exactly their idea. His performance at Boston was ajl the more clever because he was confronted there by exceptional difficulties. He had to face past utterances of the Home Market Club, and its recent positive de- clarations against the policy of adven- ture in the Philippines, to the defence of which he devoted his speech. Worse than that, he had to face utterances and de- clarations of his own against that poli- cy. When Mr. McKinley addressed the Home Market Club in 1888, he was the most home-keeping statesman in all the land. "Let England take care of herself, let France look after her interests, let Germany take care of her own people, but, in God's name, let Americans look after America!" That was then his elo fluent cry. He was against any "entering wedge," such as the Home Market Club now asserts his policy of the "open door" to be, which "will in the end overthrow the entire edifice" of protection. As for going out to "invade the world's mar- kets," no man could be hotter against that fatal policy than was Congressman William McKinley. Hear what he said, on April 24, 1890, would happen if we were to try doing precisely what we are doing under his direction: "If we would invade the world's mar- kets, harsher conditions and greater sac- rifices would be demanded of the masses. Talk about depression— we would [should] then have it in its fulness. We would [should] revel in unrestrained trade; everything would, indeed, be cheap, but how costly when measured by the degradation which would ensue. When merchandise is the cheap- est, men are the poorest; and the most dis- tressing experiences in the history of our country— eye, in all human history— have been when everything was the lowest and cheapest measured by gold, for everything was the highest and the dearest measured by labor. . . . With me this posl a deep conviction, not 8 theory." With such awkward voices coming out of the past, it required, we say, no little address on the part of President McKin- ley to surmount the oratorical difficulties of his position in Boston. But he sur- mounted them by ignoring them. Not a word about trade or protection or the open door fell from his lips. Instead of charging up the hill, he made a wide detour, and appeared innocently un- aware that there was any hill at all. This must have been something of a staggerer to the officers of the Home Market Club, who had been publicly remonstrating with the President for fatally wounding protection in the house of its friends by throwing the Philippines and Cuba and Porto Rico open to the trade of the world. They perhaps wondered how he could get out of this "corner." Bless their simple hearts, had they not read the Tribune on the extraordinary elo- quence of Mr. McKinley's "silences"? "Corners" simply disappear when si- lence is dense enough. Difficulties must be impudent indeed if they continue to exist after being ignored. As a master of significant silences, however, Mr. McKinley was not so suc- cessful when he came to speak of our liberating and civilizing mission in the Philippines. If he could only have ig- nored the volleys from those Filipino guns! But he could not, and their crack- ling disturbed some of his most touch- ing periods. We were in Manila as "li- berators" and "rescuers"— there was no doubt of that; but somehow we had only precipitated "a reign of terror," and the liberated natives were unaccountably engaged in shooting down their rescu- ers. Still, we were to go on and confer priceless blessings upon the "gems and glories of those tropical seas," and if "trie misguided Filipino" did not appre- ciate or desire our presence, why, the "liberator" could not "submit important questions concerning liberty and govern- ment"— their liberty and government — to men whom it was necessary first to kill. Their children and grandchildren, as the President said, may "bless the American republic because it emancipat- ed and redeemed their fatherland," but the present generation is in a fair way to be killed off in the process. We dwell upon some of the examples of moral and political confusion in the President's speech, because they show us once more into what a false and humiliating position the country has been brought. Mr. McKinley said the best that can be said for the honest in- tentions and humane purposes of this country in taking over the Philippines. But no canting about humanity can cover up the frightful inconsistencies which mark our progress. We may be humane, but the Filipinos think us tyrannous. The situation in the islands is clearly pictured in a letter from its Manila correspondent in the Evening P0$t of Friday. He wrote a month be- fore the armed collision, but the drift towards hostilities was unmistakable. The more the natives saw of the Ameri- cans, the less they liked them. They did not relish our ways, our manners, or our morals. They would draw no fine dis- tinction between aggressors; and if the Americans were to do as the Spanish did, they would simply class both together in a common hatred. This is the enormous difficulty and inconsistency of our posi- tion. We are going where we are not wanted, to do what is not liked. We may be as pure of purpose as St. Francis and as humane in intention as St. Dominic; but if the natives have to be shot in order to be taught how good and benevolent we are, they cannot be great- ly blamed for regarding all our humani- ty, even when tricked out in the flowers of Presidential rhetoric, as no better than the cruel tender mercies of the wicked. THE DECLINE OF THE PORT. We do not put this heading to this article to make a sensation, but simply to call the attention of our readers to a very important fact, the truth of which all admit — namely, that the business of the port of New York is and has long been declining, and that nothing is being done to arrest its decline, while much continues to be done to hasten it. Two or three years ago the subject was takeu up by the Chamber of Commerce, which for a little while talked a good deal about it, and gave forth much speculation about its causes. The cause of the de- cline of a port must always be a subject of mere speculation. The business of a port consists in the number of ships which bring cargoes to it and take them away from it. Every one is entitled to his own opinion as to the reason for which this business improves or falls off. The Chamber of Commerce, on the oc- casion referred to, clung fast to the belief that it was the badness of the channel which did it; and our suggestion that it was bad government seemed almost to throw a great many of the Chamber into a rage, so reluctant were they to cast any imputation on our rulers. The best authorities on this question would be the people who have ceased to send their goods here. We may be sure that as long as merchants are desirous of sending goods here, ship-owners will be glad to carry them. We have not yet heard of a single ship-owner who has withdrawn his vessels on account of the channel. When the big steamers keep up their traffic we may feel pretty sure that the channel trouble is not serious, and that smaller vessels have no real difficulty in keeping up their traffic. The great difficulty in dealing with the question is that the persons who could throw most light on the subject and know most about its causes, are terror- I ized, as nearly everybody in New York;

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Feb. 23, 1899] T h. e 2ST a t i o 11 141 is, by an authority of some sort. Ship- pers are terrorized by the custom-house; ship-owners are terrorized both by the health officers and by the custom-house, while everybody is afraid of Tammany; and there is, of course, therefore, a gene- ral desire to throw the blame on some- body or something else, preferably some- thing inanimate like a channel, which will avoid the necessity of blaming somebody who can hit back or inflict vengeance. The custom-house trouble has been becoming worse and worse as the tariff fever has grown. The desire for more duties has naturally magnified the office of custom-house in- spector as the man who collects the tariff, and the rights and the comfort of citizens who pay have become of less im- portance. Our custom-house has been absolutely converted from an office for the collection of duties into an office for discouraging foreign travel, and for con- trolling people in the purchase of their clothes and their manner of spending their summer. More astounding, too, this is done on the instigation not of leading citizens, merchants, manufacturers, law- yers, or even influential politicians, but of scrubby little tailors or variety men who find their custom short, and actual- ly are able to get the Government to help them persecute and annoy their lead- ing fellow-citizens. Well knowing what they are up to, it legislates for their be- nefit, and allows them to plant salaried spies on the wharves to discredit and humiliate its own officers, when the proper course for a great government would have been to allow its officers to throw the spies into the river. This would have been illegal, possibly cruel, but it would have exhibited pride. Fi- nally, when charged with helping the tailors, the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury denies it all, and pretends that the legislation was for the promotion of "morality." When one groups a lot of these things together, who would sup- pose the United States passed much of its time on "glory-crowned heights," or was even a wholesale dealer? The whole management of the custom- house is infected with the same picayune character. One of the marks of a great nation is the practice of doing things above board, revealing its intentions openly, and defying criticism. People who go to Europe in summer are no more bound to support New York tailors than any other class of the community. Very few of them can afford to support a tailor. Very few tailors deserve to be supported by anybody else. An honest government which thought tailors should be supported by any species of coercion, would have said so. It would not have allowed tailors who were desirous of compelling other people to support them to masquerade as promoters of revenue; it would have put the desire of tailors to be supported in the preamble of the bill, as its true cause. Then see how it treats its own citi- zens, who make no complaint, who ask nothing but their constitutional right to go and come, and follow lawful callings, and bear no more than legal burdens. It finds that its inspectors on the wharf are unfaithful to their trust. So, instead of compelling them by law to examine bag- gage honestly, and increasing their num- ber so as to make the passage of the custom-house by travellers prompt and easy, it falls foul of the passenger, and compels him to submit to the most hu- miliating ceremony of modern times. It compels him to swear to what he has in his baggage, and then immediately announces it does not believe him by ex- amining the baggage and treating the passenger's "forgetfulness," or "absorp- tion of mind," as presumptively crimi- nal, to be explained before an officer called the Deputy Surveyor, who is arm- ed with judicial powers to pass on the wharf on the honesty of the passenger's intentions, condemn him without jury, and confiscate his property! Are Ame- ricans grown so sheeplike that this oath can continue to be administered, without purpose or remonstrance, year after year, and made the basis of a charge of fraud by an officer without le- gal education, or, for all the passenger knows, without character? Will nobody get the power to administer it for the purpose of comic-tiny citizens of perjury, legally tested? It may be right or ex- pedient to administer it to a trader about the goods he is importing, but to admi- nister it to a man who is simply seeking to reach his home with his personal bag- gage, and make him wait for hours in order to take it, is one of the most gro- tesque outrages ever perpetrated in a free country. The duty of custom-house officers in such a country is not to lay traps for travellers, or trouble or detain them, or throw their effects out on the dirty wharf. It is to examine them as fully and fairly as possible. A government has a right to say how much clothing a tra- veller may bring in with him free of duty, and has a right to ascertain how much he has brought in, and make him pay on it; but it ought to calculate whe- ther the sum of money it gets from the process is worth the delay, annoyance, and trouble to which it has to subject the citizen. This is the question which runs through the whole subject of im- port duties. Is the result of the tax worth the cost of collecting it, whether it be in money or vexation? We have no doubt every passenger would pay $25 to avoid being stripped on the wharf, but would the result make it worth while to strip him? Tailors have no more claim on the state than other people. Make Jones pay his taxes, but there is no "moral" duty to make him pay if the tax is too small to be worth collection. If your force of inspectors is too small, enlarge it. If it is dishonest. dismiss it. If it is efficient, cling to it. But do not attack private citizens be- cause you do not know how to manage your own business. THE NEW QUESTION IN ENGLA \ I). The controversy with the ritualists in England continues and grows. Sir Wil- liam Harcourt has for some months been engaged in a discussion with the bishops, in which he has completely overthrown them. His point was, that they could put an end to the ritualistic vagaries if they chose, that the law gave them full pow- ers. They regretted the ritualism, but maintained they could not stop it, first, because they had no legal power; se- cond, because the ritualistic parsons were few in number; third, because they were numerous and valuable; and fourth, because many of their practices were really permitted in the prayer-book, but had fallen into desuetude. By disposing of the first of these pleas. Sir William really made short work of all the others. In his last letter he cited two cases, one before the old Arches Court previous to its abolition more than twenty-five years ago, but the other in 1883, in which parsons, on the bishops' prosecution, had been deprived of their livings for departures from the ritual as prescribed in the prayer-book. He show- ed clearly enough that there was abun- dant law for the bishops' interference with the very practices which are now going on in so many churches in Eng- land, and the only reason that will bear examination why they are not stopped, is the bishops' refusal to interfere. The question why they refuse is receiving various answers, but the favorite one is that they really sympathize with the ri- tualists themselves, either because they agree with them on points of doctrine, or because they consider the ritualistic cler- gy so valuable as a religious influence on the masses, particularly in the great cities, that they shrink from driving them away from the church. Lord Salisbury has assigned a reason for the bishops' inactivity which ha3 probably a good deal of truth in it, viz., that they dread the expense of clerical prosecutions. We have been assured by one of them that it costs him at least three thousand dollars out of his own pocket to prosecute even what is called a "criminous clerk," guilty of immorali- ty, where the case is plain. Prosecutions on points of doctrine cost even more, be- cause they involve long arguments by crack counsel, learned in church law. Now bishops are human. Their incomes, though apparently large, are not so, con- sidering the demands upon them. Cus- tom requires them to live in a certain style, and the amount of hospitality which they have to bestow is a terrible burden. Their charities, too, are very large. On the whole, therefore, they may be considered poor men as far as their

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14=2 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 official income is concerned, and but few of them have private fortunes. A year ago a bill was introduced in Parliament providing that they might receive the cost of prosecutions of offending clergy- men from another church fund, but it was withdrawn at their unanimous re- quest, because they did not wish to ap- pear to be saving their own pockets at the expense of another worthy object. They generally have families, too, and one of the curious anomalies of the Eng- lish church is that, though the church is a state institution, they are expected to keep it sound and respectable out of their own money. Everything has been done in times past to make them consider a bishopric a good thing from a worldly point of view, and yet they are now expected to act as if the world- ly side of the office were of no con- sequence. They are now, however, apparently left without excuse for not acting. Harcourt having demolished their legal defence, they are brought face to face with the popular feeling, which is strong. And it is strong for more than religious reasons. The democratic wave has na- turally not rolled so long in England, and taken away the county government from the fathers and brothers of the parsons, without reaching the churches. The old doctrine that the church and churchyard were the parson's freehold, has been shaken to its base. It is not many years since some of the parsons were disposed to resist even the act of Parliament which allowed people, under certain restrictions, to have other than Episcopal burial services in the church- yards, over their own dead. One par- son wrote to Archbishop Tait that he would meet with a pitchfork the first Dissenting funeral procession which came to his churchyard. That has all gone by. The democracy, having got hold of the state, is now disposed to deal drastically with the church also, and cut down the parson's powers as well as the squire's. Consequently, there is a good deal more than either ritual or theology in the pre- sent movement. The independence of the clergy offends a great many people who care nothing about the ritual, and the tendency of the ritualistic movement is greatly to exalt the power of the clergy. In fact, to all intents and purposes, it makes them the "church," and gives the laity hardly anything to do except genu- flect. This the masses in England are not disposed to stand. The relations be- tween the country people and their par- son are rarely cordial. Under the old regime the parson was apt to meddle a good deal, and take a good deal on him- self in virtue of his social position and his property in the church and glebe, and he could not do so for long years without breeding a good deal of resentful feeling. It is mainly in the towns among the "re- siduum" that the ritualistic clergy have made way. In the country towns the masses are apt to dissent, and in the country they growl a good deal at the parson. This is, therefore, not a lucky time at which to push a Romanizing movement and spread "priests" all over the coun- try once more. Some one, in writing to the Times about the matter, recalls a pas- sage from Froude in which he speaks of the terrible mistakes of the Catholic re- action after the Council of Trent. In- stead of trying to come to terms with the Protestant revolt, it became more ar- bitrary, uncompromising, and ferocious than ever, and we had the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the Dutch war, the Dragonnades, and so on. The .result was savage hatred of the church in the lead- ing countries of the world. This is now dying out, but instead of still further fostering kindly or tolerant feelings to- wards the pretensions of the church, the ritualistic clergy are making demands on credulity which the public rejected three hundred years ago, when it was twenty times more credulous than it is now and had twenty times as much re- spect for priests as it has now, and when the clergy had an intellectual preemi- nence which they have lost. THE PRE-IMPERIAL JOSEPHINE. Paris, January 26, 1899. The indefatigable M. Frederic gives us a new volume on the first wife of Napoleon. It is entitled 'Josephine de Beau- harnais' and deals with her only before she became the wife of General Bonaparte. M. Masson has hitherto been occupied chiefly with the Empress; he gave to the pub- lic the end of his long and patient study be- fore its beginning. Many parts of the pre- sent volume tave appeared in fragments in reviews, but we have now before us the whole of Josephine's existence from 1763 to 1796; and strange and romantic as her after life was, her early life is in one sense no less interesting. When the ceremony of Napoleon's corona- tion occurred, when the new Caesar took the crown from the hands of the Pope to place it himself on his head, when he felt surrounded by all the pomp of the court of his own creation, he turned for a moment to his brother Joseph, and, remembering his early days, asked, "What would our father say if he saw us now?" Josephine might well have made the same reflections: the contrast between her new and her former life was as great, and, in one sense, per- haps greater, for if there was much to ex- plain and justify the glorification, the apo- theosis of the new Caesar — if a hundred vic- tories surrounded him with a prestige which was felt by all — what was there to explain the ascent of Josephine into the region of historical greatness? She had a single title to it: she had been distinguished and chosen by Napoleon, and she had been loved by him. Napoleon often said of himself, "Je ne suis pas tendre," and he gave sufficient proofs of it. He was Ivnilrc towards Jo- sephine, and towards her alone; he fell for her a genuine passion, which he never afterwards felt for any other woman, and this is why Josephine will always interest the psychologist as well as the historian. "This woman," says M. Masson, "played in the sentimental life of the General, the Consul, the Emperor, the chief part. Her action was not foreign to decisions which he took; and in order to explain certain ten- dencies of his mind, certain states of bis imagination and his heart, it is necessary to know exactly who she was, how she thought, where she came from, and what became of her. In most if not all of the books which have been written about her, one finds only imbecile legends, interested praises, voluntary errors, a lot of idle decla- mation, proving nothing and explaining nothing; in the place of facts, epithets; in the place of dates, adjectives. I have found It necessary to go over this life as a judge would have done; to preserve of all that has been printed only serious, authentic documents, coming from the con- temporary parties concerned; to group round these documents those which I owe to my personal researches; and, of the collection so formed independently of any preconceived idea, without any sentiment of flattery or of complacency, to disengage the woman, her life, her acts, her character, her spirit." In 172f>, Gaspard- Joseph Tascher de la Pagerie went to Martinique in quest of for- tune. He belonged to an old and poor fami- ly; he married a Mademoiselle de la Cheva- lerie, and had three daughters. One of them, Marie-Euphemie-Desiree, succeeded in being attached to the household of the Governor of the French islands, M. de Beauharnais. The Governor had among the officers of his staff a M. Renaudin, who fell in love with Made- moiselle de la Pagerie and offered to marry her. Renaudin's parents opposed the mar- riage, but not because of Euphemia's pover- ty. "The ill-behavior of her father, his dis- ordered affairs, and the reproaches which were publicly levelled in the island against Mile, de la Pagerie for having obtained on several occasions, through her standing with M. and Madame de Beauharnais, favors which excited much discontent," were the rea- sons alleged by the family. On the death of the elder Renaudin, the mother withdrew her opposition; the marriage took place, and the power of the young Madame Renaudin became greater than ever at the little court of the Governor. M. de Beauharnais gave great dissatisfaction to the inhabitants of the island; he was recalled and replaced. He left for France in 1761, with his wife and a young child. M. Renaudin remained in the colonies; Madame Renaudin left with her father for France. There was no legal sepa- ration between her and her husband, and she retained all the legal advantages which she had received by contract from her hus- band. While he was Governor, M. de Beau- harnais procured a good match for a brother of Madame Renaudin, Joseph-Gas- pard de la Pagerie. This young La Pagerie was married by a Capuchin curate of Trois-Ilets to Mile, des Vergers de Sannois, of a good nobility of Brie. He was Lieute- nant of Artillery and of the coast-guard. Josephine was one of the three children of M. de la Pagerie. She was born on June 23, 1763 — a Frenchwoman, since at that date the island was in possession of the French. La Pagerie was put on half-pay and pen- sioned; he had a powerful patron at Ver- sailles in the person of M. de Beauharnais, who was in high favor and had been made a Marquis. On her arrival in France, Madame Renau- din first toi k an apartment of her own, but after a short time she began to live openly under the same roof with M. de Beauharnais. Madame de Beauharnais retired to her mo-

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Feb. 23, 1899] The Nation. 143 Iher's house at Blois, and came only oc- casionally to Paris. She died October 5, 1767, and from that day Madame Renaudin became completely the mistress of M. de Beauhar- nais's house. She kept under her sway not only Beauharnais, but his son Alexander, Who had remained behind at Martinique; she formed the project ot marrying Alexander to one of her relations on the island. M. de la Pagerie was very pocr; a storm had ruined his home and his plantation. He had to live with his children in the sugar-factory. It was there that Josephine was brought up, a child of nature, idle, lazy, among negro wo- men who idolized her, obeyed her in every- thing, and looked upon her as a superior be- ing. M. Masson shows her learning to be- come a coquette in solitude and in complete independence, without any but negro society, without any intellectual, moral, or religious culture, with a mother, grandmother, and aunts as ignorant and lazy as herself. At the age of ten she was put to school at Fort- Royal in the house of the Dames de la Providence. Towards her fifteenth year, her education was considered ended, and she re- turned home. "Are we to bclieye that, at that period, Tercier, then Captain in the regiment of Martinique, who natters himself not to have been indifferent to her, does not lie, on that page of his memoirs? Ought we to retain something of the strange story of that Eng- lishman who, in the prime of his youth, knew and loved Josephine, who remained faithful to her memory, who would never marry, and who. in 1814. having become a general, wrote to the Empress, who remem- bered him and asked him to dinner at the Malmaison? But, on the day fixed, the Em- press was ill, in bed, and the Englishman never saw her again." Alexander de Beauharnais came back to France and was educated with the two nephews ot the Duke de la Rochefoucauld in the ducal castle of La Roche-Guyon. Mme. Renaudin. who was his godmother, never lost sight of him. The children of Beauharnais had inherited a good fortune from their mo- ther; she planned a marriage between young Alexander and one of her nieces. Alex- ander was appointed lieutenant at the age of nineteen, and took the title of Viscount; he had 40,000 livres a year from his mother and more expectations {esperances is the classical word in French). Mme. Renaudin did not care which of her nieces Alexander should marry; owing to various circumstances, Josephine was chosen. At the first interview between her and her future husband, he does not seem to have been much pleased. He was only nineteen, but Mme. Renaudin lost no time, and, the contract having been made in due form, the marriage took place on the 13th of December, 1779, in the little church at Noisy- le-Orand, where Mme. Renaudin had bought a country house. The young couple estab- lished themselves in the hotel of the Marquis de Beauharnais, in Paris. Josephine made the acquaintance of her new aunt, Fanny de Beauharnais, a literary woman, "who," says M. Masson, "gave herself to letters chiefly to find lovers; who had had Dorat, Boissy, and Ginguene before falling as low as Cubieres; who, though her husband was generally known as an honest and good man, . . . surrounded herself with such persons as Res- lif de la Bretonne, Mercier, etc." Fanny de Beauharnais's books have been preserved from utter oblivion only by the illustrations of Moreau le Jeune and Marillier. She was born Mouchard, was a fillc de finance, and her poems seem to have been written chiefly in order that she might dedicate them to her fine relations. Such a person could not have a very good influence on young Josephine. Her daughter married the eldest brother of Alexander, and was herself a distinguished and respectable person, but she had as little as possible to do with Mme. Renaudin, and, in consequence, saw very little of Josephine. The young Creole was, in fact, quite aban- doned. The Viscount soon left her to join his regiment; he wrote her letters which read more like those of a schoolmaster than of a husband. He had, he said, formed the plan of "recommencing her education." Jo- sephine, in his absence, had a child on Sep- tember 3, 1781, who was named Eugene Rose (the future Prince Eugene). Josephine was soon afterwards again enceinte. She in- formed her husband of it at the very mo- ment when he was at Brest, on the point of starting for Martinique, which was threaten- ed by the English. The second child was born April 10, 1783, in Paris, and named Hortense Eugenie (the future Queen Hor- tense). What news did Viscount Beauharnais re- ceive at Martinique? He heard only in June that he had a second child; in July he writes to his wife a letter the text of which is given by M. Masson— a very Insulting letter, in which he accuses her of misconduct before her marriage with M. de B , an officer of the regiment at Martinique; with M. d'H . "I don't ask you to repent," he says; "you are incapable of that, as a woman who, on the point of departure, embraces a lover, knowing that she is destined for another, has no soul; she is lower than the worst CHI a 'tics." He tells her in this letter that he will never again remain under the same roof with her, and orders her to retire at once to a convent and there await his re- turn. The stories which Beauharnais heard in the island were probably only a pretext for a rupture; he took a mistress, lived publicly with her, and sent her to France to await him in Paris. When the Viscount returned to Paris, Ma- dame Renaudin tried to obtain a reconcilia- tion, but in vain. Josephine took rooms at the Abbey of Panthemout (now given to the French Reformed Church), which was then an asylum for ladies of rank who found themselves in awkward circumstances. An arrangement took place, in virtue of which Josephine and Alexander were to live sepa- rately; Josephine was to receive a pension of 5,000 livres; Hortense was to remain with her and to receive an annuity of 1,000 livres till she was seven, and of 1,500 livres after- wards. Eugene was to remain till he was five years old with his mother, and was to be given to his father afterwards. The Vis- count had to make the most ample excuses for the letters which he had written from Martinique, in a moment of anger, and to declare his accusations, founded on idle re- ports of servants and mulattoes, to be ab- solutely groundless. Josephine may thus be said to have come out of the struggle with all the honors of war. Correspondence. RULES FOR UNDERMINING A FLOUR- ISHING REPUBLIC. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A century and a quarter ago, a cer- tain illustrious American, resident in Lon- don as agent for Pennsylvania and several of her si3ter colonics, drew up and published a set of "Rules for Reducing a Great Em- pire to a Small One." These rules were se- veral times reprinted, received a wide circu- lation, and met with much favor from an ap- preciative sovereign and his obedient minis- try and compliant Parliament. Indeed, so closely were they followed that within a very few years his Britannic Majesty found him- self cased of the larger part of his transat- lantic possessions — at a total expense of only a few millions of pounds and a few thousands of lives. My friend, Mr. Ichabod Hackney, has sub- mitted to me, with a view to possible publi- cation, a brief set of "Rules for the Under- mining and Ultimate Overthrow of a Flour- ishing Republic," which I beg to lay be- fore you, being myself not well assured whe- ther they be worthy of publication, or, from their all too manifest inferiority to the fa- mous "Rules" after which they are evidently modelled, more fit for consignment to the waste-paper basket. In any event, Mr. Hack- ney does not presume to hope that his rules will meet with such favor in high quarters, or be adopted with such speedy and signal results, as was the case with those written for his Britannic Majesty's benefit. They may serve, however, as a first rough draft of certain precepts calculated to promote a most worthy end, and subject to such farther ela- boration, improvement, and additions as may occur to abler and more experienced publi- cists and writers than my friend Ichabod. Rule 1. For chief magistrate of the republic which it is designed to undermine and, if pos- sible, destroy, let some thorough-going oppor- tunist be raised to power by the aid of a syn- dicate of men possessed of large means and an ardent thirst for still greater wealth. To this syndicate, which must, moreover, be in- timately familiar with the workings of des- tiny, the chief magistrate is to look for guid- ance and direction on all occasions. Rule 2. Let this chief magistrate studious- ly disregard the issues on- which he was chosen by the people, and speedily forget his ante-election promises to the country. If, for example, currency reform and the relief of a depleted Treasury were the issues of his campaign, let him set about emptying the nation's coffers entirely; and if he give his undivided attention to the attainment of so desirable an end, he will of necessity have no time whatever to devote to currency re- form. Rule 3. To hasten the accomplishment of the purpose mentioned in the rule immedi- ately preceding, let no opportunity for engag- ing in war be neglected, as it is well known that warfare is the most expensive of nation- al pastimes. If an occasion offers for pur- chasing the privilege of joining in this diver- tisement, so much the better, for the ulti- mate expense is thereby greatly increased. The purchase of a ready-made insurrection at the antipodes is an ideal mode of pro- moting the end in view. Rule 4. Conquest, expansion, and militar- ism, which proved of such efficacy in bring- ing the Roman Republic to an end, and in finally hastening the downfall of the Em- pire, should be the nation's watchwords. With the traditions and fundamental prin- ciples of a flourishing republic and a coun- try long regarded as in very truth the cradle of liberty, no policy could be more utterly at variance than one of forcible annexation

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144 Tlie USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 of conquered peoples; hence its peculiar fit- ness for the purpose In hand. Rule 5. To Insure the better observance of the foregoing rules, let the utmost pos- sible power be lodged in the Chief Execu- tive and his syndicate. The Legislature will thereby be relieved of much anxiety, and the minds of the people prepared for that centralized or despotic form of government so likely to follow in the train of conquest and militarism. Nothing can better fit them for its final acceptance than a fre- quent exercise, on the part of the Executive, of prerogatives either rightfully his or as- sumed by him to be so — as, for example, proclamations to inferior races whom we purpose annexing, or the retention of an unworthy minister, or interposition on be- half of a disgraced military officer, and his retirement on full pay until such time as he may be entitled to retire with honor on half-pay. Mr. Hackney is prepared to furnish addi- tional rules bearing on the numerous de- tails sure to present themselves in exe- cuting so great a reform; but It seems unwise to trespass further on your courtesy at present. — Very truly yours, Percy P. Bicknell. Malden, Mass., February 18. 1899. THE SPANISH CONQUEST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Prof. W. G. Sumner's thesis, that we have not conquered Spain, but have been conquered by Spain, suggests the story of King Zohak. "King Zohak [says Macaulay, quoting Southey] gave the devil leave to kiss his shoulders. Instantly two serpents sprang out, who, in the fury of hunger, attacked his head and attempted to get at his brain. Zohak pulled them away, and tore them with his nails. But he found that they were insepara- ble parts of himself, and that what he was lacerating was his own flesh." It seems to me that Uncle Sam, in attack- ing Spain, gave the devil leave to kiss his shoulders. a. P. H. Granville, O., February 8, 1899. MR. KIPLING'S CALL TO AMERICA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The cable informs us that "Kipling's stirring verses, the 'Call to America,' have created a profound Impression" on your side. What that impression may be, we can only conjecture. They profoundly Impress many of us here as first-class specimens of cant, to which one of the examples, drawn from Dryden, given by Johnson as an example of the proper use of the word cant, aptly ap- plies: "Of promise prodigal, while pow'r you want And preaching In the selr-denylng cant." There Is something almost sickening In this "imperial" talk of assuming and bearing burdens for the good of others. They are never assumed or held where they are not found to be of material advantage or minis- tering to honor or glory. Wherever empire (I speak of the United Kingdom) is extended, and the climate suits the white man, the aborigines are, for the benefit of the white man, cleared off or held in degradation for his benefit. Where the climate does not suit us, and the natives are In too advanced a condition to be cleared off, the first con- sideration (at least with the majority, men of Mr. Kipling's turn of mind) is our ma- terial advantage and honor and glory. We are fn a precious hurry to lay burdens down when they do not pay, as in the case of our solemn obligations to the Armenians. We are ever ready to shirk them, as In the case of the status of our Indian fellow-sub- jects in our colonies, when the bearing of the burden of seeing fair play done would be inconvenient. In so far as is compatible with our interests and honor and glory, we have perhaps made the interest of "natives" under our rule of higher and more enduring consideration than that recorded of any other conquering and governing Power. But this talk of burdens is, as I have said, unadul- terated cant. Taking India as a test, no one moves a foot in her government that is not well paid and pensioned at her cost. No appointments are more eagerly contended for than those in the Indian service. A young man is made for life when he secures one. The tone of that service is by no means one "bound to ex- ile," "to serve . . . captives' need," "to wait in heavy harness," or in any degree as expressed in Mr. Kipling's highfalutin lines. It is entirely the contrary: "You are re- quested not to beat the servants" is a not uncommon notice In Indian hotels. The most refined and educated natives with three-fourths of British officials narrowly and not indeed always escape the appella- tion of "D d niggers." Much of Eng- land's wealth is derived from the connection with India. She is one of the richest coun- tries in the world (average Income, £40 per head) ; India one of the poorest (average income, thirty shillings). If there were any reality in a united, equally considered em- pire and of the white man bearing burdens, it would be shown in relation to her. But no — India is made to pay to the last far- thing in all questions of common account. She was made to pay for the erection of that palatial India Office in Whitehall; she has had to pay for a state ball given to the Sul- tan of Turkey in London; she is made to pay even for the training in England of British troops sent out to govern her— of course for their transit, maintenance, and pay in India. So anxious are we, where good pay Is concerned, to save Indians the heavy burden of enjoying them, that, while our sons can study and pass at home for Indian appointments, her sons must study and pass in England; and even in India it- self whites are afforded chances closed to natives. You are told to go abroad and "Fill full the mouth of famine." Within the last three years we have had the worst famine of the century in India — some eight million perished of disease and starvation. The heroic efforts to combat it have been, with the exception of voluntary contribu- tions, at the expense of India, and have add- ed to her debt. It is impossible to gauge the eventual inevitably impoverishing effect upon India of the millions of pounds an- nually drawn from her and, under the heads of salaries, pensions, home charges, and army and navy construction, spent in Great Britain. There never was a fostered trade and re- venue resulting in more disastrous conse- quences to humanity than the opium trade ahd revenue. There never was a more grinding and debilitating tax than that on salt (it would be a criminal offence in India for a poor woman to evaporate from sea wa- ter the smallest grain of it). Upon any prin- ciple of clearing our consciences and "taking up white man's burdens," we might assume both, and none of us eat a mouthful less or enjoy a moment's less real happiness. By none have such suggestions been laughed to greater scorn than by men of the Kipling cast of mind. And what nice feeling he dis- plays towards your future fellow-citizens — "New-caught sullen peoples, half devil and half child," "Sloth and heathen folly," "Silent sullen peoples," etc. Surely you are not to be egged on to the relinquishment of all your best traditions by such impudent Pharisaical rhyming. Since 1862 you have enjoyed insti- tutions as perfect as man has yet contrived them, let some in their application misuse and degrade them as they may. Here, through old traditions and foreign complica- tions, each one of us is made responsible for unfairnesses and villanies of many kinds. You and we have each to clear ourselves fiom our several reproaches and work out our destinies as best we may, with all hu- mility and searchings of spirit. In delibe- rately entering upon our courses, you would jeopardize all the principles in which you lead, without possessing the traditions and experiences rendering it likely you would improve upon the methods by which we have so faultily led.— Sincerely yours, Alfred Webb. Dublin, February 7. 1899. TOYNBEE'S DANTE DICTIONARY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Having had a pretty wide experience of reviewing, both as author and critic, I am not much in favor of protests on the part of the reviewed. But when a reviewer de- liberately goes out of his way to disparage by anticipation a book which has not been submitted to him for criticism, as the writ- er of the review of my 'Dante Dictionary' in the Nation of January 12 has done, I think the author may reasonably be allowed to protest. Your reviewer expresses his doubts as to my competence to deal with the "etymologi- cal side" of the Italian vocabulary of Dante's works, on the ground that I assign hoe-ill c as the origin of the French word for "yes," which he finds to be "not quite reassuring." If ignorance of etymology is to be imputed, let it be imputed to the proper quarter. In this case, it is not I, but your reviewer, who displays either ignorance, or what, under the circumstances, would be worse, disinge- nuousness. Hoc-ille (to preserve the classi- cal equivalent of il, for which it would have been mere pedantry in a Dante Dictionary to substitute the vulgar Latin form) Is the accepted origin of O. F. oil, as your re- viewer may convince himself by a reference to Arsene Darmesteter's 'Cours de Gram- maire Historique de la Langue Francaise' (Part ii., p. 177; Paris, 1897). If unaware of tnis fact, the reviewer is himself convicted of ignorance; if aware of it, he has most un- talrly imputed ignorance to me, and in so doing has passed by anticipation a damaging criticism upon my projected work. I may observe that his assumption that the "ety- mological side" of Dante's Italian vocabu- lary will be dealt with in my forthcoming 'Dante Vocabulary' is wholly gratuitous. It is impossible for me, even if it were de- sirable, to carry on a literary controversy across the Atlantic in a journal wh)ch I can only see at rare intervals. I can but express the hope that your reviewer will, in

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Feb. 23, 1899] The IsTation. 145 fairness to rne, withdraw the uncalled-for insinuation against which I have protested. Trusting that you will do me the justice of inserting this letter, I am, sir, yours faith- fully, Paget Toynbee. [We were not ignorant of the informa- tion supplied by Mr. Toynbee. It would require too much space to explain here why his form of statement is unsatis- factory. With no desire to give of- fence to the author of a Dictionary whose merits we cheerfully recognized, we conceived it not improper to express a hope that so important a work as a Dante Vocabulary, likely to be under- taken once for all, might be fortified at all points. If Mr. Toynbee intends to neglect the etymological side altogether, our well-meant caution was superfluous. — Ed. Nation.] LICENSE IN GERMAN POETRY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The question of license in rhyme is probably as old as the art of rhyming and the profession of the critic. It is rather cu- rious to remember, in connection with Prof. Newcomer's interesting letters on "License in English Rhyme," that the Germans, with all their tendency to exhaust any subject which concerns them at all, have never trou- bled themselves greatly about the culpability of their poets in the matter of impure rhymes. This I believe to be true both as to the theories of the teachers of prosody in the class-room and the practice of the poets themselves. The maxim, "Singe, wem Gesang gegeben," has guided their poets, and their schoolboys have imbibed a veneration for the songs of Goethe, Schiller, Heine, and Uhland which, if somewhat uncritical, has been all the more inspiring. It is true that the whole subject is sim- plified in Germany by the very much great- er elasticity of the German language as compared with the English, by the latitude given to provincial differences of pronuncia- tion, and the absence of those idiosyncrasies of orthography which, in the English lan- guage, make It possible to "rhyme" bough with enough. Theoretically, German poetry la perhaps nearly as full of impure rhymes as English— Goethe, Schiller, and Heine teem with rhymes like Oehbr, tnehr; Gaste, Festej prufen, Tiefen; Gewinnst, Dienst; Schosse, Lose; heulen, Weilen; spriessen, griissen; Sehnen, Thranen. But practically such rhymes are considered pure. Indeed, it may be doubted whether Schiller, the Suabian, would not have been prepared to defend Sehnen and Thranen as a perfect- ly legitimate rhyme. (The argument of a "rhyme to the eye," to which Prof. New- comer is disposed to allow some slight weight in English, does not, in my opinion, appeal to Germans.) A Berliner will recognize the difference in sound in Sehnen and Thranen, and a Hanoverian will render the umlaut In Thranen with even greater clearness; but probably no German anywhere pronounces the word as it is pronounced on the best German stage, say the Vienna Burgtheater or the Hamburg Thaliatheater. No critic chal- lenges this or any of the above rhymes as ob- jectionable, and even Schiller's Rbthe.Stddte; Blosse, (Sclerose; verodet, getbdtet, pass mus- ter. The tours de force which Heine In- dulges in more frequently than any other German poet— his entled'ge, Komodie; Kaiser, heiss'er; Qlanze, Renaissance; Balaam's, Abraham's, etc.— are enjoyed for their comic effect, but neither particularly admired nor condemned. Even simple assonance, which plays such an important part in the Volks- lied, has found a legitimate place in modern German poetry through Goethe, Tieck, Cha- niisso, Uhland, Riickert, and others. Goethe's Floih and Sohn, in "Es war einmal ein Konig," is perhaps the best known example of such assonance. It may be said that the Germans have tak- en an eminently common-sense view of this matter. They will tell you that Platen is perhaps their greatest master of form, and that his poems contain hardly an impure rhyme; and they read his perfect stanzas occasionally from a sense of duty, while they revel In the "Impure" rhymes of Goethe, Schiller, and Heine. And as for English poetry, it seems to me that the uncompro- mising advocates of pure rhymes are happily confronted by the well-known fact that Burns's "Highland Mary," which will move human hearts as long as any language is spoken, does not contain one single perfect rhyme. G. P. Summit, N. J., February 13, 1899. PILES OF THE LONDON TIMES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In a notice in the Nation for February 16, on the acquisition of a file of the London Times by the Boston Public Library, it is stated that the file "in the Congressional Li- brary is the only one in America containing all issues of the Times from its establishment in 1788." This, I regret to say, is not the case. The file in the Library of Congress be- gins with the number for July 4, 1791, and runs to December 31, 1791. Then five years are missing; the set being complete only from January 1, 1796. David Hutcheson. Notes. G. P. Putnam's Sons' spring announce- ments include 'Historic Towns of the Mid- dle States,' edited by the Rev. Lyman P. Powell, and uniform with his 'Historic Towns of New England' ; 'History of the Ter- ritorial Expansion of the United States,' by Charles Henry Butler; the second volume of Blok's 'History of the People of the Netherlands,' translated by Ruth Putnam; 'The Story of the People of England in the Nineteenth Century,' by Justin McCarthy, M. P.; 'The West Indies,' by Prof. Amos Kidder Fiske; 'Erasmus,' by Prof. Emerton of Harvard; the long-expected 'Life of George Borrow,' by Prof. William I. Knapp, in two volumes; 'Israel Putnam,' by a de- scendant, W. F. Livingston; 'The Law and History of Copyright in Books,' by Augus- tine Birrell; 'The United States Naval Aca- demy,' by Park Benjamin; 'Roman Africa,' by Gaston Boissier; 'Industrial Cuba,' by Robert P. Porter; 'Nature Studies in Berk- shire,' by the Rev. W. Coleman Adams, with photogravures; 'Volcanoes,' by Prof. T. G. Bonney; 'Shakspere in France,' by J. J. Jusserand; 'Dante Interpreted tor Students,' by E. Wilson, with original translations from the "Inferno"; 'A Study of Wagner,' by Ernest Newman; 'Islam in Africa," by the Rev. Anson P. Atterbury; 'The New Far East,' by Arthur Diosy; 'Methods and Prob- lems of Spiritual Healing,' by Horatio W. Dresser; and 'Proportion and Harmony in Line and Color,' by George L. Raymond. 'Tales of the Malayan Coast,' by Rounse- ville Wildman, United States Consul at Hong Kong; 'Germany, her People and their Sto- ry,' by Augusta Hale Gifford; and 'The Story of Our War with Spain,' by Elbridge S. Brooks, are in the press of the Lothrop Pub- lishing Co., Boston. In editing the correspondence of Hans von Biilow, the letters exchanged between him- self and Liszt were made a separate volume ( 'Brief wechsel zwischen Liszt und Hans von Biilow'; Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartel; New York: Lemcke & Buechner). These being, however, in by far the greater proportion, written in French, the Leipzig house has very properly concluded to make an edition wholly French, to cover, title, and preface (and perhaps index, though this is of proper names). Mr. Albert G. Robinson, who was corre- spondent of the Evening Post in Porto Rico during the war and later, has published through the Scribners 'Porto Rico of To-day.' It consists of letters first printed in that newspaper, revised and expanded. We may say of them that they have received high praise from those who know the island well, as being an intelligent and faithful study of present conditions in Porto Rico. Longmans, Green & Co. bring out the new edition of Mr. Lecky's 'Democracy and Li- berty,' in two volumes. The author seizes the occasion of a reissue to write a preface of more than fifty pages, principally devoted to showing that the most melancholy of his pre- dictions of three years ago are sensibly near- er fulfilment, and containing a notable de- preciatory estimate of Mr. Gladstone. Chapman's 'Iliad' follows at a sufficiently long interval his 'Odyssey' in the charming Temple Classics of Dent (New York: Mac- millan); but its welcome is assured. The sub-editor, Mr. W. H. D. Rouse, has ap- pended twenty-two sonnets mostly already printed in connection with his Homeric edi- tions by Chapman himself, and mostly dedi- cations of the several parts of the transla- tion to noble patrons. Mr. Rouse has edited as a companion volume Casaubon's transla- tion of the 'Meditations' of Marcus Aurelius. Brand-new are a translation from the Italian, by T. W. Arnold, of 'The Little Flowers of St. Francis,' an anonymous work of the four- teenth century; and another, from the French, by Dr. Sebastian Evans, of 'The High History of the Holy Grail,' also ano- nymous, with embellishments by Burne-Jones, and an epilogue by Mr. Evans exhibiting the literary history of the book, with a theory of its origin. No other direct English ver- sion exists. The present fills two of these handy pocket volumes, and is offered "In all good faith" as "the original story of Sir Percival and the Holy Graal, whole and in- corrupt as it left the hands of its first au- thor." In the year 1743, in Garrison Forest (so named because it contained an ancient fort built as a defence against Indian forays) was erected a modest place of worship, which is perhaps the only church in Maryland that has continued for so many years in regular use. It belonged to the Establishment, and

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146 The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 the Rev. Thomas Cradpck was the first rec- tor. Interesting historical facts about the church itself and the old Maryland families whose members worshipped within its walls, or lie under rudely carved stones in the churchyard, are given in 'The Garrison Church,' by the Rev. Ethan Allen (James Pott & Co.), with addition of much valuable genealogical matter from the parish records. The latest volume of the Columbia Univer- sity Studies in Political Science, entitled 'Rhode Island and the Forma! ion of the Union,' by Frank Greene Bates (Macmillan), treats in an exhaustive manner one of the most in- teresting questions in the early political his- tory of our country. It is a well-known fact that Rhode Island was the last of the thir- teen colonies to enter the Union: it was al- most three years after the submission of the Constitution to the several colonies, and al- most two years after its ratification by the other twelve, that Rhode Island reluctantly cast in her lot with her sister States. The reasons for this reluctance have always been obscure. The present volume, tracing the preconstitutional history of the State, finds in the religious and social character of the people, and in the peculiar commercial and financial conditions of the colony, an ade- quate explanation, tending to remove misap- prehensions in regard to her patriotism which have been rife for a century. The investiga- tion, which is based largely on manuscript collections and records, and which involved patient labor stretching over several years, is a noteworthy contribution to American preconstitutional history. The first three volumes of 'Special Reports on Educational Subjects,' published by the English Education Department in 1897-98, and sold by Eyre & Spottiswoode (London), contains sixty-seven separate reports on the educational systems of England and other countries, and on a variety of opportune sub- jects. Such timely questions as the connec- tion between the public library and the pub- lic school, the arrangement of school mu- seums, the physical education of girls, school hygiene, higher commercial education, ma- nual training, games and athletics, the teach- ing of foreign languages, etc., etc., are treated by contributors specially fitted for the task. The article on the "Study of Educa- tion" (vol. ii., i). 337), by Dr. J. J. Findlay, is a thorough and critical discussion of the whole subject. The editor of the series, Mr. M. E. Sadler, Director of Special Enquiries and Reports, writes on the "Problems in Prussian Secondary Education for Boys, with special reference to similar questions in Eng- land" (vol. lii., p. 88), and gives us what is perhaps the most convenient and comprehen- sive treatise on the secondary-school ques- tion in Germany in its historical relations. From an account of the "London School of Economics and Political Science," by the Director of the School, Mr. A. S. Hewins (vol. ii., p. 76), we learn that in this new Institution it was founded in 1895 in con- Imitation of existing institutions of the kind in Paris, New York, and elsewhere, yet specially adapted to English needs— the Instruction is given by twenty lecturers, be- side;; the I 'ire, lor, to an average of four hun- dred students during the second and third years. The history and condition of economics in England arc treated In one of the sections Of this report. Specialists in this country who keep abreast of the progress in their de- partments In civilized countries may not dis- cover in these volumes much that is abso- lutely new to them, but an examination of their contents may yet prove advantageous. For all public and school libraries these Spe- cial Reports are unquestionably of great value. For the next volume, contributions are pro- mised by Commissioner Harris and President Eliot on some aspects of American education. The Baron de Baye reprints, in pamphlet form, from the Revue de (leographie, his lecture entitled 'De Penza a Minoussinsk: Souvenirs d'une Mission' (Paris: Librairie Nilsson). It gives an outline sketch of his third trip to Siberia, and includes several very interesting particulars concerning the Mordvinians of the Penza Government, in Russia proper. It is very fully illustrated from photographs, most of them taken by the author. He does not distinctly state the nature of his "mission," or enter into details as to what he accomplished; but the reader infers from references in the text that it was for the purpose of collecting archaeological material, as he mentions hav- ing presented many objects found in Sibe- rian mounds to Siberian museums. This is, however, more of a "travel sketch," and, as such, legitimately offers nume- rous interesting bits of information about the peasant immigration to Siberia from Russia, the conditions attached there- to, and the efficient management of this important and complicated matter by the Russian Government. For adequate compre- hension of the Baron's mission and aims this pamphlet should, without a doubt, be combined with whatever he has previously published in regard to his Russian and Si- berian trips. Several years ago, M. Paul Lacombe, in- spector-general of the French archives, pub- lished an interesting book entitled 'De l'His- toire considered comme Science," in which he endeavored to derive the laws of human progress from a consideration of the con- stant intermingling of the institutional ele- ment of social life with what he called the "evfnement," i. c, the influence of per- sonal forces. He has just supplemented this essay by another entitled 'Introduction a l'Histoire Litteraire' (Paris: Hachette), in which he reviews the development of lite- rature, particularly of French literature, from a similar standpoint. It can hardly be said that the results of this review are in any sense startling. That literary pro- gress moves along the line of greater refine- ment in form and greater variety of psycho- logical characterization, is a commonplace true enough as far as it goes, but scarcely of such fundamental importance as M. La- combe seems to assume. Nevertheless, this book is a noteworthy contribution to the study of literature. In contradistinction to both Taine and Brunetiere, it emphasizes the prime significance of the literary per- sonality, and assigns to the influences of race and epoch the place of concomitant causes only. Its principal merit is a penetrating analysis of the artistic temper. Dr. Anton Bettelheim, the well-known biographer of Beaumarchais and Anzengru- ber, has collected a number of his literary and biographical sketches which during the last two years were written for Ooamopolis, Die \dlion, and other periodicals, into an attractive little volume bearing the title 'Acta Diurna' (Vienna: Hartleben; New York: Lemcke & Buechner). While these short papers have not the same finish nor the same charm of individuality which distin- guished the author's former work, they form a convenient chronique litteraire of recent events in German intellectual life. The range of subjects touched upon is extensive enough to include, for instance, a sketch of the marvellous growth of Reclam's 'Univer- salbibliothek'; a scathing criticism of Nor- dau's advocacy of the Zionite movement; a charming characterization of the Swiss novel- ist Widmann; notices of Fontane's master- work 'Effi Briest,' of Naumann's essays on Christian socialism, of Saar's Austrian no- vels; and character studies of such different personalities as Gerhart Hauptmann, Fried- rich Mitterwurzer, and Gharlotte Wolters. One gains from these pages a fresh sense of the great wealth of literary talent and of earnest spiritual endeavor stored up in con- temporary German life. Surely a country where a single publishing firm, Reclam, re- cords a sale within the last thirty years of 619,000 copies of 'Wilhelm Tell,' of 490,000 copies of 'Hermann und Dorothea,' of 33,000 copies of Schopenhauer's collected works; where Sudermann's "Johannes" within a year has been performed at a single theatre more than a hundred times; and where there is not a single city of importance which does not maintain a theatre of respectable standing and artistic merit — such a coun- try may be considered spiritually safe even in the turmoil and seeming degeneracy of fin de sieele art. "Accordingly to these probabilities, in no more adequate moment than present time,— when the first rays of an era of great pros. perity have just arisen from a hopeful hori- zon,— can the life of such beautiful island as Cuba, justify the creation of this technical review, which will be, in some sort, a peri- odical monography of Cuban life." We take this sentence from the prospectus of the Islam! of Cuba Magazine, a private venture, published at Havana, but distributed in the United States by the "International Ex- changes" of the Smithsonian Institution. It suggests the question why the exchanges should be used for this purpose. Would any magazine be allowed to use them? and if not, what "pull" has the Cuban monthly? The Osprey, an illustrated magazine of ornithology published monthly, with a vaca- tion in July and August, has been trans- ferred from New York to Washington, where it is edited by Elliott Coues and Theodore Gill. Its aim is popular, not technical, and the three concluding numbers of last year (vol. iii.) contain much interesting read- ing. Between birds and trees there is a close relation, and some of the most curious plates are of strange vegetation in the arid parts of this continent. In the December number a plate showing two blue jays is from the pencil of Louis Agassiz Fuertes, which on this occasion has almost a Japanese facility. The Rational Geographic Magazine for January contains an illustrated description of a trip up the Stikine River in Alaska, by Eliza R. Scldmore. On account of its mag- nificent scenery this stream's valley has been called "a Yosemite 100 miles long." At one point twelve great glaciers can be seen, and there are 300 which flow directly into the river. Along the shores were fre- quent signs of the recent rush of gold-seekers to the Klondike and its sudden collapse. At Glenora, the head of navigation, everything apparently was for sale — "so rough notices at every door-sill and tent-flap told." In a brief article on the West Indian hurricane of September 10-11, 1898, Prof. E. B. Garriott

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Feb. 23, 1899] The ISTation. 147 quotes from a Jesuit writer curious testi- mony to the belief in a general law as to the recurrence of hurricanes in this region. The ecclesiastical authority from time Imme- morial ordained that the priests in Porto Rico should recite in the mass the prayer for warding off tempests during the months of August and September, but October; and that in Cuba it should be recited in September and October, but not in August. Mr. O. P. Austin of the Bureau of Statistics gives some in- teresting facts in regard to the colonial sys- tems of the world. Two prizes, of $150 and $75, are offered by the National Geographic Society for the best essays on Norse dis- coveries in America, the competition I December 31, 1899. The two numbers of volume ii. of the American Jour, ml f Archwology for 1898, is- sued by the Archaeological Institute of Ame- rica (Macmillan), possess a remarkable range of interest, from the Euphrates I Corinth, and Rome. We may mention Dr. William Hayes Ward's cylinder testimony as to the horse in ancient Babylonia, and Dr. Richardson's preliminary report on thi vations at Corinth. Among the plat companying the latter is a view of the un- covered spring, Pirene. A contributor to the Revue Internationale <h VEnscignement for Januarj describes in a few pases the farcical system of secondary education in Spain. The schools in question are the so-called Provincial Institutes, where boys between the ases of ten and sixteen are Instructed and examined in thirty-five subjects, seven of which have been added to the list by a recent decree of the Minister Of Education, viz.: Political economy, com- mon law, history of Spanish literature, his- tory of art, book-keeping, and industrial and agricultural technics. The Minister also re- commends visits to the museums, hut, as the writer remarks, in nine towns out of ten where the institutes are situated, the only museums are the churches with their wax images. The boys work from three to four and a half hours a day, and the newspapers are in a rage over such outrageous disre- gard for the life and health of the Spanish youth. The deplorable condition of elemen- tary education in the kingdom may be in- ferred from the status of the common-school teachers as depicted in a recent number of the I'ddagogischc Ziilu;i</. Out of 23,000 teachers, in round numbers, included in the last census, nearly 3,000 were receiving thirty dollars or less annually, 5.000 were paid from fifty to one hundred dollars, and the salary of only 1,000 amounted to more than two hundred and fifty dollars. But the worst of it is that thousands of these poor men and women were not even paid the pit- tance to which their contracts entitled them. 'Some Efforts of American Negroes for their own Social Betterment' is the title of a pamphlet report of the Third Atlanta Con- ference lor the study of negro problems (No. 3 of the Atlanta University I tions). This document proves once more the useful work undertaken by the University in gathering statistics of social conditions and needs among (he black population of the South. Church societies figure largely in the reformatory efforts here tabulated and discussed, along with secret beneficent so- organized philanthropy, cooperative business enterprises, and the like. In North so latelj convulsed by race dasb- ings, the richest black man in the State has promoted the building of a cot I on mil] for <. and white N I in establishing b lives. In Texas, a form Atlan- ta University has fouE proveini one town has the white. This is said thirty-six towns, and 1,800 members is much other suggestive information in this report. A circular letter, signed by Prof. William H. Carpenter, has been sent out from Colum- bia University asking for contributions of Dutch books and pamphlets for the library of that institution. The letter calls attention to the fact that, in the early days Dutch settlement, and subsequently during the time that the descendants of th nal settlers still retained a knowledg language, books written in Dutch found their way here in considerable numbers. such books have been preserved, but, with the disappearance of the language, th for the most part, been put aside and for- gotten. A collection of Dutch books, it is plain, would have a great literary and his- torical value if they were made accessible to students. A few genera- tions more will see the dispersion am coverable loss of a good deal of material of this kind that is now pa m lum- ber-rooms and attics. In the new Library of Columbia, with its liberal provisi us for use, such bocks would be preserved for all lime under the most favorable conditions, and would, no doubt, contribute their par increased interest in our Dut that of late years has shown itself in I he cr mmunity. —Parliament has again faced the pn of local taxation, and the first report of the royal commission on that subject h been published. The cru found in' the system of valuing property for taxation, and any plan that provides uniformity, equality, simplicity, and economy would be acceptable. Under existing methods it is possible, outside of the metropolis, for five independent valuations for the purpose of raising rates and taxes to exist e. litem - poraneously in the same area. In England and Wales alone there are more than 1,000 valuation authorities. With such a multi- plicity of agents 'it is useless to look for satisfactory results, and the differences in ether lines greatly increase the conl There is no fixed or necessary time for mak- ing the valuation lists; no uniform system of. or scale for, making deductions for arriving at the ratable, values cf certain classes of property; exemptions aid allowances are said to be allowed unduly, through pressure brought to bear on the assessing authorities; and the assessment committees have no sta- tutory power to ascertain from owners < r occupiers the rent paid and other particulars. Added to these is the common action of authorities in keeping the valuation as to reduce theil B mtrll n towards com- mon expenditure. — Many attempts have been made to ob- tain one uniform mode of rating through- out England, but without success. Of late years, a change has occurred in the relative importance of the different rates. In 1880 the county and borough authorities raised 10 per cent, less than the Poor- Law authori- ties; in 1897 the former raised nearly 7.1 per cent, more than the latter, and the great has been incurred by the county , Tin- committee assert tha lo Die distribution of the Poor-Law Unions, it is impossible to suggest any scheme which will in all cases secure that the area of each authority shall be conterminous with the areas of one or more valuation au- . or be wholly comprised in I iluation authority. This division of responsibility leads to extravagant can be corrected only by creating areas in which the valuation for all purposes shall sine. A cenl 1 - 1 ii depart - meat is set aside as undesirable, and the county borough— not always the geogra county— is suggested as a proper adminis- trative unit, with power to adopt the geo- graphical county. Under the direction of the county or borough councils, the valuation lists are to be prepared; but legislation must provide for the establishment of a maximum scale of deductions, and for compulsory re- turns from owners of rent paid and other particulars. Special properties, such as rail- ways, canals, mines, docks, gas, water, and electric-light works, should be valued by an expert valuer, subject to appeals to the Rail- way Commission, or a special tribunal creat- ed for that purpose. Although it is pro- vided that the general valuation list should be prepared, whenever practicable, by pro- fessional surveyors, the list is subject to re- vision on appeal. The report is an interest- ing attempt to point the way to uniformity in what is now a very confused matter. — Public interest in Italy, especially in educated and political circles, has been oc- cupied with the rather singular Mondragone affair. Mondragone is the name of a Jesuit college near Frascati, which, chiefly because it happened to be popular among the aristo- cratic classes as a school Tor their bjys, was permitted to continue in operation, notwith- standing the law of 1&66, which put an end to all the religious orders and their work throughout the peninsula. The laws of Italy demand that when the pupils of a private educational establishment enter the higher schools of the state, they must pass certain examinations. As the pupils from Mondra- gone very frequently were not able to pass these examinations on account of the in- efficiency of the work done by the Jesuit teachers, the friends of that school proposed to have it recognized officially by the state. A petition soon turned up signed by no less than 10S prominent names, notably of mem- bers of Parliament, addressed to the Minis- ter of Education, Baccelli, who obligingly decreed that the final examinations at Mon- dragone should admit pupils to the higher state institutions. Here, then, was the singu- lomenon of a recognition of the Jesuits by a country which since 1S4S had officially banished all Jesuits from its b r- ders. Quite naturally the Liberal press raised a decided protest. The list of the petition- ers was published, and among them was found also that of Crispi. The signers nearly all began to publish excuses, and Crispi him- self published two letters explaining how 1 document. The Min- ion, and Mondragone is a private Jesuit school again as it has been in the — The Peking revolution cf last Septem- ber, with its tragic check in the decapitation ( f six reformers, is the main theme treated of in the eleventh annual report of the So- ciety for the Diffusion of Christian and Ge-

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148 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1756 neral Knowledge among the Chinese. Three distinct parties working for a rehabilitated China were discernible. One, led by Kang Yu Wei, was hampered by the cry raised to rally in defence of Confucianism. The se- cond party sought for alliance only with Ja- pan, and its cry was for union of Asia against Europe — thus conjuring up that "yel- low spectre" which Kaiser Wilhelm feared and pictured. A third party, with broader views than either, was ready to adopt all that was good in the whole world, without fear of harm to their religion,- their conti- nent, or their country. This party had made great progress, for it centred in the Emperor himself and had many leading statesmen of China within its pale. The number of na- tive newspapers had increased from 19 in 1895 to 70 in 1898, and the Son of Heaven himself had sent for books illustrating for- eign learning and ideas, to the number of 129, of which 89 were published by this so- ciety. The Emperor, besides reading their books, followed the advice of the reformers, gave them personal interviews, and then is- sued a cluster of brilliant edicts, nine in number. These bade fair to relay the foun- dations of the Chinese social order and in- tellectual culture, as well as material and political and educational developments. Un- fortunately, the reformed cabinet advised cashiering some of the obstructionists, a change of costume, and the cutting off of the cue. These last straws made the burden too heavy for the anti-foreign party, who gath- ered around the Empress Dowager and mis- represented the motives and objects of the men they hated and feared. This remarkable old lady, now sixty-five years of age, forcibly took charge of the government, beheaded six reformers, imprisoned, banished or degraded scores of others, suppressed the restive news- papers, and forbade the formation of pro- gressive societies or the appointment of men with reform ideas to positions of influence. But the leaven is still working. Besides the reprinting by native booksellers of the So- ciety's publications, which cover every sub- ject of interest to human beings, 181,249 co- pies of books, or more than 37,000,000 pages, were printed in 1898, and there were sold in 1898 $18,457 worth of printed matter, as com- pared with $12,146 in 1897. The active work- ers in this society are mostly Americans, though the supporters are various English- speaking people. —In a recently published paper by Mr. H. C. Russell, read last summer before the Royal Society of New South Wales, an ac- count is given of a remarkable series of wa- ter-spouts observed off Eden on May 16 last. Although the phenomenon is said to be fre- quently observed near this coast, sometimes in groups of three or four, the display re- corded is by far the grandest ever described. Within the space of five hours, fourteen com- plete water-spouts and six others more or less imperfect were formed from a single mass of cloud. Nothing remarkable had been noticed in the precedent weather. In Eden, as throughout southeastern Australia gen- erally, the morning was fine and calm, but early in the forenoon a heavy bank of cloud appeared on the eastern horizon, becoming more dense as it drifted toward the shore. About eleven o'clock Mr. Pilot Newton saw the first water-spout, which seemed to have come suddenly into existence. As straight as u shaft, it was estimated to be thirty times as high as a clipper ship, or about 5,000 feet. Beginning, perhaps, eight miles from the coast, it drifted toward the southwest until only about three or four miles away, and then quickly disappeared. Mr. D. R. Crich- ton, a mining engineer, watched carefully through his theodolite, eight water-spouts being visible at one time. Of the fourteen complete ones, reaching from cloud to sea, the first was nearest the shore, the others gradually farther off, until the last must have been distant about thirty miles, toward four o'clock in the afternoon. The weather and sea were perfectly calm and quiet all the time. The cones at top and bottom of one of these spouts were measured, and found about 100 feet in diameter, while the length of each cone from its base to the point at which the spout became cylindrical was probably 250 feet. The column formed by the junction of the two cones was entirely symmetrical and about ten feet in diameter. The formation and subsidence of the spouts made an inte- resting scene. First, on the placid sea, came a violent disturbance, in which a rotary motion of waves throughout a surface about a third of a mile in diameter could be distinctly seen, and large quantities of broken water were raised upward. As the motion increased, the agitated space became less, the spray denser, and in two or three minutes the base of the whirlpool was form- ed, gradually rising to a cone-topped misty shaft or column. During all this time the clouds above were projecting an inverted cone downward for a third of the distance, until suddenly the two united, the apparent rotary motion ceased, and for ten or twelve minutes the smooth column remained un- changed. Slowly the cloud drifted eastward, dragging the water-spout far out of the per- pendicular. Gradually dividing in the mid- dle, the top rose, the bottom sank, lue rotary motion again became perceptible, the water was greatly disturbed, and finally normal conditions once more prevailed. The last wa- ter-spout but one appeared to take its start from the debris of the preceding. The origi- nal conditions necessary to produce this phe- nomenon may be stated in general as a mas- sive cloud of large extent floating over warm ocean water in calm weather. In an appen- dix Mr. Russell gives a list of thirty-eight water-spouts recorded during ten years off the coast of New South Wales, and a series of remarkable plates illustrating the more unusual. —Mr. Russell also sends out an abstract of a paper upon the source of the periodic waves recorded from time to time on the Sydney and Newcastle tide gauges. In 1868, records of such waves of unusual dimensions were made through four days, and were sub- sequently thought to be due to the great earthquake at Arica, in South America. Also in 1874 and 1877 similar waves are recorded, apparently traceable to earthquakes, although after many terrestrial upheavals there are no unusual waves noticed. An ingenious ex- planation from the records of currents, baro- metric pressure, shape of coast line, and areas of low depression travelling rapidly, is given as theory to account for these peri- odic waves. — Thomas Bewick, the father of. modern wood-engraving, passed to that art from an apprenticeship in cutting seals and general engraving on steel and copper. In this, it now appears, he typified the order of evolu- tion of the two arts. Moreover, the wood- cuts in the fable line which made his early fame were more or less influenced in their design by their copper or type-metal prede- cessors. Here again he followed the order of three centuries before his time. Such is the conclusion to which Mr. Lionel Cust comes in the folio just issued by the Cla- rendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde), entitled 'The Master E. S. and the "Ars Moriendi": A Chapter in the History of En- graving during the Fifteenth Century.' Whereas the history of printing alike and of engraving for impression has heretofore com- monly begun with the block-book, Mr. Cust is able to show irrefutably that the rare block-book *Ars Moriendi,' purchased by the British Museum in 1872 for about $1,300, and whose date is conjectured to be 1440, has for illustrations enlarged copies, with some in- significant liberties, of the set of illustra- tions to the same work executed on copper by the Master E. S., of which the only com- plete series extant is at Oxford. Mr. Cust further shows corroboratively that there had been an earlier plagiarist on wood from these coppers, viz., the so-called Master of St. Erasmus, who copied them directly and also reversed them. That every reader of this discussion may be convinced, Mr. Cust prints facsimiles of E. S. and of the block-book, and these alone would be worth the price of the book, which is a matter. of some sixty pages, the plates included. Mr. Cust expresses am- ply his indebtedness to the labors and coun- sel of Dr. Max Lehrs, the present Director of the Cabinet of Prints and Drawings in the Royal Museums at Dresden, the first living authority on the subject of the history of cop- per-engraving north of the Alps, soon to pub- lish a work upon it. The entire originality of E. S., so far as is known from many ex- amples, and the want of evidence that he himself might have engraved the block- book or even used the knife, lead Dr. Lehrs to be- lieve that "the unique series of engravings In the Douce Collection at Oxford are the real editio princeps of the famous Ars Moriendi." In any event, the gage is here thrown down, and every library which cares for the fine arts, and every connoisseur, will need this handsome volume of Mr. Cust's. SVEN HEDIN IN ASIA. Through Asia. By Sven Hedin. With near- ly 300 illustrations from sketches and pho- tographs by the author. 2 vols. Harpers. 1899. Maps. 8vo. For courage, endurance, devotion to science, keenness of observation, tactful dealing with men, and for the extent and importance of his explorations. Dr. Sven Hedin deserves a foremost place among travellers. A considerable faculty for sim- ple but graphic description, also, makes the story of his three and a half years' wander- ings a notable contribution to literature. The unusual variety of his experiences is due mainly to the nature of the country through which he travelled. In Central Asia alone are to be found in close proximity the characteristic features both of the polar regions and of the tropics. Here, as in Greenland, the traveller may wander for weeks and months at all seasons over vast expanses of snow and ice, encountering the fiercest storms with Arctic cold. De- scending from these wintry heights, he passes amid fields of rice and cotton into a desert where, as in Africa or Australia, he may perish from the torrid heat, from thirst, or from the pitiless sand driven by winds violent enough to reverse the current of a

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Feb. 23, 1899I The Nation 149 river. Here, too, can be seen the formative powers of nature in sublimest action; the ice, snow, rain, wind, and sands shaping deserts, changing the course of rivers, ob- literating and making lakes, carving out the beds of streams, cutting down lofty plateaux — works suggestive of those geologic ages when the globe was being prepared for the abode of man. Then the fact that Asia is the cradle of our race gives a peculiar inte- rest to the accounts of the primitive life of the Kirghiz shepherds, and of the cities of unknown age and origin which the ex- plorer found buried under the shifting sands. The personality of the young traveller — he was barely twenty-nine at the beginning of this Journey — is strongly shown throughout his modest narrative. It is, as it were, the autobiography of a veritable hero of science — a man who fearlessly confronts any peril on glacier or desert to trace the course of a river or the depth and contour of a lake; who of two passes will promptly choose the one promising most of danger and hard- ship if by taking it he can add to our know- ledge of a mountain-range. It was not one continuous Journey of which Dr. Hedin gives a report in this work, but of several, during which he explored a con- siderable part of the Pamirs, the great de- sert of East Turkestan, and a strip of North- ern Tibet. The aggregate extent of his ex- plorations was 6,520 miles, out of which 2,020 "were through regions which no Eu- ropean had ever before visited." King Os- car of Sweden, with other friends of science, bore the cost of the various expeditions. The noteworthy part of his journey began at Orenburg, whence he crossed the Kirghiz steppes by tarantass to the foot of the Alai Mountains, a route now almost superseded by the Transcaspian railway. Among the places through which he passed was Ko- kand, a true university city, having thirty- five Mohammedan colleges with 5,300 stu- dents, and eighty-one schools for boys and girls, with about 1,200 pupils. Thirty of these schools were founded with money left for the purpose, and are situated near the testators' graves. A winter journey over the Pamirs, Hedin's first exploring work, was a task of great dif- ficulty and danger, from the height of the mountain passes, the cold (the thermometer drops there to — 45° Fahr.), and the frequent, almost daily blizzards. "These burans, or snow hurricanes, come on with startling sud- denness. One minute the sky will be per- fectly clear; scarcely one minute later, and down swoops the storm. In an instant the path is obliterated. The atmosphere grows dark with whirling snowflakes. It is im- possible to see a yard before you. All you can do is to stand perfectly still, wrap your furs about you, and thank God if you escape with your life." Surmounting almost in- superable obstacles on the passes over the Alai and Trans-Alai Mountains, our explorer climbed to the "roof of the world," and crossed it to the Russian frontier post. Fort Pamir. From his observations made in this and other expeditions in this region, he di- vides the "gigantic quadrilateral" into an eastern half, which is principally a plateau land, and a western half, consisting of a sys- tem of latitudinal mountain-chains. "There can be no doubt," he says, "that at one period the entire region was strictly a pla- teau, and' that it is being rapidly broken down by the agency of erosion." The spring and summer of 1894 were spent mainly in exploring the glaciers of Mus-tagh-ata, "the father of the ice-moun- tains," and, like all conspicuous peaks, in- vested with a halo of mystery by the Kirghiz, and made the centre of fantastic legends. Four attempts were made to reach the sum- mit, 25,590 feet; but though Dr. Hedin rode on a yak to a height of 19,750 feet, the wind, the cold, and the rarefaction of the air pre- vented his climbing even a thousand feet higher. The mountain is in Chinese terri- tory, and the difficulty which he experienced in crossing the frontier, notwithstanding his passport, was a striking testimony to the watchfulness of the Chinese, and their jea- lous fear of their powerful neighbors. The mandarins have an extraordinary way of enumerating their forces. "They are not content with counting the soldiers only, but reckon in also their horses, rifles, shoes, breeches, and so forth," apparently on the supposition that the rifle is at least as valu- able as the man, and that a man is of little use if he has to go about naked and afoot. The somewhat monotonous record of Dr. Hedin's daily experiences in this cheerless region, and his observations of the depths of lakes, the volume of rivers, and the progress of glaciers, is agreeably diversified by ac- counts of the garrison life at Fort Pamir and at Kashgar, where he recruited after these expeditions. Prominent among these epi- sodes is the meeting with the Anglo-Russian boundary commission in the southern Pamirs. He was present when a telegram came an- nouncing that the British Government ac- cepted the frontier which the Russians pro- posed to them. This event, which "occasion- ed the greatest rejoicing in both camps," was celebrated by dinners given on successive days by the Russian and British commission- ers. The festivities of the second day were closed by national dances around a huge bon- fire, the material for which "had all been brought for the purpose from Kanjut, on the other side of the Hindu-Kush," more than a hundred miles distant. To the east of the Pamirs stretches the Takla-makan desert, several hundred miles in width, uninhabited and untraversed save by a few adventurous natives searching for gold and hidden treasures. Prompted by the desire to explore the unknown, as well as in hopes of finding traces of ancient civilization, Dr. Hedin ventured into this wilderness in the spring of 1895. He had with him four natives and eight camels, besides dogs, sheep, and chickens, his aim being to reach a stream cutting the desert in halves some two hundred miles to the east. For the first thirteen days everything went well, and wa. ter was got every day by digging. On April ?3 they camped by a small lake, and he or- dered his men to put a ten days' supply in the iron water-tanks. The desert now re- sembled a petrified sea, with giant waves, sometimes from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet high. Up the steep inclines of these sand-dunes the camels clambered with marvellous surety of foot, while the men slipped back at almost every step they took. After two days in this chaos of dunes, he dis- covered that, either by negligence or by treachery, only two days' supply of water remained. Misled by the false information of his guide, instead of turning back to the lake, he pressed on farther into the desert. Day after day passed without a sign of the stream of which they were in search. The strength of the camels began to fail, and one by one they were left behind. During one whole march a suffocating hurricane blew, making midday dark as pitch. Every sense was alert to discover any trace of water,, a tree or depression in the sands in which they might dig. At one despairing moment a buzzing gad-fly raised their hopes to fever point. "We believed we were nearing land." On April 30 the carefully husbanded water gave out, and the next day was spent in what Dr. Hedin fitly terms the "camp of death." All day long he lay in his tent wide awake, but tortured with delirious memories of streams and fountains. In the afternoon a cool breeze sprang up, and "something happened which I can only look upon as a miracle. As the sun drew nearer and near- er to the horizon, so did my strength gradu- ally return; and by the time he rested like a glowing cannon-ball on the tops of the dunes in the west, I was completely recover- ed. My body had regained all its former elasticity. I felt as if I could walk for days and days. I burned with impatience to be up and doing. I would not die." With two of his followers he left the camp that night, and for five days he struggled on, leaving first one and then the other of the men. On the night of the 5th of May he reached the bed of the Khotan-daria— and it was empty. "The sand was as dry as the sand in the de- sert dunes." With unfailing courage, and resisting an overpowering desire to sleep, he kept on to the farther bank of the river-bed, and, when within a few yards of it, he says, "a wild duck, alarmed by my approach, flew up and away as swift as an arrow. I heard a splash, and in the next moment I stood on the brink of a little pool filled with fresh, cool water — beautiful water. Before drink- ing" (he ends a narrative which will doubt- less become classic in the annals of travel), "I counted my pulse; it was forty-nine." Carrying water in his boots, he found one of his men, and eventually another rejoined him, having been rescued by a passing cara- van. The two others probably perished. Nothing daunted by his sufferings and his narrow escape from death, a few months later he ventured again into that part of the de- sert lying to the east of Khotan-daria, a part of the desert of Gobi. About midway through it he came to the remains of a half-buried city, covering an area from two to two and a half miles in diameter. "All the houses were built of wood (poplar); not a single trace of a stone or clay house was discerni- ble." Sticking out from the sand were pests, six to ten feet high, cracked and hard, but brittle as glass. Some remnants of the plastered walls were discovered, decorated with painted images of Buddha and pictures of men and women. With some difficulty he reached the River Tarim, the northern boun- dary of the desert, and followed it to its out- let in Lake Lop-nor. A chapter is devoted to a discussion of the vexed Lop-nor problem, which the promised publication of his sci- entific observations may help to settle defi- nitively. His conclusion is that Lop-nor is a wandering lake and is now moving west- ward. Two of the great forces of nature are to be seen in this region at the height of their power. The evaporation is so great that four large streams — one of which, "sum- mer and winter, day and night alike, has a steady flow of 2,490 cubic feet in the second" —are not strong enough to maintain a per- manent lake in the heart of the desert. Then, during one march, the wind blew from the east with such violence that the surface anient of the Tarim was reversed and

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150 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1756 the lake expanded to an appreciable exteLt. Dr. Hedin's journey through northern Tibet and across the Tsaidam desert to China in 1896 does not call for special note. His route was a little to the north of that which the English explorer, Capt. Wellby, followed the same year. Their experiences were similar, only that, being accustomed to long journeys in uninhabited wastes, Dr. Hedin does not show that intense longing for signs of hu- man life which characterized the other tra- veller's narrative. The sufferings of the cara- van from cold and lack of food were great. Fortunately no lives were lost, though out of fifty-six camels, horses, and donkeys which started, all but seven had perished when, after two months in the mountain solitudes, the party came down to the first Mongolian shepheid's camp. Dr. Hedin is a typical explorer. He never loses sight of the fact that the cue object of all his travels is to gain knowledge. In every place through which he passed, "I always asked," he says, "the same ques- tions in lee same order, namely, the popula- tion of (he place, its products, saints' tombs, mosques, legends, whether spring or autumn sowing was customary, or both, whether the same ground was used twice in the same year for different kinds of cereals, or whe- ther the ground produced only one crop in the season, or even in every second year; about trade and intei • . "i the distance to the desert and to the moun- tains, the origin and volume of the water in the rivers, the time when they usually froze and when the ice began to melt, the system of irrigation and the local regulations con- nected with it, the wells, prevailing winds, frequency of burans, rainfall, snowfall, etc. One question paved the way for another, and the whole thing took me from two to three hours; alter that everyth carefully written down." Though science is the first tiling fri ing to the end of his travels, yet his narrative is constantly Interspersed with bright descriptive touches, picturing his dogs and their ways, his companions, or some un- usually It incident. Not Infrequently he Imaginative or poetical power, as in his description of moonlight on the Mus-tagh- ata. The translation from 1 Swedish, ably done. We "l- two pardonable errors in changing the reading! ide ther- ■ to Fahrenheit, and we are inclined to see a mistranslation in the statement that "not quite one pint ol I 1 me] oil will sus- tain a camel tor a month without food." The numerous illustrations . trail : ki tches by in. 1. reproductions of his phot ni characteristics is hi he makes one statement in his pi which the truth will 1, | |iy a!i who read his story: "Although fully con- i the mistakes " 1 minings of this my book, ... I believe I really did my best as far as lay in my power." UEIKIE'S EARTH SCULPTURE. Earth Sculptun ; or. The Origin ,,[ Land Forms. By James Geikie. Putnams. 1898. Modern physical geography is distinguish- ' ' I which 1 1 go in that, while the latter ■ 0 itself with a simple description of tli ous forms of the earth's surface, the former ! searches into the causes which have produ- ced these forms, and thus encroaches some- what upon the field of the cognate science of geology. In the earlier conceptions of ge- ology it was assumed that mountains and similar features of the earth's surface were due to violent convulsions of nature which had long since ceased to exist— to a Sturm 11111I Drang period of the earth's youth, which, in the present old age of our planet, had been succeeded by comparative lethargy and repose. Such conceptions are still pre- valent to a greater or less degree among a large proportion of untechnical people. The miner, who has the greatest familiarity with the internal phenomena of mountains, finds it necessary to call upon violent catastrophes —"blowouts" he is apt to style them— to ac- count for the wonders he observes. On the other hand, the tendency of scientific study has long been to find an explanation of these earlier phenomena in the processes that are going on at the present time. The action of air and water in their various forms, com- bined with diurnal changes of temperature, if allowed a sufficiently long time in which to act, are competent to produce most of the forms which we see in our mountains, val- leys, and lake basins. The Messrs. Putnam's new "Science Series" aims to give the important aspects of con- temporary science by means of a set of es- says by well-recognized specialists on the ind most advanced views in the va- rious departn enls and divisions of science, for the information not only of students in other branches, but of the educated classes in general. The list of subjects in this series, is made public, gives a prominent place to geography and geology, which, in [em aspect of these sciences, are QUCh more interdependent than of old. Physiography, or the form of the land, has ry properly intrusted to Prof. W. M. Davis of Harvard, who has done more, per- other singh- person to bring I which lie is to treat to its advan< ed and rat ional stage. 'Earth tre',' the volume now before us, which Heats nunc- exclusively of the geological which have produced these toi from the pen of the eminent Scotch -Me, best known, perhaps, as the author of 'The Oreat Ice Age,' an Sir Archibald Geikie, the pre rector-General of the Geological Sir. ■'. itain. Although belonging to what may now be n d the old school of geologists, Prof. who has always realizi <3 1 he importance Of connecting deep-seated gcolo- th Burface phenomena, and is 11 fitted for the task he has under- Mis first chapter is on (he agents dation. In this wo might perhaps I from him, as an inheritor of 1 lions of the Huttonian school of geo- tention of the controversy which was .1 among European geologists n the opponents of and believers in Of simple erosion by water to uds of feci of rock masses aormoua areas of the earth's surface, and winch his brother's visit to the United 10 see with his own eyes the proofs recorded by American geolo- gists, dici bo much to settle finally in favor tie next takes up the various i: mis of portions of the irhich erosion has since carved into mountains and valleys: (1) The plications of sedimentary strata into anticlinal and syncli- nal folds; (2) the great dislocations of these strata by faults, i. <:., fracture planes along which the rock masses, on one side or the other, have been moved up or down, some- times many thousand feet, and which are probably a manifestation of the same force' that has produced the folding or plication; and (3) igneous eruptions, or intrusions from below into the crust of enormous masses of molten rock, some of which have reached the surface either through narrow channels, forming volcanoes, or through a series of forming lava-covered plateaux, while others have congealed beneath the surface in laccoliths or stone cisterns, bowing up the superjacent strata into dome-shaped mountain masses. Next follows the action of the various agents of denudation or erosion upon the elevations thus produced, such as glacial action, Eeolian action, and the action of un- derground waters. Probably the geologist will be most interested in learning the views of this experienced glacialist upon some of the mooted questions with regard to glacial erosion; and first, whether glaciers do ac- tually abrade or exercise any considerable cutting or eroding action upon the rocks over which they pass. This question he answers decidedly in the affirmative, showing that not only do glaciers score by means of the rocks imbedded in their basal surface, but they actually break up and quarry the rocks in their beds which have already been crack- ed and loosened by the alternate action of melting and freezing. As to the origin of the loess, the produc- tive soil of the great grain fields of the world, while treating it in the chapter on aeolian action, he considers it to be primarily a flood-loam of glacial times, generally re- arranged and distributed by wind action, thus adopting in part each of the contend- ing theories. With regard to lake basins, he confirms the views first advanced by Ram- : iy. but since disputed by some geologists, that many of the valley basins in elevated have been primarily excavated by glacial ice. He calls attention to the fact that cirque-basins or rock amphitheatres with nearly or entirely perpendicular upper ! lair pe, are generally on northern ei e the snow lies long- est as being most protected from the sun and the prevailing west wind. The same fact and the sane' i • plana! ion In ild for the gla Rocky Mountains in tempi rate latitudes. He does not, however, ascribe suf- ficient importance to the action of frost in the formation of these basins. Where lakes are found in the bottom of ci . they have doubtless been excavated, as he says, by the action of glacial ice. but the main excavation of the clique itscdf is pro- duced by eating back along I lie tare aid base ei the cliffs at the upper edge of the snow or neve, under the influence of great diurnal changes of temperature. During the day. when melting occurs, water fills the he neks, which, freez- ing during the night, by us expansion pries off fragments from the cliff face, thus under- mining it. Hence its perpendicularity and the fact that the cirque is confined to mo- derately temperate latitudes, where the sun has power enough to melt the snow and ice during the day. With regard to fiords adopts Richter's explanation, that they are merely the drowned valleys of severely gla- ciated mountain tracts.

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Feb. 23, 1899] The Nation 151 While disclaiming any special treatment of modern geographical evolution, the latter part of the volume bears very directly upon it, and in his concluding chapter the author testifies to its importance in the following words : "We do not doubt that when the history of the hydrographic systems of the conti- nents has been better worked out, when the evolution of surface features has been more closely followed, our knowledge of laud development will acquire a precision to which it cannot at present lay claim. Geo- logists will then also be better prepared to attack and perhaps to solve the largest prob- lem of all— the origin of our continental areas and oceanic basins. Not that we can expect or desire that students should re- frain from theorizing and speculating in that direction until the fuller knowledge we de- siderate has been acquired." To the .general reader the book is a great relief after reading the work of modern geo- graphers, in that the author has avoided the use of their abundant vocabulary of newly coined technical terms, and furthermore that he adds a glossary of the few exceptional words he does use. Further disregard of the more modern views in geology is found in the fact that in his table of geological sys- tems he includes under the Palasozoic system all rre-Cambrian or Archaean rocks. Chandler's Encyclopedia; An Epitome of Universal Knowledge. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier. 1898. Three flat quarto volumes, containing in all 1,710 pages, open and inviting columns in large type, a bewildering mass of cuts of every description, including portraits and representations of works of art, present at first sight the appearance of the perfect type of the genial family cyclopaedia. This im- pression vanishes rapidly as we begin to ex- amine the work more closely. We soon per- ceive that it is anything but a flimsy com- pilation. It is, indeed, a very serious pro- duction, a universal lexicon on a generous scale, executed with no little ability accord- ing to a skilfully contrived plan. A refer- ence to the list of contributors strengthens our belief that a valuable accession has been made to the number of encyclopaedic publica- tions. The editor-in-chief is Prof. W. H. Chandler of Lehigh University. Among the specialists to whom the various departments have been assigned we may enumerate G. F. Barker (physics), M. Merriman (engineer- ing), J. M. Baldwin and J. M. Cattell (both psychology), J. H. Hyslop (philosophy), J. 0. Murray (European and American litera- ture), C. L. Doolittle (astronomy and navi- gation), L. M. Norton (organic chemistry), F. M. Burdick (jurisprudence), F. R. Hutton (machines), Cleveland Abbe (meteorology), H. E. Krehbiel (music), Walter Camp (sports), W. H. Pettee (mineralogy and min- ing engineering), P. S. Michie (military sci- ence). The editorial plan is to give something about every possible topic to which any ques- tioner may have occasion to turn, and to omit as far as possible what is not essential to satisfying his curiosity. The work is as broad in its scope as it is condensed in its structure. According to a rough computa- tion, there are no fewer than 50,000 separate notices (20,000 more than the ten volumes of Chambers's Encyclopedia), the articles occupying on an average but a few lines, and rarely exceeding a quarter of a page. One would natura'.ly infer that this universal lexicon was a mere skeleton fabric, devoid of flesh and substance; but such is far from being the case. What strikes the reader is not the absence of characterization, but rather the prominence of this feature. It is refreshing, for example, to turn to the lite- rary biographies, brief as they are, which often display unusual ability in the crisp, telling, and epigrammatic manner in which the position and merits of writers are summed up— in sharp contrast with the lack of characterization in too many of the bio- graphies of such an ambitious and excellent work as the 'American Cyclopaedia.' The plan has been to let the graver supplement the pen as far as possible, so that in its wealth of illustrations this work is quite unique. The cuts are of very unequal merit, not a few of them being below the standard which should prevail in a publication of this kind. Special stress, as we are informed in the preface, has been laid upon the sci- entific department, and the same thing is certainly true also of technology, which is unusually comprehensive. A general fresh- ness and up-to-dateness characterizes the compilation. We find it to be especially full in contemporary biography, although, as is generally the case with cyclopaedias, a num- ber of the newest celebrities will have to wait for admission until another edition ap- pears. There is a large array of such mo- dern notabilities as Sir W. M. Conway of Himalayan fame, Roberts and Parker of the Canadian muse, Moszkowski, D'Albert, Hum- perdinck, Briill, Mascagni, Hadley, Taussig, Brunetiere, Lemaltre, Vogue, Henley, Le Gallienne, Dagnan-Bouveret, MacMonnies, Maartens, Maeterlinck, Verlaine, Wilden- bruch, Zangwill, and others whom one is likely to look for in vain even in the most recent cyclopaedias. The second edition will no doubt recognize the claims of such fin- de-sidclc worthies as Bliss Carman, Dorp- feld, William Ramsay, Behring and Roux of autitoxine fame, Johanna Ambrosius, Rei- nach, lodouard Rod, James Lane Allen, and Ludwig Fulda. In such a vast accumulation of facts and statements as we have before us the critic expects to find numerous flaws of one kind or another. They are indeed sufficiently frequent, but, taking the work as a whole, and bearing in mind the sins of even the more esteemed publi- cations of its class, we are not disposed, after a cursory examination, to assail its general soundness. In a great many cases the pruning away has been done recklessly, almost savagely, as, for example, in "Gallia," "Boers," "Moravia," and "Copts." Under the heading "Gran," the main fact is omit- ted, that the town is the seat of the pri- mate of Hungary. Under "Knights of St. John" no mention is made of the seizure of Malta by the English. One additional line accorded to John Morley would have per- mitted the insertion of his works on Vol- taire, Rousseau, and Diderot. The condens- ing screws should not have applied so tight- ly under "Great Britain" as to exclude Man- chester and Birmingham from the enumera- tion of the principal cities. The "save every line" policy has asserted itself too vigorous- ly in the case of the more important geo- graphico-historical notices, as the most ge- nerous allotment of space to that class of topics would not have swelled the bulk of the whole publication by more than a score of pages. The most condensed of condensed cyclopaedias cannot afford to have an article on France without any allusion to the former possession of Canada and Louisiana, or any mention of the division into departments. We shall point out a few of the shortcom- ings which we have met with in our brief sur- vey. The statements regarding the date of the erection of the Great Pyramid given under "Pyramid" and "Cheops" are entirely at variance, the chronology of Brugsch being followed in the former case, and that of other Egyptologists in the latter. E. E. Barnard figures without his discovery of the fifth satellite of'Jupiter. Under "Hamilton" (Mount) there is no mention of the Lick Observatory, and, strange to say, there is no such caption as "Lick Observatory." We discover that this institution has been rele- gated to the article "Observatory," a very valuable and up-to-date contribution, con- taining brief accounts of the principal mo- dern observatories. Saint Paul's Cathedral figures along with the other "Saints," but - the caption "Saint Peter's" is strangely ab- sent, it being left to the reader to guess that his curiosity will be satisfied by turning to "Peter's." Berkeley, the seat of the Uni- versity of California, has been accidentally overlooked. The Earl of Aberdeen is left resting on his Irish laurels without a men- tion of Canada. There are four various ar- ticles on "Gauge," dealing with subjects other than those pertaining to railways, but it is leaving too much to the reader's ima- gination to omit under this head references to "Broad Gauge" and "Narrow Gauge." Under the head of "Power of a Locomotive" we are told that the pull required to draw 1,000 tons on a level railroad is about 30 tons. This is an error for 3 tons, the resis- tance being but 6 pounds to the ton. A great blemish which runs through these volumes is the faulty orthography of foreign names, especially in the matter of diacritical marks. While this cyclopaedia leaves much to be desired, both on the score of completeness and of accuracy, we are sure that it will prove a valuable addition to every library, and most persons already in possession of a voluminous cyclopaedia will find in this work a very useful adjunct. In a manifold way it supplements all other publications of its class. Those in particular who happen to own the "Monumental Britannica," and who think they have done their share in the way of hunting for needles in haystacks, will appreciate the value of this three-volume epitome of universal knowledge. Zoroaster, the Prophet of Ancient Iran. By A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo- Iranian Languages in Columbia University. The Macmillan Co. 1899. Zoroaster, or Zarathustra, in the original firm, was born, according to Prof. Jackson, in western Iran about the middle of the se- venth century b. c. The usual miracles took place on the birth of the founder of the new religion. He escaped death at the hands of demons and wizards, who foresaw his power and plotted against him in his youth. At the age of twenty he abandoned his father's house, and, retiring from the world, prepared himself for his ministry, which he entered upon ten years later. On May 5, 630 B. c, an archangel revealed himself to Zoroaster, and carried him off to the presence of Ormazd, where he was in- structed in religion by the Supreme Being himself. He then returned to earth and taught without success for ten years, during which time he enjoyed several visions, and

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152 The ZCsTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 was gradually perfected in knowledge. He was then tempted by the powers of evil, who could not avail against his armor of righteousness. He now gained his first con- vert, but it was the only one in ten years, and the Prophet felt discouraged. The Deity comforted him, however, and inspired him to continue in the good work. Two years later the great King of Balkh became a convert. Then success followed. The true church, when supported by the state, became irresist- ible. The court followed the King. As for the common people, they were soon induced to become converts: "When King Vishtasp accepted the faith, he compelled his people to do the same, and he killed a large number of them until they adopted it"— whether dead or alive, is not recorded. In 601 b. c. Vishtaspa (that is, Hystaspes, in phonetic value, but he was not the father of Darius), as a zealous convert to a new religion, objected to continue the payment of tribute to a heretic; so he discontinued the practice, and refused the moneys due to Arjasp, his suzerain, who lived beyond the Oxus. Hell took sides with Arjasp, Heaven with Vishtasp. Arjasp was beaten, but re- newed the attack in b. c. 583. In this year and conflict Zoroaster was slain. The great King Vishtasp survived him, as did his chancellor, who had written down the 'Aves- ta,' or Parsee Bible, from the teaching of ths Prophet. Between history and tradition there is seldom a fixed line. In the most favorable circumstances the line of demarcation is drawn more or less subjectively; when deal- ing with the remote past, one must be con- tent to admit that there is practically no boundary at all. History is immersed in tra- dition, transformed by it, made part of it, like salt in water, till in the end history becomes tradition, and tradition is made historical. Especially is this true of accounts handed down in re- gard to striking personalities, and the most complete fusion of that which actually was and that which is said to have been is per- haps to be found in the Orient. Here fact and fancy are often indistinguishable. There is a Buddha of history and one of tradition, but who can separate them? Very wisely, as it seems to us, Prof. Jackson, in re- counting what may be called the personal history of Zoroaster, has let tradition declare history, and has not attempted to dogmatize in respect of the native annals. In this book he has sketched Zoroaster's life, the founding of the Parsee faith, and the first struggles of the new church with the northern bar- barians, letting tradition tell the tale un- checked, save for such critique as is needed to restrain hearsay within the bounds of probability, as those bounds must be set by a rational Occidental mind. So clear and picturesque is the narrative that o»e regrets its sudden close. There was still much to write, and the history of the church to the time of the Sassanidse would have made a fitting conclusion to the story of Zoroaster's first congregation. Prof. Jackson has preferred, however, to limit himself, as Is implied by the title of his book, to Zoroaster's own time, and gives neither the history of the church, nor an ac- count of Zoroaster's religion, the latter sub- ject being reserved for another volume. As the traditional matter in regard to Zoroaster is somewhat meagre, there remains ample space, when the story is finished, to discuss in full the questions of date and geography raised in the text, and to add sundry co- pious appendixes besides. These contain, for example, all known allusions to Zo- roaster in Greek and Latin authors, and all references to him in Armenian, Chinese, Sy- riac, and even Icelandic literature. In pre- paring these, Prof. Jackson acknowledges gratefully the assistance of Prof. Gottheil and Dr. Gray of Columbia, and Dr. F. Wil- liams of Yale. There is one slight defect in this book, and we speak of it here that it may be corrected in another edition. The appendixes are evi- dently meant for specialists. But for whom is the body of the work intended? If for those who have to be told that e. g. means exempli gratia and that this means 'for ex- ample' (p. xxiii), then why head the chap- ters with untranslated sentences in Greek, Sanskrit, Avestan, Anglo-Saxon, and Latin? More seriously and more important: how is the average layman (for whom, as we opine, the work is written) to know the va- lue of tradition as given by Nask and Yasht and Dinkart? Who are the Sassanidse (p. 105), and when did they live? How old is Pahlavi literature? One finds by accident on p. 84 the date of one work, but nothing more. What is the connection between the early and later texts so often cited, and what is their relative value as historical material? Two or three pages would have been enough to answer sufficiently all these questions, which cannot fail to perplex the average reader. It is high praise to say that in arrangement this is the only point we have noticed obnoxious to adverse criticism. Prof. Jackson practically ignores the ex- treme view of the late Prof. Darmesteter in regard to Zoroaster's date. This is well. The whole theory of Darmeitctcr that the 'Avesta' belongs to a period after the Achse- menidaa is so untenable that no scholar can accept it. Other scholars, however, are not inclined to put so much faith in the traditional date of Zoroaster's birth as does Prof. Jackson. Prof. Oldenberg thinks the ninth century more prob- able than the seventh, and Prof. Tiele, a high authority, ascribes parts of the 'Younger Avesta' to a time "not much later than b. c. 800." In one of his latest utter- ances on the subject ('Zur Frage nach dem Alter des Avesta,' in the last number of the Archiv fiir Religionstcisscnschaft) Prof. Tiele emphasizes, and it seems to us right- ly, the fact that the recognized literary form of Ahuramazda differs from the in- scriptional form, and that the older, Mazda Ahura, or Ahura Mazda (a somewhat later order; in either case two distinct words meaning Wise Spirit), is the Avestan form, while the Persian inscriptions not only have the later Ahura Mazda, but have the two words combined into one inseparable Ahura- mazda, which gives 'tipo/ia^, Ormazd. Now of the two the separated form, where each word is felt as an independent part, must be considerably more antique than the united Persian Ahuramazda. Hence the 'Avesta' represents a period which is at least older than that of the inscriptions of Darius, whereas Prof. Jackson would make Zoroaster himself live till the century of the Achaeme- nidas. To this, Prof. Jackson can answer .only that dialectical differences account for all changes. We cannot agree that dialect alone would explain the inversion and ste- reotyped combination here discussed. Again, a weighty argument against so late a date is the fact, also urged by Prof. Tiele, that the 'Avesta' represents stage by stage a long religious development, in which everything is at last reduced to rule and ceremonial pre- cision. On the other hand, the precision of native tradition is really based on no more substantial ground than dateless Per- sian records. There are other reasons which might be presented, but enough has been said to show that Prof. Jackson's date is still open to discussion. Of this he is him- self fully aware, and, as he cheerily says "the earlier the better," he would probably not object to a satisfactory proof of the in- adequacy of his own theory. The book is written throughout in a spirit of perfect fairness and with cordial appre- ciation of the value of the work of others. If in some regards it is not definitive, It is because no book on the subject can be so. It is, however, authoritative in the statement of facts, careful and discriminating in the judgments rendered, and very clear in the presentation of the many theories discussed; the work of a sound scholar and a credit to Columbia. To say that the book is from the Macmillan press is to certify to its admirable appearance. Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England vor Shakespeare: Ein Erganzungsband zu Dodsley's Old English Plays. Heraus- gegeben von Alois Brandl. Strassburg: Karl J. Triibner. 1898. Pp. exxvi + 667. A supplement to Hazlitt's Dodsley has long been needed, and it is to the credit of Germany that one of her most distin- guished scholars in the field of English studies has supplied a want which Eng- lish and American scholars have neglected to fill. The period, moreover, in which the plays contained in this volume fall, is his- torically the most important and in many respects the least understood of all periods preliminary to Shakspere. The morality plays have added little to the gayety of na- tions, and the transitional dramas of the middle of the sixteenth century have as a rule but little literary merit; but Shak- spere and his group follow close upon their heels, and the thing yet to be explained is exactly how they led up to Shakspere. For this purpose we need under our hands all the material still extant. Prof. Brandl's volume supplies most of the important pieces which till now had remained practicallly inaccessible. Twelve plays are printed, of which only six have been reprinted in re- cent times, and all of these (with the ex- ception of "Mankind," recently printed in Manly's 'Specimens of the Pre-Shaksperian Drama') in very limited and generally in- accessible editions. Of the rest, two are from manuscript and appear in print for the first time. Three pieces of John Hey- wood's are given, completing the reprint- ing of that author's dramatic works. One novelty— the play of "Misogonus," given for the first time from the unique MS. in the possession of the Duke of Devonshire — for a certain crude vis comica it possesses and for certain suggested affiliations, seems to us of distinct historical importance, and worthy to compare with "Ralph Roister Doister" and "Gammer Gurton's Needle." The dramas given represent certain groups suggested by the editor, who, on the basis of this grouping, discusses the plays in an ad- mirably planned and generally learned and suggestive introduction. The result is, per- haps, rather materials to serve for a more

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Feb. 23, 1899] The Nation 153 general history than a complete essay on the early drama in itself; that we shall doubtless have in the author's promised con- tinuation of Ten Brink's 'History of English Literature,' to which readers will now look forward with heightened expectations. The first step, we take it, in the construction of a history of a drama like that of the transi- tional period before Shakspere, in which personal genius and idiosyncrasy had so lit- tle play, consists in the classification of the dramatic material of the age and in the trac- ing out of the affiliations of separate plays with one another and with their Continental sources and analogues. This introduction, utilizing to some extent contributions of previous workers in the field, makes a very considerable beginning in this task. The editor also discusses questions of language and versification; and questions relating to the stage representation of these early plays receive the due attention which the histo- rians of the English drama have long ne- glected to give to them. The editor's conclu- sions here, however, seem to us fragmentary and uncertain. The subject in general evi- dently demands further study at the hands of those specially interested in the early his- tory of our drama. In his study of the sources of these plays, Prof. Brandl seems to arrive at no results which at all tend to confirm the random conjectures of Mr. Chur- ton Collins as to the preponderating in- fluence of the Italian drama on the transi- tional English drama of the sixteenth cen- tury—although, perhaps, more remains to be discovered than is here suggested in the way of some direct Italian source accounting for the Italian setting of "Misogonus." But did Mr. Collins, after all, discover a mare's nest? There is a touch of the traditional German Oclehrter, with, perhaps, an echo of Klein and Ulrici and Schlegel, in Trof. Brandl's characterization of the Vice of the older drama as the embodiment of "mocking chance — the way of the world with all its self-irony and its fre- quent" contradiction of the heroic will of man"! But in generalization Prof. Brandl is usually temperate and conservative, as well as illuminating, and often highly sug- gestive. We are not sure that all his points in regard to the affiliations of individual plays and groups of plays, and especially in regard to the influence of Bale and of Lynd- say, are altogether substantiated; and there are many other points of detail which we cannot accept without fuller discussion. The work as a whole, however, both introduction and texts, is a valuable contribution. The notes are distinctly inferior, showing a very imperfect knowledge of sixteenth-century English, and are unworthy of the editor's reputation. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams. I'rof. G. European History. An Out- Chain. Appletons. Dimock, Susan \V. Births, Baptisms, Marriages, and Deaths in Mansfield, Conn., 1703-1850. Baker & Taylor Co. $5. Emerson. R. W. The Superlative, and Other Es- says. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 15c. Fist.. Willlston. Short Rations. Harpers. $1.25. h'nssler, Prof. I,. Rossegger's I • i ' - Sclirif ten des Wnldschulinelstcrs. Henry Hull \ . 75c. Orr, Rev. Ja s. Neglected Factors in the Study of Eaii Ity. Armstrongs. $1.50. Patten, Prof. S. N. The Development of English Thought, a study in the Economic Interpreta- tion 11I History. Macinillan. Riemnnii, Othon, and Goel/.er. Henri, (Iraminairc Compare du (iree et du Latin. Syntaxe. Paris: Colin ftc Cle. Robinson. A. G, The Forto Rico of To-day. Scrlb- ners. $1.50. Rogers, A. K. A Brief Introduction to Modern Philosophy. Macmillan. $1.25. Rop.-s, a. c. The Story of the Civil War. Part II. The Campaigns of 18C52. Putnams. $2.50. Russell. .1. K. Oerman Higher Schools. Long- mans, (Jreen & Co. $2.25. Sampson, George. The Works of Ceorge Berkeley. Vol. III. I/ondon: Hell; New York: Macmillan. $1.50. Schmidt, Prof. F. G. G. Wildenbruch's Der Letzte. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 25c. Seligman, Prof. B. R. A. The Shifting and Inci- dence of Taxation. 2d ed., completely revised and enlarged. Macmillan. $3. Spencer. Prof. Baldwin, and Gillen, F. J. The Native Tribes of Central Australia. Macmillan. $6.50. The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius. [Temple Classics.] London: Dent; New York: Macmillan. 50c. 50c. The Living Age. Oct. -Dec, 1898. Boston: Living Age Co. Thackeray. W. M. • The Adventures of Philip. [Biographical Edition.] Harpers. $1.75. Thwaites, R. G. The Jesuit Relations. Vols. XXXV. and XXXVI. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. Co. Warren, Prof. F. M. Moliere's Le Bourgeois Gen- tilhomme. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 30c. Weir, Dr. James. The Dawn of Reason. Macmil- lan. $1.25. hippie, G. ter. John Wiley & Sons. Wilklson, F. The Story of the Cotton Plant. Appletons. Winter, J. S. Wedlock. R. F. Fenno & Co. 75c. Yeats. S. L. The Heart of Denise, and Other Tales. Longmans, Green & Co. Approved Fiction. God's Prisoner. By John Oxenham. $1.25. Commercial Advertiser: " A very intense sort of book. . . . Many thrilling scenes and strong delineations of emotion." Time*', omance Herald : " Very entertaining reading.' Poor Human Nature. By Elizabeth Godfrey, id Impression. $1. ble work. Tribune: "One of the cleverest musical novels we know, and it is particularly creditable in that it holds not hi uk of the hysterica 1 trusli with which the feminine writer usually fills fiction of this kind. . . . Uncom- monly attractive and interesting." Boston Transcript: " This fine, strong tale." Literary World: "Full of Interest." Tht Academy (London): "Her literary skill Is nota- ble. The sioi v is told witli grace and delicacy and no little strength." Philadelphia Press : " Charmingly written." 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Their object Ivated Liberals, but In the matter of the American War thc> fought against the ying to represent, and were finally acknowledged bvtliem to have been in I he right. :k Is compressed into an animated narrative, which the laziest or busiest may lead, >pi mass of the very class they are tr "" i- no ir nil • Si J: of the publishers and the The news of the current wee Hi,, or The , of all Books published during the week (not under one shilling in price), with the e prices attached, a feature which will grca'ly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, anil private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 283 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duane St., New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Union Square, New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. 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154= Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 brave and serious nation of fighting and thinking being, am" a dominant factor in the Eastern world. NEW BOOKS. The New Far East A Study of Present Political Conditions and Prospects. By Arthur Dioky, Vice- Chairman of the Council of the Japan So- ciety. With 12 illustrations from special designs by Kubota Beisen, of Tokio, a re- production of a cartoon designed by His Majesty the German Emperor, and a spe- cially drawn map. 8vo, $3.50. The author, who is the founder of the Japan So- ciety, shows that Japan is not only a travellers' paradise, "a pleasant land, of beautiful scenery, a country inhabited by an Interesting race with charming, gentle manners," but also (as has been evident since her defeat of China) the land of a itiou capable of being, and determined China, credited until her overthrow with boundless stores of latent strength, is shown to be an inert mass, drifting toward disintegration. Mr. Diosy sketches the changes in manners and customs that have produced "the new Japan," and concludes with a consideration of political conditions In the East, and a suggestion as to the expedient Orien- tal policy of England in the future. The book is illustrated by Kubota Beisen, a Japanese artist well known in this country, where he visited and held exhibitions of his work in 1893-1894. The West Indies A History of the Islands of the West Indian Archipelago, together with an account of their Physical Characteristics, Natural Resources, and Present Condition. By Amos Kidder Fiske, A.M., author of "The Jewish Scriptures," "The Myths of Israel," etc. No. 55 in The Story of the Nations Series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, $1.50; half leather, gilt top, $1.75. The events of the past year have begotten, at least in the United States a new and keener interest not only in Cuba and Porto Kico, but in all <if that great group of American islands which still remain so largely under European control. Prof. FIske's purpose has been to compress with- in the compass of one moderate volume, and yet to present with adequate form and color and in a popular style, the information about the West Indies -their history and physical aspects, their natural resources and material condition, their po- litical relations and apparent destiny— which would meet the needs of that numerous but (indefinable person, the "general reader." Volcanoes Their Structure and Significance. By T. G. Bonney, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Geology at University College, London. No. 5 in the Science Series. Illustrated. 12mo, $2.00. The author has endeavored to lead the reader through descriptions of the varied phenomena of volcanic action, in the present and in the past, towards ascertaining by Inference the cauBe or causes of eruptions. The book opens with an ac- count of "a living volcano," instances being given which explain it at every stage from birth to death. Previous volumes in the Science Series are: v 1,t7$* 3tudy of Man- B* Prof- A C Haddon. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $2.00. 2 — The Groundwork of Science. A Studv of Episteniology. By St. George Mivart. 8vo, $1.75. 3.— Rivers of North America. A Reading Lesson for Students of Geography ami Geology. By Israel C. Russell. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $2.00. 4 — Earth Sculpture; or, The Origin of Land Forms. By James Geikie. Fully illustrated. 8vo, The Law and History of Copyright in Books By Augustine Birrell, Q.C., Member of Parliament and Quaim Professor of Law at University College, Oxford. 8vo, $1.25, net. The author of "Obiter Dicta," lu his agreeable manner and perspicuous style, traces fr, is ),v- gini.Migs the history of public acknowled" ,„,',,, that an author has legal rights in the prolita of his creat.ons Referring to this book, an authority 1™ matters of copyright says: '-It impresses me as an exceedingly elective pros, tion of the subject at er and I judge that ,, „„,ht to be of service not only to the legal protessimi. but also to libra! a M, literary men, and students of social condl- Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York ; London. yust Ready. Electrolysis and Elec= trosvnthesis OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. By DR. WALT HER LOB, Prtvatdocent In the University of Bonn, Authorized Translation from the Author's En= larged and Revised Edition. By II. W. F. LORENZ, A.M., Ph.D.. Graduate of the University of Berlin. 119 pages. i2mo. Cloth, $1.00. The flicroscopy of Drinking= water. By GEORGE CLLANDLER WHIPPLE, Biologist and Director of Mt. Prospect Laboratory, Department of Water Supply, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; formerly Biologist of the Boston Water Works. An elementary work, intended primarily to serve as a guide to the water-analyst and the water-works engineer, describing the methods of microscopical examination, assisting in the identification of the common microscopic or- ganisms found in drinking-water and inter- preting the results in the light of environmen- tal studies. Illustrated with 80 figures in the text. 19 full page half tones, with bibliogra- phy and index. 850 pages. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50. Examination of Water, CHEMICAL and BACTERIOLOGICAL. By WM. P. MA SOX, Professor of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute i2mo. Cloth, $1.25. Physical Chemistry for Beginners. By DR. CH. VAN DE VENTER. With an introduction by Prof. J. II. Van't Hofl. Translated from the German by Ber- tram B. Boltwood, Yale University. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50. The Elements of Physi= cal Chemistry. By J. LIVINGSTON R. MORGAN, Columbia University. l2mo. Cloth, $3.00. si;\D FOB DE8CR1PTIVE CIRCULARS. John Wiley &Sons, 53 E. 10th St., New York City. 50% Reduction THE PRICE OP THE History of the Jews By Prof. H. QRAETZ Reduced from $18 to $9.00 per set of Six Volumes (An average of over (100 octavo pages to each volume.) A complete description from the earliest times to the " Prof. Graetz Is the historiographer par excellence of the Jews. His work, at present the authority upon the subject of Jewish History, bids fair to hold its preemi- nent position for some time, perhaps decades."— Preface to Index Volume. Scholars, Students, Clergymen, Laymen The Jewish Publication Society of America 1015 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. NEW PUBLICATIONS IN GERMAN. Der Praktische Deutsche. By U. Jos. Beiley. Der Praktische Deutsche is ar- ranged after the plan of Paul Bercy's Le Francais Pratique, but it is by no means a translation of that book. The original plan has been preserved, but the exercises reconstructed and fitted to the particular needs of the student of German. The aim has been to provide the material necessary to enable the learner to converse with Germans in their own language, and to arrange it in such an order that the study will be pleasurable as well as profitable. Roman type is used throughout excepting in a few lessons, and a vocabulary is at the end of the volume. ■ 2mo, cloth. Second Edition, entirely revised. 251 pages. Price, $1.00. WILLIAM R.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, rull-of -Matter. Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. AN ABRIDGMENT OF Funk & Wagnalls' Standard Dictionary Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1,225 Pictorial Illustrations. Sent postpaid, <m receipt of the price, hy The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 & 7 East Sixteenth St., New York. Old Books. Rare Books. Choice Books. 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Feb. 23, 1899] The Nation Scribner's New Publications READY NEXT WEEK Ait Authoritative Narrative of the Santiago Campaign IN CUBA WITH SHAFTER. By Lieut-Col. J. D. MILEY (^OLONEL MILEY was General Shafter's Chief-of-Staff during the ^ Santiago Campaign. His book is an authoritative description, from With 10 the headquarters point of view, of the difficulties and obstacles which portraits of the United States troops encountered and of how they were overcome. leading The information is based on official documents and on the testimony of Generals those who were cognizant of all that was taking place, and the book will undoubtedly be accepted as the authorized presentation of the cam- paign. J2mo. $1.50. With 1 maps from official sources THE PORTO RICO OF TO DAY. By A. G. ROBINSON 1..,, "T^" 's tne a^c work °f an able man sent to 'spy out the land' /' II 6ate anc' rePort to tne People of his race whatever he saw that •j, . f- would be valuable to them. The book gives one a clear idea of the illustrations . . _, _ ., ^ . ™ . „„ *„ ~ nature of the country. — Boston Daily Advertiser. J2mo. $1.50. RED ROCK. By THOMAS NELSON PAGE. "THE foremost place among American novels of the season must be -*■ given to Mr. Page's ' Red Rock.' . . . When one has finished Illustrated by it, he finds in his mind a living community of acting, breathing, and vital B. West men and women, and that is saying that ' Red Rock' is the work of a man Clinedinst of genuine artistic power. It is a contribution to our literature because it is real, because it deals with a very dramatic period in American history." — The Outlook. With three maps Thirtieth thousand. 1 2 mo. $1.50 THE COLUMN AND THE ARCH By W. P. P. Longfellow With J6 full-page illustrations. 12mo. $2.00. "It is no disparagement of other American writers who have devoted themselves to architectural criticism to say that Mr. Long- fellow is the most authoritative of all."— New York Times. MUSIC AND POETRY By Sidney Lanier. l2mo. $1.50 "It contains the theories and opinions of one of the keenest and most delicately discriminating of minds, phrased in a choice English style of which he was indeed a master." — The Congrepa- tionalist. TALES OF UNREST By Joseph Conrad. 12mo. $1.25. "Crowned " one of the three best books of 1898 by The A cad- emy, which says: "It is Mr. Conrad's achievement to have brought the East to our .very doors, not only its people— others have done that conspicuously well— but its feeling, its glamour, its beauty and wonder." REMBRANDT: A ROMANCE OF HOLLAND By Walter C. Lamed. 12mo. $J.50. "This is a charming romance in which art and love and adven- ture are interwoven with the great names of Art. . . . The reader at all times seems to feel that he is reading of real people."— Chicago Inter Ocean. The Most Original Book of the Year WILD ANIMALS I HAVE KNOWN By ERNEST SETON THOMPSON With 300 illustrations from drawings by the author. Seventh Thousand. Square 12mo. $2.00 " There is nothing in modern story-telling which equals the tale of the capture of the pacing mustang. . . . In depicting animal life and character, Mr. Thompson has probably no peer in this country, and this delightful volume shows us that his pen is as mighty as his marvellous brush." — New York Mail and Express. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 53- [57 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK

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VI The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1756 ARTISTIC MEMORIALS TABLETS Memorial Tablets, Ancient and Mo- dern, Honorary and Mortuary, in Bronze, Brass, Mosaic and Marble. Our varied designs are always origi- nal, and made ro meet the architec- tural and artistic conditions of the place in which the memorials are to go. Of all forms of memor.als the tablet is the LEAST EXPENSIVE, especially where permanence is de- sired in union with good :aste. Spe- cial designs and estimates submitted. WINDOWS Our memorial windows are made of TIFFANY FAVRILE GLASS, v.hic.h is produced exclusive. y at our own furnace, and cannot be obtained from other makers or used by any other artists. In range, depth and brilliancy of color it has never been equalled, and when we employ it in window work the greatest care is ex- ercised in selecting the pece, in or- der that we may obtain the desired effect both in color and texture. The selection is made by a trained artisan, under the supervision of an artist. Special designs and estimates submitted. ' Historical Booklet 1 Illustrated I sent upon request. MONUMENTS Out-of-Door Memorials, Mausoleums, Tombs, Headstones, and all forms of mortuary monuments of our con- struction possess both Beauty of De- sign and Durability. In Marble, Granite or Bronze, our work always maintains the correct proportional form, the proper relation of ornament to form, with the whole in harmony with the environment, thus making the most modest memorial a WORK OF ART. Special designs and es- timates submitted. Historical Booklet (Illustrated) sent upon request Tiffany Studios (Tiffany Glass & Decorating Co.) 333-341 Fourth A ve.,N.Y. Historical Booklet about 1,'loss Mosaic 1 Illustrated) also upon request. 53^ Annual Statement of the Conne&icut Mutual Life Insurance Company Of Hartford, Conn. NET Assets, January 1, 1898, $61,408,550.38 RECEIVED IN 1898. For Premiums $4,768,230.48 For Interest and Rents 3,070,247.66 7,838,478.14 $69,247,028.52 DISBURSED IN 1898. For claims by death, matured endowments, and annuities $4,283,365.44 Surplus returned to po- licy-holders 1,272,693.78 Lapsed and Surrender- ed Policies 656,040.55 Total to Policy- holders $6,212,099.77 Commissions to Agents, Salaries, Medical Ex- aminers' fees. Print- ing, Advertising, Le- gal, Real Estate, all other Expenses, and Profit and Loss 843,876.97 Taxes 383,984.25 7,439,960.99 Balance Net Assets, Dec. 31, 1898 $61,807,067.53 SCHEDULE OF ASSETS. Loans upon Real Estate, first lien.. $28,900,189.39 Loans upon Stocks and Bonds 2,300.00 Premium Notes on Policies in force 904,622.19 Cost of Real Estate owned by the Company 10,977,642.71 Cost of Bonds 18,865,603.62 Cost of Bank and Railroad Stocks. . 473,504.16 Cash in Banks 1,688,745.26 Bills receivable 5,367.79 $61,817,975.12 Less Agents' Credit Balances 10,907 59 $61,807,067.53 Add Interest due and accrued $968,702.63 Rents due and accrued.. 12,572.27 Market value of stocks and bonds over cost. . 1,065,955.64 Ntt uncollected and de- ferred premiums 333,456.99 2,380,687.53 Gross Assets, December 31, 1898 $64,187,755.06 Liabilities: Amount required to re- insure all outstanding Policies, net, Compa- ny's standard $55,379,912.00 All other liabilities 1,285,933.20 56,665,845.20 Surplus $7,521,909.86 Ratio of expenses of management to receipts in 1898 10.77 per cent. Policies in force Dec. 31, 1898, 66,862 • Insuring $158,078,850.00 JACOB L. GREENE, President. JOHN M. TAYLOR, Vice-Prest. HERBERT H. WHITE, Secretary. DANIEL H. WELLS, Actuary. THEODORE E. LANE, General Agent, 1 Wall Stkbbt, Cor. Broadway, NBW YORK CITY. Jtteistcred Trade Mark. SPECIAL SALE 1000 Dozen HANDKERCHIEFS For Men and Women "At The Linen Store." 250 doz. Ladies' Hem- stitched Handkerchiefs, y and y. inch hems . 250 doz. Ladies' Hem- stitched Handkerchiefs, Yx and y>, inch hems . 300 doz. Men's Hem- stitched Handkerchiefs, y2 and 1 inch hems . 200 doz. Men's Hem- stitched . Handkerchiefs, 1^ and 1 inch hems . . All Pure Linen and full size. James JHcCutcheonS Co. 14 West 23d St., New York. 18c. 25c. 20c. 30c. OXDtWOW Laces and Embroideries. Mousseline and Lace Tuckings, Corded, Plaited, and Hemstitched Taffetas. Lace Robes. Spangled and Jet All-Overs. JoUHXxfovOM C\J 1 9t£ <*t. NEW YORK.

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The NSsbn VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 757. THURSDAY, MARCH 2, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. THE MARCH NUMBER North American Review CONTAINS: THE DISSOLUTION OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE. By Demetrius C. Boulger. NECESSITY AND RESPONSIBILITY, .... Alexander Sutherland THE OPPORTUNITY OF THE SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY, Charles A. Crampton THE THREE PHASES OF COLORED SUFFRAGE, . . Walter C. Hamm THE SOURCES OF NATIONAL REVENUE. By the Late Nelson Dingley, Jr., Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee A REPUBLIC IN THE PHILIPPINES, . . Ex-Senator W. A. Peffer THE OPPOSITION TO RAILWAY POOLING, . . . H. T. Newcomb BRITISH RULE IN INDIA— I., .... The Rev. J. P. Jones, D.D., Missionary of the American Board, at Madura, South India "CHRISTIAN SCIENCE" AND ITS LEGAL ASPECTS, . W. A. Purrington AMERICANISM VS. IMPERIALISM— II. By Andrew Carnegie. GUNPOWDER AS A LESSER EVIL, . . . . . F. L. Oswald THE NEW DIPLOMACY, ....... Leon Mead WAR CORRESPONDENTS, . . . . . .J. Gilmer Speed 50 cents a copy; $5.00 a year. Sold by all Newsdealers. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, 1 1 Warren Street, New York.

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11 The Nation. [Vol 68, No. 1757 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 155 Editorial Articles: A Great Moral Catastrophe 158 Who is Responsible for Agulnaldo? 159 The Real Culprits 159 Special Correspondence: The Pre-Imperial Josephine.— II 160 Correspondence: The Adjutant-General's Department and the Hull Bill 161 Tempora Mutantur 102 The Consumer Paying the Tax 162 A Rectification 162 The Case of the Carpet-Baggers 162 The Limits of Our Knowledge 163 Notes 103 Book Reviews: Recent Novels 166 Two Dante Books 168 Angels' Wings '. 109 Actors of the Century 10U Sketches of the History of Georgian Litera- ture 170 Camping and Tramping in Malaya 170 Iguaz von Diillinger 171 The Companions of Pickle 172 Historic Homes of the South-West Moun- tains, Virginia 172 Books of the Week 172 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, S P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— ^Insertions 5 per cent. 8 „. jo .. 2I " :::::::::::::: — IS* » 39 ;; :.:::::::::::::::::: 20 » 52 25 " Amount— $100 within a year 10 percent. 500 " •• ::::::::::::: if* .. 750 •• - 20 1,000 ■• •• .. s£ .. 1,500 " " w 2.000 •• « :::::::::::::::::: 33« « The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as the advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured ir Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de 1'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens, 7 Trafalgar Square, Ame- rican Newspaper Agency, 15 King William Street, Strand, W. C. London agent for advertisements, H. A. Delille Langham Hotel. Educational. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. LPDGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y J—y School for Girls- 861 h year will begin September 28, 1898. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvrk, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. Massachusetts, Boston. JDOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. JD Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channlng Street. ^PHE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly. Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares JT for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Elementary classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) M- New York, Tjtica. RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. MA BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School for Girls. Established In 1«4«. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phlla., Pa. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, Copley Square, Boston, Mass. The Second Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction in drawing from the cast and from life In painting and decorative design, and also In artistic ana- 1 i and perspective. Principal instructors: F.W.Ben- son, E. C. Tarbell, and Philip Hale (Drawing and Paint- ing), Mrs. William Stone (Decorative Design), B. L. Pratt (Modelling). E. W. Emerson (Anatomy), and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are. Allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giving DIVINITY SCHOOL HARVARD UNIVERSITY For the year 1899-1900, two Resident (Williams) I'Vllnwships of $4' n> each are offeieu to graduates of Theological Schools » ho tut. ■mi to devote them- selves to the Christian .Ministry. These Fellow- ships are designed to encourage advanced theologi- cal work of a high order. Applications accompa- nied by testimonials and Specimens of work must be made before April 1st, ls:o. on special blanks to be obtained of ROBERT S. MuRISON, Secretary of the Faculty, Cambridge, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR OIRLS. BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to BrynMawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryu Matvr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. School Agencies. qTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Asbburton Place, Boston, l.'t.' 1 vft.it si , Washington. 150 Filth Ave., New York. 4 14 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis ,:io cooper Bdg., Denver, fiasstlms'n Hk., Los Angeles 378 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, ■C1 ?4 8t,?,te St- Alba".v. N. Y.-Provldes schools of a 1 grades With competent [.■acinus. Asm, is teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager C<CH£RM£RHORN'S TEACHERS' kj AGENCY Oldest ami best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 e. 14th St.. N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. TO Fifth Ave., New York. ATI AfPTlfV is valll"blc m proportion to its ir fill A£CllCy iluence. If it merely hears of va C. W 8ARDEEN. Syracuse. KINDERGARTEN supplies 1\ at SCHERMERHORN'S, 8 East 14th St., N. Y Send for new Catalogue. Teachers, eL rpOUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL J. Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private Instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber, Belleville, 111. A YALE GRADUATE, FOR FIVE jTI. years Instructor of Latin and Greek In an Eastern rniver.-ity, will travel as Private Tutor after June 1st. Address "Yale," care of the Nation. A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR f^HARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- L^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. FOR SALE OR TO RENT. Tours. "" ££"" BERMUDA FROST UNKNOWN. MALARIA IMPOSSIBLE. 48 Hours from New York, by Elegant Steamships, Weekly. West Indies For Winter Cruises Go To PRETORIA, 3,300 Tons Jan. J2 and Feb. J6 MADIANA, 3,030 Tons, Feb. 4. Including Bermuda and Porto Rico. A. E. OUTERBRIDdE & CO., Agents, QUEBEC STEAMSHIP COMPANY, L'T'D, 39 Broadway, New York. THOMAS COOK & SON, 2(U Broadway, N. Y. A. AHERN. Secretary, Quebec, Canada. CIlDAOn ^our admirably arranged rl Kill I. &ad attractive routes for Y4 \J\\\JY u EURoPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of Mrs. M. D. FRAZAR Son. which It the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. EUROPEAN WINTER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Landsee, Proprietor. nin Ann London, Paris, Holland, the Rhine, r,l Kllr r, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. Vl",vl "* An excellent opportunity to travel with a pleasant party tinder skilful guidance and at moderate expense, (ith year. Address H. W. DUN. NING, Ph D„ TO W. D„ Yale Univ., New Haven, Ct C(1„„_a I ITH ANNUAL TOUR. Small DUrOPt party sails via Gibralter for Naples. r Moderate price, compreheuslve route. Address EDWIN C. KIMBALL. 56 Sumner Street, Boston, Mass. 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March 2, 1899] Tlie ISTation. 111 Thirty-fourth Annual Statement CONDENSED Connecticut General Life INSURANCE COMPANY JANUARY 1, 1899 THOMAS W. RUSSELL, President RBCBIPTS IN YEAR 1898 Premiums $450,173 93 Interest and Rents 148,097 91 $598,270 84 275,243 32 122,001 90 3,314,379 37 523,107 98 41,864 58 207,140 45 933,000 00 Paid Policy-holders Reinsurance, Taxes, and all other Dis- bursements Assets January 1, 1899 Surplus to Policy-holders Increased Income for the Year 1898 was Increase of Assets Increase in Insurance in force F. V. HUDSON, Secretary. E. B. PECK, Assistant Secretary. R. W. HUNTINGTON, Jr., Actuary. M. STORRS, M.D., Medical Adviser. F. C. GRISWOLD, Superintendent of Agencies. cAbsolutely Reliable Ahvays m emington Standard Typewriter. WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New *ork. The Queen's Empire. A pictorial record of the modes of government, national Institutions, forms of worship, methods of travel, sports, recreations, occupations, and home life of the inhabitants of the British Empire. First Series, con- taining ahout 300 full-page Illustrations, reproduced from authentic photographs. Price, :..-)!>. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND 9 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books : Agents for the leading Paris Publishers ; Tauchnitz'e Britisli authors, Teubner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as Issued. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. | address MR. GRANT. Before buying books, write for quotations. An assortment of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St., .... NEW YORK. [Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.] Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St. , Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education, Boston: "A well-made series. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and in- teresting." DOOKS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, issue 22 The Phoenix Mutual m LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Of Hartford, Conn., Issues Endowment Policies to either men or women, which (besides giving Five other options) GUARANTEE when the Insured is Fifty, Sixty or Seventy Years Old To pay $1,500 in cash for every $1,000 of Insurance in force. Sample Policies, rates, and other information will be given on application to the Home Office. JONATHAN B. BUNCE, President. JOHN M. HOLCOMBE, Vice-President. CHARLES H. LAWRENCE, Secretary. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879. The Story of his Life told by his Children. Illustrated with over 40 portraits, views, etc. 4 vols., 8vo, gilt top, $8.00 net. This important work (till recently published by the Century Company) has been reduced in price from $12 00 to $8.00, a remarkably low price for what is unquestionably one of the handsomest products of the American press. " A masterpiece of modern historical biography. . . . To call the work a mine of information would be to convey a false impression; it is rather a well-arranged library in which attendant hands are always present to point the way to the exact thing wanted. . . . Finally, the work, while as instructive as the driest manual, is as interesting as a romance." — Boston Advertiser. ','For sale by booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price by the publishers. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston and New York. TDOOKS.—All Out-of-print Books supplied, JD no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the most expert book finders extant. Please state warns. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, 14-1B John Bright Street, Birmingham, Hngland. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued every Saturday. Sent gratis by H. W. HAQEMANN, !6o 5th Ave., New York. Seven food products — prevent and relieve diabetes, dyspep- sia, debility, etc. Ask dealerB. Unlike all others. Look for criss-cross lines. Pamphlet and sample offer mailed free. PANSY Pastry Flour, FiDes FAR WELL, cr»iT collections and Issue Commercial and CKbUlI. Travellers' Credits, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 The Macmillan Company's New Books THE LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT A Defence of Democracy By Gamaliel Bradford, A.B. (Harvard). Cloth, 8vO. Two Vols. Just Ready stages at which it is seen in the different nations of the world, and has given the subject a clear and forceful presentation. It is an important and interesting contribution to political science, and will be read with interest by political thinkers who have realized the danger of a strong irresponsible executive and would increase the responsibility of the executive without undermining its strength. Important and Interesting THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH THOUGHT A Study in the Economic Interpretation op History. ' By Simon N. Patten, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Pennsylvania. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 The purpose of this book is to bring out the connection between the economic events that determine a nation's prosperity and the thought and feelings of the people. The discussions are not confined to the development of economics, but the social, political, moral and religious changes are also pointed out, and the relations that exist between them and the underlying economic conditions upon which they depend. Because of the care taken to correlate these different fields, the book covers the ground of all the social and moral ' THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS An Economic Study dj the Evolution of Institutions. By Thorstein B. Veblen, Ph.D., Instructor in Political Economy and Man- aging Editor of the Journal of Political Economy in the University of Chicago. Cloth, 8vo. Just Ready The book deals with the leisure class as an institution, its history and its place as a factor in the culture of to-day. Without any unnecessary techni- calities, the discussion brings out the relation of the leisure class to the eco- nomic side of modern life. The argument traces the influence of the class, and of its standards and ideals, upon current opinions, usages, and habits of life, particularly as affecting industrial activity and the consumption of An invaluable work for some time unobtainable A HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC LITERATURE. TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE By A. W. Ward, Litt.D. New Edition. Three Volumes. Cloth, 8vo. $9.00 net It will be remembered that the previous editions of this work went out of print some time ago. Nothing satisfactory has been found to supply the blank left by it, but the author was unwilling to bring it out again until a revision had been made so thorough as to amount almost to the labor of preparing a new volume. New edition Thoroughly re- vised NEW NOVELS MY LADY AND ALLAN DARKE By Charles Donnel Gibson. Cloth, nmo, $i.So Another novel by a new writer who has broken entirely fresh ground. It is a fascinating picture of life on a large, last-century plantation, and a won- derful story cleverly told in a stirring, dramatic, swiftly moving style. HUGH GWYETH A Roundhead Cavalier. By Beulah Marie Dix. Cloth, 1200, $1.50. This little book by a new writer is in a charming style and preserves to an unusual degree historic verisimilitude. Its atmospnere, its color and phrasing all belong to those great years in English history which witnessed the struggle between Crouiwellian and Stuart forces. THE STORY OF OLD FORT LOUDON the Pioneers op Tennessee, 1760. A Tale of the Cherokees New Volume in the Series, Stories from Ame- By Charles Egbert Craddock, author of "The Prophet of The Great Smoky Mountains," "Where the Battle was Fought," etc. Illustrated by E. C. Peixotto. i2tno, Cloth, $1.50 " The narratives are full of startling adventures, almost superhuman endurance, and dash and daring enough to satisfy and fascinate the most exacting."— The New York Times. rlcan History A Companion to Stockton's Buccaneers and Pirates of Our Coast," etc. JAPAN By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of "Palladia," "The Looms of Time," "A Chapter of Accidents," etc. Two volumes. Medium 8vo. Several hun- dred illustrations. Cloth, 8vo, $7.50 As the wife of the British Minister to Japan, the author had exceptional opportunities 1,0 observe the people, and had access to information which she has been enabled to use in a very fascinating way. The illustrationsalone, and there are several hundred of them, would make the book a work of the high- est value to all who are interested in Japan and her people. WEST AFRICAN STUDIES By Miss Mary Kinosley, author of " Travels in West Africa, Congo Fran- oais, Corisco and the Cameroons." Cloth, Demy 8vo, $5.00 Of her earlier work it was said: "That a young woman should travel alone through the dense forests of the most dangerous regions of Africa is strange enough, but that she should tell of her adventures and observations in such a deliciously humorous and original way is even more surprising. It is really a wonderful book." — The Tribune, Chicago. On Evolution of the Mind THE DAWN OF REASON Mental Traits in the Lower Animals, with Special Reference to Insects. By James Weir, Jr., author of " The Psychical Correlation of Religious Emotion and Sexual Desire," etc. A clear, simple and brief statement of the evidences of mental action in the lower animals. Nearly Ready Cloth, $1.25 FRIENDLY VISITING AMONG THE POOR A Handbook for Charity Workers. By Mary E Richmond, General Secre- tary of the Charitv Organization Society of Baltimore. Cloth, i6mo, $1.00. Miss Richmond has had ten years' experience in training charity workers. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THRIFT By Mary Willcox Brown, General Secretary of the Henry Watson Children's Aid Society of Baltimore. Cloth, I6mo, $1.00 This is a handbook of usefully moderate size, compact and practical In method. Send for the Lists of Forthcoming Books and of Books Lssued during 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MARCH 2, The Week. We are finding out at Manila what the English are finding out, not for the first time, in the Sudan, that savage warriors snap their fingers at the rules of the game of war. Lord Salisbury was hauled up in Parliament for saying that the English had "subjugated" the Sudan. "Oh, well," was his reply, "we have cap- tured the capital and control the river, and that logically carries the whole." So it would in Europe. Napoleon in Vienna or Berlin, or Bismarck in Paris, had the enemy's country at his feet. But it does not work that way with savages — with Khalifas and Filipino chiefs. "You are conquered," says Gen. Kitchen- er to the Khalifa; "come in and surren- der, and I will let you off with a hundred lashes with the koorbash, and a 'tax' of 2,000 cows." "You are conquered," says Gen. Otis to Aguinaldo; "quit your mur- derous shooting from the jungle and come and cast yourself on the mercy of the great McKinley, whose heart suf- fers a pang with every drop of blood you shed." But the ignorant and obstinate creatures, in the Sudan or in Luzon, don't even know that they are con- quered. They shamelessly deny that they are conquered. As long as they are alive and can get ten men to follow them in bush or desert, they propose to fight. This is one of the beauties of conquest in savage lands which we know our Com- missioners at Paris foresaw, for they keep telling us they foresaw and provid- ed for everything. But we think they ought to leave off abusing Aguinaldo. It will make people suspect that he has given them a disagreeable surprise. A democracy at war has always set military traditions at defiance; but we doubt if, since the First Republic of France, there has been seen quite so free-and-easy a way of carrying on a war as is now exhibited by our authori- ties. What with the desire to keep this war in the Philippines "close to the people," and the every-man-for-himself principle of action that animates our army officers, we are making a spectacle of ourselves. Gen. Lawton at Colombo, on his way to Manila, receives a dis- patch from Gen. Otis saying that the situation in the Philippines is "critical." His first thought is, not to hurry up coaling and to get on, but to give the telegram to the press. He informed the reporters that he had an urgent dis- patch also from the Adjutant-General at Washington. Secretary Alger, on be- ing asked about this, said that no such id gone to Lawton by Ms order. So Adjutant-General Corbin must have sent it on his own hook, though we see he denies having done so. In any case, it is a beautiful example of military hugger-mugger. On top of all comes the blazing indiscretion of publishing Admiral Dewey's alarmist dis- patch calling for the Oregon. It is ex- plained that this was given to the press by an "oversight." It came in cipher, and apparently the translation clerk conceived it to be his first duty to show it to the reporters. Secretary Long could read it so much more easily out of a newspaper. The Department professes not to know what Dewey's "political rea- sons" mean. But what the country is more concerned to know is, what the Government means by trying to conduct a war by shouting all secrets from the housetops. These revelations indicate a more se- rious state of affairs in the Philippines than the Government has been willing to acknowledge. But the true inward- ness of the troubles at Manila is dis- closed in a wonderful "special" to the Herald. From this it appears that the Filipinos fight only to hold up the hands of the anti-annexationists in this coun- try. The proof of this was discovered in a letter "from an insurgent official" which was "found on a dead man." No wonder he died, for the letter was of a sort to have fatal consequences to any man having it in his pocket. It con- tained the horrid news that American anti-annexationists "meditated the as- sassination of McKinley." This filled the Filipinos with joy. All they had to do was to go on with their guerilla fight- ing until Senator Hoar had a chance to strike down Caesar McKinley at the foot of Pompey's statue. Probably they think the deed has already been done, and is kept from their knowledge by the severe American censorship. Senator Frye explicitly admitted in the Senate on Monday that the President did not at first expect or desire his Com- missioners at Paris to demand the Phi- lippines. He said in reply to a question of Senator Vest's, "The instructions of the President when we started out were to take Luzon." That is to say, the policy which the President now says would have been infamous, he was then proposing to adopt. He was proposing to restore all the islands but one to the wicked and cruel rule of Spain. As re- spects all those gems and glories of the tropic seas, as he now calls them, he was ready, in the case of every gem ex- cept Luzon, to follow the disgraceful plan of "scuttle." Talk about the cow- ardly "sail-away" policy, it was the Pre- sident's own: He was going to leave Mindanao in the lurch. He was going to abandon Panay. He was going to turn Cebu over to the plundering Spa- niard. If he had been permitted to do it, it would have been just as easy for him to say, and for the country to believe, that it was the hand of Providence that guided him in his decision as it has been to say it, and believe it, of the change of plan that was forced upon him. But what brought about the change? Why, the representations made to our Paris Commissioners. They were told that there would be terrible scenes in the Philippines if we allowed the Spaniards to stay there. The only way to keep the peace was for us to take the whole group. Some of Gen. Merritt's testimony at Paris reads queerly enough in the light of subsequent events. For example: "Mr. Reid — Do you think any danger of conflict is now reasonably remote? Gen. Merritt — I think there is no danger of con- flict as long as these people think the Unit- ed States is going to take possession there. If they imagine, or hear from any source, that the Spaniards are to be reinstated there, I think they will be very violent." The opponents of a large standing army won an important victory on Mon- day when the compromise army bill was finally passed by the Senate with the Gorman amendment attached, pro- viding for the reduction of the forces on July 1, 1901, to the number allowed by law on March 31, 1898. Thus the burden of proving that the taxpayers of the United States should support a large army with which to "Christianize" the natives of far - distant islands, will rest upon the congressional expansion- ists at the long session of the approach- ing Congress. Their constituents will then have had time to think over the proposed departure from the republic's past policy in the light of consider- able experience with the effects of Gat- lings upon liberty-loving natives, and with the confusing excitement of the Spanish war well in the background. As for the bill as it now stands, it leaves the regular army, with the exception of the slight artillery increase, in practi- cally the same condition as at present, with all the evils of the present staff or- ganization unabated, even Senator Proc- tor having withheld his healing amend- ment until a future Congress and a more propitious time. As for the volunteer side of the bill, the provision which per- mits of the reenlistment of some of the regiments now in Manila may help the War Department out of a tight place, provided those organizations are willing to continue to kill those whose freedom they went to the Philippines to estab- lish. For the rest, there will be plenty of places at the disposal of members of

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156 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1757 Congress, and the authorization of three regiments of rough riders "to serve mounted or dismounted," if retained in the final bill, will provide the new volun- teer army with picturesque features. Secretary Alger's firm resolve not to resign "while under fire" is precisely what was to have been expected of a warrior of his invincible mettle. He is not the first statesman in difficulties who has made this resolution. In fact, it has been for many years the shadow of a great rock in a weary land to harassed office-holders. The moment that charges are made against them they are secure. "I might have retired," they say, "had I not been attacked; but now that I have been attacked I must hold on lest it be said that I retreated under fire." Alger goes even further, and says it has been his intention from the outset to serve out his term with this Administration, and he proposes to do so, fire or no fire. As he makes this statement just at the moment when the revelations about his beef supplies for the army are assuming a particularly unfavorable aspect, it may be taken as final notice that he will al- low nothing to induce him to resign. A man of less "nerve" might say to the President: "I realize that the disclosures which are being made about my conduct of the war are in danger of injuring your administration and thus imperil- ling your prospects for a renomination. While I am fully conscious of my inno- cence, I am unwilling that you should suffer because of the odium attached to me, and I, therefore, place my resigna- tion in your hands for action. If you wish me to retire temporarily from the War Department until the truth or falsi- ty of these charges is established, I will do so, or I will retire permanently, just as you prefer." Would Alger do that? Oh, no. The President might take him at his word and let him go permanently. The real reason why the President re- tains Alger was given in the House on Friday by Mr. Johnson of Indiana, in a very remarkable speech. Mr. Johnson is a Republican who differs from his party associates in the House only in his determination to speak the truth fear- lessly, no matter if by so doing he re- flects upon the party's President. In commenting upon the recent Boston ban- quet, at which the President spoke, Mr. Johnson said: "The Secretary of War was in attendance, he whom the Boston populace had hissed upon the streets a few hours before, ere they turned to greet with rapturous applause the chief who had bestowed upon him his of- ficial character. We can hardly blame them, though, for this, Mr. Chairman, for they were only following the precedent set them by some of the leading Republican news- papers of the country, which for months past have been fiercely attacking the Secretary, and yet have lacked the courage to lay their axe to the root of the evil and censure the gentleman who, to reward him for his po- litical services and disbursements in the campaign of '96, appointed him to his pre- sent position and has maintained him there ever since, notwithstanding his incompe- tency, and against complaints that have been made against him." That is a frank statement of what is universally known to be the truth. Sec- retary Alger cannot be got rid of simply because he bought his place with a heavy campaign contribution. He is a member of what is known in Washing- ton as the McKinley Syndicate, which Mr. Johnson describes, also in very plain language, as the "gentlemen who fur- nished the money for his [McKinley's] nomination and election, and who, I doubt not, have pledged him a renomi- nation and reelection." He might have said also that they paid his private debts before they nominated him, he being then a bankrupt. Everybody in Wash- ington speaks of this syndicate as a perfectly well-known and recognized institution, but Mr. Johnson is the first Republican who has had the courage to lay before the country the facts about it, and to set forth its true relations to the President and his policy of imperial- ism. Thursday's testimony before the mili- tary court of inquiry brought out two facts which everybody interested should paste in his hat. One was that the or- der for canned roast beef came originally from Gen. Eagan, him of the fragrant speech. Col. Weston was asked on whose order the roast beef had been sent to Tampa. His answer was: "The order came from here. It was given by Gen. Eagan." Eagan himself confirmed this in his own evidence. He had "consid- ered" last May the question of supplying the troops, and had "concluded that tinned roast beef was the best substitute for fresh beef." Here, then, we have it settled who was the author of the inno- vation. Gen. Eagan was but defending his own when he used against Gen. Miles language as foul as the beef he had en- tered into contract to supply as an army ration for the first time in our military history. The other fact is that Gen. Ea- gan and Secretary Alger were responsi- ble for a form of contract covering the delivery of refrigerated beef, which they now admit was grossly improper. It contained a clause calling for meat that should be good "twenty-four hours after delivery from the refrigerator on shore." That clause, says the cheerful Eagan. was "an error," he thought "a clerical error of some kind." It was supposed that the period specified was seventy- two hours. All the papers and proposals had been submitted by Eagan to the Secretary of War, but, strange to say, neither of these vigilant officials had no- ticed that clause. Yet it was worth thousands of dollars to the contractors. Unlucky "clerical error"! But lucky con- tractors! It is evident that the session expire without action on the bill to give Hawaii a territorial government. This is that "wisdom of Congress" to which both President Harrison and President McKinley were willing to leave all the "mere details" of a proper Hawaiian government. Congress says, in its wis- dom, "Oh botheration!" and lets the poor Hawaiians make what shift they can. The need of action by Congress is cry- ing. The Hawaiian Supreme Court has decided that the annexation resolutions of last July destroyed an important part of the jurisdiction of Hawaiian courts, and put nothing in its place. Yet Con- gress has shoved the whole thing aside. Its horizon has not been "broadened," as we were told it would be, by having distant possessions to legislate for. It still is absorbed in the duty which lies nearest at hand, which is to vote mil- lions for the several "deestricts." The only bit of Hawaiian legislation that has a ghost of a chance to get through is the bill to lay a cable to Honolulu. The vigilant Senate has added an amendment to the sundry civil bill to do that. A cable the Hawaiians (and the contract- ors) simply must have; they can get along well enough without courts. Ostensibly, the Nicaragua Canal bill which the Senate attached on Friday as an amendment to the river and harbor bill is the same as the House bill, the so cal'ed Hepburn bill. But in reality there is a vital difference between the two. The Hepburn bill swept away all the stock-jobbing speculators, and bold- ly provided that the. President should ac- quire "'territory" from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and build the canal himself. The Senate slyly introduces after the word "territory" the words "or such rights, easements, or privileges." There creeps in the rotten Maritime Company, or its successors, ready to sell their "pri- vileges" to their own Government at their own price. Only on these terms will the Senate consent to have any ca- nal at all. If somebody's worthless stock is not to be made good by a Government guarantee, why move heaven and earth to get a bill through?* Vice-President Hobart discreetly dodged ruling on the point of order that the Nicaragua amend- ment was not germane to the river and harbor bill. He probably knew that the Senate would not sustain an adverse de- cision. Anything with a job in it is al- ways germane in the Senate. However, Senator Spooner secured the adoption of a clause authorizing the President to ne- gotiate for the abrogation of the Clay- ton-Bulwer treaty. This is the orderly and decent way to go to work; so that even if the House accepts the Senate bill, the President can do little more than "negotiate" for some months to come. Not this year nor next will the canal be begun or bonds worth nothing be sold to the Government at par.

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March 2, 1899] The ISTation. 157 The scandalous abuses which attended the census of 1890 were among the influ- ences that contributed to the "tidal wave" of that year, and buried under popular disapproval the Harrison Ad- ministration, which was responsible for that census. If similar scandals shall disfigure the census of 1900 through the surrender of that work to the spoilsmen by the McKinley Administration, the Re- publican party will again pay the penal- ty, and this time when the Presidency is at stake. It rests with the Republican Senators and with the Republican Presi- dent to decide whether their party shall reap profit or loss from the next census. The bill which provides for taking it is now pending before the Senate. The House passed it with a section sus- pending the operation of the civil-service law in the Census Bureau, and thus au- thorizing another riot of spoils, like that of 1890. The Senate can amend the mea- sure by requiring the application of the merit system. If it shall not so amend it, the responsibility will then rest upon the President, and the Tribune has point- ed out his duty in the premises when it says: "We are by no means certain that the President would not be justified in vetoing a census bill containing so inexcusable a vio- lation of the promises under which he was elected. Unfortunate as any delay in taking the statistics beyond the regular time would be, he might reasonably expect that the peo- ple would stand behind him in emphatically reminding Congressmen that party pledges are not waste paper. They sometimes act as if they thought they were, and a sharp les- son on the subject must come some time." The President has another responsi- bility, which cannot be shirked. It is for him to nominate the Director of the Census, and he need expect no opposi- tion from the Senate. The greater the chance that Congress will muddle the bill, the more imperative that the head of the Census should be sound. One of Shayne's or MacShayne's valu- able suggestions for the solution of the custom-house difficulty is, that an of- ficer should cross on each steamer and .take the passengers' "declarations" about their baggage on the way. There are two objections to this scheme. One is that the women are apt to be sick at sea, and would find nothing more loathsome than writing out "declarations" about their clothes for custom-house officers in mid-ocean. Besides, there is no pre- tence, even on Shayne or MacShayne's part, that making the declaration would save them from the insult of the subse- quent examination on shore. It is the double process which constitutes the of- fensiveness of the whole transaction, over and above the delay. The fact is, we believe, that our custom-house sys- tem was devised in the days of sailing- vessels, when about ten travellers a month went to Europe. The Treasury publicists have never been able to grasp the new situation, to understand that tens of thousands of travellers in the nineteenth century cannot be treated like tens in the eighteenth. For the same reason, they have never been able to get into their heads the difference be- tween a man or woman who lands in New York once in a year, or in two or three, with two or three trunks of per- sonal clothing, and a man who has to import cases of foreign goods every week as part of his business for sale. Plenty of importers think that because they have to make out lists of their goods imported for sale, every lady or gen- tleman who comes back once a year from a summer trip ought to call the Creator to witness how many pairs of drawers and socks were bought in London and Paris. Why cannot our statesmen and of- ficials grow up? Why have they no sense of proportion? Why do they not under- stand that the custom-house inspectors and the whole taxing apparatus are in- tended in civilized lands for the conve- nience of the citizen and not for his an- noyance? On Tuesday, February 7, there was an amusing allusion in the English House of Commons to the peregrina- tions of Lord Charles Beresford, towards whom the American continent and the Hon. Whitelaw Reid have, during the last week or two, been indulging in so much effusive hospitality. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman showed in the de- bate on the address what geese we have been making of ourselves in treating Lord Charles as in any sense an organ of English opinion or a good adviser of a peaceful, industrial people like our- selves. To the English Liberals he is a joke, and the Conservatives refuse to be responsible for him. So that he is really wandering around on his own hook, so to speak, advising us to fight in matters with which we have no concern. In fact, the only advice he has to give or ever gives anybody is to fight hard, and, to do him justice, whenever he gets a chance, he fights hard himself. To fight hard is, in the opinion of the military circle to which he belongs in Eng'and, the chief end of man. He belongs, in fact, to the same school of politicians to which Theodore Roosevelt belonged before he was elected Governor. If that school had its way, the world would bear a striking resemblance to the Scotch Highlands in the fifteenth cen- tury, or to Donnybrook Fair in later times — that is, fighting would be the chief occupation of the human race. Some would be always keeping "doors open" and others keeping them closed, but not with the view of keeping them permanently either one or the other. The delight of keeping them "open" would lie in the fact that some one was trying to close them by force, and the delight of trying to "close" them would lie in the fact that somebody was trying to keep them open. Negotiation would rapidly becomes a lost art, and peace become a national calamity. The attentions bestowed on Lord Charles, and the rapt attention with which he is listened to, are a somewhat sad sign of the change which has come over the spirit of our dream. We have completely changed the class of English- men as well as of native Americans from which we draw our advisers. It would be well, however, to wait the result of our first experiment in "imperialism" before we engage new counsellors and gush over every wandering swordsman. In another year we shall know a great deal more about "open doors" than we do now. Ought we not to wait and see how many Filipinos we shall have con- verted to the Gospel of Christ, and what kind of government we shall be carrying on in those distant parts — whe- ther William McKinley will be ruling with stern severity over ten millions of barbarians, or shall have "returned to the practice of the law" in Canton, Ohio? President Loubet's inaugural mes- sage was a quiet recital of the Exe- cutive's purpose to enforce the laws and make them respected, while endeavoring to unite all the elements of the nation's strength in loyal support of the republic which "has given France her free in- stitutions." So strong and tranquil is the President's position that the agi- tators against him and his methods are already forced to betray their real ani- mus, and to break up into mutually re- criminating factions. Brunetiere's fan- cy new League of the French Father- land is rent in twain, he himself having been forced to renounce and denounce the action of its own officers. They are now openly for sedition and revolution, along with Deroulede and Beaurepaire, and Brunetiere has thus to disown his own children. He now practically goes over to the very "intellectuals" whom he sneered at, and who had asserted that the only hope for France was in having justice done and the law made supreme over the army and terrorists of all kinds. In short, there are many signs that the French outlook is decid- edly clearing. At any rate, the great ex- periment will have further trial. France has deliberately cast in her lot with the countries which choose freedom, despite its inconveniences. A law of lese-ma- jeste would come in very handy in Paris just now, to repress and punish outra- geous attacks on the chief of state, but, on the whole, the free regime, the way of free speech and publicity, is justifying Itself as well as absolutism is in Berlin. It might be said, in fact, that France's present troubles arose from her authori- ties going over temporarily to the me- thods of tyranny. Chief among these are secret trials, bewildering and mystifying tne people.

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158 The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 A GREAT MORAL CATASTROPHE. If, after the news of the battle of the Nile or of Trafalgar had reached Eng- land, the people through their leading organs, clergy, newspapers, legislators, politicians, had with practical unanimity determined to abandon the Protestant faith and to embrace that of Rome, as professed by most of the older nations of Europe, had begun to go to confession and to follow "processions of the cross" through the streets once more, would it not be treated by historians as one of the most astounding events of the modern world? It certainly would. And yet a revolution nearly as extraordinary has occurred among us as a consequence of the battle of Manila, or what is popu- larly known as "Dewey's victory." We admit there is more sign of motive in Dewey's victory for the change which has occurred here, than there would have been in the battle of Trafalgar for the change which we have imagined in Eng- land; but one would, in suddenness and unexpectedness, be the equal of the other. And the moral decadence exhibited by ours far surpasses that which would have been revealed by the English con- version, for we have, with a stronger faith than England's Protestantism, held during the whole period of our national existence, or for over one hundred years, the following creed of four articles: (1.) That all just power is derived from the consent of the people who live under it. (2.) That armed resistance is pre- sumptive evidence that this consent has not been obtained. (3.) That the people who offer this re- sistance are the supreme judges of its justifiability; that the morality of at- tempts at a revolution has to be deter- mined by the event, and that the opinion of a conqueror, or would-be conqueror, thereon is worthless. (4.) That fitness for self-government can be determined only by the people themselves, and that the first and surest evidence of this fitness is willingness to fight for independence; that no oral or written expression can be accepteaTn place of it, and that judgments as to their political capacity by foreigners who do not know the people, are absurd. Under this creed we have lived from 1776 until 1898, and we have professed it with an enthusiasm often bordering on extravagance. In fact, "good Ameri- cans" have generally been supposed will- ing to die for it, after the manner of the early English heretics. Under it, too, we have as a nation, by every mode known to us except an appeal to arms, dealt with the following revolutions or at- tempts at revolution: the Greek revolu- tion, all the Italian attempts at revolu- tion, all Polish attempts at revolution, all the attempts at revolution in Spanish America and in Cuba, all Irish attempts at revolution, all Hungarian attempts. Such revolutions we have treated in va- rious ways — some by armed aid, some by dispatches, and some by wildly enthusiastic popular receptions, like that which we gave to Kossuth. There never has been during the whole cen- tury, with its varying circumstances and numerous temptations, the slightest sign of weakness or of doubting on our part. Our love of the creed and devotion to it, too, have been accompanied by con- stant hostility to its enemies, and it has had many, who would gladly have taken us up to exceeding high mountains, and have shown us all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them. The Greek rising in particular excited prodigious fervor among us. Our poets, our states- men, and our orators were all pressed into its service. One American in par- ticular, Dr. Howe, won undying fame by a display of readiness to fling away his life in battle with the Turk. No Euro- pean diplomat was allowed to tell us whether the Greeks were fit for self- government. They were poor, they were ignorant, they were degraded by cen- turies of oppression. They did not carry on war according to Jomini or Napoleon, but used all sorts of weapons that would kill or disable an opponent. They cut wa- terpipes, they burned houses, they went naked, they starved, they did everything except make terms with the enemy; they showed no political quality except the courage never to submit or yield. And yet there were few American eyes which did not at that day grow wet over stories of the desperate valor of Bozzaris or the heroic resolution of the women of Misso- longhi. The French and English finally went to their assistance; but they did not kill them or issue lofty proclamations to them. It was the Turks they killed. They did not propose to Turkey to sell Greece to France or England, and say they meant to keep it for one of them- selves, as the Greeks were not fit for self-government. Had they done so, there would have been a howl here in America which would have lifted the roof off the Capitol. It is true their standard of political capacity was not as high as ours. They had no McKinley nor Alger nor Corbin nor Eagan nor the learned Day. In short, we became, in the first century of our existence as a nation, not only the professors of the creed we have described, but the apos- tles of it. We professed it with far more heat than the English nation pro- fesses Protestantism. Our temper about it far more nearly resembled that of the Mussulmans in the early years of the Prophet's propagandism. There were few European Powers which did not find reason to believe that we too had some of the "true believer's" devotion. It must not be forgotten, moreover, that, as late as the Congress of Verona, the practice prevailed in the Old World of treating whole territories, with their population, as property which could, un- der the law of nations, be rightfully con- veyed to another ruler, by way either of gift, exchange, dowry, or money pur- chase. The instances of this in the fif- teenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth cen- turies are too numerous to cite in a newspaper article. Under this rule or custom this Congress parcelled out Italy, and the Holy Alliance wanted to retain her American provinces in allegiance to Spain. The first formal recognition, if we remember rightly, of the right of a people to be consulted about its fate was the plebiscite taken in Savoy when it was transferred to France in 1859. 'We need not say that there was no article in the old political law and usage more abominated in America than this of the Congress of Verona. It was in every American house only one degree less odious than the custom of the small princes of Germany to hire out their troops to fight for somebody else, when they were hard up for money, like the Elector of Hesse. There were at that time no flags on the school-houses, but there was no American boy whose eyes you could not make blaze by telling a story of the purchase of 10,000,000 of people for $20,000,000, and the slaughter of many thousands of them because they refused to be sold and resisted the land- ing of the conquerors' troops on their shores in order to consummate the pur- chase. "If I were an American as I am an Englishman," said Lord Chatham, "I would never lay down my arms while a foreign soldier was landed in my coun- try-" "Of course not," the American boy of I860 would have said, as Chat- ham said — "Never, never, never." Even the boy of that period would have been disgusted with the gossip of our generals, admirals, and fighting par- sons about the unfitness of the Filipinos for self-government. What do they know about the matter? How many English generals and admirals and fight- ing parsons thought Americans fit for self-government in 1776/ Did the Aus- trians think the Hungarians and Ital- ians fit for self-government in 1848? Did the Turks think the Greeks fit for self- government in 1823? And yet the Aus- trians spoke Italian — often were Italians themselves and had lived long in Italy. Our mighty rulers of men are buying and selling countries which they have never seen, whose language they do not under- stand, and of whose existence they were hardly aware a year ago. A general who has spent a month in Manila, or an admiral who has fought a battle on the coast, is treated as a competent adviser about the fate of a people of whom we know little more than about the in- habitants of Mars. This is, in itself, proof, not only of our abandonment of our ancient faith, but of our ignorance about our new doctrines. We hear a good deal about the in- competency of the Filipino masses to carry on a government. But in what

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March 2, 1899] The Nation. 159 country that has achieved its indepen- dence since we achieved ours, were the masses fit to carry on a government:- Greece, Hungary, Italy, the South Ame- rican republics? Is it possible that even McKinley pundits do not know that, after a war of independence, it is always, as with us, a small body of leading men who construct government and set it going? It was so in all other Spanish-American states, and we have for seventy-five years agreed to consider them success- ful. It is we, and we only, who have set up the ridiculous pretence that it is for foreigners to decide whether a people is worthy to be free. Any people proves its fitness to be free, as we proved ours, by achieving its freedom. That is the only sure and legitimate way. The opi- nion of McKinley's office-holders on the matter is not worth a dozen cans of beef. We have no reason for conclud- ing that the Filipinos cannot set up as good a government as any other revolt- ed Spanish state, except our own greed, and our shameless abandonment of the noble faith under which we have lived for a century, and have achieved every- thing that has won for us the respect and confidence of mankind. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR AG VI- NALDO? We are reading and hearing these days a great deal of solemn denunciation of the Philippine general, president, dic- tator, or whatever he is. Aguinaldo's crimes are many, but the sum of them is that he doesn't like us, and won't do what we want him to. The rest is mere subordinate and superfluous detail. That he is an unscrupulous politician, frank- ly "on the make"; that he is vain and silly; that he is treacherous and cruel — all this is mere rhetorical embroidery of the main charge, namely, that he is cut- ting up rough and making us no end of trouble, where we expected to have sim- ply a grand triumphal march of civiliza- tion and religion; the religion being, of course, of the kind that is profitable for the life that now is as well as that which is to come. Well, Aguinaldo may be a foolish and reckless adventurer — we think he is; but he did not get where he is and acquire the power to plague us as he is doing, without American assistance and re- sponsibility. We accuse him of bad faith, but he flings back the charge, and, unluckily, he has an unpleasant amount of evidence to support him. In his counter-proclamations of January 5 and later he definitely asserted that "the American authorities" had taken him from Hong Kong to Manila with the dis- tinct promise of giving "liberty and in- dependence" to the Filipinos. He spe- cifically mentions a promise of inde- pendence made to him by the Ameri- can consul at Singapore, Mr. Pratt, and says that it was on the strength of that that he went to Cavity to aid Admiral Dewey in forcing the Spanish to sur- render. Of course, Aguinaldo had no business to trust the assurances of our consuls. They were not "the American authorities." Dewey and Merritt pre- served a perfectly correct attitude, and avoided all entanglements with the na- tives. But how was the poor untutored Filipino to know that our precious con- suls were acting without authority? The severe wigging which each of them got from our State Department for their im- pertinent meddling was not known to Aguinaldo. For all he knew, they were directed and empowered to make him the promises they did. At any rate, his citation of these promises is a particu- larly awkward thing for us, especially as the proof that he is speaking but the truth is set forth at large in the very documents which the President sent to the Senate along with the peace treaty. In those documents it clearly appears that Consul Williams of Manila, Consul Wildman of Hong Kong, and Consul Pratt of Singapore are the men who got their own Government into this scrape with Aguinaldo. They exceeded their authority, as well as, of course, all pro- priety, in making him pledges and hold- ing out to him hopes which led him on little by little, organizing an army, set- ting up a government, until at last he found himself actually fighting the Ame- ricans, who, he bitterly asserts, lied to him and tricked him. And that is just what our consuls did. The Singapore Free Press of May 4, 1898, gives an ac- count of the negotiations between Con- sul Pratt and Aguinaldo. One part of their agreement was that the United States would give to the Philippines the "same terms" as it intended to give to Cuba. In an official letter to Secretary Day, Consul Pratt admits that the facts in this newspaper report were "correctly given." The disclosure was "annoying," but the muddle-headed Consul conclud- ed that "no harm" could come of it, and that "I suppose I should rather con- gratulate myself that the secret possess- ed by such a number was kept so long." There are pages more of the wretched interfering and intriguing of our consuls. If Aguinaldo is an inflated fool, it was they who filled him with wind. It was Wildman of Hong Kong and Williams of Manila who gave him the idea that he was to be a great "figure in history," the "Washington of the Philippines," and so on. They are the men who did the mischief. They, not their silly dupe Aguinaldo, are the ones for our able editors to spend their time in holding up to scorn. How came it that we had such men in such offices? What sort of con- sul was it who had to be rapped over the knuckles by his chief, and reminded that "you are forbidden to make pledges or discuss policy"? Why, they were just the kind of happy-go-lucky political scrapings that we have been in the habit of sending to represent our country in foreign parts. What difference did it make? They had nothing to do. Well, we see what a fist of it they made when they really had something to do. If they had not been such erratic and untrust- worthy harum-scarums, we might have kept out of all this horrid mess with Aguinaldo. What a figure it is which Consul Williams cuts, appealing from the deck of a battle-ship in Manila bay for the "appointive favor" of Secretary Day, telling him, "I need your recogni- tion," and "Could I be appointed gene- ral commissioner of customs of the Phi- lippine Islands, lighthouse inspector, or general commissioner of agriculture, I should be honored and pleased"! Honoring and pleasing ridiculous con- suls have brqught us what we see. To "expand" by means of such agents would be only to advertise our folly among nations as yet ignorant of it, and to seek new worlds, not to conquer, but for the purpose of writing ourselves down asses. President McKinley cannot be too quick with his message explaining to Congress his long-meditated plan for a purified foreign service. We know that he was just bursting with it last De- cember, but it would not have been "good form" to tell Congress about it then. You see, the treaty was not then ratified, and the islands were not ours. Well, they are ours now, at least they are ours to fight for, and we think all questions of taste and nice propriety might now be waived, and the President begin telling us how we are to avoid hav- ing such blundering consuls in the fu- ture. He might explain, while about it, how he came to send an old political "rounder" to Singapore in succession to Consul Pratt. How does he know that his new appointee has not put on a jib- bah and gone to preaching a jehad, or "holy war," against some nation with which we are at peace? In any case, the President, and Congress, and all the edi- tors and Washington-Birthday orators had better leave off at once abusing Aguinaldo, and devote their attention strictly to our own incompetents and ad- venturers, who are really more respon- sible for our trouble than Aguinaldo is. THE REAL CULPRITS. There is nothing unusual about Cro- ker's "strike" against the Manhattan Company except its publicity. Hitherto all transactions of this kind between him and the corporations have been conducted in private. He has made his demands and they have been complied with. Usage has so accustomed him to this exercise of governmental powers that he has come to regard it as his right. Then, too, reputable citizens, members of great and powerful corpora- tions, who have paid him his blackmail, have treated him with respect after the transactions were closed. He has come

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160 Tlie ]STatioii. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 to look upon himself, therefore, as a real ruler. What could be more natural under these circumstances than that he should feel indignant when one of his hitherto docile subjects suddenly refus- ed to yield to his commands? He goes about daily as a reputable, even emi- nent citizen. Men of character and standing in the community treat him with deference, and some of them, in- cluding Judges of the Supreme Court, consent to become members of his Club, after they have paid him cash in re- turn for their nominations. If these treat him as a worthy companion for reputable men and recognize him as the ruler of the city, why should he not treat himself in the same way? The whole truth in this matter was spoken by Mr. Wheeler H. Peckham in his address before the City Club on Fri- day evening. It is all contained in the following sentences which we select from his remarks: "The men responsible for the present po- litical corruption in this city should be in prison, and not hailed as they are as the great men of the community. There are cor- porations which contribute to the funds of both parties, so that the failure of one side will not leave them with the minority. These contributions are made for warding off attacks or for obtaining privileges that should never be granted. The corporations say, substantially, 'We will bribe this or that party to make it give what we want,' and the inherent selfishness and cowardice of the men who stand guard over these corpora- tions are responsible for this giving and re- ceiving. The organization now in control of this city is as absolute in its power as any dictator that ever ruled in this world. Within its own ranks are rules that no mem- ber dares disobey. 'Taxes upon taxes shall you pay,' it says to us. 'Loan upon loan shall be increased.' 'If there are two corpo- rations holding street-car franchises, we will strike at the one of whose stock we are short for the benefit of the one of whose stock we are long.' But we let these men go about as our neighbors and shake hands with them in the most friendly manner, when every man of them should be in jail. You will never help this community so long as you recognize the successful rascal as en- titled to your respect." Whoever has given any attention to this subject knows that every word of the above is true. Heads of our great corporations admit that they pay black- mail regularly to both Croker and Piatt. Yet both men move about, not like criminals and social outcasts, but as men who are entitled to respect and even honor. This great city, with its enor- mous wealth and its annual municipal budget of $100,000,000, is the personal property of Croker to-day, solely be- cause Piatt handed it over to him by running Gen. Tracy for Mayor in 1897. A more open alliance between two poli- tical scoundrels for the looting of a great city was never formed, yet both Piatt and Croker have been treated with no less consideration because of it. Emi- nent citizens do not hesitate to meet them at public or semi-public ban- quets, and on one of these occasions we witnessed the astonishing spectacle of President Low proposing three cheers for Gen. Tracy, the man who had al- lowed himself to be the medium through which Piatt turned the city over to Croker. It is folly to blame Croker or Piatt for anything either of them may do, so long as reputable men, the foremost citizens we have, consent to associate with them in any capacity, or to give, social recognition either to them or to the so-called reputable men who are their allies and beneficiaries. It ought to be the social ruin of any man to be a member of Croker's Club or to buy pub- lic position of him. Yet this is far from being the case. How often have we heard it said that "you must not be too parti- cular in these matters," that "Croker and Piatt are the outcome of a system which is supported by the people," that "they are men of force and capacity, or else they could never hold such power," and that, all this being the case, "you only injure yourself by opposing them." How often, too, have we heard reputable men go further than this and say: "Well, what is the use of fighting a man like Croker? The people have put him where he is. He controls everything. If you fight him you only hurt yourself. Why not go in with him and get a 'piece of it'? So and so, reputable men, do this, and they are getting rich by it, and their social and business positions are not injured by it. Why should we not do the same?" This line of reasoning is especially prevalent among young men, and it is to-day the most demoralizing influence that is at work in this com- munity. Why should Croker "strike" the Ele- vated Railway Company so fiercely be- cause of its refusal to allow him to put compressed-air pipes on its structure? That he did "strike" it is unques- tioned. His denial of that or any other accusation has no weight. If he could hang the pipes of his concern upon the structure it would save him millions of dollars, for otherwise he would have to put them under ground at enormous expense. He and his friends are heavily loaded with the stock of this enterprise; they have been in- duced to invest in it by some persuasive friend or other, and they are anxious to have it put in operation in the most eco- nomical manner possible. He, looking upon himself as the ruler and owner of the city, decided that the Manhattan Company should do what he wished in the matter, should give him for $10,000 what would otherwise cost him millions. The company's refusal aroused him to fury. The idea of daring to offend him! He would show 'em who owns the city. That is the case in a few words. He has come out into the open with his system of government. Will this community, which has submitted so meekly to this system when operated in private, sub- mit to it with equal docility when its operation is fully disclosed? What would be the effect were other corpora- tions to imitate the Manhattan Com- pany, refuse to yield to future demands, and reveal the nature of them to the public? Would Mr. Croker go to Europe permanently or to jail? He certainly would not strut about the town as he does at present, delivering addresses to the people about the conduct of their affairs. THE PRB-IMPERIAL JOSEPHINE.— II. Paris, February 8, 1899. Josephine was at Fontainebleau, where she was spending the summer of 1791 with her young children in the house of the Marquis de Beauharnais and of Mme. Renaudin, when she heard that her husband had been elected President of the Constituent Assembly. M. de Beauharnais had already for some time played an important part; he was among the orators of the Assembly. He took his place at Versailles among the forty-seven of the nobility— with Castellane, Lafayette, D'Ai- guillon, the Duke d'Orleans, Lameth, Lally- Tollendal, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, his patron, etc. He joined the Tiers; on the famous night of the 4th of August, he re- nounced all feudal rights, he discussed the Declaration of Rights. By a curious coin- cidence, two days after occupying the Pre- sidential chair, he had to announce to the Assembly the flight of the King to Varennes. The general who tried to help Louis XVI. was the Marquis de Bouille, whom Beau- harnais had known in the West Indies. He had asked to be Bouille's aide-de-camp and had not been accepted; now he had become one of his judges, and had to proceed to the examination of the King and Queen, who had been brought back to Paris. When Josephine returned to the city from Fontainebleau, she met her husband from time to time in various houses. "They put on a good face with each other," says M. Masson, "but there is no intimacy. Beauhar- nais can speak in high terms of virtue; but he does not include in that term con- jugal fidelity." Josephine sees a rather mixed society; she has no choice, going where she is invited; with her small in- come, she has to live very simply. The Constituent Assembly was dissolved at the end of 1791, and soon afterwards Beauhar- nais, inscribed in the ranks of the general staff of the army, had to join the division to which he was attached. He was in the Third Corps commanded by Marshal Ro- chambeau, and was soon promoted to be colonel; he found time, during the opera- tions of the campaign in the north of France, to write letters constantly to the Legisla- tive Assembly, full of the most glowing pa- triotism. "On the 7th of September, while his patron, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld, is being murdered at Gisors, and in Paris the companion of his early studies, Charles de Rohan-Chabot, Is killed, Alexander is promoted mariclial de camp and appointed chief of the staff of the army in process of formation at Strasbourg." Beauharnais was a very poor soldier, but he wrote pro- clamation after proclamation, which had sometimes the honor of being inserted in the official Moniteur; he spoke in the clubs, wrote pamphlets. He spent the whole of 1793 in Strasbourg; the year after, he took some part in the operations of the war; he had 60,000 men under his orders, but his absolute Inertia caused the capitulation of Mayence. He retreated towards Wissem-

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March 2, 1899] The Nation 161 bourg, offered his resignation to the Con- vention, and left the army before it had been accepted in terms which were justly severe towards so incompetent a general. During all this time, what had become of Josephine? She spent some time in the village of Croissy, near Paris, at the house of a Cre- ole friend. It was there that she made the acquaintance of Real, the son of a game- keeper of Chatou, who had become Procu- reur au Chatelet. Through him she made the acquaintance of Tallien; she already knew Barrere, whom she had seen at Ma- dame de Genlis's. She had great fears for her children, on account of the perpetual agitation of Paris, and confided them for a time to the Princess Hohenzollern, her friend, who took them to a house belonging to a Prince of Salm. She intended to send them to England, but Alexander Beauharnais heard of it, and from Strasbourg sent instructions to place Eugene in a national lycee. Josephine had no political opinions. She was almost intimate with some members of the Mountain; she maintained affec- tionate relations with Charlotte Robespierre. M. Masson cites a very humble letter of hers, addressed to the Girondist Lanjuinais, in which she praises his heroism, his prin- ciples, his sensibility. In September, 1793, she had to choose a residence in order to obtain a certificate of citizenship, and she elected Croissy as her legal residence. Eu- gene joined her there, and, in order to prove her citizenship, she apprenticed him to a joiner— Hortense was working as a seam- Btress. This did not prevent Josephine from paying visits in the neighborhood — to the Demoiselles de Vergennes, one of whom be- came Madame Remusat, a dame du palais, and the other, Madame de Nansouty; to Real, the future Councillor of State, and a few others. As soon as she had her certificate of citi- zenship, she returned to Paris, and mixed with a number of people whom the Revolu- tion had brought to the surface of society. She was obliging, and interposed for friends in danger; she used the new Revolutionary style. M. Masson gives the text of a peti- tion which she addressed to Vadier, Presi- dent of the Committee of General Safety. It is in the style of the period, and begins: "Salut, estime, confiance, fraternite." She recommends to the mercy of Vadier her sis- ter-in-law, wife of the elder Beauharnais. "I put myself in your place; you doubt the patriotism of the ci-devants, but it is in the order of things that, among them, there are ardent friends of liberty and equality. Alexander has never deviated from these principles. . . . If he was not republican, he would have neither my esteem nor my friendship. ... I write to you with frankness, en sans culotte montagnarde." She ends by saying: "Adieu, estimable citizen; you have my entire confidence." Vadier re- fused to see her, and she gained nothing by her epistolary eloquence. On leaving Strasbourg. Alexander Beau- harnais went straight to La Ferte and to Blois. An order of arrest was sent out for him, and the first name found on the order is that of Vadier, on whom Josephine count- ed so much. She was herself arrested a month afterwards at Croissy and sent to the Carmes, the prison which had been the prin- cipal theatre of the famous massacres of September. It was one of the most unhealthy in Paris. There were living there at the time when Josephine arrived the Prince of Salm- Kyrbourg, M. de Rohan-Montbazon, the Duke de Bethune-Charost, the Abbe de Bou- logne, Dclphine de Custine (tier Sabran), M. de Oouy d'Arcy, who had been one of the Constituents, Mme. de Lamech, Mile, de Sourdeval and her two daughters, the Counts of Soyecourt and Champcenetz. Many other ladies and gentlemen were thrown among men of the people, belonging to all possible vocations; there were even boys of thirteen years old. "They were all there like people on a raft at sea, condemned, before dying, to live together. Before the promiscuity of the basket of the guillotine, there was an odious promiscuity in the rooms, the courts, at meals," etc. Josephine met her husband at the Carmes. "It was only there," says M. Masson, "that they probably were frankly reconciled — and reconciled in the manner in which the marriage union was understood ten years before: entire liberty and good friend- ship." They wrote joint letters to their chil- dren, who were under the guard of a Citoy- enne Lannoy; but Alexander did not conceal a violent passion for Delphine de Custine, while Josephine "established herself en co- quettcrie rtgUe with Hoche, who had entered the prison at the same time with herself." Alexander Beauharnais left the Cannes on the 4th Thermidor (five days be- fore the 9th Thermidor, which marked the fall of Robespierre), to go to theConciergerie; he knew that the end had come. The Revolu- tionary tribunal condemned him, and he was guillotined on the fith Thermidor. In his last letter to Josephine, written from the Con- ciergerie, he speaks of "the fraternal attach- ment" which binds him to her, of his affec- tion for his children, and of his "regret at being separated from a country which he loves and for which he would have given a thousand lives." He is unhappy at the idea that the country might suppose he was a bad citizen, and recommends Josephine to try to rehabilitate his memory. But "this work must be deferred, for, in the revolutionary storm, a great people which struggles in or- der to break its chains ought to surround itself with a just distrust, and fear rather to forget the guilty than to smite the innocent." Exit Alexander: Josephine is alive. Had she been forgotten? Did she owe her life to La Bussiere, the actor, who had become clerk of the Revolutionary tribunal, and de- stroyed some of the papers which were to be submitted to the tribunal? (La Bussiere is the hero of Sardou's "Ninth Thermidor.") Josephine certainly thought so, for on the 5th of April, 1803, she was present with the French Consul at an extraordinary re- presentation given at the Porte Saint -Martin for the benefit of La Bussiere, and sent 100 pistoles as the price of her box. The legend will have it that Josephine was to appear before the Revolutionary tribunal on the 10th Thermidor; that she had already cut her hair for the scaffold. What is certain is, that her life was a Question of a few days, a few hours, almost. She was very pusillanimous, and did not attempt to ap- pear heroic; she cried often, and tried with cards to divine what her fate would be. She was one of the first persons set free; she left the Carmes on the 19th Thermidor. When her name was called, all the prisoners applauded; she had made herself very popu- lar while in prison. Who were her protectors? Mme. de Fonte- nay, the future Mme. Tallien?— M. Masson does not so believe. He speaks of Hoche, who left the Conciergerie on the 16th Ther- midor, of Real, of Barr5re, of Tallien; they probably ajl had reasons for protecting Jose- phine. "It has been affirmed," says M. Mas- son, "that, on leaving the prison, she be- no mistress of Hoche." Barras so pretending that Josephine wanted Hoche to divorce in order to marry her, and that Hoche answered that it was all very well to take for a moment a catin for a mis- tress, but. that it was absurd to take her for a wife. He also puts in the mouth of Hoche this phrase: "It was natural in prison be- fore the 9th Thermidor to have known her intimately. Once at liberty, it would not have been pardonable." The one thing cer- tain is, that Hoche left the prison two days before Josephine, that twelve days after- wards he was made General-in-chief of the army of the coast at Cherbourg, that he took young Eugene on his staff. Josephine remained alone with Hortense, She had no money, and could receive nothing from Martinique. She obtained some help from a M. Emmery, a banker of Boulogne, who had long been in relations with her family. At this period she became inti- mate with Madame Tallien, and through her with Barras. In August, 1795, she was able to take a little hotel in the Rue Chau- tereine; she was the mistress of Barras, who after the 9th Thermidor was the real master of the Republic, and would remain so till the 18th Brumaire. She belonged to the set which surrounded Barras at the Luxembourg, and was composed chiefly of ladies of the old regime. Barras had a coun- try house at Chaillot, where Josephine did the honors. M. Masson gives the text of an invitation of "Citoyenne Beauharnais to Citoyen Real," asking bim to dine at Chail- lot; "les Citoyens Barras et Tallien doivent aussi s'y trouver." It was in this milieti that Gen. Bonaparte found Josephine. Love, is said to be blind; Bonaparte certainly was when he fell in love with Josephine — he re- ceived what the French call the coup dc foudre; his passion was sudden, uncontrol- lable. She found him drole, he amused and interested her; she thought she was con- ferring a favor on him when she consented to marry him. The last chapters of M. Mas- son's interesting volume tell the whole story of this extraordinary marriage. Once the wife of, Bonaparte, Josephine enters into his- tory. Correspondence. THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S DEPART- MENT AND THE HULL BILL. To the Editor of the nation; Sir: In your recent denunciation of the so-called Hull Army Reorganization Bill you have fallen into several errors of fact which, to the minds of fair-minded per- sons, must, in a large degree, vitiate the conclusions you reach as regards the short- comings of that measure. One of these er- rors, which occurs on page 1 of your last Is so glaring as to call for special remark. Speaking of the draftsmen of the bill— General Corbin and the officers of the Adjutant-General's Department — you say that nearly every one of them would obtain promotion under it. Nothing could be fur- ther from the truth. Not only would not "nearly every one" of the officers mention- ed obtain promotions under it, but it is

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162 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 an easily verifiable fact that but one would have been advanced in consequence of its provisions, had it become law. That one, Major Thomas H. Barry, now at Manila, the Adjutant-General of the Department of the Pacific, an officer who has been commended to the President for his meritorious con- duct by both Gen. Otis and Admiral Dewey, had no hand in the framing of the bill. The Adjutant-General's Department, hav- ing always been noted for championing the rights of all branches of the service, and especially those of the line, is naturally proud of its traditions. Hence it is a cruel thing to cast unjust aspersions upon the motives of its officers, all of whom were captains of the, line with highly meritorious records when appointed to the Department. Will you kindly give the requisite space to this note, and oblige one who has been a constant reader of the Nation for the past twenty-five years?— Yours faithfully, Theo. Schwan. [With no intention to misrepresent, we regret having given occasion for this reproof. — Ed. Nation.] TEMPORA MUTANTUR. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I find on page 552 of the Century for August, 1889, in the "Life of Abraham Lincoln" for which Mr. Hay, our present Secretary of State, holds himself responsi- ble, an illustration of what he calls "human stupidity." It is taken from the declaration of principles of the "Knights of the Golden Circle" of 1864. He quotes what he calls "the following muddled and brutal sen- tences": "In the divine economy, no individual of the human race must be permitted to en- cumber the earth, to mar its aspects of transcendent beauty, nor to impede the pro- gress of the physical or intellectual man. neither in himself nor in the race to which he belongs. Hence a people . . . whom neither the divinity within them- nor the inspirations of divine and beautiful nature around them can impel to virtuous action and progress onward and upward, should be subjected to a just and humane servi- tude and tutelege to the superior race until they shall be able to appreciate the benefits and advantages of civilization." This was in '89. It is now '99. I can- not help calling to mind what dear old Dr. Bartol of the West Church, Boston, said one Sunday at the close of his ser- mon: "And now, my brethren, this is what I think about this subject to-day. What I shall think about it next Sunday, the Lord only knows." q. R. W. Wisconsin-, February 20, 1899. [The passage quoted above will be found also on p. 3 of volume viii. of the Life.— Ed. Nation.] THE CONSUMER PAYING THE TAX. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: "The wayfaring man, though not a fool," has an excellent illustration of the practical working of the above theory, if he be fond of smoking a pipe. By the change in the tax, the revenue stamp heretofore at- tached to the four-ounce bale of tobacco is now used on a package weighing three and one-third ounces. As the retail price re- mains the same, the buyer loses one-fifth the weight of his purchase— or twenty per cent, of the price paid is transferred from his pocket to the pocket of the manufac- turer: quite a royal sum with which to meet the new tax on tobacco. Consumer. Baltimore, February 23, 1899. A RECTIFICATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The following note, which occurs on page 22 of my inaugural, delivered here (in Oxford) October 20, 1898, concerns a scrap of history which is by no means dead. The flat contradiction to my Preface (in the first vol- ume of the 'Sacred Books of the East') sur- vives, and is repeated to-day, in certain quar- ters, to my annoyance and discredit. If you will reprint it, I shall be obliged. This is the first public rectification of this by no means trivial matter which has appear- ed; and I think that fair-minded people will say that it is by no means uncalled-for and is not ill-timed. — Yours truly, L. H. Mills, Professor of Zend Philology in Oxford. February 9, 1899. "Yet there appeared so long afterward as 1895, actually in the Annuaire of the Univer- sity of Paris, [and also in the Revue BlcueJ the extraordinary remark: 'Avec cet oubli de soi (!) qui caracterise le vrai merite. . . . il [Professor Darmesteter] ceda a M. Mills l'honneur d'achever la publication,' and dis- tinctly gave the impression in some other words that I suggested (!) the arrangement. The exclamation-points are my own. This very singular version of the facts lingers in Paris to contradict me till this day. The renderings afterwards published in my Gathas (let me repeal once for all) were in Professor Darmesteter's possession in an un- finished condition, though provisionally print- ed, and he wrote pointedly asking me to re- peat them in the book which he was urging me to write as his continuator: "Vous n'avez qu'a detacher de votre travail [the Gathas] la traduction rhythmique avec quelques notes explicatives et le mot-a-mot [Latin] quand vous en Scartez trop. Cela vous prendrait in- finiment peu de temps, puisque le travail est deja fait . . . Dans l'espoir d'une res- ponse favorable' (November 5, 1883, some sixteen years ago)." THE CASE OF THE CARPET-BAGGERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The new novel called 'Red Rock,' by Thomas Nelson Page, has again brought up the old question of Southern reconstruction and the Northern carpet-baggers. It shows how hard It is to write history that so able a man, and one who obviously wishes to be candid, should yet leave out of sight some of the essential points on which the whole matter turned. The author has the candor to make two of the worst men of his story, Still and McRaflle, Southerners, while one of the best is a Northern settler. Major Welch. This shows that he wished to be fair; and yet he absolutely overlooks two points which make the key to the whole situation. The first of these points is the fact that negro suffrage was absolutely the only me- thod by which the negroes, who had proved almost the sole Southern friends of the Union, could be protected in their most or- dinary rights from those who had tried to destroy it. Anything less would have been an act of desertion on the part of the na- tion which would have disgraced it for ever. The fact of this necessity will be clear to I any one who will read the reports of the conventions called in 1865 by President An- drew Johnson to repeal the secession ordi- nances and reorganize the Southern States. A good abstract of these conventions will be found in a book called 'The South Since the War,' by Sidney Andrews, a newspaper correspondent of the highest character (Bos- ton: Ticknor & Fields, 1866). He shows con- clusively that the apparent object of all these conventions was to keep the negroes in a condition just as near slavery as pos- sible; to limit their right of contract, their right of locomotion, and their range of la- bor; to have, in short, a separate negro code. It was even proposed in the South Carolina Convention that, "The Legislature shall have power to make laws applicable to colored persons alone, and shall enact such laws as are needful to prevent ne- groes and persons of color from engaging in any business or pursuit but such as in- volves manual labor, mining, road-making, agriculture, and the production of naval stores" (Andrews, p. 60). This was not passed, but the general tone of all the legis- lation was in the direction of "some system of peonage or apprenticeship" (p. 178). The conclusion of Mr. Andrews, who was anything but an extreme abolitionist, was as follows: "If the nation allows the whites to work out the problem of the future in their own way, the negro's condition in three years will be as bad as it was before the war" (p. 225). This he writes after attending the conven- tions in three Southern States in the very year (1865) in which the scene of 'Red Rock' is laid. In view of these facts, the en- franchisement of the blacks was a simple necessity. It followed logically from the at- titude of these Southern conventions. Again, it is equally unquestionable that the persons mainly responsible for the mis- deeds of the so-called "carpet-baggers" were the people of the South themselves. There never was a Western State which received into itself a better class of immigrants than those who entered the South after the civil war. In both cases there was, of course, a mixture of good and poor elements; but from the beginning, in the Western States, this material was sifted by natural processes and the fittest survived. In the Southern States, on the other hand, the immigration was equally sifted, but in the reverse direc- tion, by the bitter hostility of the former slaveholders, who were equally intolerant to the best and the worst. I myself was at the South on military duty, from 1862 to 1864, and saw the beginning of the whole process. I knew, then and afterwards, re- peated instances of men of the highest cha- racter who came in good faith to bring their capital and energy to South Carolina or Georgia, but who were simply frozen out by the bitter hostility of those among whom they purposed to live. Instead of being wel- comed and encouraged, such men found themselves received with suspicion and aver- sion; and it was a common thing for well- dressed women to hold away their skirts from touching them as they passed in the street. The very people who came to them to borrow money would ostentatiously ex- elude them from their own doors. Under these circumstances, no man of self-respect could think of bringing his wife and children to such an atmosphere; and the men of the better class who would have been useful citizens more commonly sold out their pur- chases at a sacrifice and went North agalm.

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March 2, 1 The USTation 163 The cheats and bullies, on the other hand, were less scrupulous, and stayed to revenge themselves amply on their persecutors. It must, therefore, always be borne in mind — though it seems to bs easily forgotten — that the typical carpet-bagger, of evil reputation, was simply the man who was left behind to do mischief after the better class of immi- grants had been driven out. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. CAMBUIDGE, Mass. [We review this novel on another page. Mr. Higginson, we should say, expects too much accuracy from a writer of fiction. To wish to be candid and to give a general impression of candor is as much as should be 'demanded. In the novel it makes no difference whether the carpet-bagger was a pioneer or the "man who was left behind to do mischief." Mr. Page's Leech seems to be an ex- cellent example of the "typical carpet- bagger of evil reputation." It is not the novelist's business to discuss points. Mr. Page does not argue about the impera- tive necessity of granting negro suffrage; he just shows by illustration how im- possible it was at that time for the rem- nant of the old South to endure negro supremacy. The intolerance of South- erners for Northerners, and the inci- vility of the Southern women, are duly noted by Mr. Page and used in several scenes.— Ed. Nation.] THE LIMITS OP OUR KNOWLEDGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your classical readers may recall Blass's witty use (Kiihner, Oriech. Gramm., to., p. xii.) of the fact that the Greek plu- perfect has changed its forms, so to speak, since our school-days. We discovered with- in ten years how Demosthenes said, "We had seen." Are there similar gaps in our Cicero- nian phrase-book? On my table lie harmoniously three large grammars, each written by an American scholar of European reputation, each ap- parently just perfected with the aid of com- petent younger eyes. One at least claims to be "complete." Let us raise, for instance, the question, how to express, "The ge- neral says the rebels will be easily con- quered," or "He says I shall be heard." Lane (p. 127) provides the desired in- finitive, (Dicit me) auditum iri, and explains it clearly (section 2273). But on p. 123 the same form from moneo is starred, and noted, "not used." So, too, with laudo, rego, etc. Several hundred pages later we find, in fine print (section 2233), that fore ut moncar is the proper form, if moneo had no supine. And had it? Presumably not; yet who knows? And what of amo, or any verb not here displayed in full? We find no hint. Harkness (p. 89) gives monitum iri, etc., unstarred, and later (633.3) emphasizes the regularity of the form. Yet the very next section warns us that "supines in -urn" are "not very common," and cites Driiger for the fact that, in all extant Latin texts, only fifty-seven verbs form this infinitive. At 619.3 we hear that the alternative, fore ut monear, etc., is itself "somewhat rare." So we must choose between two forms, one rare, the other limited to a few verbs; and we must make the choice by a shibboleth to which we ourselves cannot reply, viz.: "Did you, oh verb, have a supine?" It is more than doubtful if it could be worked any way, since not one verb in three, known to have a supine, makes this infinitive with it. The Gildersleeve-Lodge proves no Oedipus. These grammarians cling to the "supine system" (though incidentally mentioning that there is no such thing). To them moni- tum iri and auditum iri are alike regular. They say, however (section 248), that fore ut moncar, etc., is "more common." This grammar apparently omits— probably by ac- cident— to mention that for most verbs no supine has ever been found. It does make, however, the important remark that fore ut, etc., does not occur at all in "early Latin" (248 N. 1.) — that is, our chief masses of col- loquial Latin, in Plautus and Terence, never use the idiom once! This, with Lane's "not used" affixed to the supines of our common- est verbs, actually bars both doors. Drager says that 179 verbs form supines. But that simply means that in all ages and authors only so many have been discovered. Whether amatum, monitum, rectum, would have been intelligible, familiar, acceptable, to Cicero's or Quintilian's ear, I suppose no one knows. Nor do we know how they would have formed the future infinitive passive of the commonest Latin verbs. It is my impression that no one ever will know. Such accidental'limitations we may strike in any direction. In German, French, Italian, we can refer to living usage, or, if no suita- ble form exists, it may even now be pos- sible to develop one. In both these respects Latin is, by comparison, dead. A form that does not chance to occur in extant ancient authors is lost for us. If a word, a construc- tion, an idiom, is lacking to express our thought, there is no one to supply it from his living knowledge, or to create it. Sup- pose that, upon some well-fought athletic field, I> wish to confide to my Latin colleague the traitorous doubt, "I think our boys will be beaten." Nothing could be simpler; but who can be sure that any Roman would say either Credo nostras victim iri, or Credo fore ut noatri vincantur. "Free composition" in Ciceronian Latin is good mental gymnastics, perhaps, like trying to talk wholly in words of one syllable, or in words not containing the vowel a; but the truth should be frank- ly faced, that at every turn we may come to things that cannot be expressed at all, and we never know that any idiom or combina- tion, not actually used in Cicero's writings, would be approved by him. William C. Lawton. Adklphi, February 20, 1899. Notes. 'America in the Far East' is the title of a work in preparation for A. S. Barnes & Co. by the Rev. William Elliot Griffis. A new novel by Beatrice Harraden, to be published in this country by Dodd, Mead & Co., will be called 'The Fowler,' upon recon- sideration of the author's first intention to call it 1, too, have passed through Wintry Terrors.' Henry Holt & Co. will publish immediately Lavignac's 'Music and Musicians,' translat- ed by William Marchant, with numerous il- lustrations; and 'The Rapin,' a Parisian no- vel, by Henry de Vere Stacpoole. 'Strong Hearts," three novelettes by George W. Cable; Hilaire Belloc's 'Life of Danton1; 'How to Know the Ferns,' by Mrs. Frances T. Parsons; 'On the South-African Frontier,' by William Harvey Brown; 'A Texas Ranger,' of the old days, by N. A. Jennings; and 'Mez- zotints in Modern Music,' by James Huneker, are in the press of Charles Scribner's Sons. Macmillan Co. will soon have ready 'The Distribution of Wealth,' by Prof. John B. Clark of Columbia University. The New Amsterdam Book Co. announce The British Empire,' by Sir Charles Dilke; Animals of To-day,' by A. J. Cornish: and Poe's 'A. Cordon Pym,' illustrated by A. 1). McCormack, to be followed by others of his prose tales similarly treated. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, and Croscup & Sterling Co., New York, announce an edition in English of the works of Alphonse Dau- det, to embrace all the novels, romances, and literary reminiscences. Among the translat- ors is Katharine Prescott Wormeley.who will do the Tartarin series and several of the other volumes. The general introduction will be written by Brander Matthews. Full-page photogravures by Goupil, from new pictures by French artists, will embellish the series. Miss Ellen Larned, the well-known histo- rian of Windham County, Conn., will, if suffi- cient support be assured, issue 'Historic Gleanings.' in the same county. Subscrip- tions may be sent to Preston & Rounds Co., Providence, R. I. Julius F. Sachse, No. 4428 Pine Street, Philadelphia, solicits subscriptions for a work of his now in press, entitled 'The Ger- man Sectaries of Pennsylvania, 1720-1800: A Critical and Legendary History of the Ephrata Cloister and the Dunkers.' Facsimi- les of all title-pages emanating from the "Ephrata (Kloster) Press," together with initial letters and head and tail-pieces after drawings made and used at the Cloister prior to 1750, and music scores written there, portraits, etc., will quaintly embellish the work, which is a continuation (in two vol- umes) of the same author's 'German Piet- ists of Pennsylvania.' The Century Co. has published in book form an account of the destruction of the U. S. S. Maine, given in the form of a narra- tive by her late commanding officer, Captain C. D. Sigsbee. The material composing this book has already been published in the Century Magazine, and offers practically nothing new or much above the common- place. The destruction of the Maine will in time become one of the footnotes of history. Although, properly speaking, not one of the causes of the late war, it so accentuated the situation as to make war more probable. Captain Sigsbee's celebrity arose partly from the great misfortune with which he was so prominently identified, and partly from the admirable way in which he met the disas- ter in his communications to the Navy De- partment. Volume 4 of the Groton (Mass.) Historical Series is just completed by the issue of No. G, which announces the discontinuance of the publication, and is accompanied by an ad- mirable index to the four volumes, covering sixty closely printed pages. It is a fit occa- sion to call attention to the remarkable ex- ample of devotion to thespiritof local histori- cal research furnished by Dr. Samuel Ab- bott Green, a native of Groton, and now Librarian of the Massachusetts Historical Society, in the editing and publishing of this series. The four volumes contain almost ex- actly 2,000 large octavo handsomely printed

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164 The ZNTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 pages, filled with all manner of historical and descriptive detail. In the table of con- tents of volume iv. we note such items as: Groton church records; mocking-birds in Groton; a wild deer in Groton; the old stage- coaches; the Groton post-office, etc. There have also been published by Dr. Green, and edited with the scrupulous fidelity character- istic of the man, at least four volumes: 'Groton Records, 1662-78' (and later edition, 1662-1707); 'Groton during the Indian Wars'; 'Groton Epitaphs'; 'Boundary Line of Gro- ton,' and a large number of pamphlets not included in the Historical Series, most im- portant of which are Dr. Green's historical addresses on several occasions, notably at the "Centennial" celebration July 4, 1876. It appears that Dr. Green has thus edited and published since 1875 considerably more than 3,000 pages of local history. When it is con- sidered that his town is not, like Lexington or Concord, prominent in the history of the State or of the nation, and that its popula- tion at present is only about 2,000, it ap- pears doubtful whether any other town of equal size and relative importance has ever witnessed such filial devotion. A very few sets of the Groton Historical Series remain unsold, and are in the hands of Mr. George E. Lit- tlefield, No. 67 Cornhill, Boston. It was a beneficent thought on the part of Prof. Albert H. Smyth to rescue his paper on the Apollonius story from the literary isola- tion of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, and reprint it in book form, under the title, 'Shakspere's Pericles and Apollonius of Tyre: A Study in Compara- tive Literature' (Philadelphia: MacCalla & Co.). In this volume of 112 pages the curious reader will find all that he is likely to learn upon the origin of the story, its ramifications in mediaeval literature, especially in the lite- rature of England, its adaptation in the semi-Shaksperian drama of "Pericles." To quote the author's words, "For ten years I have followed the story through the libraries of Europe, collecting MSS. and examining incunabula from Copenhagen to Constanti- nople." His study is thus straight from the sources. It is an admirably clear and ex- haustive treatment of a complex subject. After a pretty searching inspection, we are satisfied that the author has left no line of investigation unpursued. His work is in- deed a study in comparative literature: pa- tient, painstaking, free from bias, with a distinctive gift of literary appreciation which raises it above the usual German mono- graph— for example, Singer's on the same subject. It is readable and stimulating; whereas Singer's lucubrations are labored and at times perplexing. Prof. Smyth's in- vestigations and conclusions are, we happen to know personally, quite independent of Singer's. His work is all his own. We greet it as a fresh evidence of American ca- pacity for original research. A monograph entitled Theophile et Paul de Viau; Etude historique et littgrairc,' by M. Charles Garrisson (Paris: Picard), pre- sents in complete, though somewhat dislo- cated, form the leading events which mark- ed the dramatic lives of the two brothers. The author, while making no attempt to mask his religious convictions, deserves commendation for the objective way in which he discusses the burning question that dis- turbed Prance in the early years of the se- venteenth century; in this he succeeds so well that the total 1 colorless. Its chief interest ion of the work is lies in the vival and elaborate examination of an hypo- thesis suggested so long ago as 1839 by the late Philarete Chasles in the Revue <ks Deux Mondcs. According to this, the impri- sonment of Theophile de Viau in the Con- ciergerie "dans le cachot du regicide Ravail- lac" (1623-1625), was not occasioned solely by the shamefulness of his contributions to the 'Parnasse Satyrique' nor, again, by the malignancy of the Jesuit order, whose mem- bers the poet had handled without measure. M. Garrisson, after careful investigation of external, but shadowy, contemporary evi- dence which seems to agree both with the poet's covert admissions in his famous "Epitre d'Acteon a Diane," and with his subsequent professions of regret where it was due, arrives at the conclusion that Theophile fell a victim to the notorious jealousy of Louis XIII. by expressing a too undisguised devotion to Anne of Austria. Although M. Garrisson's arguments appear plausible enough, he would have given strong- er support to his thesis by attempting to ex- plain why the persecution of the poet lasted only two years. As the case stands, we are offered nothing more than the conjecture that the royal anger waned in that time, and the statement that before his early death Theophile de Viau was permitted to attend the coucher du Roy. Among interesting smaller publications which have lately come to our notice from abroad is one from Germany on 'The Lan- guage of the Soldier' {Die Deutsehe Soldaten- sprauhe). It is by Dr. Paul Horn of the Uni- versity of Strassburg. Dr. Horn is a distin- guished Persian scholar and philologist; but he serves every year, for a time, as an officer in the Kaiser's army, and he has made a very interesting collection of the phrases, terms, jargon, and dialectic usages that are peculiar to the German soldier from ehe can- non's mouth to the darts of Cupid's quiver. The book is useful and instructive, and it is written in an entertaining style. The historic publishing-house of Cotta, in Stuttgart, issues each year, under the title 'Musen-Almanach,' a collection of new poems from the best modern writers in the Father- land. The annual for 1899 has been edited by Otto Braun, and between its covers are contained specimens from most of the leading living poets, especially epic and lyrical. Among these writers are found Felix Dahn, Max H.iushofer, Hans Hoffmann, Hermann Lingg, Wilhelm Jensen, and perhaps a dozen others. In addition, the volume contains two prose contributions, one by Stern and the other by Haarhus. The book is brought out in splendid shape, and is one of the very best annuals of the many published in Germany. The special features of the February Bulle- tin of the Boston Public Library are lists of recent additions to the statistical department — a term apparently of very wide applica- tion; works in the Polish language; and titles of books, addresses, and articles in current magazines and newspapers on the policy of territorial expansion. The expediency of printing a page and a half of titles of news- paper clippings is very questionable, when a single entry would have given all necessary information. Bulletin No. 19, vol. iv., of the New York State Museum at Albany is a guide to the geological collections, based upon Lincklaen's 'Guide' of 1861, but in a large measure new. It is accompanied by a colored relief map of the State, showing the boundaries of the geo- logical systems, but its character as a gene- ral introduction to geology is greatly en- hanced by a series of admirable photographs illustrating the text. These are scenically interesting, while portraying faithfully plain and mountain; glacial phenomena; rock stra- ta, dikes, and folds; shores, gorges, falls, markings on sandstone, etc. The Cyclopean ruins in the Caroline Islands are described by F. W. Christian in the Feb- ruary G-eographieal Journal. The most im- portant of these are the remains of a "Micro- nesian Venice" in the lagoon of Ponape, con- sisting of fifty or sixty islets, "mainly arti- ficial in formation," and occupying an area of about nine square miles. They are de- fended from the sea by a massive breakwa- ter. The material used is basalt, which was brought a distance of twenty or thirty miles in immense masses — one piece has been found weighing three and a quarter tons. On one isl- and a great wall, thirty feet high by ten feet thick, "formed of basaltic prisms laid alter- nately lengthwise and crosswise," encloses an oblong space strewn with fragments of fallen pillars and containing a "great central vault or treasure-chamber, said to be the grave of an ancient monarch, who bore the dynastic title of Chau-te-Leur." Some excavations were made, but the only finds of importance were "ten or twelve ancient axes, three of them about a yard in length, rubbed down from the central shaft of the Tridacna gigas, or giant clam." .On Ponape itself was discovered an ancient cemetery in which were nine graves, "little vaults not exceeding four or four and a half feet in length within —roofed in with massive slabs of basalt," the graves of dwarf negritos, a race probably anterior to the builders of the giant mason- ry. Useful tables are given by Mr. J. Milne, F.R.S., showing the differences between the time used in various parts of the world and Greenwich mean time. We notice that he incorrectly puts Georgia and Florida in East- ern time. Mr. G. P. Winship of Providence contributes a note upon the evidences that Sebastian Cabot "visited the ice-bound seas in the years 1508-1509." Miss Flora L. Shaw, the Times special correspondent, in a paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute of London, describ- ing her trip to the Klondike, bears emphatic testimony to the remarkable honesty and uniform courtesy of the gold-seekers, of whom more than 27,000 crossed the passes last year. Though travelling quite alone. "I had not been three days in the country before I realized that a revolver was about as likely to be useful as it would be in Pic- cadilly." The great need of the country is the presence of woman as a home-maker. "The absence of homes," she says in a striking passage, "in such a place as Daw- son explains to a great extent the existence of saloons; and in noting the contrast be- tween the splendid qualities exercised in the effort to acquire gold and the utter fol- ly displayed in the spending of it, it was impossible to avoid the reflection that, in the expansion of the Empire, as in other movements, man wins the battle, but woman holds the field." In closing she referred to the fact that, notwithstanding almost over- whelming difficulties, not the least of which were "unfortunate mining regulations and other conditions of a generally stultifying description," the average gain of the 4,000 actual workers during the past season was about $3,000. The publishers of the Allgemeitie Zeitung of Munich have at last consented to receive

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March 2, 1899] The ISTation 165 separate subscriptions for the famous lite- rary and scientific supplement to that influ- ential journal. This Beilage holds a unique position as the depository of much of the leading literary researches and discussions in Germany. As a scholarly journal for the educated world at large, it is the only specimen of its kind in existence. A large number of the best university men and other specialists contribute to its pages. It was in this Brilage that Dollinger published the famous "Janus Letters" during the Vatican Council of 1870. The subscription price foi Germany is 4.50 marks, and for foreigners 7 marks per quarter year. The year just past, aside from other astro- nomical curiosities, surpassed the record in cometary astronomy, no less than ten comets having been observed. Three of them were returning periodic comets, but seven were new, and two were discovered by photo- graphy. It is no new thing for a year to have as many as seven comets, but 1858 is the only previous year that has had so many as eight. The present year will perhaps af- ford us a great and conspicuous comet, none having appeared for already seventeen years, and the previous half-century having been favored with one very remarkable comet, on the average, every ten years. At least four comets of lesser importance, and of the pe- riodic type, are expected in 1899, three of them in the coming summer. The first is the one originally discovered in 1858 by Mr. H. P. Tuttle, with a period nearly fourteen years, and the next is the second periodic comet first seen by Herr Tempel, while at the Brera Observatory in Milan in 1873, its period being five years and three months. The third is a faint and much extended co- met discovered by Mr. Holmes in 1892, which will be remembered as puzzling the astro- nomers for many weeks by seemingly re- maining stationary among the stars, thus giving the impression of coming straight to- wards the earth. Its orbit finally turned out to be remarkable as the closest approach to a circle of all known cometary orbits. The fourth expected comet of 1899 is due in the late autumn, and is the one first discovered at the Cape of Good Hope by Dr. Gill's first assistant, Mr. Finlay, in 1886, and this will be its second reappearance. All these comets belong to the Jupiter family, this giant pla- net having been concerned in their capture and permanent retention in the solar sys- tem. An eclipse committee, with Prof. Newcomb as chairman, is gathering information re- garding intended observations of the total eclipse of the sun which will occur on May 28, 1900, along a line reaching northeastward from New Orleans to Norfolk, and thence across the Atlantic, Spain, and Algeria. Totality is but brief in duration; still, it is expected that many observers will take part, although less can be done than if a longer duration were available. Observers will probably prefer stations east of the Alle- ghenies, as to the west of those mountains the duration will range from 1 minute 30 seconds near the mountains, to 1 minute 13 seconds near New Orleans, where the sun will be much nearer the eastern horizon. The circular of the committee invites the co- operation of astronomers generally as to measures to be taken to secure observations of the eclipse on a well-concerted plan, the classes of observation to be considered most important, and the best means of making them, together with information as to parties expecting to cooperate in the work, and how the necessary funds for prosecuting it are to be raised. Similar problems confronted Ame- rican astronomers in face of the previous eclipses of August 7, 1869, and July 29, 1878, on both of which occasions fine series of observations were secured, as also during the California eclipse of January 1, 1889. Cloud conditions, as already investigated, are, how- ever, by no means so favorable as at those dates. The Baltimore Association for the Promo- tion of the University Education of Wo- men, whose purpose is "to secure for prop- erly qualified women opportunities for ad- vanced study," offers a foreign fellowship of the value of $500 for the year 1899-1900. Preference will be given in the award of this fellowship to Maryland women, or women who have identified themselves with educa- tional work in Maryland. Candidates must present the same evidences of ability and fitness as are required from applicants for the fellowships offered by the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. The committee on award for the Baltimore association are Mrs. Fabian Franklin, No. 1507 Park Avenue; Miss Edith Hamilton, Bryn Mawr School; Mrs. John Helmsley Johnson, No. 1031 North Charles Street; Dr. Mary Sherwood, "The Arundel"; Dr. Lilian Welsh, the Woman's College. Applications should be presented before March 25. The Association for Maintaining the Ame- rican Women's Table at the Zoological Sta- tion at Naples offers a scholarship to such as wish to study there, and will furnish the necessary information through the Sec- retary, Miss Ida H. Hyde, No. 1 Berkeley Street, Cambridge, Mass. "Well-qualified women will be appointed in preference; but If no suitable women present themselves, men will be eligible in their stead." The only other American tables are the Smith- sonian and the University. An excellent photographic likeness of that fine old actor, the late Charles W. Couldock, has been issued by F. Gutekunst of Phila- delphia, in his imperial panel series of pub- lic characters. The expression of the face is eminently characteristic, and the peculiarity in the setting of the eyes most artfully con- cealed, without any sacrifice of truth. The death at the age of seventy-seven, in Tokio, January 19, of Katsu Awa, removes the ninth and last of that brilliant band of men who stood in the forefront of the na- tion's history in 1868, at the fall of the Shogunate and the resumption, after nearly seven centuries of abdication, of imperial executive powers. Katsu's great-grandfather began life with a handful of "cash" — frac- tions of a cent — and ended it as a million- aire, able to lend to the daimio of Mito a sum representing $5,000,000 of our current money. When, in 1854, Commodore Perry's marines and sailors landed from the fleet on the strand at Yokohama, Katsu, a soldier on the hill, as we have heard him tell the story, was then and there converted into a modern Japanese. He made up his mind that the men who could build and equip such ships and make locomotives and tele- graphs could not be "barbarians." Studying gunnery and navigation under the Dutch at Nagasaki, he commanded and successfully navigated across the Pacific the first Ja- panese steamer, Kanriu, bearing the em- bassy sent by the Premier Ii, who was promptly assassinated for his action in sign- ing the treaties. As the Shogun's and the Mikado's Secretary of the Navy, Katsu was largely instrumental in making Japan's mo- dern marine. In 1868 he saved the city of Yedo from the war-torch, and prevented a bloody conflict between the Shogun's re- tainers and the southerners led by Saigo. He was among the first to send a son to this country for education, and the youth studied at Rutgers College and the Naval Academy. Katsu wrote an outline of the modern in- tercourse of his country with other nations and a history of the navy of Japan, besides other works which showed the polished scholar. He resigned twenty-five years ago from active administrative office, but has since been one of the most valued private counsellors of the Emperor. — Very amusing is the amount of argument as to when the twentieth century properly begins. Not only is space in the_ periodical press of this country and Europe given up io surmises, with adduced proofs for one or the other year of beginning, but verbal de- mands to settle the question at once, and finally, greet the astronomer at every turn, while bets among the rustic youth of hill- towns flourish gayly. In the current number of the London Observatory reference is made to an interview recently granted by the Astronomer Royal on this absorbing subject, and its subsequent burlesque in Punch. It seems that village wagers have an hon- orable precedent in the bet between two eminent Scotch lawyers as to the century to which the year 1800 belonged. They re- ferred it for arbitration to the Lord Dean of Guild, and in 1870 gave a merry dinner at Glasgow, where evidence was taken and a decision reached. A pamphlet printed the same year for private distribution gives a humorous account of the occasion. The out- come, easy to foresee, was that 1800 belong- ed to the eighteenth century, one of the proofs adduced being the dictum of Sir John Herschel, that there never was a year 0, but that a. d. 1 followed immediately B. c. 1; and another the astronomical announcement that Ceres — first found of the now multi- tudinous family of small planets — was dis- covered on the first day of the new century, January 1, 1801. Of course the other side brought forth arguments, but, as their spon- sors thought more upon the subject, some were afterwards withdrawn. Besides this amusing little pamphlet, the proper arrival of the nineteenth century was of such in- terest in Germany that a bright play upon the subject was written by Kotzebue. And that the beginning of the twentieth century differs in no wise from its predecessors, is maintained by the Astronomer Royal, who gives his evidence for January 1, 1901, as the first day of that rapidly approaching era. —A careful reading of Mr. Henry Jones Ford's 'Rise and Growth of American Poli- tics' (Macmillan) leaves us somewhat in doubt as to the precise object the author has had in view, and the class of persons for whom he has written. Neither a constitu- tional history nor a narrative of events, the book is a brief examination of some of the political notions prevalent in the colo- nies, and the changes which they under- went in the early years of the constitutional period; with the aim, apparently, of explain- ing the origin and growth of certain politi- cal principles and their resulting methods. The earlier chapters, tracing the develop- ment of political ideas from their colonial origins to the establishment of the conven-

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166 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 tion system, are written in a style at once serious and epigrammatic, and throw light into a number of obscure corners. Particu- larly interesting are the comments on the political relations between aristocracy and democracy, and the nationalizing influence of party. The later chapters on Congress and the Executive are mainly descriptive ac- counts of slight importance, though enlivened by a number of fresh illustrations drawn from recent events. At the end we have three chapters of speculation as to our political future. The present divided responsibility for legislation and administration, and the popu- lar hope for a strong Executive to hold Congress in check, will, Mr. Ford thinks, tend ultimately to centralize authority in the le- gislative department of the Government, and give us, in place of our present organiza- tion, a system of ministerial responsibility similar to that which prevails in England. To employ a much overworked term, Mr. Ford's book is suggestive rather than in- forming, and the net impression it leaves is unsatisfactory; still, it will prove not un- profitable reading to any one whose know- ledge of American history is fairly extensive. —Mr. H. Gee's 'Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion' (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde) is a mi- nute and painstaking study of ecclesiastical history between 1558-1564, which was insti- tuted with a special view to ascertaining the number of deprivations which occurred dur- ing those years. The figures ordinarily ac- cepted by Protestant historians vary from 189 to 400, while Romanists adhere to Rish- ton's statement that "the better part of the clergy followed in the footsteps of their pre- lates; very many of them, high dignitaries in the church, were either thrown into prison or banished the realm." Mr. Gee's range is wider, and his scrutiny of the evidence more careful, than that of any predecessor. He has searched all extant Episcopal registers, the Domestic State Papers, the Patent Rolls, the Exchequer Records, and other documents which might illustrate the Visitation of 1559, the work of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the operation of the penal laws. His main conclusion is that during the first eight years of Elizabeth's reign the number of de- privations could not have risen far above 200. According to Camden's 'Annals,' there were at this time 9,400 ecclesiastical digni- taries in the realm, and so it follows, if we accept Mr. Gee's figures, that for every clergyman removed 46 went unmolested. To a public which is familiar with "practical" civil-service methods, this proportion will hardly appear excessive, even if the stress of Reformation politics be not allowed a place among the extraordinary considerations. Nu- merous lists of removals, more or less detail- ed, have been drawn up from time to time, Bince the Elizabethan age, but Mr. Gee finds that they are vitiated by dependence on Nicholas Sanders. His computation is contain- "1 in the seventh book of the'De Visibili Mo- narchia" (Louvain, 1571), and it is obviously to be accepted with extreme caution. Ac- cording to Mr. Gee. Sanders, in an "inaccurate and exaggerated way. gave the names of all he knew or had heard of amongst the clergy and laity who had got into difficulties with the ecclesiastical authorities during those 1558-1564]." This latest aetuary of the 'uly Elizabethan deprivations rejects all devious statements, and reai aea ale own result by using as data the contemporary documents for that period which still remain. Within a small margin of error, his estimate is probably correct. —At last, after an interval of three years, the second and concluding volume of the new edition (the third) of Wright's 'Arabic Gram- mar' (Cambridge, Eng.: University Press; New York: Macmillan) has appeared. Thereis little need to speak in praise or blame, as the Arabs would say, of such a book as this. It is the best single Arabic grammar extant in any language, and, without doubt, it will be very long before any other takes its place. De Sacy's monumental work, when combined with the commentary of Fleischer, may in some respects be a fuller thesaurus of facts and opinions, but, for all practical purposes, the student of Arabic will need to use Wright. That being the case, the only pity is that the revisers, Robertson Smith for the first eighty-six pages of volume i., and the great Leyden Arabist, De Goeje, for the remainder, did not allow themselves wider liberty in their changes. When Wright remodelled his first edition into his second, the first volume alone received an addition of almost 100 pages; in this third edition there is a re- duction (aided greatly, it is true, by com- pression in printing) of more than thirty. It can hardly be doubted that Wright, if he had lived, would have carried the revision very much further. The additions would have been greater, and the whole would have been recast, probably on the lines indicated by August Miiller in his re- view of the second edition. Thus, as only one example, we have a right to expect some adequate and separate statement of the laws and transformations of Arabic sounds. In Noldeke's 'Syrische Grammatik' the Lautlelire fills nearly a tenth of the whole book; in Stade's 'Lehrbuch der hebraischen Gramma- tik' it fills considerably more than a tenth; in this grammar there is dimply none. The book, therefore, must be regarded as a dis- appointment, in spite of its intrinsic value and of the great improvement which it shows over the earlier editions. It is very good, but it should have been much better. The get- up is excellent and in every way worthy of the press from which it issues; the Arabic type is from the very clear font which was cut for Lane's use in his Lexicon. —Lord Curzon's first public duty on his arrival in Bombay as Viceroy-elect was to receive a deputation of the provisional com- mittee of the Imperial University, or Re- search Institute, which it is proposed to es- tablish in India. Mr. Jamsetjee N. Tata of- fers a capital of thirty lacs of rupees (say one million dollars), yielding an annual income of some forty-odd thousand dollars, as a nu- cleus for the funds of the institution; and the committee appeal to Government to se- cond their efforts. The annual charge on the several departments, when once fairly equipped, is estimated at about $500,000. The scheme divides the studies into three groups — scientific and technical, medi- cal and sanitary, and educational and philo- sophical. Bacteriological research figures largely in the plan, and ought certainly to make a powerful appeal, not only to Govern- ment, but to the native princes as well, es- uow, while the plague is still raging. No better argument could be given for the utility of the scheme than the marvellous story of the wonders achieved by medical science at Anzop, a little village of less than six hundred inhabitants, in the Turkestan highlands, some two hundred miles from Samarkand. Anzop lies in a hollow in the mountains at a level of more than fourteen thousand feet above the sea, and so walled in by other surrounding heights that better isolation from infectious diseases could not well be conceived. The plague had neverthe- less been introduced there by a "holy person" who had brought back from a long pilgrim- age a lot of coverings of tombs of the saints in Afghanistan. These a widow in Anzop had cut into small pieces and made into amulets for "the faithful" to wear on their breasts. It was no great matter for them to remain "faithful unto death," for 381 cf the villagers were promptly stricken with plague, and all but three of these were claimed by the Grim Releaser. Dr. Lieven inoculated with Dr. Haffkine's prophylactic every one of the survivors, about a hundred and twenty in all, and then the awful pest was stayed, the last death occurring four days after Dr. Lieven's arrival with his phials of vaccine from a Bombay laboratory. It reads like a miracle even to us; but to the people of this mountain hamlet in Central Asia it must have seemed more than that, and they will doubtless for decades to come worship the St. Petersburg doctor as a god. RECENT NOVELS. The Open Question: A Tale of Two Tem- peraments. By Elizabeth Robins (C. E. Raimond). Harper & Bros. Red Rock: A Chronicle of Reconstruction. By Thomas Nelson Page. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. A Son of Perdition. By W. A. Hammond, M.D. Herbert Stone & Co. A Sister to Evangeline. By C. G. D. Roberts. Lamson, Wolffe & Co. The Forest of Bourg-Maric. By S. F. Harri- son (Seranus). London: Edward Arnold. 'The Open Question' is a belated specimen of the novel which discusses social problems both disagreeable and dismal. Though the author enters the vineyard at the eleventh hour, she has not been standing idle in the marketplace, but has been scanning and cri- ticising the work of the earlier laborers un- til she felt competent to scoop all their prob- lems and clear up confused notions about consanguinity, heredity, negro slavery, po- litical corruption, suicide, free will, and doom. She has appreciated the magnitude of her task, and taken plenty of room for argu- ment and for illustration of her views in a summarized history of three generations of a Southern family named Gano, and a particular account of the fourth and last. The summary is not always cheerful reading, but is less distressing than the particular account, because it deals with the Ganos of a pre-scientific age, who recklessly intermarried and died young, ig- norant of cause and effect. It is, besides, good narrative — concise, vigorous, and show- ing a perception of the comic side of human tragedies nice enough to enliven without danger of wounding the tenderest sensibili- ties. This ability to tell things directly and to characterize persons and scenes reappears in the later chapters at intervals, and some- times lures us to forget that our duty here is to consider awful questions of race-dege- neracy, disease, and death. We elude them with ease in the adventures of Mrs. Gano (the grandmother) among the Boston aboli- tionists; in some passages of the girlhood of the first Valeria Gano and the childhood of

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March 2, 1899] The ISTation, 167 the second; in one or two scenes of Ethan Gano's youth in Paris, and in those sketches of crude Western society which in- trude on the open question in its most poi- gnant phase. Where so many questions are opened and not one of them closed (for both in argu- ment and illustration the author cautiously avoids finality), one hesitates to assign pre- eminence. The question of the desirability of suicide receives great attention. An Aus- tralian lady, pursuing art in Paris, argues fiercely in favor of self-destruction, as if it were a luxury wantonly denied the masses by kings or capitalists. Her audience ap- pears to have little to detain it in this world except instinctive love of life, a dumb force opposing itself resolutely to argument, and not much thought of by the author. She has a far higher opinion of the indifference to life shown by a few Roman citizens who were also philosophers, or disappointed war- riors, or disgraced politicians. Like most persons who eulogize the readiness of a few pagans to go out the open door, she seems to suppose that the Roman Empire may have perished through the universal custom of suicide, and she certainly forgets that this example can have no force worth speaking of for the inheritors of two centuries of Chris- tian tradition. Persons of low vitality like Ethan Gano shrink from the responsibilities of life, and to believe themselves capable of seeking death in "high Roman fashion" is to invest themselves with heroic attributes, and so excuse their incapacity for living in any fashion. Ethan Gano's temperament was the best sort of soil for John Gano's fierce and shal- low doctrines of heredity to flourish in. Ethan saw himself doomed to physical disease and mental ineffectiveness by the thoughtless Ganos' habit of intermarrying, and he fled from his cousin Valeria, for he had yielded to this family habit and wished to marry her. Many an ignorant Gano had committed an error which for him, with his new knowledge, would be a crime. His later subjection by the rather intemperate pas- sion of Valeria is not surprising, but what becomes of the doctrine of heredity when a descendant of fervidly religious Southern- ers and rigidly religious Puritans enters without moral revolt into the compact pro- posed by Valeria — the compact that involves the question which is supposed to be particu- larly open? The compact is repulsive, and the question is not open any more than is the question of the assassin's right to stab in the dark or the anarchist's right to throw a bomb. Women who propose to live with a man until a child is about to be born, and them to get up a family holocaust, are quite out of the question. For Valeria Gano the salvation is that, from previous knowledge, no one will believe she ever did it. With her self-will and temper and intense love of life she had no need to resort to ghastly, theatrical tricks to persuade Ethan to marry her; even to persist in letting him see that she wanted him so much would have doDe it. From the moment that she suggests her inhuman compact, she ceases to be only a self-centred, restless American girl, war- ranted to turn out all right, and becomes that sort of female horror which has been copyrighted by Ibsen. Miss Robins has been so closely identified with the representation of Ibsen's heroines that they have infected her mind and perverted a naturally clear and sane vision of life. Still, Norwegian pessimism has not devoured her, or she could not have written one-half of the book (the half which Is worth reading and excuses extended notice of the whole) ; nor could she have drawn so effectively the grandmother of the last of the Ganos. This remarkable old lady is the great figure of the novel. By faith in God and a will to live, in spite of the Gano hereditary disabilities, she managed both to exist and rule for eighty years. Unfortunately for Valeria, she died without having heard a whisper about the compact. It is to be hoped that Miss Robins may care to shake off the influence of Hedda Gabler & Co. They are not good society, and they and their problems have no profound signifi- cance in any country, except, perhaps, in Norway, where the weather is always cold, where people are always poor, and half the year is dark. It will be a thousand pities if these wretched Norwegian women prevail to spoil the makings of an excep- tionally entertaining novelist. The day has already arrived when a novel founded on the civil war has that rather chilling remoteness from contemporary inte- rest which in some degree marks all histori- cal fiction. The passions of those who suf- fered most have cooled, and the memories of loss and wrong are dim; so the power of vivid emotional presentation which fervid personal feeling gave to certain Southern writers has worn weaker, and they have ac- cepted the judgment of time, which admits two sides to every case. This is a gain for purposes of enlightenment, but a serious loss to a creative art which does not make its first appeal to reason, nor its strongest impres- sion by fair play. Mr. Page's earlier im- passioned tales of the war are, therefore, more memorable contributions to fiction than Is his well-considered and interesting 'Chronicle of Reconstruction.' Once or twice bygone passion dominates maturer judgment, but that is in the earlier chapters just when the storm is breaking, and be- fore he settles down to his fair-minded chronicle. His account of the state of things at "Red Rock" may stand as an impartial picture of what was going on all over the South for several years after the war. Leech, the carpet-bagger, is a probable por- trait of the sort of person who in great numbers abused his authority and brought his official superiors to shame. On the other hand, Middleton and Welch repre- sent those men who, inferior in numbers, and perhaps in force (for the good are no- toriously feebler than the wicked), loathed heaping humiliation upon a prostrate enemy and wished only to help in wiping out old scores. Dr. Cary is a fine type of the Southern gentleman who stood for the Union until he was forced by ties of affection and long comradeship to go with his State, and who accepted defeat with dignity and cour- age. It is a little difficult to believe that he could have been hopelessly crushed by the treacherous and malignant overseer, Hiram Still. Still's machinations for the destruc- tion of his betters make the plot— a very complicated and melodramatic and futile sort of a plot. If many overseers succeed- ed in routing their masters by similar trans- parent infamies, that is the saddest testi- mony to the exhaustion of the old South in both courage and capacity. The attempts at the suppression of base-born ruffians were singularly trivial and ineffective. The Ku- Klux offered the only concerted resistance. and the conception of that organization ap- pears to have been childish, while its per- formance was farcical as well as terrible. Resort to the law-courts was, of course, worse than useless if the scenes described by Mr. Page were possible. Such scenes may be among those things in life which are stranger than fiction, but we are not convinced that they are anything better than expedients for winding up a tale. Mr. Page's fiction is not strengthened by their use, and they might even serve to dis- credit the general veracity of his chronicle. Dr. Hammond's novel, 'The Son of Perdi- tion,' is a remarkable product of profane imagination applied to the elaboration of some picturesque characters conspicuous in sacred history. Novelists choosing to em- broider the plain Gospel narrative of the life of Jesus Christ have hitherto been handi- capped by conscience or by tradition, or even by conventional respect for names of persons not in themselves impeccably respectable. Long before beginning this novel, Dr. Ham- mond must have got rid of sentimental impe- diments to free interpretation, and reached a point of view which has the possibly doubt- ful merit of being exclusively his own. The persons about whom his fancy plays most surprisingly are those of whom our know- ledge is slight and not wholy creditable — Judas Iscariot, Mary Magdalene, and Sap- phira. These three he involves in a wild and not finically decent romance, and for each constructs a character without authority and without aid of any faculty except imagina- tion. But imagination keeps up at high pres- sure, and so, in spite of a fundamental of- fence against good taste and in spite of a careless, loquacious style, the book can hold the attention of those whose prejudices in favor of reverence may survive the first shock. Mr. Charles Roberts, the Canadian poet, Is a better writer of descriptive verse than of prose romance. He knows and feels more about the marshes and forests and streams of Nova Scotia than about the human beings who inhabited that province, called by an- other name — Acadia. In 'A Sister to Evan- geline,' the climax is the deportation of the Acadians, a moment so dramatic and emo- tional that any hack might contrive to con- vey something of its imperishable pathos. Mr. Roberts has managed to miss it with as- tonishing completeness. He has no faculty for characterization, apparently no intuitions about human nature. His people are inef- fective and superficial in ordinary life, and more markedly so in crises. He has at his command no clever mechanical devices by which a more serious deficiency might be concealed. His plot and paragraphs are as unsubstantial as his characters. His English is not the natural English of any period — closer, perhaps, to seventeenth-century Puri- tan phrase than any other; a form which does not go trippingly on the tongue of his eighteenth-century Frenchmen. The burden of the drama is borne by a purely artificial and incomparably dull pair, Grul, the idiot, and La Game, the Black Abbe. Mr. Roberts ap- pears to be fond of them, for this is the se- cond tale in which they appear. They are perfect bogies, and unless he can shake off their fascination, it will prove fatal to his aspirations as a novelist. As 'A Sister to Evangeline' does not quick- en curiosity about the prose work of Cana- dian poets, one turns to 'The Forest of Bourg-Marie,' by Mrs. Harrison (Seranus),

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168 The IsTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 with that languid interest that accompanies a foregone conclusion. When, on the very first page, the Yamachiche is associated with Lethe, with spirits that stalk in Plutonian shades, and with an imaginative peasantry, interest sinks to zero. No better compliment can be paid to the author than to say at once that recovery from the depression caused by her preliminary rhetorical flourish Is speedy, and that very soon we recognize work done from the life by a keen, truthful observer with a hand surprisinglybold, yet sincerely sympa- thetic. The plot is romantic, and hinges on the return to his native wilds of Magloire Caron, translated during several years of exile in Milwaukee into a person who hands his grandfather a printed card bearing the inscription, "Mr. Murray Carson, expert in horseflesh." This Magloire is a type of the Americanized Canuck, and is drawn to the life with a frankness no more cruel than he deserves. He is vulgar, vain, shallow, im- moral, and saved only by a childlike naivete from being intolerably offensive. The situa- tion between him and his grandfather (the impoverished but not degenerate descendant of a noble house) is admirably taken, and if the older man appears less vivid and real than the younger, it is because his type is rarer, not because it has never actually existed. Besides the Carons, there are half-a-dozen types vigorously sketched without exaggera- tion or sentimentality, and with no notion of working them up to an utterly false con- ception of a picturesqueness inherent in their race and condition. The picturesqueness of the Oanadien is largely imaginary, but no- body who meets a humble habitant bearing the name of a seventeenth-century gentleman of France can help surrounding him with the atmosphere of romance. In the old trapper, Mikel Caron, Mrs. Harrison gives its full va- lue to this sort of picturesqueness, while of the un-American, pictorial quality of Cana- dian villages there is a good illustration in the picture of the curg leaning on his garden- gate suavely inviting the great Magloire to enter and view his unworthy hollyhocks. In the make-up of her novel, Mrs. Harrison be- trays inexperience. The passages of the Ca- ron family history are cold interpolations; some of the conversations wander unduly, and the catastrophe at the Manoir is too full of sound and confusion. But these defects should be easily overcome by a writer who can give us a book so very much alive. TWO DANTE BOOKS. Essays on Dante. By Dr. Karl Witte. ( lng selections from the two volumes 01 'Dante-Forschungen.') Selected, trans lated, and edited, with introduction, notes and appendices, by C. Mabel Lawrence B.A., and Philip H. Wicksteed, M.A Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1898 Svo, pp. xxil, 448, 1 plan. Dante'* Ten Heavens: A Study of the Para- diso. By Edmund G. Gardner, M.A. Lon- don: Constable & Co. 1898. 8vo, pp. xil, 310. That the study of law fosters literary am- bition and smooths the way to distinction in letters, is a proposition which might be plausibly supported by many extraordinary examples. The history of literature fur- nishes many instances of those who began their literary careers with Justinian or Blackstone. It is rare, however, to find a man of letters continuing to pursue legal science as his life's work, as did Karl Witte, the most distinguished, perhaps, of modern Dante scholars. Prof. Witte's life was re- markable in more than one respect. Born near Halle in the year 1800, he was educated by his father until, at the tender age of nine and a half years, he matriculated in the University of Leipzig. Before he was four- teen, he took his doctor's degree, presenting a thesis upon the Conchoid of Nicomedes, a curve of the fourth degree. He then went to Italy to study law. He soon became in- terested in Dante, and almost immediately reached the conclusion that the criticism then current of the 'Divine Comedy' was hopelessly perverse and fatuous. A vigorous essay on "The Art of Misunderstanding Dante," which he completed in 1823, opened his career as a critic and contained the pro- gramme of his life work. In the same year he was appointed extraordinary professor of law at Breslau; six years later he was pro- moted to a full professorship, and in 1834 he was transferred to the University of Halle, where he taught law and wrote works on jurisprudence for nearly fifty years. Dr. Witte is probably best known in Ger- many for his translation of the 'Comedy,' the first edition of which appeared in 1865; he is esteemed by the special student of Dante for his collation of manuscripts and textual criticism; the intelligent public, however, outside of Germany, is likely to rely on his collected essays, 'Dante-For- schungen,' for its knowledge of the spirit and results of his years of research. The volume before us contains what is best and of most permanent interest in the two vol- umes of the original collection. The editor estimates his work with such justness and with such a conciliating sense of humor that we cannot do better than repeat his words: "Some passages are so technical that they will doubtless be skipped by all but a few experts, and some so popular that all except beginners will desire fuller details and ampler references; but there is no essay which, taken as a whole, has not such gene- ral interest as appears to justify its inclu- sion in a volume intended for the general reader; and in the more technical or erudite portions of the essays I have endeavored to give (in the notes and appendices) such in- formation as will enable the unlearned read- er to follow the argument and understand the references. Indeed, the information con- tained in some of these notes is of a very elementary character; but it is just what every one is supposed to know that no one is ever told; and the student is often left to a long, uncertain, and painful course of inference with respect to the very founda- tions of some portions at least of his sub- ject." What to do about controversial matters upon which the editor— himself no mean Dante scholar — differs from Dr. Witte, was a puzzling question. "The editor," Mr. Wicksteed pertinently urges, "who never dares to trust his author and his reader together for fear they should hatch mischief against him, who nervously directs where they are to join and where part hands; who is perpetually thrusting obtrusive suggestions between them, and fluttering and clucking to his chicks at every second line, is a person who ought to be suppressed by an inviolable conspiracy of inattention." The translators have taken their task very seriously, perhaps a bit too seriously for the general reader. The book falls into "bre- vier" pretty often and looks unreadable. As one reads Mr. Wicksteed's admirable ap- pendices—all too short as they are, and tuck- ed away in a corner — one wishes that he had given us an original treatment, of reproducing Dr. Witte's somewhat anti- quated work. The preparation of a series of essays of his own could hardly have taken so much time as the careful translation, with the hours spent in painfully verifying, in the British Museum Library, all of Witte's cita- tions. The present volume is, of course, the pious tribute of an enthusiastic admirer and disciple to his revered master's memory. The demands of Pietat might, however, have been satisfied by an appreciative estimate of Dr. Witte's important work, accompanied by Mr. Wicksteed's own independent studies of certain phases of Dante's writings and spiritual experiences. In such a volume all the drawbacks of the present plan would have been obviated. The general reader would have learned more, and the student would naturally have turned, as he still must do, to the German or Italian originals of Dr. Witte's technical contributions. The first three essays in the volume before us set forth Dr. Witte's general conception of the poet and the proper way of approach- ing his works. He himself believed that the kernel of all his later studies lay in the very earliest of them (number two of the present collection), that published in 1824, in his first youthful enthusiasm. "My other labors in this field," he says, "strike me as subsidiary to the root-idea there developed, calculated to strengthen its foundations rather than lead to anything fresh." The essay on Dante's Trilogy, with Mr. Wick- steed's admirable appendix, will prove the most instructive, perhaps, of all the chap- ters to the average reader. It discusses the relation of the 'Vita Nuova,' 'Convito,' and 'Comedy' respectively to their author's spi- ritual development. Mr. Wicksteed takes courteous exception to Dr. Witte's view of the middle period of supposed apostasy. As he forcibly argues, there seems to be no In- clination in the 'Convito' presumptuously to place philosophy on the same plane with the- ology. It was not an alienation from reli- gion and theology which Dante laments as his great sin. He begins the 'Convito' "with the twofold purpose of glorifying his pre- sent mistress (Philosophy), and of explain- ing away such part of his own reputation as seems inconsistent with the high missionary purpose he now entertains. He will alle- gorize all his Canzoni addressed to mortal women, other than Beatrice," whose rivals are not philosophy but only the world and the flesh. He finds the task difficult, even dishonest, and his conscience revolts from it. Such things in his past life as part him from Beatrice are not to be explained away but repented. Philosophy, however, has not stood between him and Beatrice, but leads him back to her. "The Convivio is cast aside, su- perseded in its mechanism, and damned by its taint of disingenuousness. His studies in Philosophy (always guided by Theology, as the Convivio clearly enough shows) have deepened and purified his life, till at last, in spite of himself, they have brought him back, in an agony of shame, to Beatrice, now glori- fied into the symbol of Theology herself — and the Comedy is born." The second group of essays (iv.-viii.) pre- pare the reader to understand the 'Comedy' by explaining "Dante's Cosmography," "The Ethical Systems of the Inferno and Purga- torio," "The Topography of Florence about the Year 1300," "Dante and the Conti Guidi," and the significance of the poet's letters. There is a chapter on the good wife, Gemma;

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March 2, 1899] The Kation. 169 some discussion follows, a part of it de- cidedly technical, of the earliest commenta- ries upon the 'Comedy' and Dante's life, and the volume closes with a paper on "Dante and United Italy." The translation is ex- cellent throughout, in spite of the difficul- ties which the original presents. Of Mr. Gardner's 'Dante's Ten Heavens' we may safely say that it is the most careful and extensive study of the "Paradiso" in English, probably in any language. The dif- ficulties and obscurities of the third part of the 'Comedy' are well known; they may, indeed, attract rather than repel the true Dante enthusiast, but "the incredible excess of unsensed sweet" will never be other than an esoteric theme. Mr. Gardner's book is not, then, a hand-book for ladies' literary clubs, but, as might be expected, is for the delectation of the earnest student, who brings with him keen historic insight, as well as a deep sense of poetic beauty and some sympathy for metaphysics. The work serves as a valuable supplement to the notes which Lubin, Dean Plumptre, Scartazzini, Witte, Longfellow, and others have added to well-known editions of the 'Comedy.' It sug- gests in some ways Vernon's 'Readings on the Inferno,' but resembles more closely in arrangement and spirit Prof. Hettinger's chapter on the "Paradiso" in his scholarly study of the poem. It is to be regretted that the author, who should have realized that he could hope to reach only the earnest scholar, did not treat somewhat more fully than he has done the questions which his little audience would most gladly hear discussed. For example, the close relation of Dante's theories of the heavenly polity to those of the Pseudo-Di- onysius and of Saint Bernard is referred to in too general a fashion to be more than sug- gestive and tantalizing. Mr. Gardner, like so many of his scholarly countrymen, is, we must assume, ignorant of German. He makes no allusion to Dr. Witte and the abundant literature of his subject to be found only in German, and uses the abridged English version of Hettinger. Angels' Wings: A Series of Essays on Art and its Relation to Life. By Edward Car- penter. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: Macmillan. The keynote of this infelicitously named volume is to be found in the opening sen- tence: "There is a strong impression that the democratic idea, as it grows and spreads, will have a profound influence on Art and artistic methods; and that Art, in its rela- tion to life generally, is in these days pass- ing into new phases of development." Mr. Carpenter is, in fact, a bit of a Tolstoyan, though he differs much from Tolstoy in de- tails, and though one of his gods is Tolstoy's pet aversion, Richard Wagner. Like Tol- stoy, his effort is to make out a democratic doctrine of art, and to show that art, like government, should be "of the people, by the people, and for the people." He is rather clever and more or less plausible, and covers a deal of ground somewhat thinly, discoursing of painting and sculpture, lite- rature and music, mythology and folk-lore, and, finally, of "The Art of Life," not quite convincing one that his competence is equal to his pretension. The first essay of the book is on the some- what oddly consorted trio, "Wagner, Millet, and Whitman," who are treated as embodi- ments of democratic art, and on the second page we are confronted with the statement that "all three men were revolutionaries, in more than one sense of the word. Wagner was arrested in the streets of Dresden for complicity in the riots of '48; Millet was nicknamed the 'Wild Man of the Woods' by his fellow-students, and accused of being a 'Socialist' by his critics; Whitman was ejected from his clerkship in the Treasury at Washington on account of the wickedness of his poems." Now why should Millet be called a "revolutionary" because "his cri- tics" accused him of what he always denied? And though Wagner was a bit of a republi- can in politics, does it follow that that most elaborate and expensive of all forms of art, the music-drama, is democratic? Millet was by instinct a conservative and the lover of what was old, and his artistic admira- tion was for Poussin; and while few of us will agree with Tolstoy in his dictum that Wagner's art is no art at all, most of us will agree that it is a highly artificial, ro- mantic, and aristocratic art, which makes as little appeal as possible to the universal feelings of humanity. As to Whitman, we might perhaps give him over to Mr. Car- penter. It is chiefly in London that the art of Whitman has as yet been taken very se- riously. The second essay, which gives its title to the volume, is nominally on the ten- dency of art, as it grows more mature, to reject, on anatomical grounds, the sym- bolical use of wings, so common in early art, and to represent even flying figures as wingless. The moral of this is supposed to be that "anything that conflicts very hope- lessly and fundamentally with the reason- ing faculty cannot be very permanently suc- cessful in its influence on the mind." One shudders to think where this would leave the fairy stories of the Nibelung tetralogy if the doctrine were made out, but it is not. Mr. Carpenter appeals to the Greeks as the people whose "instinct of proportion and fitness, in Art and life, exceeded that of any other people we know"; and, because they represented winged figures only occa- sionally, thinks they showed a tendency to reject "anything which cannot be fairly distinctly thought out." But the Greeks ha- bitually represented certain figures as wing- ed— e. g., Victory, Eros, Iris; and they were fond of representing other imaginary creatures — griffins, chimeras, fauns, and, above all, the centaur— which it is quite impossible to think out. Again, are Michel- angelo's hugely muscled colossi, supported in midair without even a wing to aid them, more thinkable than the demure and devout angels of Giotto and Angelico? It may be said that none of these things have proved "permanently successful," and that they have lost their influence on the human mind; but at least the example of the Greeks goes by the board. The rule would seem to be that, in the highest forms of art, things must be so imagined as at least to seem possible for the time being. In lower forms of art, such as decoration, it is enough if they are pleasing. The question of "realism" having thus been brought up, it is further considered in the following essays. The material of art is considered as derived from three sources, na- ture, "the Physiological basis of emotion in the human body," and conventional symbols and associations; and each of these is con- sidered in a separate essay. In the essay on "Naiure and Realism in Art," the argument . of the two tendencies of modern realism, that towards mere photography and useless detail is, "obviously, an error," while that towards the treatment of "those aspects of Nature — the ugly, the obscene, the crimi- nal, and so forth — which are generally ig- nored" is useful in "the unearthing of a vast amount of material which, in the hands of future masters, may be available for the most searching effects." Zola is condemned for lack of artistic treatment — for not hav- ing made "the discords lead to their proper resolutions"; but we are said to "owe him much in this way." Finally, we are referred, for a "perfect example of Realism in its best form," to the frieze of the Parthenon, which is considered as "a simple transcript of actual facts." One is led to wonder if Mr. Cham- berlain really believes that all Greeks of the Periclean age were as beautiful as these fig- ures. The few portraits that remain to U3 prove the contrary, if proof were needed. In "The Human Body in its Relations to Art," Mr. Carpenter deals with what Mr. Whistler thinks is all of art, what Mr. Beren- son considers the most vital and artistic part of art, and what Tolstoy hardly considers art at all, viz.: the direct physiologic effect of tones, lines, colors, etc., upon the human brain and body; and also with the repre- sentation of that body in art. Here our au- thor takes direct issue with Tolstoy, and blames him for being "so completely domi- nated by the fear of the senses that he can- not see the blasphemy there is in denying and crippling the human body," and, while agreeing that most modern treatment of the nude is bad in art and in morals, concludes that, "in the free, sane acceptation of the human Body, in all its faculties, lies the Master-key to the Art of the future." In "Tradition, Convention, and the Gods," we get deep into totemism and the origin of re- ligion, but the outcome of it all is that art progresses only by overthrowing conventions and by the familiar return to nature. "To be absolutely one's self" is the true aim of the artist. Finally, we get back to pure Tolstoy- ism in the essay on "The Individual Im- pression," and are shown how the results of modern realism and modern individualism are to be reconciled and harmonized into one whole by the infusion of a new ideal, the "advent of a new Religion": "The Religion of the future must come from the bosom itself of the modern peoples; it must be the recognition by Humanity as a whole of that Common Life which has really underlain all the various religions of the past; it must be the certainty of the organic unity of mankind, of the brotherhood of all sentient creatures, freeing itself from all local doctrine and prejudice, and express- ing itself in any and every available form. The seal and sanction of the Art cf the fu- ture will be its dedication to the service of this Religion." And so, amid a profusion of capitals, the part of the book which concerns us comes to an end; for with the two analytical essays on the music of Beethoven, and with the concluding essay and various addenda on "The Art of Life," the present writer will not meddle. The work is interesting, if not conclusive, and its perusal may be enjoyed even if one rejects its doctrine. Actors of the Century: A Play-Lover's Gleanings from Theatrical Annals. By Frederic Whyte. London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan. 1898. Mr. Frederic Whyte, the compiler (for he

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17Q The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1757 can scarcely be called the author) of 'Actors or the Century,' is the capable translator of Mr. Augustin Filon's critical review of 'The English Stage,' and it was in the ac- complishment of that task, apparently, that he found inspiration for this pretentious, but not particularly instructive, volume. At all events he admits, with refreshing if su- perfluous frankness, that his knowledge of theatrical history and personages is of very recent date, and, arguing from his own con- dition, he concludes that there must be a vast number of persons just as ignorant as he used to be of the entertainment to be found in books of dramatic commentary and biography. To enlighten these unfortunates, he has made very copious clippings from the works of such familiar authorities as Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, George Henry Lewes, Henry Morley, William Rob- son, Dutton Cook, and many others of lesser weight, and has connected them by means of a running review of his own, so as to make something like a continuous narrative. He gossips pleasantly enough, and, as a rule, so far as the first half of the century is concerned, uses his scissors with discre- tion, but, of course, he has nothing new to tell, while his own reflections are not very precious. With Lamb, Hunt, and Hazlitt he could not go very far wrong. It is when he comes to deal with recent and contempora- neous events, and ventures upon the expres- sion of personal opinions, that his deficien- cies in knowledge and in judgment are re- vealed. For instance, in speaking of come- dians who attained great heights in tragedy, he groups together Robson, Coquelin, and Nellie Farren. A more grotesque compari- son it would be difficult to conceive. The most conspicuous example of tragic force in a comedian, in recent times, was furnished by Samuel Phelps, whom Mr. Whyte seems to know chiefly as a tragedian. He does, in- deed, quote a eulogy of this actor's per- formance of Bottom, but never heard, ap- parently, of his equally notable Christopher Sly or his Falstaff. Phelps was the most versatile actor, probably, of the century. He was the best Bir Peter Tousle of his day (except, perhaps, Chippendale), and the best Sir Anthony Absolute in England. His Sir Perlinax Macsycophant was a master- piece, and he was inimitable in such charac- ter parts as Bailie Mcol Jarvie. The di- versity of his parts was amazing, and his excellence in all of them and his eminence in most of them undisputed, yet Mr. Whyte makes no record of these achievements. In one place he commits himself to the as- tonishing assertion that Charlotte Cushman was the counterpart in form and feature of Macready, as well as in histrionic gifts and characteristics— one assertion being almost as far from the truth as the other. His enu- meration of modern actors of distinction Is quite worthless, many good performers be- ing overlooked altogether, while players of fifth-rate importance, or no importance at all, are set down among the leaders. Walter Montgomery, Creswick, Miss Marriott, Miss Glyn (the best Cleopatra of her time), Henry Marston, Chippendale, Kate Bateman, and Charles Coghlan are some of the obvious omissions, and, doubtless, there are many others. The name of Mrs. Warner is men, tioned once, casually. As to the extent of Mr. Whyte's critical judgment, that may be guessed from his remark that Mr. Beerbohm Tree is the arch-type of the all-round actor which proves that he is unable to distinguiah between mere ingenuity in the arts of ex- ternal disguise and genuine artistic versa- tility. The book is printed very handsomely, and contains a large number of portraits, upon which the author sets great store. Most of these have long been common in all theat- rical collections, but a few of them are more rare. The portraits of Adelaide Neilson con- vey no hint of the extraordinary personal fascination of that meteoric actress. Sketches of the History of Georgian Litera- ture. Parts I. and II. (Ocherki po storii Gruzinskoi Slovesnosti.) By A. S. Kha- khanoff. Moscow: University Press. Prof. Khakhanoff of the Lazarevski Insti- tute of Moscow devotes a certain part of his book to the mass of legendary tales and folk- literature to be found in the language of the beautiful Eastern land of Georgia. There are a great number of curious apocryphs on sa- cred subjects which claim the attention of the scholar now that this kind of literature has come so much to the front. The Geor- gians use two alphabets, the ecclesiastical and the civil. The latter is the one now most often employed. The oldest monument of Georgian literature belongs to the sixth cen- tury. First we get versions of portions of the Bible, and afterwards translations of the GreeR classic authors, such as Plato and Aristotle. There is a complete manuscript of the Bible dating from the tenth century which is preserved in the library on Mount Athos. Prof. Tsagarelli of the University of St. Petersburg has taken the trouble to make an exhaustive catalogue of all known MSS., which number considerably more than a thousand. In our own time the Georgian press is very active at Tiflis. There exists in that city a society devoted to the diffusion of education among the Georgians. In this way many useful modern works and many of the old classics are rendered accessible. We remember seeing at Tiflis the interesting collection of manuscripts belonging to this society. The great period, however, of the development of Georgian literature was dur- ing the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This is rightly styled by Prof. Khakhanoff their golden age, and it is with the close of this period that the two present instalments of nis work end. At a subsequent date he pro- poses to treat of the long but inactive time supervening, which lasted from the thirteenth to the close of the eighteenth century. The concluding volume is to tell of the renascence of Georgian literature under the rule of the Russians. The thirteenth century includes the age of Queen Tamara, the great sovereign of Georgia, in whose time the country reach- ed its highest pitch of prosperity. That she was a remarkable woman there can be no doubt, but her name is absolutely encrust- ed with legend. All the wonderful things in the country are assigned to her — and her portrait has come down to us (if we can rely upon it) in many ancient frescoes. To her reign belongs the poet Shota Rustaveli, the author of the strange romantic epic in quatrains 'The Man in the Panther's Skin' 1 I < ■phkhri.i-tkaosani). Much has been written about this author, whose work is certainly full of color and like the produc- tion of some Eastern troubadour. Mr. Kho- Klumoff gives an excellent analysis of it, and therefore it Is in a way accessible to a person who cannot read Georgian. It is a strange Oriental love-poem, the origin of which has been much disputed. Prof. Kho- khanoff, as in duty bound, takes a hand in this discussion. Some people think the poem must have had a Persian origin, though there has never been found anything like it in Persian. The manners described in the epic are free from Mohammedan in- fluences. On the other hand, there is no- thing distinctly Christian about it, and so much was this felt that the clergy put the poem more or less under a ban. It had become a favorite production with the peo- ple. Indeed, the lines are on the lips of the Georgians as veritable household words. King Vakhtang VI., having established a printing press at Tiflis in 1709, set about printing 'The Man in the Panther's Skin,' just as Caxton soon tried his hand on an edition of Chaucer. To stop all scandals and prevent the clerical ban, the pious King furnished the poem with a religious commentary in which he made all the love- passages to be mystic, as has been done in other instances. As regards Rustaveli, he is said to have died at Jerusalem as a monk in 1215. His portrait is there shown in a fresco. Whether he cherished a hapless passion for the imperial Tamara we can- not say for certainty. It is so stated in Georgian writings, and if he did so he would only be like his brother troubadours in the West, who always nourished a hope- less passion for some exalted dame. Little has been done as yet to make this poem known to Western readers. A few years ago Mr. Arthur Leist published a very con- densed version, substituting the heroic metre in the style of Pope's 'Iliad.' The quatrains would certainly prove very heavy ballast. We believe a much more minute version in prose may soon be expected from the pen of a young English lady who has shown considerable knowledge of these dif- ficult languages in her 'Mingrelian Folk- Tales.' We have no space for the strange ro- mances of the same period. The glories of Georgia and of the Karthveli, as the people style themselves, were to undergo a rapid decline. This Christian nest, with its tra- ditional glories of St. Nina, was surrounded with Moslem foes. It was harried by Mongols, Tatars, Persians, and Turks. In 1793 'Tiflis was burned to the ground by the Persians. We cannot but feel that if the Russians had not stepped in, the Georgians would have had the fate of the Armenians, or would have been forcibly con- verted en masse. Prof. Khakhanoff not only, as a native Georgian, is well acquainted with his subject, but understands how to write about it in a very readable way. Camping and Tramping in Malaya: Fifteen Years' Pioneering in the Native States of the Malay Peninsula. By Ambrose B. Rathborne. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: Macmillan. 1898. Map, illustrations. Pp. xi, 339. 8vo. Twenty years ago the small native states on the southwestern coast of the Malay Pe- ninsula had but recently come under British protection. The land was undeveloped, co- vered with forest and jungle, roadless, and sparsely inhabited by semi-savages, pirates, and slave-dealers. A few Englishmen were among them, some restraining and guiding the native rajahs, administering justice.

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March 2, 1899] The Nation 171 maintaining the peace, and putting down crime and misrule. Under the direction of others the natives were clearing the jungle for plantations, learning the best methods of agriculture and mining, and making roads from the coast to the interior. Among these "pioneers of progress" was the author of this hook. His first undertaking, a coffee-plantation, failed from lack of skilled labor, and the greater part of the time from 1880 to 1895 was spent in exploring, surveying, and road- making. These duties carried him into every part of the country, and his narrative gives a striking picture of its condition in its wild state. He has few exciting adventures to relate, but many interesting descriptions of life in the forest and villages, together with accounts of the native industries. Sto- ries of personal encounters with wild ani- mals are numerous, especially with tigers, which seemed to haunt every path, and in- vaded camps and even houses for their hu- man prey. The primitive condition of those days is shown by the following incident: Into a hospital just opened there came one evening "that shy and exclusive animal the rhinoceros, which, entering at one end, walk- ed calmly through one of the wards, passing between the beds of the astonished patients, and departed through the opposite doorway without harming any one or doing any da- mage." Mr. Rathborne visited a village whose inhabitants kept many "slave mon- keys" chained near their houses to gather their fruit for them. "When a cocoanut was wanted, a man or boy would fetch a light rattan reel, on which was coiled a long cord. The chain would be detached from the monkey's collar, and the string fastened to it instead, and he would then be led towards some tree where there appeared to be a ripe nut or two, and told to ascend it, which he would do in a some- what sulky and protesting manner, stopping half-way up, until a sharp tug of the cord and an expostulatory remark from his master compelled him to continue; for in this re- spect the monkey is very human in his dis- like of being made to do what he is told, if it is at all distasteful to him. On reach- ing the cluster of nuts near the top, several tugs of the cord would be necessary to as- sist him to make up his mind which was the ripest and easiest to detach, and to throw down the one required. Finding a suitable foothold, he would twist the nut round and round until it broke off and fell down— none too easy a task to accomplish, as its fibrous stem is tough and difficult to break. If another nut was wanted, a look of wearied disgust would overspread his face as he slowly proceeded to do as he was bid. The order to descend was obeyed with more alac- rity, and, the string being rewound, he would be led back and chained up, and left to take his exercise, walking to and fro as far as his tether would permit." This record of one Englishman's part in the development of a tropical country is full of lessons for us, now that we have assumed the sovereignty over islands similar in cli- mate, natural features, and people to Malaya. It was not an easy task to teach these Ma- lays the art of coffee cultivation, nor to search out in forests and swamps the best routes between the coast and the interior, and then to build the roads essential to the prosperity of the land. It was a life of con- stant toil and privation, of long periods of isolation from all companionship save that of natives, of dangers innumerable from man and beast, to which one must show ap- parent indifference if he is to gain the re- spect of his men. "I never, during all my travels," says our author, "carried a weapon of any sort other than a chopper-knife." He refers often, also, to the British magistrates scattered here and there, describing their comfortless homes with the repulsive or un- healthy surroundings of a native village; pictures them listening patiently to grievan- ces, settling disputes, quelling peaceably, with the aid of a few Sikh policemen, a riot in a Chinese mining-camp, sustained in their work by the hope of rescuing these childlike people from the rapacity of their native rulers, and enabling them to enjoy the fruits of their industry, more abundant as their labor is more Intelligently directed. And the cost at which Great Britain does this civilizing work is not hidden. Writing of the sudden deaths of several of these men and of the self-sacrificing devotion to duty which characterized them, he says: "I have often heard a beardless youth, still in the enjoyment of every boyish pas- time, and with all his life before him, say to a friend (quartered in some more salubrious district, with whom he was on a visit to re- cruit his health), 'I rmist go back; I have my work to do.' An unanswerable argu- ment; and the lad has returned perhaps only to succumb to his illness, with (no witnesses to mark or appreciate his heroic disregard of all else but his sense of duty." And the reward? Throughout his book, but especially in the last chapter, Mr. Rathborne gives some of the results of these fifteen years of British rule. Where he cut his way with severest toil through the virgin forest, forded torrents, and waded waist deep in pestilential swamps, there are now railways, macadamized and metalled roads. Bamboo villages have become well-built towns; the jungle is rapidly giving place to plantations of coffee and spices; tin-mining has been revolutionized by the introduction of ma- chinery. Since 1880 the population has trebled, the revenue has increased from less than a million to more than eight million dol- lars, the foreign commerce from six to fifty- three millions, and railway receipts from nothing to more than a million and a quar- ter. It only remains to add that the attractive- ness of this interesting and suggestive vol- ume is increased Ly some excellent repro- ductions of photographs of characteristic scenes. Ignaz von Dbllinger: Sein Leben auf Grund seines schriftlichen Nachlasses dargestellt von J. Friedrich. Erster Theil: von der Geburt bis zum Ministerium Abel 1799- 1837. Munich: Beck. 1899. Pp. x, 506. Dollinger's remote ancestors seem to have been officials in the service of spiritual or secular potentates, although at least as far back as two generations he might justly claim to have been what Oliver Wendell Holmes was wont to call "a descendant of the Academic Races." His grandfather was physician in ordinary to the prince-bishop and professor in the medical faculty of the University of Bamberg, of which he was the chief organizer. This institution was abolish- ed on the secularization of the prelatic prin- cipality and its incorporation into Bavaria in 1802. His father followed the same pro- fession, and was one of the most distinguish- ed anatomists and physiologists of his time. Agassiz, who studied embryology under his direction at Munich, praises him as a keen observer and deep thinker, and confesses that he first learned from him to "value accuracy in scientific research." The boy Ignatius inherited the same spirit, and was led to choose the clerical profession not so much from strongly religious feelings, as from intense love of learning and the de- sire to fathom mysteries. He was fond of plying his father with all sorts of questions, to which he received ready and satisfactory answers; only when they touched the pro- vince of theology the reply was apt to be evasive, and to take the form of, "That I don't know," or, "No one can tell." These responses produced an effect which was quite peculiar and unexpected. Instead of infer- ring from his father's ignorance of these things that they could not be known, and thus ceasing to think about them, he had his curiosity stimulated, and came to the conclusion that by studying theology he should be able to understand what would otherwise remain a mystery. This notion was encouraged by his pious mother; and although the father did what he could to counteract this purpose by directing the lad's thoughts to other subjects, he did not directly oppose it, on the general principle of permitting every mind to follow its own bent. He deeply regretted that his son should become a priest, and decidedly dis- approved of celibacy on physiological grounds, to say nothing of moral and social considerations. Ignatius was remarkably precocious, al- though the statement that he could speak Latin at five and read Greek at seven may be rejected, on his own authority, as fic- titious. It is certain, however, that he ac- quired a knowledge of several languages and their literatures in early youth. At ten he had read the works of Corneille and Moliere, and knew the poems of Schiller by heart. A little later he learned Italian and English, and afterwards added Spanish and Portuguese to the list. Indeed, at six- teen, he was far more familiar with French than with German books, and this fact is mentioned as exceedingly characteristic of German culture, indicating an utter lack of national spirit. In Prof. Friedrich's biography of his il- lustrious friend and academic colleague, considerable space is devoted to descriptions of the lives and times of the father and grandfather, thus giving the reader a clear conception of the environment in which the young man grew up, and furnishing also a valuable contribution to the intellectual his- tory of Germany at the beginning of the present century. He draws a melancholy picture of the University of Wiirzburg under ecclesiastical domination and the bureau- cratic sway of the bigoted and despotic Hapsburg dukes, when all scientific publi- cations were subjected to a rigid censor- ship, and eminence in any department of research caused a professor to be an object of suspicion. It is a significant coincidence that this state of things should have led the elder Dbllinger nearly a century ago to raise the question of the intellectual inferiority of Catholicism to Protestantism recently agitated by Prof. Hermann Schell of the same university. It is also a striking proof of his psychological insight and acumen that he explained the miraculous cures said to have been wrought by Prince Alexander von Hohenlohe at Bamberg in 1820 on the same principle of suggestion adduced by Prof. Charcot, Dr. Forel, and other neuro- pathologists in explanation of the wonderful healings performed by the waters of Lourdes and the holy coat of Trier. He did not deny their reality, but stripped them of their supposed supernatural character. It was also due to his influence that his son

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172 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1757 was not carried away by the excitement among theologians, but took a sober and scientific view of the alleged wonder-work- ings. Young Dollinger attended courses of lec- tures on philosophy, philology, anthropology, history, mathematics, aesthetics, physics, na- tural science, and law, and thus laid the foundations of a broad and general culture before entering upon the study of theology. He was fond of botany and entomology, in which he made as a student some original investigations recognized by no less an au- thority than Rees von Esenbeck. Still strong- er was his predilection for philology and his- tory, which unfortunately were then treated in the University of Wurzburg as ancillary to theology; had a proper place been assign- ed to them as independent disciplines, it is highly probable that he might have chosen one of them as his specialty. The extent and accuracy of his bibliographical knowledge caused him to be selected to prepare a cata- logue of the University Library -when he was only eighteen years of age. Indeed, the ver- satility of his talents seemed to render it difficult to determine in what field of know- ledge they might be most fitly employed, and it was the prominence assigned to the- ology at Wurzburg that probably turned the scale and determined his final decision, since it tended to confirm his early conviction that this science alone can furnish a solution of the deepest problems of human life. In this connection he quotes the words of Proudhon: "II est etonnant qu'au fond de toutes les choses nous retrouvons la theologie"; and adds: "Dans ce fait il n'y a rien d'etonnant que l'&tonnement de M. Proudhon." Especially interesting and important for a correct knowledge of Dollinger's early acade- mical career is the account of his relations to Lamennais, Baader, and Gorres in Munich, where he was appointed to a professorship of ecclesiastical history and canon law in 1826 and became a frequent contributor to the journal Eos, the organ of the "G6rres-Ve- rein." Among other papers, he wrote sharp criticisms of Heinrich Heine, who avenged himself in some coarse but witty verses, which are still quoted by Dollinger's foes, although the purely personal origin of the feud has been long forgotten. The present volume closes with the publi- cation of Dollinger's 'Lehrbuch der Kirchen- geschichte' in 1836, and its translation into English, French, and Italian soon afterwards. A second edition appeared in 1843, but when the publisher wished to issue a third the author refused, on the ground that, owing to the great change in his views, the whole Would have to undergo a thorough revision. The work was very highly appreciated by his co-religionists in England, where he was of- fered a professorship in St. Cuthbert's Col- lege at Ushaw, near Durham, which he de- clined. This refusal did not cause any di- minution in the cordiality and frequency of his intercourse with his English friends, and in Munich his house was for a long time the headquarters of the "English colony." Prof. Friedrich's biography will be completed in three volumes. It is the result of careful researches, is written in an attractive style and admirable spirit, and will correct many false notions by giving a faithful record of the life and aims of a remarkable man. The Companions of Pickle: Being a sequel to "Pickle the Spy.' By Andrew Lang. With four illustrations. Longmans, Green & Co. 1898. Pp. xii, 308. We recently reviewed 'Pickle the Spy,' Mr. Andrew Lang's" elaborate demonstration of his firm but sad conviction that one "Pickle," whose name appears frequently in the re- cords of the Secretary of State's office as an indefatigable spy and informer of all the proceedings of Charles Edwards's followers, was really Alexander Macdonell, the "Young Glengarry," and ultimately the head of his celebrated clan. For this ex- posure of a Highland chief Mr. Lang has been most bitterly assailed by the worship- pers of all that is Celtic. It was bad enough that, a century and a half ago, Simon Lord Lovat, "McShimei," the Chief of the Clan Fraser, was convicted of the basest treache- ry; Highlanders cannot bear to have a bro- ther chief stand in a symmetrical pillory on the other side of the porch of history. But Mr. Lang, who is conscious of no mo- tive but a love of truth, has returned to the charge, multiplying and classifying his proofs of "Pickle's" identity with young Glengarry. To this he has added eight or ten papers dealing with other characters in the Stuart interest. The most amiable of these is George Keith, Earl Marischal, the friend of Frederick the Great, Voltaire, and Rousseau, who undoubtedly was a sen- sible, high-minded man, but hardly that epi- tome of all the virtues that Mr. Lang makes him. Of most of his other personages there is little good to be said, and indeed little, good or bad, to be said at all. Every addi- tional scrap of contemporary information printed about the later Stuarts and their friends tends to show that they richly de- served to fail; princes and nobles alike were an effete race, living in a kind of dream- land, incapable of sound deliberation or prompt action, thinking when they should have struck, and striking when they should have thought, and always suspicious and irritable among themselves whether their sky was clear or clouded. One of the most interesting chapters is a description cf the state of the Highlands in the days before the '45, bearing out in all points Bailie Nicol Jarvie's account of their poverty and misery, and amply vindicating Macaulay's uninviting picture on which so much censure has been cast. Mr. Lang's book is sumptuously printed and illustrated, but it takes more than me- chanical beauty and literary skill to make the Stuart partisans anything but a "feeble folk." Historic Homes of the South-West Moun- tains, Virginia. By Edward C. Mead. Phi- ladelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1899. Between the Rappahannock and the James, and between the tide-water region and the Blue Ridge, lies a picturesque range of high- lands, something more than hills and less than mountains, which bear the name of the South-West Mountains. Before the middle of the last century, pioneers who had left the thickly settled eastern country for the uplands were attracted by the beautiful sce- nery, pure air, fertile soil, and abundance of water, and fixed their homes here, to be soon followed by others. These families, en- larging their possessions, and knitting them- selves together by intermarriage, became in some sense a peculiar people. The climate was less enervating than that of the low- lands, and the conditions of life less rugged than those of the mountaineers in the west; and while the settlers shared the energy and thrift of the one, they also enjoyed the cul- ture and refinement of the other. Among them were the Jeffersons, Ran- dolphs, Lewises, Pages, and others whose names have become historic. The ancient log-houses gave way to more pretentious erections, sometimes — like Monticello, which was thirty years a-building— adorned with a classical portico and tympanum; but more often of that nondescript but delightful style now called "colonial," which subordinated all rules of architecture to the comfort and convenience of the inhabitants. The ancient homes are now in part occupied by the de- scendants of the builders, while some have passed into the hands of aliens, who still cherish the traditions which cling about them. Mr. Mead has here given accounts, descrip- tive, historic, and anecdotal, of nearly thirty of these ancient and beautiful homes, illus- trated by photographs; and while the book, of course, possesses a more special interest for Virginians, others will read it with pleasure as giving glimpses of a state of society which the world never saw before, which lasted for about a hundred years, and will never be seen again— the life of the Virginia upland planter. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Ali. Ameer. A Sbort History of the Saracens. Macmillans. $3. Aston, YV. G. A History of Japanese Literature. Appletons. $1.50. Barrows, Kev. J. H. The Christian Conquest of Asia. Scribners. $1.50. Homlnce. .1. X. l'ieciola. Boston: Ginn & Co. Bcinnev. Prof. T. G. Volcanoes, their Structure and "Significance. London: Murray; New York: Putnams. $2. Buinham. Clara L. A West Point Wooing, and Other Stories. Boston: Houghton, MitHin & Co. $1.25. College Requirements in English for Careful Study. Pol- Hi.' Years 1!)()0, 1001, 15)02. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. Davis, M. E. M. The Wire Cutters. Boston: Houghton. Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Fiske, Amos K. The West Indies. Putnams. $1.50. Harper, W. R., and Gallup, Prof. P. A. Ten (nations of Cicero. American Book Co. $1.30. Hastings, c. S., and Beach, F. E. A Text-Book ,.1 i;,iki;i1 Physics. Huston: Ginu & Co. $2.95. rof. Eaton & Mains. $1. Johnson, Clitton. Hon Quixote. For School and Home Reading. Macmillan. 75e. ' Kioiiotkin. P. Fields, Factories, and Workshops. Boston: lLoughlon, .Mifflin &. Co. $3. Lemmon, G. T. The Eternal Building; or, The Making of Manhood. Eaton & Mains. $1.50. Melville Velma C. White Dandy. J. S. Ogilvle Publishing Co. 25c. Mevorfold, .Max. Robert Burns. Studies zu seiner d'lehtorisehen Entwieklung. Berlin: Mayer & Midler. Millard, P.ailev. She of the West. Continental Publishing Co. $1. x ^ Molenacr S P. LI Livres du Gouvernement des Rois. A XHIth Century French Version of Egi- dio Colouna's Treatise. Macmillan. $3. Murray .1. A. 11. A New English Dictionary. Heil'-llod. (Vol. V.) Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Mvriek, Herbert. The American Sugar Industry. orange Judd Co. $1.50. North Sir Thomas. Plutarch's Lives. \ ols. I. and II [Temple ('lassies. ] London: Dent; New York: Macmillan. F.aeh 50e. Pinero, A. \V. Trelawny of the Wells. A Come- diella in Four Acts. R. H. Russell. Poinsard, L6on. Vers la Ruiue. Paris: A. L. Charles. „ _ Realf. Richard. Toems. Funk & W agnails Co. Richmond, Mary E. Friendly Visiting among the P Macmillan. $1. Rider, Rev. W. H. The Loom of Life. Cleveland: Harrows Bros. Co. ,, Robertson. Harrison. "If I Wore a Man." The Si. m of a New Southerner. Scribners. 75c Sri. ion. Riebard. In the Australian Bush. Mac- nil:! i,5o. Sheldon, Ruth L. Flexible Morals. New York: II L. Kimball. „ x , „ ,. Stearns, \V. N. A Manual of Patrology. Scrlb- Tavl'or. i' 11:1. ' Parly Italian Love Stories. Long- mans, Green & Co. „ „ ^ . Teiinry A. W. The Young Man of Yesterday. F. H. Revell Co. 30c. , / The ICncyclona-dia of Sport. Vol. II. Li— Z. 1 m "blood" B F. The Federation of the World. Boston- Houghton. Mifflin >^ Co. $1. \\ heeler Stephen. Letters of \\ alter Savage Lan- der Private and Public London: Duckworth & Co.; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.

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March 2, 1899] The Nation. HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 West 23d Street, NEW YORK HAVE JUST PUBLISHED : LAVIQNAC'S MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. Edited for America by H. E. Krehbiel, and translated by William Marchant. trations and 510 examples in musical notation. 12mo, %Z. STACPOOLE'S THE RAPIN. A Novel ISmo. $125 Rapin is Parisian studio slang for a professed student of art who has neither the talent nor energj to suc- ceed There were exceptional reasons to nuke this /,'n/jin more interesting than /,'"/""•> in general. The Story is, on the part of one of the chief aetors. an idvll ; on the part of the other, something • • gratified that one of its i.ee -1 se ars has had the shaping and modernizing hand in a work of this enduring importance." — Boston Journal. "I know of no historical handbook of ei 1 mil market, St. James, London, S. W. Exotics and Retrospectives. By LAFCADIO HEARN. Illustrated. 16mo, cloth, $2.00. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 254 Washington St., Boston.

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VI The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1757 NOW COMPLETE The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution AN HISTORICAL TREATISE IN WHICH IS DRAWN OUT, BY THE LIGHT OF THE MOST RECENT RESEARCHES, THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM, AND THE GROWTH OUT OF THAT SYSTEM OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF THE UNITED STATES By HANNIS TAYLOR, LL.D. Late Minister Plenipotentiary or the United States to Spain In Two Volumes Large 8vo, $g.oo The completion of the second volume rounds out one of the most importaut recent achievements of American scholarship. — Review of Reviews, November, 1898. I may congratulate you on the production of a piece of sound, thorough, and interesting work. Rt. Rev. William Stubbs, Lord Bishop of Oxford. I congratulate you on having finished so great a task, and given the most valuable illustration of the unity of history in tracing the principles of the Constitution from its early beginnings in the England of the seventh and eighth centuries to its latest developments in the United States as well as in England. I trust that it may take an important place in historical and constitutional teaching in our universities. Rt. Hon. James Bryce, Author of the American Commonwealth. I have already used it in lecture, and shall have it constantly at hand during a course I am g ments in Stubbs's Select Charters. I shall recommend it to all my colleagues. William Holden Hutton, B. D. , Fellow, Tutor, Precentor, and Librarian of St. John ng this term on the docu- College, Oxford. I have already read a good deal, here and there, in your monumental work. Your plan of treating the constitutional his- tory of England and the United States as a connected whole strikes me as particularly happy. The book must be the outcome of enormous research. Thomas E. Holland, D. C. L. , Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, University of Oxford. The work is, in my judgment, a masterly, philosophical, and exhaustive treatment of the most important chapter of political history which the world has ever seen or is likely to see. Edward J. Phelps, Late U. S. Minister to England. A book better adapted than any which have preceded it to the purpose for which it has been specially designed. Thomas M. Cooley, Late Ex- Justice Supreme Court of Mich.* In my judgment you have rendered an inestimable service to the study of law and history in this country. The literary merits of the work are worthy of its design. I have made use of it, and recommended it, in the labors of advanced students in the Law Department of the University of Michigan. William P. Wells, Prof. Const. Law, Ann Arbor. It is most unquestionably the best and most satisfactory exposition of our constitutional system that has ever been written. M. F. Morris, Prof. Const. Law, Georgetown University. His book stands as a model of the expositor's art. In one sense it may be called epoch-making; for it is only in our day that such a complete work 011 English institutions has become possible —Catholic University Bulletin. The conception of your book, taking American history as a part of English, and English as a part of general Teutonic, is indeed just what it should be. Edward A. Freeman, Late Professor of Modern History at Oxford. I have nothing but praise for the Introduction, so full, so complete, so admirably written, and which attests a posses- sion so perfect of all the sources of information touching the subject. M. Boutmy, Director of the School of Political Sciences of Paris. You have conferred honor upon American scholarship. No future student of constitutional law can feel that he has mastered the subject until he has read your book. C. Stewart Patterson, Prof. Const. Law, Univ. of Pennsylvania. The most thorough, the most scientific, and most readable work upon the origin of our institutions which has yet appeared or is likely to appear. — Boston Advertiser. Your book is evidently a masterpiece. John Fiske. I consider it the best thing of the kind that has appeared in fifty years. It is a marvellous work. W. B. Reese, Prof. Const. Law, Vanderbilt University. It is a rare and valuable production, and a marked contri- bution to historical literature. Mr. Justice Blatchford, Late of the U. S. Supreme Court. For Sale by all Booksellers BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & COMPANY (Limited)

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The Nati '"iv/.y.'V 3TI '/**, VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 758. THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Scribner's Important New Books THE BASES OF MYSTIC KNOWLEDGE By E. Recejac Crown 8vo, $2.50 Translated from the French by Sara Carr Upton. "Dr. Ric6jac examines empiricism, positivism, criticism, in their relation to the mystic fact. This is not a work of theosophy or of any eccentric occultism. It is a somewhat subtle psychological investi- gation into the validity of religion and the distinction between real and relative knowledge." — The Outlook. THE HISTORY OF YIDDISH LITERATURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By Leo Wiener, ovo, $2.00 net An essay in an entirely new field. Yiddish, Jiidisch, or Judeo-German is the language of six millions of Jews in Russia and America, and this study of its very genuine literature will prove indispensable to the student of Jewish thought. Its history also suggests interesting analogies with modern Russian letters and throws a flood of light upon the mood of the American Ghettos. THE CHRISTIAN CONQUEST OF ASIA By John Henry Barrows, D.D. Studies and Personal Observa- tions of Oriental Religions. 12mo, $1 50. Dr. Barrows's book, which is, in some degree, the outcome of the World's Parliantent of Religions, and of the author's trip through the far East in 1897, is an extended account of the results achieved by the intro- duction of Christianity into Asia during this century. The exact religious condition of the Asia of to-day is clearly detailed. THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS The First Apology for Christianity. An Exegetical Study. By Professor A. B. Bruce, D.D. Crown 8 vo, $3.50 This book, the fruit of thirty years' study, will be a companion vol- " The Kingdom of God," and "St. Paul's Con- CATHOLICISM, ROMAN AND ANGLICAN By A. M. Fairbairn, D.D., LL.D. Crown 8vo, $2.00. "We strongly recommend the mastery of these papers here reprinted as the best possible preparation for an intelligent comprehension of the present eccfesiastical situation in England. . . . The essays are excel- lent studies, and in every way up to Dr. Fairbairn's previous work."— Glasgow Herald. A MANUAL OF PATROLOGY By Wallace Nelson Stearns. With an introduction by Prof. J.H.Thayer. 8vo, $1.50 net. This manual presents a concise account of the chief persons, sects, orders, etc., in Christian History from the First Century to the Reforma- tion It will be invaluable to every student of New Testament literature. With 12 portraits of leading Generals. An Authoritative Narrative of the Santiago Campaign IN CUBA WITH SHAFTER. By Lieut.-Col. J. D. Miley Colonel Miley was General Shafter's Chief-of-Staff during the Santiago Campaign. His book is an authoritative description, from the headquarters point of view, of the difficulties and obstacles which the United States troops encountered and of how they were overcome. The information is based on the testimony of those who were behind the scenes as well as on the stage, and the book will undoubtedly be accepted as the authorized presentation of the campaign. i2tno, $i.jo. With 4 maps from official sources. TWO IMPORTANT MEZZOTINTS IN MODERN MUSIC By James Hdneker 12mo, $1 50. Mr. Huneker's book treats of the modern masters of instrumental music— Brahms, Tchaikowskv, Chopin, Richard Strauss, Liszt, and Wag- ner—in a manner that will be sure to attract wide attention. His bio- graphical studies are etched in deep and strong lines, while his analyses of the works of these composers go to the very heart of the subject. WORKS ON MUSIC. THE ORCHESTRA AND ORCHESTRAL MUSIC By W. J. Henderson. 12mo, $1.25 net. The first volume in the Music Lover's Library, a series designed for the amateur The book deals with the historical, biographical, anec- dotal and descriptive aspects of the subject as well as with its purely musical and aesthetic features. With portraits and illustrations. NEW FICTION STRONG HEARTS By George W. Cable. 12ooo. $1.25. In these stories Mr.Cable returns to the field which gave him his earliest fame and his readers their greatest pleasure— New Orleans and its mingled races. "The Entomologist" has for its heroine one of those women who are especially Cable's creation. That story and "The Taxi- dermist " have all charms of " Old Creole Days " with added power. AN AMATEUR CRACKSMAN By E. W. Hornung. 12mo, $1.25. Rallies, the hero of Mr. Hornimg's new story, is the most fascinating lern fiction. A gentleman born and bred, he enters upon an astonishing career of crime, and his many adventures are described in (his b> >• >k v, 1 1 h infinite zest and delicious humor. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS ■5 3" [57 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK

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II The IsTation [Vol 68, No. 1758 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO * Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 18C5. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 1 73 Editorial Articles: Destiny's Little Bill 176 Shadows of English Imperialism 176 The Census Settlement 177 The Librarianship of the Library of Congress 178 Carl Sehurz 179 Special Correspondence: The London School of Economics and Politi- cal Science 179 Correspondknce: John Quincy Adams on Quixotic Imperialism 180 The Clergy and the War 180 "The Limits of Our Knowledge" 181 "The Law of the Road" 181 Notes 181 Book Reviews: Ropes's Civil War 185 Problems of North American Archaeology 187 The Establishment of Spanish Rule in Ame- rica 188 "The Georgian Period" 189 John Sullivan Dwight 189 The New Economy 190 Africa in the Nineteenth Century 190 Books of the Week 190 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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'HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly. Principal. P Massachusetts, Duxbury. 0 WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares for Scientific School, College, or Business. '- M> New York. TJtica. RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill RS. COM EG Y'SAND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. A/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day lVl School for Girls. Established in 1 s is. Circular on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. DIVINITY SCHOOL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. An Undenominational School of Theology. The School has ten instructors connected with several different denominations. Only college graduates eligible for the degree of The instruction offered covers eighty-one hours a week. Courses in Harvard College are open without charge. Special opportunities are offered for post-graduate study. Of the 118 students who have gone from the School in the last four years, 10 are still students. 6 are teachers, 1 is a missionary of the American Board, and 75 are pastors of churches as follows: 3 Baptist, 4 Disciples. 1 Dutch Reformed, 0 Epis- copal, 5 Methodist, 17 Orthodox Congregational, 6 Presbyterian, 33 Unitarian. 1 Universalist. The Tuition Fee is $150 per year. For further information address ROBERT S. MO- RISON, Secretary of the Faculty, Cambridge, Mass. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, Copley Square, Boston, Mass. The Second Term now open. 23d Vear. Instruction In drawing from the cast and from life In painting and decorative design, and also in artistic ana- tomy and perspective. Principal Instructors: v. W lien- son, E. C. Tarbcll, and Philip Hale (Drawing and Paint- ing), Mrs. William stone (Decorative Design), B. L Pratt, (Modelling), E. W. Emerson (Anatomy), and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils arc allowed the tree use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giving detailed Information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Ma wr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight S?.ars more than ninety pupils have entered Hryn awr College from this school. Diploma given in both General ami College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. School Agencies - "THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk ,t Co., Proprietors. 1 v-hhnrton Place, Boston. 1242 12th St., Washington 1 OH Kift h Ave , New York. 4 1 4 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis. 780 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 525 Stlms'nBk., Los Angeles 37.s Wabash Ave., Chicago. S25 M'ket St.. San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, jTl 24 State St., Albany. N. T.-Provldes schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. 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March 9, 1899] The ZSTation iii D. Appleton & Company's Preliminary Announcements STANDARD AXD .MISCELLANEOUS History of the People of the United States By Prof. J. B McMaster. Vol. V, covering the period from 1821 to 1837. 8vo, cloth, 12.50. A History of American Privateers By Edgar S. Maclay. Uniform with " A History of the United States Navy." Svo, cloth, $3.50 The Principles of Taxation By David A. Wells. 12mo, cloth. Outlines of the Comparative Physiology and florphology of Animals By Joseph Le Conte. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth. The Reminiscences of a Very Old Han (1808-1897) By John Sartain. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth. Admiral Porter Bv J. R. Soley. A new volume in the Great Commanders Series. With portrait and map?. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. Letters to a nother By Susan E. Blow. International Education Series. 12mo, clotb, $1.50. Education by Development By Priedrich Froebel. International Education Series. 12mo. cloth. Montaigne's Education of Children By Dr. L R Rector. 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IV Tlie nSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1758 Q. P. Putnam's Sons' Spring Announcements Literary Hearthstones. Studies of the Home Life of Certain Writers and Thinkers. By Marion Harland, author of "Some Colonial Homesteads and Their Stories," "Where Ghosts Walk," etc. Comprising four volumes, put up in sets of two volumes each, in boxes. Fully illustrated. 16mo. The series will comprise : Charlotte Bronte. "I Hannah Hore. 1 William Cowper. J John Knox. J The Story of the Nations Series. New Numbers. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each, $1.50; half leather, gilt tops, each, $1.75. 53.— The West Indies, a History of the Islands of the West Indian Archipelago, together with an Account of their Physical Characteris- tics, Natural Resources, and Present Condition. By Amos Kidder Fiske, A.M. 54 and 55.— The Story of the People of England in the Nineteenth Century. By Justin McCarthy, M.P. Two volumes. 56.— Austria. By Sidney Whitman. 57' — China. By Robt. K. Douglas. Heroes of the Reformation Series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each, $1.50. 3.— DesideriuS Erasmus (1467-1536), the Humanist in the Service of the Reformation. By Ephraim Emerton, Ph.D., Professor of Ecclesi- astical History, Harvard University. Heroes of the Nations Series. Fully illustrated. Large 1£ each, $1.75. each, $1.50; half leather, gilt taps, 25-— Bismarck and the New German Empire. How it Arose and What It Displaced. By J.W. Headlam, King's College, Cambridge. A Life for Liberty. Anti-Slavery and Other Letters of Sallie Holley. Edited by John W. Cmadwick. Illustrated. 8vo. Earthwork Out of Tuscany. Being Impressions and Translations of Muhki: IIiwlktt. New edition. With Illustrations by James Kerr-Lawson. 12mo, $2.00, net. Shakespeare in France. By J. J. Jusserand, author of "English Wayfaring Life," " The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare," etc. Photogravure frontispiece, Bod numerous illustrations in the text. 8vo. Duality of Voice. 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The Story of the Civil War. A Concise Account of the War in the United States of America between 1861 and 1865. By John Codman Ropes. To be completed In four parts, with comprehensive maps and battle plans. Part I— Narrative of Events to the Opening of the Campaigns of 1862. With 5 maps. 8vo, $1.50. Part II.— The Campaigns of 1862. With 13 maps. 8vo, $2.50. V SEND FOR COMPLE TE SPRING LIST. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London.

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March 9, 1899] The Nation, J. B. Lippincott Company's SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. Our Island Empire. A HAND-BOOK OF CUBA, PORTO RICO, HAWAII, AND THE PHILIPPINES. By Charles Morris, author of "The War with Spain," "The Nation's Navy," etc. Octavo. 400 pages. Cloth, $1.50. This book is a mine of information concerning these new possessions or wards of the United States, dealing with all subjects of interest, so that by its aid one can acquaint himself with the characteristics, productions, and trade possibilities of all these islands. The work in question is practically four books in one, dealing with four separate countries, and handling a series of subjects and condensing a mass of information not to be found in any other single work, if in any four works now to be had. In short, all topics of importance concerning the islands are dwelt upon. Each of them will be treated with the same breadth of handling, so as to present, in a reasonably brief space, just the informa- tion that interested persons are likely to wish to obtain. The Daughters of Babylon, a New Copyright Novel. By Wilson Barrett and Robert Hich= ens. With frontispiece. 12mo. Gloth, $1.50. Uniform with "The Sign of the Cross," by Wilson Barrett. "The Daughters of Babylon," by Wilson Barrett and Robert Hichens, is based upon Mr. Barrett's play of the same name. The combination of the author of "The Sign of the Cross" with the author of " The Green Carna- tion," " An Imaginative Man," and "Flames," has resulted in a powerful and imaginative story. A Triple Entanglement. By Mrs. Burton Harrison, Author of "A Bachelor Maid, " "Sweet Bells Out of Tune," ''Good Americans," etc. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, ornamental, $1.25. In "A Triple Entanglement" Mrs. Burton Harrison has sketched a charm- ing love story with the sweetest of heroines and a very manly, yet lovable hero. It is a story of well sustained interest,written in Mrs. Harrison's best style. Elizabeth, EmpreSS Of Austria. A Memoir. By A. De Burgh. With eighty illustrations. Octavo. Cloth, $2.50. " In A. De Burgh's memoir of ' Elizabeth, Empress of Austria,' we have a book which is sure to attract attention and have many readers. A very acceptable feature of the work is the large number of illustrative pictures it contains— pictures both of persons and of places."— London Globe. Letters of Walter Savage Landor, Private and Public. Edited by Stephen Wheeler. Octavo. Gilt top. With portraits, $3.00. A TrOOper Galahad. By Captain Charles King, U.S.A. l2mo. Cloth. With frontispiece, $1.00. " Captain Charles King is always entertaining, and his ' A Trooper Galahad ' will be read with no small degree of interest. It is a story of the Southwest, and there are excellent character sketches and pictures of life at a frontier post."— St. Louis Globe-Democrat. The Taming of the Jungle. By Dr. C. W. Doyle. 12mo. Cloth, ornamental, $1.00. Mr. Kipling has still left untouched many phases of life in India, and one of the most interesting of these is the basis of a story of much power, " The Taming of the Jungle." Mr., MiSS, and MrS. By Charles Bloomingdale, Jr. ("Karl"). Tall 12mo. Cloth, ornamental, $1.25. Clever society stories of men and women are these of Mr. Bloomingdale's, and many curious phases of life are depicted in these tales so full of interest. The Wind= JammerS. By T. Jenkins Hains, author of " Captain Gore's Courtship," etc. 12mo. Cloth, ornamental, $1.25. " T. Jenkins Hains is to be congratulated upon spinning a better, more natural, vigorous, and thrilling yarn than any other modern writer of this class of fiction excepting Russell." — New York World. The Altar Of Life. By May Bateman. 12mo. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00. In Lippincott' s Series of Select Novels for January, 1899. Infatuation. A New Copyright Novel by Mrs. B. M. Croker. 12mo. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00. In LippincotVs Series of Select Novels for February, 1899. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Publishers, PHILADELPHIA.

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VI Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1758 The Macmillan Company HAVE IN PRESS THE FOLLOWING BOOKS TO BE ISSUED DURING THE SPRING OF 1899. BIOGRAPHY. BENSON. -The Life and Letters of Archbishop Benson. Edited by his Son. With portraits and illustrations. Cloth, 8vo, two volumes. NEWMAN.— Cardinal Newman as An= glican and Catholic. Together with Correspon- dence-. A Study by Edmund Sheridan Purcell, author of " The Life of ( 'ardinal Manning." With Portraits. Cloth. Hvo. QUICK.— The Life and Remains of Rev. R. H. Quick, Author of " Essays on Educational Reformers," etc., etc. Edited by F. Storr, M.A., Editor of The Journal of Education (London). Cloth. 8vo. SPINOZA. -His Life and Philosophy. By Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart. Cloth, 8vcf. WISE.— Life of Henry A. Wise. By CANAVAN.- Ben Comee: A Tale of Rogers" Rangers. By M. J Canavan. CHURCHILL. — Richard Carvel. By Winsto.s Cnrncim.L. author of " The Celebrity." cloth. l2mo. In press. DIX — Hugh Gwyeth. By Beulah Marie Dix. A ROUNDHEAD Cavalier, a Btoryof Prince Ruperl b tim >. Cloth, Crown 8vo. Just ready. Si. 50. DONNELLY.— Jesus Delaney. By Jo ioRnos Donnelly, formerly Consul Gene- ral for the United states in Me DUDNEY.— The Maternity of Harriott Wicken. By Mrs. Henry DuDNBY. GARLAND. — The Rose of Dutchers Coolly. By Hamlin Garland, author of 'Main Travelled Roads," etc. New edition. By the same author. Main Travelled Roads. Newedition Prairie Folks. New editioti ems., I. The Trail of the dold Seekers. In press. GIBSON. My Lady and Allan Darke. By Charles Donnel Gibson. i 'loth, l-.'nio. Just n ally. $1.50. A Fascinating picture of life on a last century plantation: a good story cleverly told. MERWIN-WEBSTER. -TheShort Line War. Bj Mr. ruin WEBSTBB. RISLEY. -Men's Tragedies. By R. V. Author of "Sentimental Vikings," etc. HISTORY. APP1AN.— The Roman History of Ap- pian of Alexandria. Translated from the Greek 'J" 1 o, • ..lumes. I 'lhc Foreign Wars." 11. "The Civil Wars." < loth. 6vo. <y ready. RHYS. -The Welsh People ; Their Ori- gin, Language, and History. By Ions Kins f.r".",|i' ■ i' -ssor ofCel. I"' Ul [|„. I „u,., ,i,. , . „, IiRYN, MOR Jones, y.o STEPHENS. Syllabus of European History. With Bibliographies 1O00-1.S00. ByH. Morse Stephens, M.A., Oxford, Professor of Modern European History at Cornell University. Author of "Revolutionary Europe," Period VII., 1789-1815, in " Periods of European History." Cloth. 8vo. In press. WATSON.— The Story of France. From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. By the Hon. Thomas E. Watson. Cloth. 2 vols., nied. Kvo. Vol. I. From the Settlement by the Gauls to the End of the Reign of Louis XV. Noic reach/. $2.50. Vol. II. From the End of the Reign of Louis XV. to the Consulate of Napoleou Bonaparte. Nearly ready. MOORE.— Development and Character of Gothic Architecture. By Professor Charles Herbert Moore, Director of the William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University. An entirely new edition, with etc. illustrations. LITER A TURE, ESSA YS, E TC. CORSON.— An Introduction to the Po- etical and Prose Works of John Milton. By- Prof. Hiram Corson, LL.D., Cornell University. CROSS.— The Development of the Eng= GAYLEY. Representative English Co- medies. Under the General Editorship of Professor Charles Mills Gayley, University of California. In five volumes. HIGGINSON.— Old Cambridge. By Tho- mas Wentwohth Higginson. The first of a se- ries of National Studies in American Letters, edited by George E. Woodberrt. LEWIS.— Introduction to the Study of Literature. Bv Professor bmviN Herbekt Lewis, Ph.D., University of Chicago, Author of "A First Book in Writing English," etc. Cloth, lSJmo, 90 cents. LIDDELL.— Chaucer's Prologue and the Knight's Tale, Edited bv Professor Mark H.Liddell, University of Texas. Associate Editor of the "Globe" Chaucer. TRENT.— John Milton. A Short Study of His Life ani, Works. By Prof. W. P. Trent, University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. WOODBERRY.— Heart of Man. By George Edward Woodiierry. Cloth, 18mo. Nearly ready PHILOSOPHY. WARD.— Naturalism and Agnosticism. By James Ward, M.A.. LL.D.. Fellow of Trinity ' oll.-ge and Professor of .Mental Pli ridge. This volume contains the much-talked-of Gifford Lectures delivered by Prof essor Ward In 1896 1896. POLITICAL ECONOMY, ETC. BRADFORD. -The Lesson of Popular Government. By Gamaliel Bradford, a.B. (Harvard). Cloth. Two vols, dust read,,. $4.00. CLARK.— Outlines of Civil Government. Being a supplement to lition of iimonwealth." By F. H. Clark, Head of the Department of History at the Lowell High School, San Francisco. EATON.- The Government of rlunici- palities. The Great Municipal Problems Slated and Practical Methods Suggested in Aid of Their Solution. By the Hon. Dohman B. Eaton, for- merly Commissioner of the United States Civil Service. GIDDINGS. Democracy and Empire. By Professor Franklin H. Giddings, Columbia University, author of "The Principles ol So- ciology," etc. WRIGHT. -The Statesman's Year Book 1899. Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year lS'.W. American Edition. Edited by Carroll D. Wright, LL.D., United States Commissioner of Labor; in charge of United States Eleventh Census ; President. American Statistical Association, etc. BAILEY — The Rural Science Series. Edited by Prof. L. H. Bailey, Professor of Hor- ticulture in Cornell University. FAIRCHILD.-Rural Wealth and Welfare. By George T. Fairchild, Vice-President and Professor of English Literature, Berea College. KING.— Irrigation and Drainage. By Pro- fessor F. H. King, University of Wisconsin. Author of " The Soil," etc. CAHPBELL.— The Elements of Practi- cal Astronomy. Second Edition Revised and Enlarged. By W. W. Campbell, Astronomer in the Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, Col. CREW.— Physics for Beginners. For use iu < ',,11 airs and Secondary Schools. By Henry' Crew, Ph.D., Professor of Physics iu the North- western University. LACHHAN.— The Spirit of Organic Chemistry. An Introduction to the Current Literature of the Subject. By Arthur Lach- man, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry in the Uni- versity of Oregon. With an Introduction by Professor Paul C. Freer, Ph.D., University of Michigan. PARKER.— A Manual of Zoology. By Professor T. Jeffrey Parker. D Sc, F.R.S., and Professor William A. Haswell. M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.. authors of "A Text-book of Zoology." Edited and adapted for use in the United States and Canada. THEOLOGY, THE BIBLE, ETC. ENCYCLOPEDIA BIBLICA. CHEYNE.— A Dictionary of the Bible. Editors. The Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A., LL.D., Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture tit Oxford, and J. S. Black, M.A.. LL.D., assisted by sixty of the greatest living theologians and Biblical scholars. Iu four Hvo vols., $4.00 each. HcCURDY. -The History, Prophecy and the Monuments; or, Israel and the Nations. Vol. III. To the End of the Exile and the Close of the James Frederick McCurdy, Ph.: odege, Toronto. .-( Iready Published. Vol.1. To the Downfall of Samaria. Cloth, Yan DYKE.— The Gospel for a World of Sin. By Henry Van Dyke, D.D., author of "The Gospel for an Age of Doubt," to which the nho\ e is a companion volume. Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.25. Send for a Descriptive List of these and other Forthcoming Books and of Books Issued during 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MARCH 9, The Week. The expiration of another Congress has occurred under the discreditable con- ditions which always characterize the end of the "short session," intensified by the unusual demands of the past win- ter for legislation of the first importance, which needed to be perfected with care and deliberation. There has been for the past fortnight a mad rush to get through, in some shape, one makeshift after another, which would serve to tide over the emergency and prevent the necessity of an extra session. In this way Congress has passed a bill for the reorganization of the army, which is so crude, ill-considered, and haphazard a measure that nearly all the Representa- tives who finally supported the com- promise declared their disgust at the hateful necessity of voting for it. The lawyers of the War Department are cutting their way through the tangle little by little. They have got as far as discovering that the President for the present can appoint only two major- generals, instead of eight as was sup- posed; and Gen. Otis and Gen. Shatt- er have been chosen for the places, on grounds both of seniority and special services. But though it is doubtful how many appointments the President has it in his power to make at once, it is certain that there are ten or twenty candidates for each "place." The White House is thronged with clamorous Con- gressmen as it has not been since the inauguration. Even those who most ve- hemently and on the highest patriotic grounds opposed the increase of the army, are hot after appointments in it for themselves or their friends. If a large standing army is going to break down the liberties of the people, they at least want to help do the breaking. But the muddles in the army bill seem to be as thick as the jobs in the river and harbor bill. "Is there a mess here?" inquired Gen. Wilson when, after the relief of Lucknow, he arrived half-mad with hun- ger at Cawnpore. "Yes, everything is a mess here," was the reply he got. That is what the distraught officials say who are trying to find out what the army bill means. Speaker Reed never won a greater triumph than the one he scored in the Nicaragua Canal matter. He succeed- ed in heading off a piece of rash and confused and suspicious legislation, and in substituting for it a rational measure, without the smell of jobbery upon it. In place of the $5,000,000 which the Mari- time Company was to get as a pure gra- tuity, under the Morgan act, that per- sistent beggar has to put up with an item of $15,000 in the general deficiency bill, to reimburse it for expenses incur- red in aid of the Ludlow Commission two years ago. Instead of a hasty ap- propriation of $115,000,000 to build a canal which it was not yet known whe- ther it would be possible to build at all, or, at any rate, for twice the money, the compromise provides only for a thorough inquiry, by competent engi- neers, into the comparative advantages and the cost of all competing routes and plans, and a report to Congress. This is surely but common sense. That the canal should be built is plainly the de- sire and determination of the country. It is a commercial necessity, and the military argument for it has some weight. But it is certain that if the country wants a canal across the Isthmus, it also wants it wisely and honestly constructed. This has now been made possible, and we owe it to Speaker Reed, whose firm and skilful opposition to a band of desperate specu- lators has not been displayed in the eye of the public, but has been deserving of the highest praise. The apathy of the Senate was at last so far overcome that several Senators, including one member of the library committee, publicly announced on Satur- day their opinion that the head of the Congressional Library should be a train- ed librarian of demonstrated capacity. This outcome of the discreditable self- pushing upon the part of several incom- petent aspirants for that responsible po- sition is something to be grateful for. It is hardly probable, after this pronounced stand by the Senate, that the President will appoint any but a trained librarian, especially as he has shown a readiness to secure such an official by tendering the place some weeks ago to Mr. Herbert Putnam. Mr. Putnam withdrew his ac- ceptance under an unfortunate miscon- ception of certain circumstances, but has since indicated his willingness to serve. His conduct of the Boston Public Li- brary has been marked by success, and the same is true of his presidency of the American Library Association. Mr. Putnam would undoubtedly be the unanimous choice of the library profes- sion, and there would seem to be no rea- son why the President should not prompt- ly make him a recess appointment. In an- other column we call attention to some of the serious problems that would con- front any appointee. A glance at the General Orders which have been issued in Porto Rico by Gen. Henry since December 28, shows what extraordinary duties and responsibilities are laid upon that officer. From all the accounts we get, we judge that Gen. Henry has shown great energy and in- telligence as Military Governor, and has given general satisfaction; but what a thing it is to plunge a soldier into all the intricate details of civil administra- tion! Thus, on December 28, we find Gen. Henry appointing a Board of Health at San Juan, and arranging for similar boards throughout the island, whose powers he defined. Two days later he was issuing a comprehensive order regu- lating taxation. Postal regulations and obligatory vaccination occupied his at- tention on January 3. Later in the month we find him promulgating orders designed "to remedy the evils due to un- just apportionments"; reducing notarial fees; abolishing the Insular Cabinet; re- gulating the use of cemeteries; sus- pending the foreclosure of mortgages; suppressing a municipal council, on the ground that the councilmen "quarrel with one another, that they refuse to act in the interests of the people, and that money is corruptly used" (oh that we had a Gen. Henry to deal with our Mu- nicipal Assembly!); revising the poor and marriage laws, etc., etc. Gen. Hen- ry, in short, appears to be just the man we have heard people long for as the ideal ruler — a benevolent tyrant. He has practically absolute power, and he uses it like another Haroun al-Rashid. It is novel business for an American soldier. There have been conferences in the Philippines between an Aguinaldo com- mittee and an Otis committee, and the Aguinaldo committee have been mak- ing impossible demands, and are not en- lightened men; but we are only finding these things out after having slaughter- ed some thousands of their constituents. The Evening Post's correspondent's opi- nion is that the Filipinos are too wild aud heterogeneous to be bound by any one agreement or authority, and "that the people of the United States must make up their minds either to fight for these islands or to give them up." What a prospect fighting for them is, we learn from Gen. Otis's own dispatches. With forty thousand men, which is all we can now spare him, he hopes to drive the natives far enough from Manila to make them stop their skirmishing attacks on the city and suburbs, before the rainy season begins; but to do this he will have to penetrate the jungle. In other words, the most he hopes for this year is to drive the enemy back a little way from one city on the coast of one of the twelve hundred islands, before the hot weather begins. But the hot weather

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174: The ^sTation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 has begun, and, although our military opinion is worth nothing, our opinion of the effect of military operations in a jungle in the wet weather, on Caucasian troops, as ascertained from the experi- ence of other nations, is, that forty thousand men a year is about what we shall require for the subjugation of the islands, and for several years. The truth is, that those McKinleyites who are waiting to begin "developing" the isl- ands will do well to remember that their "developments" in the interior will have to be protected by the United States troops, and that the American people, who often somewhat change their mind, may get tired of protecting capital in distant places, and become unpleasant to capital. Will not the McKinley band become a little reflective, and reason with Destiny and get her to "let up" a little on Duty? A learned professor writes in the In- dependent of "Bible Versions which the Philippines "Will Need." He specifies ten leading languages or dialects, and shows what the Spaniards have done to reduce these languages to writing, and what translations of what parts of the Bible have already been made in the different vernaculars. But our mis- sionary societies must first determine what kind of Bible, and how interpreted, they mean to give the Philippines. How would the Beatitudes read just now in Tagalog? And suppose the Visayans said they preferred the Imprecatory Psalms? A careful selection of texts might be thrown into the native churches along with the shells from our batteries — such as those about not re- sisting evil, and turning the other cheek; but it would be just like the ob- stinate natives to return the compliment with the address of Nathan to David, done in choice Pangasinan, or a Zam- bal version of swearing to your own hurt and changing not. But the whole subject is one filled with difficulties, and we must respectfully turn it over to the Methodist bishops in whose dio- ceses Canton, Ohio, and Washington, D. C, are situated. Apparently there will be needed a new Bible Revision for use in the Philippines. Where the old rendering was "Heal the sick and say unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you," we shall have to read, "Mow down the natives like grass and say unto them, The Syndicate has ar- rived." A new circuit judgeship has recently been created by Congress in the third circuit, which comprises the States of New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsyl- vania, and the place has been offered by President McKinley to Senator Gray of Delaware, who has accepted it. There are various aspects of this Incident. On general principles, it is most commend- able that a Republican President should give representation on the bench to the Democracy, at a time when the over- whelming majority of the Federal judges belong to the dominant party. The most creditable action of Benjamin Harrison, bitter partisan that he was, during his Presidential administration, was his giv- ing three of the nine circuit judgeships at his disposition eight years ago to De- mocrats, and his appointment of a South- ern Democrat to the Supreme bench. Mr. McKinley has been slow to imitate this excellent example. Indeed, only a few days ago, he refused to appoint a Demo- crat to another circuit judgeship when every argument of propriety demanded it — we mean the fifth circuit, comprising the States of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; all of which are overwhelmingly Demo- cratic. If a Democrat were to be appointed by a Republican President in this North- ern circuit, it was essential that he should be a man rightly within the range of choice for a high judicial position. Mr. Gray is a lawyer of ability, whose training has been such as to qualify him for good service on the bench. A graduate of Princeton and a student at the Harvard Law School, he was ad- mitted to the bar at the age of twenty- three, and made such progress that by thirty-nine he was the efficient Attorney- General of his State. Upon Mr. Bayard's transference to President Cleveland's cabinet in 1885, Mr. Gray succeeded him in the Senate, where he has served ever since. During the greater part of this period he maintained worthily the tra- ditions of his little commonwealth for eminent service in that body, and a year ago his appointment to the bench would have commanded unqualified approval. We regret being compelled to add that such praise cannot now be bestowed upon the selection. Since Mr. Gray was threatened with an early end of his pub- lic life through the Republican conquest of Delaware in 1896, his course has been that of a politician seeking personal advantage rather than that of a states- man who would hold high the standards of public and private duty. His course as a member of the Peace Commission, and still more his extraordinary at- tempts at defending conduct which had surprised his admirers, startled those who had thought most highly of him; while his astonishing action during the last few days in endorsing that notori- ous corruptionist Quay, even while the latter is awaiting trial on a criminal charge, as a worthy colleague for honest Senators, has caused a most painful shock. Editors continue to demand offices, and Governors and President continue to yield to their demands. The Philadel- phia Inquirer is the chief Quay organ in Pennsylvania, and Quay's Governor has just appointed the Inquirer's editor Health Officer of Philadelphia. The Chi- cago Times-Herald is owned by Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat, who organized the movement to pay off Mr. McKinley's debts a few years ago, and claims that his paper is the special organ of the President. The President has just given the United States district judgeship in Chicago to Mr. Kohlsaat's brother — a man who would never have been thought of for the place if the owner of the Times- Herald had not insisted upon his having it. The surprising thing about such per- formances as these is not the action of the Governor or the President, who shrinks from repulsing a man in control of such a weapon as a daily newspaper, especially when he is under personal obligations to this man; but the state of mind of the editor who is capable of making such a demand, for either him- self or one of his family. Nothing could render more ridiculous the conventional boasts about the independence and high- mindedness manifested in "the profes- sion of journalism." The mystery as to the postponement of Quay's trial, upon the request of the prosecuting authorities, is not as yet cleared up; but some things have leaked out which throw light upon the prob- able cause. An analysis of the jury panel developed the curious fact that an unusually large proportion of the num- ber came from the Quay wards of Phi- ladelphia. Investigation has shown that a number of personal and political friends of the accused were on the list. One of the panel was a former school- mate of the Senator's son, Dick Quay; a second, a clerk under Collector Tho- mas; and a third, a member of the Pen- rose Club, named after Quay's colleague in the Senate. One juror tells a story of having been approached by a politician in the interest of Quay, while another reports that the writ-server who served the summons for jury service on him, deliberately, directly, and distinctly stat- ed to him that "he would be in a posi- tion to help Quay and to make a good thing for himself." The significant fact is also noted that, when the District At- torney announced that he had determin- ed to postpone the trial for reasons which he deemed sufficient and which the presiding judge approved, none of the counsel for the defence pressed him to give those reasons or showed the least curiosity concerning them. Altogether it seems reasonably clear that the prose- cution had good grounds for apprehen- sion that the work of "jury-fixers" would have rendered conviction impossible if the trial had been opened on Monday last. Quay has now played his last card In the game. From the first he has relied upon the help of Democratic legislators when success without them should have

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March 9, 1899] been proved impossible. The great ob- stacle has been the fact that any Demo- cratic member who should vote for Quay would be suspected of having been brib- ed. To relieve his Democratic allies from this suspicion, 4t was essential that good reasons for their action should be furnished by respectable men. This has now been done. Ex-Congressman Sibley, one of the leading Pennsylvania Demo- crats, who has been steadily working in Quay's interest, has induced a number of Democratic Senators and Representa- tives in Congress to write letters spying that, if no Democrat can be elected, the best course for Democratic legislators is to help Quay to another term. Most of these letters are of the sort that was to be expected. Senator Daniel of Virginia, for example, lauds Quay's "spirit of broad Americanism" — was there ever a political rascal who was not "a good American"? Senator Jones of Arkansas says that Quay "in great struggles stood for the best principles of government," which means that he helped the Demo- crats in pushing their silver schemes and defeating force-bill legislation. Se- nators Vest of Missouri and Mitchell of Wisconsin favor Quay's election as the best way of demoralizing the Republican party, believing that, as the latter says, it would "drive a wedge into the Repub- lican party, splitting them wide open." In the matter of bad legislation, Gov- ernor Roosevelt has his opponents in the Legislature surely on the hip. He can not only defeat all their measures, but he can block every one of their raids on the State Treasury through his power to veto separate items of the ap- propriation bills. It may be that they are foolish enough to think that he will consent to favor some of their jobs if they will promise to let the bills he fa- vors become law; but if so, they do not know their man. He is determined to put a stop to the reckless extravagance which went on during the Black admin- istration, and to prevent, by rigid econo- my, an increase in the burden of the taxpayers. If he can get good men into the State service — and all of his ap- pointments have been of that character — can stop bad legislation, can detect and punish thieves and rascals, and can put a check to extravagant use of the public money, he can rest secure. Those achievements alone will send us a long distance ahead on the road to good gov- ernment. As for the more important of the measures which the opposition is holding up — the civil-service, biennial- session, and police bills — we can get on another year or two without these. So far as the first is concerned, the recent decision of the Court of Appeals, plac- ing the Tammany Municipal Commission under the jurisdiction of the State Com- mission, makes that far less necessary than it was before. It is only desirable now as the formal repeal of the Black The ISTation. "starchless" law. As for the removed starch, the State Commission is putting that back in a way which leaves little to be desired. The police bill is not a pressing reform measure, and even the biennial-sessions resolution can wait. 175 There are unmistakable signs of busi- ness improvement throughout the coun- try. The cotton manufacturers in city after city of New England are restor- ing wages to the point from which they were reduced a year ago. A new scale has just gone into effect in the coal mines of the Birmingham (Ala.) dis- trict, which gives a decided advance in pay to about 10,000 men. An increase of 10 per cent, in wages for 6,000 em- ployees of the Pennsylvania Steel Com- pany was announced last week, and the Maryland Steel Company made a similar advance, while notices of the same sort come from the West. The action of the cotton manufacturers is based upon improvement in the market for cotton goods, and the other advances of pay upon the higher price of iron. There are no better tests of the purchasing power of the country than the markets for cot- ton goods and iron, and an improve- ment in both at the same time is a de- velopment of the first importance. Mr. Kipling's recovery brings relief as general as the anxiety with which his acute illness has been followed by the English-speaking world. No author of his years ever received such a tri- bute— a tribute, not so much to his achievement as to his promise. Great as the powers have been which he has displayed, and the delight which he has spread in widest commonalty, his most attentive readers have felt that he was only at the beginning of his career. He flashed brilliantly upon the horizon as a new light in the literary heavens. It has been his distinction to appear to be one of those happy writers who, by dint of a fresh handling of the old material, by walking among the oldest and mould- iest literary conventions with a native vigor, succeed in recreating for the world from time to time the vital charm of literature. And there has been no ap- parent exhaustion of Mr. Kipling's ori- ginal force. He has held himself well in hand. Money bribes have not tempted him to write himself to the dregs. Such accounts as we have had of the severe conscientiousness with which he does his work, have encouraged us to hope that with him the best was yet to be, "the last of life for which the first was made." The accession of Silvela lo the head of the Government in Spain promises nothing, we fear, but a new shuffle of politicians. Bitter complaints are heard from Spanish business men that the Cortes wastes time in political squabbles, while measures of economy and reor- ganization, so imperatively needed, are neglected. The Associated Chambers of Commerce of Spain have put forth an address in which they say, "If public opinion in this country were treated with the respect it deserves, our task would already be done; but this is not the case." They go on to say that, instead of retrenchment, they see an actual in- crease in the budget, and that the Cortes has not passed a single law calculated to "restore to the country the tranquillity it has lost." These Spanish business men protest against the continuance of "the complete severance between rulers and ruled, governors and subjects," and call for an agitation which will impress upon the authorities the necessity of lis- tening to the intelligent and propertied classes. This commercial movement is a novel thing in Spain, and it is daily growing in power. Successful meetings are held in the principal cities, new or- ganizations are formed in different sec- tions of the country, and there is a ris- ing indignation against the political class which so coolly tells the merchants not to meddle with politics, but to leave all that to the professional politicians. The threatening announcement ad- dressed by Lord Salisbury to the London County Council before the last muni- cipal election which resulted so disas- trously for the Conservatives, produced no results at the last session, but has at last taken shape in a bill introduced by Mr. Balfour. It is, however, something much milder than was expected. Lord Salisbury's speech led people to look for a total dissolution of the County Council and the substitution of a set of small municipalities. The Council had been guilty of "too much politics," which really meant that it had been guilty of sacrificing the West End too much to the East End, in its improvements. The improvements it proposed, or began, might be good things, but it was the East End which most needed them, while it was the West End which had to pay for them, the Council being rather radically disposed. Under Mr. Balfour's bill the Council is left standing, with paramount authority, but — as well as we can understand it, on his statement merely — it is to rule now over thirteen municipalities, to which the Council is to assign powers, and which are to exe- cute any work that the Council says must be done in that particular locality. The city of London proper, the old city, he does not touch.- Sir H. Campbell- Bannerman, the new Liberal leader, had not much to say against the bill, as de- scribed in this introductory statement, except to indulge in a slight fling at the great descent it made from Lord Salis- bury's original threat. But this is not by any means the first time in which Lord Salisbury's subordinates have had to tell the world that his "bark was worse than his bite."

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176 The N*ation. [Vol. 68, No. 1758 DESTINY'S LITTLE BILL. "Wile our Destiny higher an' higher kep' mountin' (Though I guess folks '11 stare wen she bends her account In)." This extract from the "Remarks of In- crease D. O'Phace, Esquire, Reported by Mr. H. Biglow," should haveTjeen print- ed on Monday over the statement of the appropriations made by the Fifty-fifth Congress; for the grand total, $1,566,- 89,016, includes the first payment on ac- count in the settlement of a bill which reads : "Uncle Sam to Manifest Destiny, Dr. To one year of Glory $500,000,000." About $500,000,000 is the amount fairly chargeable, Chairman Cannon and Mr. Uockery agree, to the Spanish war, but, of course, that account is by no means closed. It is, in fact, only just opened. It is the real "open door," through which an army of 100,000 men will march and a navy doubled in size will sail, and a colonial service will make its entrance— all -the logical and inevitable result of the war, all very glorious, but all presenting with distressing regulari- ty their little bill for services. We shall speedily have to reckon in also items which, by the desperate exertions and skilful tactics of Speaker Reed and his lieutenants in the House, were kept out of the account which Destiny handed in during the last session. They succeeded in staving off the Nicaragua Canal bill with its $115,000,000 (easily expansible into $200,000,000), the Hawaiian-cable scheme, with its $2,500,000, and the pre- cious ship-subsidy scheme of the disin- terested Hanna, with its $50,000,000 to $100,000,000. But we shall hear from them all again in the next Congress; and with no "short session" to block the pas- sage, it will go hard but they too will make their way through the open door of the Treasury. Even in this Congress, with the Speak- er using every atom of his autocratic power to repel the raiders on the Trea- sury, the amount of incidental extrava- gance has been scandalously large. It is a curious fact that the only way to de- feat a huge steal is to let a number of little steals go through. To prevent grand larceny we have to wink at sneak-thieving. Senator Morgan bitter- ly reproached Speaker Reed for having consolidated a secure opposition to the Nicaragua Canal hill by allowing a great number of public-building bills and river-and-harbor items of a doubtful nature to slip by him. The charge seems to be well founded. At any rale, a surprising number of Representatives seemed to develop Roman firmness in opposition to squandering public money on the Nicaragua Canal, just in propor- tion to their being permitted to squan- der a good bit of it in a new post-office building for Squeedunk. The general re- sult was, naturally, an increase in the ordinary expense of the Government, as well as In the extraordinary expenses growing out of the war. The Fifty- fourth Congress was not regarded ex- actly as an economical Congress, but the present one exceeded its swollen appro- priations by no less than $40,000,000, quite exclusive of the outlay made ne- cessary by the war. It has been a ses- sion when "omnibus bills" were success- ful as never before. An omnibus bill, we may explain for the benefit of the inex- pert, is a bill in which some honest item, like the French claims, carefully passed upon by the courts, is made a sort of carryall for every sort of claim that can possibly be loaded upon it. The result is an "omnibus" in which one re- spectable passenger sits surrounded by thieves. Well, what is the outlook for the Trea- sury? What is the prospect for the taxpayer? Mr. Dockery of the appro- priations committee goes into the sub- ject more fully than Chairman Cannon does, though his figures do not differ widely from those presented by the lat- ter in his speech in the House a couple of weeks ago. The Treasury deficit at the end of the current fiscal year will be hard upon $160,000,000. For the fiscal year 1899-1900 it will be not less than $100,000,000. The upshot will be that the Treasury will be compelled, a year hence, to look about for new revenue. The $460,000,000 of money put into it by the sale of bonds during the last five years will have been exhausted. There will then be just three courses open — another issue of bonds, an issue of exchequer bills, which the Secretary is now authorized to make to the amount of $100,000,000, or new taxes. We say nothing of possible retrenchment, for that is morally impossible for years to come. By 1901, then, the taxpayers of the country will begin to perceive more clearly than they do now what the white man's burden is when translated into terms of cold cash. It is an essential part of the Imperial- istic gospel that salvation for subject races comes high for those who do the saving. The English Imperialists are. beginning to worry about this. They find their expenses for the Empire grow- ing uncomfortably large. This year, for tjie first time in history, the expenses of t he Fnglish army on a peace footing ex- ceed $100,000,000. We can give our cousins odds in this game and beat them hollow, as our army appropriations, in- cluding pensions, will easily be upwards of $200,000,000. In England, however, they are nervous over the smaller sum. One troubled member of the Government said the other day, in a speech to a Tory club, that they ought to go about among the people explaining that "Imperialism could not be run on the cheap." But, as Mr. Morley retorted, this is entirely unnecessary, as "the tax-collector is a more telling missionary of that gospel." He is, and he will be busily preaching it throughout this fair land for many years to come. SHADOWS OF ENGLISH IMPERIAL- ISM. The colonial Empire of Great Britain undoubtedly represents, on the whole, a great triumph of civilization and phil- anthropy. Looking badfc to what India was, what Egypt was, what Cyprus was, before they came under English rule, and comparing their state then with what it is now, no one can think of the transformation as other than beneficent. The waste places of the earth, the habi- tations of cruelty, which England has seized and into which she .has intro- duced law and industry and the arts of commerce, were taken over by her not primarily in a spirit of benevolence, but in obedience to the expansive push of a highly specialized industrial nation de- manding new markets abroad. Yet a higher morality and justice and charity have gone with the trade. Still, the pic- ture is not without its shadows. Current discussions in the English press and in Parliament have clearly brought out facts which show what appear to be the inevitable incidental evils of government forcibly imposed by a superior race upon an inferior one. The operations of the English army in the Sudan have, in a way, brought as much shame and compunction to philan- thropic people in England as the exploits of our soldiers in the Philippines have caused Americans. After the sifting of all the evidence, it is clear that many of the wounded Dervishes were unne- cessarily killed. Gen. Gatacre, who was at Omdurman, says that "the composi- tion of the army was such as to demand a close watchfulness being kept over it," and admits that "the Jaalin friendlies had good reason to hate the Dervishes, and 1 have no doubt that when they got a chance on the sly of knocking a wounded Baggara on the head, they would do so." Still graver is the ad- mission by Gen. Gatacre that British machine-guns swept the crowds of fugi- tives pressing out of Omdurman, among whom were many women and children. He acknowledges that it was an awful thing to do, killing women and children so as not to allow the Dervishes along with them to "escape unmolested," but justifies it as "one of those necessary consequences which have to be accepted in war." But it has made thousands of Englishmen wince. Still more disquieting has been the effect of the official admissions respect- ing the treatment of the remains of the Mahdi. The Government acknowledged in the House of Commons that the Mah- di's body had been dragged from its grave and thrown into the Nile. The Government did not say, but it is assert- ed by the Morning Post, that the Mahdi's skull and some of his bones are "in pos- session of officers who took part in the campaign." In any case, the rifling of a venerated tomb would, in the course of war with a civilized Power, have been

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March 9, 1899] regarded as a gross and disgraceful out- rage. It seems hardly a good way to be- gin civilizing the Sudanese. The act has been defended as a necessity, in order to show that the Mahdi had not, as the Dervishes are said to have asserted, real- ly gone bodily to Paradise, but that he was just an ordinary mortal and im- postor, whose tomb it would be absurd to convert into a second Mecca. But even Tory papers protest that the end did not justify the means, and that it would have been better and, in the long run, wiser to refrain from a deed alien to the spirit of civilization. Character- istically enough, it is the Irish who have made the biggest row about the affair in Parliament, and who threaten to vote against the grant to the Sirdar in con- sequence. Even in India, which is the finest example of English government of subject races, the story has its dark side. The natives have been immensely bettered, yet they are discontented — more so just now, it appears, than at any time since the Mutiny. The murder of Eng- lish officials at Poona a year ago was a startling reminder of the passions that were astir among the people; and now comes the news that the witnesses whose testimony convicted the murderers have themselves been murdered. There is a growing popular agitation on the basis of "India for the Indians," and it is buttressed by such facts as that out of 39,000 officials in the Indian service, 28,- 000 are English, to 11,000 natives, the latter drawing salaries to the amount of $15,000,000 a year, while the English salaries amount to $75,000,000. "In reali- ty," asserts Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, M. P., "there are two Indias — the. prosperous India of the British and other foreigners, and the poverty-stricken India of the Indians." English Imperialism has also a way, like our own, of proving costly beyond all estimates. The Sudan expedition was undertaken on the solemn assur- ance of the Chancellor of the Exchequer that it was not to cost the British tax- payer one penny. It has, however, al- ready cost him rather more than $10,- 000,000; and an item of £215,000 for the Sudan is in the budget now before the Commons. Similarly of other colonial adventures in Africa. Supplementary estimates have an unpleasant way of turning up. For Uganda, for example, the estimate of last March was $720,000. This, it was explained at the time, was unusually large, as a "mutiny" was in progress. Two weeks ago, nevertheless, an estimate of $1,690,000 for Uganda was laid before Parliament. No wonder Mr. Morley asks where this thing is going to end. The JSTation 177 THE CENSUS SETTLEMENT. The Congressional Record of March 1 contains a report of the proceedings in the House by which the bill for taking the next census was disposed of. There had been controversies between the two branches of Congress on certain points, which had been referred to a conference committee. Mr. Hopkins of Illinois was the ranking member of the House con- ferees, and in that capacity explained the settlement which had been reached. The original House bill had provided for the establishment of a separate Bu- reau of the Census. The Senate insist- ed upon making it a branch of the In- terior Department, so that the Secretary of that department would be its chief officer. But the change really amounts to nothing, as the Director of the Census is to have full control of the Bureau, and it will be practically a separate estab- lishment. The really vital questions at issue were as to the disposition of the spoils. These were the only questions in which Rep- resentatives had any concern, and their concern in these was very lively. The first issue was as to the supervisors, of whom there are to be 300. It had been proposed at first that these officials should be appointed by the President absolutely. The Senate demanded that the advice and consent of that body should be required. The House conferees yielded to this demand. But the ques- tion was at once raised whether, under this system the Senators would not seize more than their fair share of these 300 offices. "Does not the gentleman think," asked a colleague of Mr. Hopkins, "that under that proviso of the agreement that gives the Senate the right of confirma- tion as to supervisors, the chances are that the Senate will have the advantage as to that particular class of appointees over the House of Representatives?" The Illinois Representative was hopeful that this deplorable result would not fol- low. "I think not," he said, and added: "We found on examination that all of the previous census bills had provided for confirmation of supervisors by the Senate, and, it being an unbroken prac- tice, they were unwilling to yield, and we felt that in the interest of the pub- lic service we had better agree to the Senate amendment in that respect." Much more important was the ques- tion as to the thousands of appointments that are to be made in the Washington office. This is the provision of the bill: "That the chief clerk and the chief sta- tisticians provided for in section 4 of this act, and all other employees authorized by this act below the Assistant Director of the Census, shall be appointed by the Director of the Census, subject to such examination as said Director may prescribe: Provided, That no examination shall be required in the case of enumerators or special agents, nor of employees below the grade of skilled la- borers at $600 per annum." It was this section of the bill which chiefly interested the members, and Mr. Hopkins was pressed for a full explana- tion as to whether the places were to be "under the civil service" — that being the almost invariable Congressional method of expressing the idea that of- fices are under the competitive system established through the operation of the civil-service law. This was the way the discussion on the point began: "Mr. Dockcry— What provision is made as to the appointments? Are they under the civil service? "Mr. Hopkins — The appointments are not under the civil service, but it is provided that, aside from the enumerators and special agents, the appointments must be made on merit, and that the appointees must first pass an examination provided for by the Director of the Census." But Representatives could not afford to have the slightest doubt left on this point, and so one after another pushed the inquiry in this fashion: "Mr. Brosius — The examinations are under the control of the Director? "Mr. Hopkins — They are under the trol of the Director. The language is sub- stantially the language of the House bill. "Mr. Brosius — Such examinations as he shall direct? "Mr. Hopkins — Yes. "Mr. Handy — These examinations are en- tirely noncompetitive, are they not? "Mr. Hopkins — They are supposed to be noncompetitive, but will be of a character that will insure the highest degree of merit and efficiency." The conclusion of the whole matter was expressed in a graphic phrase which Gov. Black of New York has made well understood throughout the country: "Mr. Handy — The starch is all washed out of the civil-service provision, is it not? "Mr. Steele — I hope so. "Mr. Hopkins— Well, I do not know about the starch." Such was the low plane upon which the House of Representatives treated the arrangements for a great national en- terprise, which is to reflect credit or dis- grace upon the United States, not only in 1900, but whenever in the future the census volumes shall be consulted, at home or abroad. The only questions in which Congressmen are interested are whether the census places are to be made spoils, and whether Representa- tives are to stand as good a chance at the spoils as Senators. In short, Con- gress has done all that it could to elimi- nate expert ability from the Census Bu- reau and to wreck this great work. The sole hope of avoiding this wreck rested with the President. The right sort of Director might still save the census. The law provides that appoint- ments shall be made "subject to such ex- amination as said Director may pre- scribe." Under this provision he can prescribe a standard which will rule out the whole gang of worthless proteges of the spoilsmen whom Senators and Representatives expect to unload upon him. Mr. McKinley might have secured for the position an almost ideal man in the person of Carroll D. Wright, who stands at the head of our statisticians, who has shown himself a first-class ex- ecutive, and who has had the experience so desirable for the work in 1900 through his completion of the last census after Mr. Porter's withdrawal. That "Destiny" in whose hands Mr. McKinley says we are helpless, would appear to have made it inevitable that the President should

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178 Tlie ISTatioiio [Vol. 68, No. 1758 nominate him for Director, simply be- cause "Providence" had trained him to do the work in the best possible manner. But "Destiny" and "Providence" seem in this instance to have been worsted by the demands of a persistent office- seeker, who insisted upon a reward for services to the President in securing his nomination and election for the present term, and whose cooperation is desirable in the political work that must be done with reference to a second term. So the place goes to ex-Gov. Merriam cf Min- nesota, as the only thing left in the Pre- sident's gift "equally as good" as other offices which this politician has persist- ently but vainly sought since November, 1896. It would be ludicrous if it were not so outiageous that a man should be made director of a great statistical en- terprise who has never had the slightest experience in statistical work, and who is expected to run the Bureau upon the same spoils principles which alone se- cured a moment's consideration of his name. For the second time a Republi- can Administration debauches the census in the interest of party supremacy. THE LIBRARIAXSHIP OF Till-: LI- BRARY or CONGRESS. The present is a critical moment in the history of the Li Diary of Congress, which is without an executive head. The man who shall finally be appointed to this responsible position will affect the Li- brary, for weal or for woe, for a long generation. Even under ordinary condi- tions the responsibility of this appoint- ment would be great, but there are pe- culiar circumstances connected with the iibrarianship at this time which make the situation unusually grave, and which demand the most serious consideration. On the 30th of June, 1897, the Library ot Congress consisted of a collection of books, maps, and such art works, en- gravings, etc., as had been received through the operation of the copyright law, crowded into inadequate quarters in the ( apitol, with a staff of forty-two people, consisting simply of a chief and ins clerks; tin- force being practieally withoul organization. On January 1, Ix months later, the Library found itself spread out in its new, palatial quarters on Capitol Hill, covering acres of ground, with a force, besides the Li- brarian, of one hundred and thirty-two people, divided by legislative enactment into nine departments under subordinate heads. While the material part of the Library was thus promptly housed in one of the solidesl structures in the United States, the library organization itself, formed only to the extent of fill- ing the places provided by Congress, was like a huge, inflated balloon wobbling about in mid-air until those numerous anchor lines which true organization re- quiie should have been attached to its Arm, material base and drawn properly taut. The last six months of 1897 (the first six months of the reorganization of the Library) were consumed in mak- ing the new appointments required by the act of reorganization and in removing the collections into the new building — two difficult tasks, the proper execution of which would have fully justified this amount of time. Since that period more than a year has passed; and with a view to a correct understanding of what will devolve upon the new Librarian, it is desirable to state frankly what the situation is at this moment. The late Librarian failed to adjust the elaborate and intricate organization to the great structure, and, although nine- teen months have elapsed since the re- constitution of the Library, the depart- ments, with the exception of the three principal ones, have not even been lo- cated, and, excepting the reading-room and to some extent the Copyright Of- fice, none is settled and fully equipped for its work, but is, as it were, merely camping in some one of the magnificent halls of the Library building, with such temporary fittings and furnishings as could be obtained. Here, then, is one important task awaiting the new Li- brarian. Of necessity, the act reorganizing the Library was drawn in advance of the removal to the new building, and with- out the aid of the knowledge which is gained only by experience in ad- ministering a large library on mo- dern lines. It is consequently no- ticeably deficient in some directions. Salaries were provided for positions which are still non-existent, and some of which are likely to remain so; while other positions which a trained librarian, experienced in handling a library of parallel importance, would at once have seen to be absolutely necessary, were omitted altogether. The act referred to provides for a librarian and a force of 132 clerks. The duties of the librarian, besides the proper general supervision, involve the expenditure of all moneys appropriated for the purchase of books and supplies; and yet there was no pro- vision for so important an adjutant as a "chief clerk." This defect has been made good only in this year's appropria- tions. The act failed to make any pro- vision for an order and supply depart- ment. Every librarian of experience knows the importance attaching to this division of a library, and how great is the necessity for its proper equipment. But this necessity is especially great in the case of the Library of Congress be- cause of the arrears in the book-pur- chasing, which will require special ef- forts in order that the lamentable gaps in the collection shall be made good. It should be remembered, also, that, as the copyright law provides the Library with copies of the ordinary current pub- lications, the buying must be largely of foreign books, and must be supplement- ed by well-devised and intelligently car- ried-out methods for filling up gaps in the equally important classes of litera- ture not obtainable by purchase. In other words, this department of the Li- brary should be one of weight, with a well-instructed, competent man at its head, supported by an adequate clerical force. At present, the serious difficulties due to inadequate provisions for adminis- tration, such as we have cited, are met as best they can be by extemporized and unsatisfactory expedients. The incom- ing librarian must face the difficult prob- lem of carrying on this great institution with an ill-adjusted and insufficient clerical equipment, until he can clearly formulate the urgent necessity of the Library in these particulars, properly present the same to Congress, and obtain provision for its administration com- ' mensurate with its needs. It is to be borne in mind that the Library, so far as its collection of books, maps, en- gravings, newspapers, and music is con- cerned, stands first of all the libraries in the country, while in its provisions as to administration it is probably be- hind the half-dozen leading municipal li- braries in the United States. But, serious as are the problems out- lined above, the new incumbent will be met by yet another even more grave and fundamental, and which should be dealt with at the start if justice is to be done to the work of the Library, or true success secured for himself as its execu- tive head. As yet, no comprehensive, co- herent scheme of administration for the Library seems to have been applied or even framed. The result is, that there is neither the coordination nor the cohe- sion desirable in the different divisions of the Library, nor do they make a ho- mogeneous whole or intelligently co- operate with one another. As a conse- quence, there is waste by reason of dupli- cation of work and because the different departments work toward diverse ends. This is probably not from want of de- sire to cooperate, but simply because no general plan of work has been establish- ed so that each division of the Library has its understood part, and the work accomplished in any one department adds to the general advancement of the whole. No satisfactory result can be obtained in the long run without some such comprehensive scheme of adminis- tration; and it is clear that the new librarian will need to devise one first of all. In doing this he will encounter his most serious difficulty. We have al- ready referred to the inadequacy of the force, but this is exhibited even more in quality than in quantity. The selection of the present heads of departments in the Library of Congress was undoubted- ly conscientious; but, as a consequence of giving way to the strong political and social pressure brought to bear in

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March 9, 1899] The IsTation. 179 behalf of incompetent or otherwise dis- qualified clerks in subordinate positions, these executive heads were left without proper material. The evil is not to be measured simply by the number of in- competents. The method of appoint- ment instils an insidious poison which in time contaminates the whole force, rendering discipline practically impossi- ble, and inevitably leading to disaster. CARL SCPURZ. Carl Schurz, whose seventieth birth- day was publicly celebrated on Thurs- day night, is probably the only German- born citizen whose literary and political careers in the United States have both been a decided success. We do not mean to say that no other has equalled him in capacity, but no other has possessed nearly the same command of the English language; and this, in an English-speak- ing country, must of course be the first condition "of eminence in public life. Among Mr. Schurz's various gifts, in- deed, the gift of language must be con- sidered the most remarkable. The num- ber of Germans who speak English, and speak it well, is, of course, great. There are many Germans who make a respec- table figure at the bar, but we know of none except Schurz who can claim a place in the first rank of American ora- tors, without having to struggle for it, without having to argue about it, with- out having to explain why he ought to have it. There is really nothing in his speech for which he has to claim indul- gence except a slight accent. We have been present when we knew he had been taken unawares, and when extempore speech was a necessity if he was to speak at all, and have listened to the faultless flow of his English with a feeling of amazement. But skill in language ^lone would not make an American orator of Mr. Schurz's kind. There lie, behind all speech, re- gions of national or race mind, fields of political ethics, in which, if you do not wander in youth, you rarely wander af- terwards; things which have to become possible or impossible to you through habit and association, not through books or instruction; things which are most easily described under the general term local political sense, the possession of which alone enables you to know how the millions around you jf all classes and conditions are feeling. This is as necessary to an orator as language, per- haps more so. Without it, talk he never so well, he talks as a foreigner, and, too, can only grope his way to the national heart. This quality Schurz has, and no other German who has come among us has, within our knowledge. He knows how Americans feel without having it explained to him. He has got the Anglo-Saxon point of view. It may not always be the right view, or the view most easy to defend artistically, but it is the view you must understand if you mean to be a political orator, and Schurz under- stands it. He was thus equipped as no other German has been for a career of public usefulness, and he began early. He was luckily but a youth when he was exiled from his native country, and he saw without hesitation what a coun- try this might be to a man of his pecu- liar talents. He never wavered in his allegiance to it in the succeeding event- ful years. Judged by the usual Ameri- can political tests, he was not a success, for his official career has been short and troubled. He did a little diplomacy, a little soldiering, a little legislation, and a little administration — it was all well done, but it was not done in the way which, in the present conditions, gives a man a firm hold on American official life. In short, he has not been a success- ful politician, as the term politician is understood among us to-day. Of him it is not true that thrift has ever followed fawning. He has never spoken for any party, and he has never had any party behind him, and unhap- pily continuous service is rarely possible in American public life in these days, unless a man devotes himself to a party and sees all public questions through party spectacles. But we do not think we exaggerate when we say that the better a man serves his party in our time, the less of a statesman he be- comes. Schurz has never been willing to sacrifice the loftier position and the more enduring memory. He always sowed for the immortal gods. We can- not recall a single incident in his long career which one might cite as a dis- tinct failure of judgment except the sup- port he gave to Greeley's unfortunate candidacy in 1872. But even this mis- take had virtue in it, for a host of good men saw in Greeley the promise of better things. From the day Schurz landed in the country to this, his seventieth year, we can think of no good cause that he has not helped, no stream of evil which he has not sought to stem, and there have been many. No moralist has ever had a moment's doubt on which side of any public question he would stand. There was never any fear that he would come in when the "party bell rang," unless it rang for truth and liberty and justice. He was never ready to sacrifice his per- sonality to any cause unless he was right well assured that it was a good one. We might cite many instances in which his eloquence served, or sought to serve, the state, but this task was well performed by the orators who portrayed his life at the late banquet. We seek simply to hail with thanks and con- gratulations a man who, in closing an illustrious career, can truly say that from prime to eve he has obeyed only one voice, and that has been the voice which, since the dawn of civilization, has called the race to higher things. THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Oxford, February 20, 1899. As one looked round the spacious and well- filled International Hall of the Caf6 Monico in Piccadilly Circus on February 11, on the occasion of the annual dinner of the London School of Economics and Political Science, one could hardly help rubbing one's eyes with a certain amazement. The School is only four years old, and, as most of those present were undoubtedly aware, it was in a sense the creation of the Fabian Society — that interesting body of middle - class and op- portunist Socialists whose name, before im- perialism dawned upon England, was in eve- ry one's mouth. In this sense only the crea- tion of the Fabian Society, let me hasten to say, that it was by two or three of its lead- ing members in their individual capacity that the School was planned, and the few hundred pounds obtained for initial expenses. Still, one might have supposed that that would have been enough to damn the undertaking; and yet the predominant note of the dinner in question was not merely that of success; it was that of respectability, so dear to the British bosom. That Sir Frederick Pollock, one of the few jurists known on both sides of the Atlantic, should take the chair, might have been an act of chivalry; that Mr. Mc- Kinnon Wood, the chairman of the London County Council, and Lord Reay, the chairman of the London School Board, should propose the toast of the School, might, perhaps, have been expected, for in both those bodies Pro- gressive majorities are now in power; but that a great judge like Lord Justice Vaughan Williams, and a great civil servant like Sir Courtenay Ilbert, should come to express their satisfaction, was, indeed, significant. And when, from the opposite ends of the hall, first Mr. Bryce, that incarnation of sound sense, and then Mr. Leonard Courte- nay, that pillar of economic "orthodoxy," rose to give the School their blessing, one felt that its victory was indeed complete. But such a success cannot have been won by mere craft; it is the just reward of the honesty of the creators of the School, among whom Mr. Sidney Webb deserves the first place. They said that they intended the School to be absolutely independent of all economic or political creeds, and they have kept their word; they secured as its Director Mr. W. A. S. Hewins, who, if he has a bias at all, is probably an individualist at heart; and Mr. Hewins has managed to obtain the services, for longer or shorter courses of lec- tures, of a surprisingly large number of the men who are generally recognized as compe- tent to speak on their several topics. To mention some of those who this year are giving regular and systematic instruction, besides the Director, who teaches economic history, Mr. Edwin Cannan undertakes "the groundwork of economic theory," and Prof. Foxwell, trade, banking, and currency; Mr. Acworth lectures on railway economics, Mr. Lowes Dickinson and Mr. Graham Wallas on political theory, and Mr. Hubert Hall on palaeography. All of-these are names well known to American scholars. Shorter courses are given occasionally by such men as Prof. Edgeworth and Mr. R. H. I. Pal- grave. Teachers like these have naturally attract-

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ISO Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 ed students. The total number of individuals registered for one or more courses in 1895 was 285; it is now over 400; of these there are some 80 who are pursuing a definite two-years' course and give the greater part of their time to it. Among the students there are perhaps fifty of the junior members of the civil service, taking courses on finance or other subjects bearing upon their official duties, and a like number of railway officials are taking railway economics; a score or more of the servants of the County Council and of the vestries attend lectures on mu- nicipal administration, and another score of bank clerks come to those on banking. In all these subjects a great deal of systematic instruction is possible, quite aloof from mere "matters of opinion." There is evidently an increasing amount of what the Germans call Administration to be got through somehow in a modern community; and he would be a pessimist indeed who held that experience had absolutely nothing to teach us. As all the courses of the School are given in the evening, there is no reason why an increas- ingly large number of the younger officials in London should not benefit by its instruc- tion— especially if they suspect that their official superiors look with favor upon it; and herein will lie, perhaps, the main use- fulness of the School. It is this that justi- fies the Technical Education Board of the London County Council in making the grant which now furnishes the School with its largest source of income. But it does not appeal to officials alone; and it is significant that it is already attracting both men and women who have been engaged in charita- ble work in "settlements" and elsewhere, and who begin to feel the want of some sys- tematic study of the problems they once at- tacked with ignorant ardor. Of the future of the School the Director and the Committee have noble visions. They have already helped in the work of reforming the examination requirements of the Uni- versity of London; and they anticipate that in the near future the School will practi- cally be recognized as the Faculty of Eco- nomics and Political Science in the teaching University about to be established. This is an anticipation in which Mr. Bryce and Lord Reay took pains to make clear that they both share. At present, moreover, the School has to be content to claim but a 6mall part of the time, and to contribute but a small increment to the income, of teachers whose main obligations are to other institutions, such as the older Universities. But, of course, the School will not be worthy of its name until it can of itself provide a career and an income for a body of eminent scho- lars. That time is not in the immediate fu- ture, but it may reasonably be looked for- ward to. Meanwhile, it is already worth while to ask what the School has to offer to American students. It will not be thought to be a re- flection upon the School when it is said that men of ability, who have duly benefited by the teaching already provided in half-a- dozen or more of the American universities, will find the greater pari of the ordinary- regular instruction somewhat too elementary for their needs. Those who have taken their bachelor's degree in other subjects, and are beginning their study of economics a ates. might assuredly do ,,,11 to s,„,,ul a year at the School, though, as one might expect, the lecturers have usually but n,,,. knowledge of American conditions. But the persons who will profit most by the existence of the new institution, are those who think of coming to England to investigate some particular group of concrete facts as to Eng- lish commercial or industrial conditions. In the rooms, quiet enough during the day, which the School has secured overlooking the Thames (at No. 10 Adelphi Terrace, W. C), they will find a useful collection of print- ed material. The "London Library of Po- litical Science," which is in process of forma- tion, aims especially at the collection of re- ports, blue books, circulars, annual state- ments, balance sheets, etc., etc.— all that "literature," in short, which it is usually so difficult to get hold of in sufficiently large quantities for purposes of comparison and criticism. And as the Director makes it his business "to keep in touch" with business men and officials all over the kingdom, there is perhaps no one to whom a student, with proper credentials, can go with a like cer- tainty of obtaining the advice and the in- troductions necessary for his purpose. Al- ready this is realized in other countries; and an American student who comes with such objects in view can even now exchange ideas with men from Brussels and Berlin and Mu- nich and Moscow. W. J. A. Correspondence. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS ON QUIXOTIC IM- PERIALISM. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: On the 4th of July, 1831, John Quincy Adams delivered an oration at Washington, his subject being "The Mission of America." In this address he used language which, it seems to me, it is worth while to bring be- fore the public just now: "She [America] has abstained from inter- ference iu the concerns of others, even when the conflict has been for principles to which she clings, as to the last vital drop that visits the heart. She has seen that, probably for centuries to come, all the contests of that Aceldama, the European world, will be contests between inveterate power and emerging right. Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will her heart, her bene- dictions, and her prayers be. But she goes not abroad in search of monsters to de- stroy. She is the well-wisher to the free- dom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own. She will recommend the general cause by the countenance of her voice and the benignant sympathy of her example. She well knows that, by once enlisting under' other banners than her own, were they even the banners of foreign independence, she would involve herself, beyond the power of extrication, in all the wars of interest and intrigue, of individual avarice, envy, and ambition, which assume the color and usurp the standard of freedom. The fundamental maxims of her policy would insensibly change from liberty to force. The frontlet upon her brows would no longer beam with the ineffable splendor of freedom and inde- pendence; but in its stead would soon be substituted an imperial diadem, flashing in false and tarnished lustre the murky radiance i f dominion and power. She might become the dictatrcss of the world; she would no longer be the ruler of her own spirit." I applaud the strong fight which the Nation is making against the new craze, and believe future elections will show, if the Democrats have sense enough to give the voters a . that the people are more level-head- ed than the money-grabbers think. The im- pression is gaining ground that the "war for humanity" was begun and carried on for the benefit of those who are already dangerously rich and powerful. If "imperialism" is suc- cessful, the above quotation from ex-Presl- dent Adams will take its place among in- spired prophecies. T. A. SAND0SKV, Ohio, March 4, 1899. THE CLERGY AND THE WAR. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Incidentally you have drawn attention to the attitude of the Christian clergy of the United States with respect to the war de- bauch which has swept the country during the past year. In this city, with hardly an exception, the sentence of the ministers of the Christian religion, like that of Moloch in the infernal council, was and is "for open war." This was alluded to by Gov. Pingree a few weeks ago when he introduced Dr. Fuller of Boston, an eloquent missionary of peace, to a small audience of 300, assembled in the Armory Hall of this city. Whatever else Mr. Pingree may be, he has from the first been a consistent denouncer of the pre- sent war of conquest. Upon introducing Dr. Fuller, he said in substance: Where are the ministers to-night? Why are they not here when we meet to talk of peace? I remem- ber a few months ago, when the cry was "War! war!" that they nearly trampled upon one another in their endeavor to reach the platform and pour forth the volumes of their warlike eloquence. Not one is here to-night! As I listened, I thought of the noble words which Landor puts into the mouth of Me- lanchthon: "Melanchthon. Cannot we agree to show the nations of the world that the whole of Christianity is practicable, although the bet- ter parts never have been practised, no, not even by the priesthood, in any single one of them? Bishops, confessors, saints, martyrs have never denounced to king or people, nor ever have attempted to delay or mitigate, the most accursed of crimes, the crime of Cain, the crime, indeed, whereof Cain's was only a germ, the crime of fratricide, war, war, de- vastating, depopulating, soul-slaughtering, heaven-defying war. Alas! the gentle call of mercy sounds feebly, and soon dies away, leaving no trace on the memory; but the swelling cries of vengeance, in which we be- lieve we imitate the voice of heaven, run and reverberate in loud peals and multiplied echoes along the Vhole vault of the brain. All the man is shaken by them; and he shakes all the earth. "Calvin. I beseech you, do you, who guide and govern so many, do you (whatever others may) spare your brethren. "Melanchthon. Doubtful as I am of lighter texts, blown backward and forward at the opening of opposite windows, I am convinced and certain of one grand, immovable verity. It sounds strange; it sounds contradictory- "Calvin. I am curious to hear it. "Melanchthon. You shall. This is the te- net. There is nothing in earth divine beside humanity." If the Rev. John Watson, alias Ian Mac- laren, be accepted as the spokesman of the Christian priesthood, a sufficient answer, as delivered at Philadelphia a few days ago, is, "In our time we have had considerable areas of the earth's surface thrust by Providence upon us." Thus it seems possible that strangers to the real parties in interest, by Providential dispensation, may transfer whole empires, together with their inhabi- tants, by simple gift inter vivos. By the same logic, the thief who steals the Reve- rend Dr. Watson's purse will offer a complete defence to a charge of robbery by pleading that the purse was providentially thrust upon him by the Almighty. Dismissing the ethical unrest involved in

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March 9, 1899J The ISTatioxi. 181 the act of taking possession of "considerable areas" of other people's property, one is tempted, at the risk of being thought irre- verent and impertinent, to ask why the Di- vine Donor imparted such full and perfect knowledge of his real -estate transactions to the reverend gentleman, when he has seen fit to leave innumerable other souls to grope in Egyptian darkness in the endeavor to make out the links in the chain of title. "May the Lord deliver us from all cant and damnable palaver." William H. Hockadat. Detroit, Mich., March 4. -1899. "THE LIMITS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: An interesting letter in your issue of March 2 raises, in a special case, a ques- tion by no means new, and of much wider application. In using a language no longer spoken, to what extent may we properly be called upon to produce examples from its classic writers for the very words and phrases which we employ; and how far are we jus- tified in following natural and unstrained analogies? How much, for example, may we take for granted with regard to forms not actually found in what remains to us of classical Latin? May we, or may we not, use a form of expression analogous to one found in some classic author, but not identical with it? There is an antecedent probability that the wisest course is one equally removed from license and from slavishness. That we cannot freely extend idioms even in our own language needs no demonstration. We speak of a stream "running dry"; we should hardly venture to say "flowing dry," although, in regard to streams, "to run" and "to flow" are synonyms. On the other hand, when we have occasion to use any form, however strange, of any verb in the language — such an un- couth form, let us say, as "thou circumvent- edst"— do we ever think it necessary to justify ourselves by a precedent? Do we even care whether anybody has ever used this particu- lar form before? And why should we think that the ancients felt otherwise? In Latin there are verbs known to be defective. We do not attempt to use, say, the first and se- cond persons plural of the present indicative of aio, a verb known to be defective, al- though all the rest of that tense is found. But does this in any way imply that, in the case of common verbs, not known to be de- fective, we dare not use whatever form we may need of a tense against which we have no warning? Must I find amavistis in some author of repute before I venture to use it? No one will say so. In short, when the ancient grammarians have left us no warning that a verb or noun is defective, we cannot be re- quired to limit ourselves wholly to forms of that verb and cases of that noun which, if challenged, we could produce out of some classic author. This would be, not merely to acknowledge a language to be dead, but wan- tonly to kill it. Let us now apply these ge- neral ideas to the letter referred to. We shall see that the learned writer has joined together two cases which do not stand in the same predicament. With regard to the impersonal use of the passive infinitive of ire with the first or accusative supine of purpose to form a sub- stitute for the absent passive infinitive, it is evidently impossible, if there is no supine; and, while I believe that the assumption that a supine never existed if not found in our scanty remains of the language is open to criticism, I am ready to say that it is safer to avoid using it, because we know many verbs, and whole classes of verbs, that have no supine. But I cannot but regard your correspondent's remarks on fore ut as down- right pessimism. For I think I may defy any one to give a respectable reason why fore ut should be right with one verb and not with all verbs not known to be defective in the required form of the subjunctive. As to Plautus and Terence, that is no doubt spe- cially true of their conversational language which is true in a less degree even of lite- rary Latin of the most formal type, that peri- phrastic forms were avoided willingly, if not sedulously. Instead of "Argyrippus spero fore ut possit exorari," the comic dialogue prefers to say "Argyrippus exorari spero po- tent." And so I should be likely to express myself on the football ground, in the case proposed by your correspondent, "Nostri, cre- do, vincentur." But I am not ready to ad- mit that I should not be equally right in using the formula fore ut with this or any other verb not known to be defective in the form required. And, as to what Cicero or Quintilian would think of it, that is a ques- tion which may be put off to the day when we can confidently say just what Chaucer would think of such perfectly proper expres- sions as "mental gymnastics" in the letter referred to. In all things, we poor mortals must be content to use partial knowledge un- der pain of never doing anything. We all write, more or less, in our own language; but which of us can say that he knows his mo- ther tongue perfectly, even as now spoken? Have we not all heard of that learned gramma- rian who picked flaws in the Latinity of Cice- ro himself, and did not hesitate to call him an Allobrogian? Francis Philip Nash. Geneva, N. Y., March 4, 1899. "THE LAW OF THE ROAD." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The frontispiece to Harper's Magazine for January, an equestrian picture of Gen. N. B. Forrest, illustrating Dr. Wyeth's ex- cellent article upon the Confederate cavalry leader, mentioned in your issue of the 9th inst., struck me at first as a palpable blun- der on the part of the artist. Several "hor- sey" men of my club failed to see what at a glance was obvious to me: the rider grasps his reins with his right hand. I made merry over the artist, and fully committed myself before the text had shown me that Forrest was a left-handed man and wore his sabre upon his right side. I had served near For- rest at Shiloh (Pittsburgh Landing), and had known him quite intimately after the war. Although I could detect at a glance that the bridle was held in the wrong hand, I had failed to observe that the living man was left-handed. This led me to reflect on road law. When, in 1865-'66, in the course of my law studies, I read that "Keep to the left" is the law of the road in England, I supposed it was a mistake of writer or printer. It was incon- ceivable how the colonists, fresh from the mother country, could exactly reverse one of the most useful of English customs, most in daily use, and most likely to be, traditionally and by habit, preserved. That custom must first have grown up among horsemen, long before vehicles were in use. Most men are right-handed. To mount upon the left re- quired that the left should be the bridle- hand, thus leaving the stronger hand free to draw the sword. Awkward as it is now to mount upon the right, or to hold the bridle with the right hand, I can conceive of no other reason for it than the necessity for '.eaving the strong right hand free for use. This granted, two equally good reasons ap- pear why "Keep to the left" should have been the law of the road. It is easier and more natural to draw the rein to the bridle- hand side. My recollection of riding days is that horsemen lost by night make the lost- circuit to the left, as a lame man gyrates to the side of his shorter leg. The stronger rea- son, perhaps, is that the mounted cavalier, in those palmy days, had good reason to have the approaching traveller upon his right. Thus he could, at once, draw his sword from the left and cut or thrust upon his right, or strong-hand, side. These reasons are entirely satisfactory to me as to the origin of the English "law of the road." They leave wholly unexplained the more curious and more interesting ques- tion. Why did our colonial ancestors change it to "Keep to the right"? The law-books are silent altogether as to that. The older text-books devote but meagre space to roads and highways. Blackstone gives little more than three pages to the subject of ease- ments. In Elliot on Roads and Streets, p. 61S: "In England the customary rules of driving are: 1st. In meeting, each party must keep to the left." In a note it is said: "This rule is thus stated in an old rhyme: " 'Tis a law of the road. Though a paradox quite, If you keep to the left, You'll always be right." The author continues: "In this country a different custom or system of rules has grown up. . . . The first and most im- portant rule is, that, in meeting, each party shall keep to the right." Cases are cited from Delaware, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. It is also laid down that, in the absence of a statute, proof of this custom is not ne- cessary, for the courts will take judicial cognizance of it. In the American and Eng- lish 'Encyclopaedia of Law,' vol. 12, p. 957, the rule is laid down and cases are cited from Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Kentucky, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The New England colonists were not, at least for some years, I think, a riding or a driving people. The Virginia colonists were a riding people almost from the first settle- ments. I might suspect that the latter had, at least at first, brought over the traditional rule of the mother country. But all the au- thorities seem to agree that the rule is uni- versal in America, "Keep to the right." I can find no warrant for a belief that it has ever been otherwise in any of the colonies. H. M. Doak. NASHVILLE, Tenn.. February 20, 1899. Notes. Doubleday & McClure Co.'s spring an- nouncements include the Temple Edition of Dickens's Works in forty volumes (in con- nection with Dent & Co.); 'With Sampson through the War,' by W. A. M. Goode; 'Life Masks of Great Americans,' by Charles H. Hart; 'The United States of Europe: On the Eve of the Parliament of Peace,' by W. J. Stead; 'The Real Hawaii,' by Lucien Young, U. S. N.; 'How to Plan the Home Grounds,'

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182 Tlie IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 by S. Parsons; 'Within the Hedge,' verse, by Martha Gilbert Dickinson; 'Nature's Gar- den,' an aid to our knowledge of wild flowers, by Neltje Blanehan; and 'A Voyage to the Moon,' by Cyrano de Bergerac. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s list embraces 'James Russell Lowell and his Friends,' by Edward Everett Hale, profusely illustrated; a 'Life of Edwin M. Stanton,' by George C. Gorham, in two volumes; 'Thaddeus Ste- vens,' by Samuel W. McCall; 'Charlotte Cushman: Her Letters and Memories of her Life,' by Emma Stebbins; 'The Life and Work of Thomas Dudley, Second Governor of Massachusetts,' by Augustine Jones; 'The End of an Era,' by John S. Wise, son of the late Gov. Henry A. Wise of Virginia; 'Eng- land and America after Independence, 1783- 1892,' by Edward Smith; 'Letters of Carlyle to his Younger Sister,' edited by Charles T. Copeland; 'The Conjure Woman,' by Charles W. Chesnutt; 'Under the Beech Tree,' poems by Arlo Bates; 'Hermione, and Other Poems,' by the late Edward Rowland Sill; 'The Throne-Makers'— Bismarck, Napoleon III., Kossuth, and Garibaldi— by William Roscoe Thayer; 'Through Nature to God,' by John Fiske; 'Psychology and Life,' by Hugo Miin- sterberg; 'The Antigone of Sophocles,' trans- lated into English by Prof. George H. Palm- er of Harvard; and 'Corn Plants,' by Fre- derick Le Roy Sargent. G. P. Putnam's Sons are printing 'Two Women in the Klondike,' by Mrs. Mary E. Hitchcock, widow of the late Commander Hitchcock, U. S. N., and Miss Van Buren, a great-grandniece of President Van Buren. The illustrations will be copious. The fifth volume (1821-1837) of McMaster's 'History of the People of the United States' is forthcoming from D. Appleton & Co., along with 'A History of American Priva- teers,' by Edgar S. Maclay; 'Admiral Por- ter,' by Prof. J. R. Soley; 'The Reminis- cences of a Very Old Man (1807-1897),' by the late veteran engraver John Sartain; 'The Principles of Taxation,' by David A. Wells; 'Outlines of the Comparative Physiology and Morphology of Animals,' by Joseph Le Conte; 'Montaigne's Education of Children,' by Dr. L. R. Rector; and 'Idylls of the Sea,' by Frank T. Bullen. Prof. Macvane's translation of Seignobos's 'Political History of Contemporary Europe, 1814-1896'; 'Elements of Finance,' by Prof. William M. Daniels of Princeton; 'Talks to Teachers,' by Prof. William James of Har- vard; 'Economics,' collected papers of the late Gen. Francis A. Walker; 'Standard Eng- lish Poems,' selected by Henry S. Pancoast; and a one-volume unillustrated edition of Britton's 'Flora,' are among the works soon to be issued by Henry Holt & Co. The biography of Elizabeth of Austria is announced for publication by Harper & Bros under the title, 'The Martyrdom of an Em- press.' The author is a lady of the Austrian Court, one of the very few admitted to the intimate confidence of Elizabeth. From the same house will issue also 'An Incident and Other Happening.' a volume of short stories by Sarah Barnwell Elliott; 'Espiritu Santo,' a novel of operatic life in Paris by Henrietta Dana Skinner, daughter of Richard H. Dana, author of 'Two Years before the Mast'; and 'The Jacksonian Epoch," by Charles H. Peck, being the political history of the United' States from the battle Orleans to Tyler's accession to the Presi- dency. The Clarendon Press, Oxford (New York: Henry Frowde), has in active preparation 'A Concordance of the Proper Names in the Septuagint,* by H. A. Redpath; 'The Oxy- rhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal Gos- pels,' by the Rev. C. Taylor; 'A Dictionary of Vernacular Syriac,' by N. J. Maclean; 'Letters of Ricardo to Trower,' edited by James Bonar and J. H. Hollander; a se- cond series of 'Studies in Dante,' by the Rev. E. Moore; a Supplement to Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, by T. N. Toller; and 'Modern Land Law,' by E. Jenks, 'The Irish Washingtons, at Home and Abroad,' by George Washington, of Dublin, Ireland, and Thomas Hamilton Murray, of Boston, is announced by the Carrollton Press, Woonsocket, Mass. The "Teachers' Professional Library," to be edited for Macmillan Co. by Prof. Nicho- las Murray Butler of Columbia, will soon be launched with 'The Practical Lessons of His- tory,' by Wm. T. Harris, United States Com- missioner of Education. The tide of reprints is again rising. From Messrs. Scribner flow in three more volumes of the Gadshill Dickens, edited by Andrew Lang, viz., 'Christmas Stories,' and 'Edwin Drood' with 'Master Humphrey's Clock,' that well forgotten sequel to the 'Pickwick Pa- pers," and parent to 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; and a new edition of John Addington Sy- monds's charming 'Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece," in the handsome uniform reprint of his works. The same firm sends us two more volumes of Downey & Co.'s uni- form edition, in very bold type, of the no- vels of the Bronte sisters — 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall," by Anne Bronte, whose por- trait is after a drawing by Charlotte. Macmillan Co., on their part, renew the Dent series of pocket Temple Classics with the timely reprint of the first edition of Mrs. Browning's 'Aurora Leigh' (l»b6) and of Ro- bert Browning's 'Men and Women' (1855), a curious gathering together of poems to be re- distributed afterwards — some being among the mostfamous of his shorter ones; andthedelec- table North's Plutarch (1579) in two volumes. In all these cases Mr. Gollancz's sub-editors supply just the proper amount of bibliographi- cal apparatus. Purposely restrained, also, aro the not too numerous footnotes of the Evers- ley edition of Shakspere, edited by Prof. C. H. Herford, and published by the above firm. The first of ten volumes, very presentable in its open typography, has appeared, and fur- nishes "the cultivated but not learned read- er" a general introduction, and special intro- ductions for each of the four plays beginning with "Love's Labour's Lost." The editor has profited by the labors of his predeces- sors, and will not be thought to have need- lessly enlarged the shapes in which Shak- spere has been made accessible and intelligi- ble to all classes. Our notice of the admirable 'Encyclo- psedia of Sport' (Putnams) appeared some weeks ago, upon its conclusion in the sepa- rate parts. The bound second volume (H-Z) has now come to hand, to mark the final completion of a very successful and credit- able enterprise. The Nestor of German novelists, Fried- rich Spielhagen, has recently, in his seven- tieth year, published what a number of lite- rary journals in the Fatherland regard as the strongest and best production of his prolific pen. It bears on its title the one word "Herrin." Quite naturally it is a "Kul- tur" novel, intended, if not to adorn a tale, at any rate to point a moral. It is the story of an emancipated and strong-minded Jew- ish girl, who, having broken with the faith of her fathers, seeks to shine in the mas- culine role of a manager of a great landed estate (hence the title), but, failing in her purpose of "buying" social distinction and a titled husband, ends her career in lunacy. Spielhagen's publisher is Staackmann in Leipzig. The Muret-Sanders German-English *En- cyklopadisches Wbrterbuch' (Berlin: Lan- genscheidt) has now reached the word "ge- ring." The English-German part, compiled by Prof. Muret, was completed some time ago, and published in two> massive volumes of about 2,500 large quarto pages; the com- pletion of the second part, under the editorial management of the veteran lexicographer, Prof. Daniel Sanders, is promised for the year 1900, in about equal bulk. This dic- tionary gives not only the customary de- finition, pronunciation, and similar data, but a wealth of idiomatic expressions, dialectic forms, etc. A unique system of signs and abbreviations has made possible a remark- able condensation. A smaller edition in two handy volumes is also being issued, at a cost of 7 marks each in good binding. It is unfortunate that the mass of matter has compelled the use of rather small type. We may be familiar with the collection of Watts's hymns, or we may know in a gene- ral way of the existence of the Song- Book of Henry the Eighth, but some of us may be surprised to find that there still remains a comparatively large body of ancient Buddh- ist hymns which have been preserved in the Pali, or sacred lanmume of Gotama, in the verses in which they were chanted or sung by the monks and priests of India cen- turies before the Christian era. These form a part of the canonical texts of Buddhism, and they have recently been made more ge- nerally accessible in a German translation by the Vienna scholar Dr. Karl Eugen Neu- mann, whose renderings of Buddha's say- ings and of other writings are already known among specialists. The present interesting and important work appears in Berlin under the title 'Die Lieder der Monche und Nonnen Gotamo Buddho's' (New York: Lemcke & Buechner), and its contents make a volume of nearly four hundred pages. These so- called hymns, or, rather, selections of "stanzas (g&tha) of the male and female elders," com- prise each a few verses, although some of them are longer. We know their traditional authors individually by name, although there is actually, no doubt, anonymous material among them, as irJ any hymnal to-day. The tone, the minor chord, and the characteristic notes of Buddhism are all present, and these rhapsodical songs are dominated by the in- fluence of the powerful personality of the Sakya Sage who preached on the banks of the Ganges stream five centuries before the dawn of that day on which the morning stars sang together. In a little brochure with the sweet-sound- ing title 'Der ewige Friede' (Munich: Haushalter), one of the older professors of jurisprudence at the University of Munich, Freiherr von Stengel, defends the blessings of war and large military establishments in words that will rejoice the hearts of our own expansionists. Assuming that America's desire to rule the world and dictate her laws to declining Europe will grow stronger as time goes on, "Shall the German Empire," he exclaims, "in the event of war between America and Europe, stand peacefully by and

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March 9, 1899] humbly bow down before America? Surely not!" Mr. Eben Putnam's 'Ancestral Charts' (Salem, Mass.) has reached a second edition. It is a set of blanks, capable of indefinite multiplication, to exhibit the bare facts of lineal descent for four generations, and hence a convenient epitome of genealogical acquisitions. In the Library Journal for February to be remarked is Mr. Rudolph's account of the genealogical index undertaken by the New- berry Library in Chicago. The work is a key to hundreds of genealogies, town his- tories, anniversary celebrations, war and pension records, rosters, etc., and will, it is estimated, embrace nearly 700,000 entries by the time it is ready for the printer; and it is nearing completion. Mr. lies also reports progress on the annotated biblio- graphy of American history which Mr. J. N. Larned is editing with an able corps of assistants. This may contain as many as 1,800 titles. We read in the Roman Minerva of Feb- ruary 5 that the Turin League against porno- graphy, having to combat the indecencies figured upon match-boxes, which are among Italy's most stable exports, has gone into the business of making and selling match- boxes of its own, and that these find a ready sale. In the Revue des Deux Mondes for Feb- ruary 1, M. F. Vie describes the striking contrast between French colonial extension for glory but without profit to the mother country, and German commercial coloniza- tion without conquest, but to the national advantage. The writer speaks more espe- cially en connaissance de cause of the ori- gin, growth, and activity of the German commercial colonies in and around the An- tilles and in the Spanish-American repub- lics on the Atlantic. In Hayti and San Do- mingo, in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, San Salvador, com- merce is preponderantly, and in some ports almost exclusively, in the hands of Ger- mans, who carry, for example, four-fifths of all the coffee from Guatemala to Ham- burg, the remaining fifth going mostly to England, also partly in German bottoms. In Venezuela nearly all the wholesale houses, and in Costa Rica almost all the banks, are German, and so on; the French being now and then represented by one or two firms. Under the catchy title of "Afrikanische Galgenskizzen," the African traveller Oscar Baumann, at present Austrian Consul at Zanzibar, has been publishing in the Vienna Z-cit a series of sketches of German me- thods of colonial government that have at- tracted wide attention. Baumann was the chief witness in the Peters trial about two years ago, when this representative Ger- man was convicted of having taken the law into his own hands and put a number of blacks to death. Baumann declares that Peters's acts are to this day imitated and even surpassed by the officials in German East Africa, and that the hanging of na- tives has become almost a fashionable amusement of those in authority. The offi- cial in charge of affairs at Kilwa has a col- lection of ropes that have been used for this purpose, and has kept an account of these in his books under the rubric, "En- tertainment of foreign guests." These hangings are generally attended by the pho- tographic amateur as well. Baumann gives a long array of facts and figures implicating The JSTation. also the former Governor, Von Wissmann. The German papers have become nervous over these charges, and declare that they cannot be ignored; and the Berlin Post states that the German Government has already taken steps to investigate the truth of them. Those interested in contemporary German hterature may be pleased to have their at- tention called to a dramatic poem, "Der Thor und der Tod," by Hugo von Hofmanns- thal, which is published (with illustrations) in Die Jugmd for February 4 (Munich), af- ter having been brought out on the stage under the auspices of the Munchener Litte- rarische Gesellschaft. The poem was writ- ten in 1893, when the author was not yet twenty, and is remarkable for both con- tents and form. No other works of the pro- mising young dramatist have as yet been published, but his drama "Donna Dianora" was last year given at the Freie Buhne, and another, "Die Hochzeit der Sobeide," was recently being studied at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. The intensive pursuit of special lines of study, made possible by the division of labor in the higher institutions of learning, brings us face to face with the strange phenomenon of a modern professor of engineering vying with Matthew Arnold and Goethe in his pro- test against the encroachments of mathema, tics. Prof. Paul von Lossow (Munich), dis. cussing the education of engineers in Hoch- schul-NachricMcn for January, inveighs against the Useless ballast of mathematical learning with which the technical Hoch- schulen burden their students at the expense of more important, profitable, and broaden- ing branches of knowledge. The bare ele- ments of the differential and integral calculus are sufficient to follow intelligently the lee* tures on theoretical mechanics by two of the most eminent specialists in that branch — so the writer states after carefully going over his own note-books; while "among thousands of engineers who have been sur- feited with mathematics iu the Hochschule scarcely one has, in after life, occasion to ap- ply them to advantage." This question of reducing the requirements in mathematics in order to improve the general and technical education of engineers has been agitated for some years past in the Zeitschrift des Ter- eins deutscher Ingenicure and in mono- graphs by leading professors. A large part of the Consular Reports for February is taken up with notices from the principal countries of Europe in regard to the policies adopted by their respective gov- ernments to extend foreign commerce. The topic of most general interest which they treat is technical education, the general tes- timony seeming to be that a great improve- ment in manufactures and an increase in ex- ports are due to the influence of the industrial and commercial schools. Austria has 15 state industrial schools, and "devoted to commercial interests are 12 high schools, 28 commercial high schools, and 79 schools for advanced instruction." A list of 67 subjects is given in which technical instruction may be had in London, while in Belgium there are 225 schools for training young girls in housekeeping. Among other important top- ics touched on is our trade with China, which is shown to be steadily increasing, especially in Chefoo, where in 1897 the value of Ameri- can imports was over two million dollars, or "almost ten times greater than those specified as from Great Britain." 183 The Calendar of the Tokyo Imperial Uni- versity for the years 1897-'98, now a portly volume of 375 pages, gives the lists of pro- fessors, students, and graduates, and the titles of the Journals, Memoirs, and Bulletins of the various faculties published since 1887. These monographs show hopefully the practical application of science to manifold local problems as well as to questions of cosmic interest. In the various colleges there are now 2,239 students. The total number of graduates is 3,045. I A memorial to a bright and stimulating mind, the late Robert Herbert Quick, of high repute as an educational writer, has been projected in the shape of a "Quick Memorial Library" in connection with that of the Teachers' Guild of Great Britain and Ireland, already begun by 900 volumes on modern pedagogy given by Mrs. Quick, together with a collection on historical pedagogy. It is hoped to raise £500, of which the interest shall permanently replenish this library. Many Americans join in the appeal. Sub- scriptions may be sent to Prof. Foster Wat- son, University College of Wales, Aberyst- wyth. The friends of Pasquale Villari propose to celebrate his fortieth year of service in the Florentine Istituto di Studi Superiori, of which he is President of the faculty, by establishing a fund whose income will be distributed in prizes for histori- cal work of preeminent merit; and an international committee has been form- ed to enable his admirers in other lands to participate. Little is known in this country of Villari's tireless labors for the promotion of well-ordered liberty in Italy and of culture in its widest sense, but his classical lives of Machiavelli and Savonarola have won the regard of all students of the Italian Renaissance, many of whom will doubtless be glad to aid in this testimonial to his honor. Communications on the sub- ject may be addressed to Henry C. Lea, No. 2000 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. — The Atlantic Monthly for March has an entertaining article, by John Fiske, on "Some Cranks and their Crotchets." When Mr. Fiske was assistant librarian of Harvard College, he undertook to classify under the head of "Insane Literature" books dealing with questions which their authors would describe as coming under the head of Mathe- matics, Physics, Political Economy, or Li- terature, but which the judicious would grieve to think of as illustrating anything but "the pathology of the human mind." Under the rubric of Insane Literature, there- fore, Mr. Fiske put all books in the library propounding the solution of the problems of squaring the circle, of perpetual motion, of the Great Pyramid, of the hollowness of the globe, etc. Unfortunately, this valuable in- novation was open to the objection that the authors of the books in question, some of whom lived in the neighborhood, would probably feel hurt, if not libelled, at finding themselves solemnly adjudged lunatics in this way by an institution of learning. Con- sequently, Mr. Fiske substituted for "in- sane" the word "eccentric," and under the head of "Eccentric Literature " all such books are now catalogued at Harvard. Mr. Fiske goes on to say that one lot of books, which he indelicately calls "The Ba- con-Shakspere stuff," intended by him to have been put in this class, but overlooked, "still remain absurdly grouped along with the books on Shakspere written by men in

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±S4= The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 their senses." Enlarging upon his text, he gives an amusing account of the "crankery" which leads to the production of literature of this sort, and incidentally gives the read- er many a useful hint. The further we read, the wider we see the horizon of the insane in print expanding, and gradually perceive that there exists a vast audience of dupes for whom hooks are regularly written by persons of diseased minds, and who (but for the fact that there is no pecuniary imposi- tion) occupy towards the writers in question the relation which stockholders do to the projectors of Keely motors, or to inventors of processes for extracting gold from sea- water. The second instalment of Dr. Wil- liam James's "Talks to Teachers in Psycho- logy" contains a brief theory of education. He traces "a certain disparagement of emu- lation as a laudable spring of action in the schoolroom" to Rousseau, who, in 'Emile,' branded rivalry between one pupil and an- other as too base a passion to play a part in an ideal education; and he thinks that the depth and primitiveness of the sense of ownership, as displayed by the young of the human animal, "would seem to discredit psy- chologically all radical forms of communistic Utopia in advance." Mrs. Howe's "Reminis- cences" contain some good anecdotes illus- trating Charles Sumner's want of humor. She might have added that, as in most such cases, the deficiency was so little suspected by Mr. Sumner himself that he would, on an important occasion, not only venture on a joke, but also subsequently be at consi- derable pains to explain it. An instance well known and often told among his friends was of a memorable pun on the word "buf- falo"— explained by the punster as being founded on the double signification of the word, as designating the bison of the West and the city of the same name in the State of New York. —Harper's contains a paper of a somewhat novel sort— an historical essay by a North American Indian;' Simon Pokagon, chief of the Pokagon band of Pottawatomie Indians, being the author. He gives an account of "The Massacre of Fort Dearborn" at Chicago, as gathered from the traditions of the In- dian tribes engaged in the massacre and from the published accounts, and what he has to say is well worth reading. He quotes his father as having always declared to the day of his death that if there had never been fire-water, there never would have been a Fort Dearborn massacre. He gives at length a speech of Tecumseh's, handed down by tra- dition, as good a specimen of oratory as any which we used to read in the pages of early white chroniclers. The old account- books of the American Fur Company, kept for inspection as relics, show, he says, how the glorious "winning of the West" was greatly effected by making the aboriginal proprietor of the property to be won drunk, and he adds in his quaint way that while examining them the Great Spirit whispered in his ear, 'Tokagon, you can rest assured, if these books are required in evidence against the white man in the Supreme Court of the world beyond, no expert will be called for to read them." Was there a time when the good Indian, the noble savage, whom we now regard as an invention of romancers, was a reality? The sceptic should compare such a paper as this with the novels of Cooper, and he will not only to his surprise, thai there was a basis of fact for the creations of the author of the 'Last of the Mohicans,' but will be left with much doubt in his mind as to whether history, as reflected in Indian minds and hearts, would show as many examples of white generosity and honor in dealings with Indians as we have preserved in our own libraries of these virtues as shown by In- dians. Tecumseh's picture of the ordinary white man, "cunning, crafty, cruel, without honor, without natural affection"— is al- most precisely our picture of the ordinary bad Indian. Can it be that in the sight of the Great Spirit pugnacity, cruelty, and greed are no more creditable in one race than in another? — Scribner's contains an instalment of Mr. G. F. Hoar's Political Reminiscences. It seems that his account of the national con- ventions in which he had taken part (in the February number) was the first chapter of these. His first political service, he tells us, consisted in folding and directing circulars sent out in 1848 by the anti-slavery Whigs who bolted the regular nomination of Taylor, and thus set on foot the division which ended in the destruction of the Whig and the crea- tion of the Republican party. It is certainly curious and interesting for those who like to trace the continuity of public careers, to see Mr. Hoar, in his old age, again a bolter on principle from the councils of the party which in his youth he helped, by bolting, to found. He publishes for the first time a letter writ- ten by Webster to his brother, the late E. R. Hoar, giving his reasons for refusing to join in the secession. Four years later, Mr. Web- ster was a discredited man, while the Free- Soilers, casting in Massachusetts in the elec- tion of 1848 only 37,000 votes, had among their number all the men who subsequently became dominant in the State. The rise of Sumner, Adams, Andrew, the two Hoars, and Wilson, to mention only half-a-dozen, was brought about by the disintegration of the party to which they belonged in their earlier years. The flood of war literature shows signs of ebbing. This department of the magazines has been nearly worked out, and the point reached at which it is difficult to avoid repetition. Even the interest of Mr. Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" suffers from the fact that it has been told by everybody else before. Fond as we are of the pomp and noise and danger of war, there is one thing of which the magazine reader, even the most patriotic, is fonder, and that is novelty. He must have new subjects, and refuses to be thrilled with one emotion for more than a certain length of time. —The Century has added to its "Heroes of Peace" series an article on "Heroes of the Railway Service," illustrated by Jay Ham- bidge. It is written by Charles De Lano Hine, a graduate of West Point, who, after serving as an officer for four years, volun- tarily resigned his commission in the army to become a freight brakeman. After some railway service as a brakeman and a yard- master, he reentered the military service as Major in the First District of Columbia Volunteer Infantry. He points out that rail- road organization is semi-military in cha- racter, and that in some respects railway service is the more dangerous of the two; the danger, however, being a matter of such every-day routine that it attracts little at- tention: "A soldier fights his battle, and may not be again under fire for a week, a month, or a >. .it'. While actually engaged, his is a maxi- mum of danger. The railroad man is usually in much less danger than the fighting soldier. What the railroader lacks in intensity of in- terest he makes up in quantity. He is under fire, so to speak, every working day or night of his life. The washouts of spring, the blinding dust of summer, the treacherous fogs of autumn, and the icy car tops of winter, all teach him to be careful of his hold in this world, lest he slip suddenly into the next. As the battle is the true test of the officer and the soldier, so is the wreck the measure of the coolness or pluck of the official and the employee." The "casualties" in the latter class every year in this country he puts at 20,000. All this without distinction, glory, pomp, or show, and hitherto without magazines to make it known. This "Heroes of Peace" series is the first attempt — so far as we know — to reduce to their true proportions the ridiculous pretensions of military life to a monopoly of courage, nerve, and en- durance. We have read with interest Mr. James Bryce's advice to us on the manage- ment of our new colonies in his article call- ed "British Experience in the Government of Colonies," but we are bound to say that the most important statement in it is the following: "Were I a citizen of the Unit- ed States, I should be among those who are opposing their annexation." The difficulty with his advice that we imitate the Eng- lish colonial system (by establishing a civil- ized colonial service, and instituting a sort of benevolent despotism which shall keep a "firm hand" on "white adventurers") is, that it is addressed to a government in the hands of a party which is annexing for the benefit of white adventurers, and itself con- sists of white adventurers. It is for the very reason that white adventurers may thrive, that the White Adventurer's Great Father must turn a deaf ear to such advice. — By the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, when we were still living under the Articles of Confederation, which established a Con- gress consisting of but one branch, it was provided that as soon as there should be a certain number of inhabitants in the dis- trict northwest of the Ohio River, they should be allowed to have a General Assem- bly, consisting of a Council and a House, and that this body should have the authority "to elect a Delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating, but not of voting, during this tem- porary government." After the adoption of the Constitution and the organization under it of the new government, which provided, among other things, for a national legisla- ture composed of two houses, the general Government obtained by a deed of cession the territory south of the Ohio River, and in 1790 an act of Congress was passed, which extended to the inhabitants of that region all the benefits, privileges, and advan- tages previously granted those of the North- west Territory, and established there a simi- lar government. This proved to be an in- advertent and embarrassing piece of legis- lation when, in 1794, James White laid be- fore the Speaker of the House of Represen- tatives the credentials of his appointment as a Representative in Congress of the Ter- ritory south of the River Ohio. Representa- tive in Congress? In which branch of Con- gress should he take a seat? Some mem- bers thought it much more proper that he should go into the Senate. He was elected in a manner similar to that of Senators, and Senators more resembled Delegates than did Representatives of the people. Others held that he had a right to speak \n either branch

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March 9, 1899] The ISTation 185 when the affairs of the Southwestern Terri- tory were under discussion. — Mr. Boudinot of New Jersey, who had been a member of the Continental Congress, was very positive that, as the old law could not be fully executed, Mr. "White ought to go where members elected by Legislatures went — to the Senate; but he thought an act of Congress should be passed in reference to the matter. Strict constructionists con- tended that Delegates from Territories were unknown to the Constitution, and for that reason Mr. White could not be admitted to either branch. The liberals maintained, on the other hand, that the- Representatives had a right to admit any one whatever to a seat in the House, for the mere purpose of parti- cipating in the debates. The moderate men argued that nothing in the new Constitution excluded these Delegates; that the privilege of representation had been solemnly con- ferred upon the very people who had elected Mr. White; that Sevier had represented them in the old Congress when they belong- ed to Carolina, and that they had separated into a new State under the promise of this privilege. It was now too late, they added, to say that laws under which action had been taken were incapable of execution. This view prevailed, and Mr. White was ad- mitted, but the House, by a vote of 42 to 32, held that he should not take the oath of a member of Congress. — Some years ago the Gresham Life Assur- ance Company entered upon an investigation of the risks incident to professional military and naval lives, and the results are very per- tinent to the "colonial policy" of the United States. Two great divisions of the subject may be made, one giving" the conditions in peace and another in war; but there are other influences of moment. The rate of death at the home-stations in peace may be taken as the normal mortality, and this was found to be about 5 per 1,000 for commissioned offi- cers, and 7 or 8 per 1,000 for non-commis- sioned officers and men — a rate even lower than that for the male population of the United Kingdom. This applies, however, only in early manhood, for ages under 35; beyond that point the civilian has the advan- tage. At foreign stations in time of peace the climate risk must be considered, and while the different services give different re- sults, the average is 15 per 1,000, or double the normal rate. The same figure expresses the mortality rate for a small war; so it is safe to assert that, under the best of ma- nagement, the occupation of a reasonably healthy possession costs in life as much as a war of moderate proportions. The applica- tion of this to the army of the United States will be evident. The tropics are not healthy regions naturally, and our men are not ac- customed to foreign service. An occupation may, and most likely will, cost in life each year as much as a war of fair proportions. ROPES'S CIVIL WAR. The Story of the Civil War: A Concise Ac- count of the War in the United States of America between 1861 and 1865. By John Codman Ropes, LL.D. With Maps and Plans. Part II., The Campaigns of 1862. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 8vo, pp. xii, 475. In his second volume Mr. Ropes has ad- hered to the method of giving only selected campaigns and battles as illustrating the general progress of the war, the qualities of the commanding generals, and the military administration of the Government. He has greatly enlarged the fulness of his references to the Official Records of the armies, so that it Is easy to trace his authorities for the assertions of fact in his descriptions of the events he narrates. In this he cannot be too highly commended. There is nothing more wearisome than the attempt to run down the sources of an historical statement, when no reference is given, in so vast a thesaurus as even the first series of the Records. The Publishing Board has done all in Its power to help us by system in the compilation, by copious indexes, and by full tables of contents in each volume of all pre- ceding volumes, by grouping everything re- lating to one campaign in the several parts of one volume, separating reports from cor- respondence and National matter from the Confederate, by giving chronological tables of current related events and even calendars of the year to determine dates when days of the week are mentioned— for all which they will get thanks from generations of in- vestigators yet unborn; but when all this is done, it requires no little patience to find a quotation without citation of volume or page. In proportion to this labor, the author puts us under obligation who tells us where to find the material he uses, so fully and care- fully as Mr. Ropes has done in this book. It is also a guarantee of good faith, and is a salutary check upon the author himself, making him careful in his statements. The evolution of a true history is thus greatly accelerated; for the weighing of such moun- tains of evidence is not to be done in a day, and dubious or disputed points will long re- main after the most conscientious efforts to reach solid verity. In the progress towards an agreed narra- tive of the facts in the campaigns and bat- tles with which Mr. Ropes deals, therefore, he has done good work which, it is safe to say, will have permanent recognition. He is also very pronounced and free in his judg- ments of men and of their conduct and capa- city, but here it will naturally happen that he will find his readers exercising their own judgment and not infrequently differing from him. This is all the more likely because it is rarely the case that the grounds of such personal judgments are or can be fully stat- ed, and the particular events in regard to which they are applied do not always seem to imply necessarily the conclusions which are stated. The capacity and character of the successive commanders of the Army of the Potomac have been so much the subject of heated partisan discussion that, in trying to gauge the author's treatment of men, it will be well to go to some other theatre of operations. Let us take the Middle West, and the relations of Lincoln, Stanton, Hai- leck, Buell, and Rosecrans. Toward the close of the summer and in the early autumn of 1862, a Confederate army in two columns, one under Bragg, the other under Kirby Smith, had, by manoeuvre, for- ced back the national army under Buell from northern Alabama, across Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio River. Considerably reinforced, Buell again advanced, fought an indecisive battle at Perryville, Ky., and fol- lowed the retiring enemy southeast to Mt. Vernon and London on the upper waters of the Cumberland River. There the pursuit ended, and Buell turned the march of his columns toward Nashville, though his or- ders from Washington were to press the pursuit of the enemy and occupy East Ten- nessee. It may be a hard rule of war that a general is judged by results, but it is a recognized one. When A. S. Johnson lost Fort Donelson and retreated to Corinth, Miss., he said to Mr. Davis that he could not complain if the rule were applied to him. Lee said the same after Gettys- burg. Buell himself, on October 16, recog- nized it, in the letter in which he declared his purpose to change his course to Nash- ville. The right of Halleck, as general-in-chief, and of the Government, to order the con- tinued advance is too plain for argument. Such order removed the responsibility for the plan from Buell's shoulders and left him only that of vigorous execution. It was the subordinate's privilege to ask to be re- lieved if he thought he must fail in the exe- cution, but no wrong was done him in giv- ing the order. Halleck did not confine the pursuit to the route the enemy had travelled and wasted. He indicated at least two others as being eligible, including one directly across Tennessee to Chattanooga, which place, as he pointed out, was as near as Nashville, and led through a region abun- dantly able to support an army, which the Confederates 'even after another year of war looked to as one in which a large army could live. To occupy Chattanooga and East Tennessee while the country roads were good and the autumn weather pleasant, then to repair the Chatta- nooga and Nashville Railroad and make firm the advance so gained, was an intelligent and reasonable plan, shown to be feasible by subsequent operations in the same region. It was under such circumstances that Buell was relieved and Rosecrans appointed, after Mr. Lincoln had once revoked Secretary Stanton's order to the same effect and Buell had persisted in refusing to follow the di- rections sent him by the general-in-chief. In the actual condition and situation of the army under Bragg, there is good reason to think Halleck's plan would have succeeded, and a new base for further movements might have been established at Chattanooga a year before it was actually done. In these circumstances, how does Mr. Ropes treat the President and his advisers? Of Halleck he had earlier said that he had but slender intellectual capacity, and an un- military cast of mind (p. 235), and repeats that he had an "inability to grasp a mili- tary problem" (p. 385). In the present juncture, Halleck is said to be only the mouthpiece of the President's determination, and is absolved in this way from the chief responsibility, while Lincoln and the Sec- retary of War are denied whatever support they might get from the concurrence of Halleck's opinion. It is generally agreed that Halleck failed as a field commander of an army; but it is also generally ad- mitted that few, if any, were his equals in knowledge of military theory and history. His books on the Art of War and Interna- tional Law, as well as his translation of Jomini's Napoleon, have always stood well, and have been regarded as sufficient proof of intellectual capacity and ability to grasp a military problem. Still more are these shown by his voluminous correspondence during his service as general-in-chief, when candidly analyzed. That he blundered, as everybody else blundered, is of course true; but we do not believe that final historical judgment will deny to him knowledge or

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186 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 brain power. His correspondence with Buell in this campaign was by no means a mere iteration of the Government's wishes. He expressed his own opinion vigorously, that it was possible to drive the enemy from East Tennessee and keep him out. "If we cannot do it now, we need never hope for it," he said (O. R., xvi., pt. 2, pp. 623, 62C). Thus having isolated the President and his Secretary from the military assistance of the general-in-chief, our author, after asserting that "no one capable of forming a judgment on the military questions involved in it can hesitate an instant in arriving at the con- clusion that General Buell was in the right," turns upon Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Stanton with — "The President and Secretary were neither willing nor competent to discuss the question on purely military grounds." It cannot be necessary to defend Mr. Lincoln from the charge of being unwilling to seek, with in- tensest earnestness, in every direction for light on the problem of making his country victorious. When, the year before, protest was made to him against his patient endur- ance of McClellan's exasperating disrespect, and he replied, "I will hold his horse if he will only conquer this rebellion," he spoke in the spirit of self-abnegating devotion which animated him till the day of his assassination. As to his capacity to under- stand and discuss military reasoning, after two years of life in the focus of military re- sponsibility, with Scott, McClellan, McDowell, Meigs, Hitchcock, and Halleck around him in both formal and informal presentation of their views in unrestrained discussion, with his keen shrewdness sifting their arguments, and with his peculiar power of generalizing principles from complicated facts, we should rather ask, Who could understand and who discuss, if not he? But, besides this prob- able evidence from his well-known powers, there are his letters in the Records, giving his actual discussion of real and present mili- tary problems on purely military grounds, and they demonstrate his competency to do it ably and thoroughly, as we have had oc- casion to show in these columns (within three months), and as Mr. Ropes has ad- mitted in this book (p. 439, note). Without going into a detailed criticism of Buell's campaign, it is enough to say that, though his cautious defensive strategy was crit nisei] st Washington, Mr. Lincoln had revoked the order relieving him on this ac- count, and reissued it only when the Gene- ral persisted in retiring on Nashville instead of continuing to follow the enemy by any route. The real question was between the continuance of such cautious defensive and a bolder aggressive. It would be an an- achronism, to-day, to argue in favor of bold, continuous initiative in war. That question has been decided affirmatively, if anything can he settled. Mr. Lincoln has the world with him. That the good weather of the au- tumn o;is rapidly passing, was only another good military reason for "pushing things." But there were political reasons for the course, so strong that they seem to show the radical incompleteness of a dis- cussion of the campaign which ignores them. The public discontent with the progress of the war was so great that it showed itself in the elections of this same autumn by the loss of the control of the House of Represen- tatives by the Administration. The Con- gressional Committee on the Conduct of the War brought the whole weight of the most vigorous element of those in favor of the war to bear upon the Administration, in- sisting upon a more aggressive military po- licy. Governor Morton of Indiana, with the cooperation of the Governors of Ohio and Illinois, protested against the conduct of the campaign in Tennessee and Kentucky. Their opinions and those of the whole Northwest were fairly expressed in a letter of Morton to the President on October 7, in which he said: "Another three months like the last six, and we are lost — lost. We cannot afford to experiment a single day longer with men who have failed continuously for a whole year, who, with the best-appointed armies, have done nothing, have thrown away the greatest advantages, evacuated whole States, and re- treated hundreds of miles before an inferior enemy. To try them longer, trusting that they may yet do something, would, it seems to me, be imperilling the life of the nation." On the 21st he said: "In the Northwest, distrust and despair are seizing upon the hearts of the people." East Tennessee was a loyal district, represented in Congress by Horace Maynard, represented in our army by regiments of brave men whose families at home were in the enemy's power. A loud appeal went up to the President not to allow the v/inter to come without bringing that loyal region within the Union lines. The dangers of foreign complications, by reason of the efforts making to secure a recognition of the Confederacy by England and France, were so great a peril that the Government and all its friends regarded it as an impera- tive reason for extraordinary and unresting energy in aggressive warfare, that we might recover at least all we had lost during the summer, before the British Parliament should meet in January. Unless war is made for some other reason than to subserve the statesmanship of the country, such consider- ations ought to be imperative in iavor of extraordinary exertions, ought to justify ex- ceptional privations, and forbid the easy-go- ing deliberateness which is not content with an army superior in numbers, in equipment, and in supply, but demands exemption from risk of short rations, of interrupted com- munications, of forced marches. In such cir- cumstances such demands spell nothing but "Give it up." It was in such circumstances that Rose- crans was chosen to succeed Buell because he was thought to have the energy to make such aggressive, indefatigable war. He was told that this was expected of him when the appointment was sent to him, and that de- lays could not be tolerated. He had his op- tion to take the command on those terms or to decline it; and he took it. As Halleck afterwards told him, they at Washington be- lieved that Buell would succeed at some time, if not hurried; but inexorable events were hurrying. And yet, when Halleck's urgency was reiterated through six weeks and no visible progress was made — a period as long as the whole Austro-Prussian war of 1866— when the autumn was gone and December was begun, when the conditions on which the appointment was made were all broken, when the grief and apprehension of the pa- triot in the executive chair found voice in warning that another change might have to be made, Mr. Ropes sees nothing in it all but an improper threat of removal, and says that Rosecrans deserved the thanks of his profession for resenting it! He even justifies Rosecrans in delaying three weeks longer. Meanwhile Bragg had gone out of Ken- tucky at its southeast corner by way of Cum- berland Gap, had traversed the whole length of East Tennessee some two hundred miles to Chattanooga, which was much nearer our army than the enemy at the time the pursuit was abandoned, and had come back north- west from Chattanooga a hundred and twenty miles to Murfreesboro, thirty miles from Nashville. Can we now be asked to believe that praise for Rosecrans and contempt for Lincoln and his advisers is the final word of history? Can anybody wonder that Mr. Lincoln said that if his generals did not want to use the armies, he wished they would lend them to somebody who could? For the victory at Murfreesboro, incomplete as it was, he was generous in praise, and made it the reason for condoning the waste of most of the next summer. In the treatment of the question of num- bers of opposing armies, Mr. Ropes seeks to make the official statistical returns to the Adjutant-General's Office the basis of his computations, and in this he is unquestiona- bly right, though he does not always adhere to it with entire consistency. He has adopted a rule of deducting 20 per cent, from the re- turns of the "present for duty," for "men on extra duty, etc." This is a manifest error. In the original returns are separate columns for officers and men present sick, in arrest, and on extra duty, but in neither the Na- tional nor the Confederate returns is this triple group included in the numbers report- ed "present for duty." In the Nation, No. 1440 (p. 86), was given an analysis and com- parison of the forms of return, and the Con- federate method of reporting "effectives" was shown. In Nos. 1538 (p. 462) and 1543 (p. 71) the relative reliability of statements of numbers made by officers in other forms than the regular returns was examined. Without discussing the subject again, it still seems that the reasons for adhering to the "re- turns," when they exist, as the supreme au- thority in military statistics, are conclusive, and we cannot go with Mr. Ropes when he "adopts substantially the numbers given in the Confederate (narrative) reports" written long after such a battle as Antietam, when they are inconsistent with the statistical re- turns made in regular course of duty. To illustrate: Lee's army, with which he began the campaign against Pope at the end of July, was 82,632 "present for duty," as we learn from the statistical returns. By the same means we learn that there remained to him after the battle of Antietam in Sep- tember, close to 44,500, as Mr. Ropes states it (p. 382). This leaves more than 38,000 as the total losses of the Confederates in the two months' campaigning — a conclusion from which there is no escape. But, adding to the numbers remaining in September the casual- ties in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, Mr. Ropes argues that, according to the returns, Lee had on the morning of the battle last named 58,000 men. As a compromise with other general statements in reports, he reduces this below 40,000 (p. 377). Yet he has given his estimate of the force with which Lee crossed the Potomac at about 55,000 (p. 337), which would make the Confederate losses for Harper's Ferry and South Mountain 15,000; but nobody could for a moment accept this. On the other hand, if Lee crossed the Potomac with no more than 45,000, his losses In the campaign against Pope were nearly 38,000. Mr. Ropes very clearly declares the conflicting data to be irreconcilable, and offers his estimates as only approximate.

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March 9, 1899] The ISTation. 187 It is utterly useless to try to reconcile the claims of commanders, in general state- ments, with their official returns, or to com- promise between them. Such statements only show the extent to which errors of memory or careless assertion can go. We shall have taken a long step towards historical truth, in this respect, when all investigators shall have learned the simple fact that no gene- ral officer in an army has any means of knowing the numerical strength of that army except the statistical returns consolidated as they come up through companies, regi- ments, brigades, divisions, corps, brought together at the army headquarters, and trans- mitted to the seat of government. This is not to be thought of as one of the means of knowledge; it is literally and exactly the only means. The army is not counted in any other way, by anybody whomsoever. What is not got from these returns is not got at all. What conflicts with them is thereby convicted of being false. On the return itself are columns for "Alterations since last report," and the series is either con- tinuously self-proving, or the return is an- notated by explanations of any apparent dis- crepancy. No intelligent officer could ever pretend that he had any knowledge on the subject except what is obtained either direct- ly or indirectly from these returns. If one of a series is lost, we must, of course, supply its information by such evidence of what the lost return contained as we can get; but it must accord with the others of the series and be consistent with that which precedes and that which follows. Reports of statistics by medical officers, by provost-marshals, etc., are subordinate parts of the same system. In the published Official Records are only ab- stracts of the full returns, but in case of doubt the originals are accessible and the accuracy of the abstract may be tested. The historical importance of such a criterion of truth is, we hope, a sufficient justification of calling attention to the actual system un- til its authority shall be fully recognized. PROBLEMS OF NORTH AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY. Introduction to the Study of North American A rchaolcgy. By Prof. Cyrus Thomas. Cin- cinnati: The Robert Clarke Co. 1898. 8vo, pp. 391. Illustrated. In dealing with this volume, and the same may be said ef any other work upon the subject, it is well to remember that but few of the more abstruse problems connected with the prehistoric remains of America can be said to be definitively settled. We have, it is true, measured the length, breadth, and height of many of the mounds and raked over their contents, just as we have ex- plored the ruined cities of Mexico and Cen- tral America, and compared their archi- tecture with that of less favored regions; and it is safe to say that, from these and other indications, we have gained a reason- ably correct idea of the mode of life of the people who built these mounds and lived in these cities, so far as it is revealed to us by a study of their arts and industries. At all events, the conclusions drawn from these sources have an actual basis of fact, and to this extent are believed to be indisputable. But when we go further and ask who were the builders of these mounds and cities, or, assuming that they were a different peo- ple or a people in a different stage of civil- ization from the former occupants of these several regions, inquire where they came from, and by what route they reached the localities where these remains are found, we are at once upon debatable ground. Thus, for example, if called on to account for the presence of man on this continent, we may, without doing discredit to our intel- ligence, answer, with Powell, that he was here before he acquired articulate speech, and that "there is no valid reason why the Eastern World may not have been peopled from the Western"; or admitting his for- eign origin, we may bring him over from either Europe or Asia, and land him at dif- ferent times and at different places, on the same or opposite shores of either North or South America. Indeed, -there are those among us who do not hesitate to resurrect submerged continents whenever it is neces- sary to smooth his pathway. So, too, in regard to his development. It may have been indigenous, or it may have been col- ored by Asiatic influences. Both opinions are held, and as there does not appear to be any immediate prospect of deciding the matter either one way or the other, it is, perhaps, just as well not to waste any time in discussing what for the present, at least, is a question of probabilities. Such, in fact, seems to be our author's opinion, for although he believes (pp. 369- 378) that man originally arrived in Ame- rica by way of the extreme Northwest Pa- cific Coast, and (p. 379) that there may have been "prehistoric contact on the west- ern coast of Mexico with people from the Pacific Islands or Southeastern Asia," yet he is so far from insisting upon these points that he leaves us free to accept any theory that will help us to a solution of these questions. In the same spirit, he dismisses the problem of palaeolithic man in America (p. 5) as not proven; and, contrary to his usual fairness, he disposes of the Calaveras skull and the implements found in the au- riferous gravels of California by a resort to the fallacy of "begging the question." In other words, he tells us (pp. 190 et scg.) that these remains could not have been of the same age as the geological stratum in which they are found, for the reason that, being neolithic, they indicate a higher phase of development than was in existence when that stratum was laid down; this being pre- cisely the point at issue. With these problems out of the way, and bearing in mind the necessarily conjectural character of much of the evidence, we are now ready to take up the story as told by our author, though it seems advisable to re- verse his line of investigation, and begin, in- stead of end, with our prehistoric Ame- rican at the time he made his home in "the inhospitable region that lies between the western shore of Hudson's Bay and the Rocky Mountains." From this point as a centre, population is said to have flowed southward in two streams; "parted by the great treeless plains stretching from the Saskatchewan to the Rio Grande, one moved south along the mountain skirt, passed to the Pacific side," and, still pushing on, final- ly reached Mexico and Central America; while "the other crossed to the Atlantic side," and, circling around the lakes, took possession of the Mississippi valley and the Eastern and Southern seaboard. In the course of this long and wearisome move- ment, "requiring possibly thousands of years," these people split into different stocks and tribes, "if, indeed, they had not been differentiated before reaching the con- tinent," though it is said (p. 8), and, as we believe, rightfully, that "they belong- ed apparently to the same race, its members bring popularly known as . . . Ameri- can Indians." In coming to this conclusion, our author summons to his aid language, tradition, and other factors in the problem, his main de- pendence, however, being upon the evidence furnished by the monuments and other re- mains that are found scattered over the country. These are carefully studied, and as a result of the comparison instituted between them and the works of the Indians, they are attributed (pp. 22, 138, 229, 240, etc.) to the people found inhabiting these sections at the incoming of the whites, or to their an- cestors—in other words, to these same In- dians. To this statement we, certainly, do not object; neither have we any fault to find with the separation of these remains into three (or, omitting the Arctic, into two) great divisions which Prof. Thomas styles the Pacific and the Atlantic. Such a classi- fication is not only convenient but it is real, for it is based upon the dissimilarity that exists in the remains found in the two sec- tions, and, what is more to the point, it marches, geographically speaking and in a general way, with the linguistic groups into which Brinton divides the Indians. Whe- ther these differences are of such a charac- ter as to mark them as the product of dif- ferent ethnic groups, is a matter of some doubt, though it is admitted that they were due to different influences, or, as Bandelier expresses it, to the exigencies of another climate and of varying natural resources. Be this as it may, it is not of much moment in the present investigation, since it is not so much with the origin of these different kinds of remains that we are concerned as it is with their existence and distribution. These, so it is thought, furnish clues to the movements of population in prehistoric times, and it is by following these clues to their sources that our author traces the Indian back to his original home in the broad stretch of country that extends from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Ac- cordingly, it is from this region .that the primeval American is started on his march southward, bearing along the seeds of that civilization which culminated in Mexico and Central America on the west, and in the mound centres of the Mississippi Valley on the east. This, in brief, is a summary of our au- thor's theory, and, in the present state of our knowledge, there is no reason why we should not accept it, except in so far as it relates to what are termed "the prehistoric movements of population." These are found to depend, so uniformly, upon conjecture that, taken in connection with what is known of the wanderings of our tribes in re- cent times, they may be relegated to the realm of uncertainties. Indeed, all mention of them might have been omitted without lessening our knowledge of Indian life and civilization. This fact our author seems to recognize, for although he devotes to the discussion some forty pages, in which the terms "possible" and "probable" occur with exasperating frequency, yet, in the end, he leaves us free to accept, as an alternative, the theory that America was peopled from Eu- rope, and that the "spread of population was from the Atlantic border." For the remainder of the volume, and es-

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188 Tlie ZNTation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 pecially for the description of the various remains, as well as for the account of the arts and industries, etc., of the Indians, we have only words of commendation. And yet, such is the uncertainty that attends an in- vestigation into prehistoric life, and so diffi- cult is it to gauge the full force of ac- knowledged facts, that, not unfrequently, we find ourselves at odds with our author. Take, for instance, the statement (p. 248) that "the form of government among the Aztecs was a well-regulated monarchy; . . . the title under certain conditions passing from father to son," and how can we reconcile it with Bandelier's carefully studied conclusion "that there was neither monarch, autocrat, nor despot in Mexico; that merit alone on the battlefield could promote to the rank of war chief (or, as he was sometimes called, emperor); that no dignity was transmissible by inheritance, and in fine, that Mexico was a barbarous but free military democracy"? Or again, what are we to think of the "ad- vanced culture" (pp. 8, 240) of the Mexicans when we are told by Brinton ('American Race,' p. 44) that, "leaving out of considera- tion the objective art of architecture and one or two inventions, the Aztecs of Mexico and the Algonquins of the eastern United States were not far apart"? So, too, in re- gard to our own Indians, the occasions for a difference of opinion are somewhat fre- quent. We do not, for instance, believe that the use of masks on the Atlantic side of the continent (p. 182) was comparatively rare, when both Adair and Lafitau — one In the north and the other in the south— tell us that, made of gourds, bark, or other ma- terial, they were worn by the Indians In some of their solemn ceremonies; and, final- ly, we are by no means of the opinion (p. 159) that the Shawnees were a different peo- ple from the Mascoutens, or, as they are sometimes called, the Nation Ju Feu, when the Jesuit Relations make it plain that these were different names for the same tribe. But it is unnecessary to pursue this subject fur- ther. Enough has been given to show the character of the statements to which objec- tion may be rightfully made; and as they are of secondary importance, and might be con- troverted or omitted altogether without detriment to the main contention, further comment would savor of hypercriticlsm. In conclusion, we may be permitted to say that, good as this work is, we prefer Thomas when he deals with tangible facts, as he does in his exhaustive account of the Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, rather than when be goes wool-gathering in fields where, according to his own admission (p. 148), success is impossible. The Establishment of Spanish Rule in Lmert- ca; An Introduction to the History and Politics of Spanish America. By Bernard Moses, Ph.D., Professor in the University of California. O. P. Putnam's Sons. 1898. The pathetic ending or the first great co- lonial empire of modern times naturally arouses a new Interest in the process of its dment. For us. too, who arc shoul- dering with light hearts the burden thai was crushing Spain, some knowledge of the foun- of that empire, on the ruins of which we must build, would seem to be indispen- sable. This need is admirably met by Prof. Moses In this study of the beginnings of Spa- nish America. His qualifications for the work are exceptional. His special studies in comparative constitutional law, his long residence in California, and his sojourns in Mexico and Spain, have given him a first- hand familiarity with the Spanish stock and Spanish institutions which invests his discussion with a clearness and a certain insight and sympathy that are beyond the reach of the mere student of docu- ments. After a brief review of Spanish history and of the general aspects of the colonial policy of the Spanish kings, including a description of the Council of the Indies, Prof. Moses gives a very lucid and detailed account of the Casa de Contratacion, based on Captain John Stevens's 'Spanish Rule of Trade totthe West Indies.' Owing to the rarity and high price of both this work and its original, the 'Norte de la Contratacion de las Indias Occi- dentales' of Veitia Linage, this chapter sup- plies information as to the colonial trade hitherto not easily accessible away from the large libraries. The organization of the ad- ministration of the colonies is illustrated by a concrete study of the Viceroy and the Audieucia in Mexico. Later in the book the ecclesiastical establishment in Mexico is ex- amined to show the relation of the Church to the King. It is characteristic of Prof. Moses's practical aims and his soundness of method that these great institutions should be studied historically as they existed in Mexico, that part of the Spanish empire which is of most interest to us and with which he is familiar by travel. Five chap- ters are devoted to South America, one of which deals with the Jesuit missions in Paraguay. The volume is brought to a con- clusion with a discussion of Spain's economic policy and a comparison of her American colonies with those of England. As a whole this work is admirably adapted not only to provide the thoughtful reading public with a useful body of knowledge in regard to the origin of the institutions of our Spanish-American neighbors, but also to aid teachers and students in extending the scope of courses in American history. The chief defect which we notice can easily be reme- died in a second edition. An historical work In a neglected or little-known field should be furnished with a brief annotated bibliogra- phy, comprising the most important original sources and the most serviceable secondary authorities. This is especially necessary in the case of Spanish history, owing to the lack of systematic bibliographies of Spanish publi- cations. In the present instance the absence of such a list of authorities is the more keenly felt from the rather careless method of citation employed by the author. No clue is given to the date or place of publication of the Spanish works which are referred to. Then there are references like these: "Ro- bertson, New York, 1839, I. 384, 523," and "Watson, I. 73, 74." Is the first reference to William Robertson's 'Charles V.' or to his 'History of America,' or to J. P. Robertson's 'Letters on Paraguay'? Is the second a re- ference to Robert Watson's 'Philip II.' or to Robert Grant Watson's 'Spanish and Portu- guese South America during the Colonial Pe- riod'? Again, the student interested in the economic aspects of the Spanish colonial po- licy should have his attention called to Ro- scher's masterly discussion in his 'Kolonien und Kolonialgeschichte,' and to the equally important chapters which Leroy-Beaulieu has devoted to the subject in his 'Colonisa- tion chez les Peuples Modernes.' The commercial policy of Spain towards her colonies must be regarded as a monumental example of misdirected regulation and unu- tilized opportunity. That the Spaniards erred more profoundly and adhered to their error more persistently than tho other colonial Powers, is to be accounted for partly by the conservative and reactionary position which Spain occupied in the great European con- flicts of the sixteenth century, and partly by the fact that the Castilians were not a mer- cantile or an industrial people. The expul- sion of the Jews had deprived the country, ot that portion of the population which had bu- siness aptitude and insight; and later, when progressive economists analyzed the situation and pointed out the remedy, the restrictions on printing prevented their work from hav- ing the influence that it would have exerted in a freer country. Notwithstanding their uncommercial character, the Spaniards were greedy of wealth. The result was a policy singularly narrow and oppressive, and wholly subservient to the apparent immediate inte- rests of the mother country. Prof. Moses's final chapter, comparing Spa- nish and English colonies, is a very dispas- sionate and lucid review of contrasted ideals and divergent practice. The balance from every point of view is not on the side of the English, although the practical results in our eyes clearly show that freedom of migration, laxness of control, and the encouragement of individual enterprise, rather than paternal oversight and restriction, are the secrets of colonial growth. Many worthless Spaniards did get to America, but the colonies were never made the dumping-ground of the so- cial wastage as were some of the English settlements. The Spanish ideals were in some respects higher than the English, but less well adapted for promoting a progressive and vigorous civilization. A progressive civiliza- tion, however, was the last thing that Spain wanted. Therefore, in passing in review the colonial policy of Spain, we must keep in mind that the ideal aimed at was one with which we have no natural sympathy. Really to get at the heart of the matter, the Spanish colonial policy should also be compared with the policy of England towards her Oriental dependencies. Spanish colonial America partakes quite as much of the na- ture of British India as of the nature of English America. When England had a prob- lem somewhat similar to that of Spain, her policy developed striking similarities. Where England has to rule a large native population, we find as little self-government as in New Spain, and that of the same kind, in minor municipal affairs. The English Council of India might have been copied from the Council of the Indies. The legislation of British India is as despotic as that of Spa- nish America. There is, in short, as marked a similarity in governmental machinery as there is a contrast in quality of administra- tion and in commercial policy. The English give good government to India, the Spanish Kings gave bad government to America. The secret is not so much to be found in the ma- chinery of administration as in the ideals and character of the men who conduct It. If a political spoils system should get hold of India, her history would repeat that of the Philippines. If an American spoils system is introduced into our new islands, their fu- ture will be but a repetition of their past. If a democracy is to administer successfully the government of alien dependencies, it must adopt a self-denying ordinance as regards the spoils of its political victories.

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March g, 1899] The Nation 189 "The Georgian Period." Being Measured Drawings of Colonial Work, by Charles L. Hillman, Frank E. Wallis, Claude Fay- ette Bragdon, David Gregg, Francis Swales, Glenn Brown, and others. Parts I., II., and III. Boston: American Architect and Building News Co. 1899. The list of American books on architecture is growing, and some of the books whose titles occur in It are of excellent quality. One of the most important is, and will re- main for some time, the work which is gradually taking definite shape, and whose title Is given above. In our previous notice (in June, 1898) It was assumed that there would be two parts and no more, but with the third part is issued a leaflet stating that there will be an indefinite number of parts issued in succession. The statement of the editor is to the effect that suggestions were made in the American Architect of last Au- gust "as to the publication of other collec- tions of measured details of colonial work," and that the result is the publication of Part III. and the collection of material enough for a farther issue. "Instead of issuing a fourth and final in- stalment, very much larger than its prede- cessors, we [the editors] have decided to con- tinue the series without definite term, and allow it to become, if fortune favors, a sort of omnium-gatherum, to which seekers may turn in search of definite architectural infor- mation regarding architecture of the Colonial and Provincial periods, down to the revival of classic forms in the early part of this cen- tury." It seems right, however, to review the book in its present state, because it con- tains already 121 plates, contributed by many architects and draughtsmen, and because It is of necessity devoid of systematic form or unity of plan, being essentially the work of different men, contributing each what has come under his own observation. It is an- nounced, indeed, that there will be reprinted 'some of the many interesting essays on the subject which have been published" in the American Architect; but these also will be detached essays, of course, and the collec- tion will be rather an encyclopaedia than a book, with a book's unity of purpose. Sixteen different contributors are named on the title-pages, and on each title-page occur the final words "and others." Gene- rally, and, perhaps, in every instance, the name of the patient student who has made the drawings is given on each plate. These sheets are crowded with matter, details be- ing packed into the spaces left by the ge- neral drawings, and a sensible disregard of spacious and comely aspect being gene- rally manifest. Other plates, however, are devoted to drawings in perspective, such as the very picturesque one of the Old State House in Boston; and sometimes one or two small perspective studies come in a plate with measured drawings of the structure re- presented. There are also a certain num- ber of large photographic pictures, gela- tine prints, which are certainly very good; only one in the first part, but eight in each of the others. These are an attraction — cer- tainly they are an added element of strength to the publication; but its true purpose is indicated in its title "measured drawings"; that is to say, facts and figures which one may swear by. No one may be allowed to despise the two photographic views given of the beautiful circular double staircase in the New York city hall; but still the mea- sured drawings of the front, of one pavilion on a larger scale and on a smaller scale of a section through the rotunda and bell tur- ret, are the immediate cause — that and their like— of the work's existence. The pains and care, the thought as well as patience, that have been put Into these careful draw- ings, are appreciable only by those who have done the thing themselves. If the reader who is not a draughtsman, though interest- ed in architectural work, should need a sig- nificant hint, let him observe how great is the number of books with architectural pur- pose which, in these later days of photo- graphy, are illustrated by pictures unac- companied by plans, even the most rudi- mentary. Let him contemplate even such serious and important books as the 'Treatise on Gothic Art' by Louis Gonse, and wonder at the neglect, in so elaborate a treatise and so beautiful a book, of the obvious ne- cessity of partial and local as well as ge- neral plans, ground plans and other. The reason for all this Is that, after the photo- grapher has been sent to the spot and has done his work, a new plant has to be made ready and a wholly new expeditionary force has to be set on foot, if even the plans (without reckoning sections, elevations, and measured details) are to be made from the building under examination. In this coun- try of few skilled workmen, few men of leisure to pursue their studies, of scarce and dear intellectual labor, it is not so sur- prising that measured drawings are rare; but -it is wonderful that important French or German books should ever come out with- out their measured details. They have skill- ed labor at hand and at a low rate of re- muneration in those older lands; but in America we have little of it because there are greater opportunities for men to "get on" and make a rather easy living than there are for steady and deliberate intel- lectual work. It Is the more surprising and the more admirable that this body of trust- worthy drawings has been got together. The epoch covered by these plates ranges from 1636 (the Fairbanks House at Ded- ham, Mass.) to about 1815, the date given for the tower and doorway of the North Church at New Haven. The student of old buildings will hope for some rendering In future parts of this publication of the valua- ble ancient houses of no great size and of no pretension whatever which still exist, or existed until very lately, in the old towns of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massa- chusetts. It is to be observed, however, that the tendency of the book is undoubtedly to- wards the Georgian architecture properly so called, as well as to architecture of the Georgian period, by which is meant that a study of late classic (or, as some would say, pseudo-classic) architecture is the pur- pose of this publication, to the exclusion, perhaps, of buildings of freer and less aca- demic character in their design. No fault is to be found with the work, or its pro- jectors, if It should prove to be so limited. The most that can be said is that an appen- dix giving the simple clapboarded houses, with overhanging second-story pendants ter- minating the uprights of those upper stories, would be a good thing to have. It might al- most have been expected that the Philipse Manor House at Yonkers would have been left to be included in such an appendix; but here it is in the second part. No more interesting dwelling-house exists in Ameri- ca. It is a survival of the much older Eng- lish houses of single or simple plan— that is to say, of those without corridors, with each room occupying the whole width of the structure and lighted from either side. A little plan in the corner of Plate 24, where the elevation and some details are given, explains this to those who do not know the interesting and curious mansion now used as the city hall of Yonkers; and there are half-a-dozen plates more of spirited and in- teresting detail. Plate 31 of the second part gives the front of Faneuil Hall, "the Cradle of Liberty," a tolerably uninteresting piece of architecture, but great in its associations. In Part III., Plates 21 and 22 are devoted to an important house in Philadelphia, and the plan of the house on a sufficiently large scale for intelligent study is given in the table of contents. Plate 24 is a gelatine-print of the Tudor Place at Georgetown, D. C, and this also has a plan which multiplies many times the value of the picture. From Charleston, S. C, is taken St. Paul's Church, Ratcliffeboro', dated 1819, and from the im- mediate neighborhood comes the church, St. James, Goosecreek, a little building which stands, or stood, alone in the open country, a mere church for the planters living around, without a village near. On the same plate with this church is the old "Stone House," Richmond, Va., which is as free from classi- cal influence as even the New England houses whose existence was recalled in a previous John Sullivan Dwight, Brook-Farmer, Editor, and Critic of Music: A Biography. By George Willis Cooke. Boston: Small, May- nard & Co. Mr. Cooke, who has before now proved himself the faithful and loving Old Mortali- ty of the epitaphs of the Transcendentalists, has added a volume of memoirs to his re- cently published volume of correspondence between John S. Dwight and George Wil- liam Curtis. He has the advantage which belongs to a later generation, in a wider survey of facts, based on more ample ma- terials, while he has the disadvantage of being often obliged to rely upon the memory of others, contributed in some cases at a time of life when memory grows less trust- worthy. A curious instance of this occurs in the very preface, where he "corrects," evidently on some authority other than his own, a statement made in the Dwight- Curtis volume, where Curtis himself speaks in a letter of a series of papers in the Dial call- ed "Ernest the Seeker" as being written by William Henry Channing. Mr. Cooke now says of these papers, "They were in reality written by William Ellery Channing, the poet (cousin of the preceding), one of Thoreau's most intimate friends and his first biographer" (p. xiv). As a matter of fact, Curtis knew perfectly well what he was writing, and whoever informed Mr. Cooke to the contrary was greatly in error. His informant doubtless confounded the half- autobiographical fragment of the elder cousin, "Ernest the Seeker," with another semi-autobiographical series in the last vol- ume of the Dial, "Youth of the Poet and Painter," by the younger cousin. The two relatives were totally unlike in tempera- ment, and no person who knew them could confound the grave and lofty medita- tions of William Henry Channing with the cynical humor of the other. But it must be remembered that the three Channing cousins, all having William for their first

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190 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1758 name, and varying only in the middle name, are always the source of perplexity to historians of the Transcendental period, and Mr. Cooke only shows this further when he mentions the third cousin, Dr. William Francis Channing (inventor of the tele- graphic fire-alarm), as "Mr. F. W. Chan- ning," on a later page (p. 163). Apart from this piece of bad luck, we have found the book singularly accurate, although even the author cannot quite master the ori- ginal relation between the Atlantic Club and the Saturday Club, inasmuch as he at- tributes the origin of the Atlantic Club partly to James T. Fields, who, on the contra- ry, brought it to an end, after taking charge of the magazine, because he thought the club dinners too expensive for the more modest contributors. Mr. Cooke has, however, given undoubtedly the best description yet writ- ten of the Saturday Club, the better known and longer lived of the two. In regard to Brook Farm he has also given some ad- ditional particulars, and has brought out in some degree the curious combination of singularly sensitive men, such as Haw- thorne, Bradford, and Dwight, with certain people who, as Miss Marianne Dwight wrote (p. 101), "though good in their way, yet lack that refinement which is indispensable to give a good tone to the place." These peo- ple, according to Miss Dwight, were "pro- videntially" called away, and she adds, "It always seemed to me a great mistake to admit coarse people upon the place." How far the cattle in the barn would have been tended and fed without the aid of these coarse people, will always remain • undeter- mined; and some light is thrown by Miss Dwight's confession upon a scene still vivid- ly remembered, at one of the social-reform meetings in Boston during the Brook Farm period, when Dwight appealed to the chair- man to silence a certain Farmer Allen, who was revealing with the most undisguised frankness some of the harmless social events of what was then cajled "the Community." In the chapter on "The Autocrat of Mu- sic," we find manifested the same neces- sity of depending on the opinions of others who knew Dwight in his prime. Mr. Cooke does not understate the later criticisms in respect to Dwight and his work, but he does not quite recognize the fact that his work from the very beginning met with open disapproval from other men of his own time and of similar training, among whom Mr. Francis Boott was perhaps the most emi- nent. These men frankly expressed the opinion that Mr. Dwight had, so to speak, begun too far along, and that he had, as one of them used to say, made the whole people of Boston hypocrites in respect to Beethoven. These men also dissented from the utter contempt with which Dwight was wont to speak even of the higher class of plantation melodies as composed by Stephen C. Foster, whereas these critics maintain- ed his music to be the spontaneous outcome of a national musical instinct as yet un- trained. But whatever may be said on points like these, no one has brought out better than Mr. Cooke the service render- ed by Dwight in what may be called the literary Interpretation of music. He at a time when, as a brilliant woman said on her first visit to Boston, "Bostonlans seem- ed to regard music, painting, and sculpture as mere branches of literature" and of Dwight's value at that pre w be little question. Mr. Cooke ad- mirably says of this service: "Dwight trans- lated music into literary form, showed the public what to find in it, and how to dis- cover its profound spiritual charm and pow- er. This is what no one else has done with anything like such beauty of lan- guage or such persuasive skill to convince and enlighten" (p. 236). The typography and general appearance of this book are admirable, but the absence of an index is a great defect, this omission be- ing due in all probability to the publish- ers. The previous volume of Curtis-Dwight letters had the same fault. The New Economy. By Laurence Gronlund. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. 1898. The construction of imaginary common- wealths is as agreeable to many minds as building castles in Spain— which, indeed, may not be now a synonym for delightful day-dreaming. Few people seriously be- lieve that any of the numerous Utopias which have been described by philosophers and fools will ever have a real existence, and it seems absurd to criticise these vi- sions from the point of view of practical statesmanship. But they may be compared with one another and their differentia noted, with some useful results; for while the vi- sions cannot be realized, there may be enough people captivated by them to make them dangerous. The book before us aims not at equality, but at the destruction of the capitalists. The difficulty with the pre- sent system is that under it "you cannot benefit the poor without benefiting the rich, and that you cannot injure the rich with- out injuring the poor." The remedy is for the Government to take the place of the capitalists, conduct the industries of the country itself, and thus abolish all profits. But, in the conduct of these industries, the author very rationally maintains, ability is necessary. Salaries as high as $7,000 may wisely be paid, and the able men who now realize such prodigious profits will have to come down to this figure, or starve. It is natural to raise the objection that, in spite of the abolition of the competitive regime, these $7,000 places will be scrambled for; in- deed, that the struggle for office will be more desperate than at present. But let not the believers in equality think that their panacea of making all places equally unattractive gives their schemes any advan- tage. They admit that the success of these schemes depends on the elimination of sel- fishness; and when human beings cease to be selfish, it is hard to see why one ideal commonwealth should not answer as well as another. On the other hand, Mr. Gronlund must not be uncharitable to rival visionaries. If he assumes modifications of human nature in order to give his system a practical air, he should not deny this liberty to other people. Hence we cannot but reprehend his denunciation of the late Edward Bel- lamy as an unsound teacher. He complains that Bellamy ignored ability; but Mr. Gron- lund ignores it beyond the $7,000 limit. Bellamy also abolished the wedding-ring, favored vegetarianism, and changed the whole nature of woman; none of which changes happen to please Mr. Gronlund. But he can give no reason for his hostility except that Bellamy "shares the common American error of wanting to invent social remedies; he assumes that men can con- struct any social system they choose, and so he sets up his own ideal system, and expects the people to realize it according to the sketch he has made." In short, he "entirely fails to connect with reality, and is purely a. dreamer." These strictures sug-- gest that the construction of Utopias ought to be limited to people having some percep- tion of the incongruous. The idea of one so- cial reformer denying another liberty to "in- vent social remedies" is rather too startling. Africa in the Nineteenth Century. By Edgar Sanderson. With portraits. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. 1898. 8vo, pp. vii, 335; map. The aim of the author of this summary review has been to give a popular account of the principal events in the history of Africa during the last hundred years. There can be no question of his success in arousing the interest of his readers, so numerous are the stirring episodes of exploration, colonization, and conquest, both by the force of arms and by the arts of peace. Mixed with much that is evil and debasing in the white man's part in creating this new Africa, there is far more that is heroic, self-sacrificing, and en- couraging. Possibly a clearer and more com- prehensive knowledge of the history of the various countries would have been gained if Mr. Sanderson had treated each one as a whole before touching upon another. The value of the summary would have been increased, also, if he had dwelt less minutely on the details of campaigns and battlefields, and more fully on the equally important though less ex- citing political history of recent years. Space should have been found, too, for a brief men- tion, at least, of Emin Pasha and his rescue by Stanley, the indirect results of which are still felt in Uganda. There are here and there marks of hasty writing and the lack of careful revision, as, for instance, in the statements that Sir Harry Johnston was Commissioner of Uganda, p. 270, and that Sir Garnet Wolseley was the successor of . Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner in South Africa, p. 279. The portraits are of four noted English- men, and there is a sketch map showing the treaty boundaries, together with an excellent index. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Bardeen, C. W. Authors' Birthdays. Second Se- ries. Syracuse: C. W. Bardeen. $1. Barracaud, Liwi. Rnl.orte. Paris: Colin & Cie. Bernhardt. \Y. Baiimliaeh's Waldnovellen. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 35c. Blis*. F. J. Excavations at Jerusalem. 1894-1897. London: Palest ine Exploration Fund. $2.75. Bowyer, Lady. The Divine Romance of Love and War. London: Gutenberg Press. Bradford. Gamaliel. The Lesson of Popular Gov- ernment. 2 vols. Macmillan. Bronson, T. I!. Hugo's Scenes de Voyage. Henry Iloll & Co. Bronte, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfeld Hall. 2 vols. London: Downey .V: Co.; New York: Scrib- ners. §4. Brooke, S. A. The Ship of the Soul. Whittaker. 50c. r.i..i ii Mary YV. The Development of Thrift. Macmillan. $1. Browning, Mrs. E. B. Aurora Leigh. [Temple Clai-sics.] London: Dent; New York: Macmillan. 50e. Browning. Robert. Men and Women. [Temple riasisies.] London: Dent; New York: Macmil- lan. 50c. Bruun, .1. A. An Enquiry into the Art of the Illu- minated Manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Edin- burgh: David Douglas. Bullen, F. T. The Cruise of the Caehelot. Ap- pletons. Bvrd, Marv E. A Lalwratorv Manual in Astro- nomy. Boston: Ginn & Co. $1.35. Caine. Hall. The Scapegoat. New and revised ed. Appletons. $1.50. Carlvle, Thomas. Historical Sketches. London: Chapman ,V Hall: New York: Scribners. $3. Church. S. II. John Marmaduke: A Romance of the English Invasion of Ireland in 1(349. Put- miiiis. 50c. Clemens. YV. M. Theodore Roosevelt, the Ameri- can. F. T. Neely. I'omparclti, Domenico. The Traditional Poetry of the Finns. Longmans. Green & Co.

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March 9, 1899] The Nation 191 Craft. Mabel C. Hawaii Nei. San Francisco: William Doxey. $1.50. Day, L. F. Alphabets old and New. London: B. T. Batsford; New York: Scribners. ?I.5U. Diclfens, Charles. Christmas Stories. 2 vols. Edwin Drood. [Gadshill Edition.] :■ Each J1.50. EvaDS, A. H. Birds. [Cambridge Natural His- tory.) Macmlllan. $3.50. Evans. G. W. Algebra for Schools. Henry Holt & Co. $1.12. Faguet. Emile. Questions Politique?. Paris: Colin & Cie. Falrbalrn, Prof. A. M. Catholicism, Roman and Anglican. Scribners. $2. Farrar, T. J. Legouvfi aud Labiche's La Clgale Chez les Fourmls. American Book Co. $1.50. Findlater, Jane IT. Rachel. Doubledar & McClure Co. »1.25. ncpi . position. American Book Co. Grinnell Elizabeth and Joseph. Our Feathered Friends. Boston: U. c McClure Co. $1.25. ion. Due de. Memoirs. Translated and Arranged bv Katharine P. Wormelev. Vols l.-lv. Boston: Hardy, Pratt & Co. Edith A. For Student Days and Blrth- lou: li. II. Sanborn & Co. $1.25. Schubert, Prof. Hermann. Mathematical Essays reatlons. Chicago: Open Court Pub- lishing Co. 75c. Scott, Sir W. Qucntln Dnrward. 2 vols. [Tem- sics.l London: Dent; New York: Scrib- ners. $1.00. Stacpoole, H. De V. The Rapin. Henry Holt & Sterling. Susan A. Walther's Allgemeine Mots- kunde. Abridged. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. Toe. Halliwell. Ricroft of Withens. Apple- tons. anil Studies In llalv and \ol. ,'i. London: Smith, Elder & Co.; Syms, L. 0. Selected Letters of Madame de SC'- vigne. American Book Co. 40c. Thomas, Dr. F. S. A Dictionary of University Syracuse: C. W. liardeen. R. G. The Jesuit Relations. Vols. XXXVII. and XXXVIII. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. Co. Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Macmillan. $2. Ward, A. W. A History of English Dramatic Lite- rature. New ed. 3 vols. Macmillan. $9. Watanna, Onoto. Miss Nume of Japan. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25. HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 West 23d Street, NEW YORK H.l VE RECENTLY PUBLISHED . THE RAPIN. 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Boston Trnnscri/it: "These papers Ishowj the pe- culiar power he possessed oi enlisting and retaining the attention for what are commnnh supposed to be drv aud difficult .subjects, and ihc eapacil \ he had for Controversy, sharp and incishc but so can. ltd and that it left no festering wound." generous t FOR EARLY PUBLICATION. TALKS TO TEACHERS. ALGEBRA FOR SCHOOLS. A fresh and enthusiastic presi ntatlnn of a subject often regarded as abstract and unreal. The pupil's interest Ts won at the start, lie is led to think of his algebra problems as related io life, and by applying them to science, geometry, etc.. to feel the unity and usefulness of different studies LE RETRAITE DE M05COU Par Le Comte de Skgur. Edited by Prof. O. B. Svi'Ef. of Dickinson, edilor of Halevv's "I, 'Abbe. Constantin." etc. viii4-i:.S."> pp. Iilmo. Boards, SCENES DE VOYAGE. De Paris a Aix-hi-Chapelle. Select ions from Hugo's Le Bill )i. Edited bv T. 1',. Bimnsun of the Law- reiiceville iX. .1.) 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The flagic of the Horse Shoe With Other Folk-lore Notes By Robert Means Lawrence, M.D. Second Impression. 8vo, $2.25. "A most entertaining hook. . . . Folk lore is to-day a science, and Dr. Lawrence's research has furnished a valuable contribution to this depart- ment, which seems almost exhaustive of the mat- ter."—[Boston Transcript. "One could go through this volume and make innumerable extracts which would be interesting and curious."— [Brooklyn Eagle. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. AN APPROPRIATE EASTER GIFT. FOR 10 CTS. and tlle names of five of your per- sonal friends we will send, postpaid, any one of the following books by Phillips Brooks. True Liberty. The Duty of the Christian. Thought and Action. The Beauty of a Life of Service. The Christ in whom Christians Believe. CHAS. E. BROWN & CO., 79 MILK ST., BOSTON F. W. 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March 9, 1899] The ISTation Vll 50% Reduction THE PRICE OF THE History of the Jews By Prof. H. QRAETZ Reduced from $18 to $9.00 per set of Six Volumes (An average of over 600 octavo pages to each volume.) A complete description from the earliest times to the present. The concluding volume contains an elaborate Index, Maps, and Chronological Tables. to Imii ,c Volume. Scholars, Students, Clergymen, Laymen The Jewish Publication Society of America 1015 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Financial History of Baltimore. By J. H. HOLLANDER, Ph.D., Associate in Economics in the Johns Hopkins University. This work is the first comprehensive study of the financial history of an American city. It appeals to all interested in municipal finance and the eco- nomic problems of this country. In press for immediate issue. Price, $2.00 net. THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS Baltimore. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. | address MR. GRANT. 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New Biography FOR Spring Publication, James Russell Lowell and His Friends. By Edward Everett Hale, D.D. With many Portraits and other Illustrations. 8vo, $3.50. Dr. Hale was in college with Mr. Lowell, and they were intimate friends. This book is not a formal biography, but a series of views of Lowell at successive stages of his career, and of the persons with whom he was most closely associated. Dr. Hale shows the heartiest appreciation of Lowell as a poet and essayist, as a diplomatist, and as one of the noblest and most delightful of men. The illustrations are numerous and uncommonly interesting. They include many portraits of Lowell, portraits of his friends, views of places associated with his life, and facsimiles. LIFE OF EDWIN M. STANTON By George C. Gorham. With Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles of Important Docu- ments. 2 vols., 8vo, $6.00. The Life of Lincoln's great War Secretary, by an intimate friend, written with the aid of Stanton's family. 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Vlll The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1758 Clarendon Press New Publications The Palaeography of Greek Papyri. By Frederic G. Kenyon, M.A. With Twenty Facsimiles and a Table of Alphabets. 8vo, Cloth, $2.60. Horse Synopticae. Contributions to the Study of the Synoptic Problem. By the Rev. Sir John C. Hawkins, Bart., M. A. 8vo, Cloth, $1.90. Demonstrations in Latin Elegiac Verse. By W. H. D. Rouse, M.A. Crown, 8vo, Cloth, $1.10. German Passages for Unprepared Translation. For the Use of Candidates for Army, Civil Service, and other Examinations. Selected and arranged by Edward Ehrke. 12mo, stiff covers, 75c. Studies in International Law. By Thomas Erskine Holland, D.L.C. Demy8vo. Cloth, $2.60. Practical Work in Physics. For use in Schools and Colleges. By W.G. Woollcombe,M. A., B.S.C. Part IV. Magnetism and Electricity. Crown 8vo, Cloth, 75c. Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics. By William Wallace. Edited with a Biographical Intro- duction by Edward Caird. With a portrait. 8vo, Cloth, $3.10. P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides. With the Greek Translation of Planudes. Edited by the late Arthur Palmer, Litt.D. Demy 8vo, Cloth, with a Fac- simile, $5.25. The Attic Theatre. A D scription of the Stage and Theatre of the Athenians, and of the Dramatic Performances at Athens. By A. E. Haigh, M.A. 8vo. Cloth, Second Edition, $3.00. For sale by all Booksellers. Send for Catalogi OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. The Liberal Religious Review of America. THE NEW WORLD FOR MARCH, I899. The Study of Early Church History, Archaeology and the Higher Criticism. The Reorganization of the Faith. The Reconstituted Church. Prometheus. How Gods Are Made in India. Religion and Jlodern Culture. The Spiritual Development of Paul. The Growth of the Prophetic Literature. ARE YOU A SUBSCRIBER ? If not, write to the publishers for a sample copy A. C. McGlFFERT, John P. Peters. W. DeW. Hyde. C. F. Dole. Henrietta M. Selby. E. Washburn Hopkins. A. Sabatier. G. A. Bartow. (;. Buchanan Gray. Single Number 75 cents; 3s. Yearly Subscription, $3.00; 12s. BOSTON AND NEW YORK: HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Publishers. London: Gay & Bird, Bedford Street. MAYER & MtlLLER, Booksellers. 2 Prlnz Louis KerdlnandstraRse. Berlin (Germany), Direct *«/»>/ -MAM) BOOK.-. P V.Ml'lu I IS, and I'l.KluDl CAL8 In any department of Learning and Literature. i •henpext opportunity for Libraries, Professors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues on applh -iitlon. Best references. DOOR'S.— All Out-of-print Book.-. . JD no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over a« tlie most expert hook tinders extant. Please state want*. BAKEB'B GBEAT BOOKSHOP. BngfjMX] CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH FOR (^ School, Home, Private Instruction, and especially ■ iierlcan Teachers. Pi-cimm l.u niixmi . 'J4 pp. I.. BOTH, 1185 Pine St., Philada. A UTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous People bought and sold by Walter P.. Benjamuj, 120 Broadway, New York pity. Send for price-list. B 00 KS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, Standard and Bare. Books bought. Catalogues Manual of the History of French Literature By Ferdinand Bruneiiereoi the French Academy. Authorized translation. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. With por- traits and index. $2.00. "One of the most useful additions to the student's stock in trade and to the teacher's resources which have been published in many years." — The Nation. " In all probability, no snob treasury of informa- tion and suggestion in such a convenient and useful form has ever been thrown open to the student."— Prof, William P. Trent of the University of the South. Thomas Y. Crowell& Co., New York and Boston. Old Books. Rare Books. Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list Issued. 3t>4 pages, Svo. with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deduoted from the first purchase of 80s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers. 66 Haymarket, c? fame*, London, 5, W.

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March 9, 1899] The IN" at i on. ix Dodd, Mead & Company Invite attention to their Spring Publications for 1899 FICTION TITLE AUTHOR PRICE I, Thou and the Other One Amelia E. Bakr $125 ( The latest and, according to some, the best of Mrs. Bart's novels. ) The Enchanted Stone Lewis Hind {A mystical romance of Oriental characters. The scene is laid in London.) The Silver Cross S. R. Keightley {A new novel by t lie author of " The Crimson Sign") The Song of the Rappahannock Ika S. Dodd (Powerful stories of the Civil War, first published in McClure's Magazine.) The Fowler Beatrice Harradex . ( The longest novel yet written by Miss Harraden.) The Garden of Swords Max Pemberton (A stirring story of the Franco-Prussian War.) Rabbi Saunderson Ian Maclaren (A New edition in the Phenix Series.) Far Above Rubies George Macdonald . ( A new Phenix book by Dr. Macdonald. ) BIOGRAPHY Marysienka K. Waliszewsk: . 2.00 (A new biography by the author of "The Romance of an Empress .") Life of Dr. R. W. Dale, LL.D By His Son . ^400 (A sympathetic account of the author of "Christ and the Future Life.'1'') LETTERS Ruskin's Letters to Rossetti and Others . John Ruskin . . 3.50 {One of the most important contributions to- the Ruskin Literature of the world. ) Joubert's Thoughts Katherine Lyttelton 1.50 ( With an impressive and scholarly preface by Mrs. Humphry Ward. ) MISCELLANEO US, ■ The European Tour Grant Allen . . 1 (A new and original guide-book for the principal countries of Europe.) The Gambling World "RougeetNoir" . 3 {A comprehensive and amusing history of gambling in all its forms.) Books I Have Read Anonymous . 1 {An ingenious work in which to jot down one's impressions of books read.) The New England Primer Paul Leicester Ford i religion The Restored Innocence R. J. Campbell net {A new and important issue in the series of " Little Books on Religion.") The Commandments of Jesus R. F. Horton . 1 {A new work, similar in general style to his previous volumes. ) POETRY Lyrics of the Hearthside Paul Laurence Dunbar i ( This is the first book of poetry he has written since his "Lyrics of Lowly Life.") My Lady's Slipper Dora Sigerson i (A new volume of poetry by Miss Sigerson'. now Mrs. Clement K. Shorter.) Sold by all Booksellers, P^/^P^Pi MCAH JC« C f\ Publishers, Sent postpaid by JlJVJUD j 1tIL*/\LJ Ot WVJ. Igl FW& Ave., New York, Ip writj'-.f'>o>ii"«iTisf>ra. kindly mentioifthe Nation

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The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1758 Spring Catalogue HIGHEST QUALITY ART REPRODUCTIONS Advance folder of this Catalogue, illustrated, sent without charge. Address the Publishers: Curtis & Cameron, 17 Pierce, Bdg., Boston Reentered Trade Mark. White Piques. As this is to be to so large an extent a white season, our almost endless variety of weave in this popular fabric is not to be wondered at. We have cords running lengthwise or in Baya- dere fashion, as well as cords of all widths and weights. In the fancy weaves the corded sur- face is broken up in a number of ways with satin-like stripes, checks, or small figures. The Marseilles weave of long ago appears this sea- son also in very rich designs. 25 cents to $2.00 per yard. "THE LINEN STORE." JAMES McCUTCH EON & CO. 14 West 23d St., New York. I Crystal Maple Sugar | § kkom I j£ Adirondack Virgin Forest. £ j£ Pure Maple Sugar and Maple 4 1 Syrup, unexcelled in Quality, $ 9 Flavor and Freshness. jJ 9 SUPPLY LIMITED. X Write for prices and order blank, season of $ I- m'x £ Ji Orders booked as received. Address. x J HORSE SHOE FORESTRY CO.. j 2 Horse Shoe, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. J 9'H*> *** %t*> tfe* "ii*tf&9tik9>'ik9>%kO& Save T^our Ryes KEEP YOUR GLASSES CLEAN. P^it")'1- fol]',I),lck;lf!:e ,of °!lr Prepared (absorbent) Polishing Paper for cleaning eve-glasses, etc. 10 cents silver per package; j for 25c. Calumet Chemical Co., Box A, Blue Island, III. to an independent and honorable career for both men and women is often found in the Compact and Easily Operated Keyboard of the Remington Standard Typewriter. A thorough mastery of the Remington means ability to do the work that the Business World has need of. WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT. 327 Broadway, New York. THE BURTON SOCIETY will print for free dis- tribution among its members an illustrated far. simile of the First Edition of Burton's Arabian Nights. Cost of membership, $90, payable in instalments. Full particulars on application. THE BURTON SOCIETY, 18 Barth Block, Denver, Col. London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued every Saturday. Sent gratis by H. W. HAQEMANN, 160 Sth Ave., New York. tJvDxndCd Cotton Dress Fabrics. Stripe Batiste, Embroidered Mulls, Printed Dimities, Colored and White Pique David and John Anderson's Celebrated Zephyrs. NEW YORK. FOR CATALOGUE OF Scarce, Curious, and Valuable BOOKS ADDRESS THE jfranfeiin "Ifoeafc JBooft Sbop Box 4037, station B Ipbfladelpbta

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The NaTfe.1 VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 759. THURSDAY, MARCH 16, PRICE 10 CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS. A NEW VOLUME IN THE GREAT COMMANDERS SERIES General Sherman By General M. F. Force. Edited by General James Grant Wilson. With Portnit and Maps. 12cno. Cloth, $1.50. The author of this volume, a practised writer and one of Sherman's divi- sion commanders, accompanied him in the Atlanta campaign and in the march to the sea. The book contains a finely engraved steel portrait of the picture that General Sherman preferred, eight well-executed maps of his most important battlefields, and a carefully prepared index. This clear, com- prehensive, and compact biography of the illustrious soldier contains, among other features, the most accurate and complete account of the battle of Shiloh, in which Sherman played such an important part, that has appeared in print. NE IV AND RE VISED EDITION The Fairy=Land of Science By Arabella B. Buckley, author of " A Short History of Natural Science," " BDtanical Tables for Youog Students," etc. lllustrat ed. 12mo. Clotb, II 50. The publishers of "The Fairy-Land of Science," with the assistance of the talented authoress, have considerably extended the original volume, add- ing to it more or less extended notices of the latest scientific discoveries in the departments treated, and amplifying with fuller detail such portions as have grown in importance and interest since the first publication of the work more than twenty years ago. A careful revision has, as far as practicable, eliminateil all errors, and also all words which, on account of their almost ex- clusive use in England, are not likely to be easily understood by children in the United States. 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11 The Nation [Vol 68, No. 1759 The Nation. A -WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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March 16, Th.e Nation. 111 For the Winter Oo To Travel. BERMUDA FROST UNKNOWN. MALARIA IMPOSSIBLE. •48 Hours from New York, by Elegant Steamships, Weekly. -'Tt.0'"1"8 West Indies PRETORIA, 3,300 Tons Jan. J2 and Feb. J6 MADIANA, 3,030 Tons, Feb. 4. Including Bermuda and Porto Rico. Duration of Cruise about 32 days. 20 days In the Tro- pics. For Pamphlets and full Information, send to A. E. OUTERBRIDOE & CO., Agents, QUEBEC STEAMSHIP COMPANY, L'T'D, 39 Broadway, New York. THOMAS COOK & SON, 261 Broadway, N. T. A. AHERN, Secretary, Quebec, Canada. CI ID ADC Four admirably arranged hllKlIrn and attractive routes for J4U1W* U EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of lf.r. U n cd i7 in are offered this sea- ffirS. iU. II. rKAAAK son, which is the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 73 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. Special party limited to twelve wiU sail April 39, by steamship "Kaiser Wilhelm II." for Gibral- tar and Naples. Tour of 86 days— Italy, Switzer- land, Germany Holland, Belgium, Fiance, and England. Particularly attractive route. Applica- tion for membership must be made at once. Ar- rangements may be made for spending a montb at a fashionable English watering place. An Ideal Summer Tour of 20 Weeks IN ITALY, SWITZERLAND, GERMANY, HOL- LAND, BELOIUM. FRANCE, and ENQLAND. A Select Party, with Number Limited and Per- sonnel Carefully Guarded, will sail from New York Saturday, May 6, 1899, on S. S. " EMS" of North German Lloyd Line, for Italy, stopping at Gibraltar. Exceptional Opportunity for Intelligent Travel at Moderate Cost. References required. References by permission: Rev. George R. Van DeWater, D.D., Rector St. Andrew's Church, 2067 Fifth Ave., New York; Prof. Robt. W. Rogers, Ph.D., D.D., Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., and others. For Itinerary and full particulars, address Mr. CHARLES F. PECK, 478 West 159th St., New York. HOLIDAYS IN ENQLAND. 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Scholars, Students, Clergymen, Laymen The Jewish Publication Society of America iois ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Mr. John Lane has Just Published THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILLIA/1 WAT- SON. Crown 8vo, 305 pp., designed cover, $2.50. The London Daily Chronicle says: "As we look through this collected edition of his work, we feel confirmed In our belief that, whatever his limitations, and they are not few, It is Mr. Watson's function and his glory to hand on, In this generation, the great clas- sical tradition of English poetry. On the threshold of the twentieth century he reconciles and brings to a common denominator, as It were, the best qualities of eighteenth-century and of nineteenth-century verse. He Is the heir no less of Dryden than of Tennyson; It Is hard to say whether Keats or Pope has more po- tently Influenced him. There Is significance In the fact that his favorite Instrument, which he fingers with the utmost mastery. Is the classic instrument of the English Muse— the iambic pentameter. Pregnant, resonant, memorable lines flow Inexhaustibly from his pen; and some of them, we venture to predict, will live with the language." 140 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.

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IV Tlie USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1759 The Macmillan Company's New Books "Luminous aDd exhaustive and instructive at every point. "—The Transcript, Boston. THE LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT A Defence of Democracy By Gamaliel Bradford. Two volumes, cloth, 8vo, $4.00. A constructive and critical attempt to show that not only does the trend of events tend to show that Democracy i form of government which will remain, but that it is the best form so far developed. ' The work is strong in its grasp of the subject, able in treatment, and in its contents It is a mine of ideas and information." — The Chronicle-Telegraph, Pittsburgh. MY LADY AND ALLAN DARKE By Charles Donnel Gibson. Cloth, HUGH GWYETH A Roundhead Cavalier. By Bedlah Marie Dix. Cloth, uno, $1.50. LETTERS FROM JAPAN : A Record of Modern Life in the Island Empire By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of "Palladia," " The Looms of Time," ' A Chapter of Accidents," etc. Superbly illustrated. Just Ready. Two Volumes, Medium 8vo. Cloth, 8vo, $7.50. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE By Prof. Edwin Herbert Lewis, Ph.D., University of Chicago, author of "A First Book in Writing English," etc. Cloth, i2mo, 9o cents. A collection of short masterpieces of modern literature. A HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC LITERATURE TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE By A. W.Ward, Litt.D Revised. Three Vols. Cloth, 8 vo, $9.00 net. Nothing ever filled the demand for this work while it was out of print, but the author was unwilling to issue it again without thorough revision. Nearly ready. THE GOSPEL FOR A WORLD OF SIN Dr. Henry Van Dyke's New Book. Henry Van Dyke, D.D., Pastor new book is a companion. "The most vital, suggestive, helpful book we know in the whole range of theological writing at this period. "—The New York Times. the Brick Church, New York, author of "The Gospel for 1 1 Age of Doubt," to which the Cloth, crown 8vo, $1.25 I " Dr. Van Dyke's lectures form one of the most eloquent defences of I Christianity that we have yet met with."— The Academy, London. HEART OF MAN By George Edward Woodberry. Cloth, 12 mo. In press. Contents:— Taormina; A New Defence of Poetry; Democracy; The Ride. OLD CAMBRIDGE By Thomas Went worth Higginson. The first volume of a series entitled ters," edited by Geo. E. Woodberry. Cloth, lamo. Inpress. National Studies in American Let- In press. 36th Annual Publication. THE STATESriAN'S YEAR BOOK, 1899 Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year i898. " Stands easily first among the statistical annuals published in the English language."— Review of Reviews. American Edition, 1899. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH THOUGHT A Study in the Economic Interpretation op History. By Simon N. Patten, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Pennsylvania. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 The purpose of this book is to bring out the connection between the economic events that determine a nation's prosperity and the thought and feelings of the people. THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS An Economic Study in the Evolution op Institutions. By Thorstein B. Veblen, Ph.D., Instructor in Political Economy and Man- aging Editor of the Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 The book deals with the leisure class as an institution, its history and its place as a factor in the culture of to-day. THE DAWN OF REASON On Evolution of the Mind Mental Traits in the Lower Animals, with Special Reference to Insects. By James Weir, Jr., M.D., author of " The Psychical Correlation of Religious Emotion and Sexual Desire," etc. Just ready. Cloth, ismo, $1.35. A clear, simple and brief statement of the evidences of mental action in the lower animals. THE STORY OF FRANCE From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. By the Hon. Thomas E. Watson. Volume I. Now ready, $2.50. Volume II. In Press, $2.50 "A highly interesting book upon one of the most fascinating themes of history."— Henry M. Baird in Literature. IMPAIRED EYESIGHT The Principles of Its Relief by Glasses. By D. B. St. John Roosa, M.D., LL.D., Professor Emeritus of Diseases of the Eye ; Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital ; Surgeon to the Man- hattan Eye and Ear Hospital, etc., author of "A Clinical Manual of Dis- eases of the Eye." Cloth, izmo, $1.00 net. Send for the Lists of Forthcoming Books and of Books Issued during 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MARCH 16, 1899. The Week. Other Congresses have been extrava- gant, but we doubt if any was so urged and hurried into extravagance by the President as was the Fifty-fifth. That is a point to be set down in its favor. It was spendthrift, but it was not so wan- tonly prodigal as the President would have had it be. Not only did no warn- ing against lavish appropriations come from him, such as almost every Presi- dent for years has felt it his duty to utter; not only did he fail to interpose with his veto to save the Treasury one squandered dollar; but by open recom- mendation and private prompting he tried to get Congress to spend some $200,000,000 more than it did. The Nica- ragua Canal bill nominally carried $115,- 000,000, and would surely have led to at least $50,000,000 more, yet Mr. McKinley favored that costly leap into the dark. The shipping subsidies bill stood to take anywhere from $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 out of the Treasury, and the President advised Congress to pass that. He in- formed it that the Hawaiian cable bill, appropriating $2,500,000, was "a para- mount necessity," and should be made law at once. All these Executive incite- ments to extravagance Congress with- stood. It had a more careful regard for the national finances than had their sworn guardian, the President. Never before was such a thing seen in this country— the Chief Magistrate leading in advocacy of reckless expenditure, and the House of Representatives refusing to follow him. It is gratifying to learn that a bill slipped through Congress during the last hours of the session which will work important reforms in the pension sys- tem. One abuse of that system has been the marriage of veterans, sometimes almost in their dotage, to young women, who expect that their husbands will soon die, and that they will thereafter draw widows' pensions for the rest of their lives. The new law provides that no pension shall be granted to the widow of any pensioner who marries him after the approval of this act, on the 3d of March. There are a number of State and national homes for sol- diers, many of the inmates of which, besides being supported by the federal or State Government, have received the full amount of their pensions, like their fellows outside. The new law provides that, when a pensioner enters such a home, one-half of his allowance shall be paid to his wife or to his minor children. Under the old system, a pen- sioner with a family might desert his wife and children and still draw the full amount of his pension. The new law provides that, when a pensioner is guilty of such desertion, one-half of his pension shall be paid to his family. Senator Foraker, an Ohio man who takes pains to say that he is not get- ting the smallest "piece" of the "good things going" in this Ohio Administra- tion, secured the adoption of an amend- ment to the army bill which not only is a bit of cold devilishness, but is calcu- lated to bring to naught the most be- nevolent plans of the President and his friends to "assimilate" Cuba. This amendment reads: "And provided further, That no franchises or concessions of any kind what- ever shall be granted by the United States, or by any military or other authority what- ever, in the island of Cuba during the occu- pation thereof by the United States." What a blow this was to the plans of our most benevolent statesmen, was made clear at once by their outcries. Hanna of Ohio opposed the amendment; so did Piatt of New York; so did Sewell of New Jersey. All these eminent men, brooding night and day on schemes for doing good to the Cubans and (inciden- tally) to themselves, saw immediately that this Foraker amendment would ruin the whole colonial system, and almost make them sorry that they had shed their blood to free Cuba. But a spiteful and narrow-minded Congress passed it nevertheless, and the colonial board ap- pointed by the President to study ques- tions relating to the judiciary, and taxa- tion, and the sale or gift of franchises, railway grants, street-car line conces- sions, electric-light and other municipal monopolies was shunted off from Cuba to Porto Rico. In view of the fact that the new army law compels the President to reduce in rank such men as Gens. Ludlow and Wood, and gives him no opportunity to make Gen. Otis a regular Major-General, the bestowal by Congress of the prized rank of Brigadier-General in the regular army upon Col. Frederick C. Ainsworth has caused no little comment among army men. Formerly a surgeon in the regular service, Gen. Ainsworth, as we must now call him, was made Chief of the Record and Pension Office of the War Department some years ago. By the introduction of a card catalogue, he very rapidly made what had been one of the most useless departments in Washington one of the most serviceable and efficient. In 1892 he received the rank of Colonel, to the amazement of the army, and was borne upon the army register in a place by himself, since he belonged neither to the line nor to the staff. But even this did not satisfy his ambition, and as a result the new army law provided the Brigadier's star for him, besides "creating a place" for John Tweedale, chief clerk of the War Depart- ment, as his assistant with the rank of Major. There are now no good reasons why the head clerks in the Weather Bureau and Agricultural Department should not be Colonels, and we are glad to notice that Mr. McKinley is also of this opinion, since he is said to have promised to bestow a vacant paymaster- ship, with the j-ank of Major, upon an elderly private secretary, hitherto con- tent to be a civilian. Now that a spoilsman has been given charge of the Census Bureau, earnest at- tempts are made to convince the country that it will not be run on the spoils basis. Director Merriam has announced that "all applicants will be subjected to an examination, before appointment, which will be as rigid as the examina- tions before the Civil-Service Commis- sion," and that no political influence will be sufficient to put on the roll any person of whose competency the Direc- tor has not been satisfied, or to keep one who proves on trial to be incompetent. Such a statement from a known believ- er in civil-service reform, like Carroll D. Wright, would carry weight; people would feel no doubt that a Director of this type would live up to it. The diffi- culty about accepting it from Mr. Mer- riam is that, if he were to live up to it, the change of habit would be as great as it would be in Col. Wright's case were he to turn spoilsman. Mr. Merriam got his own place through "pull," not merit; and it will be the most extraordinary thing ever seen if such a man shall hon- estly enforce the merit system among his subordinates. It seems that the appointment of a statistician as Assistant Director of the Census, after a spoilsman' had been placed at the head of the Bureau, was not a matter of choice on the part of the President. The law left him no discre- tion in the premises. It provides that "there shall also be an Assistant Direc- tor of the Census, who shall be an ex- perienced, practical statistician." Even the spoils-seeking Congressmen realized that, with a "practical politician" at the top and the same sort of employees at the bottom, there must be somewhere an official who has had some experience in statistics. But this is almost the only concession to such considerations which we can find in the law. On the other hand, great care was taken by Congress to guard against the entrance of trained men outside the places of Assistant Director and five chief statis-

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194 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1759 ticians, "who shall be persons of known and tried experience in statistical work." One illustration of this is found in the curious provision that "employees in the existing branches of the departmental service, whose services may be specially desired by the Director of the Census, not exceeding six in f liberty, Of thee I slDg." In this way the Government would get

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March 16, i The Nation 195 its revenue much more surely than at present, nobody would be vexed, in- convenienced, or detained; everybody, even poor teachers or professors, would pay the dollar gladly. We will under- take, for our own part, to pay two dol- lars. Is it not astonishing that when two statesmen like Messrs. Gage and Howell set about concocting such a god- like "regulation," this scheme did not occur to them? We ask all our readers boldly if they know of any American business man of mature age who, if he was going to frame a regulation that was likely to annoy and insult many thousands of his fellow-citizens, would not wait to see by his books how much it would bring in to his account, and, on discovering that the amount was very small, would not ask himself whether there was not some easier and less offensive way of bringing in the same amount? The desire of the people in Fort Wrangel, Alaska, to be set off from the United States to Canada, in order to get decent government, seems natural enough when we learn what sort of offi- cials the Washington authorities have been sending there. Gov. Brady of Alaska is authority for the statement that there are sixty men in whose hands is the government of the Territory; that "they have no interests in Alaska except to grab whatever they can and get away"; that "they are like a lot of hun- gry codfish" ; and that "seven of these officials, 11 per cent, of the entire gov- ernment, are now under indictment for malfeasance in office." As one sample of the methods pursued, he cites the fact that our Government prohibits the sale of liquor, and yet collects a revenue from its sale. As illustrations of the way that the liquor laws are enforced, Gov. Brady says that he has known judges who would try a "joinf'-keeper, and then go to his saloon for a drink with him; and that one of the officials now under indictment was proved to have made a raid on a "joint," and then turned around and sold the liquor back to the saloon-keeper! "The native has no re- spect for such a government," says Gov. Brady, "and who can blame him?" "The way that' those appointments are made is abominable," is another of his com- ments. All this is more important for its bearing upon the future of "our new possessions" than upon the present of a possession which we have had for more than thirty years. One expansionist at least has got his eyes open to the sig- nificance of the Fort Wrangel incident. In a speech on Saturday evening Gov. Roosevelt said: "Have you read in the papers that an Alaskan town wants to be transferred to Ca- nada? It wants to get from under our flag merely because no one has thought it worth while to give Alaska good government. If we govern the Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Hawaii as we have governed Alaska, we shall have the same results." The eleven car-loads of our citizens who journeyed to Albany last week in the interest of the Amsterdam Avenue bill, received an object-lesson in the modern science of government which should be of great value to them. They learned more in a few hours about the wonderful system under which they are living in this city than years of quiet observation and experience have been able to teach them. They went con- fident that Croker was with them, that he would exercise his absolute power over the Tammany members of the Legislature in favor of their bill, and they were even able to think kindly of him for thus exercising his power in the interests of the people. Surely a boss who was willing to exert his influence for good in this way could not be such a very bad man after all. Possibly the stories about his using his great power mainly for purposes of blackmail might be mere inventions of his enemies. The newspapers are shamefully reckless about charges of this kind against public men, you know. Well, they arrived in Albany, and went to the "halls of legis- lation." They were received by the Senators, and an adjournment of five minutes was voted in order that they might shake hands with the statesmen. Then the Senate reassembled, and the visiting citizens were treated to what the Boys call a "whirl." The bill that they desired to have passed was taken up, and an amendment was proposed which meant its death. It was opposed valiantly by the champions of the mea- sure, and defended with great plausi- bility by the leading statesmen who re- present the eminent Mr. Croker in the Senate, assisted by the leading statesmen who represent the eminent Mr. Piatt in the same body. A vote was taken, and these two bodies of leading statesmen were discovered to be working heartily together for the amendment that would nullify the bill. What did that mean? Why, simply that the "orders" of the two bosses had either been different from what the visiting citizens had been assured they were, or else the represen- tatives of the bosses had misunder- stood them. While the visiting citizens were try- ing to unravel this mystery, there came a second "whirl" to add to their con- fusion. No sooner had word reached the Assembly that the Senate had amended the bill, than the latter body turned about and passed it in its original form without amendment. Strangely enough, this action was taken by the same com- bination of boss-representatives that had succeeded in amending the bill in the Senate. Indeed, in making the combina- tion in the Assembly, the Battery liquor- dealer who 'has the honor to be the personal representative of Mr. Croker in that body, announced that the "gen- tleman who has the honor to preside over and direct the affairs of the city of i\Vw York told me on Sunday night that he did not want the Democratic organi- zation of Tammany Hall to oppose or vote against this bill." That silenced all opposition, as well it might. It was in the nature of a royal edict. When word of it reached the Senate, the repre- sentatives in that body of the "gentle- man who has the honor to preside over and direct the affairs of the city of New York" were dumfounded, of course. They must have misunderstood their orders, but, whether they did or not, they were determined to adhere to their amendment to the bill. What is the result? Simply what is known at Al- bany as a "see-saw." Each house will make it a "matter of principle" to stand by its bill. The Senate will insist upon its amendment as vital; the Assembly will insist that to permit the amendment to prevail will destroy the usefulness of the bill. Consequence — no legislation. The native hue of resolution is being sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought on more than our side of the water. In other words, the bills have begun to come in, and there is such a difference in one's spirits usually between the time when one is spending and the time when one is paying! In England there is a huge deficit in the revenue for the year, and the newspapers are warning the Chancellor of the Exchequer not to add to the income tax, but there is, of course, no general agreement as to the exact place where he is to get the money. The protectionists are all alive with the hope of getting a tax on corn and other farm products, that will make the landlords and farmers happy, and make the labor- er share more fully in the work of civilizing the "brown man" and get a piece of "the glory." But ever since Lowe tried to tax lucifer-matches, Chan- cellors have been chary about direct taxes on the common people which these can see too plainly, as they have no Griggs in England to tell the working people about "glory." We may feel sure that from this time forward the "white man's burden" will begin to feel too heavy for comfort. We are rapidly en- tering on the educational period, in fact, for expanding democracies. No drunken fit ever fails to be followed by a period of headache and reflection. Then we fear the great "alliance" of last year of the two branches of the Anglo-Saxon race is not "panning out" as was ex- pected. Conquering America is not what they thought it in England. The cam- paigns in Cuba and the Philippines have not made America seem such a help against the "brown man" as was ex- pected. The beef, and Alger, and Eagan. and the prodigious bard-like literature of the war have offended English taste, and even J'unch has ventured to satirize Hobson's osculatory performances.

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196 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1759 "CHAOS." The expansionists have begun to threaten us with "chaos" if they stop killing people with machine-guns in the Philippines, just as they threatened us with "a renewal of the war" if the treaty with Spain was not promptly ratified, concealing from us carefully who was to renew it. One thing they apparently do not see, and that is that they are ac- customing us to "chaos." What are we doing but establishing chaos and carry- ing it on as a sort of business in which we are proud to excel? What is chaos but gun government, many thousands of deaths by violence, absence of civil law, great sense of insecurity among the peaceable, daily growth among large bodies of the population of intense ha- tred and study of revenge towards the people claiming the government, inde- finite postponement of peace and order and trade and commerce and industry? Why, bless your innocent souls, expan- sionists dear, chaos has been the normal state of the Filipinos for generations, and what we thought you were going to do was to put an end to it. Now you tell us that if you stop killing the Fili- pinos and try kindness and conciliation, "chaos" will begin. But there cannot he worse chaos than you are carrying on. Every dispatch from Gen. Otis tells of chaos, and nothing else. It tells only of skirmishes, slaughters, assassinations, burnings, of the general destruction around Manila of all the works of civili- zation, of the death of thousands of half- civilized men, solely because you choose to call them "rebels," though they have never acknowledged your authority, and you have not a particle of claim to their allegiance except what is based on a bogus purchase from a bankrupt vendor —and you Americans! The truth is that we, "foremost in the files of time," have simply bought the good will of a chaos business from a broken-down old dealer, the last left in the world, and have be- gun to carry it on at the old stand in precisely the old way, except that we are substituting Protestantism for Catholicism, enlightenment for supersti- tion, Amerian bragging and blowing for Spanish bragging and blowing, and keen, effective slaughter for Spanish old- fashioned, clumsy slaughter. We are, in fact, trying to do exactly what the Spaniards were trying to do— that is, hold down a wild people against their will 8,000 miles away. We are trying to do what Spain tried to do in all the Spa- nish-American republics and in Cuba, without success, and with a government much less adapted to the work than Spain's. Our government was made for peaceable, industrious, homogeneous, Protestant men. We are abandoning our ploughs and looms to engage in the old detestable Spanish business of "chaos"-makingand "concentrading," for which we have'neither fitness nor expe- rience. What do we think of a conquer- ing Power whose Secretary of War had to quit the army to avoid court-martial, and promptly uses his authority to serve decayed beef to the troops, whose Commissary-General blackguards the Commanding General in a carefully composed essay in the language of a drab in the stews, and is rewarded by the Executive with six years' vacation on full pay? To be a successful con- queror you must not only have guns and soldiers, but a conqueror's manners and the ways of a conqueror, and you must modify your Christianity. Many good people who do not approve of "chaos" are asking themselves in a helpless way, "What are we to do? we are in for it," and so on. Well, we luckily know something about these "rebels" from the experience of the Spaniards— that the "rebels" rely mainly on their climate and the wide and scat- tered nature of their territory. All the difficulties will be much greater for us than for them, except cannonading from the shore— that is, a few miles. If the rebels will not accept our rule through conciliation, we can avoid a long war and great loss of life and probable ulti- mate relinquishment of the enterprise only by leaving the islands to their own devices. We assure those who are afraid of anarchy and chaos that there will be less of that in the native way than in ours. All Spanish-American states have had anarchy at first. But sooner or later there comes to the top a man of their own blojd, race, and reli- gion who understands them, and he gets hold of power, has a following among them, and eventually establishes some kind of government suited to the wants of their civilization. We have under- taken this enterprise through the advice of men who know nothing of the sub- ject, backed by adventurous youths who wanted the fun of war, and parsons who had grown tired of Christianity. They wanted to spread the Gospel with im- proved weapons instead of the old pikes the Spaniards used to spread it with. THE NEGLECT OF HAWAII. If the action of Congress, or, rather, its failure to take action, respecting the government of Hawaii were a fair indi- cation of the benevolent attention which our island territories are likely to re- ceive from us, they might be tempted to think their last state worse than their first. The case seemed clear for prompt legislation. There has been no war in Hawaii. No preliminary work of paci- fication was necessary. The islands, moreover, had long been accustomed to a representative government. The in- habitants were ready for some form of local rule under American sovereignty. Full material for judgment was before Congress; a commission had made an exhaustive report and offered a bill; Ha- waiians and Americans alike declared the matter to be one of great urgency; yet Congress did just nothing at all. We forget — it did one thing: it extended our navigation laws to the Hawaiian Isl- ands. They asked for the bread of a territorial government, and we gave them the stone of an obsolete and re- strictive shipping law. That the affair may stand out in its true light, we set forth the successive steps which seemed to lead straight up to legislative action, but which led only to legislative neglect. The joint reso- lution of July 7, 1898, annexing the isl- ands, declared that the Congress of the United States "shall provide for the gov- ernment of such islands." In order that Congress might be able to act intelligent- ly, the resolution further provided for the appointment of a commission to "re- commend to Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as they shall deem necessary or proper." Such a commission was duly appointed by the President, visited the islands, and made a report to Congress which, with re- commendations, filled 560 pages. Presi- dent McKinley brought the whole matter to the attention of Congress. He said, with his beautiful faith in Congress, that he "believed" the recommendations of the Commission would receive from Con- gress "the earnest consideration due to the magnitude of the responsibility rest- ing upon you." But a President who "believed" that would believe anything. Congress simply chucked the whole thing overboard. It would not even discuss the bills for Hawaiian government. Its way of dealing with the magnitude of responsibility is to ignore it altogether. Even when the President sent in a spe- cial message to remind it that at least a bill to lay a cable to Hawaii was "a paramount necessity before the close of the present Congress," Congress coolly said, "Oh, you think so, do you?" and threw his message into the waste-basket. There was particular reason for haste in legislating for Hawaii because the resolution of annexation had left the islands in a very awkward legal situa- tion. The Hawaiian Supreme Court had held that the jurisdiction of the local courts had been seriously impaired. They were inhibited from passing on all cases arising under the laws or the Constitution of the United States, yet no court of competent jurisdiction had been erected in their stead. All admiralty questions, for example, are indefinitely hung up in Hawaii, because no court has jurisdiction to try them. It seemed that the least Congress could do was to pass a remedial bill to cure this unlucky legal muddle of its own creating. But it did nothing. The Hawaiians cried out for relief, but 2,000 miles is a long way for the human voice to carry, especially when there is so much louder and nearer a clamor from the "deestricts." A Con- gressman could not well be expected to

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March 16, 1899] The ISTation. 197 attend to the jurisdiction of a court in Honolulu when he had to spend his days and nights hustling for a new court- house in Liberty Corners. There must be a moral in all this, but we will leave the expansionists to draw it. They told us how the horizon of Congress was to be "broadened" by hav- ing to legislate for distant possessions. They explained how inevitable it would be that a more serious tone and a higher statesmanship should result from our plunging into world-politics, as the Ger- mans say. The way to develop a sense of responsibility was to undertake new duties; that is, to cure a weak back, pile on more burdens. Well, we know that the case of Hawaii must prove all this to be true, for the expansionists are never mistaken, but they ought to ex- plain at least to the wondering Hawaii- ans just how it all happened, and how the wisdom and benevolence of Congress were displayed towards the islanders by letting them severely alone. The real reason of the failure of the Hawaiian bills to receive any attention from Congress is, we presume, the "short session." When legislation is in a state of chronic congestion, and desperate ef- forts have to be made to get through the bills necessary to keep the Government going, it takes a powerful push indeed to get any other measure to the front. If the Hanna-Payne ship-subsidy bill, with its enormous bribes, its tremendous ar- ray of selfish interests in support of it, could not get a hearing, it is not, perhaps, surprising that the Hawaiian bills were turned out of doors. Nor do we suppose any serious or lasting harm will be caus- ed by delay. The courts in Hawaii will find some way to punish crime. The men in control of the Hawaiian govern- ment will manage to keep the concern going. They and we shall flounder along in the good old American way. As for confident predictions, one way or the other, what the effect of all this on Ame- rican political life will be, we decline to make any, except that which a wise English critic made when asked what he thought would be the effect on English literature of the disappearance of the three-volume novel. He said he did not precisely know, but was sure it would leave English literature very much what it was before. LOBBYISTS AND LEGISLATORS. The lobbyist has been much under dis- cussion in Indiana during the session of the Legislature which ended a few days ago. Gov. Mount, who is a plain-spoken sort of Executive, took up the matter in his message to the Legislature, and said: "The lobbyist who seeks to dominate legis- lation adversely to the public weal is an enemy to the public good. Hired lobbyists are a menace to free government. The time is rapidly approaching when the hired tool of corporate greed will be excluded from the halls of legislation. The just law that com- mends itself needs no schemer, with doubtful methods, to secure its enactment. Labor is the creative power of wealth. Workingmen from the farm, the mines, and the shops cannot become lobbyists. They have not the means to this end. Business men and the common people have not the time. It becomes, therefore, the sacred duty of law- makers to look after the people and to see to it that no inroads are made upon their rights." Indiana newspapers agree that there was abundant warrant for such talk by the Governor. "Every State in the Union has suffered more or less from lobby- ists," says the Indianapolis Journal, "and none more than Indiana." During the last ten years a number of important reforms have been carried through the Legislature. The Journal testifies that "every measure of progress and reform that has been enacted in the State has been passed over the opposition of a lobby determined to maintain conditions favorable to a few and unfavorable to the masses." Radical measures of reform were sought from this year's Legislature when it met last January — particularly in the matters of township and county govern- ment. Both parties had pledged them- selves during the campaign last fall to favor such legislation, but, when the ses- sion opened, it was found that a power- ful lobby had been organized, with the purpose of defeating the reform. A local observer reports that this lobby em- braced all who had been profiting under the old system — extravagant and dis- honest county commissioners; greedy county officers, to whom such commis- sioners had been "very kind"; party bosses who live on the crumbs of corrup- tion that fall from political tables; court- house rings, bridge-building companies, stationery and blank-book-supply houses, county officers who are reformers before election and fee-grabbers after, plausible citizens who are "in favor of real reform but not of this bill," small politicians who think that platform pledges are made to catch votes — in short, every per- son who had profited or hoped to profit under the old system. At the head of this formidable combination was the As- sociation of County Officers, which op- posed the bills of 1891 and 1895, substi- tuting salaries for fees, and is still try- ing to undermine and whittle away the law on that subject which is now in force. The shamelessness of these lobbyists increased as the contest over the reform measures grew close, and their impu- dence became remarkable. When the important vote on passing one bill to its third reading was being taken, one of the lobbyists slipped into the seat of a Representative, near the rear of the hall, who was absent. When the Repre- sentative's name was called, this lob- byist sang out, "No"; the clerk caught the response, and recorded him as voting in the negative. The lobbyist then slip- ped out of the seat, priding himself upon having secured the recording of a sup- porter of the bill against its passage — although the scheme did not succeed, as two or three members had observed the trick, and made the clerk expunge the false vote. The legislative reporter of the Sentinel who related this incident, wrote that "there is no adequate way of describing the impudence of some of these lobby- ists," and he gave these further illus- trations of their methods: "They slip into the seats of members, and pester them by sending pages in constantly with requests that they come out into the lobbies. One lobbyist from Shelby County has made himself especially obnoxious. When pleading tactics will not avail, he attempts to bulldoze, and several of the members will no longer pay any attention to his cards when he sends them in. As the strife over the bill becomes more acute, the lobbyists for the county officers are assuming more and more the attitude that they own the House of Representatives, body and soul, and are no longer as sly and secretive as they were." What shall be done about such a scandal? The natural reply to such a question, considering the American ten- dency to seek relief in a statute, is to pass a law to stop it. Years ago there were a good many people who thought that the only thing necessary to put an end to lobbying was to enact some sort of law. An experiment in this line was made in Massachusetts, some time ago; but, after thorough trial, there is a general agreement that little of real value has been effected by the regis- tration of men who claimed the right to urge or oppose measures before the Le- gislature, or by the attempt to restrict their activity. The only sure way to get rid of lobbyists is to have legislators who cannot be influenced by their me- thods. No law was required to keep lobbyists from slipping into the seats of members at Indianapolis, and answering on roll-call to the names of absent Rep- resentatives; no statute was necessary to prevent legislators from answering calls to leave their seats and meet lob- byists outside the chamber. A sense of decency should be sufficient to make short work of all such tactics. The great trouble at Indianapolis • was the tenderness of the law-makers towards the lobbyist. Even when the fellow was caught trying to falsify the roll-call, nothing was done except to correct the record by those who discovered his vil- lany. No law was ever needed to protect George F. Edmunds and Justin S. Mor- rill, Allen G. Thurman and Thomas F. Bayard, from the approaches of lobby- ists. No body of law-makers composed of such Republicans and Democrats as these men would ever suffer from cor- rupt attempts to influence its action. A Legislature could not be composed of men with such talents as these leaders at Washington possessed, but there is no reason why men of as high character as theirs should not be chosen. Without legislators whom lobbyists know that they cannot affect, there is little hope 01 abolishing the lobby.

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198 The Nation* [Vol. 68, No. 1759 NEW YORE CHURCHES. For the origin of the troubles in the West Presbyterian Church of this city it is necessary to go back to the time when the late Jay Gould was one of its shining lights. His religious walk and conversation inevitably had a me- tallic ring. The style of preaching fitted to v/in his approval had necessarily to be very practical, and the management of church affairs in his day was above re- proach on the financial side. The West Church was then, in fact, known as "the brokers' church." It used to be whis- pered about, in an awed way, how many "millions" every Sunday Dr. Paxton was in the habit of preaching to. We forget what the total was, but it was certainly large enough to make the Almighty think twice, as the French nobleman said, before damning men with such bank accounts. Several years of this in- tensely practical religion could not but bring about in the trustees of the church a state of mind which made it seem to them the most natural thing in the world to ask their pastor to resign, not because he was not eloquent or godly, or successful in drawing the unchurched to his ministrations — for it is agreed that Dr. Evans has been all these — but because there is a shortage in the money receipts. Just what the financial situation of the West Church is, seems to be in dispute. A mortgage of $45,000 on the church property is said to be held by one of the trustees, Mr. Russell Sage. We have heard it said that Mr. Sage ceased at- tending the Brick Church and "took a pew" in the West Church for reasons not unconnected with this mortgage, but of this we know nothing. Reporters tried to get light from Mr. Sage on the whole case on Sunday, but, owing to his severe rule never to discuss even semi- worldly subjects on the Sabbath, they failed. There is, however, no doubt whatever that financial reasons alone led to the de- mand that the pastor resign. He should not have been surprised at this, consider- ing how the pecuniary note was made dominant in the church during so many years. As one of the indignant younger members is quoted as saying, in those days no one who could not pay $500 for a pew was wanted. Heaven was then de- scribed from the pulpit as a sort of glorified Wall Street. It would be an exaggeration to say that this West Church case is typical. We should be sorry to say we thought it was. Yet there is no doubt that it suggests one of the perplexing and diffi- cult problems which confront many pas- tors and churches in New York city. We need not specify the many in during the past few years of ministers of different denominations and in vari- ous parts of the city being practically compelled to surrender their pulpits, on the ground thai the cash returns from their ministry were not satisfactory, however the case might be with the spiritual returns. Church trustees in New York have a terribly business-like way of looking at these matters. They have not a word to say against their pastor. He is a good man and a good preacher; but the Midases have given up their pew, the Georgeouses advertise theirs for sale, and what are you going to do? This is their hard-headed way of interpreting the promise they made when calling their minister, to leave him "free from worldly cares." Worldly care is, in fact, the thing which breaks down ten clergymen to one who succumbs to spiritual burdens. The truth is, we believe, that few men outside of New York realize the enor- mous difficulties of the work of a pastor in this city. Most vacant pulpits are filled by drafts on country towns, and the country clergymen must be rare who are not surprised by the stress and strain of a New York pastorate. Many of them succeed, of course, and of them we hear most. They are the ones who are pointed to as showing the influence and power of a New York pulpit. But the many who fail, and who go away broken in health and spirit and with ruined prospects, are forgotten; and it still remains a subject of congratulation when a preacher who has had great suc- cess in a town or small city receives a "call" to New York. Too often it is a call only to fierce competition, to in- cessant and heart-breaking labor, to overwhelminganxietic s, and to final fail- ure. But the illusion will doubtless per- sist, and the great prizes of the pulpit in New York will be striven for as dili- gently as ever by the rural clergy. It will be noted that this peculiar kind of church trouble is rarely heard of ex- cept among the non-episcopal churches. Independent churches seem to struggle for life more fiercely. One is all the while bidding against another. In the same denomination a certain kind of "comity" is usually observed in not lo- cating one church too near another; but rival sects show little consideration, and push for eligible sites on "the avenue" as eagerly as if they were so many clubs. Yet even the episcopally govern- ed churches steadily abandon the poor- er sections of the city, and show how powerful the financial motive is with them, too, as indeed it seems that it must be with any voluntary church. Doubtless in time some scheme will be evolved amounting to endowment of churches in the parts of the city where the people are not able to support them. But at present the situation is one which saddens and burdens many hard-work- ing pastors and workers among the poor. They steadily feel the pain and humilia- tion of seeing Christianity given a mer- cenary aspect — an aspect which, to most of us, is only occasionally and disagree- ably brought home by such an incident as the action of the trustees of the West Church. THE BICYCLE IN GREECE. Athens, January 25, 1899. It has been repeatedly suggested to me, by the regrets of a considerable number of the members of the American School at Athens, that I should give some public expression to the utility of the bicycle in Greece. I put aside certain temptations to praise the bicy- cle generally, and speak of it only as a help here in the study of archaeology. Every year men come to us saying: "I left my wheel at home, thinking it would be of little use in this rough country." After some reflection on the difficulty of having it sent over after them, they rent wheels a few times, after which, deterred partly by the awkwardness of having to hunt up a wheel for every little excursion, and partly by suf- fering from the poorer quality of wheels that are to be had on loan, they drop the habit of bicycling. But the wheel has been so keenly appreciated here by generations of students that this dropping out is to be very much deprecated. Archaeology does not con- sist entirely in the study of books and mu- seums. That it does largely so consist it must be confessed; but a legitimate and impor- tant part of Greek archaeology is the know- ledge of the face of the country; the tracing out of its ancient routes, going over the passes and climbing now and then a moun- tain; the skirting its coasts; the visiting its places of great renown; the studying of its battle-fields; and the seeing of the land- scapes on which rested the eyes of Pericles and Epaminondas, of Sophocles and Pindar. Especially important is this for one who has but one year to spend in Greece. It is well for bim, even at the expense of some time which might well be spent in the museum or in the library, so to fill his mind with the landscapes of Greece that, when he goes back and stands before his classes and speaks, for example, of Leuctra, he may be looking with the mind's eye upon the slopes down which the Spartans came charging, the opposite slope where the Thebans stood, and the val- ley between, where they clashed. The class is then sure to catch some of this vivid pre- sentation, and feel that they have almost seen Leuctra themselves. If, then, one should spend the whole of his year in museums and libraries, we might say to him, "This ought ye to have done, and not to have left the other undone." Granted that one wishes to see the coun- try and to become familiar with it, so that he will read Greek history, and Greek poetry, too, with other eyes, the bicycle becomes evi- dently indispensable. To take an example: One morning, to shake off a headache incur- red by sitting too long in a close room at an invaluable meeting of the German School the night before, I bicycled with a member of our School, who had never been there be- fore, to Liopesi (Paeania), the birthplace of Demosthenes, stayed long enough to chat with the villagers and take a glass of their resined wine, with which one is supposed to drink in the gift of talking modern Greek, and came back to Athens all in three hours, taking it very leisurely at> that, and return- ing by a roundabout way, reaching home full of oxygen and sans headache. We might have walked, to be sure, but not to Paeania, unless we had given the whole day to it. Railroads will take you already to many

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March 16, 1899] The Nation. 199 parts of Greece, and in a few years, if the affairs of the country go well, you will be able to proceed by rail from the northern border of Thessaly to Kalamata at the south- ern end of Messenia. But even railroads cannot do all for us which the bicycle does. Exercise, open air, and, perhaps more than all, the delight in propelling one's self, wi.l make one prefer the wheel. We can reach Eleusis by bicycle as quickly as the train takes us, and chcose our own time for starting, without the alternative of sitting some time at the station or losing the train. There are many other charming spots in Attica where no railroad comes in to help. Marathon and Salamis are two such places, to which we make excursions every year. Last year some of us rode out on Thanks- giving Day through Deceleia to a point where we saw Oropus and the Eubcean Gulf at our feet, and Dirphys, the highest moun- tain in Eubcea, rising opposite us, and then turned around with the recollection of one of the finest views in the world to add to enjoyment of our Thanksgiving dinner. In twenty minutes, had we so wished, we could have been in Oropus. On any day one can start out from Athens and reach the end of Attica in any direction and get home to an early dinner. In fact, we have some- times taken dinner at home after straying as far as Megara and Thebes. The acquaint- ance which some members of our School have gained with Attica, in all its nooks and cor- ners, by single day's bicycle-riding, is some- thing noteworthy; and when, in 1897, on Thanksgiving Day, we turned out ten men for a ride across Salamis to Megara for a luncheon, and came home by the shore road, we felt considerable esprit dc corps. The notion which foreigners have of the roads of Greece, that they are bad com- pared with those of other countries, is an error. A bicycle journey through Italy and Sicily disabused me of that notion. The worst road that I ever tried was that be- tween Caserta and Naples, and the next worse was that leading into Rome from the north. There are, of course, some bad roads in Greece; but even Sicily, to say nothing of worse roads in Italy, cured me of com- plaining against Greece. For a pure plea- sure ride, the road between Tripolitza and Sparta would be hard to match anywhere in the world. It is in capital condition, and, on account of its gentle grade, involves very little walking. Six hours suffice for the journey in either direction, and the view either way is superb. The ride through TEtolia and Acarnania, regions considered half civilized in the classical period of Greek history, but always fine in natural beauty, with big lakes, and rivers that "move in majesty" (a rare thing in Greece), hedged in by high mountains, is perhaps the best in Greece. One rides from the shore of the Corinthian Gulf opposite Patras to Arta (Ambracia) in two days, with a comfortable night at Agrinion. passing the historic Missoknghi and visiting the ruins of Caly- don, Pleuron, CEniadae, Stratos, Limnasa, and Amphilochian Argos, wThile to the right and left are other ruins which invite one to make detours if one is not in a hurry. And one ought not to omit the recently excavated Thermon, the ancient capital of ^Etolia, even if it does cost an extra day. The long- known and impressive ruins of CEniadae, the chief city in Acarnania, also invite one to linger a whole day instead of spending a few hours in passing. The first five cities of ancient Greece in renown and interest were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Thebes, and Corinth. One can ride from Athens to Thebes or Corinth and back in a single day; he can also easily reach Argos from Athens in a day, and this leaves a rather long day's work for reaching Sparta. Any good bicyclist would find it no great matter to leave Thebes and pay his respects to Athens on the first day, visit Corinth and Argos on the next day, and sleep comfortably at Sparta the next night. Perhaps, however, no better example of what one may enjoy with a bicycle can be given than the journey which I have just finished. Last Thursday the clouds dissi- pated themselves in such a way as to make me believe that we were about to have a few days of that winter weather which is "rarer than a day in June," .and so, taking the train to Eleusis, to spare myself a little at the start, I rode over the famous Treis Kephalai Pass into Boeotia. I thought when I was at the top of the pass that the view presented was the finest in Greece. Not to mention lesser glories, Parnassus was close at hand on the left, Dirphys almost equally close on the left, while very distant, but very clear, directly in front, was "snowy Olympus," a perfect mass of white. After lunching at Thebes, I wheeled easily along to Lebadea, entering it as the setting sun was turning the white mountains into pink. The next day, more clear and beautiful than the first, if that were possible, brought one to Lamia in Thessaly, via Thermopylae. The third day, in order to get a nearer view of Olympus, I rode and climbed up to the top of the ridge which formed the old border between Greece and Turkey, before Thessaly was incorpo- rated into the kingdom of Greece, and on which, in the late war, the Greeks made their last stand after the battle of Domoko. From this point Olympus is, indeed, grander than from the passes of Cithasron, while the whole Pindus range, and the grand isolated peak of Tymphrestus, which some think would prove (if properly measured) to be the highest peak in Greece, stand up in majesty. Parnassus and the Aetolian Mountains make a fine showing on the south. From this point, on this same third day, as clear as the two preceding, I reached Amphissa at evening, after climbing two passes and en- joying new glories at each. It was, in fact, a continuous intoxication, to recover from which it required two days of archaeological study at Delphi. This was, to be sure, al- most equally intoxicating, but, being an in- toxication of another sort, it let me down gently. In three days I had got a glimpse of nearly all Greece in such weather as only a Greek winter can give. Rufus B. Richardson. JOSEPHINE AT THE MALMAISON. Paris, February 24, 1899. M. Frederic Masson has published a sequel to 'Josephine de Beauharnais' in a new vol- ume, entitled "Josephine Imperatrice et Reine.' The transition is perhaps the most interesting epoch in the life of Josephine. The liaixaii with Bonaparte formed at the house of Barras was transformed very rapid- ly into an offer of marriage. At what mo- ment? M. Masson prints a letter, unfortunate- ly without date, which seems to mark the psychological moment; in this letter Bona- parte defends himself against the reproach of not loving Josephine for herself. Eleven days after, having still done the honors of the house of Barras, she accepts Bonaparte's offer. She was thirty-two years old, she had two children; Barras was very fickle and had left her several times already for Ma- dame Tallien. She felt no love for the young general, but her friends told her that he had genius, he wras generous, he was ambi- tious, he was on the point of taking com- mand of a great army. She felt, perhaps if not love, some pity for the young hero who wrote her such ardent letters. She consented, but Bonaparte was really in her eyes a pis-allcr, and she thought sincerely that she was conferring a great favor. M. Masson does not observe the chronolo- gical order in the publication of his volumes. After Josephine's life before her marriage with Bonaparte, he ought to have given us her life in the interval between the mar- riage and the 18th Brumaire and during the Consulate; his new volume takes up Josephine in 1804, when she has become an Empress. The reason is, that this 'Josephine Imperatrice et Reine' had already been pub- lished apart in a splendid edition by Goupil, which was too dear for the general public. The new volume gives only the text of this magnificent edition, but M. Masson has add- ed to it a fresh chapter on the Mal- maison, the house which Josephine inhabited ■ during the Consulate and after her divorce. The Malmaison deserves a special mention all the more because it is on the point of becoming a great Bonapartist museum. A rich financier has recently bought what re- mains of it, with the intention of making a complete restoration of the place which will always be identified with the time of the Consulate. The Malmaison is situated on a bend of the Seine, in the pretty region, so well known to the painters, which com- prises Rueil, Bougival, Marly, and St. Ger- main. At the time when Josephine was Ma- dame de Beauharnais, she lived much at Croiss,y, which is in the same region. She was there in 1792, again in 1793; she re- turned to Croissy on coming out of prison. She saw from Croissy, on the opposite side of the river, the chateau of Malmaison, with its high roofs; it became the home of her dreams, though it was not very architec- tural, only a central part with two side pavilions; and fifteen windows in all on the fagade. "Near the chateau there was a farm ; the park was not very large ; there were some vineyards besides (there are still some vineyards in that neighborhood, where peo- ple make a little wine as sour as the fa- mous wine of Suresnes or Argenteuil)." The name of Malmaison comes from mala domus; it is rather common in France. In 1771 the chateau belonged to a famille de robe connected with the Parlement, an intellectual family, as was apt to be the case. After the Revolution, it was in the hands of the only fcrmier-general who had not been guillotined, M. du Moley. He was in need of money; Josephine took Bonaparte to Malmaison immediately after her mar- riage; an offer of 250,000 francs for it was made, but the negotiation was interrupted by the expedition to Egypt. In his absence M. de Moley sold the house to Josephine, in her own name, as she was married scparee de biens. The price of the house was 225,- 000 francs; the furniture was bought for 37,- 516 francs. As soon as possible Josephine established herself at the Malmaison. She was dying to play the part of a dame de ehdteau. "The first person whom she in-

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200 The ]STation [Vol. 68, No. 1759 stalls In it Is Citizen Charles, the ex-assistant to the Adjutant-General of the army of Italy; Charles, the boute-en-train, the calembouriste, with whom she likes to prolong in the night, or under the indiscreet rays of the sun, sentimental journeys in the great avenues. 'How she loves her brother !' say the peasants of Rueil, who see her through the grille on their way to the Halles." Josephine had debts; she could not bring herself to sell the jewels which Bonaparte had given her after the Italian campaign. She had borrowed money to pay for the Malmaison; she had not paid her taxes; she owed money to everybody, even to her servants. Her Bonaparte relations refused to help her; but, with the unconsciousness and levity of a true Creole, she continued to spend, to buy whatever pleased her. With a childish pleasure she showed her neighbors her pearls, her diamonds, her cameos, and, in her house, the pictures, statues, mosaics which had been presented to Bonaparte in Italy. It was time that Bonaparte should return; he did return. He did not go to the Malmaison, but to the Rue de la Victoire, where took place the famous scene in which Bonaparte, who had come back determined on divorce, was reconquered by Josephine. While in Egypt his relations had informed against her, he had written her the most angry letters; he had the most serious grounds for a divorce, but he could not resist the tears and entreaties of Josephine. They were reconciled, and she at once took him to the Malmaison. "It was," says M. Masson, "a real home for one who had never lived anywhere but in colleges, schools, barracks, huts, palaces, inns, through which he went having nothing but what he wore on his body; now he has a house which he can call his own, a garden where he can cool his ardor, a few acres of which he can call himself master; and he pays, but in his own name, not in the name of Josephine, the 210,000 francs still due to Du Moley; he pays the rest, the clamorous debts— all he is asked to pay for." ■ The coup i'itat of Brumaire follows almost immediately upon the return from Egypt; and as soon as the blow is struck, as soon as Bonaparte feels himself master of France, he goes to the Malmaison for repose. For a moment he thinks of leading a quiet life, of playing the Cincinnatus; but he cannot keep quiet, and, having nothing better to do, he summons architects. He confers with Fon- taine, the architect of the day, and orders changes and additions to the Malmaison. He must have a larger dining-room, a library, etc. When he returns to Italy, Josephine su- perintends the works. Six hundred thousand francs were spent on all these additions and improvements. Pictures were ordered for the Malmaison from all the good painters of the time — Gerard, Girodet, and others. The sub- jects were: "Ossian evoking phantoms to the sound of the harp on the shores of the Lora" and "Ossian and the warriors receiving in Valhalla the French warriors who had died for their country." Ossian was a great favorite with Bonaparte. "You have had a grand idea," said Bonaparte to Girodet, who had chosen this last subject; "the figures are really phantoms; I recognize the generals." Other pictures represented "The First Con- sul sleeping with fatigue at the passage of the Alps," and "General Bonaparte on the summit of the Alps." The painters of that time had very singular notions of the Alps, but had Napoleon himself not told Gros to represent him in thf> Alps "calm on a fiery horse"? Portraits of Josephine, of Madame the mother of Bonaparte, completed the deco- ration of the great salons. In other rooms there were Pompeiian decorations on panels: vases, tables in stucco, busts of all sorts. The whole ornamentation was in that style which we call the Empire, afterwards much neg- lected and despised, and, strangely enough, now coming again into fashion. Josephine spent much of her time in dis- cussion with the architects and with her gar- deners—more, 1 suspect, than with her li- brarian, for there was also a library at the Malmaison. The librarian was Father Du- puy, who received a salary of 3,600 francs a year. He was a Minim of Brienne, whom Bonaparte had not forgotten. All the books at the Malmaison were modestly bound in calf, and bore on their covers the monogram P. B. (Pagerie-Bonaparte). When they were sold, there was a printed sale catalogue, but I have never been able to procure it. It would be interesting to know what books Josephine and Bonaparte read during the Consulate. Many of the volumes, however, were presents. The most important were the great works printed at the Imprimerie Na- tionale, such as the famous 'Description de l'Egypte,' a folio which can still be picked up at a moderate price. Josephine was passionately fond of flow- ers; she had hot-houses and a botanical garden. She appointed Redoute (author of a fine work on roses) to be her flower-paint- er, and authorized him to publish the 'Jardin de la Malmaison,' a beautiful work, which cost her in all 130,000 francs. Josephine's expenditures were so great that Napoleon had to make a yearly budget, but it was never respected, and there were always ex- traordinary credits to be opened. M. Masson enters into the most minutp details con- cerning all the improvements and additions devised by Josephine — temples, grottoes, ar- tificial rocks, bridges, statues, vases, Eng- lish gardens, antiquities, columns, ancient pictures, mineralogical cabinets. Napoleon grew by degrees tired of the Malmaison; he lost his interest in it when he was able to take the Palace of Saint- Cloud as a residence. The Malmaison, how- ever, is near Saint-Cloud, and Josephine, even when she became Empress, always con- sidered the Malmaison as a home. It seemed to her a sort of material tie between Napo- leon and herself; her perpetual fear of a divorce rendered dearer to her the house in which she had lived with Napoleon before dynastic preoccupations took possession of him. She knew that the Malmaison would be her retreat if the divorce was pronounced, and if Napoleon took a second wife. When Napoleon installed himself at Saint-Cloud, his first care was to build a good road be- tween the Malmaison and Saint-Cloud. Jo- sephine bought land along that road, when she found an opportunity. Her dream was to be able to go to Saint-Cloud without going out of her own land. It is to be hoped that the Malmaison will soon be restored. In its present state you would hardly recognize it as it figures in the engravings of the time and as it is described in M. Masson's book. This book will be a valuable document for those who have under- taken the restoration. It will be very diffi- cult, if not impossible, to acquire all the land which once belonged to Josephine's estate, as it has been sold in lots, and is partially covered with villas. The restoration of the ancient park is less important than the re- storation of the chateau, which is a very easy task; and when once the chateau is re- built on its former plan, and furnished in its old style, probably many gifts will be made to the museum, which will help to give it the character of a true museum of a very definite and historically very important pe- riod. Correspondence. THE RIGHTS OF MAN AT THE WEST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: To a man born, educated, and train- ed in the East and long resident In the Middle West, there are many opportunities for observing the really essential differences of temperament and character between the citizens of those sections. In perhaps no- thing is that divergence more manifest than in the attitude of those two sections to- wards the Philippine question. How the plain citizen feels in the East about the question I have no means of knowing at first hand, but it is quite evident in my mind that the plain people of the West are almost unanimously in favor of expansion. To explain precisely why would be a hard task; but there seem to be at least two con- siderable factors in producing this popular feeling. Our people— and I mean by that farmers and inhabitants of small towns, cities, and villages in the Mississippi valley— our peo- ple feel in the first place that they are just as good as any other people on earth, indi- vidually and collectively. Having never come in contact with others superior to their own class, this illusion has never been jostled ap- preciably. Intensely, perhaps fanatically, pa- triotic, they are great readers of newspapers, and when they see from day to day the world's doings and the small part that Ame- rica plays therein, their pride is hurt; they feel that there are a good many good things going on abroad in which they as Americans have no share. Geographical and financial considerations prevent their taking closer view of these glorious performances, so luridly set forth in their darling newspaper. Sturdy Americans as they are, they are jealous of "abroad," and want to know more about it. Hence the frantic eagerness of Chicago to have the World's Fair brought to our very doors, where we could see and study foreign nations. The further removed our citizens are from the currents of the world's activities, the more interested they become therein. Consequently, when the Philippine question came up, the most enthusiastic ex- pansionists were those who lived farthest away from the political centre of the equili- brium of the world. So when McKinley ask- ed these people, "Will (!) we take these for- eign islands?" there was not the slightest delay in the response. The answer was: "Sure thing, the sooner the better." Their mental attitude was precisely that of a coun- try yokel who had been gazing at circus posters all his life, and was suddenly asked if he would like to join the circus. After that arose the question as to the rights of the inhabitants of the Philippines, and, strangely enough, our people turned an absolutely deaf ear to such queries. Why they should do so is one of the enigmas of modern political psychology for which many explanations have been adduced, but I sus- pect that our publicists have been overlook-

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March 16, 1899] The Nation. 201 lag one factor in our national life which may shed some light on the conundrum. Roughly stated, it may be said that our people are beginning to doubt the doctrine of political equality. As if to satirize the idea, Europe has been sending us object- lessons by the million, and the negro has contributed valuable lessons for us. We have been gradually growing tired of folks in- ferior to ourselves, and, doctrine or no doc- trine, we have not failed to show it. What- ever we may have once thought of the negro, there is no blinking the fact that nowadays we do not esteem him. Roaming gangs of tramps have opened country folks' eyes on points in comparative anthropology. Traditions of encounters with savage Indian tribes hereabouts are not all dead in the country districts, and when it was alleged that the original inhabitants of the islands were no better than Indians, tramps, ne- groes, or Hungarians, etc., the average Ame- rican Mississippi valley citizen had no scru- ples in allowing a denial of rights to such cattle. The average American to-day be- lieves in the immortal principles of the im- mortal Declaration of Independence if care- fully enclosed within a circumscribed circle and applied with discretion and strictly to our own people. And he also has the teme- rity to say that such were' the views of the immortal George and the immortal Thomas, or would be if they were permitted to see to what extent their views had been dis- torted in subsequent years. Personally, I think the farmers and villagers are right. I have read the Nation religiously for twen- ty-five years; I admire its keenness, honesty, and fearlessness, but I am surprised that it fails to read the signs aright of the grow- ing popular distrust of the doctrine of Equality in America. A Western American. Chicago, February, 1899. A TEST CASE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: It is with great satisfaction that I see you have taken up the subject of the Ignominy imposed on our homeward-bound travellers by the custom-house rules. I be- came conscious of it the first time I returned alone from Europe. I presented my declara- tion, together with exact lists of the arti- cles supposed to be dutiable which I was bringing in, and which were carefully pack- ed, with the bills, in a separate trunk. When the custom-house official proceeded to open my other baggage I resented and resisted his doing so. Friends who had come to meet me warned me that I had better not make him angry. I was too angry myself to care, although he was tipsy, very impertinent (before any discussion arose), and made of- fensive remarks about his tests whether wo- men's gowns had been worn or not; but this is aside from the point, as well as the fact that his examination was superficial and that the duties were trifling. When I asked what was the object of the declaration if the bag- gage was to be examined afterwards, I was told that it was only a form, devised, not for persons like myself, but for those who would smuggle, and that the officers know to a cer- tainty whom to suspect; that the examina- tion of other people's trunks was merely an- other form. Then why make the suspected declare? For the form. Then why examine the unsuspected? For the form. I put the questions as a logical dilemma without get- ting any further. The law compels smug- glers to become also liars and perjurers, and puts honest people in the position of being liars, perjurers, and smugglers to boot. My amazement and disgust that hundreds of thousands of respectable Americans yearly submit to this infamy were unbounded, and I registered a vow never again to undergo it. On my next return from abroad, now ten years ago, I declined to make a declaration, saying that I would rather have my trunks emptied on the wharf. But on landing I found that this was not the alternative. No declaration? Then my baggage would not be opened on the wharf, but must go to some Appraiser's office, bonded warehouse, or other place of storage, I forget what. My demand to have it examined then and there was vain; it was carted off, and, as business hours were nearly over, I was told that no- thing more could be done about it that day. I went home, a three hours' journey, and returned early next morning to prove whe- ther I could reclaim my property without classing myself with smugglers, liars, and perjurers. My head was giddy and my legs were weak from the voyage; delays and dif- ficulties were many; if I remember right, I was obliged to apply at five places, driv- ing to and fro across New York below Park Place through the narrowest thoroughfares at the most crowded time of day. More than four hours were spent in this manner. Every official in succession stared and asked the same question: "Why did you not make a declaration?" and on my an- swering, "Because I would not make a de- claration and then have my baggage examin- ed— one or the other, not both," he stared again and recommenced the explanation that it was only a form, etc. At length I reached the final stage; a courteous and kindly personage gave me the order of re- lease for my trunks, and repeated the of- ficial question and explanation. I asked him if he had sons: "Yes, two, nearly grown up." "You expect them to be honest, hon- orable men?" "I hope they are so already," he replied, flushing. "Then," I said, "you had better teach them not to accept the imputation of dishonesty and dishonor, as that blunts the sense of honor." I went home victorious, but nauseated, to be indisposed for weeks from my exertions and experience. What struck me as the worst symptom I had met with was the universal surprise at my objection to write myself down liar and perjurer. Most of my friends said I was a fool, and I fear the rest thought so. What I thought of them was that the Government had destroyed the self-respect of the country. I tried to write you a short account of the matter then, when the precise details were fresh in my mind, and entitled it "A Nation without the Point of Honor," but I was ailing too long to do so while the grievance was fresh. It may not be too late yet, however, since you are stirring up our sluggish sensibilities.— Yours gratefully. An American Woman. March 9, 1899. "THE LAW OF THE ROAD." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The letter of Mr. H. M. Doak has re- called to me much about road law that has long lain dormant in my memory. I have had driving experience both in England and in America, and have had a good deal of travelling on horseback or behind a horse in England and on the Continent of Europe. My people have led a country life for gene- rations, farmers and yeomen, so that there has been among us a kind of tradition of horse for ever so long. But I have never heard any suggestion to explain the British rule of road, "Keep to the left," as Mr. Doak does. What my father told me, when he used to take me out in his gig or dog- cart, was this: You turn to the left when you meet a horse and cart because, by pass- ing on that side, you do not run any risk of pressing or hurting the man in charge; for, if the horse is led, the man leads him by the right (the strong) hand, and the man is thus on the side of the horse most dis- tant from passing carriages if they keep to the left. So much for the horse and cart. Next take two carriages, each driven by a man on the box: the coachman in every country I know sits at the right-hand side of the box. Now, what is the safest rule to make for meeting and passing, taking the coachman's seat into account? Evidently it will be the rule that will give the coachman the most exact knowledge of the position of his carriage as he meets or passes another carriage. It is therefore obvious that, with coachmen sit- ting on the right side of the carriages, the safest rule for meeting is for carriages to be right to right, and that is equivalent to say- ing, "Keep to the left." For passing, the safest rule would be that the overtaking coachman should have the overtaken carriage on his right, and that also means, "Let the faster of the two carriages going in the same direction keep to the left." Then, of course, the slower must go to the right. So we can now understandingly examine both the English and the American rules. The former is, "Keep to the left meeting, to the right overtaking"; the latter exactly the reverse, "Keep to the right meeting, to the left overtaking." Of the rules for meeting, the English is better; of those for over- taking, the American would be the better but for one consideration, namely, that the slow- er overtaken vehicle pushed over to the right-hand side of the road may immediately need to meet a third vehicle, and to do this properly has to cross the road. It is this consideration which has, I believe, led to the adoption in England of the opposite rule, in accordance with which the slower vehicle grinds along at the left-hand side of the road undisturbed by either meeters or passers. The case of the led horse remains: in his case the main point is to keep him from being able to strike out at meeting or passing horses or vehicles. To secure this, he is kept close to the edge of the road, and the man leading him keeps between him and all other traffic or animals. He leads him by his strong hand, his right hand; and so the led horse is kept as close as possible to the right-hand edge of the road, looking in the direction in which he is travelling, and everything gladly makes way for him. I am inclined, when driving in America and continental Europe, to be less comfort- able in meeting a carriage or wagon than in overtaking it, while in England my feelings are exactly the reverse. I would gladly hear the experiences of others in a similar plight. One thing is quite beyond my comprehen- sion, namely, the fact that the Americans, even of English descent, appear to have ut- terly rejected the English practice. In Cana- da the majority do the same, but in some towns (is Toronto among them?) the English

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202 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1759 practice obtains. How is this to be ex- plained? William Gow. Obange. N. J., March 10, 1890. [In St. John, New Brunswick, twen- ty-five years ago, the rule of keeping to the left prevailed; and perhaps it still prevails. What was more surprising to right-handed foreigners was that the same rule determined the passing of pedestrians on the sidewalks.— Ed. Na- tion.] To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The letter of Mr. Doak on "The Law of the Road," in the Nation of March 9, pre- sents the curious question, Why did our English forefathers reverse their own Eng- lish usage, and thereby establish in this country a new law of the road— that of keep- ing to the right instead of to the left? The English usage did not originate with gentlemen on horseback carrying swords, but with English carters in smock-frocks, riding the "near horse" or plodding along on the left side of the road. The usage was established before the days of canals, steam- boats, or railrcad trains, when the heavily laden dray, moving in long trains, did all the transportation service of the country, and when there was no driving in the mo- dern sense of that term. The reason why the English keep to the left in driving, and why all horsemen mount on the left side of the horse, is because all men (substantially) were created right- handed. That much is plain; the feeblest in- tellect can grasp it. The carter's chief in- strument for guiding and animating his team — for inflicting punishment and making a noise — was his carter's whip. Being right- handed, it was necessary that he should cany his whip in his right hand. To use It effectively, it was necessary that it should be, as near as might be, in the middle of the field of operations. If the carter would mount the lefl horse, he must mount on the left side, and if he would not mount and fllsmcunt in the middle of the road, where me English mud was deepest, the team must ne ( n the left side of the road. When he dismounted there, he found, and helped to make and maintain, a foot-path along which he trudged, having his team within reach of his whip hand, and the horse on which he rode nearest to himself; whence the terms 'near horse" and "off horse," which in mo- dern days are to the American meaningless. The reason why all horsemen in European countries as well as in England mount on the left side is likewise because their fa- thers were created fight-handed. Being right-handed necessitated carrying the sword c r sabre on the left side. If they had mounted on the right side, they would have had to clutch the scabbard and lift it over the horse when they mounted. In a word, the origin of the English usage of turning to the left and of the universal usage of mount- ing a horse on the left, is plain— it sprang from a general condition of right-handed- ness. But apprehending the real reason for the English usage does not help us to a solu- tion of the problem. Why did Rnglishmen in America, when on the highway, do exactly the opposite of that which they had been ac- customed to do in the land where they were born and bred? When 1 was a boy, I was told that our Northern winters, deep snows, and drifted roads had brought about the change. It was said that the greater part of the travelling in the early colonial days was done after the sleighing was good— that when two sleighs met and both had to "turn out" into the unbroken snow, it was better for the driver to be free to spring out and hold up his sleigh without having his legs crushed by the one he was meeting— that on the right side he could see where he was going, which was of more importance than seeing whether his sleigh would scrape against the other sleigh. (Here I may note parenthe- tically that the driver at an early day had shifted his seat from the carter's side of the vehicle to the right side, and for the same reason, viz., that he might have his whip- hand free.) But this explanation of snow and snow-drifts failed me when I found that "Keep to the right" was the law of usage from Canada to South Carolina. My inqui- ries have not been scientific or exhaustive, and there may have been parts of the coun- try wherein, in the early days, drivers "turn- ed out" to the left. The English railroads followed the carter's usage and ran on the left track. The railroads in New Jersey fol- lowed the English railway usage, and for a long time obstinately continued to do so. There may have been a left-hand usage in New Jersey upon the highways. Yet in South Carolina there was a conservative English community, and in South Carolina there was neither snow nor sleighing, nor wagon-traffic with the snow-bound States; and yet there they keep to the right, and the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. I have not looked into early colonial and State statutes to ascertain the earliest legis- lation in regard to the law of the road, and 1 should attach but little importance to what might be found, for legislation merely regu- lates and enforces usage. The singular and extraordinary fact remains to oe explained that different and remote communities, when transplanted from one continent to another, without law or obligation of any kind, im- mediately, or almost immediately, took to doing exactly the* opposite of what they had all their lives been accustomed to do. Charles C. Nott. Washington. March 11. t«oo. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent on this subject has given reasons for the English rule which should be satisfactory to all. In reply to his question, Why did our colonial ancestors change it to "Keep to the right?" I would say that the reasons referred to apply to an old, long-civilized country, where driv- ers are in a large majority. There the driv- er, sitting on the right, must turn to the left, on meeting any other vehicle, in order to watch his wheels in passing those of the other. In a new colony, where agriculturists abound, ox-teams must far outnumber all wagons and carriages. The teamster, walk- ing at the head of his cattle, on the left, must, for the same reason, keep to the right 10 watch the wheels. "Keep to the right," with us, is too firmly fixed to change. Some drivers adapt themselves to it by sit- ting on the left, but at the loss of the free- dom of the whip-hand. F. B. CAMBRIDGE, March 10, 1899. THE "MISOGONUS" AND LAURENCE JOHNSON THE MARTYR. To riii-: Editor of The Nation: Sir,: The "Misogonus," of which Collier long ago gave an analysis, and which Prof. Brandl of Berlin has just edited (with many curiosities in text and notes) in his 'Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England' (Strass- burg, 1898), is so early and so interesting a specimen of English university comedy that any information about it is worth re- cording. The manuscript which has preserved the play is signed, under the list of drama I in personae, " Laurentius Bariuna. Kettheringe. Die 20 Novembris, Anno 1577." The fifth letter of the surname is said by Collier to be a Greek omega; Prof. Brandl makes it a tc; Dr. F. I. Carpenter, of the University of Chicago, who has examined the manu- script, assures me that Collier is right. No attempt to identify this Bar-Jona has been made, so far as I know. Brandl contents himself with remarking: "hebraisch=Tau- bensohn." Clearly we should seek in Bar- Jona not a Semite.buta scholarly Englishman who for some reason (in jest or earnest) wished either to conceal his name or to play a verbal trick with it. "Bar" is, of course, "son," and we may without temerity recognize in "Laurentius Bariuna " plain Laurence Johnson. Laurence Johnson is no mythical being. He was fellow of Brasenose College in 1569, and applied for his B.A. on November 25, 1572. Certain conditions were imposed, and it is not known whether he fulfilled them or not. At all events, he went to Douay in 1573, to study for the Roman Catholic priest- hoc d, and later to Rheims. In 1577 he took priest's orders, and in the same year he re- turned to England as a missionary. In 1581 he was indicted for treason, being associated in the indictment with the celebrated Jesuit Edmund Campion and several other priests. On the 30th of May, 1582, he was hanged at Tyburn. We have two accounts of his execution, both from eye-witnesses. One is from the pen of Anthony Munday, who had given evidence for the prosecution ('A breefe and true reporte of the Execucion of certaine Traytours', 1582, reprinted by Collier in his Shakespeare Society edition of Munday's "John a Kent and John a Cumber," 1852). The other is from a friendly hand, and may be found in the 'Concertatio Eccle- sias Catholicse in Anglia adversus Calvino- papistas et Puritanos,' Treves, 1588, folio 93 v° ff. Johnson was not a Jesuit, but a secular priest. On his return to England in 1577, John- son had assumed the alias "Laurence Rich- ardson," his father's Christian name being Richard, and it is in this same year that we find him (if my conjecture is correct) con- cealing his real identity under the punning disguise of " Bariuna " in the "Misogonus" manuscript. A reviewer in the Literarisches Central- blatt for February 11 (col. 206) remarks that "Laurentius Bariona" stands in the British Museum Catalogue as the author of a "Co- metographia, London, 1578." This book I have not had a chance to examine. Its title however, indicates that the author was a Christian: 'Cometographia quaedam Lampa- dis aeriae qu[a]e 10 die Novemb. apparuit Anno a virgineo partu 1577,' and we need not hesitate, provisionally, to ascribe it to Lau- rence Johnson. One might even conjecture that he adopted the pseudonym for the spe- cial purpose of this book. At all events, the signature in the Misogonus MS. and the date of the comet are less than a month apart. The 'Cometographia' was doubtless not so

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March 1 6, 1899] The Nation. £03 much astronomical as prodigious and exem- plary, like T. T[wine ?]'s English book on the same subject, which appeared in the same year: 'A View of certain wonderful effects . . . newly conferred with the presignyfi- cations of the Comete, or biasing Star, which appered in the Southwest vpo the .x. day of Nouem. the yere last past 1577.' The Comet of 1577 is that which gave Tycho Brahe the materials for his famous investigations on the parallax of comets, and the whole of part ii. of his 'Opera Omnia' (Frankfort, 1648) is de- voted to it. Some account of the ominous character ascribed to this "blazing star" may be conveniently found in'Stanislai Lubieniecii Historia Cometarum,' Amsterdam, 1666, pp. 373-7, whence we learn that, after the disas- trous campaign of Don Sebastian in Africa, the comet was by many thought to have pre- figured the death of Sebastian, Muley Moham- med, and Abdel-Melek. For contemporary impressions, see the letter quoted in Strype's 'Annals of the Reformation,' bk. ii., chap. 10, ed. 1725, ii, 510. American readers may like to consult Increase Mather, ' KOMHTOrPA*IA. Or a Discourse Concerning Comets,' Boston, 1683, pp. 101-3. The prologue to the "Misogonus" is signed "Thomas Richardes." A person of this name was one of Johnson's fellow-students at Oxford (college unknown), and applied for his B.A. on December 7, 1571 ('Register of the University of Oxford,' ed. by A. Clark, II., 13, Oxford Historical Society Publica- tions, Vol. XII.), shortly before the date of Johnson's application. The authorship of the "Misogonus" is still an open question. If, as Collier thinks, the play was written in 1560, the author may have been neither Johnson nor Richards. Information with regard to Johnson may be found in the following works: Anthony a Wood, 'Fasti Oxonienses,' ed. Bliss, I., 189 (cf. 477, 478); 'Register of the University of Oxford,' ed. Clark, as above, II., 18; Fos- ter, 'Alumni Oxonienses,' 1500-1714, II., 815; Challoner, Memoirs of Missionary Priests,' Manchester, 1803, I., 54 ff; Richard Simp- son, 'Edmund Campion,' 1867, pp. 230-2, 309; Henry Foley, 'Records of the English Pro- vince of the Society of Jesus,' II. (revised edition), 170 ff.. III., 42, IV., 359; letter from C. Hodgson to L. Johnson, April, 1580, 'Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Addenda, 1580-1625,' p. 4. G. L. KlTTREDGE. C'ambhiikje, Mass.. Much 8, 1899. Notes. R. H. Russell announces 'The Portfolio of National Portraits,' eight portraits of his- toric Americans, engraved on wood by Gus- tav Kruell, in a limited edition of 250 copies; 'English Portraits,' large lithographs by Will Rothenstein, of which the American edition is twelve copies; 'Political Hits,' car- toons by W. A. Rogers; 'The King's Lyrics,' verse of the time of James I. and Charles I., selected by Fitz Roy Carrington, and illus- trated by prints of the period; 'Just Rhymes,' humorous verse by Charles B. Loomis, illus- trated by F. J. Cory; 'The Baronet and the Butterfly," Eden versus Whistler, by the artist; uniform editions of "Cyrano de Berge- rae," Hauptmann's "The Weavers" and "Lonely Lives," Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler" and "The Master Builder," and Augustus Tho- mas's "Alabama." Finally, 'Treasures of the Metropolitan Museum of Art,' by Arthur Hoeber, illustrated. The Baker & Taylor Co. have in press 'George Miiller of Bristol,' by the Rev. Arthur T. Pierson; 'From the Child's Standpoint,' studies of child nature by Florence Hull Winterburn; and 'Wild Flowers,' illustrated, by E. M. Hardinge (Maud Going); and 'Ve- danta Philosophy,' lectures by the Swani Vivekananda. Macmillan will soon publish 'A Selection of Poems for School Reading,' by Marcus White, Principal of the State Normal Train- ing School, New Britain, Conn., and 'An In- troduction to the Poetical and Prose Works of John Milton,' by Prof. Hiram Corson of Cornell. The first separate reprint of Robert Louis Stevenson's 'Morality of the Profession of Letters' (from the Fortnightly Review for April, 1891) is announced by the Brothers of the Book (Laurence C. Woodworth), Gou- verneur, N. Y. It will consist of 350 copies on hand-made paper, bound in crushed buck- ram. Mr. Charles Welsh, pursuing his well- known antiquarian researches into things childish, desires contributions of nursery rhymes and jingles, especially local or dis- tinctly American, with a view to tracing the evolution of a national nursery literature. He may be addressed at No. 67V2 Wyman Street, Jamaica Plain, Mass. A good opportunity for linguistic discipline is promised in 'Unsere Monarchie: Die Oesterreichischen Kronlander zur Zeit des funfzigjahrigen Regierungs-Jubilaums Franz Josef I.' (Berlin: Werner Co.; New York: Lemcke & Buechner). This jubilee work will take the shape of an oblong folio, to be issued in twenty-four monthly parts, each having twelve full-page photographic illustrations. The text is in four parallel columns, in German, Bohemian, Polish, and Italian. We have frequently called attention to 'Monographs on Artists,' thin volumes, co- piously illustrated, edited by H. Knackfuss and published by Velhagen & Klasing in Leipzig (New York: Lemcke & Buechner). Hitherto the text has been German, but a reissue (from the same house) has now be- gun in English, the translator being Camp- bell Dodgson, M.A., assistant in the depart- ment of prints and drawings at the British Museum. This will be welcome news to many non-German art-lovers, and the Ra- phael and Holbein just put forth in more familiar garb are excellent examples of the extensive picture-gallery which the sub- scribers to this series amass. We regret that the fresh departure has not improved upon the original scheme by providing both tables of contents and indexes. We have received from the Macmillan Co. two more volumes of the "Rural Science Series," edited by Prof. L. H. Bailey of Cor- nell University. One of them, by Prof. F. W. Card, is a treatise on 'Bush-Fruits,' and is compact with practical information. The other is entitled, 'The Principles of Agri- culture,' and is intended rather for schools and rural societies than for the. ordinary farmer. It does not follow that the ordinary farmer will not be profited by reading it; but it is an exposition of fundamental principles, not an agricultural manual. Col. J. D. Miley's 'In Cuba with Shatter,' which the Scribners have just published, does not throw any light on the real mystery of the Santiago campaign — which is, why the plan of attack prepared by the naval of- ficers and at first approved by Gen. Shatter was afterwards abandoned by that officer. One controverted point Col. Miley does, in- deed, clear up. This is the doubt whether Gen. Wheeler did not disobey the order of June 24, assigning his division to Daiquiri, and, by pushing on in front of Gen. Lawton, bring on the engagement of Las Guasimas. Col. Miley explains that Gen. Wheeler, who was chief in command on shore, pressed on so very early in the morning of June 24 that the order detaining him did not reach him. For the rest, the book is a plain nar- rative of the battle, siege, and capitulation, with some added pages giving fresh matter in the shape of an account of Col. Miley's expedition to receive the surrender of the outlying Spanish garrisons. The military maps at the end are finer than any we have seen in similar publications. From the Scribners, too, we have a new book of Carlyle. Rather, it is a very old book, being nothing less, than the studies and sketches he made for his long project- ed but finally abandoned history of the Civil War and Commonwealth. The MS. was docketed by Carlyle himself in 1865 as "prob- ably about 1849— have not looked at it since, nor will." It has now been edited by Mr. Alexander Carlyle, and is published under the title 'Historical Sketches of Notable Per- sons and Events in the Reigns of James I. and Charles I.' As a gift-book for grown people, it would be hard to imagine anything more attractive than the volume of 'Early Italian Love Stories' just issued by Longmans, Green & Co. It contains twelve novelle, translated by Una Taylor, and adorned with thirteen beautiful full-page illustrations by Henry J. Ford. The "early" of the title should not be interpreted too literally, as half of the stories belong to the sixteenth century. The authors represented are Boccaccio, Giovanni Fiorentino, Masuccio, Cintio, Erizzo, Stra- parola, and Bandello. None of the tales se- lected are gay, and most of them end tra- gically. Giovanni Fiorentino contributes the famous narrative of the Lady of Belmonte. The translation, while very free, preserves, without the use of tiresome archaisms, much of the antique flavor of the originals. The peculiar charm of these tales can hardly fail to awaken in the reader a feeling of regret that the novella — one of the most characteristic manifestations of the Italian genius — is so little studied and so little ac- cessible. The Boston Record Commissioners issue their twenty-eighth report, consisting of lists of the marriages recorded on the town re- cords from 1700 to 1751, checked for the period 1709-1751 by the publishments (inten- tions of marriage), and supplemented from church records and a few other sources. The key to this unpretentious volume of 350 pages is an index one-third as bulky. Genea- logists may be trusted to appreciate the labor bestowed on this compilation by Mr. Ed- ward W. McGlenen, of the Registrar's Office. Mrs. Susan Whitney Dimock, who pub- lished two years ago as a labor of love a handsome volume of 'Births, Marriages, Bap- tisms, and Deaths from the Records of the Town and Churches in Coventry, Conn.,' has produced a* companion work for the town of Mansfield in Windham County (New York: Baker & Taylor Co.). In each case of town or church record the»compiler has grouped in alphabetical order the vital facts for a given

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204 The Nation [Vol. 68, No 1759 family or name. Thus, at the very begin- ning we have, under Abbe, the children of Gideon and Mary (Wood), Gideon and Ke- ziah (Walker, second wife), Gideon and Bathsheba (Smith [presumably third wife]), etc. Nothing could be more convenient for the searcher. In other words, we have not a mixed chronological transcript, but a classi- fied arrangement answering (with the index to the several divisions) every need, if we assume the correctness of the copy. Mrs. Dimock appeals to the State to print these records of the elder towns which are fast be- coming illegible, and are already partly de- stroyed—especially the church records. The Rumanian Geographical Society has is- sued the fourth and concluding part of the first volume of its 'Grand Geographical Dic- tionary of Rumania.' It consists of more than 200 quarto pages of three columns each, and treats of the localities arranged alpha- betically between Botosani and Bucharest. Detailed descriptions of the larger cities are given, and more than a third of this number is devoted to an exhaustive account of Bu- charest. 'Schantung und seine Eingangspforte Kiautschou' is the title of a handsomely printed volume of more than 300 octavo pages (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer), in which that eminent authority Baron von Richthofen discusses the practical benefits which ought to follow Germany's acquisition of a Chinese port. Although for the most part a mere re- petition of what had already appeared in the author's great work on China published about, twenty years ago, and based on a journey made thirty years ago, it possesses the in- terest conferred by the element of timeli- ness, and is further rendered useful by the addition of new matter concerned chiefly with details as to mineral wealth, possibili- ties of manufacturing and commercial deve- lopment, the openings for railroads and the like. The view taken is throughout a san- guine one. The author considers it a bless- ing for China that a friendly Power, not over-anxious for territorial expansion, has established itself in the harbor of Kiao- Chau, and is about to establish a city there which will serve to open up a rich province whose population is, perhaps, the most vigor- ous, manly, and reliable to be found in Chi- na. Whatever may be thought of Richtho- fen's opinions, there can be no doubt of the intelligence and industry with which he has assembled a great mass of valuable material, which no one can neglect who wishes to be informed on the current problems concern- ing the Far East. A paper on the economic condition of the Philippines, by Max L. Tornow, occupies the larger part of the National Geographic Maga- zine for February. It contains a useful sum- mary of information in regard to the re- sources, agricultural and mineral, of the isl- ands, with statistical tables embracing many details of the foreign commerce since early in the century. Less than a tenth of the available arable land is under cultivation, nor can there be any extensive plantations until railways, good roads, and laborers are provided. There are extensive coal-fields of excellent auality, and iron-ore comparing favorably with that of Sweden, waiting to be worked. The author, who has lived in Ma- nila and experienced the blighting effects of the rapacity of the Spanish officials, closes wilh a brief exposition of 1 ho necessities of the situation, which may be summed up in the two words, honest government. There follows a lively account of Manila after Dewey's victory over the Spanish fleet, by the German military attache at that place, Major A. Falkner von Sonnenburg. Describ- ing the Spanish operations against the in- surgents on the outskirts of the city, he says that "the character of the country seems to be almost ideal for the kind of warfare which military men call 'guerilla fighting.' Only a very methodical and slow warfare gives re- liable and enduring results." He says a good word for the Jesuits, as the only religious order which has succeeded "in being loved and esteemed by native and government alike." As railway tunnels have made the Alps, for the tourist and for trade, merely a geo- graphical expression, so a ferry service soon to connect Reggio and Messina will abolish the Sicilian straits. Syracuse will thus be- come the southernmost port of Italy taken as a whole, and will compete with Naples for the transit to and from Malta and Alex- andria and Bombay. Daily trains from Calais will convey goods in bulk to the Sicilian land's end, and in time passenger trains will likewise be ferried across for Palermo or for Syracuse. A weekly fast palace-car train will serve London (by way of Calais) and Berlin, and shorten the course from the for- mer city to Syracuse to sixty-one hours, pos- sibly to fifty-eight, and enable the traveller leaving London at nine a. m. on Thursday to be in Alexandria at six p. m. on Monday. The sea passage will be reduced from sixty- four hours to forty-four. The Oiornale di Si- cilia foresees a marked increase of visit- ors to the island itself; and so does the great personal conductor Cook. America is left out of account; but nothing is surer than that Palermo will vie with Genoa and Na- ples hereafter as the American's door to Ita- ly, in view of the shortened voyage and the delightful welcome in scenery and climate. No doubt the unhappy population is to gain, morally and politically, by this closer con- nection with the peninsula and contact with foreigners. We notice that the "Electra" of Sophocles is to be presented in English by the gradu- ates of Adelphi College, Brooklyn, on April 6 and 7 at the Germania Club in that city; the proceeds to go to the Alumnae Fund. Miss Frances Greene has composed the music for the occasion. Mr. William I. Fletcher's Department of Library Economy in the Sauveur Summer School at Amherst, Mass., will open on July 10 for a session of six weeks. A correspondent writes: "In a Note in your issue of the 2d inst. you speak of the amusing argument as to when the twentieth century properly begins. Mr. Gilbert Parker, in his recent fine story, appears to share in the somewhat general confusion as to how many years it takes to make a century. In the proem to "The Battle of the Strong' he says: 'There is no man living to-day who could tell you how the morning broke and the sun rose on the first day of January, 1800. . . . The lilt of the sensations, the idio- syncrasy of voice, emotion, and mind of the first hour of our century,' etc." —The Oxford Historical Society, during the fifteen years of its activity, has pub- lished, through the Clarendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde), a number of learned and expensive volumes on the early history of Oxford. They have thus rendered accessi- ble to the few who are likely to be interested the Register of the University from 1449, the memorials of individual colleges such as Merton and Magdalen, and other records of great value to the antiquary. These works have been issued at the rate of one or two a year. In 1898 was published, under the editorship of Mr. H. Anstey, 'Epistolae Aca- demical Oxonienses,' in two volumes, a col- lection of letters and other documents il- lustrative of academical life and studies at Oxford in the fifteenth century. The contents of Mr. Anstey' s volumes are a reproduction of the register commonly known to Oxford antiquarians as Registrum F. ; it has never before been printed, and hardly explored. The MSS. were, in most cases, very difficult to decipher, as may be seen from the fac- simile reproductions, and the editor has de- voted to the task the leisure of five years. Of the 527 records printed by Mr. Anstey, 48 are in English — the rest in what may pass for Latin. To the casual eye they would seem to possess a minimum of interest for even the most limited of Oxford dons; but that would be a most mistaken judgment. Many of these records have the interest of genuine "human documents." The servility, the ignorance, the petty vanity, the poverty, and pardonable greed of a mediaeval academic body are laid bare for the entertainment of the judicious reader of these letters. The imposing list of benefactors of the University of Oxford, as one hears it read to-day, pro- duces the impression of nobles and gentry giving freely of their riches to an august body that received their tribute with becom- ing dignity. One should read the begging letters of the University from 1427 to 1509 to appreciate the real foundations of Oxford's greatness. A University without books, with- out money enough to pay the fare of a repre- sentative to Basle, with buildings so dilapi- dated that academic functions could not take place in windy weather, was an alma mater that must have been a burden to her sons. — Duke Humphrey of Gloucester was Ox- ford's greatest benefactor in these times. O celica inspiracio is the favorite title of ho- nor for him in the letters; a London grocer who sent a copy of Josephus is addressed as reverencia tua. The Duke's books were chained to desks lest the needy M.A.'s should steal them. They were chiefly theological, but included a small collection of Latin and Italian authors. A list of the volumes is re- printed from the Register, and from it we catch an interesting glimpse of the private library of an English duke in the fifteenth century. The copy of the 'Golden Ass' of Apuleius must have been a pleasing gift to "All the hole Universitie of Oxon." — as the authorities loved to style themselves when they wrote in English to kings and queens who were not expected to understand Latin. The study of Greek did not exist at Oxford in the time covered by the larger part of the letters; it was not till the early years of the sixteenth century that, under the influence of Grocyn and Erasmus, Greek was included in the "curriculum." Towards the end of "Registrum F.," the registrar, one Farley, proudly signs his name in the Greek charac- ter, which was probably all he knew of the language. All who are interested in the study of surnames should consult Mr. An- stey's volumes, where are to be found many surnames, still in Common use in England, with extraordinary variations of spelling, even in the compass of a single letter. The phonetic spelling of some of the English letters rivals that of certain specimens among the "Paston" collection. It is amus-

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March 16, 1899] The Nation 205 ing to observe how, towards the end of the century, the solemn religious tone of the earlier epistles gives place to more business- like language. —Vols. xxxv. and xxxvl. of the 'Jesuit Re- lations' (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co.) contain a good variety of documents, but In beginning to notice them we are oppressed by a sense of loss. The Huron Mission ex- ists no more, and we must seek elsewhere for our principal topics. After Gamier and Chabanal had been added to the list of martyrs, and, more particularly, after the Iroquois war-parties had devastated the Neutral and Tobacco nations, the Jesuits were forced to abandon Huronia altogether. The remaining savages In that region were rendered docile enough by their horrible af- flictions, but they were only a remnant, and they longed for such shelter as could be found under the guns and ramparts of Que- bec. The words with which Lallemant opens the Relation of 1649-50 are equally a con- fession of failure and a tribute of resigna- tion: "Your reverence will have already learned by the return of the first vessels the sequel of the disasters to, and the utter wreck of, the Huron Mission, which the fury of the Hiroquois has at last accom- plished. .• . . Our eyes and hearts, seeing and feeling these blows from the hand of God, have but this reply to make: 'He Is the sovereign Lord of His works, and the Ruler of our insignificant projects conceived for His glory. It is for us to accept His de- crees, and never to disapprove what He per- forms.' " The immediate effects of this catastrophe were considerable. Lallemant was urged by his associates in New France to return home for aid, and did so, leaving Ragueneau, who was now at Quebec, to act as Superior. The fugitive Hurons, though they could not be altogether cared for, were generously helped, and new life was thrown into Jesuit undertakings in the Laurentian valley. The region of the Kennebec, which more properly belonged to the Capuchin sphere of influence, also received attention. And with it is to be connected Druillettes's narrative of his New England trip in 1650-51. —The aim of this journey was to secure English aid against the Iroquois who then threatened the Abenaki converts. Druillettes left Quebec on the 1st of September, arm- ed with passports from the Governor, D'Alllebout, and accompanied by one of the leading Sillery Indians. They went south, partly by land and partly by sea, and ar- rived at Boston on the 8th of December. The circumstantial details of the Jesuit's visit to the Puritans are highly entertaining. His purpose was an ambitious one, in that it. involved the cooperation of four English settlements with French and Roman Catho- lic allies. Evidently great respect was paid Druillettes on account of his hard work among the Abenakis, and he has nothing but warm praise to report of the hospitali- ty extended to him. On December 13 Gov. Dudley gave a formal dinner which was followed by an audience, and at it counsel was held concerning the common danger. However, the men of Boston were unwill- ing to proceed independently of their breth- ren, and sent Druillettes to Plymouth, whi- ther he went on the 21st, and received courteous treatment from Governor Brad- ford (whom he curiously calls Jehan Brent- ford). In Boston his host had provided a special room for his religious observances, and, at Plymouth, Bradford showed his con- sideration by providing a fish dinner on Fri- day. Altogether he received more practical encouragement at Plymouth than in Bos- ton. No definite arrangements were con- cluded before Druillettes's return, but he left Massachusetts in a mood of hope. One picturesque episode of his embassy was a meeting with the Rev. John Eliot (xxxvi., p. 90): "J'arrivay a Rofqbray [Roxbury] ou le minister nomme Maistre heliot qui ensei- gnoit quelcq. sauvages me recust chez lul a cause que la nuict me surprenoit et me traita avec respect et affection me pria de passer liver avec luy." Seldom in the se- venteenth century did Jesuit and Calvinist reach terms of such politeness and amity! — With every explanation, the mystery of Asiatic trade increases. Commissioners sent out by chambers of commerce, as well as resident officials dwell upon the subject, and yet all point to the future while speak- ing slightingly of the present. The experi- ence already gained is slurred over, and the brilliant promise of what is to follow an extension of holdings forms the basis for eulogy. M. Doumer, Governor- General of In- do-China, has recently presented his views, and to a body of merchants and economists, so it is not probable he dwelt upon the darker phases. France holds territory in Asia three times the size of her own state, with a population of about 25,000,000, of whom 12,000,000 are in Cochin- China and 10,000,000 in Tonkin. The cost of managing these possessions is about $15,000,000 a year, and of this $8,500,000 will be charged on the French budget. In 1897 there were imported from these dependencies a value of $4,360,- 000; and the exports from France were $6,- 100,000; a total of $10,460,000— or about 70 cents on the dollar of Governmental ex- penditure. Nor does the fervid praise of the country by M. Doumer shed light on the question. Cochin-China and Tonkin are fer- tile, growing rice as the leading product. The extensive rivers and canals offer ready means for shipping this crop. Some pepper and cotton exhaust the list of exports, though the forests may yet become impor- tant. Annam and Cambodia are without wa- ter-courses, or have such as cannot be made navigable because of the floods and the for- mation of bars. —The most promising returns from future development are to be found in the cultiva- tion of transplanted crops. Tobacco-plants are being brought in from Sumatra, gutta- percha plantations have been established, and tea is cultivated in Annam. Coffee is mentioned as a possibility, and sugar is sent to Hong-Kong. The cotton of Cambodia, a short staple, finds a market in Japan, while that of Annam is to be used in a French mill now building at Haiphong. The most important market— that of Tonkin— is thus described: "The population is very dense on the delta, the rest of the country has been ravaged for forty or fifty years by Chinese bands. Revolts, invasions, and wars have made certain parts of this coun^ try a veritable charnel-house; in the sub- urbs of Sontay, Tuyen-Quang, Kep, etc., corpses infect the plains. Settlements can- not be made for some time to come." A not very promising picture. Failing to prove that the Asiatic possessions of France are actually productive in lines capable ot feeding French trade, M. Doumer falls back upon the provinces behind Indo-China, and dwells upon the exceeding richness in mine- ral deposits of Yunnan. M. Beylard, a French engineer, has reported enthusiasti- cally on the situation, and Yunnan is said to be "the natural economic complement to Indo:China. The importance of this region, from the commercial point of view, is recognized. It yields to no other in po- litical importance. It is, in fact, the part- ing-place of the Hindu and Chinese races. It is to the east what Afghanistan is to the West." The fact is, that France is gambling on the future in Asia, and even the Gover- nor-General cannot hide the hollowness of present conquests — margins, as it were. — The text of the Act now to hand enables us more fully to understand the scope and character of the New Zealand measure for old-age pensions than did telegraphic re- ports. "Subject to the provisions of this act, every person of the full age of sixty-flve years or upwards shall, whilst in the colony, be entitled to a pension as hereinafter spe- cified." Twenty-five years' continuous pre- vious residence is obligatory, allowing ab- sences for sailors, and two years' total occa- sional absences for others. During these twenty-five years he (including she) must not have been imprisoned for five years, nor during the previous twelve years imprisoned on four occasions or for four months, for any cause "dishonoring him in the public estimation." If married, he or she must not without just cause have deserted partner or children. He must be of good moral character. His yearly income must not ex- ceed £52. The net capital of his accumu- lated property may not amount to £270. He must not have deprived himself of in- come or property to qualify. The pension is £18 yearly (payable in monthly instalments), and to vary with varying income or capital, diminished by one pound for every complete pound of income above £34, and also by one pound for every complete £15 of net capital. The act runs to eleven pages and a half. The above essential provisions are comprised in one page and a half. The text is occupied with detail, registrational and otherwise. A perusal does not give much encouragement to the hope of the possibility of the application of a similar measure to countries of wide extent or large population. Aboriginal natives are included, to whom "moneys other than pensions" are not paid out of the civil list. Chinese and other Asi- atics, whether naturalized or not, are ex- cluded. THE BROWNING LOVE LETTERS. The Letters of Robert Brouming and Eliza- beth Barrett Barrett, 1845, 1846. With portraits and facsimiles. In 2 vols. Har- per & Bros. 1899. Here are all the letters that ever passed between Mr. and Mrs. Browning (with one exception). After their marriage they were always together, and letters would have been a superfluity. The exception is a letter of May 23, 1845, which was destroyed by Mr. Browning, it having been returned to him by Miss Barrett on account of its "wild speaking," presumably an offer of marriage after he had seen her for the first time, on Tuesday afternoon. May 21. Browning de- stroyed all the rest of his correspondence, but, not long before his death, said of these letters, "There they are; do with them as you please when I am dead and gone!" It is

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206 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1759 not to be believed that he intended to per- mit their publication. His meaning must have been, "Keep them or destroy them," finding himself unable to lay violent hands on them. Few who knew Browning person- ally or in his books will be able to con- vince themselves that his words intended, even as possible, the construction which his son has put on them. Standing off from these letters as a dramatist, he may have perceived their dramatic value, but to pro- ceed from such perception to their sacrifice upon the altar of "the world's new fiend, Publicity," would have been quite another matter — an irreverence strangely at vari- ance with "a certain inlaid box, into which they exactly fitted, and where they always rested, letter beside letter, each in its con- secutive order and numbered on the envelope by his own hand." This said, the critic may excuse himself for displaying the contents of these volumes on the ground that Mrs. Browning has made him free of her part of the correspondence when she writes, February 17, 1846: "I, for my part, value letters as the most vital part of biography, and for any rational human being to put his foot on the tradi- tions of hit kind in this particular class does seem to me as wonderful as possible. . . . We should all be ready to say that if the secrets of our daily lives and inner souls may instruct other sorrowing souls, let them be open to men hereafter as they are to God now. Dust to dust, and soul -secrets to humanity— there are natural heirs to all these things." If she had had a thought of her own letters to Browning ever being published on this ground, it might have given her pause. At the same time it may be cheerfully con- ceded that, if she and Mr. Browning had been consciously premeditating printers' copy for this year of grace, they prob- ably would not have done so well as they did in their complete unconsciousness, nor could their letters have been more free from anything and everything diminishing in any way our admiration for this pair of lovers. There are abundant protestations, and there is a great deal of that commodity of which Byron wrote that " More than hair the charm is lost B that arrive by post." But, once admitted into this sacred pri- vacy, the admirers of the Brownings will find nothing which ■! ten their tion of their characters, their rela- tion to each other and to that art of poetry between" thai fructified the flower of love itself had plant- ed in their hearts. At the same time it produced lett( is might do I have ben, pro- llghtfully by judicious selec- i"1" 1 from the correspondence The most a are love letters pure and simple. The amount of personal and literary mat- ter, aside from their main purpose, is hard- ly more than Palstaff'a bread in contrasl with his sack. When the correspo has been going on a year, there are mi letters, and after that their frequency in- creased until on September 19, 1S4H. they an absolute end; that being the flaX "'"' the marriage, when they ran away together. Miss Barrett's letters, like Mrs. Brown- ing's, were not remarkably good, and Rob- ere much worse, in "form aud mov- ing." lie might (Hen say with Father Tay- lm'. "My verb has lost its nominative, but I'm bound for the Kingdom of Heaven all the same." Oftener it is his nominative that loses its verb. There are sentences that go on for half a page and more and never end. After reading these letters for an hour, a few pages of 'Sordello' would be good to rest the weary mind. There are scores of pages in the aggregate about the days when Browning is to come for his clandestine visits. The day first set can seldom be kept free. Sometimes it flutters back and forth a whole week long. How these meetings and the almost daily corre- spondence went on while the insanely ego- tistical father knew nothing about them, is passing strange. It would seem that he must have known enough to divine their import, and have been preparing for him- self with secret joy such a dramatic exhibi- tion of his patria polentas as would surpass all previous exhibitions in that kind. One of the hardest things for Browning was to see her father through Miss Barrett's eyes. Cculd he have let himself go, we might have had a letter or a personal encounter for which a dozen or twenty of the less im- portant letters given might easily have been spared. So far as they were mutually concerned, the course of these true lovers ran as smoothly as need be. There were no quar- rels to be made up. The nearest ap- proaches to them resulted from their en- deavors to outdo each other in unselfish- ness. Browning's headaches were a minor trouble. These are a deduction from our robust Browning as heretofore conceived. In Mrs. Browning's sympathy they loomed quite as portentously as her own weak- ness and suffering in his more hopeful eyes. Next to fixing the right day for the next meeting, these headaches furnish the most recurrent note. In bis first letter, January 10, 1845, he writes that he loves her books with all his heart, "and I love you] too." After his offer of marriage, the May follow- ing, the letters become somewhat more lite- rary, but before long the truth blazes out again, and then begins the long struggle, on his part to win her consent to a final mar- riage, on hers to prevent him from bur- dening himself with the weight of her chronic misery. When he discovers that she uses opium to mitigate this, there is expostulation on his side, pathetic pallia- tion upon hers, but generally she is the more level-headed of the two. It is interest- ingto see howhis parenthetic style is clarified by the stress of passionate emotion, while hers is affected in an opposite manner. Once he has the promise of marriage, a new struggle begins over the fixing of the happy day. The dread of her father's hor- rible displeasure holds her back. At length the month is set. Suddenly her father broaches a scheme of general house-cleaning, and the whole family is to move out. The best-laid plans of the lovers are threatened with miserable abortion by this untoward The envelope of her letter of Sep- tember 12, 1846, is endorsed in Browning's hand, "Saturday, Septr. 12. 1846 % 11— 11% a. m. (91)," showing that even when on pleasure bent he had a careful mind. The "(91)" indicates the number of his visits 10 her since the first in May, 1845. The mar- as solemnized in Marylebone Church —not in St. Pancras, as stated in Mrs. Orr's biography of Robert Browning. They did not iiri- the 12th until the leave-taking on ih. iMh. Browning had become a master of equivocation by this time; witness the fact that when he was already engaged to Miss Barrett, and some one had offered to present him to her, he had answered, "Don't you know she never sees any one?" But he could not ask for Miss Barrett when that lady had become Mrs. Browning. As for Mrs. Brown- ing, she loved him just too much to write him that the marriage was invalid and fie mustn't come for her, so hard it was for tbe first time in her life to pain her father by a voluntary act — the father who would never speak to her again nor open one of her letters to himself. Very beautiful are some of the confessions upon either side, as where Browning, in the later stages of his happiness, confesses that in the earlier stages he had sometimes shortened his visits a little that he might the sooner take her hand. The "Portuguese Sonnets" prove to have been simply a faith- ful transcript of an experience which en- riches the treasury of high-minded love by cne more great example. The difference between the two as poets is an interesting one. Her poetical self-consciousness is much keener than his. Especially does she think of herself as an artist, whereas it can hardly be doubted that her grand defect was that she was so much less artist than poet. With- out extravagance, they are rivals in their mutual admiration, and his admirers who are contemptuous of her ability should lay his praise of it to heart. Even for those earlier things, of which she came to think little, he has sincere applause; the lover possibly getting the better of the critic. His last 'Bells and Pomegranates' are coming out, and there is much said of different num- bers of the series, especially "Luria." All lovers of that noble drama will value every word of Browning's criticism on it. It was his hope to write a poem that should be, not dramatic, but lyrical and subjective, but there is no evidence that he even so much as began to carry his idea into effect. She assures him that he is "never misty — even in 'Sordello' — never vague"; and he protests that his one purpose is to make himself as clear as possible. The glimpses of other people are but few. Mackay is dismissed by Browning as a "prince and potentate of Commonplaces." Miss Bar- rett will not admit Carlyle's "mannerism": it is "not his dress but his physiognomy — or more than that even." There is much trou- ble in cleaning up after Miss Mitford, she leaves about so many scandalous reports- especially about Miss Barrett's friend Thorne. mentioned scores of times in the letters and not once in the index: "He pours libations on his bare head out of the water-glasses at great dinners," aud, being rejected by a lady with £50,000, the same evening offers him- self to a lady with £40,000. Mrs. Procter also, wife of Barry Cornwall, has an un- guarded tongue. In one day Miss Barrett has a visit from Miss Martineau and Mrs. Jameson, "one talking Mesmer and the other Homer." Dickens invited Tennyson to go to Switzerland with him. Tennyson declined: "I should be entreating him to dismiss his sentimentality, and so we should quarrel and part aud never see each other again." Brown- ing describes Tennyson as "a long, hazy kind of a man, at least just after dinner." Going to see a representation of his own "Strafford," Browning was asked, "Is not this the author of 'Romeo and Juliet' and 'Othello'?" and answered, "No — so far as I am aware." "The author of Othello!" — so he comments— "when he can be and is Miss

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March 16, 1899] The Nation 207 Barrett's own R. B. !" He is severe on the Howitts, and asks, "What ails them of a sud- den that they purvey this kind of cat-lap? . . not a venerablest commonplace ex- cused on account of its age." At one time Carlyle talks "constringingJp, bracingly" ; at another he tells of an American "who was commissioned by a learned body of his coun- trymen to ask him [Carlyle] two questions: What's C.'s opinion as to the future state? and, What relation Goethe was to Goethe's mother's husband?" There is a good word from Browning for Lord Byron: "Only a little longer life and all would have been gloriously right again." 'Consuelo' is incontinently damned, with some injury to Miss Barrett's feelings. The excellent Mr. Kenyon, who set up Mr. and Mrs. Browning financially so hand- somely, is, with serene unconsciousness and the best possible intentions, always getting in the way. Flush, too, Miss Barrett's dog, is much in evidence, .but makes an apprecia- ble diversion by getting lost just as the situation was becoming extremely tense on the eve of the prisoner's escape. Browning's reality is generally unimpeachable; but when he professes his willingness to give up his vocation as poet to take care of Miss Bar- rett, as Mrs. Browning, there is the slightest undulation of his broadcloth, as if he were laughing in his sleeve. THORPE'S AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. 4 Constitutional History of the American People, 1776-1850. By Francis Newton Thorpe. 2 vols. Harpers. 1898. Pp. 486, 520. Mr. Thorpe's book is an illustration, on a somewhat extended scale, of a method of treating history, and particularly American history, of late years much in vogue. Older writers, setting down their facts in appro- priate order, and with such literary skill as they could command, were, as a rule, con- tent to label their work simply "a history" of this or that country or time. With a crude conception of the unity of history, they fond- ly imagined that a truthful record of human progress could be presented only by him who, according to his light, should present the whole of it. Nowadays, a considerable class of writers, of unquestioned industry and learning, seem inclined to a different view of the matter. They take a single phase of a subject, or, better still, a minute and relatively isolated topic, treat it exhaustive- ly, erect (often) a slender structure of text upon a massive foundation of footnotes, and seek distinction by labelling the result a "social," or "political," or "economic," or "legal" history. Of all the terms thus in- troduced to show precisely the kind of thing a writer thinks he has done, that of "con- stitutional" history has been most abused. At different times and in different hands it has been made to mean a history of legal notions, a history of party politics, a history of representative government, and a plain chronological statement of facts. And now comes Mr. Thorpe, with a 'Constitutional History of the American People,' in which the term receives still another application, and with the confident assurance, apparent- ly, on the part of the author that, notwith- standing the limitations and misapprehen- sions of others, he, at least, is on the right track. Mr. Thorpe has not, indeed, failed to de- fine the term he uses. Constitutional his- tory, he tells us in his preface, is "the history of a constituency which, con- sciously or unconsciously, is ever striving to promote its own welfare. A constitutional history deals primarily with persons, not with documents. Laws and constitutions, written or unwritten, are the evidence of the efforts of a constituency to secure its ends. The development of constitutional government consists, essentially, in the do- finite limitation of authority, in ord accomplish purposes either implied or speci- fied. . . . Our constitutional history, like that of every other people, is a history of the evolution of religious, of political, and of industrial rights. The steps in all this pro- gress are recorded in the results of many struggles. Among these are the struggles for tiie extension of the suffrage, for the equitable apportionment of representation, for the abolition of discrimination on ac- count of race or of previous condition, for the organization of systems of education free to all, for the separation of the state from questionable practices, and for the establish- ment of government directly upon the will of the people. Incidental to these processes has been the slow definiticn of the func- tions of the state, of its rights as a moral person in coordination with the rights of the individual, and of its powers and their fields of operation — executive, legislative, and judi- cial. . . The evidence enables us. to deduce, with approximate accuracy, the prin- ciples on which government in America rests. . . . The principal authorities upon which the evidence rests are the laws and constitutions of 'the country, and the jour- nals, proceedings, and debates of constitu- tional conventions" (pp. v— viii). We are not particularly disposed to quar- rel with Mr. Thorpe's definition, though we should not like to see it accepted as suf- ficient; but the application of it suggests some important questions. The first four hundred pages of the thousand to which the work before us extends are . devoted to a discussion of the notions of sovereignty, popular government, and the state in Ame- rica in the eighteenth century, the organi- zation of government in the States, the formation of the first State constitutions, the early conditions of suffrage, the west- ward expansion, the issues involved in the admission of Missouri, the annexation of Texas, and the absorption of Mexican terri- tory, together with a special chapter on the status of free negroes. For further light on the chief "constitutional" problems of the first half of the present century, we are next pointed to the discussions in the State con- stitutional conventions between 1845 and 1850. Four States are selected as types- Louisiana for the South, Kentucky for the border States, Michigan for the North, and California for the new West— and four hun- dred pages are given to a detailed abstract of the debates in the conventions of each. The contents of the remaining two hundred pages are indicated by the titles of the chap- ters—"A Half Century of Constitutional Changes," "Corporations, Finance, Local Government, and Education," and "The Courts, the People, Social and Civil Pro- gress." These topics, clearly, are such as one would expect to find discussed at length in a constitutional history of the American peo- ple. But how does Mr. Thorpe treat them? An examination of his volumes shows that the chief emphasis throughout is laid upon two or three subjects only, those, namely, of citizenship, suffrage, and eligibility fof office. Page after page is taken up with a rehearsal of the arguments of this or that person or this or that convention on some proposition, intended to settle one or other of these questions. Two-fifths of the entire space, as we have seen, is devoted to an ac- count of constitutional conventions in four States. In other words, Mr. Thorpe's con- ception of constitutional history, if we may gather it from this his latest work, is that of a history of the formation of State consti- tutions; and it is this that he has given us in his book. Alike in the chapters on the four typical States mentioned and else- where, attention is insistently called to the formulation of a document, the turning of a phrase, the precise definition of a right, an obligation, or a restriction. With the excep- tion of the legal status of the negro, scarce any of the great questions which agitated the political and social life of the United States between 1776 and 1850 receive in Mr. Thorpe's pages more than brief inci- dental mention; and the person who should read the book without a considerable equip- ment of previous knowledge, could not be blamed for concluding that the United States had had no foreign relations, no tariff con- troversy, no struggle with a national bank, no attempts at nullification and secession, and no serious foreign or domestic insur- rection, but that the matters of vital con- cern to us had been such as whether a resi- dence of three months or ten years should be prescribed as a prerequisite for voting, of whether cities and country districts should have equal or proportional representation in a State Legislature, or whether a candi- date for Governor should be required to own real estate and profess his belief in God. We have dwelt at this length on the in- appropriateness of Mr. Thorpe's title, not because the label is of greater significance than the contents, but because a comparison of the title and the subject-matter points the way straight to the essential limitation of the book. That Mr. Thorpe is confident that he has written a constitutional history, and written, moreover, from the one stand- point properly to be taken for such a work, cannot be doubted; and his pages show abundant evidences of knowledge, industry, and zeal. Yet we can but think that his work is, after all, hardly more than an elaborate monograph, a valuable section of a possible larger whole, but wanting in the broad conception of the subject which his title implies. For constitutional history is not merely the record of the struggle of a people to surround their political privileges with suitable documentary safeguards, or to define the immediate relation of the indi- vidual to the administrative machinery of government, or to assign to each element of the population its appropriate sphere of ac- tion; it is, rather, the exposition and ap- praisal of every influence which has so far entered into the life and thought of a people as to shape the form of their government and establish its theoretical basis. Cur- tis, essaying to compass the requirements of so great a task, treated the subject with ju- dicial clearness and precision, though with the limited mental range of the constitu- tional lawyer. Von Hoist conceived of Ame- rican history as a seething caldron set over the fires of slavery, nullification, and State rights, and studied the conflagration until surrounding objects became somewhat indis- tinct. Schouler put his trust m a plain, un- varnished tale, left facts to tell their own story, and subordinated reflection to narra- tion. Mr. Thorpe, avoiding direct competi- tion with his predecessors, has fixed his eye on an important and hitherto neglected

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208 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1759 part of the administrative organization, and has given us an estimate of it which, if there were nothing more to be said, would stamp the American people as a nation of legalists, to whom the particular method of individual participation in affairs had been the main subject of political concern. The method is novel and the results are valuable; yet no- thing can be surer than that, if terms mean anything, this is not, in any but an extremely narrow sense, constitutional history at all. While, however, we cannot think that Mr. Thorpe's work is what it professes to be, it nevertheless makes important additions to our knowledge of American history. Throughout, reliance has been placed upon primary sources, especially the journals and pro- ceedings of constitutional conventions, and the constitutions and laws of the several States. The accounts of the debates in the constitutional conventions of Louisiana, Ken- tucky, Michigan, and California are extreme- ly full. Particularly valuable are the dis- cussions of the legal status of the negro, and the issues involved in the various pro- positions for negro representation in legis- lative assemblies; while the status of the free negro, the onerous restrictions imposed upon him, and the arguments, epecially of the South, for and against emancipation, have nowhere, we think, been so elaborately set forth. To many readers the relative im- portance of the free negro as an element in the slavery controversy will very likely be something of a revelation. The discussion of State sovereignty gains in freshness, though it loses in completeness, by being car- ried on mainly from the standpoint of the State conventions. Into the subjects of citi- zenship, suffrage, and eligibility for office, as we have said, Mr. Thorpe enters at great length; and we fancy that most students will be inclined to accept many of his results as final. The tables inserted at various places, showing the qualifications of voters, Senators, Representatives, etc., in the dif- ferent States, for different periods, are a form of aid not to be despised. It is not easy to summarize an author's conclusions where the mass of detail Is so great. In the dry and formal record here presented, however, we can see how the no- tion and practice of universal manhood suf- frage gradually emerged from conditions of restriction and limitation. From the time when property-owners and church members were alone thought fit to vote and hold of- fice, to the time when the ballot was given to foreigners not yet naturalized, was a long step, particularly when measured by the de- grees of expansion of the intellectual hori- zon. Upon the developing form of the elec- toral system deep marks were made, in the North by Native Americanism, in the South by the profound concern over the definition of property In slaves, the right of emanci- pation, and, the adjustment of electoral privi- leges between slaveholders and non-slave- holders. We recall no writer who has brought out so clearly, from official records alone, the essentially defensive attitude of the South in the whole slavery controversy; a South strug- gling to maintain an Institution the legiti- macy of which, In any sound view of deve- loping human rights, could never be as- sumed, but which must be upheld by more and more elaborate argument and increasing subordination of reason to force. Even to the North, the negro was an object of suspi- cion and legal discrimination; but to the South his presence, and the apparent Impos- sibility of dealing with him by other than repressive measures, wrought widespread per- version of the moral sense, and made him, from whatever point of view, a stone of stumbling for those with whom his lot was cast. Granted the limitation already pointed out, Mr. Thorpe has done his work, for the most part, with commendable thoroughness. That the subject does not readily lend Itself to entertaining literary treatment is, of course, obvious; but it must be said that large portions of Mr. Thorpe's volumes are hard reading, and that the work, as a whole, is extremely dry. The last three chapters of vol. ii., with their summaries of miscella- neous provisions of State constitutions, read like a Stimson's 'American Statute Law' thrown into literary form. A further embar- rassment to the reader is the scarcity and in- completeness of dates, those especially in the chapters on the four typical States being at times so introduced as to necessitate a long search through the preceding pages to ascer- tain either the month or the year. The ti- tles of chapters iii. and viii. of volume ii. are hardly appropriate, corresponding as they do with but a small portion of the contents of the chapters themselves. Finally, the re- stricted scope of the work, together with the amount of previous general knowledge it ap- parently assumes, would seem to limit its profitable use to relatively mature students, though to the attention of such it is assuredly to be commended. Three Studies in Literature. By Lewis E. Gates. Macmillan Co. 1899. Cardinal Newman's rank as a prose-writer, and the position of Jeffrey and of Matthew Arnold in the history of criticism, are in the category of res judicata-, for the present generation at any rate. Moreover, critical essays on writers of critical essays, unless they display unusual brilliance of wit or in- sight, are likely to be dull and unprofitable reading. A study of Francis Jeffrey has, in- deed, some excuse for existing. The great Whig editor's name stands, in these days, for an obsolete school of literary criticism, and he lives, if he may be said to live at all, in the minds of persons of general informa- tion, as a purblind opponent of Romanti- cism, who compromised himself for ever by the phrase, "stuff about dancing daffo- dils." Dogmatic criticism, in his person, died hard. Mr. Gates shows clearly where Jeffrey drew the line at Romanticism. Let it be decorative, as you find it in Scott and Keats, and he will recognize its charm; but take it seriously, make your leech-ga- therer symbolic, exalt him into a moral type, and you offend the taste of a well-bred Whig reviewer. He erected his prejudices into canons of taste, and in compositions that conflicted with those canons he could see no merit. "England will never admire, nor indeed endure, your German divinities," he said to Carlyle, and he sincerely believed that it was impossible for a scholar and a gentleman to tolerate the realism of Goethe. Matthew Arnold also was an arbiter ele- (jantiarum, and not always entirely trust- worthy. But when he erred it was on the side of over-appreciation, and the range of his literary taste could hardly have been wider. Mr. Gates makes some nice points in his study of Arnold's style, and illus- trates certain faults of manner that were pointed out in passing by the author of 'Obiter Dicta' in his witty essay on Ar- nold; for example, an irritating jauntlness of style, and an assertion of inferiority so ela- borate as to amount to supercilious con- descension. This was a pose most calculated to annoy, and was chiefly affected when the author of 'Literature and Dogma' was bait- ing bishops. Arnold, in his mid-career, as a missionary to the middle classes, is Arnold at his wittiest. Mr. Gates could not resist quoting a famous passage from the preface of 'Essays in Criticism'— nor can we. Arnold relates a conversation between himself and a portly jeweller from Cheapside, who is his fellow-traveller on the Woodford branch of the Great Eastern Railway. The jeweller was greatly disturbed at a murder that had lately been committed in a railway carriage, and Arnold tendered him consolation: "I reminded him how Caesar refused to take precautions against assassination, be- cause life was not worth having at the price of an ignoble solicitude for it. I reminded him what insignificant atoms we all are in the life of the world. 'Suppose the worst to happen,' I said; 'suppose even yourself to be the victim — il n'y a pas d'homme nicessaire — we should miss you for a day or two on the Woodford branch, but the great mun- dane movement would still go on, the gravel walks of your villa would still be rolled, di- vidends would still be paid at the bank, om- nibuses would still run, there would still be the old crush at the corner of Fenchurch Street.' " Whatever reservations we may be disposed to make in the matter of the Gospel accord- ing to Matthew Arnold, we are all good Catholics over Newman's prose. "You and Keble are the philosophers, I the rhetori- cian," he wrote to Froude apropos of the ma- nagement of the Tractarian agitation. New- man was a rhetorician after the manner of De Quincey, whom, according to Mr. Gates, he consciously imitated. Certainly De Quincey might have written the following from the sermon on the 'Fitness of the Glories of Mary' : "But she, the Lily of Eden, who had al- ways dwelt out of the sight of man, fittingly did she die in the garden's shade, and amid the sweet flowers in which she had lived. Her departure made no noise in the world. . . . Pilgrims went to and fro; they sought for her relics, but they found them not. Did she die at Ephesus or did she die at Jerusalem? Reports varied, but her tomb could not be pointed out; or, if it was found, it was open; and instead of her pure and fra- grant body, there was a growth of lilies from the earth which she had touched." Newman wrote the 'Apologia' to prove his love for Truth from the record of his life. And what was the result of this long life spent in the search after Truth? "I think it impossible to withstand the evidence which is brought for the liquefaction of the blood of St. Januarius at Naples, or for the motion of the eyes of the pictures of the Madonna in the Roman States. I firmly believe that portions of the True Cross are at Rome and elsewhere." Mr. Gates traces Newman's connection with Romanticism and the charm he found in me- diaeval Christianity. His conception of New- man as a great mediaeval ecclesiastic astray in the nineteeenth century is, we think, very just. On the whole, his Essay on Newman is the most suggestive and readable of the three; partly, no doubt, because its subject is, and always will be, something of a mys- tery to every-day men. Newman saw things not as we see them; everything in him "tended towards the sublime," and it is be- cause of that, and because much of the sub- lime in his life and motives is so fatally near

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March 16, 1899] The Nation 209 to childish absurdity— or seems so to our narrow vision— that he calls for the most delicate appreciation. Enough has been said to show that Mr. Gates's unpretentious volume, while it makes no attempt at brilliancy or great originality, is a careful, thoughtful performance, con- taining one or two really valuable hints to- wards the appreciation of his authors. And It is no slight thing to have achieved so much —at any rate in the case of two men who are still so vividly before the world's eyes as are Arnold and Newman. The Silva of North America: A Description of the Trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. By C. S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Ar- boretum of Harvard University. Illustrat- ed with figures and analyses drawn from nature by C. E. Faxon. Vol. XII. Boston: Houghton, Mifilin & Co. 1898. The publishers make the interesting an- nouncement that, since it has been found impracticable to include in the twelfth vol- ume of Prof. Sargent's great work the gene- ral index to the whole, a thirteenth volume containing this index, together with descrip- tions and illustrations of recently discovered species, and such corrections of the original volumes as recent explorations have made necessary, will be sent to subscribers with- out charge as soon as ready. This propo- sition is in full accord with the gene- rous policy which has marked the progress of the work from its beginning. The illus- trations have been copious and of the high- est order of excellence In every feature of their execution. Mr. Faxon's drawings have been spirited and lifelike; his analyses have been characterized by accuracy and clear- ness, and the transference of these to the plates has been thoroughly good from first to last. Taken altogether, the original draw- ings and the engravings are, from their ab- solute fidelity to nature, helpful to all classes of students and even casual readers. The explanatory and descriptive text has been carefully considered and judiciously propor- tioned; the economic aspects of the subject have received adequate and careful treat- ment. The nomenclature, to which reference has before been made in this journal, is the only blemish. It is not in accord with generally accepted rules, nor does it keep pace with the innovations; its own changes are not likely to be found to be acceptable to any- body. But it should be said that the author has been scrupulously consistent through- out in following the rules laid down at the outset. There are two features In the text which characterize almost every page: these are, first, the editorial skill which gives to the separate parts their proper perspective, and, second, the vividness of description which comes from wide and fond contact with the trees themselves. Prof. Sargent's colossal undertaking has already given new hope to the lovers of forests, and it will long con- tinue to inspire enthusiasm in forest culture and conservation. A large part of the in- fluence which it exerts must be ascribed to the felicity of expression of the author, who carries his readers over wide ranges of territory without weariness, because he him- self loves the trees and the forests of which he writes. The present volume deals with larches, spruces, firs, and the like. They are mem- bers of the great group of plants with uncov- ered seeds, the so-called gymnosperms, and are regarded as direct descendents of the gymnosperms which formed, with the ferns and the allies of the ferns, the bulk of the vegetation in the great- er coal period. Some of them have come down with little change during the long time which has passed since the car- boniferous epoch, while others have been evolved as if in prompt response to the changes in environment. Hence, for a stu- dent of the past history of plants, these groups possess a singular attractiveness. In- vestigators do not seem to grow weary in conjecturing when and how have arisen the adaptations by which these plants have come to be what and where they are. Therefore, even the thickets of low spruces in the far North, with their monotonous colors and uni- formity of shape, are deeply interesting to the thoughtful student of the past, while the towering groves which can yield the loftiest masts, present certain questions in j plant-life and distribution which are very difficult to answer, and which are, therefore, all the more engaging. It is probably known to all our readers that one of the spruces rivals the white pine in value as a timber tree, but perhaps it is not so widely known that its usefulness also as a source of cheap paper-pulp puts it in imminent danger. The regular issue of the newspapers for a single Sunday, in any one of our largest Northern cities, sweeps away not far from ten to twelve acres of this valu- able spruce, while the larger issues at Christ- mas, or in some period of great excitement, go far beyond this conservative figure. And the worst of it is, the clean sweep of the trees in such cases is a prodigal waste, for it does not concern itself, as a sound system might, with the possibility of replacement. It is, however, difficult, if not impossible, to discover any way of checking this spend- thrift waste. Without any policy of forest care, and without any present likelihood of the framing of such a policy on an accept- able basis in our North, the question of com- plete destruction of the spruce appears to be one of a few years only. Certain other coni- fers are taking the places of their predeces- sors in small districts a little further south, and in a few limited areas the coniferous forests are even gaining ground. But these are exceptional — hopeful, to be sure, but, from their exceptional character, the more exasperating. In laying down this volume, with its cautious and yet strong statements as to the uses and possibilities of our shrink- ing forests, we shudder to think how our forest inheritance is imperilled by the short- sighted selfishness of the very men who should protect it. If a wise State and na- tional policy of forest conservation is es- tablished in our "North America exclusive of Mexico," within the life of the present generation, it will be largely due to the thoroughly sound influence emanating from Prof. Sargent's work. William Blackwood and his Sons: The An- nals of a Publishing House. By Mrs. Ge- rald Porter. Vol. III. Scribners. 1898. It would be Idle to expect that the third volume of the Blackwood annals should come up to its predecessors in interest. A success of scandal is seldom followed by a success of merit, and, when it is, one does not look for excitement. The history of the Blackwood firm is the story of "Maga's" ad- ventures. From the mystery and fun of the 'Nodes' we now pass to sober and responsi- ble reviewers — from the stormy petrels C. North and Lockhart to Mrs. Oliphant and George Eliot. In "Maga's" roystering youth, a review in her pages was likely to contain affronts that could be washed out only with blood; we cannot suppose that the revelation of Mrs. Oliphant's identity as a reviewer can ever have ranked as a question of life and death; and when George Eliot unmasked there was no result more sensational than the discomfiture of Mr. Liggins. The at- mosphere of assured success and large checks is the natural atmosphere of the Epi- goni, and they find it agreeable; for us the romance of the Blackwood house ceased with its founder. The list of writers for "Maga" during John Blackwood's thirty years of editorship proves that he possessed the correct literary in- stinct and the gift of diplomacy which had secured his father's success, while the ex- tracts from his correspondence with Burton, L. Oliphant, Lever, Reade, Kinglake, Lytton, and the rest show that he wrote excellent letters, and that his criticisms were re- ceived with patience and profit by his con- tributors. John Blackwood was an agreeable mixture of the editor and the country gen- tleman; he was an ardent golfer, and his country-house at St. Andrew's was thronged in the season by his golfing friends. He was proud of "Maga's" military contingent, which included the Hamleys, Chesney, and Lord Wolseley. Lord Kitchener is the last man In the world whom one would suspect of writ- ing for the magazines; yet in 1878 we find him writing of a "Visit to Sofia," and the following year he proposes a paper on Cy- prus, where he was engaged in surveying. He says: "We are getting on well, and my base- line came in to % inch in four miles. I have had no fever in my party, and am excep- tional in that respect." This is "the Sirdar's luck" foreshadowed in the Lieutenant. His "Notes on Cyprus" appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in 1879. Some further light is thrown on the elusive personality of "Lar- rie" Oliphant by his lively letters to the editor. In 1866 he wrote that he "never met with a born American of any shade of poli- tics who did not curse universal suffrage, and he did not believe a native-born Yan- kee existed who was in favor of it, but their blessed Constitution ties them up" (p. 154). Oliphant was, perhaps, the first to exploit the American girl in fiction. "Irene Mac- gillicuddy" was her formidable name, and Oliphant found the society that harbored the type "ridiculously sensitive." "Irene has kicked up such a rumpus in New York so- ciety that we had better leave them a few months to recover their tranquillity before firing our second shot. My clever correspon- dent, who is herself a 'bouncer* turned traitor, and gave me the points, is in an agony of alarm" (p. 139). It is amusing to find Sir Richard Burton "preparing an ac- count of Mormonism, which, however, is an indelicate subject, requiring to simmer in the mind. Its flavor would evaporate in a decoction." The Blackwoods published an "Agricultu- ral Journal," and when an inquiry was made into the cause of the potato disease, a num- ber of farmers were asked to give their views. One farmer wrote: "I thocht at first it was a dispensation of Almichty God, but

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210 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1759 now I believe it is an insect." John Black- wood, in 1867, attended one of "Jowett's Jumbles," which he politely calls "an intel- lectual reception — there were ladies, but it was rather slow work." Throughout this third volume the person- ality of the genial editor is presented as that of one who was never stiffened by ex- perience. We miss Mrs. Oliphant's hand, of course, but Mrs. Porter has carried on the work creditably enough. On p. 232 we read, "To any one desirous. .... we recom- mend them to the volume." And "These cor- respondents . . . was a branch" (p. 315) is another slip that betrays the unpractised hand. Leibniz: The Monadology and Other Philo- sophical Writings. Translated, with in- troduction and notes, by Robert Latta. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. 1898. 8vo, pp. 437. That a thorough and critical acquaintance with the philosophy of Leibniz is an indis- pensable preliminary to a successful study of Kant and to a just appreciation of Ger- man philosophy, does not, perhaps, render this publication particularly opportune; for the endeavors that have been made to re- suscitate Hegel in English-speaking coun- tries seem for the present to have failed. But, at any rate, it may be considered as op- portune on account of the number of ideas, now universally esteemed as highly fruitful, which trace their origin to the Hanoverian philosopher. The Columbus of the subcon- scious mind, the discoverer of mechanical energy, the joint inventor of the differential calculus, and, more than all these, the great promulgator of the law of continuity (un- derstood by himself to include historical continuity, and, as he was dimly aware, sup- posing an evolution of all things and all laws from a primal chaos), is a figure to excite the curiosity of thinking men of the present day. One might, at first blush, wonder that so big a book— though the light Oxford paper makes it easy to hold — should be devoted to a writing which in Erdmann's edition does not fill eight pages. There is, however, am- ple justification for that. Leibniz is not yet a convenient author to study. Before the completion of Gerhardt's edition of the Phi- losophical Works in 1890, the state of things was calculated to daunt a pusillanimous student. Even now the philosophical writ- ings are contained in seven volumes; the mathematical works (which furnish the only key to Leibniz's thought) fill seven more by the same editor, and the mathematical correspondence has yet to be printed. The historical and political writings, which ought not to be neglected, are in ten other vol- umes edited by Klopp; and in order to pos- sess all of Leibniz that has seen the light, the student must procure fourteen addition- al volumes (seven edited by Foucher de Careil, six by Dutens, and one by Mollat), besides those which are now in course of publication. It was, therefore, a praise- worthy act, as well as a bright idea, to take that unnamed paper known as the Monadolo- gie, which compresses the metaphysical sys- tem of Leibniz into the smallest possible compass, and make It the subject of a full exposition by means of parallel extracts from other writings of the same author. For Leibniz, as a writer of papers and not of books, often repeats his thought in more and more developed forms. A true scientific man, he never held to any opinion as final and irrevocable, and he never ceased to learn and to grow. Dr. Latta's work has been performed with erudition and good judgment. The plan once settled, the only ground of complaint with the manner in which it has been carried out is that the original French and Latin ought everywhere to have been given in place of English versions. As for the plan Itself, the chief fault of it is, that, in consequence of the whole commentary being made to refer to an exceedingly compressed statement of Leibniz's metaphysical system, it hardly presents a broad view of his whole thought; and, in particular, it is a pity that the logic of so eminent and original a logician— life and soul, as it is, of his whole philosophy- should not have been more completely il- lustrated. The first hundred and fifty pages of the volume are occupied with a general exposi- tion of the philosophy, correct and full, but not deeply critical. An "estimate" thereof fills the next sixty. There will be found his- torical information concerning the relation of Leibniz to the scholastics and to Des- cartes, and concerning the relation to him of Kant, Fichte, Schopenhauer, and Hegel. No- thing is said of later German thinkers who, down to Ernst Mach, inclusive, have been influenced in no inconsiderable degree by this philosopher — at any rate, indirectly, whether directly, too, or not. What of criti- cism this "estimate" contains regards the subject from a Hegelian point of view; for Dr. Latta seems to be one of those Britons who clean forget the thought which is their patrimony, in their admiration for the "pro- fundity" of philosophers who attack the most difficult problems without having had the courage to go through the tedious investiga- tions which should have come first. But It will hardly be thought by anybody that Dr. Latta's criticism of Leibniz is particularly strong or helpful. This is unfortunate, be- cause, while the reasoning of Leibniz was nearly, if not quite, of the highest order, being far more accurate than that of Kant or almost any metaphysician that can be named, and abounding in luminous, simplifying, and fecund methods, yet he seems to have had a sort of blind spot on his logical retina that rendered him capable of accepting tremen- dous inconsistencies and absurdities. Wit- ness his works upon the "Great Art" of Ray- mund Lully — a sort of Keely motor for churning knowledge out of Ignorance — in which the man who swayed German thought so long maintains that all truths, theoreti- cal and practical, can be mathematically de- monstrated from two premises, one that he expresses thus: "Quod est (tale) id est, seu non (tale) vel contra," while the other is, "Aliquid existit." He is a declared nominalist, and his theory of monads breathes nominalistic individual- ism. But he strangely fails to see how con- trary to all this is his law of continuity; and it is still more curious that he found himself, at last, forced to revive the substantial forms of the mediaeval realists. It will occur to almost every mind that for each Lelbnlzian monad all the rest are superfluous and non- existent— a manifest absurdity; and that so great a reasoner should not have seen the Inconsistency of supposing God to be one of those monads, is quite astonishing. In bis fourth letter to Clarke, he offers, as an argument in favor of his logical "prin- ciple of the identity of indiscernibles," the fact that a nobleman of his acquaintance, on hearing it enunciated, long searched in vain to find two leaves of trees exactly alike — not seeing that this was a much better ar- gument against the principle than for it. For the proposition is that things precisely alike could not conceivably be two. Now, the very fact that one may spend a long time in trying to find such a case proves that it is quite conceivable. Here lies one of the capi- tal errors upon which the Leibnizian me- taphysics comes to wreck; namely, that he does not see that existence is no general predicate or intellectual conception, but is an affair of brute fact. Was it not Car- lyle who said that the very hyssop that grows on the wall is there only because the whole universe has not been strong enough to hinder it? This falsifies, too, the other principle which Leibniz in the same letter lays down as fundamental, the law of suf- ficient reason. There is no proving exist- ence, as he himself once remarked; for though a thing be in itself possible, it may not, in his phrase, be "compossible" with other things which have forestalled it in the struggle for existence. Leibniz fancies he answers this objection by saying that God has created the best of all possible worlds; but that this proves itself upon dis- cussion to be a quite meaningless proposition has long been apparent. Nor is this the only such objection to the law of sufficient reason, for nobody has answered the old question what reason there can be why red and blue light should not excite each the sensation that the other does excite. But though the doctrine that everything has a sufficient rea- son is thus untenable, yet it still may be true that reasons ("raisons"), that is, final causes, should be really operative in the universe. Only, this cannot consistently be maintained by a philosopher who insists upon denying the reality of all generals; unless, indeed, he resorts to the device of supposing a Deity in whose mind those reasons and pur- poses should reside — his nominalism prob- ably passing to the conceptualistic variety. But what, after all, is such a theological nominalism but the attribution to the sys- tem of generals, not only of reality, but also of life? Such weaknesses of the logic of Leibniz are quite overlooked by Dr. Latta; although it is not easy to comprehend how they can fail to suggest themselves to any mind train- ed in British strictness of reasoning. Next in the volume comes the Monadolo- gy, which copious and pertinent notes, chief- ly expository by parallel passages, expand to some sixty pages. The remaining hun- dred and fifty pages are given to sundry papers of Leibniz allied to the Monadology, together with the introduction to the 'Nou- veaux Essais.' But we believe we need say nothing of these, since, if our views are at all correct, it must already sufficiently ap- pear what praise and what blame are to be adjudged to this work. A History of English Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century. By Henry A. Beers. Henry Holt & Co. 1899. Pp. 455. Professor Beers is always an interesting writer, and his latest volume is a thoroughly readable collection of essays on eighteenth- century literature. We call it a collection of essays, for, in spite of the unity implied in the title, the effect of the book on the reader

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March i6, 1899] The Nation. 211 is rather that of a series of studies than of an organic history of the subject. The au- thor conceives "Romanticism" in the stricter sense as "the mediaeval revival," and to this he confines his attention, with the result of making his work more valuable, perhaps, as a description of materials, but less so as a philosophical account of movements and forces. Such an account could be given only by considering also the general reaction against the spirit of the eighteenth century which for most of us is summed up, vaguely, perhaps, and inaccurately, but conveniently, in the phrase "the Romantic Movement." To most of us, therefore, it will be somewhat disconcerting to read a history of English Romanticism in the eighteenth century and find in it no consideration of Burns or Blake or Cowper. Still, Prof. Beers is quite within his rights, and we shall not further quarrel with him on the score of his self-imposed li- mitations. The author commands most, but not all, of the materials of previous workers in the field, from much of which he generously quotes; and he has new material of his own to pre- sent. He is felicitous in the use of illustra- tive matter and of literary gossip. Chapter viii. gives an interesting popular account of the ballad-question and a good history of the eighteenth-century ballad revival; the re- sume of the Ossian controversy in chapter x. will be serviceable to a puzzled public; and the chapters on Chatterton, and on the inter-relations of English and German lite- rature in the period, are convenient summa- ries. The latter, perhaps, is rather more ori- ginal than any of the other chapters in the book. The work as a whole may be com- mended as an excellent popular treatment of the special subject of the literary revival of mediaevalism in the eighteenth century in England. The author's uncertainty as to the spelling of the name "Warton" ("Wharton" at pp. 179, 307, etc.) will cause confusion to read- ers who do not know that the two are vari- ant writings of the same name. Campaigning in Cuba. By George Kennan, author of 'Siberia and the Exile System.' The Century Co. 8vo, pp. 269. Mr. Kennan's letters, now collected and republished, are thoroughly trustworthy de- scriptions of what he saw, told in a cha- racteristically effective way. They will be permanently valuable and authoritative ma- terials for the history of the Spanish war, as well as most entertaining notes of travel and adventure. His picture of Tampa, the camp there, the hopeless overwhelming of the administrative officers, and the insuffi- ciency of the railway facilities for a great military depot, is vivid and carries convic- tion of its truth in every line. He tells us of Key West what every one will wish to know, and makes us see the harbor and the town, its lazy, tropical sleepiness caught in the rush of the warlike turmoil of a base for fleets and a rendezvous for transports and prizes. So of Santiago when he gets there; we feel the climate, see the unsani- tary fever-breeding conditions of the town, and share his relief when he emerges from a nasty alley into the patio of the Anglo- American Club, with its marble pavement, its fountain, and its palms. The actual con- dition of the camps, the life of the soldiers, the means of supply, the poor apologies for hospitals in the field, the port-no-port of Siboney which was only an open coast, surf- beaten, without docks or anchorage — all these are shown with photographic sharp- ness. The judgments which Mr. Kennan renders are honest, but there is room here for dif- ferences of opinion, and we may well re- ceive his conclusions with reserve, till fuller investigation and knowledge may make us more sure we know how to distinguish be- tween the faults of commanders and the necessary hardships of an invasion under extraordinary circumstances. Siboney was evidently no base for continued operations of an army, but might yet be well chosen for a descent upon the coast to be follow- ed by a quick stroke at Santiago. The actual success, even at the cost of great hardship, is not to be ignored in judging the cam- paign. It would have been more in the line of regular operations to have estab- lished a base in Guantanamo Bay, waited for the landing of wagon-trains and of sup- plies of all sorts, and then to have advanced upon Santiago by the longer route inland. But what was thus gained in one way might have been lost in another, if it was prob- able that an unacclimated army must soon be depleted by the calenture, to say nothing of the dreaded "yellow jack." It is not yet easy to discriminate satis- factorily between faults of administration for which the authorities at Washington were responsible, and those for which the gene- ral in command of the expedition must him- self answer. Mr. Kennan's facts will be an essential part of the whole case upon which judgment must finally be reached, but we can now afford to wait for more light. The Workers: The West. By Walter A. Wyckoff. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1898. The author of this book is described as a professor of political economy, and certain- ly no one will question the propriety of the epithet "dismal" if such matter as is here collected forms the subject of that science. That it does not is easily established. There can be no science without accurate observation, concentrated and directed by theory. There can be no accurate observation under the influence of emotion, and no profitable ob- servation without scientific hypothesis. Peo- ple say that they tell what they have seen and all that they have seen; but every trial in court proves that witnesses do not tell all that they have seen, nor even what they have seen, even when they try. They attend to a very small part of what they see, and they remember only that to which they paid attention. So in Mr. Wyckoff 's case: he is so drenched in the misery of his lot, so inevitably compelled to attend to its doleful features by the recollection of the comforta- ble life that he has relinquished, that he can see nothing but the wretched side of the laborer's position. From time to time he rouses himself, and protests that there is another side; but these efforts are spasmodic, and rather interrupt than correct the gene- ral impression. The chief reason for distrusting the scien- tific character of these notes is to be found in the doubt which it is impossible not to feel concerning the genuineness of the writer's emotion. Here is a man, able to live com- fortably, who deliberately takes up the life of a tramp, and then moans piteously over its woes. We do not deny its woes, but we deny that any one can feel them whose circum- stances make him independent of his daily wages. Mr. Wyckoff could at any moment have relieved himself from the agonies of suffering which he describes, and his wails of anguish cannot arouse deep sympathy. We do not feel for sorrows which are sought for and which can be escaped from; even our friend who howls with the pain of an aching tooth, but will not go to the dentist, gets scant condolence. As to the descriptions of tramp-life here given, they have been so widely read in the magazine in which they appeared as to require no explanation from us. We must protest, however, against the application of the title 'The Workers' to the class of peo- ple with whom Mr. Wyckoff associated. So far as they are workers at all, most of them are the refuse of the labor market, the men who have been discharged for drunkenness, dishonesty, inefficiency, laziness, and similar reasons. There is a sprinkling of deserving men; but the really deserving men are not often compelled to tramp for work. The ex- istence of such a mass of undeserving men as Mr. Wyckoff describes is one of the difficul- ties of our civilization; but we cannot say that his observations suggest any means of escaping from this difficulty. The Last Link: Our Present Knowledge of the Descent of Man. By Ernst Haeckel. With Notes and Biographical Sketches by Hans Gadow, F.R.S. London: A. & C. Black; New York: Macmillan. 1898. 8vo, pp. vi, 156, cuts. The renowned Jena professor was a great white light among the luminaries of the Fourth International Congress of Zoology at Cambridge last August, and this book con- sists mainly of the address which he de- livered on the 26th, on our present know- ledge of the descent of man. This confes- sion of faith of a man of science sounds no uncertain note; we hear the conclusion of the whole matter as it appears to the lifelong and foremost champion of transformism in Germany, who early made Darwinism his starting-point in evolutionary studies, not his goal. The "last link" is what has com- monly been called the "missing link" be- tween man and apes, requiring the new name because it is now believed to have been found in Pithecanthropus erectus, the semi- simian or semi-human fossil discovered in Java by Dr. Eugene Dubois in 1894. Haeckel had long before proposed the hypothetical genus and species Pithecanthropus alalus for some supposed speechless ape-man, and his delight at the discovery of an actual or- ganism answering the requirements of this genus may be imagined. His italicised pro- nouncement is now: 'The descent of man from an extinct Tertiary series of Primates is not a vague hypothesis, but an historical fact" (p. 76). The address hits off the whole subject of evolution "from moner to man" in a free-handed, masterly manner, with technical precision where possible, else- where with glittering generalities, as in at- tempts to compute the chronology of 5,375,- 000 generations of animals from Laurentian times to Adam and Eve. The address will be caviare to the general, but any one can appreciate, for example, the neat score made off "Darwin's point" of the folded rim of the ear. The Greeks were zoologically cor- rect in their representations of the pointed ears of satyrs, and Hawthorne's Donatello, in the 'Marble Faun,' is a modern instance. Dr. Gadow supplements the volume with brief portraitures of some famous scientists,

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212 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1759 as Lamarck, Cuvler, Von Baer, Johannes Mueller, Virchow (who Is Haeckel's protago- nist), Koelliker, Gegenbaur, Cope, and es- pecially Haeckel himself. Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century. By John Lawler. A. C. Arm- strong & Son. The present reviewer confesses frankly that he belongs to the hopelessly Philistine class of people who buy books simply be- cause they want to read them, and not be- cause they are old or curious or rare. Hav- ing confessed this much, he also confesses that he has read this little book with great interest, and with some stirrings within as of an undeveloped germ of bibliomania. Long as the method of sale by auction had been known to the world, it was not, it seems, till the beginning of the seventeenth century that this method was applied to book-sales by the Elzevirs at Leyden and Amsterdam, and not until 1676 was it intro- duced into England, by the bookseller Wil- liam Cooper. His first catalogue is a cu- riosity, and so are some of the prices brought. Fancy an Eliot Indian Bible going for 19 shillings, the Homer of 1488 for 9 shillings, and the first edition of Bacon's 'Advancement of Learning' for 1 shilling! The first appearance of the first folio of Shakspere in any auction catalogue was at Cooper's sale In 1687, when it brought 14 shillings, and a second folio in 1678 brought 16 shillings. At the sale of Sir Kenelm Dig- by's books in 1680, the second folio brought 14 shillings; the 'Paradise Lost* of 1668, 2s. Id.; Lydgate's 'Fall of Princes' (1554), 3s. 6d. Caxtons seem to have been little in de- mand, his 'History of Troy' bringing 3s.; his 'Morte Arthur,' 2s. 10d.; his 'Book of Chesse Moralized,' Is. 6d. ; and many other rarissima of the earliest presses of Italy, France, and Germany, which would now bring more than their weight in gold, going at less than their weight in copper at the sale of Dr. Bernard's great library in 1686. Some of the prefaces to the catalogues are very curious, but for these we must refer the reader to the book itself. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. A Sketch of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot. Boston: G. H. Ellis. Antin, Mary. From Plotzk to Boston. Boston: W. B. Clarke & Co. Budd. Henry. St. Mary's Hall Lectures, and Other Papers. Philadelphia: H. T. Coates & Co. ?1.50. Clyde, Anna M., and Wallace, Lillian. Through the Year. Books I. and II. A Supplementary Reader. Silver. Burdett & Co. Each 36c. Deckert, E. Cuba. [Land und Leute Monogra- phlen.) Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York: Lemcke & Buechner. Elliott, Sarah B. An Incident, and Other Happen- ings. Harpers. $1.25 rant, A. H. The Gn N. Y.: A. V. Halght. Hillis, Rev. N. D. A Man's Value to Society. 12th ed. F. H. Revell Co. $1.25. I>l) Loew, W. N. Magyar Poetry. New York: The Author. Mason, Caroline A. A Wind Flower. Phlladcl- ihia: A. J. Rowland. $1. ikalowitch, Nlcolal. The Godhood of Man. Chi- cago: The Author. Moore, Prof. B. Elementary Physiology. Long- mans, Green & Co. $1.20. Miiller, F. M. Ramakrishna; his Life and Say- 'eck,' < $2.50. Pepper Rev. G. W. Under Three Flags; or. The Story of My Life. Cincinnati: Curtis & Jen- nings. Poems of Therese. Translated from the German by Ellen Frothingham. Putnams. 75c. Poynting, Prof. J. H., and Thomson, Prof. J. J. Sound. [A Text-Book of Physics.] London: Charles Griffin & Co.; Philadelphia: J. B. Lip- pincott Co. Rolfe, W. J. A Satchel Guide to Europe. 1899. Boston: HoUghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Seilhac, Leon de. Les Congres Ouvrlers en France (1876-1897). Paris: Colin & Cle. W. J. The Grading < ' " New York: H. P. Smith Publishing Co. The Grading of Schools. 3d ed. Skinner, Henrietta D. Esplritu Santo. Harpers. $1.25. Smith, Prof. H. P. The Books of Samuel. [In- ternational Critical Commentary.] Scribners. $3. Snell. F. J. The Fourteenth Century. [Periods of European History.] Scribners. $1.50. Super, Prof. O. B. Segur's La Retraite de Mos- cou. Henry Holt & Co. Tbe Martyrdom of an Empress. Harpers. $2.50. Vachell, H. A. The Procession of Life. Appletons. Van ArkeL Garret. And Then Came Spring. A Story. E. R. Herrick & Co. Waller, H. D. History of the Town of Flushing. Flushing: J. H. Ridenour. Watson, Annah R. Some Notable Families of America. Dodd. Mead & Co. $2. Wilson, W. B. History of the Pennsylvania Rail- road Co. 2 vols. Philadelphia: H. T. Coates & Co. Wood, Benjamin. The Successful Man of Business. New York: The Author. The New York Tribune headed its reviews of fiction last Sunday with one of Stacpoole's novels, "The Rapin" (Henry Holt & Co., $1.25), in which the reviewer said, "It is a captivating book. It is an odd production, freakish in tone, spasmodic in movement, but its very freakishness gives it charm. ... A book which it would be folly to attempt to remember, but almost folly to leave unread." CAMBRIDGE EDITION of Great Poets. Including the Poetic and Dramatic Works of Whittier, Longfellow, Holmes, Lowell, Browning, Burns, Tennyson, Milton. Each in a single volume, large crown 8vo. Edited with great care, furnished with Notes. Indexes, Portraits, and Engraved Title-Pages; printed in large type, on opaque paper, handsomely bound! Each (except Browning)S'2. 00. Browning, §.3. 00. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. The Novels, Romances, mid Me- rv Al TnFJT moire of Upl se Daudet, trans- L/rtU L/C 1 Katharine 1'rcscott Wonneley and others, with HO photogravures by (ioupil from new designs by French artists. 21 volumes. K.litions sold only by subscription, Send for circulars to LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston, or CROSCUP & STERLING CO., New York AUTHORS?! miscript review- ed, crit ieised, and commented ithout charge. Pub- lished it' worthy. EASTERN PUBLISHING CO., fil Court St., Boston, Mass. T IVING AGE INDEX, 1 844-1 8g6.— _/_• Subscribers Increasing, price cotuMtnmy re- durr.l. E. Roth, 1135 Pine St., 1'hlladelphla. i I I Crystal Maple Sugar I t PROM T & Adirondack Virgin Forest. £ y£ Pure Maple Sugar and Maple 4 ? Syrup, unexcelled in Quality, £ 9 Flavor and Freshness. ^ I J HORSE SHOE FORESTRY CO., J ? Horse Shoe, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y. J SUPPLY LIMITED. J» Write for prices and order blank, season of 5 1899. J Orders booked as received, Just Published. In Five Volumes. A History of British India. By Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic So- ciety. Volume I. Introductory to the Overthrow of the English In the Spice Archipelago. 8vo, pp. viii -175. With four colored Maps and full Index, $5.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. /DOOR'S.— All Out-of-print Books supplied, JLJ no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the most expert book tinders extant. Please state wants. BAKER'S GREAT HOOKSHOP, 1416 John Bright Street. Birmingham, England. 149a Tremont St. (Lawrence I'l'KhlUIN BUUKb Building, corner West St. /CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH FOR V_» School, Home, Private Instruction, and especially young American Teachers. Premiere Livraison, 24 pp. Mailed for lOcts, E. Roth, 1135 Pine St., Phllada. Nearly Ready. Story of the People of England in the 19th Century By Justin McCart&y, M.P., author of "Life of Sir Robert Peel," "The Sto- ry of_ Gladstone's Life," etc. In 2 vols. , Nos. 53 and 54 in The Story of the Nations Series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each $1.50; half leather, gilt tops, each $1.75. "The Story of England's Nineteenth Century" is a picture, rather than a record, of England's devel- opment in all the arts of peace since the close of the great war with Napoleon. Since that time a complete revolution has taken place in all that re- lates to applied and industrial science. Railways, ocean steamships, the electric telegraph, the sub- marine cable, the telephone— all these are the growth of this wonderful century, which has done more for the practical movement of civilization than all the centuries that went before. The por- traits of the great men who led ail these different movements are carefully and vividly drawn, and the object is to impress the mind of the reader with a clear idea of each man and of each man's work in that period of English history. O. P. PUTNAM'S SONS. NEW YORK & LONDON. Old Books. Rare Books. Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUE, pronounced to be the most original and Interesting list issued. 864 pages, 8vo. with 870 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, 5. W. MAYER & MIILLER, Booksellers, 2 Prlnz Louis Ferdlnandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). Direct supply, at best terms, of GERMAN NEW AND SECOND HAND HOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and PERIOD! CA1S In auv department of Learning and Literature. Cheapest opportunity for Libraries, Professors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues on application. Best references. DOORS, SECOND-HAND AND NEW, LJ Standard and Rare. Books bought. Catalogues issued. E. W. Johnson, 2 %. 42d St., N. Y.

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The NaX'kn VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 760. THURSDAY, MARCH 23, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Putnam's Forthcoming Books. Industrial Cuba. Being a Study of Present Commercial and Industrial Conditions, with Suggestions as to the Opportunities presented in the Island for American Capital, Enterprise and Labor. By Robert P. Porter, Special Commissioner for the United States, Cuba and Porto Rico. tvo. This volume deals with the economic and political condition and outlook In Cuba. It dei questions In that Island, which are Interesting every Intelligent citizen in the United States. There is literally no chapter In it that does not have some bearing, and which does not give useful information on the problems which the Administration is endeavoring to solve, and which Gen- eral Brooke and his staff of provincial governors are at this moment working to solve satisfactorily to the people of Cuba. The Life of George Borrow. The Life, Writings, and Correspondence of George Borrow, 1803- 1881, author of "The Bible in Spain," etc. By William I. Knapp, Ph.D., late of Yale and Chicago Universities. In two vols. 8vo. 1 In East Dereham, Norfolk, England, in 1803. He ing languages, for which he had a great gift, acquir- tat of tne gvpsics. After much ad\ enturous roam- ls:i:i he received the appointment as agent of the ■ocletv. in which capacity.he.travelled extensively, e the language ot each country visited by him. He [ties, his fondness for the gvpsics, his passion for for the gentilities of life, and I ' i he church of England. George Borrow was spent much of his time s Ing. among other tongu lng and many struggle* British and Foreign Lll learning with marveloui was noted for his eccei athletic exercises, his . his vigorous advocacy Three Ne<w Outdoor Books. Nature Studies in Berkshire. With illustrations in photogravure from original photographs by Arthur Scott. By John Coleman Adams. Large 8vo. A collection of prose pictures of skies and woods and Holds, intermingled with the reflections of a writer who is at once a philosopher and a poet, one who enjoys profoundly the beauties of the Berkshire Hills and who possesses the art of enabling his reader to share in his enjoyment. Ornamental Shrubs. For Garden, Lawn and Park Planting. Fullv illustrated. 8vo. By Lucius D. Davis. sons who. though interested in plants, have no know ledge of Botany and neither time nor inclination to acquire it. The phraseology is plain and the descriptions are easily comprehensible; vei the 1 k contains material, never before pre semed. relating' - varieties of plants developed under cultivation. Our Insect Friends and Foes. Row to Collect, Preserve and Study Them. By Belle S. Cra- gin. Fully illustrated. 8vo. Miss Cragin sets forth the pleasure to be derived "from a systematic study of the habits of insects, and gives many points which will he ot pi actical value to the beginner, she gives comprehensive descriptions ,,f all the more important species to be found in the United States, together with Illustrations of the same. Two Women in the Klondike. By Mart E. Hitchcock. With over 100 illustrations from Pho- tographs, and an authoritative map of Alaska, showing the trails to the gold fields. 8vo. The volume presents the record of a journey in the summer of 1898, by Mrs. Koswell D.Hitchcock, widow of the late Commander Hitchcock, U. S. N., and Miss E. Van Burcn, a grandniece of President Van Buren. Mrs. Hitchcock's journal is a faithful and vivacious account of her experiences, and is full of In- teresting incidents. Lone Pine. The Story of a Lost Mine. By R, B. Townshend. 12mo, $1,25. A tale of the adventures of a white man in New Mexico with Indians, both honest and treacherous. The white man, by dint of good marksmanship, and also by dint of quick wits, rescues from marauding Navajoes the girl whom they have stolen, and vanquishes his enemies. The book is full of Incident and of de- scriptions, accurate as well as picturesque, of life among the Pueblos. Miss Cayley's Adventures. By Grant Allen, author of " British Barbarians," etc. Illus- trated. 12 mo. This is the obverse of the old story of the youth who starts forth with a sound heart and tuppence in his pocket to win his fortune. Mr. Allen's youth Is a girl, a graduate of Girton, who is left penniless, and who is compelled to make The Children of the Mist. By Eden Phillpotts, author of "Down Dartmoor Way," " Lying Prophets," etc. 8vo. Mr. R. D. Blackmore, the author of " Lorna Doone." writes concerning this book as follows : " Knowing nothing of the writer or his works, I was simply as- tonished at the beaut \ and power of this novel. But true as it is to life and place, full of deep interest, rare humor, and vivid descriptions, there seemed to be risk of its passing unheeded in the crowdandrush and ruck of fiction. . . . Litera- ture has been enriched with a wholesome, genial and noble tale, the reading of which is a pleasure in store for many." Heroes of the Nations Series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each, $1.50; half leather, gilt top, each, $1.75. 25.— Bismarck and the New German Empire. How It Arose and What It Displaced. By J.W.Headlam, King's College, Cambridge. Story of the Nations Series. New Numbers. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo. $1 50; half leather, gilt top, $1.75. Nos. 54 and 55. The Story of the People of England in the 19th Century. By Justin McCarthy, M. P. In two volumes. No. 56. The Story of China. By Robert K. Douglas No. 57. The Story of Austria. The Home of the Hapsburg Dynasty, from 1282 to the Present Day. By Sydney Whit- man. Q. P. Putnam's Sons, 27 and 29 West 23d Street, NEW YORK. 24 Bedford Street, Strand, LONDON.

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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. {Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter. ] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 213 Editoeial Articles: The Situation 216 Mr. McKiuley and Congress 216 Get the Beer Contracts 217 The Custom-House Vexation 218 Special Correspondence: Rembrandt at the British Museum 219 One Letter More from "Robert" 220 Correspondence: The President and His "Orders" 221 Virtue Enough for All 221 Judge Kohlsaat 221 "Lest We Forget" 221 "The Law of the Road" 222 Notes 223 Book Reviews: Longfellow's Column and the Arch 226 Recent Books on Musical Topics 227 West African Studies 228 A Short History of Astronomy 229 The Butterfly Book 229 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the Address-Label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent uirfess requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to "Publisher of the Na- tion.'" When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion, U lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page, or top of column. Cuts are not inserted on the first page. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $24. A page, $60 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 insertions 5 percent. 8 " 10 I •& It " ::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: 18 - Amount— $100 within a year 10 percent 250 " " iau •• 500 " " 15 " 750 " " 20 1,000 " " 25 1,500 " " 30 2,000 " " 33« " The NATION is sent free to those who adrertise in it as long as advertisement continues. CLARENDON PRE55 PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send/or Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. Educational. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. T7DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y J_L, School for Girls.— 36th year will begin Septem- ber 28, 1898. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. s Maryland, Catonsvllle. T. TIMOTHY S SCHOOL for Girls re- opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Is of School, Miss M. C. Carter, Miss S. B. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. DOS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. IS) Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. ^HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. P Massachusetts, Duxbury. 0 WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indl- M- New York, Utica. R S. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M" BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens SeDt. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. DIVINITY SCHOOL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. An Undenominational School of Theology. The School has ten Instructors connected with several different denominations. Only college graduates eligible for the degree of The instruction offered covers eighty-one hours a week. Courses In Harvard College are open without charge. Special opportunities are offered for post-graduate study. Of the 118 students who have gone from the School In the last four years, 10 are still students, 6 are teachers, 1 is a missiouary of the American Board, and 75 are pastors of churches as follows: 3 Baptist, 4 Disciples, 1 Dutch Reformed, 5 Epis- copal, 5 Methodist, 17 Orthodox Congregational, 6 Presbyterian, 33 Unitarian, 1 Dnlversalist. The Tuition Fee is $150 per year. For further information address ROBERT S. MO- RISON, Secretary of the Faculty, Cambridge, Mass. School of Drawing and Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, riass. The Second Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction in drawing from the cast and from life in painting and decorative design, and also in an isllr una tomv and perspective. Principal Instructors: ¥. W. Ben- son, E. ('. Tarbell, and Philip Hale (Drawing anil Paint- ing), Mrs. William Stone (Decorative Design), K. L. Pratt (Modelling), E. W. Emerson (Anatomy;, and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giving detailed information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR OIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight Ssars more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn awr College from this school. Diploma given in both (ieneral and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. Teachers, etc. A SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D., X~L seven years' experience, five years In present place, desires a chair ol l.at in for the coining year In a college In Eastern or Middle States. Has published some. Address Ph.D., care Nation. A N INSTRUCTOR IN THE MASS. Institute of Technology, who has spent three sum- Z70UR YEARS' ACADEMICAL J. Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber,, Belleville, 111. /^IIARLES IV. STONE, Tutor for liar- L-- vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. ^THE FISK TEACHERS AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1242 121 h St.. Washington. 15U Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent l!dg„ Minneapolis. 730 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 5258tims'n Bk.,Los Angeles 378 Wabash Ave. .Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, jT~L 24 State St., Albany, N. Y— Provides schools 0% all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers iii obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. C^CHE R ME R HORN'S TEACHERS O AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the IT. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. ommend8 you, that is more. Ours D ar-nm Ttl ATI H C C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse. N.Y.KcCOHimeiiaS FOR SALE. The WelUknown Ladies' Seminary at West Chester, Pa. Conducted by Richard Darlington, Ph.D., for forty years. The property comprises twenty-three acres of ground, with large stone and brick buildings completely fur- nished for sixty boarders. Owner desires to retire from active business. Apply We buy and sell bills of exchange to and 1 rttpi>« make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, LC 'AF*3 Australia, and South Africa ; also make collections and issue Commercial and BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. FOR CONSERVATIVE INVESTORS. PUBLICATIONS IN FRENCH. Un Peu de Tout. By P. JULIEN. It is one of the most complete and practical drill books ever published, and will be found especially valuable for giving a final polish to the work of pre- paring for examination. Thesecond part concludes with a short practice of pronunciation. One vol., 12010, cloth, 282 pages. Price, 75 cts. "It Is a thorough and practical text-book."— En ninq Telegram, Phila. "The puzzling idiomatic expressions are treated very fully."— Hartford Post. WILLIAM R.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St. , Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education, Boston: "A well-made scries. Teach- ers and pupils will And the three books helpful and in- teresting." MAYER & MULLER, Booksellers, 2 Prlnz Louis Fcrdinaudstrasse, Berlin (Germany). CALS In any department of Learning and Literature. Cheapest opportunity tor Libraries, Professors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues on application Rest references. THE Large, handsome, unique, ma- BOOK LOVER Egfc 2?carterly: $1 a year- 1203 N. Market Sired, San Francisco, Cal. /CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH FOR K^, School, Home, Private Instruction, and especially v onng American Teachers. /',-. mi, 1; Lin aisnii, 24 pp. Mailed for 1 •hers, fri iw, 1 , i.ii tutsan. ~ t 1 E, Both, 1185 Pine St., Philada DOORS, SECOND-HAND AND NE IV, A UTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous JTL People bought and sold bv Walter It. Benjamin, 1125 Broadway, New York City. Send for price-list.

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March 23, 1899] The Nation. 111 Travel. Four admirably arranged and attractive routes for EUlWrLf EURoPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of u u n CD i 7 i D are offered this sea- MrS. JU. V. rKAAAK son, which is the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. Special party limited to twelve will sail April 29 by steamship "Kaiser Wilhelm II." for Gibral- tar and Naples. Tour of 85 days— Italy, Switzer- land, Germany Holland, Belgium, France, and England. Particularly attractive route. Applica- tion for membership must be made at once. Ar- rangements may be made for spending a month at a fashionable English watering place. An Ideal Summer Tour of 20 Weeks IN ITALY, SWITZERLAND, GERMANY, HOL- LAND, BELGIUM, FRANCE, and ENGLAND. A Select Party, with Number Limited and Per- sonnel Carefully Guarded, will sail from New York Saturday, May 6, 1899, on S. S. "EMS" of North 'Opportunity for Intelligent Travel at Moderate Cost. References required. References by permission: Rev. George R. Van De Water, D.D., Rector St. Andrew's Church, 2067 Fifth Ave., New York; Prof. Robt. W. Rogers, Ph.D., D.D., Drew Theological Seminary. Madison, N. J., and others. For Itinerary and full particulars, address Mr. CHARLES F. PECK, 478 West 159th St., New York. EUROPE De Potter's High- Class Tours. Hediterranean, Italy; all parts of Central 1899 matured itineraries. Superior conductors. Select parties sail May 6, June 10, June 34, and ' 1. Unequalled arrangements. Inclusive cost. World Tourist Guide," illus., free. A. DE POTTER, 45 Broadway, Dept. G., N. Y. July 4 " Old 1 EUROPEAN WINTER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Lakdsee, Proprietor. SWITZERLAND LAUSANNE. HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-ciaas hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake and mountains. Lift- baths, electric light in every room. Patronized by Ame. rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms, Tariff and pamphlets sent tree on application. Clark's Oriental Cruise, Feb. 3, 1900. by elegant new twin-screw steamer. $450 including shore excursions, 17 days in Egypt ana II"1\ Land, etc. Excursions to Europe, 1S«9, leave April 1, 22; May 6, 20, 27: June 10, 24; July 1, 5. Special features. Member- ship limited. F.C. CLARK, in Broadway, New York. rilliAIir London, Paris, Holland, the Rhine, cLKIIrh Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. m4*j*M.\/n. M4 An exceiient opportunity to travel with a pleasant party under skilful guidance and at moderate expense. 6th vear. Address H. W. DUN- NING, Ph.D., 70 W. D„ Yale Univ., New Haven, Ct. references. Circulars from Xitlinu. Europe |.! route. Address 1TH ANNUAL TOUR. Small arty sails via Gibraltar for Naples. Moderate price, comprehensive EDWIN C. KIMBALL, 55 Summer Street, Boston, Mass. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WFLDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re- ferences. Address lilt: MOORINGS, Lock Haven, Pa. PI 1DHDP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. CUI^UrC Norway and Central Europe. Small party conducted by Prof. CAMILLE TIIUIIWAX- UEK, 31 Pierce Building', Boston. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEIS5 FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. John Fiske in the April Atlantic This issue contains an important contribution by John Fiske, entitled The Mystery of Evil Mr. Fiske's celebrated books, -'The Destiny of Man" and the " Idea of God," are pro- found examinations of the foundations of belief. He has continued in the April Atlantic the consideration of these great subjects by an inquiry into the Mystery of Evil, in which he undertakes to show what part Evil plays in the economy of nature and what is the real mean- ing involved in that ancient saying, " Ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil." THIS NUMBER ALSO CONTAINS Cromwell: A Tricentenary Study SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH The Solar System in the Light of Recent Discoveries T. J. J. SEE Reminiscences of Julia Ward Howe. V JULIA WARD HOWE Growth of the British Colonial Conception J. ALLEYNE IRELAND The End of an Era. I JOHN S. WISE Talks to Teachers on Psychology. Ill WILLI AH JAMES Improvement in City Life. I CHARLES nULFORD ROBINSON A March Wind. (A Short Story) ALICE BROWN Love and a Wooden Leg. (A Short Story) . . . = WILLIAH R. LIGHTON A New England Hill Town. I ROLLIN LYNDE HARTT Poems by Richard Burton, Anna Hempstead Branch and Flavian Rosser. A Review of Some Recent Fiction. 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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1760 GINN AND COMPANY'S NEWEST BOOKS Physical Geography Bv WILLIAM M. DAVIS Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard University ASSISTED BY WILLIAM H. SNYDER Master in Science in Worcester Academy, Worcester, Mass. Cloth. 428 pages. Illustrated. $1.25. TfHIS NEWEST text-book on Physical Ge- vU ography presents the leading principles of this branch of science in a form admirably adapted to the needs of pupils in secondary schools. The subject is treated as dealing with "the physical environment of man." Especial care has been taken to adapt the descriptions and explanations to the capacity of pupils in our higher schools. HASTINGS AND BEACH'S GENERAL PHYSICS By Professors Hastings and Beach of Yale University. 768 pages. Illus- trated. $2.75. BYRD'S LABORATORY MANUAL IN ASTRONOMY By Mary E. Bykd, Director of the Observatory, Smith College. 278 pages. $1.25. HOYT'S WORLD'S PAINTERS AND THEIR PICTURES By Deristhe L. 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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MARCH 23, 1899. The Week. Formal peace with Spain is brought within reach by the act of the Queen- Regent of Spain on Friday in signing the treaty, and real peace in the Philippines was thought at Washington to 'be, in the light of Gen. Otis's dispatches, only a matter of hours. What the exact situa- tion at Manila is, and by what means Gen. Otis expects to bring about the submission of the natives, can only be guessed. It is certainly to be hoped, for every reason, that the Philippine Com- mission, whose membership is now com- plete with the arrival of Mr. Denby, may speedily be able to secure peace. It is no time to stand on punctilio if there is any chance at all of ending these daily massacres, which shock and shame even the most glory-drunken Americans. Our Cuban problem grows harder in- stead of simpler with the advance of the season. The War Department is of course anxious to get the volunteers out of the island before the yellow fever appears. This is a matter of great im- portance to all our Southern cities, with quarantine in its present disorganized state. If troops are all the while to be coming and going, the danger of a yel- low-fever epidemic in the South will be greater than ever before. Yet it would seem that the very first withdrawals of our soldiers from Cuba excite evil-mind- ed Cubans to all kinds of disorder. Bri- gandage breaks out in Santiago, and the civil authorities in Havana are unable to cope with rioters. That we shall ulti- mately dominate the situation we do not doubt, but there is no danger that the men in charge will stagnate for lack of difficulties. Gen. Ludlow has already asked for a transfer, which we take to be a sign of breaking health, or else of a feeling that he is not given adequate support. The conduct of the officers and sol- diers of our Cuban war army in regard to the question of bad beef must be ex- tremely annoying to McKinley, Alger, and Bagan. At every opportunity they have persisted in saying that the beef which they got in the field was so vile that burial was the only disposition pos- sible to be made of it. When the Court of Inquiry was sitting in Washington, some very nice canned beef was opened and served up in various forms for the soldiers to taste. They tasted, and when asked to say which variety was like what they had in the field, they all said none of it was like what they had. They went on the witness-stand and swore that what they had in the field was simply loathsome. Then the Court went to Chi- cago and made an inspection of the can- ning business, being shown how care- fully the beef was canned and how nice it tasted. But more obstinate soldiers went on the stand and said that what they had received in the field was not nice, that it not only smelled to heaven, but had maggots in it. Then the Court adjourned to Omaha, and inspected the canning processes there, finding them agreeable in every way, and the beef itself most delightful eating. Then they called some more soldiers, and these said the same things about the beef they had been supplied with by Eagan and Alger that all the other soldiers had said. The Omaha canning methods might be per- fect, but the kind of canned beef turned out was not the kind that reached the soldiers in the field. Did anybody ever see such irritating perversity! The Pre- sident ought to rebuke them in a special proclamation. It is not only in the United States that anger is aroused "in military circles" by the courageous truth-telling of an honest officer. The last Governor-Gene- ral of Cuba, Gen. Castellanos, who is now Captain-General of Madrid, spoke last week in high praise of the Spanish private soldier, but intimated that many officers ought to be sent to the galleys. The resulting uproar is naturally tre- mendous. And yet Castellanos has only said what has been charged openly in the Cortes. One bold Senator declared that many Spanish generals, instead of flaunting their way back to Spain and taking their seats in the Senate, ought to be hung in their own sashes. We be- lieve this heroic man is still fighting duels in consequence of his utterances, but he stands by all he has said. A still more sinister attack on the officers of the Spanish army was made by a De- puty, who demanded that the Bank of Spain be required to publish the ac- counts of all the generals of the army who had deposits with that institution. The Prime Minister, however, discovered a fatal objection to such a course. One of the rules of the Bank of Spain forbade the publication of private accounts, and the Government could never think of ordering the bank to violate one of its by-laws. Admiral Walker's testimony before the River and Harbor Committee, in "exe- cutive session," throws a weird light on the Nicaragua Canal project. Only by the most desperate efforts was Con- gress prevented from voting millions and millions for a scheme which, its most ardent promoters were forced to confess, had scarcely got beyond the stage of guesswork. Routes, levels, number of locks, location and number of dams — all were in the air, while the cost was evidently something of which Ad- miral Walker had only the vaguest no- tion. TRen there was the highly im- portant matter of diplomatic negotia- tions. They, too, were all at loose ends. Congress was going full tilt over the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. That is, no doubt, a minor matter. -England would, we suppose, cancel that treaty for the asking. In this happy time of good feel- ing, Lord Salisbury would say to his adored and very useful Columbia, "Do what you will; I can refuse you no- thing." But that would be by no means the end of the diplomacy necessary. It is admitted that Costa Rica has rights along the route of the Nicaragua Canal, and that her consent to its construction must be secured. It never has been se- cured. The concessionaires have always contemptuously assumed that they could get what they wanted by means of brib- ery, when the time came. When the President of Costa Rica was in Wash- ington last winter, there was much chuckling over his apparent willingness to be corrupted by the Nicaragua Canal promoters. But they were doing their corrupting in other quarters just then, and left President Iglesias severely alone, much to that statesman's sur- prise, it is said. Still, an arrangement of some kind with Costa Rica is neces- sary before the canal can be built; but Congress was eager to leap into the dark as respects that difficulty, just as it was in the case of all others. What Congress finally did, mainly through Speaker Reed's efforts, was to pass a bill calling for the appointment of a new commission, to examine the whole question of an isthmian canal, and especially the comparative merits of the Nicaragua and Panama routes. The President has not yet announced his appointments to this important com- mission. It is to be hoped that he will see the necessity of securing men of high ability and impartiality, and will not, as it has been reported that he would do, choose a commission packed against the Panama route. At any rate, the thing has now got to such a pass that entire publicity is essential. The new report to Congress cannot be drawn up in a corner. Already it is announced that a large party of Senators and Rep- resentatives are to visit the isthmus, to see with their own eyes what is the state of the works. What they will find at the Nicaragua route may be inferred from Admiral Walker's admissions. At Panama they will find a canal one-third done; they will find 4,000 or 5,000 men at work; they will find complete plans

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214: The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1760 worked out to the minutest details by the most eminent engineers in the world; they will find a company ready to give a bond to complete the canal in ten years without asking the United States for a dollar, while yet giving our Gov- ernment all the political control of it that is either desirable or possible. We are not committed to the Panama route, or to any other. All that we w'ant, and all that we believe the country wants, is to see a canal built across the isth- mus in the best way and at the best place, and with the least cost and em- barrassment to the Government. The undoubted intention of Congress will be carried out by the decision of the Adjutant-General that the sale of intoxi- cating drinks shall not be permitted in any post-exchange or canteen of the army. The proceedings in each branch make it perfectly plain that the clause on the subject inserted in the army re- organization act was designed to reach this end, and it would have been a strained interpretation of the language employed if the War Department had assumed that some evasion of the in- tended prohibition was still possible, through the engagement of civilians, in- stead of soldiers, as liquor-sellers. Gen. Corbin is quite right in saying that "the plain intent and spirit of the law are that intoxicants shall not be sold on a military reservation," and he enunciates the only sound principle when he says that "there shall be no 'monkeying' with 'liberal construction' or other forms of evasion; it is our business to see that the laws are enforced in their spirit as well as their letter, and that ends it." There will consequently be a thorough trial of the abolition of the sale of liquor under the patronage of the Government in the army under the new law; while the same experiment will also be made in the navy, under the order recently is- sued by Secretary Long, forbidding the sale or issue to enlisted men of malt or other alcoholic liquors on board ships of the navy or within the limits of naval stations. It is refreshing to find that six years of Addickism have not demoralized pub- lic sentiment in Delaware so much as was to have been feared. On the last day of the legislative session in that State, three Democrats voted to elect Addicks United States Senator under circumstances which left no moral doubt that they had been bribed. From the moment that they responded to their names on the roll-call they have been treated by all with whom they came in contact as men previously supposed to be honest should be treated when they have sold themselves. The President pro 1<m. of the Senate immediately struck off the name of Senator Farlow from the com- mittee of finance, of which he was the chairman, and also from the other com- mittees of which he was a member, and notified him of the reasons for the action. Farlow is a holding-over Sena- tor, but all his associates, Democrats and Republicans alike, except the few Republicans in that branch who are own- ed by Addicks, have agreed that, if he shall appear in the next Legislature, they will have no association whatever with him. The two Democratic members of the lower branch who sold out to Ad- dicks were bitterly denounced to their faces on the floor of the House the mo- ment that their associates and outsiders could get at them, and they were advised by the authorities to delay their depar- ture from the capitol until the mob out- side should cool off, for fear of violence. Mr. Bryan's insistence that all ban- quets which he attends must be strictly "Jeffersonian," has its humorous as well as its politic side, but there is no doubt that he is giving Croker a good deal of trouble. If the Boss's Lucullus feast is to be only the signal for a Democratic war on the banqueters, where will he find even an apparently respectable man to sit down along with him and his fel- low-blackmailers? We can imagine a shame-faced aspirant for office consent- ing to sit down with Croker's pigs in the parlor, but not if he knows that he will diminish his chances for office as well as incur the contempt of honest men. Mr. Bryan, we see, is coming out strong just now on those parts of the Chicago plat- form which declare for the income tax and other forms of assault on "accu- mulated wealth." This is the tremen- dous reaction which Mr. McKinley and his syndicate are preparing for us. The sensible men and women of this State feel a sense of deep obligation to Gov. Roosevelt for his admirable course throughout the incident which ended in the execution of Mrs. Place on Monday. When clemency was asked for the mur- deress, he made a thorough investiga- tion of the case, going carefully over the evidence and consulting the District Attorney and the judge who were en- gaged in the trial. When the question of sanity was raised, he appointed two doctors of the highest standing to ex- amine the convict and determine whe- ther there was any ground for the sus- picion that she was not in her right mind at the time of the tragedy. When the judicial authorities confirmed the Executive's own conclusion that the con- viction was just, and the medical experts decided that the woman had been sane all along, no question remained except that of interference with the course of the law on the ground of the criminal's sex. This Gov. Roosevelt refused, and in the refusal he has been sustained by the thoughtful people of the State, with- out regard to sex. Having done his own duty as regarded interference with the sentence, Gov. Roosevelt went a step further, and took measures to secure the decent and order- ly execution of that sentence. He in- structed the Warden of Sing Sing prison to have a woman attendant and a woman physician with Mrs. Place at the last mo- ment, to allow the representatives of the two press associations, but no other cor- respondents of newspapers, to be present, and in every way to carry out the Gov- ernor's "desire that this solemn and painful act of justice shall not be made an excuse for that species of hideous sensationalism which is more demoral- izing than anything else to the public mind." The result was the most order- ly and seemly infliction of the death penalty ever known in the case of a woman in the history of the country. The superiority of the electric chair to the gallows as a means of executing criminals may now be considered tho- roughly established. Massachusetts is the first State to recognize the wisdom of New York's example by the passage of a law making this change in the ad- ministration of the death penalty, and it cannot be long before the same change will be made throughout the country. An attempt has been made to discover the attitude of bankers in a Western State towards the question of currency leform, and the results are worthy of national attention. Representative Bab- cock of Wisconsin is a member of the committee appointed by a Republican Congressional caucus last winter to con- sider this subject during the recess and report a bill next winter, and he re- cently addressed a series of inquiries to about 300 representative financial men in his State. Something over 100 replies have thus far been received. There was a close approach to unanimity in the answers to the first question, "Do you favor the increase of national bank cir- culation to the par value of bonds de- posited in the United States Treasury?" 110 saying yes, and only 10 no. There was more division of opinion than was to have been expected regarding the repeal of the tax on national bank cir-. culation, only 63 favoring it, while 33 opposed it, and 16 expressed doubts or favored reduction rather than repeal. So, too, regarding another matter about which it had been assumed that there was little difference of opinion, the ques- tion of authorizing national banks with a capital of only $25,000, so as to in- crease the banking facilities of small towns; while 88 favored this, 28 were opposed. The next question on the list was, "Do you favor the payment of all the demand obligations of the Govern- ment in gold?" A greater percentage of the replies received omitted the opi- nion of the correspondent on this ques- tion than on any other in the list, and a number of the replies were evasive; of

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March 23, 1899] Th.e Nation. '215 the rest, 70 favored the proposition, while 26 were either directly against it, or qualified by statements like this, "Only when made for gold," or "When demanded." Eastern people will be most interest- ed to learn the feeling of financiers in a Western State regarding the greenback question. One of the inquiries was this: "Do you favor the President's sugges- tion that a greenback once redeemed in gold shall not be paid out again except for gold?" There were 113 replies, of which 104 were in the affirmative. The next question, very properly, was as to the disposition which should be made of the greenbacks, and particularly whether they should be retired. It is not sur- prising to learn that a considerable pro- portion "approach this proposition ra- ther gingerly." Of the 84 who express- ed positive opinions, 47 favored retire- ment, 25 opposed it, and 12 were for eventual retirement, or for retirement only after a sufficient quantity of na- tional-bank circulation, or other money, has been provided to fill the room of the greenbacks to be retired. There were other questions regarding less im- portant points, one at least of which was too vaguely stated to render the replies of any value. The most valuable infor- mation brought out is the almost unani- mous opinion among Wisconsin bank- ers that greenbacks once redeemed in gold should never be paid out again ex- cept for gold, and the Milwaukee Sen- tinel considers it "safe to say that a great majority of the business men of the State agree with the bankers in this belief." The most important development since the war on the baggage abuse began is found in a special dispatch to the Bos- ton Journal, from its Washington cor- respondent. He asserts that the annoy- ances to which returning travellers are subjected "are making any amount of trouble for the Administration"; and that information brought to Washington by leading Republicans indicates that the complaints which are pouring in on the Treasury Department only partly re- present the bitter feeling which has been aroused. There is a very practical side to this bitter feeling which has been brought to light by a Republican high- tariff Senator, who has been making in- vestigations in this city and in Boston. He finds that men who have made large contributions to Republican campaign funds in the past, announce that they will not only never make such contribu- tions in the future, but will do all that they can to defeat the party. The im- portance of all this can be seen when we learn that the Senator told of one such man who has in the past given $40,000 to the managers of the Republican cam- paign. In the light of such a fact, it is not strange that the senatorial investi- gator should have warned the Treasury Department that the prospects of the party next fall will be seriously impe- rilled unless the inquisitorial regula- tions be revoked. There was a long and interesting letter in the Tribune on Monday, from Dean Lefroy of Norwich, England, on the church crisis in that country. Most of it is historical, and, therefore, only of minor interest to this public. Its impor- tance is mainly in the latter portion, which deals with the remedy. The remedy which Dean Lefroy suggests is the one which for some time past has been suggesting itself to every truly Pro- testant minister in England; namely, the admission of the laity to their ancient place in church government. This remedy has been staring the English church in the face ever since the Revolution in America, and ever since 1870 in Ireland. The experience of Ireland has been even more remarkable than ours. What the Irish Anglican Church has been to the Irish everybody knows. As Sheil once described it, "always the church of the state, never the church of the people; a church which had cost England her mil- lions of treasure, and Ireland her tor- rents of blood." As to the character of the clergy in the last century, it will be remembered that Swift maintained that the bishops, who were generally Englishmen sent from England, were highwaymen who had met the bishops on their way over and had changed clothes with th«m and personated them in their dioceses. The church was prop- erty in Ireland as well as England. As property it belonged to the landlords, while as church it was governed by Par- liament through the clergy. As prop- erty the lay owner of the living put any- body he pleased, not openly immoral, in the pulpit. The congregation had no- thing to do with the matter, had no power to call the minister to account about anything, not even if he were a persistent absentee. We know the rest. The effect of the disestablishment in Ireland has been magical. The church government has been reorganized on the American model — government by the clergy and the laity. The liturgy has been revised on the same lines. The result has been, after thirty-five years' trial, we are informed on good authority, a very great revival of religious feeling, which, under the old regime, was nearly dead; a great increase in the amount of money voluntarily contributed for ec- clesiastical purposes, and a sense of strength the church has never had since it was established. It is only by a simi- lar process that the English church can be saved, and that the laity can be got to care whether it lives or dies, now that the power of the landlords in the country districts has waned. Disestablishment is something from which even ardent dissenters shrink. The church must have something to rest on except silly young "priests" or lethargic old ones. We have heard a good deal of the Romanizing movement ascribed by a very competent observer to the want of more work by lusty young ministers in country parish- es. In default of full occupation, they invent new ceremonies and new powers and duties for the "priest," and the laity have no legal right to interfere with their antics. Sir William Harcourt's latest warning to the English bishops is that if they do not put down the Ritualists' "open in- surrection against the law of the Church, the insurrection will put down the bishops." Yet he deprecates, or appears to deprecate, the one clear solution — disestablishment. He writes, in refer- ence to the asserted readiness of the Ritualists to accept disestablishment: "When it comes to the pinch, the great body of the clergy will prefer, as they did at the Reformation, submission to the law rather than rebellion with its consequences." But a consequence al- ready realized is the shame and scandal brought on religion, not only by clergy defying their diocesans and the law, but by the unseemly disturbances which are repeatedly occurring at church services. There seems to be a sort of organized band of "Kensit boys," who go about to interrupt ritualistic services. The Lon- don Truth prints some verses which show how the ungodly grow mirthful over the incessant rows. The lines de- scribe the holy evangelical zeal with which ritualistic practices are put down. How to finance imperialism is begin- ning to exercise the English. The esti- mates of expenditure for the coming year show an increase of nearly $30,000,- 000, nearly all of which is chargeable to the growing responsibilities of empire. All authorities agree that there will be a large deficit unless resort be had to new taxation. There will be new taxa- tion, undoubtedly, for English finance pays as it goes, not having learned from us the art of borrowing to cover up de- ficits. The Conservatives, however, are putting on a bold face, and are saying ' that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will have a fine chance to show his con- structive genius by devising new taxes to meet the enlarged expenditure. Yet it is a maxim, as old, at least, as Burke, that it is impossible to tax and to please. The people who have to pay Sir Michael Hicks-Beach's clever taxes cannot be ex- pected to be lost in admiration of his great talents for finance. Labouchere put the case with inelegant bluntness when he said in Parliament that the Bri- tish workman would rather have an un- taxed pot of beer than all the glory to be got out of all the wars on earth.

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216 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 THE SITUATION. On the 27th of June, 1898, Admiral Dewey sent a telegram to Secretary Long, in which, after speaking kindly of Aguinaldo, he said: "My relations with him are cordial, but I am not in his confidence. The United States has not been bound in any way to assist in- surgents by any act or promises, and he is not, to my knowledge, committed to assist us. I believe he expects to capture Manila without my assistance, but doubt ability, they not yet having many guns. In my opinion these people are far superior in their intelligence, and more capable of self- government, than the natives of Cuba; and I am familiar with both races." Admiral Dewey was then and has heen ever since considered our best authority on the condition and capacity of the Filipinos. There was correspondence during the subsequent half-year from several other officials, but from none whose word concerning our new posses- sions in the East was as much respected as Dewey's, for no other who was con- sulted had been as long in that region and had had as much opportunity for ob- servation. This is not saying that, in our own opinion, an Admiral who has served off the coast is, as a general rule, the best adviser about the condition and capacity of a people. But concerning the Philippines Dewey has been, since he won his battle, a veritable pope for all American politicians. Any one of them who set himself up against him, would have been visited with popular reproba- tion. Six months later— that is, on the 21st of December — before the treaty was rati- fied by the Senate, before he had any au- thority under it, except what he derived under the protocol, from his place as a military commander, President McKin- ley issued a proclamation announcing the cession of the "future control, dis- position, and government" of the Philip- pine Islands to the United States by Spain, knowing well at the time that the Filipinos did not acknowledge Spain's right to cede them, knowing well also that Spain did not possess them dv facta. knowing from Admiral Dewey's account of Aguinaldo and his countrymen that they were persons worthy to be consult- ed, and knowing that the step he was taking was important enough to need some formal sign of public assent which it had not received. He then made the comical announcement that though he came to take possession by force, and would kill anybody who resisted him, he came "not as an invader or as a con- queror, but as a friend," well knowing that a man who lands on foreign soil with an armed force against the will of the inhabitants or without the consent of the de-facto government, is, in the eye of the international lawyer, and in every other eye, both a "conqueror and in- vader," and cannot by any sort of procla- mation rid himself of that character and take oh any other. After a tew days' waiting to see whe- ther he really meant what he had said, open resistance began. We had to fight for our "cession," and are now daily fighting. We have "victories" every day, and the enemy is being "driven back" in fine style, but he rarely, from the be- ginning, shows much disinclination to be "driven," and when we capture a "city," he burns it. In short, he gives every sign which a feeble people can give, that he is determined to be free; he despises the great McKinley's procla- mation, and imitates fairly well our own performances when we were struggling to be free and George III. was telling us he was no "conqueror," and, though he would kill anybody who resisted him, he would be a father to any one who was obedient to him. The resemblance goes further. It ap- pears that there was exactly the same sort of people at home in England 100 years ago, hallooing George on to his "victories," that we have here to-day encouraging the great McKinley in his wars. We know it because we have ex- act descriptions of them from Burke. One was of the Griggs kind, who were sick of an honest, industrious life, and wanted to rule somebody and make somebody unhappy, and strut about as a "sove- reign" and "superior," and loaf and cackle on "glory-crowned heights." There was another kind which we have also among us. Here is Burke's account of it. It cannot be printed too often: "But I cannot conceive any existence under Heaven (which in the depths of its wisdom tolerates all sorts of things) that is more truly odious and disgusting than an impo- tent, helpless creature, \Mlnout civil wisdom or military skill, without a consciousness of any other qualification for power but his servility to it, bloated with pride and ar- rogance, calling for battles which he is not to fight, contending for a violent domi- nion which he can never exercise, and satis- fied to be himself mean and miserable in or- der to render others contemptible and wretched." We hate to think it, but this seems to us to recall the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, the "Peace Commissioner," and his young men, exactly. Their attitude towards the poor Filipinos is dreadfully haughty. To their great minds the Filipinos are no- thing but "children." Their appetite for "victories" over them is insatiable, and they help our troops by calling Agui- naldo scurrilous names, and yet all the inquiries we have been able to make satisfy us that his career is at least as respectable as that of the Hon. White- law Reid. So the world goes on. From age to age men practise the old rascali- ties and croon the old fallacies. But, though we have no proof on the subject, we cannot help thinking that George's idiots were more susceptible of shame than ours, probably because they gene- rally read more and knew more, though Burke accuses them of "dull uniformity in mischief." Ml,'. M'KINLEl AND CONGRESS. Mr. McKinley has now got his first Congress off his hands, and it is a good time to ask how his theory of the pro- per relation between President and Con- gress has stood the two years' wear and tear. What his theory is he has left us in no doubt. By private and public ut- terance, by acts which speak louder than words, he has made it clear to all the world. First of all, there was to be, while he was President, none of that incessant disagreement and quarrelling between the Executive and Congress which marked and marred the second administration of Mr. Cleveland. In- stead of an irritable and pig-headed Pre- sident, we were to have one all suavity and of infinite tact; and instead of an Executive and Congress at perpetual log- gerheads, we were to see the two mov- ing on in spheric harmony. Distinct no- tice of the change to come was served in Mr. McKinley's inaugural, when he said: "I do not sympathize with the sen- timent that Congress in session is dan- gerous to our business interests." And there was a veritable cry, "I'm wid ye, me byes!" in his first annual message to Congress, of which the opening sen- tence was: "It gives me pleasure to ex- tend greeting to the Fifty-fifth Con- gress, . . . with many of whose Senators and Representatives I have been associated in the legislative ser- vice." There spoke tact personified, but let us ask how much better has tact fared than scolding in persuading Congress to co- operate with the President. People used to point shudderingly to the list of things which Mr. Cleveland asked Con- gress to do but which it refused to do. That was all to end with the advent of sweet reasonableness in the White House. But did it end? Has not Mr. McKinley as long a list of measures con- temptuously flung back at him by Con- gress as Mr. Cleveland had in the same length of time? To begin with the ex- traordinary session of the Fifty-fifth Congress, the President was twice re- buffed by Congress in the lamentable Cleveland style. He strongly urged the Senate to ratify the arbitration treaty, but that instrument was as contume- liously killed as if the request had been made by a sour and headstrong Execu- tive, instead of one all compact of sweet- ness and light. But the most cruel fate befell Mr. McKinley's special message to Congress, sent in on July 24, 1897. In it he appeared to rise to the full height of his constitutional prerogative of recom- mending legislation, and solemnly said to Congress: "This subject [currency re- form] should receive the attention of Congress at its special session. It ought not to be postponed until the regular session." But did Congress heed these words of the oily voice any more than it did the raucous cries which used to reach it from the other end of Pennsyl- vania Avenue? Not at all; it made haste to adjourn with mocking comments both on the measure and the man who had

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March 23, 1899] The nSTation 217 urged it. Cross old Cleveland could not have fared worse. One has but to turn to President Mc- Kinley's second annual message to find a long record of measures pressed by him upon Congress only to be ignored or defeated. He confidently called on Con- gress to pass the War Department's army bill, but had to see it torn to pieces as by wolves. He urged the passage of the Nicaragua Canal bill, but pass it did not. He advocated shipping sub- sidies, but neither house did him the courtesy to advance the bill as far as third reading. He solemnly adjured Con- gress to pass a bill for the government of Hawaii, but neither House nor Senate paid any more attention than as if it had been only the sound of the wind blowing over the Capitol. In a last despairing appeal, he besought Congress, in a spe- cial message, to lay a cable to the Ha- waiian Islands, which he said there was "a paramount necessity" it should do before the close of the session. Again a Republican House told a Republican President go hang, as far as the bill was concerned. We repeat: blundering, iras- cible Mr. Cleveland did not fail more lu- dicrously to get Congress to do what he wanted. But if suavity and gracious blandish- ments did not wheedle Congress into doing what it was bound not to do, how did Congress succeed in dealing with tact and yielding grace in the White House? Alack, here is a different tale to tell! The first thing Congress ex- torted from a tactful Executive was a war. This is conceded on all hands. Mr. McKinley's apologists and panegy- rists alike have declared that but for Congress there would have been no war .with Spain. Congress, as Mr. Boutelle has explained, "held a stop-watch" on the President. It gave him just so many hours to produce a war. It was deal to his entreaties. He might be very suave with Congress, but Congress was inexorable with him. A war in forty- eight hours, was the ultimatum, or we make war not only on Spain, but on you. Never was a tactful President in such distress; but he duly produced the ne- cessary war before the time was up. Since then, Congress has gone on con- quering and to conquer. It now knows its man, and knows that it has got him down. Having dictated a war, it is a small thing to dictate all appointments, to make a civil-service-reform President sign a law throwing the census to the spoilsmen, to take everything it wants, and give nothing in return, even burk- ing, in one final kick at the Executive, his whole list of promotions in the army and navy. A tactful President flat on his back, with Congress dancing gayly on his stomach — that is the spectacle we have at the end of the first two years of the new regime. But Mr. McKinley likes it. He boasts himself the "ser- vant" of Congress, and he will not even insist on having one afternoon a week or on receiving callers in the kitchen. The simple truth is, of course, that Congress has been engaged for years in an insidious attack upon the Consti- tutional prerogatives of the President. Just as it tried to break down judicial independence by impeaching federal judges, early in the century, so it began the assault upon the independence of the President by the impeachment of John- son in 1868. Since then subtler methods have been resorted to. Under Grant and his Republican successors, the contest went on with various ups and downs un- til finally, under Harrison, Congress had got the Executive about where it wanted him. The veto power was practically abandoned, and the appointing power was practically surrendered. Because Mr. Cleveland reasserted Presidential prerogatives, Congress pursued and vili- fied him as it did, though it could not bend him. At last he retired, and a man after its own heart came into office. Mr. McKinley and Congress are at one, but Congress is the one. The record we have cited, and the facts open to the know- ledge of all, make that plain. By the time President McKinley has got his buffeting from another Congress, even he may begin to perceive that the only safe course for the President is to fol- low the clear directions of the Constitu- tion; to insist upon his own rights and powers, and to respect those of Con- gress; very sure all the while that the only result of trying to make the Con- gressional lion lie down in peace with the Presidential lamb is to place the latter snugly in the stomach of the former. GET THE BEEF CONTRACTS. Every day's results in the beef inquiry make it imperative that the court should not cease its investigations till it obtains the contracts which Alger and Eagan made with the beef-packers or canners. Let us see what these contracts contain and what the dates of them are. As to the quality of much of the beef, there is no longer any doubt. The testimony taken on Saturday and Sunday greatly strengthened all that had preceded it. A former employee of one of the canning firms testified that he had seen two car- loads of canned beef which had been re- turned some time in May as unfit for use. "When the cars were opened," he said "many of the cans were found to have burst. Maggots were crawling every- where. The stench was so bad that ammonia had to be used to kill it." The same witness also testified that no Gov- ernment inspectors had ever examined the canned beef, but that he and other employees had themselves put on in- spection-labels. Other witnesses in the employ of the packing company corrobo- rated this testimony.' At Sunday's session of the court, at Leavenworth, Kan., the first direct tes- timony was given that chemicals were used in preparing some of the canned beef. Sergeant Edward Mason of Troop A, First United States Cavalry, who served as regimental commissary- sergeant in Florida and Cuba during the war, testified that some of the refrigerat- ed meat which he drew for rations look- ed "as if it had been painted over with something like paraffine wax; had a light coating on the outside"; that he ob- jected to the color of the meat, and re- fused to accept it; and that the agent of the packing company told him that it had been treated with "preservatine," a chemical which the company used to preserve its meat. He testified further that the meat smelled bad, had a bad appearance, and was undoubtedly spoil- ed; and that the agent assured him that the "preservatine" did not hurt it, and advised him to cut off the outside, since the inside, near the bone, would be all right. No one who has followed the testi- mony to the present point can question the accuracy of the statement by a prominent army officer, cited in the Tribune's Washington correspondence on Sunday: "I think the people of the coun- try are satisfied that the truth of every one of Gen. Miles's allegations has been more than proved." If the President or Secretary Alger has any doubts on this point, he need only to sound public sentiment a little to have them removed. So far as the quality of the beef which our soldiers received is concerned, there is little need of further testimony. That part of the case is proved. But there are other points upon which light is needed and should be forthcoming. The promi- nent army officer quoted by the Tribune makes other statements in its columns which are more serious than any which have yet been published. He declares that in May and June last "a number of contractors proposed to the Commissary Department to furnish beef on the hoof in Cuba and Porto Rico, the same as every other army had received"; that one contractor had been in Cuba and Porto Rico, and had learned that beef on the hoof could be supplied without difficulty; that he went to the Commis- sary-General with this information, and was informed by him that "he had to give the contract to Swift & Co. — mark this, had to give the contract to the Western firm"; that he told the Com- missary-General that refrigerated beef could not be used in Cuba unless it was artificially preserved, and the latter re- plied that a way had been found by the Chicago contractors to preserve it so that it would keep for seventy-two hours. Here are several points which should be thoroughly investigated. Why was it that Eagan "had to give the contract to Swift & Co."? Who was it that as- sured him that the contractors had dis-

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218 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1760 covered a process which would preserve the meat for seventy-two hours? Why was it that the contracts said only twen- ty-four hours? We are glad to see that Eagan has changed his mind about going to Hawaii, and has stopped at San Fran- cisco. He should be summoned again by the Court of Inquiry and given an opportunity to tell all he knows about these matters. The identity of the Tribune's prominent army officer should be disclosed, and the witnesses he men- tions should be summoned. Eagan swore that the twenty-four-hour limit was an "error" in the contracts, but the pack- ing firm has sworn that this was not the truth; that seventy-two hours was never thought of. Let us get the two parties together and see which is telling the truth. Let us also have the contracts produced and all the correspondence between the contracting parties. It is very plain that only the surface of this infamous business has been dis- turbed. The country will be satis- fied with nothing except the whole truth. It should be noted that the Court of Inquiry is confining its attention to the beef supply only. It does not in- vestigate any other branch of the com- missary service during the war. It does not go into the question of transporta- tion, of camp location and equipment, or into the quality of other provisions than beef. We are assured that if the quality of the flour which Alger and Eagan fur- nished were to be investigated, results not unlike those obtained in the beef matter would be achieved. As to camp location and equipment, nobody has any doubt about a great mass of scandal existing there. We are able to under- stand now why the President did not wish to have Congress conduct an in- vestigation, and why he appointed his absurd War Investigating Commission. He did not desire to reveal the truth, but to smother it, and he would have succeeded but for Gen. Miles. Had Miles not collected evidence on the beef ques- tion, and had he not forced its publica- tion in spite of army etiquette, we should not have known what we know to-day about that outrage upon our soldiers. But is not the truth about Alger's and Eagan's operations in other directions to be brought out?- Does the President still think that the truth can be con- cealed; that his treatment of Alger and Eagan is a sufficient answer to all evi- dence that can be brought against them? What he ought to do is to call for a court of inquiry upon Eagan's whole conduct by a body which should command the confidence of the country. Will he do this? Will he stop thinking about dele- gates long enough to think about the soldiers to whom Eagan and Alger caus- ed suffering and death by their foul and poisoned beef?. Delegates are all well enough, but they can only give a nomi- nation, and a nomination which does not receive votes on election day is a worth- less thing. THE CUSTOM-HOUSE VEXATION. Shayne, the furrier, delivered an ad- dress on Thursday afternoon in which, among his numerous admissions, he confessed that he had put detectives on the docks to see how his "regulation" was enforced, and that his recommenda- tion to the Treasury to provide a de- cent place for the examination of his victims was not attended to. He says: "The matter of proper facilities for exam- ining the baggage has received the atten- tion of the committee, and it recommends that a system similar to the one in operation at Liverpool be inaugurated, and that a room be set aside upon the steamship dock where trunks may be examined without danger of injury to their contents and for the com- fort of the passengers." To this, probably the only civilized, rational remedy Shayne has ever sug- gested, the Treasury, we know, pays not the slightest attention. The examina- tion continues with the increased strin- gency recommended by Shayne, but in the old place and in the old way. Shayne knew well that it was not attended to, but that the examination had been made more exasperating — that is, that the Treasury promptly altered its regu- lation to oblige Shayne, but made no al- teration to oblige the passengers; and the brave Shayne, knowing well what was going on at the wharves on the arrival of every steamer, and what influ- ence he seemed to have with the Trea- sury, said never a word. Now what kind of place is it on which American ladies are obliged to submit lists of their gowns and under- clothing to Shayne's detectives and to custom-house inspectors? It is an open wharf, swept by the prevailing winds, traversed from end to end incessantly by furious trucks wheeled by the steve- dores unloading baggage and freight from the ship by which these passengers have arrived, with a floor whose only cleansing, after a hundred cargoes have been discharged on it, consists in a sweeping by a 'longshoreman. The greatest confusion prevails on it after the arrival of a passenger steamer, owing to the long detention of the pas- sengers by the custom-house. There are rarely enough inspectors after one of the crowded ships comes in. They not only examine baggage, but they find contraband or dutiable articles, "de- clared" or not "declared." They value them, and accompany the passenger to the office on the lower end of the wharf to see that he pays the duty. This all takes a great deal of time. To find his baggage, to see that it is got to- gether, to find an officer to examine it, to have it examined, requires an able- bodied man in rude health. For a lone or delicate woman it is almost as terri- ble an ordeal as landing on a piratical Moorish coast. We have known a case in which a passenger reaching the wharf with an ordinary amount of personal baggage at eight o'clock in the evening, did not get to his bed until 2 a. m., and he was a vigorous man. And how is the work of examination done? Some of the inspectors are, of course, men of natural politeness, who dislike their work and make it as little disagreeable as possible, but the pro- verb, "Like master like man," applies to the custom-house as well as to other places. We doubt if any officer is ever exhorted by his superior to be polite or considerate, or to consult the sex or character or place of a passenger in the community. The whole tone of the ser- vice is rude and barbarous and uncivil- ized. The lesson the officers are taught is constantly to be rigid, to be suspi- cious, to see in every passenger a possi- ble smuggler, and treat him or her ac- cordingly, in manner and action. The spirit of the custom-house is the most "un-American" we know. If we wanted to give a foreigner a good idea of what is meant by the word, we should advise him to frequent the wharves on the arrival of steamers. It is not surprising that this is the way of the inspectors. They know perfectly well that Shayne and his tailors are more influential with the Treasury than any number of travelling American citizens, and last year they found that this man had actu- ally succeeded in getting the law altered for his own benefit, and they found his detectives on the wharf seeing that it was enforced with vigor; in other words, he had had a share in the government handed over to him. Mr. Howell's de- nial that the Treasury had framed the regulation for the benefit of a class was plainly not as veracious as the average custom-house oath. It must be borne in mind that the law nowhere hints that it is a criminal or even immoral thing to go to Paris or London, and while there to make purchases. Both the McKinley and the Dingley tariffs are meant simply to col- lect revenue, not to reform manners. Therefore, it is not an offence in law or morals, as Shayne not unnaturally tries to believe, to purchase things abroad as long as you pay the legal duty on them when you bring them home. If large numbers of people, including the "mer- chants and manufacturers," did not buy things abroad, neither McKinley nor Dingley would have any revenue at all. Therefore all treatment of decent people who travel as in any sense bad citizens because Shayne and his gang do not make more money out of them, is simply ludicrous. The proposition that his neighbors owe Shayne a living in the way he chooses himself, may do for a Shayne lecture, but Mr. Dooley is the only proper person to deal with it. Another feature of the examination must not be passed without notice. Things purchased abroad continue to be .

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March 23, 1899] The !N"atioii 219 property in the eye of the law, even if Shayne does not like them. In collect- ing taxes on them, therefore, the inflic- tion of damage on them that can be avoided is illegal, besides being Turkish or Moorish. It is from these great prin- ciples a fair inference that when ladies arrive at our wharves with expensive dresses purchased in Paris or London, packed carefully by a professional pack- er, a functionary whom Shayne prob- ably thinks a vicious person, to let a man plunge his hands into them, and possibly turn them out on the dirty wharf under the feet of the stevedores, although the owner may still have to take them to Chicago or San Francisco, surely should be a thing to be avoided somehow by an honest Treasury. And yet the occurrence of this sort of thing nearly every day does not seem to at- tract any attention. No civilized build- ing is provided for the examination, no counter to put the baggage on, no num- bered compartments to assist the pas- sengers to find the baggage, no privacy for those whose underclothing is turned out, no protection from draughts or ob- servation. Every alteration or change is to please Shayne, the furrier, although he would doubtless be just as well satis- fied if a collection for him was taken up from the passengers. REMBRANDT AT THE BRITISH MU- SEUM. London, March 3, 1899. In writing of the two recent Rembrandt exhibitions, I pointed out that at Amster- dam and in the Royal Academy the etchings were not included, and that, therefore, the collections could not be considered com- pletely representative. Rembrandt had his rivals among painters in his own day, but never among etchers until the present cen- tury, so that to omit his prints is to leave out perhaps his most important work. Now, however, Mr. Sidney Colvin of the British Museum has supplied this omission by a special show of all the etchings, and the drawings, too, belonging to the print room. When a special show is held at the Mu- seum, it is usually many long months in the preparation, and, that the care and pains bestowed upon it may not be wasted, it remains open for a still longer time. I believe the Rembrandts will be on view in the white room where they have been ar- ranged for a couple of years. Consequent- ly, many an American, forced to miss the paintings in Amsterdam and London, will still have an opportunity to see the prints. And it is an opportunity not to be lost. It is one thing to dive into portfolios and volumes of etchings, quite another to find the work you want to study excellently hung, according to dates and periods and states, on the wall before you, where, if you are an artist, you can really look at it at your ease and lei- sure; if you are a collector, you are fur- nished with all possible and available in- formation. Besides, nowhere is there a more complete series of these prints than in the British Museum, and nowhere, perhaps, so many fine impressions. In the notes to the catalogue, Mr. Colvin explains that the col- lections at Amsterdam and the National Library in Paris are as complete, and that "those of the Albertina and the Royal Li- brary of Vienna, taken together, may be re- garded as constituting a fourth public col- lection of equal rank; while scarcely less rich than any of them is the private cabinet of Baron Edmond de Rothschild in Paris. Both Amsterdam and the Paris Li- brary possess a few unique prints, or states of prints, which are not in London; but on the whole the British Museum stands probably first of all in the quality and high preservation of the specimens which com- pose it." This, really, is what strikes you above all else, the wonderful beauty of by far the greater number of impressions. Indeed, it is impossible to quote any examples in par- ticular where such a high average is main- tained, and, unless you happen to be a col- lector, the quality of a print will be of more importance to you than its rarity. But in studying a certain master's work, it is inte- resting to be able to follow the gradual de- velopment of his genius and the accompany- ing changes and modifications in his me- thod and technique. And Mr. Colvin has adopted the one arrangement that can help you to do so. He has grouped the prints in three divisions, corresponding to the three periods usually accepted; the first, when Rembrandt depended chiefly upon the acid; the second, when he worked more and more in dry point; and the third, when the acid was given up almost entirely for dry point. Each group is hung chronologically, as well as can be, when dates are not always known. States and impressions are placed side by side. And you have but to turn to the cata- logue for every fact, authority, and reference in connection with each. Altogether, the ar- rangement and the catalogue could not easily be better, and I am sure Mr. Colvin will not be disappointed in his hope that the pre- sent opportunities for examination and com- parison "may enable students to come nearer to a complete agreement than has hitherto been possible." But the agreement of students, after all, means less to the artist than the actual work before him, upon the merit and perfection of which he decides for himself without the aid of catalogues and compilers. And to follow the series from the first little heads, mainly of historic interest, to the last incom- parable portraits, is to feel, with something of exultation, the greatness of the master who, in his etching as in his painting, stea- dily progressed, steadily developed and strengthened his powers, reserving his mas- terpieces for his old age, when lesser men would be content to think their life's task done — for the years during which Fate was most cruel to him, and he was all but for- gotten and his work no longer in demand save with the few. It is to learn, too, that it was by the same means as in his painting that he achieved perfection: by the same tireless work and industry, the same close study of the life about him, of the thing seen, the same restless experiment. He be- gan by etching the old, familiar sitters for his early portraits; his father, his mother, sometimes Saskia, himself again and again and ever again, under every aspect and in every costume or disguise; little plates that are often dry and cold and tight, with not a suggestion of the flame, the ardor, Fromentin thought he had always difliculty in suppress- ing, but that led him to the knowledge, the freedom, the distinction of the great plates of this period — the "Good Samaritan," the "Raising of Lazarus," the "Descent from the Cross." Then came the period when, just as he was becoming keener and keener about dry point, he turned oftener and oftener to the country, with its windmills and canals and old farmhouses and little towns, for motives, and produced the larger number of his landscapes— the "Three Trees" among them— landscapes in which you see all Hol- land, and for which some authorities account by imagining a flight to the country as a refuge from the sorrows and troubles that crowded upon him after the death of Sas- kia. This was the period of the portraits of Jan Six and Ephraim Bonus and Cornel is Anslo and Jan Asselyn, the period of the "Hundred Guilder Print," of which the Bri- tish Museum boasts two unrivalled impres- sions in its two early states. And then come the perfect plates of his later years, the mar- vellous group of portraits of Jan Lutma, of Arnold Tholinx, of Thomas Jacobsz Haaring, and, supreme even among these, of Jacob Haaring; and also the large religious sub- jects, the "Christ Presented to the People," in no less than six states (one of the plates, it seems to me, he did not improve by work- ing on it), and the "Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves," in four states, showing the differences that have been such a source of discussion among the authorities. I think most artists must agree with Sir Seymour Haden that the later states, with the mystery and gloom and tragedy of the deeper shadows — of the darkness that fell upon the earth with the consummation of the great sacrifice — represent the true and ultimate effect which Rembrandt had in view from the first, and were not the result of caprice or of the interference of another and inferior hand. The series ends with those final studies from the nude which rely upon even nobler quali- ties than realistic truth for their beauty. The collection alone would be sufficient to establish Rembrandt's preeminence as an etcher. But, to emphasize his supremacy, Mr. Colvin is also showing, in the same room, the work of his contemporaries, and some of his immediate predecessors — a series which is notable enough in itself. There are the "Beggars," the "Nobility of Lor- raine," and the "Miseries of War," by Cal- lot; the classical landscapes by Claude, the portraits by Van Dyck. There are the prints of the Dutchmen who were more or less under his influence, Livens, Van Vliet, Fer- dinand Bol, and of the Dutchmen who reveal small trace of having studied him, Ruys- dael and Albert Cuyp, Paul Potter and Van der Velde — prints of unquestioned interest: some too well known to need detailed de- scription, others not so well known, but cu- rious historically. For instance, the color prints of Hercules Seghers, who was the first to experiment in color-printing from a copper plate, using, however, but one color in the printing, and tinting the paper either before or after the impression was taken, with sometimes delightful effect; and whose etchings were not only studied by Rembrandt, but, in one case certainly, al- tered and worked upon by him. Rich in in- terest as this collection is, however, there is not one of the artists who can stand the test of comparison with Rembrandt. The elegance of Van Dyck is overshadowed by the simplicity and dignity of the "Lutma" and the two Haarings; the stateliness of Claude

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220 The Ration. [Vol. 68, No. 1760 seems stilted and artificial by the side of the spontaneous little impressions of quiet Dutch waters and pastures; the animals of Cuyp and Paul Potter are wooden and lifeless when you come to them from Rembrandt's amazing rendering of "The Hog." I think Mr. Colvin would have given a still more useful comparative study had he hung one or two modern masters instead of Rembrandt's con- temporaries. Of the drawings I have said nothing, be- cause I have already written of those exhi- bited at Amsterdam and the Royal Academy. Of course, the British Museum collection is quite distinct, and if, in certain single ex- amples, it cannot compete with the treasures of Mr. Heseltine and M. Bonnat, in others it far surpasses them. But the main cha- racteristics are always the same. Here, again, you find Rembrandt working in all sorts of mediums— in chalk, pen-and-ink, pencil, se- pia; and here again you find the drawings falling, naturally, into two divisions: the studies from life and nature, the sketches of preliminary notes for his etchings and paintings. They also follow a chronological order as far as is possible, for he seldom dated his drawings, and they also point to continual progress, and explain the means by which he achieved it. In them, perhaps more than in his paintings and prints, you are conscious of his indefatigable, his ceaseless habit of work, his constant observation, his uninterrupted concern with the life about him, and his quenchless love for the beauty of the commonplace. You have once more a series of portraits; once more his render- ings of animals— for one, that incomparable elephant with all its clumsiness, its model- ling, its loose, flapping hide, expressed in a few lines in black chalk; once more his land- scapes, a whole countryside in its infinite variety put down with a few strokes of the pen. And, when he was not going direct to nature, he was learning all he could from other masters, as is explained by his copy of Mantegna and his facsimiles, you might say, of the designs of Persian artists. Of all men, Rembrandt seems most to prove the disputed truth that genius is but the genius for industry. I have given a mere outline of the exhi- bition, but you cannot in one short letter dis- pose of work that offers really a study for a lifetime. I have, therefore, endeavored merely to give some slight idea of the com- pleteness of the British Museum collection, and the admirable manner in which it is now arranged for the benefit of the public, and to remind the American coming to Lon- don within the next year or so of the plea- sure and the unparalleled opportunity for the study of Rembrandt that await him. As for the catalogue prepared by Mr. Colvin, it will be in its way as indispensable to future students of the etchings as the works of the authorities whom it so freely and appropri- ately quotes. N. N. ONE LETTER MORE FROM "ROBERT." Florence, March 2, 1899. My letters! all dead paper, . . . mute aud whitel And yet they seem alive and quivering Against my tremulous liands which looee the string And let them drop down ou my knee to-night. This said, ... he wished to have me In his sight Ouee, as a friend: this flxed a day In spring To come and touch my hand ... a simple thing, Sel 1 wept for it! this. . . . the paper's light. Bald, Dear, I Umt thee; and 1 sunk and quailed is If Cod's future thundered on my past. This said, / (i,n //.///.-and so Its Ink has paled With lying at my heart that beat too fast. And this ... 0 Love, thy words have 111 availed If, what this said, I dared repeat at last! Thus wrote and felt Elizabeth Barrett in those "finest sonnets ever penned," which only long after they were married did she ever show to Robert Browning, such being the intense reticence of her love that all of it could not be told, even in her letters to him— those letters which we, and you too, of course, have now all in full — not "dead paper," but alive with burning words; not mute, but assuring every heart that can rise upwards for a moment, that love is a holy, perfect, lasting thing, "the begin- ning," the doing, the being, the end of life. The first feeling on taking up the volume was an irresistible shudder at what she would feel— if those lonely ashes, weighted with that pompous marble cenatoph of Leigh- ton's, protected by the cypresses, sheltered by the soft, watching hills, could feel aught of earth's toil and turmoil— to see their two hearts turned inside out for the public gaze. Very bitterly, indeed, I fear, if she were mortal still; and Robert would be bit- terer and more savage, for he distinctly for- bade all friends to publish a line of her let- ters, even to themselves, and I for one have strictly obeyed him, even to the point of burning many which he wished to be burnt, and of never printing one and more intrust- ed to me by the dear, good, noble niece of Mrs. Jameson, "Geddie" Macpherson, to whom, when publishing her aunt's life, Ro- bert refused permission to give the letters written after his beloved became his own. One of his, at least, I shall give you now, for certainly the United States is worthy of everything that belongs to the Brownings. There she was loved and appreciated far more than in England; and as for Robert.it does not seem to me that he was ever ap- preciated at all in England, save by a chosen few — Miss Barrett among the first— until after her death. After the first horrified feeling of what seemed a desecration and a sacrilege, and a fearful hunger to possess the volumes and a quiet place and time to savor them, came a more reasonable feeling. If, as they both so intensely believed, there is a world beyond the grave where lovers reunite, and if they knew how many hearts are and will be gladdened by their words to one another, would they, indeed, be vexed? No, they would be — are — too happy to grudge such joy to mortal misery. So we may read and enjoy, I think, without remorse. To those who knew the Brownings intimately, in their own loved home here in Florence, or even during their sojourns in London or in Paris (it was always home, for they were never divided save in death), these letters will teach little as to their mutual re- lations one to the other; but to those to whom this rare privilege has been denied, the letters, read together with their scant biographies, will teach that where great, pure, and noble souls do find their "other half," their lives and works run harmonious- ly, and rise soaring towards the sun on love- sustaining wings. The marriage took place at Marylebone Church, on the 12th of September, 1846. The bride returns alone; they are not to meet except at the railway station. Every hour comes a new fear lest the newspapers may publish the marriage and she be yet carried off. Robert has made a mistake in her name: he, who never made any mistakes afterwards, made several then, in trains and steamer time-tables. Finally, the last day but one comes: "September 19th. By to-morrow at this time I s,hall have you only to love me, my beloved! — you only, as if one said Ood only. And we shall have Him beside, I pray of him!" And the prayer was answered. They met, started, and Mrs. Jameson, in Paris with her niece, "who had left the Inva- lid in London satisfied with the sofa and silence," receives a note to say that they are in Paris en route for Italy. They stay in Paris a fortnight, then travel all together to Pisa, where BA, "not only better but trans- formed," is to spend the winter alone with her beloved. And now I think all readers of the entrancing correspondence will like to have Robert's first letter to Mrs. Jameson, the kind soul who so rejoiced in their union: Pisa, November 30, 1846. Dear, Good Aunt Nina: Your note properly ushered in the sunny day, this morning. I fully meant to have written to you, but this is better fortune, to get an answer first (hibernial); so on the strength of the continued gladnesses of the weather and the letter, we have just been driving for due orette round the city and suburbs, and BA comes in with an appetite for dinner, she says, and I am not so inclined to doubt it as usually. Did she tell you that I discovered the famous walk on the dyke, and that it is really worth its fame, being very pretty and characteristic, and extending quite to the foot of the mountain? We got out of the car- riage and climbed on to it just now, but were too far from a curious old church and tower I wanted to reach. Well, you seem to be en- joying Florence, which is quite right — we and everybody shall have our share of whatever you get there; but if we are the more happy that you remember us in the midst of your especial good, we are not at all surprised, I beg you to know, for we have long since made up our minds about the nature of your attachment to us, and having taken up BA, and me on account of her a little (I go with her, observe, as a serious makeweight), we feel more, that you will not let us go, now, after these travels and trials — no, not for ever so much; but even if you tried to do so, you would find it a hard job, so tightly we will cling! The day before yesterday we got the kindest of notes from Mr. Kenyon, in which he speaks with great satisfaction and delight of the letter he received from you. He was, at the time of writing, engaged in all sorts of good offices on our account. I also was favored with a letter from Procter. We have been found out here by one or two people, but by Providence's help they don't much disturb us; one of them informed us that Pisa had never been so void of strangers as at the present time, at least within his recollection, while the two last seasons were "prosperous of English" beyond example; hence the additional numbers of apartments to let, and the increased price of them. It is very soothing on a rainy day, when one happens to suffer from bile, to see every blessed board about appigionarsi, etc., etc., still dangling in the wind. Here we go on very well, certainly very quietly, although Wilson [the maid] makes from time to time a discovery that sets one's hair on end- about ways of living and sleeping, e supra tutto cooking; all very new and dreadful. M. Verrucci called once and means to call again. These are our events! or no! for another event is the opening of the completed rail- way to Lucca from this place, so that one may go without any trouble whatever, and had the weather been less outrageous on Monday or Saturday, now I think of it, we meant to go and assist at the exposition of the "volto sacro." Next week perhaps we may manage a trip there. Meantime, we shall wait your letters with a modified impatience (don't you know that a professor in the quadrant issued prospectuses engaging to teach people, at so much per head, "dancing, deportment, and a modified gallantry to the fair sex"?). Seemingly the list you promise will be of the greatest service to us, and pray let me know when you mean to leave Florence for Rome, as you must do, must! I spoke at the post-office about your letters (one was forwarded to you a week ago or a little more), and shall continue to speak.

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March 23, 1899] The Nation 221 Dear Geddie is the best, most affectionate girl in the world. BA tells me to say she thanks and loves her heartily, and I put my love into the parcel whether she notices or no. Have I told you in all these words, directly and not by implication, that BA is admirably well, and more and more inclined to sleep after dinner? She desires me to give, first, her whole love, and, next, the good news that your strap is found in Wil- son's baggage. I am sure I shall not object to such an article being got quietly out of the house, for there are certain uses to which BA might turn a strap; but I need not tell you she shall not see this letter. God bless you and your dear Geddie, on account of BA and your ever affectionate R. B. Mrs. MacPherson, the "Geddie" of her aunt and friends, spent the last year of her checkered life with me in Rome, and died in my arms on the 24th of June, 1878. She had just completed the life of her aunt, Mrs. Jameson, and was much disappointed that Mr. Browning would not allow her to pub- lish his wife's letters to Mrs. J. She gave them to me, with his, and this is the first to see the light. J- W. M. Correspondence. THE PRESIDENT AND HIS "ORDERS." To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: It Is to be hoped that President Mc- Kinley will, as soon as he is rested, take prompt steps to have his "order" respecting removals from the classified service com- plied with by his subordinates. They have shown their admiration for his foreign policy, and extolled his wisdom and courage in gen- eral as an administrator, but they have not hesitated to ignore the proclamation of policy made by him in July, 1897, that "no removal shall be made from any position subject to competitive examination except for just cause, and upon written charges filed with the head of the department or other appoint- ing officer, and of which the accused shall have full notice and an opportunity to make defence." The last report of the Civil-Ser- vice Commission shows that employees turn- ed out of their places in spite of this order have been importuning the courts of the country — but generally in vain— for "injunc- tive relief." Their remedy, as the judges have been ob- liged to tell them, can be obtained only at the White House. "I have no doubt," said one of them, "that the President may lay down rules for the internal policy of his administration, and may require his chief executive officers, dependent upon his plea- sure for their tenure of office, to conform to them, or else to sever their official relations with him. . . . But the enforcement of such rules is a matter between the President and his cabinet, and not a matter for the courts." The "disciplinary" method of enforcing such a rule is, of coursdj the only method, and President McKinley must have known this when he issued the order in question. If he did not intend to enforce it, the pity is that he promulgated it, for its frequent violation has brought reproach upon the act itself which every one supposed it was meant to render more efficacious. The Civil -Service Commission print in full case after case of the arbitrary dismissal of those who were protected by the terms of this rule. With most commendable courage they have promptly and earnestly protested against these illegal acts, and have brought their complaints, and ample evidence sustaining them, to the Secretaries in whose departments the outrages were committed, but in not a single case has punishment been adminis- tered, the wrong righted, or even the protest answered. Instead of resigning in a body, as they might with great propriety have done, the Commissioners have printed the whole correspondence, showing an invariable ignoring by the departments of their re- quests and protests, thereby in effect appeal- ing to a sound public sentiment for their support. It is not necessary to discuss here the le- gality of the executive orders placing re- strictions upon the right of heads of depart- ments to remove subordinates whom they are authorized by law to appoint. That point may be made by the cabinet officer himself when the promulgation of such orders is in contemplation. Courts, too, must necessarily consider it when they are asked to enforce such orders. But the refusal of bureau offi- cers to require compliance with an order of the President of this character, because not convinced of its constitutionality, is so grossly impertinent and destructive of all order and discipline that one cannot under- stand how it can be endured for a moment. The Civil-Service Commission show in their report that this high ground is taken in the Treasury Department. The Grosvenors in Congress have raged because President Cleveland waited until May, 1896, before he extended the classified service so as to include as subject to com- petitive examination the great bulk of Fede- ral employees, inside and outside of Wash- ington. But that genuine friend of civil-ser- vice reform, as is well known to many, was ready for this enlargement long before 1896. He was, above all things, however, regardful of the law, and had no intention of imposing upon the heads of the Washington depart- ments restrictions which they were not in- clined to accept. It was in 1896 that, by their cooperation, the various employees were classified who had not been classified by the civil-service act. In this revision that act requires their agency. It was naturally supposed that President McKinley had in the same way secured the concurrence of his cabinet when, in the fol- lowing year, he extended to all those em- braced in his predecessor's classification a solemn exemption from the menaces of arbi- trary power. But though Secretary Gage — to mention but one case — repeated this order to the various bureaus and branches of his service, it is almost an every-day occurrence that his collectors of revenue impudently thrust out Democrats and replace them with men of their own choice, in utter disregard of rules, orders, and department regulations. And when the Commission run to him with a full account of the violation, he remains silent and smiling. I. E. March 15, 1899. VIRTUE ENOUGH FOR ALL. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Of "the revered McKinley" and his Philippine policy, may it not be said, as War- burton, Bishop of Gloucester, said of George the Third: "Let us private men preserve and improve the little we have left of private virtue; and, if one of those infected with the influenza of politics should ask me, 'What then becomes of your public virtue?' I would answer him with an old Spanish proverb: "The King has enough for us all' "? Respectfully, Alfales Young. Halt Lake City, March 15, 1899. JUDGE KOHLSAAT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I regret to find in your columns of March 9 a statement to the effect that Judge C. C. Kohlsaat would not have been heard of in connection with the United States dis- trict judgeship had it not been that Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat had insisted on his brother be- ing recognized. You do a wrong to two men. No man on the local bench has stood higher in public esteem than Judge Kohlsaat of the Probate Court. This was recognized by the way he ran ahead of his ticket when reelected last fall. Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat has consistently re- fused to ask any favors or patronage of the President. This I know. Judge Kohlsaat was recommended, and his appointment urged, by many leading mem- bers of the Chicago bar. He is a man who would do honor to any position of trust and to any man appointing him. His appointment must have been a pleasure to the President, because of his personal and professional fit- ness. No rival for the position had the com- bined experience and character that were nossessed by the appointee. As a rabid civil-service-reform advocate and an anti- expansionist "to the limit," I hope you will correct your editorial. Yours truly, Wm. Kent. "LEST WE FORGET." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: That the new revelation as to our manifest destiny is but little in accord with the second sober thought of a majority of our people, is hardly to be questioned. Our late wholly exceptional conjuncture being past, we naturally incline to return to our nor- mal condition, without sacrifice of substan- tial principles, the inheritance of an Anglo- Saxon race. These principles are not so modern as may be supposed. They found voice at a. very early period of our history, when Spain was civilizing with slaughter and under the emblem of the cross the ter- ritories of northern South America (Guiana); and this is what Sir Walter Raleigh an- nounced as the English Christian method of dealing with the people and territories of uncivilized regions. (The extract is from Hakluyt.) "This much of subduing the Guianians: the means of procuring this come next to be con- sidered, which ought to be just before God, according to our Christian profession and honorable among men according to the pro- ceedings of our English nation. For it were far better with the help of our confederates under the defence of the Almighty to strength- en in our own countries, than to purchase our securitye by such practises as the Spaniards used In the conquest of the Indies. Therefore the president [precedent] of their dishonorable actions may not serve for our instructions. "For which purpose I lay down this as a maxime (which yet upon better advice I am ready to retract). That no Christians may law- fully invade with hostility any heathenish peo- ple not under their allegiance, to kill, Spoile, and conquer them, only upon pretence of their

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222 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 [in]fidelity. My proses and reasons be these. In the beginning God, having made the World — reserving the heavens for his throne of Majes- ty, gave the earth and all therein, with the benefit yssuing from the sunne, the moone, and all the stars, to the sonnes of men as is mani- fest by the blessing of God upon Adam af- terwards renewed unto Noah and his descend- ants, confirmed in part by God, himselfe to the posterity of wicked Ishmael afterwards to Nebuchadnezer in these words. I have made the earth, man and beast upon the ground by my great power, and have given it to whom it pleaseth me: But now I have given all these lands into the hands of Nebuchadnezer the King of Babell my servant, etc. To the like effect sayeth Daniel to Nebuchadnezer: O King Thou arte King of Kings, for the Lord of Hea- ven hath given the a Kingdom power strength glory &c. By all of which it seemeth to me very liquid and clear that by Gods ordinance the belevers are not the only lords of the World, as being not able to people the 20th part of it, but that by the gift of God, Idola- tors, pagans and Godlesse persons bee in- tituled to the possession, and have a capacity to take, and an ability to hold a property in lands and goods as well as they, which being manifested by the former allegacions, it is against the rules of Justice (which giveth to every man his own) to deprive them of their goods, lands, libertyes or lives without just title thereunto. When Jepthe by his am- bassadores showed to the King of Amon the righte that the Israelites had of invading the possessions of Amon he maketh not the pre- tence of their idolatry or Gentleisme. but be- cause the God of Israel had given those lands unto them. The God of Israel (sayeth he) hath cast out the Amorites before his people of Israel, and wouldst thou possess it? Wouldst not thou possess that which Chemasth thy God giveth the . to possess? So whomsoever the Lord God driveth out before us, them will we possess. But God hath given no Christians any such warrant, therefore thei may not do the like: as nether the good Kings of Israel or Juda unless just cause of wrongs from the Idolators received. 'Christians are commanded to doo good un- to all men, and to have peace with all men, and to do as they would be done unto: To give uone offense to one or other: And lastly Christ willed the desc iples to pay tribute unto Cesser, an infidel]. lie refused a Worldly Kingdom as not pertaining unto him— he re- proved his deseiples when they desired that fire mi^ht come down from heaven and de- stroy the Samaritans who refused to entertain him— Saying you know not what spirit you are of. The Son of Man is not come to destroy mens lives but to save them. " Therefore no christian prince under pre- tence of Christianity only, and of forcing of men to receive the gospell or renounce their Impletlea may attempt the invasion of any free people tiot under their vassalige. For Christ gave not that power to christians as christians, which lie himself as sovereign of all christians neither had or would take. "By the Law of Nature and nations we agree that prescription or priority of possession only giveth right unto lands or goods against all strangers, Indefesibly by any but the true owners. "This much to confirm that opinion before delivered that Christians may not warrantably conquer Infidels upon pretence of their infideli- ty. But 1 hold it ver,y reasonable and charitable to send preachers safely guarded it may bee to offer Infidels the gladd tidings of the gos- pell, which being refused by them (or perad- venture the Infidells giving hard measure to the Preachers), this ran ground no sufficient quarrel to overrun their countries." Are the American people to accepl the conclusion, now apparently just discovered, that we had not reached national complete-'- ness until the finishing stroke was to lied by uniting the ship of si flotilla of Malay dependencies whose crew were resisting the encroachment? C. H. Miner. New London, Conn., March 14, 1899. "THE LAW OF THE ROAD." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Had your correspondent, in the issue of March 9, 1899, writing on "The Law of the Road," consulted a file of Notes and Queries, he would have found two discus- sions of the question, the first in vols. 9, 11, and 12 of series 3, and the second in vols 3, 4, and 5 of series 6. In one of the first will be found the original and best version of the rhyme your correspondent quotes, which is there credited to Henry Erskine. The encyclopaedias merely state the fact that the rule is to keep to the right in near- ly all civilized countries, except Great Bri- tain and its colonies, without explanation, while the writers in Notes and Queries, curiously enough, are diametrically opposed to each other. One writer (series 6, vol. 4, page 34) suggests that the English rule is due to the fact that the wagoner, walking on the left of his horses, does not want to be caught between the wheels, and, therefore, pulls his horses towards him, thus turning to the left; while in other countries persons driving with reins are indifferent in the mat- ter, and follow their "natural preference" for the right hand. This view, however, is opposed by a sub- sequent writer (page 154 of the same vol- ume), who is of the opinion that coachmen, and not wagoners, made the rule, and the advantage in turning to the left for the coachman is obvious. This agrees with an earlier and more complete explanation (se- ries 3, vol. 11, page 531), which accounts for the English rule in the same way, and for the French rule by the fact that their stages were driven by postilions sitting on the left horse. It also agrees in principle with the ex- planation which I have heard assigned for the rule adopted in America, viz., that the convenience of the drivers of ox-teams (that being the chief mode of transportation) de- cided the question. It seems reasonable that they should wish to pass, especially on nar- row roads, to the right in order that they might better judge the distance between wa- gons, that they might avoid being crushed out into the gutter or into deep snow, and that they might greet each other most con- veniently.—Yours truly, C. W. A. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A correspondent of your paper, last week, in writing about "The Law of the Road," seeks to find a reason why, in New England, it is the custom, as well as the law, to turn to the right in passing. I can tell him what my father, more than sixty years ago, gave me as the reason. At that time nearly all the teaming was done by oxen. They could not be as accurately guided as horses, and turning to the right brought the drivers, who usually walked beside the team, on the inside, so that they could be sure not to come in col- lision. As I drove, when a boy, a great deal, and could not see over the oxen to know how iieai- the wagons were together, I could re- alize the reason, as well as advantage, of the practice, and I have no doubt that was the cause of turning to the right. Respectfully yours, H. A. Stearns. Pawtucket, R. I., March 14, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The origin of our different custom, I believe, is to be found in the almost uni- versal use of oxen for draught purposes throughout this country in the earliest days of its settlement. With them no reins were employed; the guiding was by voice and whip. The right hand being the natural whip hand, it was most convenient that the driver , should walk on the left of his oxen, the better to guide them by the whip; and, being on that side, he naturally turned his team to the right, as the English reinsman had turn- ed to the left, in order that he might more surely avoid the danger of collision. The men on horseback, who would otherwise have continued to turn to the left if they had been free to follow their own convenience and their inherited English custom, could readily turn their horses to either side of the road, and thus adapted themselves to the requirement of the primitive American ox-team. This rule of turning to the right became more firmly fixed when, later in the de- velopment of our country, especially in the South and West, the custom arose of driving several pairs of mules or horses to one ve- hicle or train of vehicles, by means of a single "jerk-line," as it was called, leading from the nigh horse of the front pair of mules to the driver, who rode the nigh wheel-horse. From his position he, like the ox-team driver, could best avoid accident by turning to the right. The very terms "nigh" and "off" horse which still prevail are the survivals of the same early ox- driving period, and designate the position of the horse with reference to the ox-team driver. Now that ox-teams and single-rein mule teams have for the most part disap- peared in the United States, our custom of turning to the right might well be replaced by the safer and more convenient English rule, "Keep to the left." Irving Elting. INH'chkkki'SIK. N. Y., March 14, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have heard my father say that the change from the English custom of turning to the left was one of necessity, on account of the difficulty of turning out in the deep snows. In the early days, when America was first settled (and even now one sees it in farm sleighs in the country), the horse was harnessed to the sleigh a little to the right and directly in front of the right runner— in front of the right in preference to the left, because it brought the horse in front of the driver, who sat on the right. Harnessed in this manner, the horse broke the way through the deep snow for one of the runners, and in meeting another vehicle, by turning (o the right the horse could break the way for the runner that had to be turned into the deep untrodden snow at the roadside. Different customs prevail in different parts of Germany and Austria. When I was driv- ing from Salzburg to Berchtesgaden, we had to change at the frontier from left to right. W. BOST.JN, March 20, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Judge Nott's explanation of the change

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March 23, 1899] The Nation 223 in the rule of the road, in. the Nation of March 16, agrees in part with tradition. His one difficulty may perhaps be solved by sub- stituting bank for snow. When a boy in Massachusetts, I once asked why people turn- ed out to the right. After telling me that there had been a change in the custom, my father said: "I, too, once asked my father this, and it is a question all boys must put, I think, for he told me what he said his own father had told him. In old days, he said, one seldom met another wagon on the road, but one always had to look out for the bank; and even when one met another, it was more important to look to the lift of the wheel than to the passer-by." A drive through the woods of eastern Long Island or Cape Cod will illustrate the verisimilitude of this ex- planation, which, on account of the odd ex- pression, "look to the lift" (instead of look to the left!), has always remained in my memory in its original verbal form. . Trees are -felled and then the wagons make the road deeper and deeper, grinding down sandy soil till high banks are left on either side. In passing, one's chief care is not to avoid wheels, but to keep balanced one's own wheels, as the road is narrow, being half on the bank. The explanation given would date from about 1750. Washburn Hopkins. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent, Mr. H. M. Doak of Nashville, Tenn., in writing on this sub- ject in your paper of March 9, seems not to be aware that in Canada the English custom of keeping to the left is retained. In towns separated by an imaginary line only, but be- longing in Canada and in the United States, drivers change their practice at once on crossing the boundary. It has occurred to me that if the English custom of passing to the left of the road arose from the desire to keep the weapon- hand next a possible enemy, the custom may have been reversed in our earlier set- tlements because of the fact that the ene- mies to be guarded against were found, not In persons met on the road, but in savages lurking in the forests on either side of the way. If this supposition is correct, the cus- tom of passing to the right arose from the same source as our peculiar custom of the head of the family sitting at the foot of the pew in churches. Our forefathers sat next to the aisle, with musket in hand, during ser- vice, to be in readiness to repel sudden at- tacks from the Indians. The persistence in these practices so long after the perils which caused them have passed away, is a curious illustration of that unreason which lies at the bottom of many of our customs. E. F. Merriam. Sharon-, Mass., March 14, 1899. Notes. William R. Jenkins, New York, announces for publication in September 'The American Cicerone,' a guide to the Paris Exposition of 1900, compiled under the direction of Vicomte de Keratry. Cassell & Co. are about to reissue their National Library, the older volumes from new plates, and to extend it. The price will still remain at ten cents. Ben]. R. Tucker, New York, has nearly ready 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol,' by Os- car Wilde {alias C. 3. 3, his prison number). Doubleday & McClure Co. will publish at once 'The United States of Europe,' by W. T. Stead. 'Contemporary Spain, as Shown by Her Novelists,' edited by Miss Mary W. Plum- mer of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, will pre- sently be issued by Truslove, Hanson & Comba. Preston & Rounds, Providence, R. I., will make a limited edition, from type, of 'The Diary of Col. Israel Angell, of the Conti- nental Line,' 1778-1781, with annotations by Edward Field, a map and two plates. The Dominion Co., Chicago, will publish a 'Full Official History of the War with Spain,' by Murat Halstead. Herbert S. Stone & Co., Chicago, include among their spring publications 'A Short History of the United States,' by Justin Huntly McCarthy; 'The Spanish- American War,' by eye-witnesses; 'Can We Disarm?' by Joseph McCabe and George Darien; 'The History of Gambling in England,' by John Ashton; 'Robert, Earl Nugent,' by Claud Nu- gent, with many family portraits; 'Success- ful Houses,' by Oliver Coleman; 'The Per- fect Wagnerite,' by G. Bernard Shaw; 'Luci- fer: A Theological Tragedy,' by George San- tayana; 'After-Supper Songs,' by Elizabeth Coolidge; 'Dross,' by Henry Seton Merri- man; 'The Wolf's Long Howl,' by Stanley Waterloo; 'The Cougar-Tamer, and Other Stories of Adventure,' by Frank Welles Calkins; 'The Awakening,' by Kate Chopin; and 'Stories from the Old Testament, for Children,' by Harriet S. B. Beale. In the press of Macmillan Co. are 'Old Cambridge," by Thomas Wentworth Hlggin- son, first of a series of "National Studies in American Letters/' to be edited by Prof. George E. Woodberry of Columbia Univer- sity, who, by right, reserves for himself 'The Flower of Essex'; and 'Letters from Japan,' by Mrs. Hugh Fraser, in two volumes, with plentiful illustrations. Gen. M. F. Force's 'General Sherman,' in the "Great Commanders Series"; 'The Story of Geographical Discovery,' by Joseph Ja- cobs; 'Letters to a Mother,' by Susan E. Blow; 'Love among the Lions,' by F. Anstey; 'A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus,' by A. Conan Doyle; and 'The Mor- mon Prophet,' by Lily Dougall, are some of the March issues of D. Appleton & Co. Notable among the undertakings of the Oxford Clarendon Press (New York: Henry Frowde) is the "British Anthologies," edited by that veteran reprinter, Prof. Edward Ar- ber. Ten volumes are already projected, bearing, respectively, the title of the leading pcet in each, as, The Dunbar Anthology, 1401-1508; The Cowper Anthology, 1775-1800. Shakspere, Jonson, and Milton lead off. The collection will be distinguished for consist- ing almost exclusively of entire poems, and for its cheap price, 2s. 6d. per volume. The editor has taken extraordinary pains to verify at the sources. Among the works announced for publica- tion next year by the Hakluyt Society are 'The Journeys to Tartary of John of Piano Carpini and William of Rubruk,' translated and edited by W. W. Rockhill, United States Minister at Athens. Somewhat more than three years ago we welcomed the advent of a singularly origi- nal and charming book of impressions of Italy by Maurice Hewlett, under the title, 'Earthwork Out of Tuscany.' The author has since become known by other writings, and won a fresh audience who will be glad to make acquaintance with this work in a se- cond, revised edition (London: Dent; New York: Putnams). The typographical elegance of the first edition is repeated, but wholly new are eighteen rather unsubstantial illus- trations by James Kerr-Lawson, amateurish by turns and clever, but only occasionally answering to the praise which Mr. Hewlett bestows upon them. They serve sometimes, in copying statue or painting, to explain the author's allusiveness; but is this not rather to mar our enjoyment than to increase It? In 'The Emperor Hadrian: A Picture of the Graeco-Roman World in his Time' (Macmillan), Miss Mary E. Robinson gives us a translation of the well-known work by Gregorovius, and the University Press of Glasgow furnishes a beautiful specimen of what it can do with the types. The book itself (as Gregorovius seems to have recog- nized in adding the sub-title, when, in 1883, he recast it from one which he had written in 1851) is really less valuable as an account of Hadrian than as a description of the literary and religious movements and the general culture of the day. As such, it was worth while for Miss Robinson to dress it up in its present attractive English form; but for a proper appreciation of the Emperor, and for satisfactory treatment of the poli- tics of his time, one must look elsewhere. Dr. T. Stanley Simonds, now assistant pro- fessor in the classical department of Hobart College, has published, at the Ld. Bal- timore Press, Baltimore, Md., his thesis for the doctorate in philosophy (J. H. U., 1896) on "The Themes Treated by the Elder Sene- ca." After sketching, in a careful and scholar-like way, the history of Rhetoric and the Rhetorical Schools of Greece and Rome, the life of the elder Seneca and the character of his extant works, he discusses more fully the nature and origin of the subjects used as themes in those schools. The ultimate sources of those themes are shown to be, in most cases, extremely difficult to trace; but they have been sought with great diligence, and when they have not been found, the question is left in a state not likely to tempt any one to a further search. Dr. Simonds has produced a work which cannot fail to interest classical scholars everywhere, blend- ing, as it does, the analytical research of the German student with the freer, broader, and more pleasing manner of modern En- glish scholarship. The latest volume issued by the Selden Society (vol. xii., for 1898), is entitled 'Se- lect Cases in the Court of Requests.' Its edi- tor is J. S. Leadam, who prefixes an interest- ing introduction dealing with the history of the court and commenting on the more significant cases. The latest issue in the "Land und Leute" monographs is 'Cuba,' by E. Deckert (Leip- zig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York:Lemcke & Buechner). Its most attractive feature is a profusion of illustrations — sights and manners in city and country, after photo- graphs and sketches. With it goes an ac- count of the island based on thorough histo- rical research and on travels of the author. A condensed sketch of the colonial develop- ment, down to 1850, is followed by a chapter on the successive native struggles for in- dependence, and another on the steps lead- ing to outside interference. As to the pre- dominant motive of our war to free Cuba, Dr. Deckert charitably leaves it open to the reader to judge whether the result was

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224 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 more due to "the great sugar and tobacco speculators and the professional politicians," or to "the class of upright idealists who be- lieve in the educational mission of their great republic." Detailed descriptions of the various regions of the island help to make up an agreeable and timely number of this interesting series. The defence of Boston in the war of 1812, a paper by Mr. W. K. Watkins, published in the Proceedings of the Bostonian Society, is of more than local interest. It is devoted largely to an account of the measures taken in 1814 on occasion of the alarm felt by the presence of British vessels on the coast. It includes a list of the troops from the neigh- boring towns, a statement of voluntary la- bor performed on the fortifications, a roster of the militia officers engaged, and a par- tial bibliography of the literature of the war. The Bulletin of the Boston Public Library for March contains some useful lists of works, articles and documents on water sup- ply, civic architecture and passenger trans- portation, compiled for use in connection with the free municipal lectures given in Boston. In the January Bulletin of the New York Public Library will be found the generous letter of gift from Messrs. Worthington Chauncey Ford and Paul Leicester Ford for the splendid library of Americana amassed by their father, numbering about 100,000 pieces. Even the autographs and manu- scripts of this collection will partly revert to the Public Library as the gift of their purchaser, Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. The interest of the March number of the Harvard Graduates' Magazine is, as usual, above all personal, and reaches its climax in obituary notices, with portraits, of "Three Worthies," namely, Henry Lee, by Presi- dent Eliot; David A. Wells, by E. L. God- kin; and Henry Clarke Warren, by Prof. Lanman. These three characters happily represent in as many generations the in- fluence of a great university on public spirit. Of innovations in the University regime none is more striking than the vote of the Board of Overseers on December 7, 1898, that "it is desirable" to place women on the com- mittees "to visit the departments and courses of instruction"; and the consequent appoint- ment of Mrs. Henry Draper for the Obser- vatory, Mrs. Potter for the Veterinary De- partment, and Miss Ware for the Botanical Gardens and Museum. Significant in another way is a new course in military and naval science, propounded as tending to preserve the peace. The late war has, for the prac- tical-minded, turned attention away from the Italian to the Spanish courses, in the propor- tion of 150 to 40. Africa holds the chief place in the Scottish Geographical Magazine for February, which opens with a description of the Egyptian Sudan, its geography, climate, fauna, flora, and tribes, together with a brief sketch of its exploration, accompanied by a valuable and beautiful map. Mr. H. C. Angus de- scribes a recent trip to northern Angoniland in British Central Africa, a region settled a comparatively few years ago by an offshoot of the Zulu race, who have made astonish- ing progress in agriculture. "Village after village," says the writer, "surrounded by waving cornfields and green plains dotted wiih herds of cattle, stretched away into the distance. . . . The cornfields seemed unending, and the size and number of the villages fairly astonished me." There Is also the first part of an article which aims to show the limits of the Egyptian, and hence English, claims to the territory west of the Equatorial Province in the basin of the up- per Ubangi, a branch of the Congo and for a long distance the boundary between the French and Belgian possessions. The Geographical Journal for March con- tains a paper on "The Plan of the Earth, and its Causes," by J. W. Gregory, in which he supports the theory "that there is a hid- den continental symmetry which, when dis- covered, will explain the law that has deter- mined the distribution of land and water on the globe." This distribution, he holds, "has been determined by the tetrahedal arrange- ment of the elevations and depressions in the surface of the lithosphere." There is also a summary of the results of seventeen years of exploration and study in Iceland by Dr. Th. Thoroddsen, and an abstract of a paper on the sub-oceanic physical features of the coast of western Europe, by Prof. Edward Hull, together with the discussion upon it by Sir A. Geikie, Admiral Wharton, and others. The last Bulletin de la Socicte de Oeographie for 1898 contains an account of the French expedition, 150 strong, which, starting from Abyssinia, was intended to meet, at the Nile, that of Major Marchand coming from the west. For a month it struggled amid the swamps through which the Baro, a tributary of the Sobat, flows, and then was obliged to return with a loss of nearly half its numbers. The leader, M. de Bonchamps, closes his narrative with a characteristic "pin-prick": "Although unable to reach our goal, . . . our attempt was not in vain [inutile]. It opened to the Abyssinian army that unknown and mysterious western route which had hitherto been veiled to them." A general summary of the scientific results of his explorations in Somaliland is prefaced, by the Vicomte E. de Poncins, by a most in- teresting description of the natives, whom he regards as among the best of the African races, and "incomparably superior to the Abyssinians." Pvtcriiianv's Mittcilungcn, number one, con- tains notes with a map of a journey in the western part of German East Africa, and a brief discussion of the physiographic prob- lems, the salinity and temperature of the Pacific Ocean, by A. Lindenkohl of the Unit- ed States Coast Survey. A relation of exten- sive journeys in eastern and northern China, by E. yon Cholnoky, closes with some argu- ments for the theory that Chinese architec- ture is derived, not, as is commonly held, from the hut, but from the bamboo. There is also a summary of the work of the Inter- national Glacier Commission appointed at the geological congress held at Zurich in 1894. The Consular Reports for March contains valuable and suggestive information in re- gard to our trade with Mexico, Turkey, and Russia. What is told of an institution in Odessa for the training of young men in the theory and practice of navigation, will inte- rest all who would encourage the growth of our merchant marine. The consul at Liver- pool calls attention to the great decrease In the trade of that port since 1S91, amount- ing to over $150,000,000. In some statistics in regard to the use of telephones through- out the world published by the Swedish Gov- ernment, it appears that this country leads, with three-fifths of the total of one and a quarter millions, and Germany follows, at a long distance. Next to her are Great Bri- tain, with nearly 70,000, and Sweden with 56,500. Switzerland has more than France. A relative on the mother's side contributes to the Rundschau for March an account of Carl Schurz's life, of which the portion covering his public career in this country is no doubt familiar to most American read- ers. But the story of his childhood, from his birth "in a castle," and of the earlier years of boyhood, has, as far as we know, never before been told, and will be read with affectionate interest by the friends of the septuagenarian, who has just been feted in this city. The writer has evidently had ac- cess to memoirs the time for whose publica- tion has not yet arrived. The conservative spirit of the medical State authorities in Germany shows itself again in certain conclusions, as announced by the press, of a conference recently con- vened in Berlin for a revision of the medical examinations. The representatives of the principal States of the Empire at this meet- ing did not deem the question of admitting women to medical studies sufliciently ripe for decision fspruchreifj. The admission of real-gymnasium Abiluricnten to the study of medicine was, for the present, denied. Both of these measures have for some years been advocated by many of the foremost uni- versity professors. On the other hand, it is proposed to extend the regular university course in medicine to ten semesters, and in regard to foreign students it was decided that the same conditions shall hold for them as for native students. The attitude of the con- ference towards these questions is very likely due in part to recent statistics, which show a continued rapid increase in the number of practitioners, especially in the larger cities. In the year 1897-'98 this growth amounted in the Empire to 785, or 3 per cent, of the whole number. Meanwhile, the Secretary of State, Count Posadowsky, has announced in the Reichstag that the Imperial Government intends to admit women to the medical exa- minations on the same conditions as men, and the prospect is that the several State governments will give their consent to this measure, notwithstanding the opposition of the majority of medical practitioners and professors. Mr. Jacques Reich, whose progress from admirable thumb-nail portraiture in pen-and- ink to etching on a grand scale has been very interesting, sends us from his studio at No. 2 West Fourteenth Street proofs of his large etchings after Collins's oil-painting of Judge Van Brunt and a photograph from life of the late Mrs. Stowe. In the case of the Judge, the original was none too good, but the print will, we think, give general satisfaction as a representation of the man. In the case of Mrs. Stowe, one is perforce led to compare this copper with the wood of Gustav Kruell, whose portrait of the author of 'Uncle Tom' is one of his masterpieces. Mr. Reich has not reached that high level in his technique or in his interpretation, but he gives rather austerely the external character at least of the novelist of freedom, and offers the col- lector one more option. It were worth an essay to explain why, hitherto, there has been so little demand for the likeness of one whose readers are still to be reckoned by the thousands if no longer by the millions. Mr. F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia, upon the sad occasion of the death of the late Lord Herschell of the High Joint Commission,

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March 23, 1899] The ISTation 225 publishes an imperial panel -photograph like- ness of characteristic excellence. It is announced that there remain in the hands of the heirs of the late George Brin- ley some copies of all the parts of the Brin- ley Catalogue, with the exception of the first; also, some copies of the index and of the price-lists. So long as they last, these will be sent gratuitously to any public li- brary making application for them, specify- ing the parts required, and enclosing fifteen cents for each part (five cents for price- lists), to cover postage and mailing expenses. Applications should be addressed to W. I. Fletcher, Librarian of Amherst College, Mass. —The Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard University lack none of their customary distinction as the most in- teresting educational exhibit in the country. Pioneer innovation and invention go hand in hand with readjustment of old conditions, with dogged persistence in old ways. New statistics are still laboriously devised for practical guidance or philosophic conclu- sions. President Eliot toys with the sub- ject of the war, among other topics peculiar to the past academic year. As the spiritual head of the University, he finds "at least 82 per cent, of all Harvard College students and young graduates physically fit for the service of the country in time of war," and "the men who take part in the highly competitive athletic sports" not on that ac- count "more inclined to enlist as soldiers or sailors than the ordinary student who is physically sound enough to pass the medical examination." He denies that football is a special training for actual fighting, in which bodily collisions are nowadays anything but the rule. On the other hand, he seems to look back complacently on the Harvard en- listment when generalizing that "so long as there are wars, it will be expedient, espe- cially in democracies, that the best-educated young men bear their full share in war's hardships and dangers." Dean Briggs, on his part, would — even in the hypothetical cha- racter of "the most resolute opponent of the war, the most cautious counsellor of young men"— "have felt some shame had there been in the front ranks [i. c, in a bad war] no son of Harvard College." He admits that "it was one thing to offer a life for the Union in 1861, and another to offer it for a war with Spain in 1898; yet if offering life seemed a duty, the very absence of a cause that every man could recognize as great enhanced the self-sacrifice." Surely this is the very bathos of extenuation of faulty action. —The publication of records of births, deaths, and marriages from official records, which originated in New England some five and twenty years ago, has reached Old Eng- land and is growing in favor there. The Har- leian Society began the good work by print- ing the records of London churches, and lo- cal societies are springing up in the coun- ties. The Lancashire Parish Register Society, formed for local purposes, reports that in that county there are 106 parishes whose records begin not later than a. d. 1700. Of course none are earlier than a. d. 1538, four years after the Reformation, when, by a royal injunction published by Cromwell, the Vicar-General under Henry VIII., the paro- chial clergy were ordered to keep registers of all christenings, burials, and weddings. This act was not generally obeyed, and in 1597 the Convocation of Canterbury made an ordinance, approved by Queen Elizabeth, that every minister should agree to keep the register, that every parish should provide a parchment book, and that a copy of entries should be sent annually to the bishop of the diocese. It is distressing to find that, despite these wise laws, not a tithe of these regis- ters now exist. The last century was, indeed, the Dark Age of local history, and not until the reign of Victoria has there been any re- vival of interest in the preservation of these invaluable records. We hope now that the in- terest, once aroused, will not subside. —The Lancashire Society has selected for its first publication the records of the old pa- rish of Bury, a place of 25,000 acres, whose records, beginning in 1590, are in fine condi- tion. This book of 247 pages covewj the peri- od from 1590 to 1616, being about one-half of the first volume of records. It is edited by Rev. .W. J. Lowenberg and Henry Brier- ley, and is a plain transcript without notes. For the benefit of genealogists we make a list of the names most frequently occurring on the records, and also of those unusual names which will add to our knowledge of English nomenclature. The latter list we especially commend to the attention of our novelists and dramatists: (1.) Commoner names — Ainsworth, Allen, Anderton, Ash- worth, Asmall, Bamforde, Barlow, Batters- by, Birch, Blakeley, Booth, Bridge, Brook, Bury, Butterworth, Byrome, Chadwick, Cowpe, Cowper, Crossley, Dawson, Duck- worth, Dunster, Fenton, Fieldes, Fletcher, Garside, Greenhalgh, Grime, Hamar, Hard- man, Harper, Haslame, Haworth, Haliwell, Hey, Heywood, Hinde, Holliley, Holt, Hop- wood, Hunt, Hutchinson, Kay, Kirkman, Leach, Livesey, Lomax, Longworth, Makin, Marcroft, Mather, Meadowcrof t, Nabb, Nuttall, Openshaw, Peacock, Ramsbotham, Ridings, Rothwell, Scholfelde, Seddon, Shaw, Shepard, Shipobotham, Siddall, Smethurst, Steele, Sy- mons, Tattersall, Taylor, Unsworth, Wall- wark, Warberton, Watmough, Whitaker, Whitehead, Whittle, Whitworth, Wild, Wol- fenden, Wolstenholme, Wood, Wrigley, Yate, and Usherwood. (2.) Of unusual names we cite — Accroyd, Amffidsy, Amon, Barres, Baule, Beswick, Bicrofte, Brindle, Bromhead, Bru- ercliff, Bruntliffe, Brusame, Butson, Casson, Cheesden, Clegg, Cokshot, Cowburne, Cow- drell, Croichlawe, Dewherste, Digle, Ekersall, Elcock, Emott, Gabbit, Garstange, Gie, Gili- brand, Goiltey, Gorrell, Grundy, Habergam, Haddocke, Hallowes, Halton, Hambage, Haneworth, Heape, Hiptrotte, Hobken.Hoyle, Hyndleye, Janian, Jollie, Kelshaw, Kenion, Kirshaw, Kitchyn, Lenisel, Lightollers, Lin- ney, Loynes, Magnalles, Mankenols, Mar- croft, Meller, Moreleye, Oldame, Openhard, Orred, Partington, Pats, Peche, Piccop, Pil- linge, Rawnsleye, Redferne, Redforthe, Roi- leye, Ryves, Saxonn, Scholes, Shakleton, Shorrok, Shriglay, Skarington, Smither, Soar, Stanneringe, Staulman, Stopporte, Stranguishe, Strikeland, Styne, Tilsey, Tonge, Top, Turnaghe, Twyste, Tytterton, Wardle, Waules, Wawan, Wrennoughe, and Wroe. — A new French review was established in Paris in January, 1897, under the name of Revue du Palais, changed last November to La Grande Revue. Unlike most of the lead- ing French reviews, it is published monthly. It h?s achieved a rapid success under the management of M. Labori, who became fa- mous as Zola's defender, and who has proved to be an able editor as well as an eloquent advocate. Each number contains 250 large octavo pages, embracing not more than eight or nine articles, thus affording oppor- tunity for fuller treatment than is possible in most of the periodicals familiar to Ame- rican readers. Thus, the number for last June contained an article of forty-two pages, by Georg Brandes, on Bjornstjerne BJorn- son; in the November and December num- bers M. Emile Faguet, who is almost as industrious and as ubiquitous as Andrew Lang, had an article on "Socialism in 1898," covering altogether 110 pages; in the Janu- ary number "The Ideas of M. Brunetiere" were discussed in 50 pages; in the Febru- ary number, 55 pages are occupied by part one of a review of Tolstoi's book, 'What Is Art,' by a number of French critics, whom M. Halperine-Kaminsky, the translator of Tolstoi, inveigled into giving their opinions. Each number also contains a large instal- ment of one or more new novels. Among the contributors are many well-known names. In addition to those already referred to. it will suffice to mention Jules Claretie, Ernest Daudet, Gaston Paris, Joseph Rei- nach. The last-named contributes to the February number an account of Gambetta's first case, giving his speech first as written out and committed to memory, and secondly as actually delivered. —The last number of the Zeitschrift of the German Oriental Society fifty-second annual volume of medium of Oriental scholarship and re- search. It is a notable issue, largely. an ac- count of the abundant details it fur- nishes concerning the present status of the Society, its membership, the additions to its library, as well as a complete list of the pub- lications toward the preparation and issu- ing of which the Society has, during the last half-century, furnished financial aid. These particulars fill fifty-eight pages. The Zeit- schrift was the first learned journal in the Fatherland to admit articles in other tongues than the German. It is a rather remarkable phenomenon that while the whole department of Oriental research has developed to an extraordinary degree in recent decades, the sphere of the Zeit- schrift has constantly become more and more limited, and it is a question whether the day will not come when there will no longer be any room for a general journal of its kind. One need not be elderly to re- member the time when this journal cover- ed practically the entire field of Orien- talia, both Semitic and Indo-European. Pre- sently, keeping step with the specializing tendencies of the age, journals narrowly de- voted to Egyptology, to Assyriology, to Old Testament criticism and kindred subjects be- gan to appear, thereby depriving the Zeit- schrift of its position as the chief deposi- tory of all these researches as it had been in the beginning of Its career. Now there is little left to it except the researches in fields not covered by the specialist period- icals. Only in those lines in which pioneer work is still being done, as, e. g., in refer- ence to the Hittite and the Sabaean inscrip- tions, is the Zeitschrift still in the nature of the case the great organ. This newest issue is fairly indicative of the present sphere and province of the journal. The leading subjects of discussion are the Theo- logical Movements in Islam; Contributions in Explanation of the Persian Inscriptions of Susa; Buddhistic Studies; Grammar of the Vulgar Turkish; and Veda Studies. The

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226 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 present editor is Prof. Dr. E. Windisch of the University of Leipzig. — The Mexican State of Oajaca, on the isth- mus of Tehuantepec, harbors many populous Indian tribes, as Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Zoques, Mijes, and others, all differing largely in race, language, and customs. Both of the last named occupy mountain tracts, the Zoques also extending over parts of Chiapas and Tabasco, with their main seat in Oajaca at San Juan de Guichicovi. The Zoque and the Mije Indians speak languages related to each other, and, to judge from the grammars and other material recently published of them by Raoul de la Grasserie, their struc- ture is rather simple and easy of comprehen- sion. The oldest writings in Zoque date from the latter part of the seventeenth cen- tury, whereas Mije was not studied by the missionaries till during the eighteenth. From these crude and unscientific attempts we may gather that where both idioms meet, Zoque has the more complete, longer, and more ar- chaic forms, whereas Mije has a strong ten- dency to contraction and abbreviation. As a rule, the noun is not inflected for number and case, but a substitute for our cases is formed by postpositions. All the inflection is done in the verb, and here polysynthesis reigns supreme; particles of material signi- ficance being brought into the body of the verb in profusion, while the root itself is monosyllabic. An objective pronominal con- jugation does not exist, but personal subject- pronouns are in Mije placed before, in Zoque after, the verb. In the first person of the verbal plural there is an exclusive as well as an inclusive form, which points to an ar- chaic condition of the language. No relative pronoun exists, but there is a relative parti- cle, p'hee, which is placed after its verb, and it is remarkable that the verb potz, 'to be,' figures in many verbs as a suffix. In Zoque the personal pronoun resembles closely the rossessive pronoun, but is not identical with it as in the Algonquin languages. The nume- ral system is the quinary one, and in Mije all numerals from one to ten appear to be dissyllabic. The able editor has been at great pains to elucidate the verbal forms by hyphenizing their component parts, but in the devotional pieces appended as texts this has not been done so extensively. The Zoque vocabulary is more copious than that of Mije, and contains several thousand terms of the language. The book is entitled 'Langue Zoque et Langue Mixe; Grammaire, Diction- naire et Textes, traduits et analyses par Raoul de la Grasserie, laureat de l'Institut,' etc. It forms the twenty-second volume of Maisonneuve'B well-known "Bibliotheque Lin- guistique Americaine " -The post-office of India has to contend with difficulties of which we have no con- ception. The matter-of-fact Report of the working of this magnificent establishment for 1897-98 is not without its touches, now of humor, now almost of romance or of tragedy. The postal-runners climb the lofty Himalayan snow-passes and traverse the dangerous jungle. River squalls, cyclones, and earthquakes bring destruction to mall- boats and offices, and death to the messen- gers. A swinging bridge over the Chenal) gives way, and down falls the village post- man, never to emerge alive. Yet. in spite of all, the department handled in the year some 160 million pieces of matter, an average of 1.68 pieces per head for the general popu- lation, or of 38.5S for the literate population Human nature vies with inanimate nature to increase the tribulations of the Director-Ge- neral. A tremendous pother was raised by a local magnate in Bengal over the behavior of a village postman. The ponderous ma- chinery of investigation was set agoing, and it transpired that the humble offender had handed the big man a letter with the left hand instead of the right! The post-card is be- coming exceedingly popular, and, strangest of all, telegraphic money orders are coming widely into vogue in Burmah, being used by the emigrant laborers there, who often wire money to their distressed kindred at home during the famine. The "value-payable post" is an institution which we Americans might well adopt from India. LONGFELLOW! COLUMN ARCH. The Column and the Arch: Essays on Archi- tectural History. With illustrations. By William P. P. Longfellow. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. 1899. |2. The author of this book is known to scholars better than to the large general public which is In need of this volume, and which should be ready to buy it. He is the editor of the 'Cyclopaedia of Architecture' in course of publication by the Messrs. Scrib- ner, one part of which is already on sale — a large quarto volume devoted to Italy, Greece, and the Levant. He has been a contributor to the Atlantic Monthly and other journals, to the American Architect of Boston and the Architectural Record of New York, as well as to our own col- umns. He is one of the small band of writers in the English language who devote themselves to architecture and its correla- tive subjects, and who write more or less frequently as there seems something im- portant to be said in print upon those sub- jects. Mr. Longfellow nas had less oppor- tunity or less occasion to go far afield in travel or in study. He offers no new dis- coveries; his work is rather conservative than radical, and he is rather the careful man who holds by the traditional beliefs until they must be abandoned, than the eager student who finds himself unable to believe that which is general belief, and seeks energetically for new theories which will account for all the phenomena. This book, therefore, which contains eight of his essays gathered from periodicals and reshaped, is trustworthy in a very peculiar sense of the word. If the reader finds a popular belief ignored, or mentioned and quietly contradicted, or else, as in a few cases, examined and shown to be false, he can be sure that this is a safe, and, in a sense, a final disposing of it. Even of his negative and destructive criticism the author is not too free; he is not too bold even in denial, nor will any one find himself led astray by accepting any such rejection of any proposition or any theory as Mr. Longfellow has thought it necessary to put into words. If this is peculiarly true of the chapters on the "Age of Constantine" and "Early Chris- tian Architecture," it is only because there are more disputed questions concerning the long succession of years from about the year 375 onward. Almost every writer has his theory of the Christian basilica— the more conventional one, that it was the Roman civic basilica taken possession of by the Christian church, or the more complex and curious one, that it is a modification of the Roman domestic interior, as of a large man- sion turned gradually to the purposes of Christian worship; but it seems to have been left for Mr. Longfellow to state these theories in sequence, as he does on pages 93 and 94, and then to begin the more usual and less bewildering inquiry, What was a Christian basilica? The reader may regret that his author has this time refused to state the arguments. "This is not the place to enter into such controversies," is what we find stated on page 94, but this seems to be unfortunate, for it is exactly this place and exactly this hand which might be thought most fitted for the discussion. It is said that such discussion would "demand the compass of a volume, and a long array of arguments and citations." But that does not appear evident. At the foot of page 95 begins a series of statements which go far towards putting the case for and against the more important of the theories which have been broached. It seems a pity that ten pages more could not have been given to this discussion, as they would certainly have been enough to settle the question for all un- professional readers. The author's conclu- sion is that the basilican church followed the rule of other systems of building which "have become fixed and exemplary," result- ed from experiment, gradual modification, improvements slowly added and always re- tained-— in short, that there was an evolution of the basilica, as there was of Gothic archi- tecture or of the Greek temple; and it is pointed out that Christianity was not an in- significant or altogether unsuccessful insti- tution when Constantine declared himself a Christian, but that already it was a power- ful party in the state, although it had of late been denounced and persecuted, and al- though it had been so far a minority. There is a very excellent expression of the as yet unexplained relation between Byzantine architecture and the basilican type of church. The longing which every archaeologist feels for some vigorous and consecutive explora- tion of the land of the East,- of Asia Minor, and of Syria, with its deserts, is well ex- pressed on pages 102 and those which follow. Moreover, the conclusion which the author Is almost ready to reach, as he states on page 104, is one that every ardent student has felt, viz.: the conclusion that it was "the inexhaustible Greek" who, apart from all his other achievements in the world of artistical and constructional thought, was occupied also in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries in developing at the same time Byzantine architecture and the Romanesque of the West. The first essay in this volume is de- voted to the Lotus column, and deals with the earliest columnar architecture, viz., that which recent discoveries have shown as ex- isting in Egypt under the Fifth Dynasty. The capital found in 1894 in the tomb at Abusir is given in photography, and is de« scribed, and the remarks upon it are based in part upon Mr. George Foucart's mono- graph. This chapter is an essay on columnar architecture" as illustrated by the earlier and later Egyptian practice. The break between (his and the subject of the next chapter has been inevitable, because as yet no one has established the chronological or other se- quence which may be found to lead from Egypt into Greece. The second chapter is devoted to Greco-Roman architecture, and in this the author treats the subject, as he has always loved to treat it, as one. To

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March 23, 1899] The Nation. 227 him the architecture of Trajan is almost a necessary evolution from the architecture of the fifth century b. c. This opinion will not meet with universal acceptance; but it is ot extreme interest, and the general proposi- tion that the Roman Empire, whose mission it was to Hellenize the European world, car- ried out its mission as frankly in architec- ture as in literature and in philosophy, is a proposition which can perfectly well be de- fended. If the purpose of this book were es- pecially the proving of this theory, the re- viewer might now find much to say in oppo- sition to the theory and in confutation ot the arguments which support it; but this is one of the instances of that suspension or opinion, of that arrest of judgment, and agreement among scholars to hold different ideas until a clearer agreement may become possible, which abound in the world of rea- sonable thought. Following this are the two chapters named above, and which be- tween them seem to cover the earliest Chris- tian ages. The fifth chapter is devoted to the great basilica of S. Maria Maggiore, to its check- ered history and the curious incidents which accompany that history; the sixth chapter is devoted to Romanesque architecture, and some of the best writing, the most careful and patient examination, and the wisest con- clusions of the book are to be found within it. The consideration of scale which is car- ried far in the pages from 177 on, is ex- tremely suggestive and intelligent, and the distinction between the Romanesque as it took its permanent shape, and that Imperial Roman style from which it had been slowlj developed, is marked with almost perfect clearness in the paragraphs beginning on page 179. Allusion is here made to the na- tural result of the Romanesque styles, the great Gothic movement; but the Gothic style is in itself made the subject of no chapter in the book, and the preface explains the reason for this, namely, that it seems to Mr. Longfellow that the Gothic, like the Byzan- tine, was out of the line of such growth. To him the Romanesque architecture followed the Roman and led to, let us say, the Re- naissance, while the Byzantine architecture was a thing on one side, growing out sepa- rately and having no result, and the Gothic architecture, if we read our author aright, was another manifestation of the same sort. Now this may seem to the reader a very great heresy, indeed. It may be urged with equal safety that the Byzantine architecture had all the possibilities in it, and that no- thing checked it but simple brutal conquest — the violence of nearly barbarous warriors without any sympathy for the style which they overthrew, and who, though they allow- ed that style to influence their own later buildings, had meanwhile destroyed and ut- terly stamped into the mud the civilization from which that style had arisen. The true lover of Byzantine architecture feels that here was one of the world's great disap- pointments, and it is not a consolation to bim to be told, or to see it implied, that the lack of fruition of the Eastern style was in- evitable. So with the Gothic style; it is Quite clear that we could not build to-day with modern requirements, modern materials, modern appliances of different sorts, in the way which was used by the French masons of the time of St. Louis; but no one who is greatly interested in mediasval building and who loves sincerely even the latest develop- ments of what we call roughly the Gothic style, can fail to regret that he never can know what would have sprung from it If the whim for introducing classical details into a system of building which did not admit ot them had never invaded northern Europe. That would have been the real delight— to have seen Italy returning, as it had every right to return, to its Roman tendencies, to the round arch, the engaged and the freb column, and the delicately sculptured de- sign of scrolls, while France and the north struggled on through centuries of experi- ment, starting at the point best marked, perhaps, by a dozen nearly contemporaneous buildings of the reign of Louis XI. Let us see things as they are, and not try to believe, nor yet make believe, that the development of art was followed in the only possible path. This is so far from being true that the his- tory of architecture is crowded with wretch- ed disappointments, with miserable non-re- sults where great things might have been hoped for, and ruin and confusion as mark- ed and as hopeless as that of societies and policies. The last two chapters of the book- are de- voted to the Renaissance in general, and to St. Peter's at Rome. The intelligent handling of the architectural problem in the former of these two chapters is most mark- ed. To many readers it will prove the most attractive chapter of all. The balanced judg- ment— for it is much more than mere un- prejudiced fairness— which points out the tendencies both ways in each of the differ- ent changes made by Brunelleschi, by Bra- mante, by Alberti, and their followers is worth the most careful notice. And, finally, the study of the revived classic, which has been admirably classified in a hundred words on page 260, is carried to its natural results in the analysis of the great Roman church. It is curious, by the way, that this church, so faulty in its general result— so great a disappointment, as it must be, to each one of its great designers, its series of fifteen architects, could they see it now — yet retains its hold upon the student, no matter how great a devotee of purity and of refinement. Characteristically enough for a writer so simple and practical as Mr. Longfellow, the account of the church ends with a hint to the student as to the good way of seeing the church without losing the true sense of its vast size. It is wisely pointed out that the great length of the nave, which has ruin- ed the outside of the church as a design, has improved the interior. This nave, lead- ing to the 'glory of the central space,'' is rightly praised. "The gradual expansion from east to west gains slowly upon one as he moves towards the choir; its fulfilment as he reaches the centre is stupendous; there is nothing of its kind like it in the world." RECENT BOOKS ON MUSICAL TOPICS. By the Way— About Musi,. By W. F. Ap- thorp. Boston: Copeland & Day. 2 vols. Oreai Composers and their Work. By Louis C. Elson. Boston: L. C. Page Co. Music and Poetry. By Sidney Lanier. Chas. Scribner's Sons. How Music Developed. By W. J. Hender- son. F. A. Stokes Co. GescMchte des Theaters und -In- Musik am Kurpfatoiechen Hofe. Von F. Walter. Breitkopf & Hartel. Das Klavierspiel Von Alfred Richter. Breitkopf & Hartel. New musical books follow one another so rapidly that it is difficult to keep pace with them. Their quality, at the same time, is steadily improving. The first on our list, to-day, while ostensibly written chiefly to entertain, incidentally conveys much valu- able information. Mr. Apthorp has solved the problem of making erudition palatable and tempting to the general reader. His 'Musicians and Music-Lovers' (1894), with its splendid chapters on Bach and Franz, is on the whole for serious students, while the two neat little volumes entitled 'By the Way— About Music' would strike any one as being just the thing to carry in the over- (oat pocket to read between the acts at the cpera or in the concert hall. The papers making up these volumes were, indeed, written for that very purpose. They ap- peared originally as "interludes" between the analyses of the symphonies and over- tures in the programmes of the Boston Sym- phony Orchestra, from 1892 to 1897. It is lucky for the patrons of the Boston Orchestra that Mr. Apthorp thus condescends to entertain them, for his technical analyses are as a rule not edifying to any one but students of composition. The eminent Bos- ton critic seems to think that anatomy is the essence of music, and form its alpha and omega. Holding this creed, he naturally feels hurt by Wagner's sneer that if there were no fcrm there would be no critics, and that "the critics see this so plainly that they clamor for form in the anguish of their souls." In revenge he tries, without success, to disprove Wagner's dictum that Liszt's symphonic poems are based on nobler prin- ciples of form than those which are provided by the marches and dances out of which the symphony grew. He also raises a smile when he declares that "it was for some time a legend that the intellectual element largely preponderated over the emotional in Brahms's writing." But, apart from a few such cases as these, there are no opinions in these vol- umes that cannot be cordially endorsed, whe- ther the author be writing about impres- sionism, naturalism, habit, fashion, the in- fluence of surroundings, music and the eye, plagiarism, some points in modern orches- tration, brains, the non-musician's enjoy- ment of music, people who hate music, some popular fallacies, musical reminiscences of Boston thirty years ago, or artists in general, etc. There are few books in which anecdotes and thoughts are so happily blended, few in which all kinds of music are so fairly and luminously discussed. Nothing could be better than the way Mr. Apthorp disposes of the pedants who want to hear Handel's music "just as he wrote it"; or the explanation he gives of the infre- quent use of trombones in the concert scores of Mozart and Haydn; or his remarks on Lilli Lehmann's revival of the good old way of singing coloratur arias; or his characteri- zation of Tchaikovsky as a conductor, closing with these lines: "It soon became evident that the man was positively an electric bat- tery, launching electric flashes right and left from that terrible baton of his, egging his men on to the utmost fury of fiery intensity. . . . Tchaikovsky and his chatelet au- dience were like two logs, mutually keeping each other hot!" Another specimen may be quoted. Hans von Biilow once played the so-called "Moonlight Sonata" in Boston Mu- sic Hall with all the gas turned down to a bead. "At first it seemed rather a cheap device, unworthy of both sonata and pianist; but it was sufficiently known that Von Bu-

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228 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 low's reputation as a musician was untainted by even a suspicion of charlatanism, and most of us were quite willing to humor him in his whim. I think that, before long, we found in our heart of hearts that the half- darkness was really an admirable cadre for the composition— notably for the last move- ment." Personal recollections like these illumine most of Mr. Apthorp's pages, and to them his new volumes owe much of their interest. Mr. Louis C. Elson is another Boston critic whose contributions to musical literature are always welcome. In his new volume on the great composers he has, with much literary skill, condensed into 300 pages an enormous amount of up-to-date biographic information, flavored with terse critical es- timates. He begins even before Bach and Handel, with the old Flemish school, while his last four chapters relate to Wagner, Brahms, Verdi, and "other influences in mo- dern music." Living in Boston, Mr. Elson of course underrates Liszt and overrates Brahms. He makes the amusing assertion that Liszt's ambition "was to be considered as a composer rather than as a pianist; this reputation, however, will probably be denied him"; whereas "posterity will do more unanimous homage than the present to the Browning of music"— Brahms. It would be foolish to argue against a pro- phecy, but Mr. Elson errs in berating the critics for underrating Brahms. As a mat- ter of fact, the vast majority of critics took to Brahms at once as to a kindred spirit and champion of "form"; whereas the crea- tive minds, like Wagner, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Paderewski, have looked askance at him. With Liszt it is just the other way: It is the creators just named, besides Dvorak, Grieg, Saint-Saens, who have expressed ad- miration of him, while the critics, and the critics alone, have failed to "catch up with the procession." It is in the chapter on Liszt, not in that on Brahms, that Mr. Elson should have put Liszt's aphorism, that the musical critics are "the rear-guard of the musical army in its march of progress." Surely, also, Mr. Elson erred in regard to proportion in giving Brahms eight pages, and to an infinitely more original mind, Tchaikovsky, only one. Another creator who stands far above Brahms— Grieg— re- ceives still less justice. Mr. Elson gives, in thirty pages, a re- markably lucid explanation of Wagner's principles of the music-drama. He calls Wagner's pamphlet on Judaism in Music "an impeachment of the most musical race of the world as being unmusical." He has the courage to write (in Boston!): "If musi- cians were asked the question, 'Who is the greatest of all the masters?' most of them would reply, 'Beethoven.' Yet this is a statement not entirely true; judged from the purely intellectual standpoint. Bach is, prob- ably, the greatest musician that ever' lived- weighed by the standard of emotional ex- pression, Chopin might be accorded the leadership." He might have added that Wagner, Weber, Bizet, wrote greater operas and Schubert, Schumann, Franz, and several others, greater songs; which reduces Bee- thoven's- supremacy to the symphony. The time is indeed approaching when the musical values established by German professionals must receive a thorough readjustment. The late Sidney Lanier's book has several suggestive chapters relating to poets and poetry, but the bulk of the volume appeals to musical readers. In the first chapter he makes a brilliant defence of programme mu- sic, culminating in the assertion that "if pro- gramme music is absurd, all songs are non- sense"; and he asks pertinently, "Why not hint a storm with stormy tones, as well as describe a storm in stormy words?" The author was intensely patriotic. He believ- ed that "one finds more talent for music among the Americans, especially among American women, than among any other people." He looked forward to seeing Ame- rica the home of the orchestra, and held that orchestral playing would prove a field which women will cultivate as a specialty in the future. One of his assertions regarding the orchestra— "The time is not far distant when the twenty violins of a good orchestra will be balanced by twenty flutes"— is calculated to make a musician smile; but it is not so absurd as it seems, in view of Lanier's re- marks (35-38) regarding the Boehm flute's capacity for varied coloring, which may be commended to the attention of composers. Mr. Henderson's book is a critical and ex- planatory account of the growth of modern music. Some of its chapters are on the evolution of the piano and piano-playing, the sonata, evolution of the orchestra, chamber music, oratorio, Handel and Bach, Italian, French, and German opera, etc. There is little original research, but a vast amount of traditional information presented in a much more lucid and direct style than is usually to be found in books on musical form and history. One of the strange opinions ad- vanced is that "Rossini was not a musical genius." The author of "William Tell" was certainly a genius, but he usually squandered his gift in an unworthy manner, a victim of fashion. Probably the best chapter in the book is that on Wagner, and here the dis- cussion of the device of leading motives is particularly worth reading. It is a common error to suppose that a listener cannot ap- preciate Wagner's music-dramas without committing to memory all the names of the leading motives devised by Hans von Wolzo- gen. Mr. Henderson shows, on the contrary, that "it does not even matter whether he knows that there are any leading motives at all." Of the two books published by Breitkopf & Hartel which complete our list, the first is an elegantly printed history of the theatre and music of the Palatinate Court, issued by the Antiquarian Society of Mannheim. Mann- heim was famous for its opera in the eigh- teenth century, and many things have hap- pened in Heidelberg of interest to students of musical history. The most entertaining chapter is that which describes Mozart's adventures during the year he spent at Mann- heim; it contains characteristic details re- garding the influences that developed his musical genius. One of these was a young girl to whom he gave lessons. The day after seeing her, he wrote the allegro of a sonata in her honor, and when asked what the next movement was to be, he answered "an an- dante reflecting the character of Miss Rose." Alfred Richter's book on piano-playing is a welcome indication that educators are gradually beginning to realize that the old method of teaching young pianists nothing but technique Is quite "played out" and leads to disastrous results. Herr Richter does, Indeed, devote the greater part of his volume to finger exercises, fingering, trills, and other matters of mechanical execution, but he also has much of value to say regard- ing touch, tone-color, and expression. His remarks on rhythm and tempo — particularly tempo rubato — may be specially commended to the attention of students of music. The of an index is unpardonable. West African Studies. By Mary H. Kingsley. The Macmillan Co. 1899. Miss Kingsley's style is certainly viva- cious. It is impossible to read what she has written without a constant ripple of amuse- ment, breaking occasionally into open laugh- ter. There is some straining after effect; the author from time to time aims to be smart, with indifferent success, falling into colloquy, even into vulgarity, and almost profanity. Nevertheless, she is never tedious, and her eye is so keen, her appreciation so sympathetic, and her intelligence so broad, as to make her book a genuine contribution to our knowledge of West Africa and its In- habitants. A large part of it is taken up with appendices and historical summaries, which are generally instructive and valuable. It is abundantly illustrated, but the illustra- tions are more numerous than interesting. The author's own observations and comments form the best part, and furnish ample ma- terial for the reviewer. We must pass over the narrative portions of the work, which are, of course, precisely those portions which the reader in search of entertainment will not skip; nor can we do justice to the particulars given by Miss Kingsley concerning the climate of the West Coast, its geography, its different tribes, and the generations of traders, adventurers, and soldiers who have had dealings with them. We may note, by the way, that she is no believer in the repatriation of Africans. In the first place, there is a plenty of Africans in Africa already; and, in the second place, the descendants of the exported Africans seem to have lost their power of resistance to the malarial climate. In fact, the mor- tality among the imported Africans is as great as among the white settlers; and that is saying enough to condemn the scheme of the Colonization Society. Concerning animism, or fetishism, which is essentially the religion of the whole of this region, and which Miss Kingsley has studied with great care, we remark one important generalization: there is no love in it. Every- thing is personified; there is no motion or natural force that is not caused by a soul, but these spirits are regarded with fear and not with affection. Whatever good is done to men by a fetish is not a cause for grati- tude, because it was bought by propitiatory gifts; as Dr. Nassau has said, there is "no praise, no love, no thanks, no confession of sin." The spirits of ancestors, it is true, if properly treated, are well disposed towards their posterity; but they are apt to be ma- levolent to those not of their kin. This boundless polytheism develops a fascinating mythology; but there seems little recognition of any supreme deity except under mis- sionary influence. Nor does Miss Kingsley consider that there is any proper deification of human beings, or hero-worship, among the people whom she has known. The great importance of recognizing the fact that the Africans are beings of a com- pletely different nature from the Europeans, having minds and institutions that are pecu- liar to themselves, is most emphatically brought out by Miss Kingsley. We need not say that information of this kind is at pre-

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March 23, 1899] The Nation. 229 sent of special interest to American readers. If we are to govern the Philippine Islands, it must be by a system resembling the gov- ernment of the crown colonies of Great Bri- tain. That system meets with severe con- demnation from Miss Kingsley. She goes to the root of the matter in demanding what reason Europeans have for interfering with Africa at all. She answers that there may be two reasons— the religious reason and the "pressure" reason. The former justifies the missionary movement; the latter reason would arise if the Africans threatened to in- vade Europe, which they do not, or if the Europeans were driven to settle in Africa for lack of living-room elsewhere, which there is not. Climate, in short, forbids it, and hence European meddling is nothing but exploitation of Africa for purposes of greed, for which "commercial purposes" is a eu- phemism. Miss Kingsley, it is true, thinks that the English manufacturers ought to be allowed to barter their wares for the raw ma- terials of Africa, but not to the harm of the Africans. In the more unhealthy parts of the world, Miss Kingsley declares, English administra- tion has failed, and failed because of the crown-colony system. Such parts are the West Indies, Guiana, and Honduras. They are unprosperous, and the West African colonies are in a way to be like them. The Governor, under this system, is a King Log or a King Stork; as Miss Kingsley says, the English policy is "a coma, accompanied by fits." "It destroys the native form of society, and thereby disorganizes labor. It has no power of reorganizing it." Moreover, the policy of England towards the protected tribes has changed. It was formerly a friendly and peaceable policy; it has become a policy of conquest. There have been wars for the sup- pression of peculiarly barbarous practices, such as human sacrifices, but there are now wars to enforce systems of taxation which the natives regard as confiscation. Hence the feeling that the English are friendly al- lies has given .place. Miss Kingsley says, to something approaching a panicky terror of white civilization. Quoting Mr. H. Clifford on the Malays, she agrees that the boot of the white man "kicks down native institutions, ... re- ducing all things to that dead level of con- ventionality which we call civilization. In- cidentally it stamps out much of what is best in the customs and characteristics of the native races against which it brushes; and though it relieves him of many things which hurt or oppressed him ere it came, it injures him morally almost as much as it benefits him materially. . . . What we are really attempting, however, is nothing less than to crush into twenty years the revolution in facts and ideas which, even in energetic Europe, six long centuries have been needed to accomplish. . . . Forced plants we know suffer in the process; and the Malay, whose proper place is amidst the con- ditions of the thirteenth century, is apt to become morally weak and seedy, and lose something of his robust self-respect, when he is forced to bear nineteenth-century fruit." The Africans, Miss Kingsley eloquently contends, are to be regarded as different beings from the Europeans, but not therefore as inferior beings, and her arguments are forcible and philosophical. She says: "There are many who hold murder the most awful crime a man can commit, saying that thereby he destroys the image of his Maker; I hold that one of the most awful crimes one nation can commit on another is destroying the image of Justice, which in an institution is represented more truly to the people by whom the institution has been developed, than in any alien institution of justice; it is a thing adapted to its environ- ment. This form of murder by a nation I see being done in the destruction of what is good in the laws and institutions of native races. In some parts of the world, this murder, judged from certain reasonable standpoints, gives you an advantage; in West Africa, judged from any standpoint you choose to take, it gives you no advantage. By destroy- ing native institutions there, you merely lower the morals of the African race, stop trade and the culture advantages it brings both to England and West Africa. . . . West Africa to-day is just a quarry of pav- ing-stones for Hell, and those stones were cemented in place with men's blood mixed with wasted gold." We forbear comment on these assertions, merely remarking that they are amply sup- ported by the evidence which Miss Kingsley so brilliantly presents. Those of our people who imagine that our Government can wise- ly undertake the task of substituting our institutions for those of alien races, will do well to read, ponder, and digest these West African Studies; and, as we have said, the book will be found in other respects en- tertaining and profitable. A Slwrt History of Astronomy. By Arthur Berry, M.A., Fellow of University College, London. Scribners. 1899. 12mo, pp. xxvii, 440. The study of the beginnings of astronomy has a wider interest than that which com- monly attaches to the development of a spe- cial branch of knowledge. When we speak of this as the oldest of the sciences, whose origin is lost in the mists of antiquity, we fail to convey the whole truth. A large body of folk-lore relates to the varying aspects and motions of the heavenly bodies, the re- lations of which to every-day life were as close as now. Comets and eclipses were a source of fear or perplexity to monarchs through much the greater part of history. Astrologers and soothsayers read the fate of men in the stars centuries before Rameses was born. If the body of knowledge thus ac- quired could not be called science in the mo- dern sense, it still served as a stimulus for the beginning of a science. Not only would any history of thought be incomplete that did not include the progress of thought about astronomy, but there are modes of thinking which we might never discover but for the light thrown on them by that science. A curious instance is found in the work of Copernicus. Instead of emphasizing the revelation which he made in setting forth the true system of the world, he made every ef- fort to belittle it by attributing his ideas to the ancients, and by professing to build his entire structure on the traditional ideas of natural philosophy. Instead of claiming the heliocentric system as his own, he threw ij over the shoulders of Pythagoras and Philo- laus. He took the 'Almagest' of Ptolemy as his model because an authority thirteen cen- turies old was not to be lightly set aside. The condition of thought in which the con- struction of a new system of nature was looked upon as an act to be condemned for its temerity, rather than applauded for the genius it showed, has been so little under- stood that it is even now the fashion to fol- low Copernicus by attributing his system to the ancients. We should have been better pleased with Mr. Berry's well-written and entertaining book if he had brought out in a stronger light the features of astronomical history thus suggested. While he does not entirely ignore them, he fails to see their real im- portance. He seems to see fairly well the groundlessness of the current view which attributes the heliocentric theory to Pytho- goras or his school; yet he cites the authori- ty of Copernicus in favor of this view, in seeming unconsciousness of the real mo- tive that inspired the Canon of Frauenberg. The fact is, that there is no great idea re- corded in the history of thought which is so completely the work of one man as the he- liocentric theory is the work of Copernicus. Newton himself was not the first to form the conception of gravitation among the celestial bodies, or even to see that it varied inversely as the square of the distance. What he did was to collect the more or less vague and unproved ideas of others and weld them into a consistent and harmonious whole, with a skill and mathematical power that were, at the time, unequalled. In the case of Copernicus, we have plenty of evi- dence that the idea of the earth's rotation on its axis had been entertained in ancient times; but there is no real evidence that any one ever doubted the conclusiveness of Ptolemy's demonstration that the earth did not move away from the centre of the celes- tial sphere. Mr. Berry's book is to be cordially com- mended to the reader who is interested in the study of astronomy in detail. It is de- signed for the general reader rather than for the investigator, and therefore gives brief developments on such points as the former may not have at command. The writer has evidently based his conclusions on a pains- taking study of the best authorities, both ancient and modern. The main stricture to which the work is liable is that of being too exclusively a work of detail, and, therefore, failing to convey a correct apprehension ei- ther of the relative importance of the va- rious topics, or of the relation of each to the whole. This feature is evident even in the indexes, which are guides to words and phrases rather than to subjects, and, there- fore, from their very fulness, give scant help to the reader who wants to find where a special subject is treated. We fancy that the spelling of Copernicus with a double p (Coppernicus) which the author does, as he says himself, "at the risk of appearing pe- dantic," grows out of undue attention to minutiae. If universal English practice for three centuries does not suffice to settle this point, the fact that only one p is used in 'De Revolutionibus' ought to suffice. The Butterfly Book: A Popular Guide to a Knowledge of the Butterflies of North America. By W. J. Holland, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. With 48 plates in color-photo- graphy, reproductions of butterflies in the Author's collection, and many text illustra- tions presenting most of the species found in the United States. Doubleday & Mc- Clure Co. 1898. This book, of 383 pages of text and 48 colored plates, makes it possible at last to recommend to the amateur a work by means of which he can identify the butter- flies that he has taken in the course of a summer's collecting. It is literally what it professes to be — a butterfly book; and while by no means all the species that occur in North America north of Mexico are figured, such as are omitted are not likely to be taken by one who collects butterflies merely as a pastime. It is also "popular," for in no

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230 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 other sort of work would the vein of egotistic self-glorification, which runs through it, be permissible. It adds nothing to our scientific knowledge of either the life-history of the species or their classification. The text- figures illustrating venation might just as well have been omitted in the majority of instances, and many of the descriptions of genera are interesting only from their re- semblance to other descriptions of other genera. Judged solely as a popular work to be put into the hands of the amateur, this is a notable contribution to the literature of American Entomology, and (a novel de- parture in its kind) presented at what is really a very reasonable price. The illus- trations, done by what is called the three- color process of photo-engraving, are ac- curate throughout as well as characteristic, and too high praise cannot be accorded them. As a rule, the specimens used were good and well set, the color scheme is ex- cellent, and, as far as it is possible to iden- tify species merely from pictures, nothing better can be asked. The presswork has been as careful as the labor of the artist and the engraver. There are some instances, of course, where the register was not perfect, and individual plates in almost all copies will be a little wanting in this respect; but these are trifling defects compared with the general accuracy. In some cases there may be a question as to the correctness of the name applied to the species figured; but these are rare, for Dr. Holland really has excep- tional facilities for the determination of American butterflies, even if his collection is not so much superior to all others in the United States as his book would lead us to believe. He has by far the greater portion of the types of the North American species described by Mr. W. H. Edwards, and such as are not typical have been in most cases carefully compared. There is an introduc- tory chapter of twenty-three pages which contains a compiled life history and anatomy of butterflies, and another of twenty-one pages on the capture, preparation, and pre- servation of specimens, which will be ex- ceedingly useful to the young owner of the book. The illustrations of apparatus, etc., are mostly well known and are not always credited; but as a whole this portion of the work will prove very useful. The index ia full and good, the only criticism to be made here being that the entire absence of all reference to synonyms will prove very puzzling in some cases to the beginner who has secured his first determinations from Harris and other older authors. To sum up, the book compares very favorably with those of a similar class published abroad. LAVIGNAC'S MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. By Prof. Albert Lavignac of the Paris Conservatory, author of "The Mu- sic Dramas of Richard Wagner." Trans- lated by William Marchant, trans- lator of Chevrillon's "In India." Edited for America by H. E. Krenbiel, Musical Critic of the New York Tribune. With "94 illustrations and 510 examples in musical notation. 504 pp. 8vo. $3. A brilliant, sympathetic, and authoritative work, covering musical sound, the voice, in- struments, construction aesthetics, and his- tory. Practically a cyclopaedia of music in one volume. It has over 1,000 topics in the index. HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. If You Want any book, new or old, American or foreign, or any book information, come or send to us. We are always specially interested in searching for out-of-the-way and out-of- print publications. We are glad to make suggestions for the formation of private libraries, and will submit carefully prepared lists when desired. Current books sold at best discount prices. Books that are in stock may be ordered on approval by cus- tomers known to the house. Q. P. Putnam's 5ons, Retail Department, London: New York' 84 Bedford SI., Strand I :.»r an, 1 •.".' West ill Street. Dept. of History, Univ. of Penna. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS ♦'French Philosophers of the XVIII. Century." By Dr. MERRICK Willie oMi!. Circular sent | p (- mttwro on application.? TJnlv. of P. onsylvanla, niuada, Pa. THE BURTON SOCIETY will print for „,.,. llis. BlmSbo?^e^KtiWerBRnlUuflte*tedfi,C- Burton's Arabian Nights. Cost of members Full particulars on abi BUR In Instalments. THE BURTON SOCIETY, 18 Barth Block, Denver, Col. TO BOOK COLLECTORS. Japan Paper and LIMITED T02o4 SETS f"!'*"1' l-aMs,,sll,,v,,lll„,es, were soil lv i I Ushers I. ,,-loU, ,,.-!,. Th.SM.ns,,,,,,-,, „ from publishers. Address I '. 1; . care of Natt London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued " , HAQEMANnI'Voo 5th Ave.VNew York. H. W. I Crystal Maple Sugar I Adirondack Virgin Forest. 4 Pure Maple Sugar and Maple 4 Syrup, unexcelled in Quality,, £ Flavor and Freshness. $ SUPPLY LIMITED. $ Write for prices and order blank, season of 5 1899. £ Orders booked as received. Address. Tt (| HORSE SHOE FORESTRY CO., j 2 Horse Shoe, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. J 9 -U&) -fe#> H£*» -fe*> -fe»i-^r»)-^r»5"«.*)-^*^ Mr. John Lane has Just Published THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILLI AM WAT- SON. Crown 8vo, 305 pp., designed cover, $2.50. The London Daily Chronicle says: "As we look llirongh this colli •etec 1 ediiiun if his work, we feel I'onflrined in our belief thai, whatever his limitations, and they are not few, it is Mr Watson's t,in»».»».»».»»»»»'» "A concise, clear, charming history." — Chicago Inter-Ocean. ROGER WILLIAMS The Founder of the American System — A Free Church in a Free State. The Standard Life, by OSCAR S. STRAUS, LL.D., U. S. Minister to Turkey. " Each page is teeming with interest." — Christian Advocate. " The style of the tempered writer of history is here." — N. T. Times. 121710, 257 pages, $1.25. Sold by booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by the publishers, on receipt of price. THE CENTURY CO., UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK. Old Books. Rare Books, Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, Wil pages, o'vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, pout free, (is. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. \V. BOOKS AT -IBERAL "5COUNTS. When calling please ask for MR. GRANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. address MR. GRANT. Before haying mills, write for ((notations. An assort- nt of catalogues and special slips of books al reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St., - - - _ NEW YORK. [Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.] A Limited Edition of the 'novels W _ of CHARLES LEVER, with 230 I GVGt* full-page plates, in, istlv etchings, *—<*•' ▼ ^* by "Phiz," Cruikshank, ami others. 40 vols. Cloth. $2.50 per volume. Sold ouly by subscription. Send for circulars to LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 254 Washington St., Boston.

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March 23, 1899] The ]STatioii Scribner's New Publications An Important Historical Biography THE LIFE OF DANTON. By Hflaite Belloc Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. With portrait and notes. $2.50. *"PHIS is the first biography in English of the great French revolutionary leader that is founded on origi- ■*■ nal documents. Taking the facts that are known, Mr. Belloc's endeavor has been to paint a picture as vivid as may be of Danton, and to describe the character of the period in which he was the central figure. Supplementing his narrative proper is an appendix embodying much collateral information bearing on the revolutionary leader and the dramatic times in which he lived. By the Author of '■''How to Know the Wild Flowers.'' HOW TO KNOW THE FERNS. By Frances Theodora Parsons A Guide to the Names, Haunts, and Habits of Our Common Ferns. HTHIS volume does for the ferns what the same author's "How to With 144 illustrations. Know the Wild Flowers " did for the flowers of woods and fields. It is similar in aim and scope to the previous volume, and is intended Crown 8vo, as a guide for those who enjoy seeking out and gathering ferns. By means $1.50 net. of its simple, clear, and brief descriptions and its accurate illustrations it enables the unscientific lover of nature to identify any of our common ferns. A Notable Book on Travel and Adventure. ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER. By William Harvey Brown A STORY of absorbingly interesting adventure. It was the author's With 32 "^ fortune to be in Mashonaland and Matabeleland during the critical illustrations years of that colony, and to spend many months in big-game hunting, in from gold-mining, in farming, and in other occupations. The narrative of his photographs. experiences gives a series of vivid pictures of frontier life in Africa, as en- tertaining as it is historically valuable. 8vo, S3. 00. With tzvo folding maps. THE HISTORY OF YIDDISH LITERATURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. By Leo Wiener Instructor in the Slavic Languages at Harvard. 8vo, $2.00, net. AN essay in an entirely new field. Yiddish is the language of six millions of Jews in Russia and America, "**■ and this study of its very genuine literature will prove indispensable to the student of Jewish thought. Its history also suggests interesting analogies with modern Russian letters and throws a flood of lighc upon the mood of the American Ghettos. THE PORTO RICO OF TO-DAY By Albert Gardiner Robinson. With 3 maps and 24 illustration?. 12mo, $1.50. " It is the able work of an able man sent to ' spy out the land ' and report to the people of his race whatever he saw that would be valuable to them. The book gives one a clear idea of the nature of the country." —Boston Daily Advertiser. IN CUBA WITH SHAFTER By Lieut.-Col. J. D. Milet. With 12 portraits and 4 maps. 12mo, $1.50. " It is a contribution to the story of the campaign which is not to be lightly judged, fur it stales facts which came within the writer's know- ledge, and bias is not to be found in its pages. Historians will value it." —New York Sun. A TEXAS RANGER By N. A. Jennings. 12mo, $1.25. The true story of surprising adventures on the Mexican border by a young man who enlisted in the early eighties in a company of Texas Rangers. The book is as thrilling as a border romance, and in addition is a hitherto unwritten record of a body of troops who were the prototypes of the Rough Riders. IN THE KLONDYKE By Frederick Palmer. 12mo, $1.50. A most intelligent and satisfactory account of a region and condi- tions as to which curiosity is still unsatisfied. The author has succeeded in conveying a better idea of a Klondyke mining town than has been thus far accessible elsewhere. The book has many illustrations. Charles Scribner's Sons, 153-157 Fifth Avenue, N. Y

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VI The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1760 TOUJ^NBIEN Houghton Mifflin &r» Company's NEW BOOKS LIFE OF EDWIN M. STAN- TON By George C. Gorham. With Portraits, maps, and facsimiles of important docu- ments. 2 vols. 8vo, $6.00. The life of Lincoln's great War Secretary, written with the aid of Stanton's family. Stanton was, perhaps, next to President Lin- coln and General Grant, the most important figure in the war for the Union. Mr. Gor- ham has told the story of his career with much power, and his book is a work of no- table value as a contribution to the history of the Civil War, and as a memorial of Stan- ton's great public services. THE CONJURE WOMAN By Charles W. Chesnutt. 16mo, $1.25. Dc Luxe Edition, a beautiful book. $3.00, net. Mr. Chesnutt, who is perfectly acquainted with negro superstitions and dialect, here groups several stories of peculiar interest. He has caught the indescribable Ethiopian, mystic quality of the negro mind, and has embodied it in stories vigorous, vivid, and strikingly dramatic. The story-teller is Uncle Julius, who has much of the genius of Uncle Remus. PAPIAS AND HIS CONTEMPO- RARIES Study of Religious Thought in the Se- cond Century. By Rev. Edward H. Hall. 12mo, $1.25. A book of great value for students of the first centuries of the Christian faith. Mr. Hall uses Papias to show the method and spirit of early Christianity. He examines the Fathers from St. Peter— Ignatius, Je- rome, Marcion, Valentine — down to the third century, reviewing their works and influence. His Treatmen of the Millennium, the Divinity of Christ, and the other topics which come within his survey is careful, candid, and worthy of most respectful consideration. His book is a contribution of real importance to our knowledge of an era which holds a sig- nificant and mysterious place in the history of Christianity. CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN; Her Letters and Memories of her Like. By Emma Stebbins. New Popular Edition. With portraits. 8vo, $1.50. Mr. George Ripley, the eminent literary critic of the New York Tribune, when this book was first published said: "The point of view in which the present work assumes an exceeding interest is that of the portrait- ure of a rare and noble woman rather than of a critical estimate of an illustrious drama* tic artist." A SATCHEL GUIDE For the Vacation Tourist in Europe. By W.m. 1. Rulfe, Litt.D. Edition for 1899, carefully revised. A compact and thor- oughly tested Itinerary of the British Isles, Belgium and Holland, Germany and the Rhine, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Italy. With Maps, Street Plans, Money Tables, Calendar of Festivals, Fairs, etc. 18mo, roan, flexible, $l..rj0, net. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. Favrile Glass for Gifts Individuality In Art Work ought to be apparent without the aid of a trade-mark, if of genuine merit ; and its artistic value is in precise proportion to the ease with which it can be identified even by the average layman. While the pro- tection of copyright is necessary to prevent distinctive designs from be- coming common property, the ware itself should have positive character- istics so it can be readily recognized in all its various forms. Then Its Possession Becomes a Mark of Dis- tinction to the Purchaser. The best " stamp " is strong artistic individu- ality in the work itself. Tiffany Favrile Glass Can be Told at a Glance! The Effects in the Ware itself are wholly original and apparent, while its treatment reveals the widest range in decorative study, including the unique blend- ing of colors and the greatest diversity in forms, Vases, Bowls, Cabinet Pieces, Standing and Hang- ing Lamps, Candlesticks, Gas and Electric Fixtures, all in combination with artistic metal work, in a variety of designs for Select Presentation, from $5 to 5500. Its Fame is International ! Twenty-four of the leading European Museums have bought collections of Tiffany Favrile Glass for permanent exhibition. Recent work has been productive of unusually interesting results, especially to those in quest of choice Easter, Wedding and Anniversary Gifts. Tiffany Studios Glasswork, Memorials, Furnishings, and Decorations. 333-341 Fourth Ave., N. Y. Favrile Glass for Gifts Registered Trait Mark. Dotted and Embroidered Swisses. This being so pronounced a "white" season, our patrons will be pleased to note the marked revival of dotted and figured Swisses. There is a peculiar airiness and daintiness belonging to all dotted Swisses from the tiniest pin-head dot through all the larger sizes, but in addition to the great variety of these dot- ted weaves we show rich em- broidered effects that are new and very beautiful. From 40 to 75 cts. per yard. "THE LINEN STORE.'* James McCutcheon&Co. 14 West 23d St., New York. Oriental Rugs. Magnificent assortment of Antique and Modern Carpets, Rugs and Hall Strips, largely fresh importations. Axminster and Wilton Carpets. Upholstery. Lace Curtains, Cretonnes, Wall Coverings, in Latest Styles and Designs. Estimates Furnished. NEW YORK.

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The Nation VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1761. THURSDAY, MARCH30, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. OUR BOOK=STORE IS IN EVERY POST=OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES H RE you interested in any of these books? Write to us and we will see that they are in your hands, postpaid, by the next mail. If you want them, you have merely to remit the price; if not, return the books. 13th Thousand THE BLACK DOUGLAS By S. R. Crockett The Real Cyrano's Masterpiece A VOYAGE TO THE MOON By Cyrano De Bergerac Second Edition WITH SAMPSON THROUGHtheWAR By W. A. M. Goode. Special Chapters by Rear-Admiral Sampson Capt. Robley D. Evans Commander C. C. Todd HOW TO PLAN THE HOME GROUNDS By S. Parsons, Jr. With 56 Suggestive Illus- trations ami Diagrams Lists of Trees, etc. Ready April 8 MEMOIRS OF SERGEANT BOURGOGNE 1812=1813 Compiled by Paul Cottin Mr. Crockett considers this romance of the 15th century in Scotland (on which he has been working for the past ten years), his strongest work. The fall of the great House of Douglas, with which it deals, he says, "was the one romance of my boyhood." The advance or- ders quite exhausted the first large edition. Size, 5J4 x 8J4 ; Binding, cloth, decorated ; Pages, 475 ; Illustrated ; $1.50. A most interesting work which could easily stand upon its own merits, even without the literary connections its author has with Swift and Moliere, or with M. Rostand's famous play. It is a charmingly fanciful and poetic piece of literature, full of imagination and delicate conceits. Size, 4x6; Pages, 220; Binding, flexible cloth; Illustrated with 17th century prints ; 50 cents net . {Uniform with "Cyrano") The author was the Associated Press cor- respondent on the New York all through the war, and his admirable personal account is well supplemented by special contributions. The book is the authoritative record of the North Atlantic Scjuadron's work, and clears up many mooted points. Size, 6 x 9J4 ; Pages, 350 ; many illustrations, maps and diagrams ; Binding, cloth, decorated ; Price, $2.50. Mr. Parsons (who is a fellow of the So- ciety of American Landscape Architects and ex- Superintendent of the New York City Parks), has written a practical, helpful book, telling popu- larly and in detail how to beautify the home grounds, be they small or large. Size, 5x7%; Pages, 250; Illustrations, 56; Type, 10-point; $1.00 net. Compiled from the diary of a Sergeant of Napoleon's Old Guard. It tells, simply, just what those famous soldiers went through dur- ing the terrible Russian Campaign. These me- moirs were practically unknown until they ap- peared in a French magazine three years ago. Pages, 370 ; Binding, cloth ; Illustrations, 8, near- ly all from drawings by an eye-witness; Price, .50. Ready April 8 THE JAMESONS By MARY E. WILKINS McTEAGUE A Story of San Francisco By FRANK NORRIS Author of '• Moran of the Lady Letty " THE FIGHT FOR SANTIAGO By STEPHEN BONSAL Second Edition A HUNGARIAN NABOB By MAURUS JOKAI THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE On the Eve of the Parliament of Peace By W. T. STEAD Miss Wilklns here brings among her New England villagers Mrs. H. Boardman Jameson, the Reformer. This worthy lady sets out to improve and "widen the spheres" of the in- habitants of Linnville, introducing them to Browning, Ibsen, and Maeterlinck, to Aesthe- tics and Rational Attire. Size 4J4 x 7 ; Binding, cloth, decorated ; Pages, about 200; Type, 10-point ; Illustrations in color. Price, $1.00. This is a great novel in the truest sense of the word. Its chief figure is a herculean den- tist in an "accommodation street" of San Fran- cisco who sloughs off his thin veneer of ctvll- zation altogether under the influence of mis- fortune. The man McTeague is a most daring conception, yet he is always convincing and absorbingly interesting. Size. 514 x 814 ! Binding, cloth, decorated ; Pages 440 ; Type, 10-point ; Price, $1.50. A careful, dispassionate, and able summing up of the whole campaign by a writer who went all through it himself. Mr. Bonsai has done for the American private soldier at San- tiago what Kinglake did for the English sol- dier before Sebastopol. Size, 6 x 9)4; Pages 543; Illustrations, 16 full-page insets, and 5 maps, 2 of them on a folder ; Binding, cloth; Type, U-point ; Price, $2.50. The character of the old Nabob in this ro- mantic novel and the wild life of the power- ful Magyar nobles at the beginning of the century are revelations to the American reader, while the dramatic interest of the tale never flags. Size, 5)4 x 1% ; Binding, cloth, decorative design; Pages, 358 ; $1.25. Mr. Stead's recent talks with the Czar and with all the great European statesmen give special value to this timely review of current politics written with special reference to the Russian Peace Rescript and American "Ex- pansion." Size. 5)4 x 8W ; Pages, about 400 ; Fully Illustrat- ed ; Binding, cloth ; $2.00. (Ready April 8.) By THE PROFESSOR'S DAUGHTER. (A Novel). Ready April Anna Farquhar * LIFE MASKS OF GREAT AMERICANS. (Twenty-three of Browere's great life masks, with text by Charles Henry Hart. Limited to 397 copies.) Fifty copies at $25.00 each net; 345 copies, each net 6 OTHER NEW BOOKS SENT ON APPROVAL RACHEL. (A Novel) By Jane Helen Findlater. Cloth. 1.25 THROUGH THE TURF SMOKE. The Love, Lore and Laughter of Old Ireland. By Seumas MacManus (" Mac ") Boards. 0.75 THE MINISTER OF CARTHAGE. (A Novelette) By C. A. Mason. Cloth. 0.50 TWO MEN O' MENDIP. (A Novel of English Life.) By Walter Ray- mond Cloth. 1.25 SPECIALLY SUCCESSFUL BOOKS OF 1898 72d Thousand 35th Thousand 15th Thousand 7th Thousand 20th Thousand 10th Thousand - Second Edition 5th Thousand- Second Edition- Second Edition Kipling's "The Day's Work" SI. 50 -Rostand's " Cyrano de Bergerac" net .50 Illustrated Edition de Luxe on large paper, 1.00 Wilkins* "People of Our Neighbor- hood," cloth 50 Olivant's " Bob, Son of Battle " 1.25 Blanchan's " Bird Neighbors " 2.00 Blanchan's " Birds That Hunt" 2.00 -Holland's " The Butterfly Book," net .50 "A Gunner Aboard the Yankee " — 1.50 -Doyle's «' Songs of Action " 1.25 -Smith's " Life of Henry Drum- mond" $3.00 Second Edition— Jokai's "The Nameless Castle 1.25 Second Edition— Wingate's "What Shall Our Boys Do For a Living ? " 1.00 13th Thousand— Garland's "Spirit of Sweet Water/'. ,50 50th Thousand -Tales from ricClure's, 5 vols., per vol., cloth, 25 cents; the set 1.25 The " Temple Edition" of CHARLES DICKENS' Works. To be in 40 volumes. Ten volumes : "The Pickwick Papers," "Sketches by Boz," "Nicholas Nickleby," and "Oliver Twist," now ready. Regular trade edition. Per volume 80 DOUBLEDAY& McCLURE CO., 141=155 East 25th Street, New York

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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 761 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 231 Editorial Articles: GeltiDg.Our Eyes Open 234 The Demoralized 1 >|. position 234 Changes in Public Oratory 235 The Breaking Up of China 236 Special Correspondence: "Americanism," or the Catholic Church in America 236 The Last of the Condes 238 Correspondence: The Filipino's Passion for Liberty 239 The Greek for "Jingo" 239 Facsimiles of Greek and Latin MSS 239 "The Law of the Road" 239 A Correction 240 Notes 240 Book Reviews: Fur and Whiskey in the Northwest 243 Scottish Vernacular Literature 244 Democracy 245 The Successors of Homer 246 China] 246 Elizabeth, Empress of Austria.— The Martyr- dom of an Empress 247 Books of the Week 248 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Bennett. Massachusetts. Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. '1THE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxhury. DOWDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares 1 for Scientific School. College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Kioni.-ntiirj Classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. Y. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) M New York, Utica. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M" BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day iM School for Ciirls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sent. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, Hass. The Second Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction in drawing from the cast and from life in pair ui ng anil decorative design, and also in artistic ana- tomy and perspective. Principal instructors: V. \V. lien- son, E. C. Tarbell, anil Philip Hale (Drawing and Paint- ing'. Mrs. William Stone (Decorative Design), B. L. Pratt (Modelling), E. \V. Emerson ( Anatoinv). and A. K. Cross t Perspective!. Pupils arc allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giving MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR CJIRLS, BRYN MAWR. P». Preparatory to Bryii Ma wr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given'iu l"uh (.i-iieral and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY Summer Courses. FIFTH YEAR. JULY J0-AUQUST 18. A delightful suburban locality in New York City. For announcement, address M Wisll \LI. s. HlilUVN, I imer.-ity Heights, New York City. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL For Girls, QUINCY, = . MASS. For Illustrated Circular, address llOKACE MANN Wll.I.AUD, Sc D., Wollaston, Mass. School Agencies. 7IIE FISK TEACHERS AGENCIES. Evehktt O. Eisk iy Co., Proprietors. I Ashburlon Place, Doston. v>\» \->\ li St., Washington. " York. II I Ceut.P.dg,, Miunca],olis. ' I'.ilg.. Denver. ..2."i Si iius'ii Ilk., l.os Angeles ols Wabash A\ c. Chicago , | .anciscu A LB A N Y TEA CIIERS' A GENC Y, SI 24 State St., Albany, N. Y .— Pro\ ides schools of nil grades uilh competent teachers. Assists teachers in ^ positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. (TCHE R ME R HORNS TEACHERS k_) agency. Oldest and best known In the IT. S. Establish. ■ 8 E. 1-lth St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. TO Fifth Ave., New York. All AP'rllPV '? Wl!l,:-il"' '" proportion to its m- tt.ll A&WUC V n„eiice. If 11. merely hears of va- anciesand tells +1-. jv -*- is son iet In i.g, but if it is asked to on about them U«*l recommend a teacher and rec- Teachers, etc. ANA M ERICA N LADY, WITH EX- /~L tensive musical acquaintance abroad, will take a classof young ladies to I he musical a nil art ecu 1 1 rope, including liini cut h lor Wagner Festival, during the Sin inner vacation. I. ti \ ing New Vork about .1 Mrs. H. W. JACKSON. 124 East 2!lth St New York. A. SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D., jC~L seven j ears' experience, five years in present plac desires a chair of Latin for the coming year in a college in Eastern or Middle Stares. Has published some. Address Ph.D.. care Nation. F OUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassal-, etc., reduced i.i icss than one year In private instruction. Pamphlet free. Kev. IVm, Weber,, Belleville, 111. J I/ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR VV during Summer. Refer to Dean of Yale College. Crr.rrs II. Walker, (.'lass of ISO'.), (17 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Conn. A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR Address Professor, carcof the A, (lion. A HARVARD M.A. would like position X~L to teach (lassies in Preparatory School, or as pri- vate tutor. Address " B.," care Nation. f^HARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- L^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. FOR SALE. The WelUknown Ladies' Seminary at West Chester, Pa. Conducted by Richard Darlington, Ph.D., for forty years. The property comprises twenty-three acres of ground, wiib large stone and brick buildings completely fur- nished for sixty boarders. Owner desires to retire from active business. Apply Old Books. Choice Books. Typography. Rare Books, Quaint Books. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, :i(i I pages. Svo, with 3T0 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, (is. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Hay market , St. James, London, S. W. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. Fur sale 1,1/ all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 421) 5th Am- .between llstb and 39th Sts , New York. as soon as issued. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L.C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia Hon and thorough drill in Pi nidation and Grammar. ■ hi, at, 1, 11, Boston: "A well-made series. Teach. crs and pupils will Hud the three hooks helpful and in- teresting." FRENCH BOOKS at WM. R.JENKINS' Publisher. s.-,l Six ill A > IM l", M w YORK. Complete 1 'Dialogue on application. KINDERGARTEN supplies

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March 30, 1899] The Nation iii EUROPE Travel. Four admirably arranged and attractive routes for EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of if u n r -fe*> %k*> •^r* •■y^,i^-^^yr*>--yr»>J By the Author of " With Nature and a Camera." WILD LIFE AT HOME: HOW TO STUDY AND PHOTOGRAPH IT. Bv Richard Kearton, F.Z.S. With Rembrandt Frontispiece-, and upwards of One Hundred Illus- trations from Photographs taken direct from na- ture by Cherry Kearton. Buckram, gilt, $1.50. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND 0 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with The Nation stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents. We buy and sell bills of exchange to and I PTTPDe make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OR Australia, and South Africa; also make -„"^IT collections and issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Credits, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Seven food products-prevent K. C. WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR. and relieve diabetes, dyspep- Prevents constipation aud liver troubles, aia, debility, etc. Ask dealers. Unlike all others. Look for Pamphlet and sample offer mailed free. PANSY Pastry Flour, Finest ma FAR WELL, ife KHINES, Watertown, N. Y., IJ. S. A. Favrile Glass for Gifts Charm In Art Work should really be and always is en- during; if the work is pure in artis- tic conception and thorough in han- dicraft. Pretty conceits and bizarre effects are momentarily attractive, but not uniformly lasting. The test of thoroughly good wprk is per- manent acceptability. This is why one never tires of Tiffany Favrile Glass You can live right with it and find in it an ever-varying and never- ending source of genuine comfort and pleasure. The Effects in the Ware itself are wholly original and apparent, while its treatment reveals the widest range in decorative study, including the unique blending of colors and the greatest diversity in forms, Vases, Bowls, Cabinet Pieces, Standing and Hanging Lamps, Candlesticks, Gas and Electric Fixtures, all in combi- nation with artistic metal work, in a variety of designs for Select Pre- sentation, from $5 to $500. Its Fame is International ! Twenty-four of the leading Euro- pean Museums have bought collec- tions of Tiffany Favrile Glass for permanent exhibition. Recent work has been productive of unusually interesting results, espe- cially to those in quest of choice Easter, Wedding, and Anniversary Gifts. Tiffany Studios Glasswork, Memorials, Furnishings, and Decorations, 333-34J Fourth Ave., N. Y. Favrile Glass for Gifts

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 The Macmillan "Company's New Books Superbly Illustrated LETTERS FROM JAPAN: A Record of Modern Life in the Island Empire By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of "Palladia," "The Looms of Time," etc. Two Volumes Cloth, $7.50 Clever letters to her home people from the wife of a British Minister duriDg a three years' residence in the empire. Exceptional oppor- tunities have been ably used. The beautiful pictures from original photographs serve to illustrate also that quaint charm peculiar to Japan. " The letters are not too itself on a receptive mind. . . and never flippant; they faithfully reflect, in graphic and colorful phrases, each passing phase of life as it stamped Really charming pen-pictures of the country are diversified by delightful character sketches."— Evening Transcript, Boston. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE By Prof. Edwin Herbert Lewis, Ph.D., University of Chicago, author of " A First Book in Writing English," etc. Cloth, 121110, 9o cents. A collection of short masterpieces of modern literature. A HISTORY OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC LITERATURE TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE By A. W. Ward, Litt.D. New Edition. Three Vols. Cloth, 8vo, $9.00 net. Nothing ever filled the demand for this work while it was out of print, but the author was unwilling to issue it again without a most thorough revision. Just Ready THE GOSPEL FOR A WORLD OF SIN By Henry van Dyke, D.D.. Pastor of the Brick Church, New York, author of "The Gospel for an Age of Doubt," to which the new book is a companion. " The most vital, suggestive, helpful book we know in the whole range of theological writing at this period."— The New York Times. Cloth Extra, Cr. 8vo, $1.25 " Dr. van Dyke's lectures form one of the most eloquent defences of Christianity that we have yet met with."— Tlie Academy, London. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH THOUGHT A Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. By Simon N. Patten, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Pennsylvania. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 " Full of interest and suggestion; usually clearly, often cleverly, written; at once the evidence of and the incitement to thought."— The Churchman. THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions. By Thorstein B. Veblen, Ph.D., Managing Editor of the Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago. Cloth, 8vo, $2.00 " Unique in its kind . . . valuable both for its theory . . . and for the fascinating materials grouped with admirable skill . . . immensely educative."— The Criterion. • Better romances are rare." —Troy Times. HUGH GWYETH A Roundhead Cavalier. By Beut eh Marie Drx. 1 Of more than common value."— The Evening Telegraph, Philadelphia. ' An entertaining story ."^Brooklyn Citizen. | "Engrossingly interesting.' -Boston Courier. Cloth extra Cr. 8vo $1.50 THE DAWN OF REASON Mental Trait§ in the Lower Animals. James Weir, Jr., M.D., author of " The Psychical Correlation of Religious Emotion and Sexual Desire," etc. Cloth, 12010, $1.25 THE LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT By Gamaliel Bradford. 2 vols. $4.00 A constructive and critical attempt to show that Democracy is the best form of government so far developed. "Luminous, exhaustive, and instructive at every point."— Transcript. In press. 36th Annual Publication THE STATESriAN'S YEAR BOOK, 1899 Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year i898. " Stands easily first among the statistical annuals published in the English language."— Review of Reviews. American Edition, 1899 THE SPIRIT OF ORGANIC CHEniSTRY AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CURRENT LITERATURE OF THE SUBJECT. By Prof. Arthur Lachman, Ph.D., University of Oregon. With an Introduction by Prof. Paul C. Freer, M.D., University of Mich. Cloth, », $1.5 THE ARITHflETIC OF CHEniSTRY BEING A SIMPLE TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT OF CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS By John Waddell, Ph.D., Formerly at Edinburgh University. An accurate, simple, and systematic treatment of the subject; tables are four-place logarithms, etc. frequent use, An Illustrated Bl-Monthly flagazine BIRD LORE „ Devoted to the EDITED by FRANK M. CHAPMAN Study and The contributors for 1899 include John Burrouohs, Dr. Henry van Dyke, Bradford Torrey, Olive Protection of Birds Thorne Miller, Euirn M. Thomas, Mabel Osoood Wright, Florence H. Merriam, and Annie Trumbull Slosson. Subscription price, $1.00 a year. Send for the Lists of Forthcoming Books and of Books Issued during 1898, by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MARCH 30, 1899. The Week. President McKinley, so the Thomas- vllle dispatches say, has not yet decided upon a Philippine policy, as he "feels that our present knowledge of the isl- ands is too indefinite" to hase it upon. This is a trifle late. The horse is bought, and whether he is a kicking brute or a perfect model of a family Dobbin, we neglected first to find out. Accounts differ widely, as is inevitable. One ob- server sees and reports one side of native life and character, and another another. The Tribune the other day was getting great comfort out of the frank picture of native habits drawn by one of the Eve- ning Post's correspondents in Manila, but in the same issue it printed interesting letters from an oflicer of Dewey's squad- ron, which show quite another side of the shield. He speaks of the "cultured men who are running this native gov- ernment," of their being "thoroughly in earnest in wanting their independence," and so on. Well, we are not going to decide which set of observers is right. Under the seal of confidence, we con- fess that we do not know. But we do know that the men who, in equal ig- norance, went ahead and in the dark committed this country to its present awful responsibilities in the Philippines, have a terrible burden to bear, be they Presidents, Paris Commissioners, editors, kitchen cabinets, Duty men, Destiny men, or even men simply on the make. Next to Gen. Miles, the most conspicu- ous witness to date before the Army Commission is Gov. Roosevelt, who was before the Court of Inquiry on Saturday. He was scrupulously careful to leave no chance for doubt as to his verdict on Eagan's beef: "I regarded the canned roast beef as an utterly unfit ration for troops. I make that statement without reservation and without qualification. I have heard that the cans up here have been examined and found whole- some. But I would state emphatically that my experience of that beef proved to me be- yond a shadow of question that the canned roast beef we had with us was at the best unpalatable, and at the worst uneatable and unwholesome. To the majority of men it was not only unpalatable, but sufficiently un- wholesome to make many of them sick." Gov. Roosevelt also testified that be- fore leaving Tampa he had encountered a genuine sample of embalmed beef of the kind the mere mention of which by Gen. Miles threw Eagan into a perfect convulsion of fury. A couple of quarters of beef, the Governor said, were put on board the transport which was to take his men to Cuba. "I was told to put it In the shade because it was chemically treated to last In the tropics. It lasted one day, and got so offensive that I had it thrown overboard. Since coming back to the United States I have been led to understand that it was an experiment." At last we have conclusive evidence upon the one count in Gen. Miles's in- dictment of the Eagan beef which has been most bitterly assailed, and which has not hitherto been sustained. Eagan and Alger have denied previously that there was any such thing as chemically treated beef, or that any beef so treated was sent as an experiment. The Carter scandal is, in its way, as gross as the Eagan scandal. The President, pulled about by the political friends of Capt. Carter, is moving heaven and earth to find some way of setting aside the verdict of a court-martial which the Secretary of War says was long since put in the hands of Mr. Mc- Kinley, with the recommendation that it be approved. So far, the favorite trick has been to have the trial "re- viewed" by one man after another. It is rumored now that the Attorney-Gene- ral, the "Glory-crowned" Griggs, is to take a shy at it some time in the sum- mer, if he finds the necessary leisure. Meantime Capt. Carter is on the pay- rolls, and is having as good a time as if he had not been found guilty and sen- tenced to be cashiered from the army. The Army and Navy Journal speaks the disgust of all professional soldiers at this monstrous instance of military favorit- ism and injustice, when it says: "It is certainly difficult to understand the occasion for so much delay. Capt. Carter had a perfectly clear trial, he was ably de- fended, and if there is any reason found why the verdict of the court should not be carried out, it should be made known. As it is, the delay is the occasion of much public scandal, it is an injury to the army, and it is a reflection upon the able and impartial tribunal before which Capt. Carter was ar- raigned." The adjournment of the Anglo-Ame- rican Commission without reaching a final settlement is most unfortunate be- cause of the serious troubles now pend- ing about the boundary line between the British possessions in the far North- west and Alaska. The situation became threatening some weeks ago, and it would not be surprising if there should be clashes between American and Cana- dian prospectors in the disputed terri- tory. The trouble, of course, grows out of the gold discoveries. Before the rush of miners into that region, nobody cared much whether a particular district was called American or Canadian, but now it makes a great difference whether the Canadians can collect duties and enforce their regulations. There are charges, which seem to be pretty well sustained, that the Canadian local authorities are aggressive and grasping, and there would be great risks of bloody collisions if things should be left at loose ends dur- ing the approaching season for mining. It ought to be possible, however, to make some temporary arrangement like that which the British Ambassador at Wash- ington is credited with proposing, for the immediate running of -a boundary line by the two governments, which should be observed until a final settlement can be made. Apropos of this news from Washing- ton, a correspondent, who has spent near- ly two years in Alaska and the Northwest Territories, sends us his explanation of the movement recently reported among citizens of Fort Wrangel, Alaska, to get from under the American flag and come under Canadian rule. According to our informant, Fort Wrangel was originally only a small Indian trading post, with not over twenty-five white inhabitants, and what is now Dyea was little more than a small trading-store run by one white man; while what is now Skagway, three miles from Dyea, did not exist. When the gold-seekers rushed in, Dyea, Skagway, and Fort Wrangel speedily be- came places with a population of several thousand apiece, as supply-depots for men who were going into the Klondike. Fort Wrangel was the favorite with Ca- nadians, who established the Stickeen route, with Fort Wrangel as the transfer point. All three towns flourished until last summer, when a railway was built from Skagway over the White pass, and Dyea and Fort Wrangel collapsed. Our correspondent says that Fort Wrangel has now only about fifty inhabitants, and that their sole hope is to have the place ceded to Canada and made the terminus of a Canadian railway to the gold-fields. This is alleged to be the true explanation of the desire for a change of flags, the complaint as to the poor en- forcement of the laws of our Govern- ment being a mere subterfuge, although our correspondent admits that "the Ca- nadians have many laws which are, per- haps, superior to our own, and in certain parts enforce their laws in a better man- ner." The discrimination between passen- gers is a constant subject of mirth on board the incoming steamers; the for- eigners exulting freely over the greater annoyance to which the natives are going to be subjected at the custom- house, and the natives hanging their heads for shame. We know of no civil- ized country, except our own, in which this distinction is made. In Turkey, Morocco, and China, foreigners live un- der the jurisdiction of their own con- suls, but we believe the distinction in the matter of taxation is not known any-

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232 T h. e Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 where but in America, and has not been known since the Middle Ages, when dif- ferent races, after the fall of the Roman Empire, lived under different laws. That we should have gone back to it — that is, should have subjected our own people to a regime so odious that we acknowledge that we dare not impose it on foreigners — is a striking illustration of the kind of hands into which our fiscal legislation has fallen. The hu- miliation of it to our own citizens abroad and in our ports is obvious. We used to lead the world in legislation of all kinds, but we are rapidly securing a conspicu- ous position in the rear. For a number of weeks Quay has been a boss without prestige, and in this fact has consisted the chief hope of his ultimate defeat. But he has held on in his fight for the Senatorship, and at last there are signs that he may recover lost ground by a fresh display of his power. A State election will be held in Pennsyl- vania next November, and the Quay ma- chine is already in March choosing dele- gates to the convention which will nomi- nate the candidates on the Republican ticket. This is a favorite dodge of bosses, to fasten their hold upon what is nomi- nally a gathering that represents the party, by packing it with their own crea- tures chosen so long before the conven- tion that the general public takes litle interest in the matter. Half-a-dozen county conventions have now been held, and the Quay men have carried every one. In two of these counties the Re- publican opposition to the boss has been very strong, and prevailed last fall, but in each case the machine has just won an easy victory in the primaries. The most discouraging feature of these developments is the fact that Quay wins even when the Republican voters gene- rally turn out. Lancaster County poll- ed 16,622 votes for the regular Republi- can candidate for Governor last fall, and 2,186 for the Independent, whom many anti-Quay Republicans supported. The Republican primaries were held on Sat- urday, and about 16,000 votes were poll- ed. Nobody can assert that this was not a fair test of party sentiment, and the Quay machine swept everything before it by a majority of nearly 5,000, securing every place on the county ticket, as well as all the delegates to the State con- vention. Ex-State Senator Kauffman has been one of the leaders in the fight against Quay, but his own town, and even his own ward, went against him on Saturday. Such things as these cannot fail to revive the prestige of the boss, and improve his chances of tiring out the opposition at this session of the Le- gislature, and finally getting a majority in tbe Legislature thai will be chosen next year, when the Presidential contest will make independent voting unpopular. It is hard lines for a great political party that an absorbing public contro- versy as to its leadership and principles should be carried on by two such men as Bryan and Croker. These two pose be- fore the country as the chief exponents of opposing principles in the party, and columns of space are given daily to their views about each other and about the immortal Democracy of Jefferson. The only result is to drive everybody of self- respect out of the party. No greater ser- vice could be performed for Hanna and his party than this. For several years now there has been a great body of voters in the country who are Repub- licans under protest. They are forced to vote with Hanna and McKinley, not because they have any sympathy with what they are doing, but because they cannot vote with the party of Croker and Bryan. Nothing is more remarka- ble in the present political situation than the utter dearth of reputable men in the Democratic party who can be called leaders. Every effort which is made by members of the party who would like to save it from Bryan and Croker to find a Moses to lead them out of the wilder- ness, merely demonstrates the party's moral poverty. One eager searcher for a statesman is quoted who, after exploring the whole country, is forced to the conclusion that the party may have to drag Mr. Cleveland from his retire- ment and compel him to stand again. Occasionally one hears of efforts to re- furbish David Bennett Hill and try to make him look as if he were capable of giving a moral aspect to the party, but this is a task beyond human capacity to achieve. If the man who made govern- ment in this State for seven years a mere annex to Tammany Hall and the liquor trade, be the residuum of moral charac- ter left in the Democratic party, its case is indeed forlorn. Mr. Croker remarks in defence of his $10 fee for a Jeffersonian dinner: "There is no reason for protesting against the price. We put money in circulation and benefit all classes of the people." Whose money is it that "we" put in circulation? Why, that of the taxpayers, of course. Mr. Croker has the handling of about $100,000,000 a year of it, and there is no doubt that all his followers who are going to his dinner get direct evidence of its "circulation." Whether all classes are benefited in equal or less degree is another matter, but that is of little con- sequence. The first object of Tammany government is the sustenance of Mr. Croker. After him come his intimates; after them The Club; and after them the rank and file of the Tammany party. What are these but the "people"? Is anybody who is foolish enough to live outside Tammany Hall worthy of a mo- ment's thought in the circulation of the city's money? And what a confession of failure it would be for Mr. Croker or any other Tammany man to say that the general prosperity of the organization was not great enough to enable every member of it to pay $10 for a dinner? Two noteworthy changes in the mat- ter of Sunday trains occur almost si- multaneously in two States. A railroad company which serves many towns in New Jersey has just begun running trains on- the first day of the week, and the railroads of Connecticut have been authorized to run such trains, when per- mitted by the Railroad Commissioners, during all the hours of Sunday. In the former case the passage of a law was not necessary, as Sunday trains had not been run simply because the managers of the railroad company would not put them on; but in Connecticut a statute has ab- solutely prohibited the running of trains within the limits of the commonwealth between the hours of 10:30 a. m. and 3 p. m. A curious feature of the New Eng- land case is the fact that there has been no such restriction upon Sunday trains in the adjoining States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and of the New Jer- sey instance that all the other important roads in the State have long run such trains. Another anomaly of the situa- tion in Connecticut has been the opera- tion of trolley lines without the slightest restriction during all hours of Sunday. The action of the Connecticut Legisla- ture is significant of the change of senti- ment regarding what used to be called "the keeping of the Sabbath" among the descendants of the Puritans. The lower branch of that Legislature is chiefly com- posed of representatives from small towns, not a few of them off the main lines of railroad traffic; but while the old law prohibiting trains between 10:30 a. m. and 3 p. m. was passed, a dozen years ago, without a dissenting vote, the bill empowering the Railroad Commissioners to authorize such trains went through this week with only 21 nays to 136 ayes. Experience has demolished the chief argument which was to be urged against allowing any Sunday trains, that this would be "the entering wedge" to a breaking down of all distinctions be- tween Sundays and week-days in the matter of railroad traffic. Nearly all of the great lines have for years run some trains on Sunday, but there has no- where been any approach to week-day conditions. The truth is, that both the managers and the employees are oppos- ed to having anything like the usual amount of work on what all recognize it is best should be, so far as possible, a day of rest; but the necessity to the community of running some trains is also universally recognized, and this de- mand can be met without the slightest risk of harm to either railroad men or the general public.

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March 30, 1899] The Nation 233 Now that the discussion has begun out of doors on the new municipal bill for London prepared by the Government, the number of objections which are spring- ing up and will have to be dealt with by Mr. Balfour, is rather appalling. In the first place, one of the great faults found with the present municipalities by prop- erty-holders, the London County Council included, is their tendency to do things for the masses at the expense of the tax- payer, or, as one of its developments is called, "municipal trading." The fact that the London County Council has done a good deal of this sort of thing has, more than anything else, excited the Conservative hostility to it, and it must be admitted that the tendency occupies a large place in the aspirations of all the more ardent civic reformers. They want cheap or gratis carriage for the poor, cheap or gratis gas, cheap or gratis baths, dearer labor, cheap education and gratis lunches for poor children, cheap or gratis music, and so on. The number of things which dwellers in cities are, by reformers, held bound to supply to everybody who chooses to settle in a city for any reason, increases every year. Municipal reform consists more and more in "municipal trading" — that is, the do- ing by the municipality of things which are now done by private enterprise for market prices. The fact that the munici- pality means the taxpayers, makes the glowing pictures drawn by the reformers of what beautiful and convenient places cities might become by the expenditure of more city money, when coupled with the fact that those who will most enjoy cities, and who will most eagerly vote for improvements, will not be the persons who will pay the expense of them, makes most programmes of city reform rather melancholy reading for the smaller class of taxpayers. In the meantime the crowding of the poor into all the cities continues. One of the most foolish incidents of the English government of Ireland be- sides, and far more important than, the royal abstinence from visiting Ireland or living in it, has been the failure, of- ten commented on, to encourage Irish enlistment in the English army. The Irish Catholic peasant, though known to be a fighting man, was not allowed to en- list until 1800, thirty years before Catho- lic emancipation. Yet such numbers did enlist during the next fourteen years of the peninsular war, that the Duke of Wellington declared in the House of Lords that he could not have carried on that war without them. Napier pays the highest tribute to their military qualities. The Connaught Rangers, an Irish regiment, repulsed the French Guard in the streets of Fuentes de Onoro. Now, after the rebellion of 1745, the Scotch Highlanders, who were in exactly the same position as the Irish, that of disaffected Catholics, were enlisted in two or three regiments, in which they did splendid service during the next half century, and are still relied upon for desperate enterprises. The curious thing is, that every pains was taken to bring the Highlanders' national feeling into play as a stimulant to military valor, though it was known not to be a whit greater than that of the Irish. They were allowed to wear their na- tional dress when it was forbidden to the rest of their countrymen. They were allowed their national music for use, on the march and In battle. Accord- ing to Byron, the "Camerons' gather- ing" "rose wild and high" at Waterloo. The Irish, on the other hand, were al- lowed neither national colors, nor uni- forms, nor music. Within twenty years men have been punished for wearing a shamrock in their hats on St. Patrick's day. They are merged as far as possi- ble in every way in English regiments, so that none of the glory of their exploits may redound to their unfortunate coun- try. There is a story of a poor fellow of Fenian proclivities, who fell in .one of the Sikh wars, wishing with his dying breath that his death had been for Ire- land. There is a call in London to-day for an Irish regiment of Guards, but it comes rather late after a century of in- sult and coercion. Still it may succeed. A medical school for the study of tro- pical diseases is to be established in Eng- land as an incident of colonizing in West Africa. Mr. Chamberlain explain- ed to the House of Commons that the constant deaths of promising officers, civil and military, in the West African colonies, had determined the Colonial Office to do all in its power to combat the little-understood diseases of the Afri- can coast. What had been done in Cal- cutta and Hong-Kong and in Jamaica, to take away their ancient reproach of being a graveyard of British officers, he thought might be done for West Afri- ca. The scheme contemplates special training for nurses and physicians, none of whom shall hereafter be appointed to stations in West Africa until after taking a post-graduate course in the hos- pital selected for the detailed study and treatment of the various forms of Afri- can fever. The initial expense to the Government will not be large, as exist- ing hospitals will be utilized, and the Royal Society has made a grant of funds to assist in the work. The project was cordially approved by Parliament, even Mr. Labouchere joining in with the wish that West Africa might be made so salu- brious that the Colonial Secretary would go there in person. The admission made by the French Ministry that no further increase in the army is possible, is the first exact con- fession that has been made in any of the great nations that the conscription has reached its limits. The race has gone on steadily until now, and, up to the present, France has held her own with Germany; but she confesses that the end has come. France has 14,000,000 less population than Germany, yet has main- tained till now a stronger army, but Germany has determined to remain no longer in the rear in the matter of numbers. The bill now pending in the Reichstag raises the strength of the Ger- man cavalry from 472 to 482 squadrons and the infantry on a peace footing to 495,500 men, to be completed in 1903. France cannot, M. Freycinet confesses, respond as Mr. Goschen has done to Rus- sia with the British fleet. The stop will probably be reached everywhere else eventually in the same way. British sailors will in the same way give out before the British money for building ships gives out, and Russia will con- tinue to increase her armaments as fast as she can get money, which she finds scarce. But she is very far from the limit of her resources. With such enor- mous tracts of unoccupied land, an enor- mous increase of population is sure to come. The Russian future is probably still remote, but it is certain. There can hardly be a worse foreign policy, there- fore, than that which ridicules her efforts or proposals for peace, which does not grasp at any offer she makes to limit her armament, or start on a more peaceful path. She can probably go on increasing her armament for ge- nerations, and to bind her not to in- crease it even for one, would be a great gain for humanity. The question is, however, beginning to be asked more and more who is to com- mand these hosts if they ever take the field. Only two generals have, in this century, given any reason to believe that they were capable of it, Napoleon and Moltke; and not more than two such men are to be looked for in a century, if two. This is a thought constantly pre- sent in every European cabinet. There is no general living to-day who would be willing to take any such responsibility. There are plenty of fair corps command- ers, but there is not a single corps com- mander who is thought capable of bring- ing the full strength of any great Power to bear on an enemy of the same rank. They can put enormous armies in the field, and, perhaps, provide the beef, canned or on the hoof, for the troops; but to get them in a fighting line is a different matter. The French generals have all been ruled out of the compe- tition by general consent. About the new generation of Germans and Russians we know little or nothing, though prob- ably every writer on military affairs pro- fesses to know some secret genius who "is sure to make his mark" when the time comes. The British do not lay claim to one such on land. They rely on admirals, but the others make no sea professions at all,

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234r The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 GETTING OUR EYES OPEN. The English General who said to his troops, "I have led you into a devil of a scrape, and now you've got to fight like hell to get me out of it," displayed a frankness which it would become the Great Father at Washington and his counsellors to imitate. The one feeling on this Philippine business throughout the land is that an enormous blunder has been made. We do not speak now of the wisdom or folly of taking the isl- ands from Spain, but of the way in which this bloody conflict with the natives was brought about. Our soldiers are fighting gallantly, as, of course, we knew they would; but why did they have to fight at all? Whose was the misconception in policy, whose the mismanagement in execution, that led to the extraordinary plight in which we now find ourselves? Day by day news comes which leaves the emotions of Americans strangely confused — their pride in their coura- geous troops struggles with mortifica- tion that they should have to fight the very natives whom they went to free; their sorrow at the loss of so many brave lives alternates with shame for the cause and indignation for the blunderers who brought this misery on us. That things have turned out wofully different from the roseate plans of Mr. McKinley is not denied even by his adulators. What is the reason? Summarily, we may say that the rea- son is the comprehensive one Dr. John- son gave for his own blunder, "Pure ignorance!" We took a leap into the dark, and this time our luck failed us, and we got badly bruised. The knowledge on the strength of which our Peace Com- missioners decided to buy the Philippines from Spain, was not great enough or ac- curate enough to warrant them in buy- ing a house and lot. The one thing they felt sure of was that the natives would submit without fighting. All through the testimony taken at Paris runs this positive assurance — the Filipinos would fight the Spaniards to the death, but they would never think of resisting Ame- ricans. That was taken for granted by all the great minds of the Commission, and we see now how correct their infor- mation was. In our good-natured, vain- glorious American way we embarked on this ill-studied enterprise, sure that it would somehow "all come out right in the end." But we are wiser now, if sadder. We see that many elements of the situation were egregiously misunder- stood by the men who led us into this Philippine muddle. How many more disagreeable revelations await us we do not know; but as far as we have gone we have seen only too much reason to believe that the whole affair was enter- ed into with inconceivable light-heart - edness, upon assumptions entirely mis- taken. One of the greatest mistakes, it is now evident, was the initial treatment of the insurgents. We undoubtedly owed much to their cooperation: the officers of both army and navy admit it. But for Aguinaldo's army, and its success in sweeping the Spanish out of their out- lying garrisons and penning them up in Manila, our capture of that city would not have been the easy and compara- tively bloodless affair it turned out to be. Yet from the first the whole official attitude of our Government towards Aguinaldo and the insurgents was one of indifference verging on hostility. And it is important to observe that this was directly inspired from Washington. As early as June 16 of last year, Secretary Day ordered Consul Pratt at Singapore not to countenance the Filipinos in any way; he said that "this Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain, and is not acquainted with their purposes." He went on to observe that the United States, "in entering upon the military occupancy of the islands," expected from the inhabitants only "that obedience which will be lawfully due from them." This high and mighty tone was insisted upon all through. Gen. Merritt adopted it in his correspondence with Aguinaldo, both before and after the surrender of Manila, and said in one letter that he was thereby acting on "recent instructions" from Washington. Now this, it is clear, was grossly to mis- conceive as well as to exasperate the natives. They have at least leaders who are men of education and ability, and pre- sumably have a sense of personal dignity, and thus to be thrust aside contemptu- ously must have been galling to them in the extreme. If the aim was to goad them into fighting, the method could not have been more skilful; but we supposed that our aim was to conciliate and co- operate. Surely, somebody blundered grievously in this whole matter of un- derstanding the natives and dealing with them. The military equipment and fighting quality of the natives, their money re- sources, and the degree of popular sup- port which they enjoy, have also come as a surprise to our authorities. Agui- naldo got a supply of arms from the cap- tured Spanish arsenal at Cavite. Dewey did not give Aguinaldo arms — he was too shrewd to entangle himself in that way; he just looked the other way while Agui- naldo helped himself. Then the insur- gents were undoubtedly importing am- munition and military supplies from Hong Kong and Yokohama during all those months of waiting. We winked at the process as long as we supposed that the weapons would be used only against the Spaniards; now they are em- ployed against us. Aguinaldo raises money by a kind of forced taxation, levy- ing contributions on interior trade and agriculture. This is the sort of taxes the people have been used to under Spanish rule, and they seem to pay their own chiefs with alacrity. Indeed, so far as appears, the inhabitants of Luzon, out- side of Manila, are united in support of the war on Americans. Thus, we have found that the native soldiers are better armed than we thought, that they fight with much greater courage and skill than we expected, and that they are beaten and driven off, after great and heroic exertions by our army, without any idea of surrendering. The present campaign may be entirely successful. Malolos, the seat of the native Govern- ment, may be captured in a day or two. Yet, if the natives choose to go on fight- ing in their swamps and mountain fast- nesses, the problem of reducing Luzon to order will have been only begun. But we are at least getting our eyes open to the size of the job we have on our hands. THE DEMORALIZED OPPOSITION. Now that we are within a year of the time when the canvass for delegates to the national conventions of 1900 will be under way, the most striking fea- ture of the situation is the utter de- moralization of the opposition. There have been times in our history when the dominant organization was quite as strong as the Republicans are now, but it would be hard to name any period when the other party was as weak, both in leadership and in hold upon the peo- ple, as is the so-called Democracy to- day. "Democratic principles" is a term which has become a laughing-stock. The party came into power the last time upon the platform of tariff reform. But even the leader in that contest could not carry into effect through Congres- sional legislation the principles which he represented, and the misshapen act which finally went upon the statute- book got there without President Cleve- land's signature. So far back as 1894 the forces of disintegration were thus at work. The lurch towards Populism which was taken in 1896 carried the process still further. The Bryanite platform adopted at Chicago in that year drove out of the party, almost in a mass, both its character and its brains. There has never been a Presidential candidate of either of the old parties who received so little support from the intelligence of the party which had nominated him as the "boy orator" in the last Presi- dential campaign. Defeat did not teach wisdom. The minority in Congress during the past two years has been little better than a leaderless mob. The new issues growing out of the war with Spain leave the op- position without coherence of organiza- tion or unity of policy. There are so- called Democrats who earnestly favored the ratification of the treaty of peace, and others who zealously opposed it; some who regard the expansion policy

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March 30, 1899] The 1ST a t i o 11 235 as destructive to our national ideals, and others who consider the acquisition of the Philippines as only the logical sequence to Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana. An opposition party in the year be- fore a Presidential election usually has three or four hopeful aspirants for the nomination. It seldom happens that one man has gained such a hold as Cleveland possessed eight years ago, and Jackson during John Quincy Adams's term in the White House; and in those cases the leaders who dominated the party were men of great personal strength. To-day there is nobody in sight for the next nomination of Popu- lized Democracy but the man whose last nomination involved it in over- whelming defeat. Worse still, the inter- val has served only to confirm the ori- ginal impression of Bryan's monumen- tal egotism, shallowness, and weakness. Nothing disgusts the people so much as the open, pursuit of the highest office, and this silly politician makes no con- cealment of his intense eagerness for a renomination. The spectacle of a wordy orator, professing to be the cham- pion of the downtrodden masses, and ready to sacrifice himself for the public good, who charges his audiences "all the traffic will stand" for the privilege of hearing him denounce monopolies, is sickening. There is an uneasiness in Bryan's de- meanor which indicates that some con- sciousness of his undignified course must occasionally penetrate even his dense egotism, and arouse apprehension as to his real hold upon the people. But this is a very different thing from hold upon the party organization. The strength of Bryan as a candidate is based upon the fact that the men who consider him an orator and a statesman control the machinery in the Southern and Western States, as well as in some at the East. If the delegates were to be chosen to- morrow, the bulk of them would un- doubtedly be for Bryan. His hope is that the situation will be the same next win- ter and spring, and as the weak men whom Bryanism has invested with the running of the party machinery would generally rather see the party beaten than lose their hold upon that machin- ery, the hope is not so unreasonable as it should be. The whole nation suffers from the pre- sent demoralization of the minority. It is essential to the successful working of party government that there shall be a strong opposition, always ready with the criticism which is sure to be needed by the dominant organization, and prepared with at least a definite policy to urge as an alternative. A majority which has no reason to fear the minority is always dangerous. An opposition too weak to inspire apprehension deprives the coun- try of a needed bulwark against the ag- gressions of power. Seldom in our his- tory has the nation needed a strong op- position wisely led so much as now. It is a real misfortune to the republic that in such a crisis the minority is no- thing but a weak aggregation of helpless voters, without either effective organiza- tion or judicious counsellors. Party gov- ernment is at a low ebb when millions of men have no other representative than a conceited orator who runs solely for his own aggrandizement the organiza- tion which has fallen under his control. CHANGES IN PUBLIC ORATORY. Several collections of political orations in France, during the last seventy years, have lately been published; and M. Emile Faguet, in some remarks about them in the Revue des Deux Mondes, shows what has been the rise and course of this species of eloquence in his na- tive land. Parliamentary, as distin- guished from forensic and pulpit, ora- tory has, of course, but a short history in France. It scarcely antedates the Revolution. Its golden age was reached at about the same time as the golden age of American oratory — that is, rough- ly, 1830-1850. Those were the days when Guizot and Thiers and Berryer launched their argosies with portly sail; when the Assembly would not only endure but en- joy a philosophical exposition of politi- cal principles from the tribune, a leisure- ly, historical oration, full-freighted elo- quence like that our own Senate delight- ed in at the same period. But in Fiance, as in this country, as in England, too, great changes have taken place of recent years in the standards and practice of public oratory. What M. Faguet writes of the French Parliament might be said with equal truth of the House of Com- mons or of the American Congress — "al- ways pressed for time and impatient, it demands short speeches, and simply will not listen to theoretical or historical dis- courses." Increasing business to transact, and the increase of the business spirit in trans- acting it, have, in fact, necessarily done to death old-style oratory in modern legislative assemblies. The change in English Parliamentary oratory during the last generation has been as notable as that in our own, and along the same general lines. It is not simply that the fashion of rhetoric has altered. Nobody now brings in a long Greek quotation in a speech in the House of Commons, in the ancient resounding way; if he did he would be in danger of being laughed at. But there is more in it than simply the passing away of a once popular taste. The House of Commons sits to dispatch the business of a great empire, and the men it wants to hear are the men who can best discuss the business in hand. No other man has to-day the ear of the Commons as Mr. Chamberlain has it, and he speaks very much as would a business man from Birmingham. He is perfectly lucid, mercilessly trenchant, and merci- fully brief. He rarely speaks more than half an hour in the House. Yet was it not Franklin who said that Washington and Jefferson were the two most effective speakers he ever heard, though neither of them ever spoke more than thirty minutes? Cobden is commonly thought to have had great influence in bringing about the change in tone of public speaking in England. His great cause was practical- ly a business proposition, and he argued it with the simple directness of a banker or mill-owner. Yet his grasp of fact and logic was powerful. Absolutely without flowers or furbelows, his speaking went straight to the heart of the matter, with so wide and full a knowledge that even its dry and unadorned brevity did not prevent a master of the old bow-wow style like Peel from admiring it greatly. Cobden had not a qTiick sense of humor, and once set the House roaring at an un- intentional pun which he is said to have been uuable to understand, even when it was explained to him. He was discuss- ing some points in cotton manufacture, and said, by way of illustration, "Now take my friend from Lancashire [John Bright] ; he is a spinner of long yarns." Webster's are the only American speeches of his generation that the modern man can read. We are will- ing to take the word of contemporaries for it that Clay was a great orator, but his speeches we will not read. Who but historians ever wade through Calhoun's? Who can read even Benton's without nodding, or hoping that at least on the next page he may hear one of "Old Bul- lion's" rare but delightful roars to waken him? Webster lives by sheer weight and force. We still feel ready to match him, as Carlyle did, against all the logic-choppers in existence. As Benton said of his reply to Hayne, one felt that he could have taken the other side and been just as triumphant. There was such a grip and mastery in the man, such a march of victorious argument, lit here and there by passion, that virtue went out of him into his speeches, and the smell of the grave is scarcely on them. Yet even Webster sometimes in- dulged in circumlocutions and slow ap- proaches which would not be tolerated now. We venture to say that the elabo- rate and rather florid figure with which he began his reply to Hayne could not now be produced in the Senate without exciting a snicker. It could be in some parts of the South, however, where ora- tors still love to discourse for an hour or two on nature and history and the hu- man intellect, before coming to the sub- ject. "There are only three or four reasons," said a Frenchman, in explaining his fondness for short speeches, "which can be given for or against a particular pro- position, and all that can be said in addi- tion is just so much stupidity." It is this

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236 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1761 eagerness to get at the gist of the matter, and to get to voting, which tends to make parliamentary speeches more and more brief and businesslike. Give us your heads of discourse, says the modern legislator to the modern orator, and let your elaborations go. Unlimited "leave to print" may be had on condition that leave not to hear or to read go with it. In the pulpit, "Twenty minutes, with a leaning to the side of mercy," has judi- cial authority as the proper length of a sermon. Judges will take all the briefs a lawyer can hand up, but are grow- ingly impatient of much speaking in court. Here, again, we see what the pressure of work and the application of business methods are doing to clip the periods of oratory. Yet this is not saying that the love of eloquence has disap- peared. Fustian we cannot put up with, and gusts of wind strike infinite weari- ness to our hearts; but when a child of genius like Bourke Cockran comes along to take a theme under which other men are breaking their backs and chill- ing the audience, and to soar with it like one of the young-eyed cherubim, to the rapt delight of his hearers, the old spell reasserts itself, and we know again the true power of popular eloquence. THE BREAKING UP OF CHINA. "Every time the dry bones of China have been shaken up," said an English trade journal, "an increase of commerce has followed." It was in the same sense that the Italian Minister for Foreign Af- fairs said the other day that China was now the "most promising" of the terri- tories which industrial Europe was con- templating. He meant that it was the most promising opening for the overflow of the glutted markets of Europe. The exploitation of a vast empire solely in the interests of trade is something new in the world's history. The Roman Em- pire was eaten off bit by bit, and finally consumed, by barbarians bent on plun- der. Turkey has seen province after province shorn away more by the pres- sure of civilization, and the uprising of her oppressed subjects in the demand for a better government, than by purely commercial attack. But China has been invaded and will he broken up, if broken up she is to be, by the commercial tra- veller. How rapid this invasion has been, and how extensive the conquests in the name of trade already are, we are apt to for- get. The haste and eagerness of Italy and Belgium and Japan to get a "base" on the Chinese coast, are really a sign of fear that the coast will be all taken up unless they move quickly. It is less than two years since Germany made her dramatic coup in seizing Kiao-Chou, but what has happened since? Why. England has seized Wei-hai-wei, and laid claim to the Vang-tse valley— a claim which, if enforced, would cut the empire almost in two. France has demanded fresh con- cessions in Sze-chuen. Italy now de- clares she must have the port of San- mun, and the bay and hinterland going with it. Meanwhile, on the north, Rus- sia pushes on her secular and irresistible advance. It is, indeed, the Russian power which dominates the Chinese situation. As Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu writes in the last Revue des Deux Monties, compared with the immense advantages Russia has obtained in China, the acquisitions of all the other nations seem poor. The vast province of Mantchuria, an empire in itself, is now practically a Russian possession. The Chinese Government ad- mits it; the English recognize it. The dispute over the Niu-Chang Railroad grant turned largely on the question whether an English company could mortgage land north of the Great Wall. Russia protested that it could not, and England finally agreed that it would not. Russian influence is now confessed to be predominant in Corea, which coun- try she can take over whenever she thinks she could do it without leading the other Powers to fight her. The whole Liao-Tong peninsula is at Russia's mercy; and the speedy completion of the trans-Siberian railway, with its branch line to Port Arthur, will give her facili- ties for holding and extending her posi- tion greater than anything within the reach of any other nation. Russia's ab- sorption of North China has been the dream and goal of her statesmen for a hundred years. With that mystic strain which Leroy-Beaulieu says is to be found in Slavic blood, they have pursued their object, unhasting, unresting, sure that time is on their side and that they can afford to wait longer than any other. Russian control of so large a part of Chinese territory, and apparently of the entire machinery of the Chinese Govern- ment, is, in a way, a fulfilment of the prophecy of a Russian statesman, made to John Quincy Adams in 1812: "Mon- sieur, la Russie, bien gouvernee, est faite pour commander a l'Europe." But what has China been doing all this while? Where is the Chinese Gov- ernment? Lord Salisbury answered the question a couple of weeks ago when he said that the future of China depended not so much upon diplomacy, as upon what went on in a secluded palace and an island in a garden. He meant, of course, the intrigues near the Emperor's person. That unhappy young man of twenty-five, feeble in body and spirit, appears to be under the complete domi- nation of the Empress Dowager. She is supposed to be a woman of great force, principally, we believe, because she cuts off the heads of those who disagree with her. But she is hand in glove with Rus- sia. There is no possibility that she, or any Emperor likely to arise, will be able to rally the natives against foreign ag- gression. An enormous preliminary dif- ficulty is that the reigning dynasty is itself a foreign one, cordially hated by millions of the people. It would have been overthrown in the Taiping rebel- lion of the '60s, had it not been for out- side assistance. Then, too, the myth of a Chinese army of terrible fighting power has been dissipated by Japan. It was always a silly superstition, for Gordon found out and declared that the Chinese absolutely would not do aggressive fight- ing. The net result is that China has no power of resistance. Every time a for- eign nation comes to shake the skeleton again, there is only a clashing of teeth in the fleshless jaws. There is no doubt that the proper poli- cy of the United States, in the face of this fated disintegration of China, will soon become an urgent political ques- tion. The attitude of our State Depart- ment has so far been that of studied neu- trality, insisting upon our treaty rights, but keeping hands off. But powerful in- fluences are now at work to bring about a change. An American Asiatic Associa- tion has been formed, composed of lead- ing manufacturers and exporters, and its representatives, says the Washington correspondent of the Evening Post, have been urging the Government to take a more pronounced position. Senator Fry is greatly stirred up on the* sub- ject, and would have the United States get a "base" on the Chinese coast with- out loss of time, if necessary to prevent the impairment of American trade in China. That trade is great and growing, and it is the obvious duty of the Govern- ment to safeguard it in every possible way.' But a feasible method, short of go- ing into the scramble for Chinese terri- tory, would be a tacit, if not formal, al- liance with England for the purpose of keeping the Orient open to the trade of all nations on equal terms. Interest and honor alike prompt us to such a course, and, for our part, we should heartily ap- plaud our great protectionist and erst- while English-hating President if he would vigorously urge joint action with England to promote free trade. "AMERICANISM," OR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN AMERICA. Rome, March 3, 1899. The chief interest for those who are watch- ing public affairs in Italy at this moment is the action taken by the Vatican in regard to those liberal doctrines, embraced in the term "Americanism," which, starting in the Unit- ed States, are now firmly rooted in France and Germany. The story is by no means old, but its details are not generally known. In 1894 there was published in New York the 'Life of Father Hecker,' the founder of the Paulist order. But little notice was taken of the book until, having been translated into French, it gave rise to bitter discussions in Europe. The liberal party of the Church, in both France and Germany, found much to be pleased with in the doctrines of Father Hecker, while the Jesuits realized that if the influence of the book were to spread to any

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March 30, 1899] The Nation. 237 large extent, the supremacy of orthodox doc- trines would be jeopardized. They are per- fectly right, for, simple though the ideas of Father Hecker seem, they are the antithesis of those which have heretofore governed the Catholic body. They are in brief as follows: That the absolutely uncoupled condition of Church and State as seen in the United States is the ideal to be sought everywhere; that more latitude should be given to the untram- melled workings of the individual conscience, and that more stress should be laid on active than on passive (or monastic) virtues. Father Hecker was not alone In his ideas. Cardinal Gibbons. Archbishop Ireland, Mgr. Keane, and Mgr. D. J. O'Connell all express- ed in one way or another their approval of them. Archbishop Ireland even wrote an in- troduction to the 'Life,' in which he gave ex- pression to the highest admiration for Father Hecker, and said he considered him a model to be followed by the priesthood. Cardinal Gibbons, in an autograph letter, bade god- speed to the French translation of the book; and Mgr. O'Connell, at the International Catholic Scientific Congress held at Fribourg in August, 1897, read a paper entitled "A New Idea in the Life of Father Hecker," in which he showed the real nature of "Ameri- canism," and affirmed that "from what has been said in the foregoing, it must appear evident to every candid in- quirer that it involves no conflict with either Catholic faith or morals; that, in spite of re- peated statements to the contrary, it is no new form of heresy or liberalism or separa- tism; and that, fairly considered, 'American- ism' is nothing else than that loyal devotion which Catholics in America bear to the prin- ciples on which their government is founded, and their conscientious conviction that these principles afford Catholics favorable oppor- tunities for promoting the glory of God, the growth of the Church, and the salvation of souls In America." The second chapter of the story began when, a few months ago, a French priest, Charles Maignen, wrote a book entitled 'Le Pdre Hecker est-il un Saint?' According to the rules which govern the Index Expurga- torius, this book, published in Paris, must bear the imprimatur of the Archbishop of Paris, Cardinal Richard. The Cardinal, how- ever, refused to grant it, on the ground that the book was a libel on a prince and emi- nent prelates -of the Church— Gibbons, Ire- land, and Keane. A rebuff so slight as this was not enough to quell the spirit of a Jesuit. The author took his book to Rome, although such action is distinctly forbidden by the Rules of the Index, put the name of a Roman publisher on the title, in addition to the French one, and applied for the Roman im- primatur. This was granted by Father Le- pidi, the Master of the Sacred Palaces, and the book was issued. It is a curious mix- ture of fanaticism, reasonableness, and bad faith. The author's bad faith is shown by his constantly repeated assumption that those leaders in the American Church who share Hecker's doctrines maintain him to be a Kiiiiil. The character of the book was such that the men attacked in it could not submit unheard, and, furthermore, certain of the li- beral papers in Rome were asking ugly ques- tions as to the granting of the imprimatur. Mgr. Keane interviewed Cardinal Rampolla on the matter, and was assured that both he, the Cardinal (who is the Pope's Secretary of State), and his Holiness felt deeply grieved at the turn of affairs, and had been complete- ly ignorant of the questions concerning the publication of the book. This seemed to sim- plify matters; but almost immediately ap- peared a letter from Father Lepidi, stating that, when he first saw the book, its impor- tance seemed to him so great that he put the matter in the hands of the Pope himself, and that it was with the Pope's sanction that the imprimatur was granted. Chapter third now begins. During our war with Spain, Archbishop Ireland, owing to his being a personal friend of President Mc- Kinley, was given charge of the varied af- fairs connected with the Church that were affected by the war. The chief of these was the status of the Church in the islands that came under our control. The desire of the Papacy and the Jesuits was that no altera- tion should be made in the legal status of religious orders and their property acquired by action of mortmain. This, however, could not be arranged, but, instead, the American Government decided that so long as we con- trolled the islands, the status of the Church should be the same in them as in the United States. This was a hard blow to the Jesuits. It was bad enough to have liberalism spreading in the United States, and marked signs of its progress in France and Germany, without having Cuba and the Philippines given over to its invincible influence. More- over, Cuba is but the stepping-stone to South America, and, before long, liberalism will be flourishing there as in more civilized por- tions of the world. It was time for the Jesuits to strain every nerve. In January of this year Archbishop Ireland was called to Rome to explain mat- ters, and now occurred an extraordinary event. On the 4th of February appeared the first number of a paper published by the Jesuits called The True American Catholic, the "Organ for the Roman Committee for the Anti-American Campaign." The articles are printed in both Italian and English. The leading article, under the heading "Our Aim," is worth quoting extensively. The style and punctuation are unusual: "The object we have in view in commen- cing the publication of The True American Catholic is to protect the true Catholic faith, from the infernal machinations of a sect; who under the name of 'Americanism' at- tacks and attempts to destroy the real foun - dations of Christianity. But the attacks of the above sect made to forward the interests of the enemies of Christ and of His Catholic Church; namely Jews, Masons, and Interna- tional Protestants will be thoroughly frus- trated by our daily constant intervention. "We shall fight our enemies and their al- lied in fair fight . . . even if some of them may happen to wear the Episcopal mitre. . . . "These new American Catholics have raised the banner of rebellion and treason, and in the name of Christ and of Paul, with the protection of the millionaire bishop without conscience and without religion, at- tack the true Church of Jesus Christ and the Papacy which is to-day the only bulwark of Religion and the only conservative power of social justice. "We are decided then to wage a fierce war against this sect evidently inspired by Satan, against this so-called American Catholicism which possesses less Christian faith and charity than was possessed by the Mahome- dan slaughterers of Armenians. "We tell you at once, oh Monsignor Ire- land, that your sacerdotal garb of Archbishop of the Holy Roman Catholic Church will never allow you to become unfaithful to that pure faith that shines brilliant on the brow of the shepherds intrusted by God with the mission of leading the flock of Jesus Christ. "The mitre that you wear renders you in- compatible with the place of combat you have taken against the whole organization of the Church of Rome. "Be honest, then, and let your position be clearly defined. Either throw aside the sa- cerdotal vestment, like it was done by Father Gavazzl, or loyally submit to the duties to which the position you hold in the Roman gerarchy compells you to obey. "I'u l the mask aside, oh Monsignor Ire- land! For acting as you do is utterly unbe- coming of a gentleman and a priest. "In any case let us remind you that here in Rome; apostolic seat of Peter and Paul, on this soil rendered sacred, and venerated by the blood spilled by the first Christian mar- tyrs, you would bring in vain the sacrilegious echo of an American schism. Here in Rome, where Christ himself is Roman, where the old and the new world centres, rises sublime and makes itself felt the only true holy spirit of the Man of Nazareth. And the mighty voice of the sublime spirit enjoins to you, through the medium of his poor humble fol- lowers, in the name of the Almighty God and of the Archangel Michael, to bow down be- fore the Vicar of Jesus Christ and deny the blasphemous theories of the heretical sect styled with the name of 'American Catholi- cism,' which is embodied by you" — and so on. Though Archbishop Ireland was called to Rome ostensibly to explain certain events connected with the war, it might be thought that the Pope, before setting his foot down, would have seized the opportunity to ques- tion him in regard to Americanism. As a matter of fact, the Pope's letter on this sub- ject was written before Archbishop Ireland had been received by him. The letter to which I refer is from the Pope to Cardinal Gibbons. It was published in the Voce della Verita of February 22, bears the date of Ja- nuary 22, and was posted from Rome on or about February 10. It is an interesting document. To appreciate it we must bear in mind that the Paulist Order, founde'd by Father Hecker, was sanctioned by Pius IX., and that Father Hecker's doctrines were tho- roughly understood at that time. But his liberalism seemed of little importance until it had taken root in France, where the AbbS Charbonnel was forced to leave the Church owing to his eager approbation of the doc- trine; until the Parliament of Religions at Chicago, participation in which by Cardinal Gibbons and others was considered by the conservative Catholics as the action of rene- gades; and until the speech of Mgr. Keane at Brussels in 1894, when he approved in the strongest terms the meeting at Chicago. Since these events the Jesuits and conserva- tives have realized the strength of the party of common sense that is opposed to them. The Pope's Encyclical Letter begins with certain platitudes of friendship, after which, warming to his work, his Holiness says that he desires to warn his beloved son of certain dangers to the Church, dangers that find their expression in the 'Life of Father Heck- er.' He then considers in detail the lead- ing features of Hecker's principles, and un- dertakes to refute all the liberal con- tentions. It is, he writes, a mistake to believe in the satisfactory working of the Holy Spirit in the individual who lacks external guidance; Hecker's dis- tinction of natural and supernatural, of active and passive virtues is declared er- roneous. These passive virtues were, ac- cording to Hecker, of great value at the time of the Reformation, because of the cha- racter cf the absolute governments then ex- isting, and as a defence against Protestant attacks on the Church. Now, on the con- trary, in democratic times, when the citi- zens rule, and to do so have to develop their intelligence, the active virtues are those to be cultivated. This, says the Pope, is an entire mistake. As for the formation of re- ligious Orders the members of which shall

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238 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 761 not be bound by vows (one of the features of the Paulist Order), the Pontifical letter states that while these are permissible, they are In no way to be compared with Orders sub- ject to vows, whose members have given up their all to follow Christ. Familiar dis- courses and discussions with Protestants may be allowed only if the local bishop sees fit to sanction them. Having thus condemned the liberal doctrines, his Holiness continues, at the end of the letter: "Thus, from what we have said up to this point, it is clear, O dearly beloved Son, that we cannot ap- prove of those opinions which, taken as a whole, are entitled 'Americanism' "; but he states that by this term he means the doc- trines that have been mentioned, and not the intellectual or material conditions of America. Unquestionably, he suggests, Ame- rican bishops themselves will repudiate the name of Americanism as supremely insulting to themselves and to their nation. This letter has been replied to by both Archbishop Ireland and Mgr. Keane. They disclaim all sympathy with any who may believe or teach such heresies as are men- tioned in the Encyclical. Doth letters are couched in much the same terms. Arch- bishop Ireland (see the Voce dclla Teriti of February 25) hastens to thank his Holiness for the love he displays towards the Catholics In America. At last everything is clear, and those errors which "certain persons" have desired to hide behind the name of Americanism are manifest. Con- sidering the discussions aroused by the 'Life of Father Hecker' it was time, says the Archbishcp, for the First Shepherd to speak and to restore quiet. "Assuredly, with all the strength of my soul, I repudiate and condemn all those opi- nions which the Apostolic Letter repudiates and condemns— all those false and dangerous opinions to which, as the Letter says, 'cer- tain persons give the name of American- ism,' . . . and 1 repudiate and condemn them with all the greater eagerness and heartfelt joy since never, for a single in- stant, has my Catholic faith and my under- standing cf the teachings and practices of the Holy Church permitted me to open my spirit to like extravagances. . . . Most Holy Father, those are enemies of the Church in America and infidel interpreters of the faith who 'imagine' that there exists, or that any one desires to form in the Unit- ed States, a church differing in even an iota from the Holy and Universal Church which other nations acknowledge, which Rome her- self, the infallible guardian of the revela- tion of Jesus Christ, now or hereafter ac- knowledges." Mgr. Keane says (Voce della Vcrita, Feb- ruary 28): "As for myself, I declare that I accept and admit completely and unreservedly everything that Your Holiness sets forth in this letter. I declare that I repudiate and condemn everything therein condemned by Your Holiness, and I declare to Your Holi- ness, calling God to witness, that I have never in my life taught or maintained any part of what is therein reproved by Your Holiness." To sum up: the liberal doctrines of Father Hecker, tacitly approved by Plus IX., and advocated by the most intelligent American prelates and priests as well as by a large party In Europe, are now by Leo XIII. said to be heretical and untenable. Richard Norton. THE LAST OF THE CONDES. Paris, March 8, 1899. Princesses who remain unmarried are the sacrificed figures in history. Sometimes a writer becomes attracted by the name of one, but it is rare if the consequent biography be not written in a banal and purely apologetic style, and, therefore, very uninteresting. This can, however, not be said of a biography of 'La Derniere des Conde,' which has just been written by M. Pierre de Segur. This author not long ago wrote his first work, on Madame Geoffrin, under the title of 'Le Royaume de la Rue St.-Honore"; he drew a good picture of the interesting "Mother of the Philosophers" and of her circle. What took him from the Rue St.-Honore to Chan- tilly, where lived the last of the Condes? It was probably the knowledge that he would find some inedited documents in the archives of the chateau, which now belongs to the In- stitute. In a room in one of the towers, which was called by the Duke d'Aumale "La salle des gemmes," is a most charming miniature of Loulse-Adeialde de Conde, as a girl, with her hair flowing naturally, a very thin black ribbon around her neck, and a sort of white flowing gown, as easy, almost, as a night-gown. This is the only portrait of Louise- Adelaide de Conde known to me; it is really a gem. She was born in Paris, at the Hotel de Conde, the 6th of October, 1757. Her father, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon Conde, was the son of the Duke de Bourbon, who had been the chief of the Council of Regency during the minority of Louis XV., and who died in 1740, leaving only a son. The Duchess de Bourbon died the year after, and Louis-Joseph was married at the age of seventeen to Charlotte Godfried de Rohan-Soubise, daughter of the Marshal de Soublse. Charlotte de Soubise was handsome, and the Prince de Conde fell in love with her, and was allowed to marry her, though she was not of royal blood. The first child was a boy, who took the name of Duke de Bourbon; the second was Louis- Adelaide, the heroine of M. Pierre de SSgur. The two children became orphans at a very early age, as their mother died on the 7th of March, 1760, only twenty-three years old. Louise-Adelaide was educated in the abbey of Beaumont-les-Tours, near Tours, the ab- bess of which was her great-aunt, Henriette de Bourbon-Conde, who bore the name of Madame de Vermandois (she had refused in her youth to be married to Louis XV.). Louise-Adelaide remained seven years under the stern direction of this abbess. She left Beaumont to enter the abbey of Pauthenaont in Paris, where unmarried princesses, ac- cording to the fashion of the time, remained until they were twenty-five years old. She found there, in an establishment which was at once worldly and religious, more worldly than religious, her cousin Bathilde d'Orlgans, who became afterwards her sister-in-law. "The two girls had their private apartment, their separate establishment, their table, to which they admitted in turn some of their companions, or even their mistresses, such as were fortunate enough to please them. A lady In waiting for each of them, several servants, completed the appearance of a miniature court, where some happy few, in- scribed on a special list, were authorized to offer their homage and to bring news from the outside world." The Princess of Conde lost her companion when, at the age of four- teen and a half, Bathilde d'Orieans married the young Duke of Bourbon. It had been agreed that the young bride should go back to the convent after the ceremony, but she eloped literally with her young husband — an incident which gave much amusement to the court. At the age of thirteen, Mademoiselle de Cond6 was presented, and from that day she was merely called Mademoiselle (at the age of twenty-one she resumed the name of Mademoiselle de Conde). She was allowed to go from time to time to Versailles, to Chantilly, to Vanves, where her brother had a house, which he offered nil sister for her own use. When she was six- teen years old, she had a great disappoint- ment. The young Count d'Artois had mani- fested an interest in her for some time, and it was thought that he would marry her. It was the wish of the. Prince de Conde. The Prince and his son had fallen from grace by the part which they had taken In the quar- rel between the Court and the parlements; but the Prince de Condg had become reconciled with Chancellor Maupeou, and the projected marriage of the Princess with the Count d'Artois was one of the motives which In- duced the Prince de Conde to abandon the cause of the parlements. Negotiations had, however, been entered into in another direc- tion, and the Count d'Artois was afBanced to a Princess of Savoy, Marie-ThgrSse. This event disgusted the Princess Louise not only with the Court but with the world, and with the idea of contracting a marriage. Her disappointment was so great that she sys- tematically rejected all the offers made to her, by the Duke of Aosta, the Prince de Carignan, the Prince des Deux-Ponts, Sta- nilas-Auguste Poniatoswski, King of Po- land; she was determined not to give her hand if she could not give her heart at the same time. Her father tried to console her, and asked her to come to Chantilly. On the 1st of June, 1777, she made her first visit since her infancy to this house, and promised to make a visit every year. She was now twen- ty years old. Her father could not keep her at his own house in Paris, where he lived openly with the Princess of Monaco, who played the part of a wife for him, though she was only his mistress. "This liaison," says M. de Segur, "which a dura- tion of nearly half a century was to make almost respectable, did not hinder love af- fairs de passage. Madame de Monaco, jea- lous and bad-tempered, took things tragical- ly, and there were, in this sad union, sometimes scenes of violence and sometimes sermons on morality in which, according to an eye- witness (Madame de Bombelles), the Prince de Conde seemed very uneasy and petit gargon." The rest of the family were not more edifying; neither the brother of the Princess, the Duke de Bourbon, nor her grandfather, the Marshal de Soubise, was a model of scrupulous morality. "I find," writes M de Segur, "in the let- ters of the Princess an anecdote which shows this well enough. One day the Duke de Bourbon, who had been married several years, had a child by his mistress, Mademoiselle Michelon, called Mimi, a dancer at the Opera. He had the strange idea of choosing his young sister to be godmother to the child, and it was the Prince de Soubise who came, dying of laughter, to insist that his grand- child should accept this title and this func- tion. Feeling that there was something sus- picious in the offer made to her, she de- clined it, and she applauded herself for this when she afterwards knew the whole truth." The Prince de Cond6 gave his sister at Chantilly a separate apartment, and built for her in Paris a charming h6tel In the neigh- borhood of the Invalldes. (The last proprie- tor of this hotel, which is In the Rue de

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March 30, 1899] Monsieur, was the Marquis of Chambrun.) Mademoiselle de Conde divided her existence between Chantilly and the Rue de Monsieur. The Dukes of Bourbon had in the thir- teenth century their principal stronghold near Bourges; not far from it is the little town of Bourbon-d'Archambault, a thermal residence. The waters of this little place were much the fashion in old times. During the season of 1786, Mademoiselle de Conde became acquainted there with a gentle- man of Britanny, Louis-Marc Magon. Marquis de la Gervaisais. He was an officer, twenty-one years old, and was taking the waters in order to cure completely a wound he had received. He was not handsome, nor brilliant: was timid, even shy; fond of lite- rature, and himself a writer. Louise de Conde' found him "very different from the others" whom she used to see at the sup- pers at Chantilly. She felt for him a grow- ing interest, which by degrees ended in love. She never thought of marrying him; it did not enter her mind for an instant that she could do so. They spent several weeks to- gether, in the liberty of a watering-place, exchanging ideas on every subject. They made together dreams which they knew could never be realized. They played comedy together on an amateur stage of the Prince de Condi's. The young officer himself wrote a comedy for the occasion: "L'lm- promptu de Village." He veiled in it his own sentiments and those of the Princess. The Prince de Cond6 easily discovered the nature of his daughter's sentiments. When they returned to Paris, and La Gervaisais had returned to his garrison, they wrote to each other. He obtained permission to go to Paris, but he did not stay long. People were beginning to talk; the reputation of the Princess was in question; she would not marry Gervaisais, and she felt that she must renounce the pleasure of seeing him. She wrote him a letter which was a supreme adieu; he made no reproaches; the rupture was complete. He left the army, travelled, and married. (He died as late as 1838.) Louise de CondS was named abbess of the noble chapter of Saint- Peter of Remiremont. The thirty-two nuns of this old abbey had a very mundane life; all that was required to enter it were proofs of a very ancient nobility. The Princess made a solemn entry In 1787; she was to be the last abbess. She was with her father at Chantilly on the 14th of July, 1789, when the news of the fall of the Bastille was announced to them; on the 17th, the Condes, with some retainers on horseback, and the Princess de Conde in a carriage, left Chantilly for Pgronne. The Princess had to take in her carriage Mme. de Monaco. "Natural antipathy and legitimate prejudices disappeared in this situation, in the presence of imminent danger and a com- mon devotion." On the road beyond Peronne, the Condes met the two young sons of the Count d'Artois, the Duke de Berri and the Duke d'Angouleme, accompanied by their governor. "They thought that they were going to a review, and were very gay, while they were conducted out of France to join their parents, who had fled. All along the road, as far as the frontier, cries were heard of 'Vive le Tiers!' and 'A bas la noblesse!' " We will not follow the Princess de Condg in her numerous peregrinations during the emigration. M. de Segur enters into minute details on this rather checkered part of her existence, spent In so many different places, Anally a little more tranquil in Eng- The Nation. land. After the Restoration, she was allow- ed to found an order on the site of the Temple, which had been the prison of Louis XVI. and his family, the "Order of Per- petual Adoration." She kept her name of Sceur Marie Joseph de Mlsericorde. Her life becomes completely veiled; she sees little even of her family; she is the Prioress of the Temple, and is occupied solely with her little flock. She fell ill in the beginning of 1824, and died peacefully, without great suffering, on the 10th of March. 239 Correspondence. THE FILIPINO'S PASSION FOR LIBERTY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: This note from Guyau's 'Education and Heredity,' p. 101, seems worth reprint- ing: "What bas always distinguished the sa- vages of tho Philippines from the other Poly- nesian races is their indomitable passion for liberty. In a massacre on the island of Luzon, made by native soldiers under the order of a Spanish officer, a little black, of about three years old, was seized by the troops and brought to Manila. An American obtained permission from the Government to adopt him, and he was baptized under the name of Pedrito. As soon as he was old enough, efforts were made to give him all the instruction that could be obtained in that remote land. The old residents of the isl- and, knowing the character of the Negritos, laughed in their sleeves at the attempts made to civilize the lad, and predicted that sooner or later the youth would return to his na- tive mountains. Thereupon his adopted fa- ther announced that he would take Pedrito to Europe. He took him to Paris and Lon- don, and only returned after two years ol travel. On his return, Pedrito spoke Span- ish, French, and English with all the facili- ty with which the black races are gifted; he wore thin patent-leather boots, and 'everybody in Manila still remembers the grave manner, worthy of any gentleman, with which he received the first advances of those who had not been introduced to him.' "Two years had scarcely elapsed after his return from Europe when he disappeared from the house of his patron. Those who had laughed now had their hour of triumph. It would probably never have been known what had become of the adopted child of the phi- lanthropic Yankee, if a European had not come across him in a remarkable way A Prussian naturalist, a relative of the cele- brated Humboldt, resolved to make the ascent of Mount Marivelis, a mountain not far from Manila. He had almost reached the summit of the peak when he suddenly saw before him a swarm of little blacks. The Prussian pre- pared to sketch a few faces, when one of the savages came forward and smiled, and asked him in English if he knew an American in Manila cf the name of Graham. It was our Pedrito. He told his whole story, and when he had ended, the naturalist in vain en- deavored to persuade him to return with him to Manila.— Vide Revue des Deux Mondes. June 15th, 1869." If to catch them in infancy and tenderly nurture them to years of discretion, if to baptize them, teach them French and Eng- lish, and put them into thin patent-leather shoes, is not going to tame them, how can we hope that our Gatlings in a brief month or two will quell their "indomitable passion for liberty"? Verily it is a strange burden the white man has taken upon himself. S. M. Ilslet. Santa Barbara, Cai., March 20, 1899. (De Pace, 512) is not inappropriate In thesa days: "I am surprised that the older men no longer remember, and that the younger ones have not heard from anybody, that we never yet suffered any evil from following those who advised us to maintain peace; whereas, because of those who lightly [or "recklessly," as paSi'w? may be translated] choose war we have before now found ourselves involved in many and serious disasters." Respectfully, Addison Hogue. FACSIMILES OF GREEK AND LATIN MSS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: At the meeting of librarians held In Chicago In 1893, it was proposed by Dr. Hartung of Halle that an association be formed for the publication of photographic reproductions of important Greek and Latin manuscripts. The plan of an association fell through, chiefly for financial reasons; but at the suggestion of the late Dr. Du Rieu of the University Library at Leyden, Mr. A. W. Sijthoff undertook to publish, at his own risk and expense, twelve Important ma- nuscripts. Since the death of Dr. Du Rieu his successor in the directorship of the Uni- versity Library, Dr. S. G. De Vries, is act- ing as editor-in-chief of the series. Two volumes have appeared ('Vetus Testamentum Graece, codicis Sarraviani-Colbertini quae supersunt,' with preface by Henri Omont, and 'Codex Bernensis 363,' with preface by "Her- mann Hagen), and the third volume ('Pla- to: Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39,' with preface by Thomas W. Allen) is nearly ready. The publication of the series of manu- scripts was undertaken with the hope that those libraries and institutions of learning which could not expect to possess important manuscripts in the original, would be glad to obtain accurate reproductions. Certainly nothing could be of greater advantage to palatograph ical and text-critical studies in America than the possession by our libra- ries and universities of such reproductions as those published by Mr. Sijthoff. The ex- pense of publication is so great that the se- ries cannot be continued without loss unless the sale of the volumes is increased. Each volume costs from $40 to $50, but the pur- chase of one volume does not bind the purchaser to subscribe for the series. Orders may be sent to Mr. A. W. Sijthoff, Leyden. Believing that It is of special importance to American scholars that the reproduction of important manuscripts be continued, I venture to ask you to publish this letter. Yours truly, Harold N. Fowler. THE GREEK FOR "JINGO." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The following passage from Isokrates "THE LAW OF THE ROAD." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In connection with the interesting correspondence in your columns as to "the law of the road," I notice a couple of refer- ences to Canada that are not altogether accu- rate. The law in Ontario is, and always has been, "Turn to the right on meeting, and pass on the left when overtaking." The first statute to that effect was passed in 1853 and has remained practically unchanged to the present day. A report on early town meet- ings is in preparation in this department,

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£40 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 761 and the following entries taken therefrom may be of interest: "Newark (Niagara) 5th March, 1797: Re- solved, That all teams, carriages, etc., com- ing to town should keep the road, and those going from town to turn out for them." "Niagara, 7th March, 1808: Resolved, That carriages on meeting should give half the road, keeping the right-hand side." It will be seen, therefore, that the practice in Ontario is that of the Northern States, whence the first settlers came. In Nova Scotia, I believe, the English custom was adopted, and is still followed. It may be of interest also to know that, on double-tracking its line, the Grand Trunk Railroad adopted the English practice of running on the left-hand track. C. C. Jambs. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent Mr. E. F. Mer- riam is certainly at least partially in error when he says in your issue of March 23, "In Canada the English custom of keeping to the left is retained." Born and raised in the province of Ontario, I never heard of such a custom being in vogue there, and I know that it is not in the province of Quebec. I do not dispute the observance of the rule in St. John, N. B., but I learned of it only from the editorial note in a recent number of your paper.— Respectfully, A. M. Donovan. Deteoit, Mich., March '^5, isog. To the Editor ok The Nation: Sir: The universal rule of the road In Halifax and throughout this province, the rule recognized by law, is to turn to the left on meeting. It is one of the first things the visitor notices. Here the English tradi- tion has been unbroken. The same rule is very strictly enforced in Jamaica. Yours, etc., A. MacMechan. A CORRECTION. To the Editor of Tin: Nation: Sir: In your review of my 'Romanticism' (March 1G), you say: "The author's uncer- tainty as to the spelling of the name 'War- ton' ('Wharton' at pp. 179, 307, etc.) will cause confusion to readers who do not know that the two are variant writings of the same name." But they are not variant writings of the same name. The Wharton mentioned on pp. 179 and 307 was Dr. Thomas Wharton of Old Park, near Durham, Gray's lifelong friend and correspondent. If your reviewer catches me anywhere be- stowing the aspirate upon Joseph or Thomas Warton, I shall beg him to lay the blame upon the printer. Henry a. Behrs. Ni » Haven. March 80. ihou. [The error is ours. The fact that Prof. Beers refers to Dr. Wharton (p. 179) as the "Rev. Thomas Wharton," assisted in misleading us. Thomas Wharton was an M.D.; Thomas Warton a B.D. More- over, the name "Wharton" does not ap- pear in the index to the work under re- view.—Ed. Nation.] Notes. Macmillan Co. have nearly ready 'Electrici- ty in Town and Country Houses,' by Percy E. Scrutton, with illustrations; and 'The American Art Annual,' edited by' Florence N. Levy, and including a complete record of painters, their works for 1898, directories of art dealers, etc., etc. M. F. Mansfield & A. Wessels have in pre- paration 'A Glossary to Accompany Depart- mental Ditties as Written by Rudyard Kip- ling,' and 'The Religion of Mr. Kipling,' by W. B. Parker. A new edition of Maupassant's 'Pierre and Jean,' translated by Hugh Craig and illus- trated, is forthcoming from Brentano's. 'Early Chapters in Science,' by Mrs. Awary, will shortly be published by E. P. Dutton & Co. A. C. McClurg & Co. have in press 'The' Bee People,' by Margaret Warner Morley. A 'Handbook of Labor Literature,' com- piled by Miss Helen Marot of the Free Li- brary of Economics and Political Science, Philadelphia, and 'Pauperizing the Rich,' by Alfred J. Ferris, are to be issued by T. S. Leach & Co., Philadelphia. The bound volumes for 1898 of Harper's Round Table, Magazine, Weekly, and Bazar make comprehensively a solid library of pic- torial chronicle and entertainment. The Magazine we have epitomized from month to month. The Weekly opened at peace with all the world, with a cartoon showing a pretty legacy to the new year of Dingley de- ficit, Hawaii, and Cuba (as an object of sym- pathy). To the cartoonist our fraudulent pen- sions seemed next the most inviting butt in the following five weeks. The sending of the Maine to Havana was recorded as a wise and friendlv measure for the support of Blanco. Its destruction in February did not make the Weekly Jingoish. By the middle of March the cartoonist found his cue in "fifty millions for defence"; towards the end of April in "Cuba Libre." From that date, Mr. Carl Schurz's signed weekly article dis- appeared, and then the war and "expansion" perforce took outward possession of the pa- per, and the cartoonist ends with the white elephant of our Eastern Problem as 1898's legacy to 1899. The vicious circle of the year's politics is complete. The Bazar increasingly shows that its wo- man's world is not so remote from man's as it once was. Mr. T. W. Higginson con- tinues to hyphen them with his "Women and Men" articles; and, of course, the late war involved the sympathies and humane activities of the non-combatant sex. The demise of Gladstone and Bismarck forced attention as surely as that of the Queens of Denmark and Austria; of William Black as of Maria Louise Pool. Then in the great portrait gallery of Red Cross nurses, of the heads of the higher education for women, of officers of women's clubs and federation of clubs, one remarks the little group of women street-car conductors illustrating the experiment made at Chilicothe, Ohio. With 'Denis Duval' (the volume including also the "Roundabout Papers," "Lovel, the Widower," and "The Wolves and the Lamb"), we come to the twelfth of the thirteen volumes of the Biographical Thack- eray (Harpers). Mrs. Ritchie's notes on her father's life apparently end here. A great deal of delightful material, old and new, has been given by her in the several introduc- tions, and it seems but a reasonable demand on the publishers that the whole should be bound up and sold separately, a formal life of Thackeray being out of the question. In no single introduction of the twelve, we think, has the true personal note of the man and the writer been more clearly sounded than in the present one. Mrs. Ritchie quotes many striking tributes to Thackeray; nothing, per- haps, more satisfactory both as tribute and criticism than this from Cardinal Newman: "His last fugitive pieces ["Roundabout Pa- pers"] in the Cornhill were almost sermons." 0 si sic ojnneal All signs fail if the bulky volume, 'Live Questions,' stamped in silver on the back, and comprising the papers, speeches, inter- views, messages, and apologia of ex-Gov. Altgeld of Illinois, is not calculated to cause insomnia in Col. Bryan. As McKinley's am- bition was foreshadowed in a similar com- pilation, and Bryan's in yet another, so this anarchistic-minded and looking Illinois politi- cian is apparently setting his cap for a Presi- dential nomination. Nor is he unmindful of Mrs. Bryan's part in her husband's campaign, for he accompanies his own portrait with that of Mrs. Altgeld. Like the rival "litera- ture" just mentioned, this volume is not readable in any intellectual sense; but it is not to be despised by those who wish to know what way we are drifting. Under the title of the 'Life and Sayings of Ramakrishna' (Charles Scribner's Sons), the well - known missionary Vivekananda has collected what is known of his spiritual mas- ter's earthly career and the logia attributed to him. The life is that of the ordinary Hindu visionary and theosophist, one so ig- norant that he cannot read Sanskrit, so in- spired that he instructs the most learned in the deeper wisdom of Hindu philosophy. He is not a charlatan, he is spiritual, but he is essentially an insane man, credited with divinity in which he himself believes; a mystic of the usual type, who yet speaks in rather clever sayings to the adoring multi- tude. Vivekananda gives us a collection of nearly four hundred of these winged words. Many of them are clearly inspired, as, for in- stance: "The Lord can pass an elephant through the eye of a needle" ; for, like all the modern teachers of India, Ramakrishna drew his inspiration from all sides. Of the longer sayings showing considerable shrewdness there is space to quote only one. The Mas- ter said: "Everything that exists is God." The pupil understood it not in the true spi- rit. While passing through a street he met with an elephant. The driver (on the ele- phant's head) shouted "Move away!" The pupil said, "I am God, so is the elephant also God. What fear has God of himself?" Thinking thus he did not move. At last the elephant dashed him aside. He was hurt, and going back to the Master he related the adventure. The Master said, "All right, You are God. The elephant is God also; but God in the shape of the elephant-driver was warning you also from above. Why did you not pay heed to his warnings?" The book Is edited by Prof. Max Muller, who has contri- buted an introduction and put his own name on the title-page, though Vivekananda is the real author. Those interested in Sanskrit literature will find a trustworthy summary of the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' in a little book by J. C. Oman, principal of Khalsa College, Amritsar (London: George Bell & Sons; New York: Macmillan). The author writes with tern-

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March 30, 1899] pered admiration and with a knowledge of Hindu character not always possessed by those who criticise Hindu literature. This "sketch of a great picture," as it is modestly called, lies midway between the skeleton analysis that is usually given in books on Hindu literature, and a complete translation. The latter fills several large volumes, but this one little duodecimo, representing very fairly the chief incidents and giving a com- plete outline of the two great epics of India, may be recommended as useful to all save Sanskrit scholars, for whom, however, the book is not intended. The sixth volume of Dr. Hans Blum's 'Fiirst Bismarck und seine Zeit' (Munich: Beck) ended with the celebration of Bis- marck's eightieth birthday in 1895 and was Intended to be the conclusion of the work. After the death of the illustrious statesman, the author and publisher deemed it their duty to issue an additional volume describing the events of his life till the time of his de- cease. The contents of the seventh volume consist chiefly of a record of private and per- sonal incidents, interspersed with expressions of opinion concerning public affairs and ques- tions of internal politics, derived principally from the columns of the Hamburger Naeh- richten, the mouthpiece of the retired Im- perial Chancellor. An excellent index to all seven volumes is especially welcome, and greatly enhances the value of this popular biography. Dr. Herman Schell, Professor of Apolo- getics in the University of Wtirzburg, pub- lished two pamphlets entitled 'Der Katho- licismus als Prinzip des Fortschrittes' and "Die Neue Zeit und der Alte Glaube,' which are liberal and progressive in spirit and en- dorse the tendency known as "Americanism" in the Catholic Church. These writings, af- ter having passed rapidly through several editions, have now been placed on the Index Expurgatorius and are thus officially for- bidden to the faithful. This attempt of Italian Jesuits, of whom the Index Congrega- tion is principally composed, to put the works of a German scholar under ban, has created intense excitement in Wurzburg, and called forth loud protests of students and prominent citizens against such a measure. On entering his lecture-room, Prof. Schell was the object of enthusiastic ovations on the part of his admirers, who were so nu- merous that not half of them could gain ad- mittance, so that it was necessary to adjourn to the auditorium maximum of the Univer- sity, which also proved to be too small to receive them. He assured his hearers that he should hold fast to his views as already expressed, and remain "an unswerving cham- pion of the truth," devoting his life to its defence. Three days later, however, Prof. Schell's fortitude failed him, and he tamely and unreservedly submitted to the arbitrary decree of the Index Congregation, and pro- mised to bring his teachings into harmony with the decisions of the papal hierarchy. While the new German civil code, which will enter into force on January 1, 1900, does not In every respect fulfil the wishes of the most advanced advocates of the woman's cause, a perusal of Prof. Dr. Planck's brief comments on some of the more important paragraphs of the new law ('Die rechtliche Stellung der Frau nach dem biirgerlichen Ge- setzbuche,' Gottingen) will convince any candid person that, in the main, the new law greatly improves the legal status of wo- men in Germany. Thus, the changes from The Nation. older statutes relating to the right of mar- ried women to hold property, or engage in business of their own, are all in their favor, and it is gratifying to notice how generally a fair and humane spirit seems to have guided the lawmakers in their difficult task. The National Geographic Magazine (Wash- ington) for March contains an historical sketch of the original territory of the United States, by David J. Hill, Assistant Secretary of State, in which he quotes this characteris- tic saying of Franklin's to Jay on the Span- ish claim to control over the Mississippi: "Poor as we are, yet, as I know we shall be rich. I would rather buy at a great price their right on the Mississippi than sell a drop of its waters. A neighbor might as well ask me to sell my street door." There is also a topographical and geological description of Porto Rico, by R. T. Hill of the United States Geological Survey, with illustrations of scenery. The natural resources of the Barren Lands of Canada are discussed, in a paper by J. B. Tyrrell, in the Scottish Geographical Magazine for March. The territory treated lies to the west of Hudson's Bay and north of the line of the mean summer temperature of 50 degrees F., and occupies an area of about 400,000 square miles. "In its general character the country is a vast undulating plain, underlain by a stony clay, and cov- ered with short grass or deciduous Arctic plants." In it have been discovered large belts of rock containing iron and copper; the latter seeming to extend for about 500 miles along the Arctic coast, both east and west of the Coppermine River. A narrative of zoological explorations last summer in the Barents Sea is by W. S. Bruce. Both papers are illustrated. The Fifteenth Annual Report of the Geo- graphical Society of Berne contains an ac- count of the changes in the Canton of Zurich since the middle of the seventeenth century observed in the position and ex- tent of lakes and pools, of the forests and of vine-growth. There is, besides, a de- scription of the Danube between Belgrade and the Iron Gates. Some interesting let- ters written from Algeria in 1840, valuable for their graphic pictures of its condition at that time and of its inhabitants, are pub- lished in the Sixteenth Report, for the year 1897. This further contains a paper by Dr. H. Zahler on disease in the popular beliefs of the Simmenthal, in the Bernese Oberland. The material is drawn from oral sources and from ancient manuscripts. It includes a great number of quaint remedies against and methods of treating various dis- eases, as well as curious receipts and much witch lore and other superstitious formulae. These popular beliefs, the author holds, are the remain's of scientific systems, part- ly derived from the Greek and Roman times and partly from the ancient Germans. They have not been invented or discovered by the people themselves, but are to be traced to a foreign origin. "Shakspere's Pericles and Apollonius of Tyre" is the title of a paper contributed to the current number of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society by Albert H. Smyth. He gives an historical sketch of the "Apollonius Saga," from which the story is drawn, from its untraced origin in the late sophistic romance of Greece through a long line of translations, imitations, bal- lads, and plays to its culmination in Shak- spere's "Pericles, Prince of Tyre." He con- £4=1 siders it remarkable that a story known to almost every European language should have preserved an almost unaltered integrity for more than a thousand years. Shakspere is the first narrator to change the name of the hero. A series of correlated stories is dis- cussed, and in an appendix is given in full the 'Gesta Romanorum' text. In the same number are two papers by Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, entitled, "The Linguistic Carto- graphy of the Chaco Region," and "On Two Unclassified Recent Vocabularies from South America." The Milan Pewvcranza of February 12 contains an article, five columns in length, by Michele Rajna of the Brera Observatory, regarding the vexed question of the exact date of the twentieth century. This learn- ed astronomer, fortifying his position with astronomical and mathematical calculations, with numerous profound chronological cita- tions, affirms that the nineteenth century will close with the year 1900. But he does not cherish the hope that he has definitely settled the prolonged discussion, for he him- self reminds his readers that volumes were written in the year 1700 regarding the exact beginning of the change in the century, and again in 1800. Another new star has been discovered at the Harvard Observatory, again by Mrs. Fleming, to whom we are already indebted for five of the six new stars found since 1885. This latest comer in the stellar family is in the constellation Sagittarius. An examina- tion of the plates shows that a year ago it was of the fifth magnitude, but had sunk a month later, in April, to the eighth. A pho- tograph taken a few days ago, on March 9, shows it as still fainter, having a bright- ness of only the tenth magnitude. Its spec- trum, exhibiting fourteen bright lines, greatly resembles that of other new stars. Prof. Edward C. Pickering, director of the Harvard Observatory, notifies the discovery, by his brother William, of a new and ninth satellite of the planet Saturn. It adds an- other to the triumphs of photography in the service of astronomy, the new body having been found on four plates exposed with the Bruce telescope at Arequipa in Peru. This additional moon of Saturn probably does not exceed 300 miles in diameter, and is so faint that but few of the great telescopes at pre- sent in existence are powerful enough to dis- close it. Japetus, discovered at the Paris Observatory in 1671 by Dominique Cassini, has hitherto been regarded as Saturn's out- ermost moon, being at a distance of 2% mil- lions of miles from the planet, and having a period of 79 1-3 days. But the new satellite is three and one-half times more distant than Japetus, and it consumes almost a year and a half in going once completely round Saturn. More than half a century has elapsed since a new satellite was added to the Saturnian system; the seventh moon, Hyperion, having been found by Prof. W. C. Bond at Harvard, on September 16, 1848. The Franco-American Committee formed in 1895 is preparing, for Americans intending to study in France, a sort of guide which will give information of a general nature on the sys- tem and regulations of higher education in France, as well as special practical hints for foreign students. Inquiry may be made of the Corresponding Secretary of the commit- tee, M. Henri Breal, No. 70 Rue d'Assas, Paris. Gen. Greely has had reproduced for the benefit of the Signal Corps a large general

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24=2 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 map of the Philippines, dated Manila, 1897, showing telegraphic and cable lines, light- houses, etc., besides the political and, more or less crudely, the physical geography. There are no soundings given. A monument to the late Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, author of a 'History of New York,' and editor of the Magazine of American His- tory, is contemplated. Subscriptions to the fund may be sent to Mrs. Edward E. Salis- bury, New Haven, Conn. — A work almost appalling in the magni- tude of its conception has been undertaken, by subscription, by R. Herndon Co., Bos- ton, under the title, 'Universities and Theii Sons.' The initial volume is one of five con- stituting the first series only, yet it counts, with the indexes, 738 quarto pages. It and the succeeding four deal with Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia; and if the term "university" is not to be construed rigidly, the vista is colossal. The general editorship has been confided to Gen. Joshua L. Cham- berlain, former President of Bowdoin Col- lege and Governor of Maine, and the aim of the series is declared to be not merely a summary history and exhibition of each uni- versity in its several departments and con- scious life, but a demonstration of "the practical influence which these institutions of learning have had ... in what we call 'business,' extending to industrial and commercial lines, and in fact to all that expresses itself in the character and pros- perity of a nation." While the second vol- ume will consist of biographical sketches of the personnel of the several university ad- ministrations, the remaining three will be composed of selected biographies of the "Sons"— and in this lies the "Pudels Kern" of the enterprise on its pecuniary side, as in similar cases. Needless to add that por- traits will accompany the sketches when practicable. Of these portions no one can speak now. What is before us has been well planned and handsomely carried out. The characterization of Harvard has been execut- ed by Mr. W. R. Thayer, editor of the Harvard Graduates' Magazine; of Yale, by Prof. Charles Henry Smith; of Princeton, by Prof. John DeWitt and Mr. J. L. Williams; of Columbia, by Dean Van Amringe. With a natural difference in bulk as in literary quality, it may be said that the letter-press is altogether good, convenient for reference, and trustworthy. The illustrations are ex- cellent and most abundant, and generally run parallel in the four divisions. The start, therefore, is all that could be desired. —Mary Antin, a young Russian Jewess, emigrated to this country at the age of eleven, accompanying her mother, two sis- ters, and a brother, to rejoin the father already here. The child's story has just been published with a foreword from the pen of I. Zangwlll, who disclaims any credit for having discovered an infant phenomenon; but he does consider the record as saved from the emptiness of embryonic thinking by be- ing a spontaneous account of a real expe- rience, the greatest In the child's life. Writ- ten in Yiddish as she travelled "From Plotzk to Boston," it was, two years later, or when Mary Antin was thirteen, translated into English remarkable in quality for any child, but particularly for one to whom the intrica- cies of the new tongue were so extremely novel. Two years still later, being now but fifteen, the young girl has written a pre- fatory note to the Journal, which is publish- ed, under the above title, by W. B. Clarke of Boston. The profits, if any, are to be de- voted to her farther education. Plotzk Is In the central western portion of Russia, on the Diina River, and the fever of emigration to America had struck the whole region. The father of Mary Antin set out three years ahead of his family, and, during that time, hope and doubt and suspense were the por- tion of those left behind. At last the welcome summons came; and very soon the crowd of emigrants started forth upon their travels, all unknowing what lay before, and with the innocence of children as to how the coming experiences were to be met. The crowded, uncomfortable cars, the woes of quarantine detention when leaving the Russian frontier, amazement at the size and noise of Berlin, the drive across Hamburg, the days of en- forced waiting before embarkation, the com- ing of Passover and the trembling doubt as to whether the emigrants would be allowed to keep the feast as its strict rules enjoined; the glad reception of the summons to go on board the Polynesia, and the first night at sea— all are set down with the enthusiasm of a child, and with much more than a child's power to express great experiences. Her nar- rative of the long voyage, her own emotions, what the ocean said to her, the first sight of land after seventeen days, the noise and confusion, the joy when "papa" was distin- guished upon the wharf in Boston, after years of longing for his face, the official delays in landing, and then the rush, as six wild beings clung together, "bound by a common bond of tender joy"— all this is certainly what Mr. Zangwill calls it, "the raw stuff of art." — Not unwarned, but unterrified, by the failures of a long line of hardy experimenters, Mr. W. J. Stone of King's College, Cam- bridge, essays once again the impossible, in a pamphlet entitled 'On the TIse of the Classical Metres in English' (Oxford: Claren- don Press; New York: Henry Frowde). After some fifty pages of discussion and of laying down of rules of quantity — not unin- teresting in themselves — he offers, as speci- mens of the results of his methods, a ver- sion of some hundred lines of the Nausicaa episode in the 'Odyssey,' and two of famous epigrams. By his fruits let him be known; the beautiful lament for Heraclitus appears in the following garb: •Came hither, Heraclitus, a word of thy death, awaking Me to sorrow, and I thought upon how together We would see the sun out sweet-counselling: all that Is of thee. Dear Haltcarnassian, long, long ago Is ashes; But thy nightingales will abide with us; on them of all things Else the coming ravlsher will not ever set his hand." How to scan these 'Elegiacs' will be a plea- sant little puzzle for the long winter eve- nings spent round many a classic lamp. The reader may rest assured that they strictly conform to Mr. Stone's "rules"; and Mr. Stone may haply some day learn that poetry is verse written by poets— not words weighed and measured by any system whatsoever. —Johnston and Robertson's 'Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland,' which was originally issued in 1872, has just reach- ed its third edition (Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston) under the care of Mr. William Kirk Dickson. The work has long been out of print, and is reproduced now, with cer- tain changes, "in response to numerous in- quiries." A slight glance at the contents will serve to show why the early editions were at once absorbed and why a new one is called for. Every true Highlander Is interested In at least his own family history; and wher- ever the clan feeling is combined in the slightest degree with the historical sense, this book will be demanded. Its most con- spicuous feature is a large folding map (32 inches by 24) which includes the whole of Scotland, and gives the clan territories in their relations both to the Lowlands and to the physical aspects of the Highlands. Fol- lowing this come seven other clearly exe- cuted maps or plans, several full-page re- productions of portraits (Montrose, Dundee, and the two Pretenders), 175 pages of docu- ments, illustrative text, etc., a bibliography of books on the Highland campaigns, and a full index. Such a combination of utile dulci cannot fail to capture the Scotchman or the historian. Not only are the clans represent- ed in a state of quiescence, occupying cer- tain districts, but copious notices of their military activity are added to the purely topographical description. Their badges are given both in Gaelic and in English, and also their war-cries. Among documents. Gen. Wade's Report on the Highlands in 1724 and the Disarmament Act in 1746 are cited in full. Finally, we should observe that the period to which the territorial subdivisions of the large map refer is the end of the six- teenth century. "This early date was select- ed because then most of the Highland tribes were still in occupation of the lands which they had inherited from their fore- fathers. During the troubles of the follow- ing century some of the weaker clans were deprived of their possessions by their strong- er neighbors." We shall be much surprised if this atlas, in its improved and supple- mented form, does not meet with the same success which attended the earlier editions. —The Asiatic Society of Japan, which for the past year or two seemed to be In a mori- bund condition, has recently renewed Its life and shows fresh vigor. Excellent papers have been presented on early English inter- course with Japan and on the moral train- ing of the Japanese feudal nobility, especially in Mito. These will be published. The supple- ment to volume xxiv., now at hand, gives a valuable list of plants from Formosa, by Augustine Henry, who adds preliminary re- marks on the geography, flora, and econo- mic botany of the island. Formosa, ly- ing between parallels 22 and 25 of north lati- tude, has an area of about 15,000 square miles; its length being 235 miles and its greatest width 90 miles. It is a continental island, for in recent geological times it was connected with the mainland of China. Hence the flora, as thus far studied, Is mainly Chi- nese in character. There are no exceptional types of vegetation known, and not a single genus peculiar to the island has as yet been discovered. Westwardly is the Formosa chan- nel, very shallow and nowhere deeper than 100 fathoms. On the Pacific side, however, at a few rods from the shore the lead shows a thousand fathoms, and further out Is an abyss of enormous depth. The highest cliffs in the world are on this eastward side, which indeed is a great mountain mass rising In peaks from nine to thirteen thousand feet high. The western half of the Island is an alluvial plain, only slightly elevated above the sea. The plants of the plain are those of India and South China, while those on the mountains are near of kin to those in Cen- tral Japan and China. There is no marked winter season, and flowers are found in pro-

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March 30, 1899] Th.e Nation 243 fusion at Christmas time. Besides the ce- reals and ordinary crops, which are the same as those in South China, are camphor, tea, indigo, textile fibres in amazing varie- ty, tumeric, dye-yam, rattan, mats, soap- fruits, rice-paper pith, and timber of almost every imaginable sort. Mr. Henry's pam- phlet, though mainly a catalogue, with here and there illuminating comment, does but whet our curiosity for more, because the mountainous half of the island is practical- ly unexplored. Indeed, he modestly calculates that only half of the plants of the island are now known. It is interesting to note that at least twenty of the very important Formosan plants known to the materia me- dica are nearly all of American origin. These have been introduced by the agency of man, and are now indistinguishable, except by their history, from the native flora. — There is general rejoicing in Washing- ton among the better sort, both within and outside of the Library of Congress, at the appointment of Mr. Putnam to the headship, and general consternation among those of the Library employees who regard the pub- lic service as the public trough. Mr. Put- nam's acceptance is said to have at once in- creased the efficiency of the force 10 per cent. It is a melancholy instance of the way of doing things in Washington, and of the public's utter lack of comprehension of a great library's needs, that, until Mr. Bar- rows was rejected, not one of the candi- dates supported by Senators and Repre- sentatives for the direction of the most important library in the country had any library training, any library experience, or any other proved fitness for the place. For- tunately, the reputation of the country in a bibliothecal way has never depended on the national or the State libraries. It has been firmly established by our city and town li- braries. They are ahead, far ahead, of those of any other country. But the National Library lags as far behind. In a building, to be sure — the least important factor in library success — the National Li- brary is in the van. No great library build- ing in the world surpasses it, or perhaps equals it, in adaptation to library purposes. In the other factors, the store of books, the system, the personnel, there has been much to desire. But now a capable head will soon bring the personnel and the system where they should be, and then Congress can hard- ly fail to place in his hands money enough to make the store of books worthy of a great nation. Within the country one of the best results of the appointment will be its ulti- mate effect on State libraries. When the head of the National Library is appointed for merit, It must be that in time our States will become ashamed of the way in which the office of State Librarian has been thrown about as a reward for political service. FUR AND WHISKEY IN THE NORTH- WEST. Forty Years a Fur-Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Personal Narrative of Charles Larpenteur, 1833-1872. Edited, with many critical notes, by Elliott Coues. In 2 vols. New York: Francis P. Harper. 1898. Pp. xxvii, 473. Maps, views, and portraits. Fur lay at the first foundation of the United States. The facsimile "May Flower Log," p. 67, relates that, within a year of the Plymouth landing, a party who "went out altogether unprovided for trade," brought home two hogsheads of beaver bought for a few trifles, and estimated worth nearly £500. Soon afterward there is mention of 3,366 weight of beaver, "much of it coat- beaver which yielded 20s. per pound, and some of it above." But whereas, in the founding of New England, codfish was a fellow-factor with beaver, in the Mississippi valley fur had no such formidable rival. Two young fur-traders founded St. Louis in 1763. A voyage of more than three months up from New Orleans had convinced them that a new base for their industry was needed, nearer the habitat of fur-bearing animals. One of those founders, Auguste Chouteau, lived in St. Louis sixty-six years. He or his kindred established fur stations which were germs of Kansas City, St. Joseph, and other towns on the Missouri-Mississippi all along up to St. Paul and Fort Benton— the latter, 3,500 miles from the dual river mouth. Many of these stations became sites of Government posts; more developed into centres of agri- culture, manufactures, or mediterranean thoroughfare and commerce. The history of the great valley thus twining its roots and rootlets amid fur industries, the rise and progress of those industries are some of the most important features in Western annals. No man has done so much as Dr. Coues to accumulate and popularize knowledge on this subject. His new edition of Lewis and Clark illuminated every page of the old one, either from the original manuscripts or by countless collateral notes. The light thus thrown on the great fur rivers was scarcely greater than that he shed on the fur moun- tains and prairies by his three volumes on Pike, supplemented by another on Fowler. Similar was his illumination of the upper region where Pike had shown us only dawn- ing rays. Thanks to the Thompson and Hen- ry explorations, Dr. Coues could display the Canadian belt from Lake Superior to the mouth of the Columbia in all its amplitude, and that beginning in the eighteenth cen- tury. The work now before us on Larpenteur brings the series up to thirteen volumes, "congruing," a Shaksperian might say, "in a full and natural close, like music." The six volumes from Larpenteur, Fowler, and Henry were all compiled from the ori- ginal manuscripts of their authors, and had never before been printed. But for Dr. Coues, it is not likely they would any of them have been published at all. Their hair- breadth escapes before they came into his custody must soon have turned into catas- trophes, and our zest in reading the pages is doubled by thinking how long their sur- vival hung on an attenuated thread. The edi- tor's persistence in quest of new material for building up the history of the American West during its infantile decades is note- worthy, and deserved the astonishing suc- cess which has crowned his labors. His finds within his chosen fields seem analogous to the recent classical discoveries through Egyptian excavations, and must encourage him to be sanguine of further success where others have despaired. In our critical era, the narrative of Lar- penteur will seem rather incredible to many, but not after reading the confirmations strong as proofs from Holy Writ which Dr. Coues has gleaned in undesigned coinci- dences of many varieties and from a cloud of witnesses. In this regard his annotations are on the model of Paley's 'Horse Paulinas' — a work we fear he has never read. Dr. Coues's text is made up from brief notes which had been jotted down all along during Larpenteur's active life, and from a large volume covering the same ground and writ- ten out by him in his last years. It was, however, a clerical copy of this journal which was first discovered. Rich, racy idioms abound throughout, which readers feel must have come hot from the heart of the ad- venturous frontiersman; but they are im- bedded in matter of quite another style. Hence we are harassed by doubts on many a page how far we are perusing the genuine protevangelium. These doubts are doubled by a remark of the editor that "there was scarcely a sentence in all the original writ- ing that did not need to be recast to some extent" (p. xxvi). The autobiographer may overrate his own exploits, like the fly on a coach-wheel crying, What a dust we kick up! But for such an infirmity we can make allowance, and know the editor has no share in that. Larpenteur, when a boy of eleven years, was brought from France to Baltimore, and ten years thereafter was carried off by the Western fever to St. Louis. Five years later, in 1833, when twenty-six, he engaged in the fur trade, in which he persevered with little interruption for forty years, mainly on the upper Missouri and its affluents. His first objective point, the mouth of the Yellow- stone, eighteen hundred channel miles above St. Louis, was reached by a circuitous route —so much so that at the Continental Divide it touched on waters which flow into the Pacific. In the course of this journey, Lar- penteur, who had been reluctantly accepted as a common hand, gave proof of uncommon capacity and so was put in a position from which an incompetent clerk was displaced. This first grand march of forty-five men on mule-hack lasted five months, and glimpses of its nature we catch from pen- cillings by the way. Each man, nominally master of three mules, was often mastered by them. One was left behind by his trio and could not overtake them till evening; another was bucked off and thrown on a clump of prickly pear, etc. Days of work were followed by guard duty at night. A sleeper bitten by a mad wolf died of hydro- phobia. So did a bull. Another bull, who survived, swam the Missouri with Larpen- teur, who was a poor swimmer, hanging on his tail. Wages, in name ?16.50 a month, were seldom anything at all, being spent be- fore due, to eke out a ration more starveling than any in our Spanish war. Flour, sugar, salt, coffee, each were charged at a dollar a pint, and whiskey five dollars. Two guests of honor moved in the company — Dr. Harri- son, a son of the future first President of the name, who took the tramp, trusting it would prove as eflScacious as the Keely cure for drunkenness, and Capt. Stewart, a Wa- terloo veteran who went along just for fun. Sometimes a day's march ended at noon for building pens horse-high and bull-strong, lest their animals be spirited away in the night, and the men left as helpless as a bird without wings. At the end of perils in the wilderness, the Journalist (as Larpenteur calls himself) worked at building a fort until his time of service expired. His employers were then bought out by their rivals, the American Fur Company, into which, thanks to his record, he was taken as a clerk. The head- quarters of this corporation were at the

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24=4= The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 761 mouth of the Yellowstone, the largest branch of the Missouri and not far from midway between its source and mouth. Their name was Fort Union, or The Big Fort. Here Lar- penteur sat at the table of a master "who was always dressed in the latest London fashions." The truth is, that fur magnates were not a whit behind mediaeval feudal barons, either in irresponsible power or in fuss and feathers. The newcomer was tried in divers tasks and rewarded according to his merits. His promotion on the way up bad been to take the place of a drunken clerk, and, thanks to his own temperance, he became a chief agent in Indian traffic. His customers, however, chose to trade by night, and this native preference laid on him trials of watchings among hordes whom he must first cheat and treat, and then "drag out doors by arms and legs" (p. 74). His whis- key was for a time supplied from a distillery secretly set up in the fort, and it was con- cocted of corn bought of squaws. Moreover, in. spite of laws, penalties, officials (civil and military), whiskey came up on every boat from first to last. It seemed to fly in on the wings of the wind. Larpenteur's arrival on the Yellowstone was one year after the first steamer had, in 1832, forced the first passage so far up stream. Nor was there in that earliest era more than one boat each year. One of these long-looked-for arrivals brought smallpox, but no vaccine matter. Vaccination being impossible, Indians were inoculated, but from so bad a subject that they nearly all died. Then followed suspicion, war, and re- venge on the part of the savages. Our French clerk became more and more serviceable. He took an Indian wife and learned her lan- guage. His power among natives was thus increased, and he was early and often sent on missions to extend his company's sphere of influence. Hut Ms most frequent en- deavor was to recover stolen horses— a spe- cies of property which, being able to carry itself off, as well as a thief and his thievery too— was unaccountably missing; not only after native visitors took leave, but while they were believed to be very distant. Whis- key sufficed for all the missionary's needs, rendering him everywhere and always persona grata. It was his credentials, it ex- cused from the smoking he detested, it brought to light hidden horses and redeemed them. In going to interviews it proved wise to conceal on (he way half his liquor in the earth, as a reserve to be brought forth and turn the scale in a doubtful battle. His services were whole-souled and ef- fectual. Advances were made in his stand- ing and salary, and before five years were over he had been granted half a sabbatical year. This vacation he spent in a journey to his father in Baltimore. In March. L888, as soon as the ice broke, he, with one friend, started down the Missouri in a canoe with two oarsmen. The danger was no trifle, not only from ice-gorges, but because friendly Indians narrowly missed killing them as foes, and hostiles shot at them and pierced their boat with bullets. In returning, he was six weeks In the saddle In nightly perils of horse thieves, and more than once robbed. The next season, 1839, he was sent down to St. Louis, in charge of a fur Meet, a voyage profitable to his firm; yet he was not re- ed until his successor had been cash- lered tor drunkenness. The next spring, however, he ateamed up triumphant and ex- ultant to Fori Union, and was put in com- mand of a party dispatched far from that base to build a new trading post, though soon recalled because "wanted mighty bad in the liquor department" (p. 175). In 1846 he was sent up the great river from the Big Fort even above the future site of Fort Benton. About forty men were in his detail, and thirty of them on the river bank, each with a rope over bis shoulder, cordelled his boat up stream for seventy days. At his northern goal he built a new fort and reached his glorified hour. But here he made what Dante would call the great refusal, for he would not serve- under a West Pointer that was promoted over his head, and was thrown out of service. Henceforth the voyage of his life was bound in shallows and in miseries. He was indeed perpetually reengaged, but year by year threw up his posts, or was thrown out. of them. His own independent initiatives when he was the first man to drive a wagon from St. Paul to the Missouri, and to essay passing from the Missouri to the Flatheads, were failures. So were several partnerships in which he engaged. There is no room here for details, but no reader can lay down the book in which they are told to the life. Our final feeling is that the Journalist was of that class who, in the midst of failures, still find in a career with- out circumscription or confine a zest they could never taste did they abandon their un- housed free condition. Larpenteur's disclosures make nothing more clear than that whiskey was fitly styled by Robert Hall "distilled damnation." Ir- vine's almighty dollar was nothing compared to its pernicious potency in the fur trade. It broke through or crept through all laws and barriers. It turned every fort and fur camp into a saloon. It defrauded Indians of their peltry, crippled their hunting power, aggra- vated their fightings and diseases. The rank and file in fur companies it beguiled into a maximum of work for a minimum of wages. It so increased the risks of the fur business that the percentage of dealers who made mo- ney grew smaller and smaller, till they could all be counted on one's fingers, like the glean- ing of grapes when the vintage is done. There is one link wanting in Dr. Coues's bead-roll which we trust he will supply. It is the journal of D. \V. Harmon, a Vermont- er, "a servant and afterward a partner in the Northwest Fur Company," during the first two decades of our century— a service ended before Larpenteur's began. This production, never printed but once, and that eighty years ago, and not in a way adapted to keep it be- fore the people, is almost as unknown as if it had remained in manuscript. It needs elu- cidation, and evinces the earnest endeavor of a New England Puritan to make the trade in furs a double blessing— to him who gives and bim who takes. Alas, that the endeavor, however well meant, proved the proverbial twisting of a rope of sand. SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE. Scottish Vernacular Literature: A Succinct History. By T. F. Henderson. London: David Nutt. 1898. The want which the present volume is in- tended to supply has been for some time se- riously felt by students of literature. A complete history of Scottish vernacular lite- rature has not before been attempted except in such mere outlines as that of Nichol; and the treatments of parts of the field by Irving and Ross have long been out of date. Prof. Walker's 'Three Centuries of Scottish Lite- rature' is the only recent essay in the field, and the period with which he deals falls after the great age of Douglas and Dunbar. What was needed was a survey of the whole ground, in which the author should avail himself of the material made accessible in the publications of the Text Societies, and should test and coordinate the results of the researches embodied in the introductions to these editions. This Mr. Henderson has at- tempted, and, on the whole, has accomplished satisfactorily. The volume opens with a severely con- densed account of the origin and growth of the Lowland Scottish vernacular itself, and in the course of this an outline is given of the history of Scotland down to the reign of David I. Considering the extremely obscure and difficult nature of the history of these early centuries, we could not expect in such a work as the present much fulness of dis- cussion; but the condensation has been car- ried so far that readers lor whom such a sketch is necessary will find it at points barely intelligible. The account of the dia- lect itself, however, is adequate, the author following, for the most part, the lines laid down by Dr. Murray. It is to be regretted that, with one exception, no references are given in this chapter to works in which a fuller discussion of the language or the his- tory is to be found. Into the main disputed questions connected with the earlier monuments of Scottish poe- try Mr. Henderson has gone with considera- ble thoroughness, and in some cases with substantial results. In the matter of the authorship of the Scottish 'Sir Tristrem,' af- ter a close examination of the passage from Mannyng's Chronicle, he seems to lean to Sir Walter Scott's view that the romance was, after all, written by Thomas of Ercel- doune. Of the relation of this 'Tristrem' to the Continental versions of the same tale, however, he gives only a vague hint, and when he goes on to describe it as "at least the most elaborate and perfect of the early romances dealing with the story of Tristan and Ysoude," one suspects the thoroughness of his knowledge. This suspicion is con- firmed more than once as the history pro- ceeds; for it is precisely where a general knowledge of mediaeval literature outside of Britain is required for a satisfactory treat- ment that the present work is least satisfac- tory. Thus, the 'Legends of the Saints' and the version of the story of Troy which have been attributed to Barbour, are passed over in a sentence each, no indication being given, save by the phrases "internal evidence" and "insufficient evidence," of the reasons for rejecting them. So, also, the whole question of the sources of Henryson's 'Fables' is dis- posed of in the parenthesis, "paraphrased from .Esop" — which, if it means anything, is far from a precise indication of the facts of the case. Again, in his account of Doug- las's 'Palice of Honour,' Mr. Henderson re- peats Small's suggestion of a relation be- tween this poem and Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Progress,' a suggestion which has absolutely no plausibility in the -face of the prevalence of such works as the 'Pelerinage de la Vie Humaine' of Deguilleville. Nor is it clear why he should say that "the distinctive note of The Palice of Honour' is the intermixture of Sacred History and the Christian Faith with Heathen Mythology" (p. 193), when a glance through the French literature of the centuries immediately preceding the date of

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March 30, 1899] The Nation 245 that poem shows that this intermixture is a constant characteristic of that long line of allegories from which 'The Palice of Honour' is descended. The fact is that the value of the work of Mr. Henderson's predecessors in the field of early Scottish literature has been lamentably lessened by this very lack of a perception of its relation to preceding and contemporary Continental literature; and it is disappointing that, in this latest' attempt, so scholarly in many respects, we should again have grounds for the same cri- ticism. On the question of the identity of "Huchown of the Awle Ryale." Mr. Henderson inclines to the usual opinion in favor of Sir Hew of Eglinton, his chief reason being that "his name could scarce have been omitted from the death-roll of Dunbar's stately 'Lament for the Makaris,' " and that no other name in that poem seems to fit. But James I.'s name does not occur in that roll, and the assumption that Dunbar meant his catalogue to be exhaustive is hardly justified. More satisfactory is the attempt to clear Barbour of the charge of having wilfully con- founded his hero with his hero's grand- father, in order to get rid of the awk- wardness of the patriot's early allegiance to the English king. It is pointed out that the misleading words, "the Brwss I spak of ayr" do not occur in Wyntoun's copy of Barbour, and so may be due, not to the poet, but to a copyist. Our author's further argument, that the falsification must have been exposed in Barbour's own genealogy of the Stewarts, seems hardly so strong as he believes, for this genealogy is lost, and we have no proof, since the Stewarts were connected with the Bruces on the female side only, that the 'Stewartis Oryginalle' contained anything about the Bruces farther back than Robert I. The recent attack by Mr. J. T. T. Brown on James I.'s authorship of 'The Kingis Quair' is met and sufficiently answered. A very vigorous attempt is made to prove that 'Peblis to the Play' and 'Christis Kirk on the Green' are also the work of James I., and what seems an adequate reply is given to Prof. Skeat's objections on the score of language, metre, and inappropriateness to the character of "the moral and sententious James the First." But Mr. Henderson does not deal with the point that the identifica- tion of the poem 'At Beltayne,' which Major ascribes to James, with 'Peblis to the Play' — an identification about which he says "there is almost no doubt"— is made under the assumption that there was only one poem beginning with these words. Now 'At Beltayne' means, of course, "on May-day"; and when we consider how frequent such a beginning is in the contemporary poems in other languages, it seems easy to believe that half-a-dczen such may have disappeared among the mass of lost Scottish poetry. Fur- ther, is it easy to believe that a king, how- ever great his sympathy with the commons, was likely to be able to describe, with so in- timate a knowledge as these poems display, the rowdyism of a class of whose manners he must have remained, after all, a spectator? But the most controversial chapter in the book is that dealing with "Traditional Bal- lads and Songs." Here Mr. Henderson makes a vigorous attack on the communal theory of the origin of ballads as held by Mr. A. Lang and Professor Gummere, maintaining that, "as regards the ballad poetry we ac- tually possess," this theory is "founded ra- ther on general a priori considerations than on minute inquiry into facts; and the more one seeks to have recourse to it for an ex- planation of individual examples of the lite- rature for which it professes to account, the more unmistakably does it approve itself a mere 'broken reed.' " The value of his dis- cussion is, however, greatly lessened by the fact that he takes his account of the theory he wishes to demolish, not from the most re- cent statement of it in Prof. Gummere's 'The Ballad and Communal Poetry' (Harvard Studies and Notes,' vol. v.), nor even from the same author's Introduction to his 'Old English Ballads.' but from Mr. Lang's twenty-year-old article in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica.' Thus he wastes much of his powder in attacking positions which no one now seeks to defend; and at the same time leaves unanswered the two most important of his opponent's arguments, viz., that from the impersonal quality which is the distinc- tive mark of the traditional ballad, and that from the community of subject-matter among the ballads and folk-tales of all nations. Having thrown aside the communal theory as useless, at least as regards actually exist- ing ballads, Mr. Henderson turns to the theo- ries of minstrel authorship, professing on the whole an allegiance to that of Mr. Court- hope, with modifications. The modifications are chiefly these: (1) that the later minstrels, who. according to Courthope, made the bal- lads out of material supplied by chansons dc geste, romances, lays, or fabliaux, were not necessarily degenerate; (2) that "some of the Scots traditional ballads were originally the work of poets other than minstrels." This position he seeks to support by an in- vestigation of the dates of those historical ballads which are supposed to be most an- cient, the general tendency of his results be- ing to reduce considerably the usual esti- mate of their antiquity. The only point we need note here is his suggestion that Sir Patrick Spens was really a Sir Patrick Vans, who was chcsen ambassador to negotiate the marriage of James VI. with Anne of Denmark; and that what is perhaps the most famous of Scots ballads Is thus only about three hundred years old (not two hundred as he, surely by a slip, says). The chapter closes with an admirably effective reply to the at- tempts of Chappell and others to deny the Scottish origin of any of the tunes to which the ballads and popular songs were tradi- tionally attached. The distinctive feature of Mr. Henderson's treatment of the Scottish poets in general is the attention he bestows on metre. His notes on versification in the 'Centenary Burns' had already led us to expect from him some more comprehensive treatment of Scottish metres, and we are not sure that it would not have been a gain had the valuable contributions here made to this subject been published separately. As it is, the amount of space devoted to technical discussion of this kind occasionally forces him to rather summary treatment of other things, as, for instance, when Sir David Lyndsay's 'Monar- chic' is dismissed in four lines, in which it is spoken of as 'The Dialog,' no mention being made of it under its more usual title. We have dealt in some detail with those opinions in the present volume which seemed to call for further discussion; but it would be a mistake to allow the consideration of these points, for the most part somewhat minute, to blind us to the general excellence of the work. Throughout, Mr. Henderson gives proof of a first-hand knowledge of nearly all the monuments he discusses; his appreciation is sympathetic and discriminat- ing; and his style, if not one of much dis- tlnctlon, is clear and serviceable. The pub- lication of the volume marks a step in the advance of Scottish scholarship. Democracy: A Study of Government. By James H. Hyslop. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1899. Should all those who have like feelings concerning our politics accept Prof. Hys- lop's proposals, we might soon look for bet- ter times. Undoubtedly, a very general feel- ing of distrust and apprehension prevails, which is reflected in a steady stream of cri- ticism and complaint. But of this, Prof. Hyslop thinks, we have had more than enough. It is high time that something po- sitive and constructive should be proposed. Wearied, then, "with the perpetual grum- bling which is either unable to see a way out of the confusion, or too cynical and hopeless to try an escape," he has ventured to offer for debate a complete system of gov- ernment which is neither a reaction towards monarchy nor an acceptance of the status quo. It is, of course, an ideal system that is proposed, but it is an ideal to be kept steadily in mind when practical measures of reform are undertaken. Because of the weariness of criticism to which Prof. Hyslop refers, most readers will turn at once to that part of his book enti- tled "Practical Remedies," and we can fol- low their example without inconvenience. This we may do, because the major premise of the argument is simply that reform must come through the honesty and intelligence of the officers of government. The problem is to secure such officers, and the solution is to be found in the limitation of the suf- frage. In order to establish the proposition that the possession of property tends to make the citizen demand honesty and intelligence in his rulers, Prof. Hyslop frankly denies the existence of such a demand on the part of the "proletariat," and exposes the fal- lacy of supposing that#any educational test can establish the existence of virtue in those who pass it. Experience has shown that such tests are of no value in determining the political intelligence of an electorate. On the other hand, Prof. Hyslop labors ear- nestly to prove that the possession of wealth, or the "economic criterion," is a test of such virtue as qualifies for civic rights and duties. His reasoning is clear and strong; but it is unfortunate for his argument that he should not have sought historical confir- mation of his contention. Those who hold that it is vain to attempt any limitation of the suffrage, we may say ' at once, will find nothing practical in Prof. Hyslop's remedies. Yet we cannot ignore the fact that in several of the States very severe restrictions of the suffrage have recently taken place, and it is not unreasonable to consider that similar restraints may else- where be adopted. What is proposed as a qualification for the electorate is not the possession of land, but the possession of an income, to be established by the payment of a tax on it. It is not the mere possession of wealth, but the qualities that are necessary for its acquisition, which constitute the test, and these economic virtues are to be found especially in the middle class. The political excellencies of this class were ex- tolled formerly more than they have been in recent years, and it is refreshing to have

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246 The ZNTation [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 their claims again put forth In Prof. Hyslop's vigorous and uncompromising language. It Is not easy to defend the common people against the specific charges of incapacity for self-government which he brings against them, nor to deny that the grossest of our political abuses are connected with the ex- cessive enlargement of the franchise. To commit the government to the hands of the middle class, however, would not be a complete remedy. There must be an al- teration in the machinery of government, which is to consist chiefly in the establish- ment of two courts, one to confirm the ap- pointments of the Executive, the other to overthrow them. We should apprehend the complete destruction of responsibility under such a system, could we conceive it to ope- rate if it were ever established. The con- stitution of the court of impeachment and removal especially is so peculiar as to place It outside of political possibility. The mem- bers of this court are to be drawn from a college nominated years in advance of their actual service, and it is quite incredible that even the middle class of our people would tolerate a government under which a few men appointed, perhaps, by Presi- dent Cleveland, should have the absolute power of turning all President McKinley's appointees out of office. The situation in President Johnson's time was grave enough to deter us from further experiments in that direction. While Prof. Hyslop's devices may be re- garded rather as curiosities of speculation than as possible institutions, we cannot re- frain from expressing some surprise at his condemnation of "checks and balances." Under the name of "inhibition," he brings in more checks than the writers of the 'Fede- ralist' ever dreamt of, and in the flow of his argument he often employs the term "check" instead of "inhibit." The term appears to be selected on account of its use by physiologists, and although Prof. Hyslop carefully explams why a political state is not an organism, he appears to be at times carried awajfc by the analogy which may be made out between them. The most serious defect in his work, to some readers, will be his assumption that government is an institution which must have more and more to do. It may be contended, on the other hand, that government undertakes now far more than it ought to or than It has ever given signs that it is fitted to. In this view, the only hope of reform consists in re- ducing the members of the governing class and their opportunities for plunder and op- pression, until the emoluments of power shall be insufficient for the support of our two standing armies of politicians. It is hardly disputed that nothing done by gov- ernment is done so well as similar work Is done by private enterprise, and if this is true, it is certainly unnecessary to con- cede that further extensions of govern- mental activity are required by political evo- lution. Students of political science will probably be more attracted by Prof. Hyslop's broad historical generalizations than by his prac- tical suggestions. He calls attention to the Influence of religious beliefs and philoso- phical theories on the development of civil government, finding In the growth of monism in religion and philosophy the cause or concomitant of the conception of universal empire. We fall to understand how the dominion of the polytheistic and unphilo- sophical Romans is explained by this theory; but, without arguing that point, we may say that the author's conclusions are extremely pregnant, If not profound. Al- together his book is an exceptionally racy, vigorous, and compact review of political evolution, and it well deserves the atten- tion, not only of students, but also of that conservative middle class whose prosperity implies the general welfare. The Successors of Homer. By W. C Law- ton. The Macmillan Co. 1898. The general neglect by students of lite- rature of the fragments of the epic "cycle" is easily accounted for. They have no spe- cial beauty, they are too short to convey any definite idea of the original whole; in brief, their interest is due almost wholly to the fact that they show that the epic impulse, though it lasted for some centuries after the completion of the 'Iliad' and the 'Odys- sey,' had rapidly lost its early creative force. The 'Cypria,' 'Little Iliad,' and the rest were the work of imitative poets, who, offended in their historical instincts, desired that the "Wrath of Achilles" and the "Return of Odysseus," mere episodes in the tale of Troy, should take their proper rank in a great historical sequence of epic lays. It was inevitable that this ambition should produce chronicles rather than poems. The unity that comes of a limited subject, that had given the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' a claim to be considered organic wholes, was not to be attained by poets so embarrassed by their wealth of material. It is not so easy to explain the scant at- tention paid by English critics to the Ho- meric Hymns. It is true that their lan- guage has not the sustained beauty of the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey,' and that they have many of the marks of a period in which the epic had lost its spontaneity and the digam- ma was shamelessly neglected. Of the thir- ty-four that are extant, only five repay care- ful study; but no review of Greek poetry that does not take into account the Hymns to Apollo and Demeter can be considered complete. They have been ignored by Prof. Jebb in his work on 'Classical Greek Poetry,' and by J. A. Symonds, whose 'Greek Poets' ranks as one of the very few hand- books of literature that can be read with- out weariness. Walter Pater Is perhaps the only English essayist who has done jus- tice to the beauty of the Hymn of Demeter. Mr. Lawton, in the volume before us, makes a praiseworthy if somewhat uninspired at- tempt to open up for English readers the rather barren field of the cyclic epic; he describes and partly translates the chief Hesiodlc poems, the Homeric Hymns, and, lastly, the philosophic treatises in hexame- ter. The analysis of a long Greek poem can hardly fall to seem flat to the general reader who cannot read the original, unless, indeed, the writer possesses a delicate touch and the gift of imagination. In interest and suggestiveness Mr. Lawton, though his treat- ment is conscientious, is no match for J. A. Symonds, whose chapter on Hesiod shows an insight and a scholarly temper that make Mr. Lawton's appreciation seem amateurish by contrast. There Is more reason for Mr. Lawton's chapter on the Homeric Hymns, because of their previous conspicuous ne- glect. We cannot consider his translations happy. The English hexameter, as a medium of translations, is fatally adapted to bald ren- derings. Mr. Lawton does not escape the snares that lie about the feet of the trans- lator of epic — snares that might be avoided by any reader of Matthew Arnold who should be endowed with a sense of humor. What would the author of "The Art of Translating Homer" have said to the description of Zeus (p. Ill): Mr. Lawton is not always as unhappy aa this; but any one who compares his verse- rendering of the most beautiful passage of the Demeter Hymn with Pater's prose ver- sion will appreciate the superiority of ex- quisite English prose over the artificial doggerel that translators still offer the "Eng- lish reader" who desires to understand the fascinations of Greek poetry. The Demeter Hymn was exhumed at Moscow in the Im- perial Library as late as 1780, and exists in a single manuscript — facts which Mr. Lawton omits to mention. Of all the Homeric Hymns it is the most beautiful in Its imagery and descriptions. The myth of Demeter and Persephone is perhaps the most interesting of all myths, partly because it came to have a strong ethical significance, and partly be- cause in it was symbolized for the Greek mind the mysterious life of the earth. The description of the narcissus that tempted Persephone is worth quoting here: "She was playing with the deep-breasted daughters of Oceanos, and gathering flowera, roses and crocus and pretty pansles, In a soft meadow, and flags and hyacinth, and that great narcissus that earth sent up for a snare to the rose-faced girl, doing service by God's will to Him of the Many Guests. The blossom of it was wonderful, a marvel for gods immortal and mortal men; from the root of it grew a hundred heads, and the incensed smell of it made all the wide sky laugh, and all the earth laugh, and the salt smell of the sea. The girl wondered and reached out both her hands to take the beau- tiful plaything. Then yawned the broad- wayed earth by the plain of Nysa, and the deathless horses broke forth, and the Cronos- born king, He of the Many Names, of the Many Guests; and he swept her away on his golden chariot." Mr. Lawton's discussion of "Hexameter In the Hands of the Philosophers" is very slight. He deals briefly with Xenophanes, Parmenides and Empedocles, and again, In the case of the last two, provokes unfavorable comparisons with Symonds. His little book is unpretentious and painstaking, and will probably be useful to the "English reader," who can take so many short cuts to great authors nowadays that his innate conviction of the futility of consulting the originals Is daily nourished. It is to be hoped that others will understand the allusion to the "similar death of Massachusetts^ favorite son" (p. 145); we are completely at a loss to explain it. We wish that Mr. Lawton would not refer to Homer as "Poeta Sovrano," but perhaps this is captious. On p. 27 we note the misprint "rurtlck" for "furtlck." Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege. By Sir George S. Robertson, K.C.S.I., author of 'The Kafirs of the Hlndu-Kush.' 8vo, pp. 368, with illustrations. Charles Scribner'e Sons. This very attractive book is the story of the siege of the fort at Chitral, high up among the mountains which separate the tributaries of the Indus from those of the Oxus, close to the "roof of the world." It is the detailed account, from the personal

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March 30, 1899] point of view, of the campaign of the late winter and spring of 1895, which Major Younghusband has sketched in outline in his •Indian Frontier Warfare,' where the opera- tions for the relief of the beleaguered fort are chosen as illustrations of difficult moun- tain campaigning. Sir George Robertson was the civil of- ficial of the British Indian Government charged with the political agency for the region north of the Punjab, in which was the independent native principality of Chi- tral, coextensive with the narrow valley of that name, walled in by mountain ranges covered with perpetual snow, and laterally accessible only by passes high above the snow line, regarded as impracticable in win- ter. Sir George's headquarters were at Gil- ghit. The Chitral and Gilghit Rivers rise near each other on opposite sides of a range, the first flowing southwest into the Kabul, close to Jalalabad, and so into the Indus near Peshawar, the other running southeast into the Indus much higher up. The streams named enclose a quadrilateral of terribly rough country, which includes the Swat valley, itself the scene of a recent fierce struggle between the English and the mountaineers. The outbreak in Chitral began with the assassination of the ruling Mehtar or chief- tain by his half-brother, who tried to usurp the throne. But the inheritance was claim- ed by two others of the family, and the adherents of each gathered to support their leader's claims. Here were all the elements of a petty Oriental convulsion, especially as the neighboring tribes were for various reasons in a powdery condition, ready for an explosion. Robertson's position had much resemblance to that of our officers and Indian agents in the Rocky Mountains when an outbreak occurs there. From Gil- ghit he had communication ■ with a couple of small posts in the valley above him; then, over the ridge, was a small fort at Mastuj in a valley tributary to Chitral, which was some sixty miles below. When hostilities break out, communication between such posts becomes very precarious, and, like our own, the English officers find their responsibi- lities greatly increased by the difficulty of getting messengers through from one to an- other. The petty garrisons were about a hundred men each, generally Sepoys, of which the Sikhs and Gurkhas were the best. The military officers were captains and lieu- tenants subordinate to the civil agent, with whom lay the responsibility of dealing with the natives. The forts were native strong- holds, usually square enclosures with corner towers, all built of timber and masonry in alternate layers, the stones laid in mud mor- tar. The British troops were regarded mere- ly as escorts for the political agent and his assistants, and did not occupy the forts in time of peace. At the moment of the murder at Chitral, Robertson had a junior assistant there with a handful of men as an escort, and the as- sassin demanded of him recognition on the part of the Indian Government. The assist- ant, Lieut. Gurdon, parried the demand by urging lack of power for so weighty a de- cision, and the necessity of referring the matter to his superiors. By great coolness, Gurdon managed to postpone hostilities till Robertson could collect three or four hun- dred men at Gilghit and start to his relief early in January. The latter reached Chitral on the 1st of February, after a most diffi- The ZSTation. cult march, and found that the country down the valley was In arms for another pretender backed by the Khan of Jandol, who, in turn, was supposed to be instigated by the Amir of Kabul, glad to make trouble for the Eng- lish. By skilfully temporizing, Robertson succeeded in keeping the parties from active war during another month, but by the 1st of March the party about Chitral melted away by desertions, and the pretender in the camp of Umra Khan advanced with a strong force, numbering some thousands, and, after a sharp combat with the English, drove them into the fort and established a siege. Robertson declared for his Govern- ment in favor of an innocent boy who was one of the numerous half-brothers of the murdered Mehtar, and who with a number of his headmen was also in the fort. A close siege was maintained for six weeks, during which time the skilful Pathan riflemen made it almost certain death to show a head above the ramparts. Two smaller bodies of troops trying to open com- munication with the garrison were surround- ed and destroyed. By the end of March the Indian Government had organized two col- umns of relief, one at Gilghit under Col. Kelly, and the other on the Peshawar fron- tier, a whole division under Gen. Sir Robert Low. Kelly's was a little quicker in motion and reached Chitral on the 20th of April, but Low's heavier force had gone to the heart of the matter by forcing its way across the Swat Valley into the home country of the Khan of Jandol, bringing him back in haste from the support of the pretender, who was keeping up the siege, but who was un- equal to fighting Robertson when reinforced by Kelly. Sir George has happily made his story a familiar narrative, in which we become per- sonally acquainted with the group of his fine young subordinates and with the native per- sonages with whom he has to deal. By giving us even the minutiae of passing oc- currences and the conduct of those about him, we are enabled to understand the native people, their military and social character, the personal traits of the different classes of Sepoy soldiers, and the features of the moun- tain region which was the romantic thea- tre of operations. The marches of Low and Kelly are also told with fulness enough to make us feel how formidable a task it is to break over such passes as the Lowari and the Shandur, while they are still block- ed by the deep snows of winter. The illus- trations include photograph portraits of the men most frequently named in the story, British and native, singly and in groups; a good topographical map; reconnaissance sketches of some of the fortified gorges; and, best of all, a fine series of photographs of the valleys, the mountains, and the forts. In matter and form alike, the result is a most satisfactory book. 24=7 Elizabeth, Empress of Austria. A Memoir by A. De Burgh. With eighty illustrations. London: Hutchinson & Co.; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1899. The Martyrdom of an Empress. With portraits and photographs. Harper & Bro. 1899. Of irresponsible gossip concerning the un- fortunate Empress of Austria there has been a plenty, both during her lifetime and since her tragic death; but legitimate interest in her history has hardly been satisfied by the rhapsodic German recollections of her Greek reader, Christomanos, and others who came under her spell, nor will the two English biographies which aim to tell the complete story of her life be accepted as trust- worthy accounts. A. De Burgh's attractively illustrated volume, although scarcely more sober in its estimate of the character of Elizabeth, is decidedly less sensational in its treatment than the story of 'The Martyr- dom.' It may, however, be briefly dismissed as the product of an unskilled pen. There is neither unity nor proportion nor sound judgment to be found in the book. The chapter on "The Empress as an Architect," and such remarks as, "Of prose-writers she especially admired George Eliot and Lord Byron. . . . She is also reported to have been particularly struck with the imaginative power of Marie Corelll's writings," give us the full measure of the biographer's critical capacity. Countless misprints and misstate- ments testify to his ignorance of Austrian matters (as well as to the carelessness of the publishers' part In the work) ; but even after reading of Golufcowski/ and Tisfca and Count Munkaesy, one is rather startled at seeing a portrait of the youngest son of the Arch- duchess Otto labelled the "direct heir to the throne," the fact being that the child is a nephew of the heir- apparent, Franz Ferdi- nand, and only very remotely connected with the succession. 'The Martyrdom of an Empress' claims more serious attention only as being osten- sibly the work of a lady closely attached for years to the person of the late Empress and her confidante at critical moments. This claim is apparently sustained by the recital of incidents of which only the Empress and her biographer were witnesses, and the dis- closure of secrets which have hitherto been considered impenetrable even by those in close relations with the court circles of Vi- enna. Thus, the story of Elizabeth's es- trangement from her imperial husband and of her reconciliation to him, during the first years of their married life, Is told with melo- dramatic force, and the account of the ca- tastrophe at Mayerling is here given with a fulness of particulars such as, to our know- ledge, has never before reached the public. More than this, we have a report of a con- versation between Crown Prince Rudolph and the writer, on the subject of his conjugal misery, in the course of which she called him "Rudi" and "my dear boy." Where her own personal knowledge is incomplete, old nurses and gypsies, and apparitions, and por- tents complete a story the dramatic vivid- ness of which Louise Muhlbach might have envied. And yet the same person who knows the inmost secrets of the Austrian court speaks of the Queen-Regent of Spain as the favorite niece of the Emperor Francis Jo- seph, of Archduke Albrecht as his uncle; writes as if a Qroschen were a current Aus- trian coin to-day (whereas it has been out of date for half a century and more); per- sistently spells the Empress's birthplace Possenhof fen ; and reports a conversation between the Empress and "Professor Rhous- sopoulos," which in reality took place be- tween her and Dr. Max Falk, as related by him in the Neue Freie Presse shortly after her death. In other words, her ignorance of matters which every child in Austria knows —she actually writes, "There was not a more popular man in the Austro-Hungarian army, nor in the length and breadth of the dual empire, than the Archduke" (Albrecht,

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248 Tlie Kation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 76 1 the haughtiest and most reactionary of all the Austrian princes) — furnishes the gravest rea- son for doubting the authenticity of her re- velations. At best, her estimate of Eliza- beth as a woman "cast in a mould that had not one weak point in its make" shows her unfitness for her task. And her censure of the other actors in the drama which she de- picts is as undiscriminating as her praise of her heroine. The liaisons of Francis Joseph and the intrigues of his mother may have darkened the early life of the Empress, and the tactlessness of her daughter-in-law em- bittered her later years; but stronger proof of the facts is required than the wholesale charges contained in these anonymous me- moirs, the publishers of which ought to have offered to the public some guarantee of their genuineness. If it is the misfortune of kings, as Johann Jacoby said, that they do not want to hear the truth, it is the pecu- liar misfortune of Elizabeth of Austria — from all accounts as high-minded and truth- loving, with all her eccentricities, as she was beautiful — that the true story of her strange and sad life is apparently not to be told even after her death. the Moon. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abrahams, Israel. Chapters od Jewish Literature. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication .Society. $1.2.1 Alexander, Mrs. Brown, V. C. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.25. Bentzon, Th. Nouvelle-France terre. Notes de voyage. Paris Dyrsen & Pfeiffer. Iici-genic, Cyrano de. A Voyage Douhleday & MeClure Co. 50e. Cameron, Prof. A. G. Selections and Jules de Goncourt. American Book Co. $1.20. Caini'hell, K. J. The Restored Innocence. Dodd, Mead & Co. 50c. „ _ Carryl. C. E. Y. The River Syndicate, and Other Stories. Harpers. $1.25. _ Daniell, M. G. Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome. Boston: Ginn & Co. _ , . _ , Deloup, Maximilian. The American Salad Book. New York: G. R. Knapp. $1.25. Eliade, Pompiliu. De l'lnfluence Francaise sur l'Esprit Public en Roumanie. Paris: Ernest Le- roux. Ferrell, Prof. C. C. Grillparzer's Sappho. Boston: Ginn & Co. 65c. „ „ , Fontaine, Prof. C. Dumas's La Tulipe Noire. Bos- ton: D. C. Heath & Co. 40c. Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Letters from Japan. 2 vols. Maemillan. $7.50. ,_ „_ _ G le W. A. M. With Sampson through the War. Douhleday & MeClure Co. $2.50, Gray, J. C. The Biblical " Vol. I. E. R Herriek & Co. $2, Harper's Bazar. 1898. Harpers Harper's Magazine. luseum. Revised ed. vols. Harpers. 398. Harpers. Harpers. Harper's Round Table. Harper's Weekly. 189^. Henderson, W. J. The Orchestra and Orchestral Music. Scribuers. $1.25. Herron, G. D. Between Caesa Crow-ell & Co. 75c. „ _ Hewlett Maurice. Earthwork out of Tuscany. 2d ed. London: Dent; New York: Putnams Hind. Lewis. The Enchanted Stc~- & Co. $1.25. and Jesus. Dodd, Irwin, H. S. Helena. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.25. Jacobs, Joseph. The Story of Geographical Dis- covery. Appletous. Johnston, Sir H. H. A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. Cambridge: University Press; New York: Maemillan. $1.50. Keiuliiley, S. R. The Silver Cross. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Lie, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. LVIII. Ubaldini -Wakefield. Maemillan. $3.75. Legras, Jules. En Siberie. Paris: Colin & Ole. Mason, Caroline A. The Minister of Carthage. Douhleday & MeClure Co. 50c. McCarthy, Justin. The Story of the People of England in the Nineteenth Century. Part I. l.siiM-1835. Putnams. $1.50. Noble, F. P. The Redemption of Africa. 2 vols. F. H. Revell Co. $4. Parmele, Mary P. A Short History of Spain. Scrihners. 60c. Parsons, S., jr. How to Plan the Home Grounds. Douhleday & MeClure Co. $1. . Ratinesrjue, C. S. Ichthyologia Ohiensis. Cleve- land: Burrows Bros. Co. $4. Raine, Allen. By Berwen Banks. Appletons. Sands, Rear-Admiral B. F. From Reefer to Rear- Admiral. F. A. Stokes Co. Scott, Dr. J. F. Heredity and Morals as Affected by the Use and Abuse of the Sexual Instinct. E. B. Treat & Co. $2. Thackeray, W. M. Denis Duval, etc. [Biographical Edition.] Harpers. $1.75. The Annual Literary Index. 1898. Publishers' Weekly. Waliszewski, K. Maryslenka. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2 Wharton, Edith. The Greater Inclination. Scrib- ners. $1.50. Wiener, Prof. Leo. The History of Yiddish Lite- rature in the Nineteenth Century. Scribuers. $2. Williams, A. M. Under the Trade Winds. Provi- dence: Preston & Rounds Co. $1. Winston, N. B. Waters that Pass Away. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.25. KERNER'5 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 4 Parts. Cloth, $15, net, carriage, $1. A beautiful book with over 2,000 original illustra- tions, 10 of them full-page plates in colors. Nation: "The lucidity of style is remarkable. . . . Aliuosl all the newer developments, even those not vet accepted universally by botanists, arc given with a gr.'at. degree of fulness. . . . A popular work on the "phe- nomena of vegetation which is praclicallv without any rival ... a brilliant style." ' N. Y. Times: "A magnificent work. . . . Superb illustrations." Boston Transcript: "A monumental work." The Critic: " In wonderfully accurate but easily com- prehended descriptions, it opens to the ordinary reader the results of botanical research down to the present time." The. Outlook: "... For the first time we have in the Kngli.-li language n great work upon the li\ ing plant, profound, ill a sense exhaustive, throughh reliable, but in language simple and beautiful enough' to attract a child. . . . The plates are most of them of unusual beauty. Author, translator, illustrators, publishers, have united I nake work a succes HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 W. 23d St., NEW YORK; 378 Wabash Av., CHICAGO. Mr. John Lane has Just Published THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILLIAM WAT- SON. Crown 8vo, 305 pp., designed cover, $2.50. The /.mi, In, I !>,,//,/ Chronicle, sal's: " A8 We look through this collected edition -If ills work we feel ' 'h's^i-wy;-a":,;;rs,t,::!';::;;;iami continued in and tl blsgl i- pentameter. Pregnant, How inexhaustibly from we venture to predict, w 140 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. Will the wheat supply keep up with the increase in population? Edward Atkinson presents many new facts bearing upon this important question in Appletons' Popular Science Monthly for April. Books by Horatio W. Dresser Methods and Problems of Spiritual Healing. 16mo, pp. 101, $1.00. This valuable little volume contains tie- latest thought on the phenomena of metaphysical healing, and is the ripe result of many years of personal experience and observation. Previous volumes by the same author: The Power of Silence. An Interpretation of Life in Its Relation to Health and Happiness. Ninth Edition. lOmo, $1.25. The Perfect Whole. An Essay on the Conduct and Meaning of Life. Third Edition. lOino, $1.25. The Heart of It. Compiled from " The Power of Silence" and " The Per- fect Whole," by HEI.K.N I'AMl-IIBLL 1111(1 KATHARINE Westkndorf, with a Preface by Helen Campbell. 10mo,75 cents. Voices of Hope and Other Messages from the Hills. A Series of Essays on the Problem of Life, Optimism, and the Christ. lOmo, $1.25. In Search of a Soul. A Series of Essays in Interpretation of the Higher Na- ture of Man. Second Edition. lOmo, $1.25. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London. BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN. Edit»d by H. F. Wilson, M. A. iVew vol- ume. Lord Give ; the Foundation of British Rule in India. By Sir A J. Arbdthnot, author of "A Me- moir of Sir Thomas Munro." With photo- gravure frontisDiece and 2 maps. Crown 8vo, 11.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. David A. Wells's article on Taxation, in Apple- tons' Popular Science Monthly for April, con- tains conclusions of great interest to taxpayers. NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS. PORTRAIT OF RUDYARD KIPLING from the Painting, by Hon. John Collier, exhibited in the New Gallery in 18<J1. Platinotype. Size, CJ4 x 8J4; mounted; 11 x 14, $1.25. THE VAMPIRE. From the Painting by Philip Burne-Jones. Size, 6% x 8^; mounted, 11 x 14, $1.85. M. F. MANSFIELD & A. WESSELS, 22 East 16th St., New York. It would give us pleasure to send to such readers of this paper as are interested, a pamphlet show- ing the strength- saving value of ball bearings in typewriters. DENSMORE TYPEWRITER CO., 316 Broadway, New York. TO BOOK COLLECTORS. Japan Paper and LIMITED TO 204 SETS is offered for $140. Last sets (VZ volumes 1 Here sold by pub- lishers for $150 each. This set is in original boxes, absolutely perfect aud fresh, precisely as delivered from publishers. Address F. G., care of Nation. " TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS." For class use or private students of history. THE REFORMATION VOLUME, $1.25, Including 5 Numbers, aggregating 101 pages. Circulars ) D. C. 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March 30, 1899] The Nation SOME GOOD BOOKS. In Nature's Image Chapters on Pictorial Photography. By W. I. Lincoln Adams. Profusely Illus- trated by Original Photographs from Nature. Large 8vo, cloth, full gilt, in a box, $2.50. Treating portraiture, figure composition, genre, etc., for amateurs. "This is a beautiful book, and as useful in Its way as beautiful."— [Christian Standard. The Gentle Art of Pleasing By Elizabeth Glover. 16mo, cloth, de- corated, gilt top, $1.00. "All in the most kindly, persuasive, and effect- ive manner possible." — [Bridgeport Standard. "The expression of a genuine and intelligent sym- patliy."— [Congrogationalist. Jefferson Wildrider A New England Story. By Elizabeth Glover. 12mo, cloth decorated, gilt top, $1.25. "The real charm of the author's modesty and ■Implicit; lies in the fact that they clothe an ex- cellent instinct for character, a spontaneous story- telling gift, and a delicate and true observation."— [The Criterion. 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vi The INTation. [Vol. 68, No. 176 1 A Series of Brief Memoirs of Eminent Americans THE BEACON BIOGRAPHIES M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE, Editor Messrs. Small, Maynard and Company beg to announce that they will publish on April 15 the first five volumes of THE BEACON BIOGRAPHIES, as follows: PHILLIPS BROOKS, by the Editor DAVID G. FARRAGUT, by JAMES BARNES ROBERT E. LEE, by W. P. TRENT JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, by EDWARD E. HALE, JR. DANIEL WEBSTER, by NORMAN HAPGOOD They are also able to announce the following volumes as in preparation:— JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, by JOHN BURROUGHS EDWIN BOOTH, by CHARLES TOWNSEND COPELAND AARON BURR, by HENRY CHARLES MERWIN JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, by W. B. SHUBRICK CLYMER BENTAMIN FRANKLIN, by LINDSAY SWIFT The reasons which have persuaded the Editor and the Publishers to believe that The Beacon Biogra- phies make their appeal to a fairly general public are these: — The Beacon Biographies, it is thought, are the most beautiful small books ever issued in this country. The cover (in blind and gold on blue cloth) is by Mr. Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, who has done also the standing title-page for the series, which has been engraved on copper. The size is 241110 {^A by 5^ inches), with an average of 140 pages to the volume. The frontispiece portrait which accompanies each is in photogravure. The paper has been selected with great care, and the type used is a new face specially cut. The subjects of the various Biographies as they appear are to be men of the most various significance in American life, so that the series as completed will give biographically the history of American life and character in all its important phases. The normal extent of a Beacon Biography is around 20,000 words. Sixty or seventy years ago books of American biography thus briefly expressed could be obtained generally throughout the country, but they have since been crowded out by the longer Memoirs and formal Lives. From these, now, and from the wealth of related material which has been accumulated in the research of a generation, it is proposed to condense once more the brief statement of essential facts which alone can appeal to the busy American interested in his country's history. The writers who have consented to contribute to the Series are uniformly men who have the point of view of the present generation. With full critical and historical knowledge of the subjects of which they treat, they have not found it necessary to produce dull books, or books without the proper popular appeal. Those who care for biography will find in The Beacon Biographies, it is hoped, the solution of a real want — books at once entertaining, brief, and authentic. Each volume, moreov.er, is to include a bibliography for further reading, and a strict and full list of important dates in chronological order. Price, 75 cents each Circulars of information are now ready, and will be sent on application to the Publishers SMALL, MAYNARD AND COMPANY 6 Beacon Street, Boston

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The Nafei VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 762. THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Scribner's New Educational Books A STUDY OF ENGLISH PROSE WRITERS By J. SCOTT CLARK, A.M., Author of " A Practical Rhetoric," etc., and Professor of the English Language in Northwestern University. Crown 8vo, 879 pages, $2,00 net. " It is a masterpiece of discernment, discrimination, industry, and refined taste. It is a storehouse of competent critical opinion, of biographical infor- mation, and of the winnowed wheat of English literature."— Boston Advertiser. HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE By FERDINAND SCH^VILL, Ph.D., Instructor in Modern History in the University of Chicago; co-author of " Europe in the Middle Age." Crown, 8vo, 450 Pages, §1.50 net. "The present volume is likely to rank as one of the best— in truth it is hard to see in what it could be better. Several reasons can be given fortius judgment, [t follows the joint work of ' Europe in the Middle Age ' by Professors Thatcher and Schwill of the University of Chicago, which was at once accepted as an ideally good book for its purpose. The present takes up the History from 1492, bringing it, up to date, and for a single volume of moderate size I do not know of any which combines so many important features so effectively."— The Philadelphia American. THE PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. By John Grier Hibben, Ph.D., Professor of Logic in Princeton University. Author of " Inductive Logic." 12mo, 81.00. The Application of Psychology to the Science of Education. By Johann Friedrich Herbart. Translated by Beatrice C. Mulliner, B.A. 12mo, $1.50 net. THEORIES OF THE WILL. xander. Author of "A Theory of ilosophy," etc. 12mo, $1.50. The Philosophy of Knowledge. By George Trumbull Ladd, LL.D. 8vo, $4.( The Philosophy of Mind. By George Trumbull Ladd, LL.D. The SCRIBNER SERIES OF SCHOOL READING In Uniform Binding. Each 60 Cents, Net. THE EUGENE FIELD BOOK. Verses, Stories, and Letters for School Reading. Edited by Mary E. Burt Introduction by George W. Cable. 134 pages. and Mary B. Cable. Illustrated. FANCIFUL TALES. By Frank R. Stockton. Edited with Notes for use in Schools, by Julia Elizabeth Langworthy, with an introduction by Mary E. Burt. 135 pages. Illustrated. CHILDREN'S STORIES IN AMERICAN LITERATURE. By Henrietta Christian Wright. First Book, 1660-1860, 249 pages; Second Book, 1860-1896, 277 pages. THE HOOSIER SCHOOL BOY. By Edward Eggleston. Edition specially arranged by the Author for use as a Reader in Schools. 126 pages. Illustrated. POEMS OF AMERICAN PATRIOTISM. Chosen by Brander Matthews. 285 pages. The names of Eggleston, Field, and Stocktoyi are household ones throughout the country, and represent contemporary American literature. Miss BurVs story of the Odyssey is a fascinating preface to the study of Ancient History and Mythology, and is unique in being at the present time used in the Schools of Athens and Berlin in Modern Greek. ODYSSEUS THE HERO OF ITHACA By Mary E. Burt. A Translation of the Story of Odysseus as schools of Athens and Berlin. 120 pages. Illustrated. TWELVE NAVAL CAPTAINS. ly Mollie Elliot Seawell; John Paul Jones, Richard Dale, William Bain- bridge, Richard Somers, Edward Preble, Thomas Truxton, James Law- rence, Oliver H. Perry, Stephen Decatur, Isaac Hull, Charles Stewart, Thomas Macdonough. 233 pages. Illustrated. Miss Wright's two volumes of. stories contain a delightfully vivid and entertaining series of sketches of the chief American writers, and furnish the pre- paration for later studies in literature, while Miss Seawell' s Twelve Naval Captains and Mr. Matthews' collection of Poems of American Patriotism appeal to every enthusiastic boy and girl. Their thrilling recital of noble deeds is a fitting supplement to the more prosaic though necessary text-book study. ETHICS By Friedrich Paulsen, Professor in the University of Berlin. Translated by Frank Thilly, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy in the University < Translator of Weber's " History of Philosophy " and Paulsen's " Introduction to Philosophy." Crown 8vo. In Press. Special Circulars and Catalogues sent upon request. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153=157 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1762 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 249 Editorial Articles: The President's Popularity 252 Investigations 252 The Alliance Imperilled 253 Good Americans in Trouble 254 Special Correspondence: Cardueci's Petrarch 254 Madame de Monaco 256 Correspondence: A Forerunner of Aguinaldo 257 Our Models 257 J. Q. Adams on Cuba's Gravitation 257 Expatriation 258 Errata by Attraction 258 Notes 258 Book Reviews: Shakspere in France 261 Memoirs of Pliny Earle, M.D 263 A History of Rugby School 264 The Structure and Classification of Birds 264 Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics 265 The Story of the Railroad 266 Books of the Week 266 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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TIMO TH Y S SCHO OL for Girls re- tjj opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads of School, Miss M. c. Carter, Miss S. K. Carter. B Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. T'HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares JT for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Elementary classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) M- New York, Utica. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Chestnut Hill. ]\/[RS- COMEGY'SAND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School for Girls. Established in is is Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila.,Pa. School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, /lass. The Second Term now open. 23d Year. ing), Mrs. William Stone (Decorative Design), B. L. Pratt. (Modelling). E. YV. KiiiriMni ( Anatomy), and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars gh ing detailed information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager. The Sauveur Summer School of Languages AT AMHERST COLLEGE, MASS., July 10-August 18. For descriptive pamphlet apply to the Rev. David Spraoue, Amherst, Mass For particulars and circulars of L. Sauveur's Works, address Dr. L. SAUVEUR, 263 Dearborn Av., Chicago, 111. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR OIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn 'Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatorj Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. SUMMER LAW SCHOOL, University of Virginia. 30th Summer Term, July 1 to Sept. 1, 1800. In moun- tainous and non-malarial seel ion of Virginia, 'these 1 ve proved peculiarly profitable to begl irs: practl- to candidate! for admissi. u to the Par and NEW YORK UNIVERSITY Summer Courses. FIFTH YEAR. JULY 10-AUdUST 18. A delightful suburban locality in New York Citv. For announcement, address MARSHALL S. BROWN, University Heights, New York City. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL For Girls, QUINCY, - - MASS. For Illustrated Circular, address HORACE MANN WILLARD, Sc.D., Wollaston, Mass. Rogers Hall School For Girls. Certificate admits to College. Apply to Mrs. K. P. UNDERBILL, Lowell, Mass. Educational. Pensionnat Francais de 1'Academie, In Vermont, and TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACH- ERS OF FRENCH. Spring term of ten weeks opens April 18. Rev. and Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxtou's River, near Bellow's Falls, Vt. Teachers, etc. SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D., . _^ seven years' experience, five years in present plac desires a chair of Latin for 1 lie coining \ ear in a college in Eastern or Middle .states. Has published some. Address Ph.D., care Nation. A, LfOUR YEARS' ACA DEMICAL ± Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wa. Weber,, Belleville, 111. W\ ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR New Haven, Conn. f^RADUA TE ENGLISHMAN, speaking \_J Spanish, thorough teacher, desires posit ion as tutor. Highest references. Frank liter, 0*7 :(d Ave., N. Y. A HARVARD M.A. would like position .zi to teach Classics in Preparatory School, or as pri- vate tutor. Address " B.," care Nation. f^HARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- L^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. THE FISK TEACHERS AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 1 \shburtoii Place, Boston. 1 '-• I _' 1 -1 h St., Washington, loll Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent.Bdg., Minneapolis. 7::n 1 'ooper l'.dg., Denver. r,2r, st ims'n Hk., Los Angeles :i7s Wabash Ave. .Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, Jj. 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. (TCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS O AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the U. S. Established 1S55. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. A « A rranr*tT is valuable in proportion to its in- All AgCllLy tiuence. If it merely hears of va- cancies and tells f U n f is Bometliing,but if itis asked to you about them lllnm TrlPTI flc C. W 6ARDEEN. Syracuse. NY-KeCOIIlIIieiMi* Study and Practice of French in School AV THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance exa'minalioti ai college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. I' miii ICitiiriitinn. Boston: "A well-made series. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and in- teresting." course of in- Are You Thinking? of introducing into your school a SHORTHAND THE BENN PITMAN SYSTEM 1 in been the standard for forty-four years. For full information, address The Phonographic Institute Company, CINCINNATI, O., U.S. A. Hiy go ' cob at great expense to team bookkeeping' Will make FIRST- CLASS BOOKKEEP- 1R of you In 2 to 0 \\ eeks ' AT YOUR HOME for *:!. or RE- TURN MONEY. I find GOOD POSI- TloNstoo! Savethis and WRITE. J. H. GOODWIN. Room 471, 1215 Broadway, New York.

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April 6, 1899] The Nation 111 STANDARD ENGLISH CLASSICS Edited by Competent Scholars, with Special Reference to College-Requirements List, i8gg-igo2. TENNYSON'S THE PRINCESS. Edited bv Albert S. Cook, Professor of the English Language and Litera- ture in Yale University. 187 pages. 40 cents. BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION WITH AMERICA. Edited by Hammond Lamont, Associate Professor of^Rhetoric in Brown University. 152 pages. 40 cents. CARLYLE'S ESSAY ON BURNS. Edited by Charles L. Hanson, Teacher of English in the Mechanic Arts High School, Boston, Mass. Boards. 84 pages. 30 cents. MACAULAY'S ESSAY ON MILTON. Edited by Herbert A. Smith, Instructor in English in Yale University. Paper. 82 pages. 25 cents. MACAULAY'S ESSAY ON ADDISON. Edited by Herbert A. Smith. 130 pages. 35 cents. Milton and Addison bound in one volume, 50 cents. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. Edited by M. Grant Daniell. 145 pages. 35 cents. DRYDEN'S PALAMON AND ARCITE. Edited by G. E. Eliot, Jr., Instructor in English, Morgan School, Clinton, Conn. 93 pages. 35 cents. DE QUINCEY'S REVOLT OF THE TARTARS. Edited by W. E. Simonds, Professor of English Literature, Knox College, Ga'esburg, 111. 84 pages. 30 cents. POPE'S TRANSLATION OF THE ILIAD. Books I., VI., XXII., and XXIV. Edited by William Tappan. 114 pages. 35 cents. GEORGE ELIOT'S SILAS MARNER. Edited by R. ADELAIDE Wn ham, Toucher of English in Latin High School, Somerville, Mass. 252 pages. 50 cents. COLERIDGE'S ANCIENT MARINER. Edited by L. R. Gibbs. 53 pages. 25 cents. GOLDSMITH'S VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. 222 pages. 40 cents. SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY PAPERS. Edited by Mary E. Litchfield, Editor of Spenser's pages. 40 cents. ■Britomart." ITS SHAKESPEARE'S MACBETH. Edited by Rev. Dr. Henry N. Hudson. 203 pages. 35 cents. EDMUND BURKE'S LETTER TO A NOBLE LORD. Edited by Albert H. Smyth, Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Philadelplua Certral High School. 83 pages. 30 cents. COOPER'S LAST OF THE MOHICANS. Edited by John B. Dunbar, Instructor in English, Boys' High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 512 pages. 60 cents. MILTON'S PARADISE LOST, BOOKS I. AND II. LYC1DAS. Edited by Homer B. Sprague. 196 pages. 40 cents. AND BOSTON. Descriptive Circulars of these books will be sent, postpaid, to any address, upon application. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. LONDON. I A GUIDE TO THE WILD FLOWERS f By ALICE LOUNSBERRY. Illustrated by Mrs. ELLIS ROWAN With an Introduction by Dr. NATHANIEL L. BRITTON 64 beautiful full-page COLORED plates, showing 79 different plants, and 100 black-and-white plates, show- ing 103 plants, together with 54 diagrams. Better illustrated than any similar book. Makes reading a pleasure. Contains descriptions of nearly joo plants, — many more than any similar book. Many of America's most beautiful and unusual flowers, found in no other popular work, are given here. It is complete in itself, employing no technical terms that it does not define, and requiring no other book to make it intelligible. Condensed and free from padding, it is not too large to be a handy companion in the woods, fields and roads. Arranged according to the kind of Soil in which plants grow, — the most natural classification. Family, Color, Odor, Range, and Time of Bloom are all given in each case. Indexes of Common Names, Scientific Names and Colors aid in making identification easy. As a text-book for the instruction of beginners — children or adults — the book is unexcelled. While enjoyable and readable, it is strictly correct and in accordance with the latest scientific research. Non-botanists will enjoy it as much as botanists, and will learn much with little effort. Mrs. Rowan is the world's greatest painter of wild flowers. She has won more medals than are possessed by any other woman, and she recently refused $75,000 offered by the German Government for her col- lection. Her drawings are from the fresh flowers in or near their homes. While artistic and beau- tiful, they are technically correct. Dr. Nathaniel L. Brition, Director of the New York Botanical Garden, Emeritus Professor of Botany, Columbia University, and author of "An Illustrated Flora," has made suggestions for the scientific part of the text and has written an introduction. Size 5^x 7. For sale by all Inches. Cover designed by fliss Amy Richards 'ooksellers, Cloth, $12.50 net. Field Edition, full leather, $3-50 net- returned at sent postpaid. If this book is not found satisfactory to any purchaser and once, the money will be refunded. Mention the Nation. I FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY, f 27 and 29, West 23d Street, New York. S^^-i^-i^u^^i^u&id&v&i^i^^

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1762 Photographing Birds and Butterflies in Color COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, as developed in the last year or two, has made possible three remarkable nature books we have published, the pictures in which will probably surprise you unless you have kept up with such matters very closely. They are photographed direct from the birds and butterflies, and only three colors are used in printing; yet the results are generally absolutely accurate renderings of the original hues. Moreover their price is about one-twentieth of what the nearest approach to such books would have cost only a few years ago. THE BUTTERFLY BOOK SECOND EDITION By DR. W. J. HOLLAND 48 COLORED PLATES AND HUNDREDS OF TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING OVER 1,000 SPECIES OF AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. Dr. Samuel H. Scudder says in Science: "The 48 plates have been reproduced by the new process known popularly as 'three- color printing,' and this is its first applica- tion so far as we know to butterflies. It is however, an unquestionable and surprising success, destined— it the extraordinarily low price at which the book is sold be any guide —to come into very general use. . . . The work will surely command a large sale and prove a great stimulus to the study of but- terflies. Certainly we have never before had such a generous aid to those wishing to cover the whole field." The Hartford Post says: "It may be ac- cepted at once as the best book on the sub- ject. It has been written for the purpose of popularizing the study of the butterfly, and 1 lie distinguished auilior tells of the life and habits of these bright insects. He points out to the amateur how they may best be identified, collected, classified, and arrang- ed. Surelv no publisher ever before brought to the public at so low a cost ($3) an octavo volume of nearly 400 pages, illustrated with such colored plates. The book is a marvel. One gets in it the greatest value for the smallest money." Size, 7%xWyH ; Pages, '■ species ; Price, $3.00 net. Binding, cloth ; Type, U-point ; Illustrations, 48 colored plates and Samuel Harden Church, the historian, says: "Dr. W. J. Holland's 'Butterfly Book' la a discovery and a revelation. Think of one man— a busy, scholarly man of affairs- collecting 500,000 butterflies; and then ar- ranging, naming, and describing them. What patience, what consecration that shows! This book is the authoritative ex- pression of the supreme knowledge of a great naturalist. Its plenitude of magnifi- cent color photographs, its hundreds of black-and-white drawings, its fascinating composition, and its beautiful manufacture, all tempt one to call it the cheapest and the best book ever published." 17/ text cuts, showing every important American BIRDS THAT HUNT AND ARE HUNTED 10TH THOUSAND By NELTJE BLANCHAN 48 COLORED PLATES: 170 GAME BIRDS, WATER FOWL AND BIRDS G. O. SHIELDS C COQUINA"). "Sportsmen will especially relish the forty-eight colored plates, which show tin- more important bird, in characteristic puses. They are prohabh the most valuable and artistic pictures of the kind available to-day. There is a charm of reality in the author's presentations utterly fascinating to the sportsman. . . . To the ordinary observer, these plates will repay close study and prove a sure means of identification."— [Literature. )F PREY DESCRIBED. INTRODUCTION AND ANNOTATIONS h " The style is simple and graphic. ... A careful description of each bird, with record of the changes in plumage the season brings, is followed by such notes of its habitat as are most characteristic or interesting. But the superb plates alone could identify each specimen. . . . No more authorita- tive and sympathetic work in this particular field has vet appeared, and we heartily commend it to nature lovers."— [Boston Transcript. Size, T^xlO*)}: Pages, 350; Type, W-point; Binding, green cloth; Illustrations, 48 colored plates; Price, $2.00. BIRD NEIGHBORS TH^ zoth THOUSAND By NELTJE BLANCHAN 52 COLORED PLATES; 150 COMMON BIRDS DESCRIBED; INTRODUCTION BY JOHN BURROUGHS. "As an aid in the elementary study of bird-life, nothing has ever been published more satisfactory than 'Bird Neighbors.' . . . Kxoellent plates of birds in natural colors . . . make possible 1 lie identifica- tion of many birds even by the unpractised eye. In this feature no popular 'bird-book' of moderate price can be compared with 'Bird Neighbors.' "— [Beview of Eevlews. "To each little life the author gives cha- racter and individuality. . . . Has viva- city and charm, showing that she knows her world, not only with the head, but with the heart. The value of the book is greatly heightened by the colored plates, many of which are surnrisingly beautiful.'' -[Dial. "Such books as tins one add new interest to life."— [Scientific American. "Will be welcomed by many lovers of birds who cannot spend time with the more scientific introductions."— [The Outook. "As excellent as it is unique. . . . Altogether, the beginner can .hardly find a better book at this low price to start him or her on the Tight road to an acquaintance with bird lore."— [Osprey. Size 7%xl0%; Pages, 250; Type, W-point; Binding, green cloth; Illustrations, 52 colored plates; Price, $2.< Flashlights on Nature. By Gr.vnt Allen. ges, 312; Illustrali ldlng; Type, U-point; Price, $1.50. OTHER BOOKS OF OUTDOOR INTEREST. Songs of Action. By A. Conan Doyle. Second Edition. Size, 5x7; Pages, 141, Binding, silk basket cloth; Price, $1.25. Tales of the Real Gypsy. By Paul Kesteb. DOUBLEDAY & McCLURE CO., 141=155 East 25th St., New York Old Books. Rare Books, Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 864 pages. 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, (is. t which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. \V. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Are., between 88th and 89tb Sts , New York. Importers of Foreign Hooks; Agents for the leading Parts Publishers; Tauchnll/.'s ISrilish authors. Tciilmcr's Greek and Latin (hi-sies Catalogues of slock mailed on demand. New books received from Pnrisand Leipzig as soon as Issued. DOOR'S.— All Out-of-print Books supplied, J_J no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world oyer as the most experl hook tinders extant. Please staf « i : I \ I I.OOKsllOP, 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England. LIBRARIES. It is our specialty. We deal In not hing but books. Our Monthly Bulletin ot all the publishers' new, noteworthy, an. I popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. MAYER & MULLER, Booksellers, 2 Prlnz Louis Ferdlnandstrasse, Berlin (Germany). ttppl)/. <u hrxt terms, of (1ERMAN NEW AND SIciiMi-llAMi luniks. I- win 1 1 Its, and PERIODI- CALS in any deparlniei Learning and Literature. Cheapest o/i/miiu nili/ inr Libraries, Professors, and Stu- dents. Catalogues on application. Hest references. Rare Send for Catalogue. JOSEPH McDONOUGH, "Ye Olde Booke Man,' 53 State St., Albany, N. Y. BOOKS AT LIBERAL DISCOUNTS. Before buying for When calling please MR. ORANT. Whenever you need a Book, address MR. GRANT. ,.,s books, write for quotations. An assort- of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 1 I'.la Tleiuont St, l Lawrence Building, corner West St.) ===== Boston, Mass. Importations from Europe. Catalogues on iippllcaliou. An Ark full of Rare, Old, and Curious Book*. Write for Catalogue. NOAH F. MORRISON, 877 Broad St , Newark, N. J. B OOR'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, Standard and Rare. Books bought. Catalogues E. W. Johnson'. 2 E. 42d St., N. Y. A UTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous London Weekly Circular of Rare Books Issued

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The Nation. XEW YORK, THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 1899. The Week. If Aguinaldo is the educated and cos- mopolitan man he has been represented to be, he will now surrender on the best terms he can get. We have his "capital," and did the Austrian Emperor hold out after Napoleon was in Vienna? Agui- naldo may point out that it cost Napo- leon 50,000 men to capture Vienna, while we took Malolos with the loss of only one man killed; but that only shows how irresistible we are. We greatly fear, however, that Aguinaldo has already got another capital one day's march farther in the jungle. Wherever he pitches his tent, there is his capital. Public build- ings, the archives, the diplomatic corre- spondence, can all, we suppose, be car- ried on the backs of two moderately ro- bust Tagals. So we may yet have to cap- ture a half-dozen more Philippine capi- tals. But we warn Aguinaldo that, if he does not now yield as a civilized man should when his capital is lost, he 'will be severely criticised by some of our best minds. There is no lack of predictions of what Aguinaldo will do now, and what the Filipinos will do, but of positive knowledge the American authorities both at Manila and Washington seem to have very little. It is one of the disadvantages plainly to be foreseen in dealing with Malays and Moros, that their minds do not work like the American mind. They are often governed by motives which ap- pear to us to be the height of absurdity, but which are to them the purest light of reason. We should never think of going on with a war after our "capital" was taken, and a superior force was chasing us through the jungle. But, for all we know, that is the very thing to encourage the Filipinos to go on. Agon- cillo says it is, and that they have an- other capital just as good as Malolos. The fighting may come to an end to-mor- row, or it may go on for ten years. No- body knows. The jauntiest imperialist now confesses his ignorance. But it is that lamentable confession of ignorance which comes after the fact, which makes us sadder and wiser, but does nof in the least help us out of our scrape. We are getting new ideas out of our Philippine experiences on a great many subjects nowadays. For one thing, we are learning what wretchedly inefficient old fogies the managers of our mis- sionary enterprises have always been. The approved modern system, which we are substituting for the slow-going me- thods of the "back-number" societies, is thus set forth by one of its champions, the Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt of Phila- delphia: "Christ is the solution for the difficulty regarding national expansion. There never was a more manifest providence than the waving of Old Glory over the Philippines. The only thing we can do is to thrash the natives until they understand who we are. I believe every bullet sent, every cannon shot, every flag waved means righteousness. When we have conquered anarchy, then is the time to send the Christ there." A graphic picture of the way we are making the natives "understand who we are" is drawn in the report published on Friday from F. A. Blake of California, who is in charge of the Red Cross work at Manila. He wrote just a week after the fighting actually commenced in Feb- ruary, and he thus describes the scene at the end of the first day's operations: "I never saw such execution in my life, and hope never to see such sights as met me on all sides as our little corps passed over the field, dressing wounded — legs and arms nearly demolished, total decapitation, horrible wounds in chests and abdomens, showing the determination of our soldiers to kill every native in sight. The Filipinos did stand their ground heroically, contesting every inch, but proved themselves unable to stand the deadly fire of our well -trained and eager boys in blue. I counted seventy-nine dead natives in one small field, and learn that on the other side of the river their bodies were stacked up for breastworks." The Samoan squabble is a petty af- fair in itself, and will probably lead to no serious international consequences; but it is a "miserable tangle," as a Lon- don paper called it two months ago, and vividly illustrates the diflSculties of this new style of long-range government of natives who do not want to be gov- erned, upon which Uncle Sam has vain- gloriously embarked. Such a venture was flatly declared by Mr. Blaine himself in 1889 to be "not in harmony with the established policy of this government"; and the question which Secretary Gresh- am asked in 1894 seems doubly perti- nent to-day, "What have we gained be- yond the expenses, the responsibilities, and the entanglements?" Well, an Eng- lish Tory and Jingo newspaper tells us what we have gained. It says that the only bright spot in the whole miserable business is that the Americans and the British "fought splendidly" together. What canting nonsense! To stay safely on board cruisers lying off shore and to shell the forest where the natives were in hiding, to burn villages, and to reduce to poverty the women and children who may have escaped our fire with their lives — this is the modern gaudium cer- taminis, the crowded hour of glorious life reserved for imperialists and mis- sionaries of civilization! It is an old story for the English. They are familiar with "punitive expeditions," and execu- tions which they call a battle. But it is a new thing for Americans, and they cannot be blamed for being a little squeamish over the business as yet. In time we may hope to slaughter helpless human beings as nonchalantly as Rosas or Abdul Hamid or the Mahdi. It seems the Hawaiians are pleased to have got off from the American Con- gress as well as they did. They got nothing in the way of positive action, except the extension of the American navigation laws to their islands, but negatively they were at least left alone for the present with their own immigra- tion laws. The Hawaiian Gazette is jubilant over this fact. It says that, notwithstanding the fact that 11,200 male Japanese laborers were imported between January 1, 1898, and March 1, 1899, "there is still need of about 10,000 more." If Congress had extended Ame- rican immigration laws to Hawaii it would have produced "a serious crisis in the labor market." As it is, there will be time for a "general stocking-up of the plantations with an abundance of Japanese laborers," so that there will be "an easy labor market for several years to come." Here is frankly revealed a situation to make the hair of American "labor" stand on end. An "easy labor market" in the Hawaiian islands means, of course, a market flooded with coolies. What becomes, then, of all the talk about the new field for American labor in Ha- waii? We were told, labor leaders were told, that there were only 25,000 Japan- ese in all the islands, yet here we see 21,000 more brought in since annexation to take the bread out of the mouths of Americans. If the laboring people of the Pacific Coast dreaded the free competi- tion of 50,000 Chinese and Japanese in Hawaii, how will they like it to see that number increased by one-half before it is possible for our restrictive laws to be applied? Perhaps it will not increase their pleasure at the situation to know whom they have to thank for it. It is Senator Morgan. Our immigration laws would have been extended to Hawaii by Congress but for his objection. He said he would force an extra session rather than see the prospects of the Hawaiian planters blasted by cutting off their labor supply. In the slaveholder's language of the Hawaiian Gazette, he wanted to see a "general stocking-up" with Japanese la- bor. This was natural enough in an Ala- bama Senator, left over from slavery days. But what do New Englanders think of it? What does Senator Hoar think of it, with his known aversion to going to "foreign soil" and ruling "sub- ject races"? Doesn't he wish now that

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250 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1762 he had withstood the evil in its begin- nings, and voted against Hawaiian an- nexation, as his present avowed princi- ples would require him to have done? Eagan appeared before the beef court of inquiry last week in subdued frame. Some furious profanity of his, directed against the soldiers who would not eat his rotten beef, was reported by another witness, but he himself did not emit one single curse, even when under Major Lee's very suggestive cross-exami- nation. Eagan's famous "clerical error" in the beef contracts he now admits to have been his own. He had forgotten it. It will cost the Government thousands of dollars when the contractors prose- cute their claims, but let that pass. Ea- gan was so overwhelmed with work at the time that really he couldn't remem- ber what he did. His memory, in fact, was very bad about the details of many of his transactions. He fenced rather clumsily when asked if he let any con- tracts under direction of the Secretary of War, but finally admitted that "on one occasion" the Secretary sent for him to "ask about the contracts." There were two other gentlemen in the room at the time. Why does not the Court of Inquiry put Gen. Eagan on the stand once more and ask him why it was he was obliged to give the beef contracts to the can- ning and refrigerating firms? Another witness was before the Court on Satur- day who testified that Eagan had said that he was not a free agent in the mat- ter. This was the contractor who is at present supplying beef on the hoof to the army in Cuba, with excellent re- sults.' He testified that he was a per- sonal acquaintance of Eagan's, and that in June last Eagan had telegraphed to him to come to Washington; that he saw Eagan and told him he considered it impossible to use refrigerated beef in Cuba, and that Eagan replied that he "must purchase it, but did not indi- cate that this position was taken 'at the instance of any superior official." At whose instance was it taken? Eagan should be given a chance to answer that question. There is one matter connected with the baggage abuse concerning which we think the new Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Spaulding, might still further amend the regulations, without in any way disregarding the statute, and that is changing the mode of appraising the articles of personal clothing pur- chased abroad by Americans under the $100 clause. In a vast number of cases, Americans buy the clothing abroad im- mediately after going over, and wear it more or less during the summer. If they wear it even one day, it becomes se- cond-hand and loses one-half or two- thirds of its value. In fact, it would not be salable at all, except to an old-clothes dea*cr. A fifty-dollar suit worn even once in England would, when it reached the New York custom-house, be worth only twenty dollars at most; the passen- ger should not, therefore, be called on to pay duty on what it cost him, but on what it is worth. Personal clothing dif- fers in this way from most other arti- cles, china, pictures, furniture, carpets, which lose none of their value in tran- sit, and are sure not to be used until the traveller reaches his destination. We know of a case in which a lady, having bought a hundred-dollar Paris dress, was plunged into mourning before she reach- ed home, and had to sell the dress, but only got twenty-five dollars for it, though it had never been worn. Now, unless we are greatly mistaken, the As- sistant Secretary can modify the regu- lation by ordering that personal cloth- ing shall pay duty only on its ac- tual value on the wharf. Of course, the humiliation of having to pay a tax from which the foreigner is exempt, is for the American citizen returning home very great, and cannot be got rid of, but the pecuniary injury can be lessened in this way, if the Treasury pleases. There is something refreshing about the directness with which public indig- nation in Delaware strikes at the mark. One Democratic Senator and two Demo- cratic Representatives voted for Addicks, the gas speculator, for Uuited States Se- nator, on the last day of the session un- der circumstances which warranted the belief that they had been bought. The Democratic State central committee on March 29 unanimously adopted resolu- tions denouncing these three men for their action; calling upon them to resign their offices as State Senator and Repre- sentative respectively; declaring that "it is the general opinion that Farlow, King, and Clark were corruptly influenced to vote for J. Edward Addicks"; and ten- dering the support of the organization, individually and financially, to the State authorities to assist in ferreting out all frauds or bribery in connection with the last session of the Legislature. It is a long time since the "organization" of any party did a better day's work than this. At Harrisburg, disclosures of attempt- ed bribery have been made before the legislative investigating committee. Lau- bach, a Representative from Philadel- phia, testified that one Jones asked him to support Quay, and, upon his replying that he could not, because the conven- tion which had nominated him instruct- ed him to oppose Quay, the intermediary said that "if I would vote for Senator Quay, I could have a good place, either the chief clerkship in the Mint or in the Custom-house." Representative Brown of Union County testified that, on the evening before the first vote for Senator, Congressman Kulp, a supporter of Quay, invited him to call upon Quay, and when he refused, offered him first $200 and then $300 if he would go away the next day and not attend the joint convention of the two branches of the Legislature. "Finally he said: 'Of course, if you go right in and vote for Quay, the price would be altogether different.' " Brown's testimony is particularly important, be- cause he said that he had known Con- gressman Kulp for a great many years, and they had always been friends. The passage by the New York Senate of the bill that puts back into our civil-service laws the "starch" which Gov. Black took out of them, is a triumph for Gov. Roosevelt, though we regret exceedingly that he could not have won it without forming so close an alliance with Piatt. If the Assembly passes it, as there seems to be no doubt it will, the most con- spicuous and cherished achievement of Black's administration will be undone. He had more interest in this cause than any other, and the only solace which ac- companied his precipitate return to pri- vate life was the thought that, whatever else he had succeeded in doing, he had dealt "Pharisaical civil service " a dead- ly blow. It was common sympathy on this point which brought him and the thoughtful Abe Gruber together and in- duced them to join forces in the practice of law. The grief of the two at seeing not only the old starch restored, but a new amount added, and added also at the instigation of the civil-service re- formers themselves, must be entirely un- speakable. Yellow journalism has been illustrated once more, in the treatment of a murder trial in Connecticut, and has received its deserts at the hands of a court. Dur- iDg the earlier days of this trial at Bridgeport one of our sensational New York newspapers published "spicy" reports of the proceedings, with the name of the writer over each article. The attention of Judge Wheeler was called to the matter, and he summoned the "journalist" before him to answer to a charge of contempt of court. - The reporter declared that he was not the author of some of the mat- ter which appeared under his signature, and denied responsibility for the un- truthful and offensive illustrations which appeared in connection with his reports. But the Judge took the precaution to get the "copy" of all the fellow's dis- patches from the telegraph- ffiee, and found that the parts of the stories which he had denied writing had been written by him, as also that he had sent tele- grams to his paper describing what kind of sketches should be made. He was thus shown to have lied, and he followed up

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April 6, 1899] The IsTation 251 this performance by failing to appear in court as he had agreed to do to answer to any requirement which the Judge might make in regard to him. Judge Wheeler thereupon rendered his decision that "said articles were unfair accounts of said cause on trial, unduly interfered with the administration of justice, and were calculated to prejudice the jury and the public as to the merits of the cause on trial, and that said articles are in whole and in the facts referred to con- tempts of court, and that said Smith has not purged himself of them." In fixing the penalty for this journal- ist's crime, the Judge said that it was not his intention to inflict harsh punish- ment, all that the court sought to pre- vent being unfair treatment of a cause on trial, and of those either responsible for the conduct of the trial or compelled by process of law to be present at the trial. He added that the court recognized that the offender was a subordinate and under instructions, writing for pay, and that primarily his superiors were respon- sible for the character of his work; as also that he was following a practice which has for a few years past prevail- ed with certain newspapers. But the Judge also perceived and confessed that the courts are responsible for this prac- tice to a great degree by the immunity which they have granted to the offend- ers. "The reason these abuses in the publication of court proceedings exist," said the Judge, "is largely the fault of the courts themselves in not having long since stopped them." His conclusion was that the lying reporter was "guilty of contempt of court, and that he pay a fine of $50, and be imprisoned at the county jail at Bridgeport for a term of five days, and that he be committed to said jail and confined therein until this judgment is complied with, or until he is discharged by order of this court or otherwise by due process of law." Of course, the journalist will take pains to keep out of the jurisdiction of the court, and so will escape punishment. Spain's internal affairs look more promising than for some years past. The Carlists seem to have made themselves ridiculous, and to be out of the running; a military dictatorship appears to have been made unlikely by the fact that each political party has secured its share of the more influential politico-generals; and the new Conservative Government goes on gathering strength and public favor. On March 10, Premier Silvela re- ceived the delegates of the United Cham- bers of Commerce, and told them that their views of the proper policy for the country agreed in all essential points with his own. Their programme in- cludes reforms and reductions in the army and navy; political purification by means of a law forbidding members of the Cortes to be connected with the di- rectorship of railway companies, Gov- ernment monopolies, or any undertak- ings aided by state funds; revision of railway rates and agricultural taxation; reforms in public instruction; and, in financial affairs, a clear statement of the public debt, the reduction of public ex- penditures, and a currency based on coin. The delegation of merchants were much pleased with Silvela's attitude, and have offered him their hearty support in the work of reorganizing the country. But his task is a hard one. Inveterate evils and political animosities are not to be extinguished in a day. Already a furious outcry has been raised against Gen. Polavieja, the new Secretary of War against whom the somewhat novel charge is brought that he is not a soldier, but a monk. The confounded taxpayers who have to pay the bills of imperialism are mak- ing no end of fuss in France and Eng- land as well as in this country. The Taxpayers' League of France has issued a statement showing the enormous in- crease in public expenditures, year by year, a large part of which is due to disastrous ventures in colonization. In the twenty-five years since 1874 the French budget has been swollen by $170,- 000,000, or an average increase of $7,- 000,000 a year. One result is a per-capita taxation in France greater by far than that of any other civilized country. Much the same story of expenses mounting ever higher was told by the new Liberal leader in the House, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, in his speech at Hull the other day. His par- liamentary experience covers thirty years. In 1868 the expenditure of the country was $350,000,000. Last year it was $580,000,000, and the notable thing is that more than half of this great in- crease has come within the past ten years, when new imperial expenses, in- cluding vast outlay on the navy, have made such large demands on the na- tional purse. Sir Henry declared it to be the duty of the Liberals to oppose granting one needless penny, and to re- member that though England's resources were immense they were not unlimited. A leaf has been taken out of our book by the Indian Government, a counter- vailing sugar-duty having just been put into effect. This duty, our readers will understand, is a tax upon sugar im- ported from countries which pay a bounty on sugar, the intention being to have a surtax just equal to the bounty. It is, of course, a protectionist measure in essence. It has been urged upon the English Government again and again in the interest of West Indian sugar- growers. One of the favorite conten- tions of Sir H. Vincent and his inde- fatigable band of protectionists masquer- ading under the name of "fair-traders," has long been that England should adopt the principle of the countervailing sugar-duty. Mr. Chamberlain has been understood to favor it, privately though not officially. But it has been quite im- possible to get any government, even a Conservative Ministry, to adopt the doc- trine of countervailing duties. Only the other day, Lord Selborne, Under-Secre- tary for the Colonies, declared that any- body who thought England would ever come over to that protectionist idea was living in a fool's paradise; and he added that "many who supported the present Government would not accept the prin- ciple of countervailing duties." Yet suddenly the Secretary for India an- nounces that the principle has been ac- cepted for the Indian Empire. And he bluntly put the case in its most objec- tionable protectionist form. The object of the measure, he said, was "to prevent a vast indigenous trade in India, based on free enterprise and industry, from be- ing undermined by the subsidized pro- ducts of foreign countries." Moreover, the measure has been put into force without a pretence of consulting the House of Commons. The thing was done by the naked fiat of the Indian Government and the Secretary of State for India. We are afraid the people in the Balkan States are going to suffer as the Greeks and Armenians suffered, from the fear of the Powers of a general war. The condition of Macedonia is no worse to- day than it was twenty years ago, no worse than the condition of a discon- tented Christian population under Turk- ish rule must always be. The probabili- ties are that, for this reason, Bulgaria has of late been steadily warned by the European Powers that it is not to ex- pect support if it begins hostilities. Greece had good reason to look for in- tervention when she broke out in 1897, but a new factor has appeared in the cal- culation, in the person of the Emperor William, who undoubtedly had the Turk- ish trip and the Turkish entente cordiale already in his mind, and was determined that nothing should interfere with them. He it was who, with a baseness and heathenism which has had few parallels in European history, dried up the foun- tains of European pity for the Arme- nians, and with astounding cynicism gave the right hand of fellowship to the great "Assassin" at Constantinople. He it was who threw the chill over the Cretan interference, and brought about the ridiculous role which the fleets so long played at that island. We doubt if they would not be there to-day, play- ing the same role, if the Turks had been able to refrain any longer from their fa- vorite amusement of massacre. In an evil hour for them they took to massa- cring English soldiers, and this was more than even Lord Salisbury could stand, so the Admiral hanged eight of them, and said the rest must go.

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252 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1762 THE PRESIDENT'S POPULARITY. It is folly to suppose that the Presi- dent is now restrained from any course by the fear of losing his popularity, when we consider the absolute immunity from criticism which his admirers have hitherto accorded him. A month or two ago, we privately pressed one of his most distinguished eulogists for some ac- count of the facts which instigated or justified the flattery, holding that gra- tuitous praise of an elective magistrate who was seeking reelection, was a sin against the state. The answer we got was that Mr. McKinley had been in power while great events were occurring, which simply put him in the same cate- gory with Croker and Piatt. This was another illustration of the bewilder- ing effects of war. In the half-drunken condition into which war plunges about half the population, anybody who has anything to do with the war, if he be only a coal-passer in one of the war-ves- sels, becomes almost an object of wor- ship, no matter how he may have per- formed his duties. After nine months of failure in every department of the Government, President McKinley is as bold in his disregard of public opinion as he was before there had been any Alger or Eagan scandals. We do not believe there is any calm observer of events, in either hemisphere, who does not now at least begin to per- ceive the impossibility of carrying on a colonial policy and distant wars without the presence at the seat of power of a stable and responsible Executive. The Boston Herald, one of the newspapers which in the beginning opposed the ex- pansionist policy, but afterwards went over to it to avoid "getting left," now recognizes the immense difficulty of car- rying out such a policy with such a government as ours. There is a large and growing party opposed to our war, but neither it nor the party which be- lieves in it has the slightest control over it, or could stop it if it wished. Ac- cording to all precedents of constitu- tional history, the Legislature, as the leading power in the state which alone can settle every issue, ought to be in session, ready to be consulted about every event of the day. In England, for instance, Parliament would now be sit- ting, open to daily questions about all that was going on, and the ministry would be liable to dismissal from office by an adverse vote if the events of the war had turned public opinion against it, as in the case of Lord North during the American war. The same is true of all the constitutionally governed English colonies, of France, Italy, and Belgium. The people of all these coun- tries can stop a war at once, or make its promoters tell them what they pro- pose to do about it. We have no such power. William Mc- Kinley is telling us every day how dili- gently he is listening to "the voice of the people," but he takes every possible care to prevent this voice reaching him through any organized legal channel. He might, had he any proper sense of his re- sponsibility, have called a special ses- sion of Congress to advise him, and transmit the voice of the people to him day by day; but he has used all the power he has to prevent any such meet- ing, so that the voice of the people can- not possibly get to him except through his own family prayers or the chatter of his own cronies. Some people may think that the press will do for this purpose as well as a le- gislature, but we must remember that the opinion of newspapers has no legal force, and that the American press has been rendered useless to the executive, as an exponent of public opinion, by the system of corruption begun by Jackson and so vigorously denounced by Daniel Webster; that is, the system of buying the editor's silence or his approval by the bestowal or promise of office. This system is now so firmly established that it excites no remark. The two papers which are to-day most likely to influence Mr. McKinley, are edited by men who are either now in his paid employ or have recently been, or have shared in the transactions which the public might wish to condemn. In short, he is as completely master of events, and may bid as much defiance to public opinion, as the Czar of Russia, for the next half year. Moreover, the public has seen him prepare this very situation for himself, and make arrangements that he shall not be disturbed in it. The two news- papers to which we have just referred, lent him all the aid possible in keeping Congress out of power until next De- cember. Then consider the question of respon- sibility. When we remember the number of people who half a year ago were "hollering" for "responsibility" with re- gard to brown men, and the duty of killing a few so as to save their souls, like the Spanish Inquisition, should we not expect that Congress would be in session to-day, working like beavers over plans of government for these new sub- jects, that the brave McKinley would be worn to a skeleton reflecting on the problem, and the "glory-crowned" Griggs would be living laborious days about it? Well, what is Mr. McKinley doing? Drafting schemes of colonial govern- ment? Not much, as the boys say; his days and nights are given simply to the "getting of delegates" to the next national convention with a zeal and dili- gence never surpassed. We have made careful inquiry, but we have not been able to hear of a single human being "in this broad land," as the Congressmen say, who is spending five minutes in preparation of machinery to do anything to the brown men, except kill them and burn their houses. The whole situation is, in fact, unparalleled in the history of constitutional liberty, and it results from an attempt to use our form of govern- ment for a purpose for which it was never intended, and for which an en- tirely different form would be necessary. INVESTIGATIONS. We have always maintained that a genuine investigation of our municipal affairs was a useful and timely proceed- ing under any Tammany administration. There is no other method by which the inner workings of corrupt government can be brought to light; and until they are brought to light, it is impossible to induce the public generally to take any interest whatever in their existence. We have never succeeded in getting relief from corrupt government until we have made such plain revelation of it as to arouse not only the indignation, but the shame of our citizens. When its utter vileness is held up to the gaze of the world, and we are held up as submitting to the disgrace of it, then we revolt and take sufficient trouble, in one election at least, to overthrow it. We have no doubt that a genuine in- vestigation at the present time would make startling revelations in more than one of our municipal departments, and especially in that of the police, but the investigation which the Assembly has authorized has no appearance of being anything of this sort. It is the personal invention of Boss Piatt, who desires to use it for purposes of his own. The man at the head of it, Assemblyman Mazet, is a mere Piatt dummy, with no qualifications for the task, who would conduct the inquiry entirely as the boss directed him to. If it reached a point at which the boss could obtain what he de- sired from Tammany by "hauling off" the investigation, it would be hauled off, and the only result would be that in- stead of bad government for the benefit of one boss we should have bad govern- ment for the benefit of two. In other words, an investigation of the kind pro- posed at Albany is nothing but a"strike" for terms. It would lead to no real ex- posure and no reforms, but it might lead to Boss Piatt's obtaining from Boss Croker a more satisfactory share in the spoils of the city which he helped Croker to get possession of by running Gen. Tracy for Mayor in 1897. It is beside the mark to point to the Lexow inquiry as evidence of what might be secured through a Legislative Committee now. The Lexow inquiry was a flat failure so long as it remained un- der the control of Piatt. He had as "counsel" a lawyer from "up the State" who was finding out nothing about the police that Tammany could object to. It was only when the Chamber of Com- merce came to the front with $25,000 and with Mr. Goff as counsel that the in- quiry became an earnest one, and really began to find out something. If it had

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April 6, 1899] Tlie Kation 253 remained in Piatt's hands, nothing of the hideous mass of corruption, black- mail, and joint-partnership with crime, the disclosure of which drove Tammany from power, would have been revealed. Like the many investigations which pre- ceded it, it would have been "hauled off" just as soon as the basis for a bargain between the two bosses had been reach- ed. Undoubtedly one of Piatt's objects now is to get on the track of the members of his machine in the Senate who have "set up for themselves," and are in a fair way of doing a fine business on their own account with the legislation of the ses- sion. If he could scare them into sub- jection by threatening to reveal their sources of revenue, he would save his machine from serious peril. It is im- possible, of course, for a boss to do an exclusive legislation business in return for contributions from corporations, if two or three members of the Legislature can set up in the same business for themselves. The system falls to the ground the minute such breaches of dis- cipline as this become possible. The boss must be the "whole thing," or else how can he collect his revenues? This is the crisis which has summoned Piatt to Albany, and it is not surprising that he is aroused to unwonted energy by it. Unless he can demonstrate that his power over the Republican ma- jority in the Legislature is supreme, he cannot hold his machine together for another campaign. Its sources of revenue will be stopped almost com- pletely. We count it a great public misfortune that in this work of seeking to preserve his infamous system of government from destruction he should be using the Gov- ernor's rooms at the Capitol as his base of operations. He has been sitting there daily, apparently in company with the Governor, summoning recalcitrant mem- bers before him for persuasion. If the Governor thinks he can appear in the public eye in this company and not suf- fer contamination, he is very much mis- taken. It would be far better for him to have every measure before the Legis- lature fail than to have even good mea- sures pass under such conditions as these. We do not for a moment believe that personally he will allow Piatt's pre- sence to influence his course on any question of legislation, but the fact re- mains that by admitting Piatt to such intimate social and official association with himself at a crisis like this, he re- cognizes Piatt's system of political con- trol as a proper one, and thus makes himself a party to its exercise and con- tinuance. How can he, honest man and upright and fearless defender of good government that he is, fail to see that there has never been in this country a more deadly enemy of popular govern- ment than Tom Piatt? How can he fail to see what Piatt's system rests upon, and to what it has reduced constitutional government in this State? THE ALLIANCE IMPERILLED. Our far-famed entente with England grew out of the Spanish war; that war is not yet technically over, but the sud- den swearing of eternal friendship with our secular enemy already begins to look as if it were but the prelude to bit- terer hostility than ever. Some of the attacks on the English alliance are rich in humor — being largely Irish, they could not be otherwise. Last week, for example, that Friendly Son of St. Pat- rick, Justice Morgan J. O'Brien, was ig- nominiously cast out of the Irish Na- tional Federation of America. The rea- son alleged in the swingeing "whereas" and "resolved" adopted was that Justice O'Brien had "given currency to the false- hood that England prevented a concert of European Powers against this country at the outbreak of the war with Spain." No Federated Irishman can be caught in such a "covert attempt to mislead public opinion in America" without suffering for it, and a Federated Irishman Justice O'Brien no longer is. Even more truculent, and unconscious- ly amusing, were the simultaneous pro- ceedings of the German-American citi- zens of Chicago. They had the coopera- tion by telegram of distant but sympa- thetic Irishmen. The Gaelic Society of New York telegraphed its sympathy in "your protest against English conspiracy and slander." One ardent Irish leader sent his greetings and came directly to the point in the words, "England, not the Continent, is the real enemy of Ame- rica." Major McCrystal, of the gallant Sixty-ninth, tearfully implored every true-hearted American not to "forget his country for the smiles and pelf of Bri- tain." And the resolutions rose nobly to the height of the great argument, de- nouncing those who would "drag" this country into an alliance with England; declaring that German Codlin is the true friend, not British Short; and announ- cing the readiness of the embattled Ger- man-Americans at all times, ''especially in political campaigns," to oppose all who "labor to entangle our country in an alliance with England." Finally, the re- solutions record a solemn objection to the American people being called any longer Anglo-Saxons. We must cast out the unclean thing from among us, even when it takes the alluring and appa- rently harmless form of "Anglo." Teu- tons we must call ourselves, we suppose, or Jutes— but as for Anglo-Saxon, let it henceforth be not so much as named among us. Many other signs might be mentioned of the fresh fury against England which has been roused by all this sentimental talk of hands across the sea. There is evidence, too, that the Nationalist leaders of Ireland are taking a deep in- terest in the revival of American hatred for England. The only hand they wish to see Americans reach across the sea is a hand with a dynamite bomb in it for the English oppressor, or, at any rate, a contribution to the Nationalist party purse. The Irish leaders defeated the arbitration treaty with England two years ago by political threats, and why should they doubt that they can smash the entente in a similar way? The con- ference being held in Dublin as we write, in an attempt to unite Irish factions and start another formidable agrarian agitation in Ireland, will doubtless have some pointed things to say on this sub- ject, destined to fire the Irish-American heart and to set our politicians to vow- ing again that they always did and al- ways will hate England. As for the service England did this country at the outbreak of the war with Spain, we think the evidence is conclu- sive that it was great and vital. If not, why did Mr. McKinley tell the corre- spondent of the London Times, almost tearfully, to cable to England that "America will never forget" her debt to Great Britain? Why should Ambas- sador Choate have taken the first occa- sion to speak of the "forbearance and good feeling" which England has shown the United States? The aid rendered by England is not a fiction, not a blown surmise. Mr. Balfour knows, and has broadly intimated in a public speech, what he did for us in our emergency. But if he thinks, or any Englishman thinks, that all this is going to make any difference with our politicians, he is on a most perilous foundation of belief. The whole thing was too sudden, too effu- sive, too accidental. Habits of a genera- tion, the whole trend of national tradi- tion, are not to be transformed over night, nor are the political watchwords of years to be blotted out in a day. We venture to say that if the Irish-Ameri- cans, or the German-Americans, or the Turco-Americans can bring to bear on our party leaders a sufficient political motive to induce them to resume their ululations against England, we shall hear howls which will be all the more dire and firmament-rending for the tem- porary silence of the last year. Englishmen have before them at this moment a significant illustration of the hollowness and improvised and unstable character of the much talked-of good un- derstanding between the two countries. Their newspapers are busy reviewing Se- nator Lodge's 'Story of the Revolution.' The critics are a little puzzled by the book. Through the first nine-tenths of it the author bangs and bethumps the English in the familiar old ward-caucus style. But at the very end he suddenly turns square about, and gushes over England as extravagantly as he had be- fore abused her. Now, does this mean that the great Lodge had been soundly converted? Not at all; it simply means

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254= The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 that he had caught up the trick of ut- terance common when he was finishing his gigantic historical labors, just as he similarly caught it up at the beginning of them. When he began to write, it was the fashion to curse England, and he cursed her soundly. When he ended, everybody was falling on England's neck, and he fell blubbering with the rest. But was there in him or in the rest a glimmering of an idea of the real reason for a tacit alliance with England — intimate trade relations, com- mon political institutions, joint inheri- tance of moral and literary standards, and a feeling that past traditions and future destiny knit us together? No- thing of the kind. The whole thing was just a bit of gushing sentiment which may easily be as passing as was the mere accident that set it sillily adrip. The conversion was suspiciously sudden. The repentant sinner was only a "rice-Chris- tian," penitent for value received; and as soon as the heathen crops are good once more, an unblushing and roaring heathen he will be again. GOOD AMERICANS IN TROUBLE. We could wish that the Pope's con- demnation of "Americanism" had ended the matter. Good Catholics as a general rule promptly made their submission as soon as they heard that his Holiness did not approve of their doctrines. There was one in particular which gave offence to European Catholics, and that was the preference of the Good Ameri- cans for the active over the passive vir- tues. The European Good Catholics, as a general rule, prefer the passive. They have a great fondness for simple medi- tation, for the quiet of monastic life, in which the day is passed in prayer and reflection on mysteries. A devout writer In the Revue Diplomatique has been engaged in a series of articles on "Americanism," which he has just brought to a close, after pointing out in them in a masterly manner the error of the Good Americans on this subject, by means of a sort of running commentary on the Pope's Apostolic Letter. He shows that this contempt for the religious pro- fession "reveals among the Americans, not only a deplorable tendency to rebel against the dearest traditions of the Catholic Church, but also a complete ignorance of the nature and value of vows." The Good Americans have evi- dently considered vows a mere cover for spiritual indolence, and as afford- ing no place for the tendency to "hus- tle" which they feel so strongly. "An eminent prelate" shows, on the other hand, that "vows are simply the very best guarantee of individual liberty." How can this be, the Good American will ask, under monastic rule? Nothing sim- pler. The rule leaves him "free for the constant doing of good." He ought not to desire liberty for any other purpose. We are extremely sorry to learn that one design of the praises the Americans heap on the Paulist Fathers, according to this writer, is simply to throw dis- credit on the regular congregations; or, in other words, on the passive Fathers. We have long felt that this diffi- culty which the writer sets forth would arise whenever Good Americans took up Catholicism. There is no people in the world less disposed to meditation. In se- cular life, even, they are unwilling to give to it as much as is needed for the proper transaction of ordinary business. Even war needs meditation, or what the Scripture calls "counting the cost," or, in other words, forecasting what will be needed when the war begins. But this is something which you cannot get the average American to submit to. Yet there is nothing earthly which needs more reflection than war. Last spring it did not receive even one week of reflection. Now Catholicism, and the denominations which most resemble Catholicism, attach enormous importance to meditation, to concentrating the thoughts on other things than action, on simple "myste- ries," or,, in other words, on things to be believed but not examined. This makes it very unsuited to the American temperament. Americans, even those who are attracted by the Catholic faith, are radically disinclined to throw them- selves into the Catholic state of mind. They want to do to the creed, when they embrace it, what some one in Chicago said Chicago would do to "culture" when it took it up, "make it hum." No Good American wants to ponder on verities, or pass much time in silent prayer. He wants to be up and doing something which will test at once the efficacy of the prayer — a little fighting, for instance, or "communication of the blessings of civilization" to heathen. Not only the monastic system, but the ordinary Ca- tholic devotions, are a little unsatisfac- tory to him. Prayer plays a very im- portant part in Catholic worship— so im- portant that in Italy one must almost carry it on while attending to ordinary secular business. To this the American can with great difficulty reconcile him- self. If prayer becomes a spiritual help of this kind to him, he wants to work it somehow into his business, to help his "spring sales," or enable him to get rid of his fall overcoats. Under these circumstances it is not wonderful that the Good Americans have openly expressed their dissatisfaction with the present mode of converting people to Catholicism. What the cause of their dissatisfaction is, we do not ex- actly know; but this writer in the Revue Diplomatique says that "they say that the means employed up to the present for the conversion of non-Catholics do not meet the exigencies of the times, and that resort must be had to new ones." Think of proposing "up-to-date me- thods" of conversion to the Pope! The Sovereign Pontiff is, however, ready for them. He overwhelms them with "the teachings of the fathers," just as Mr. Howell of the Treasury overwhelm- ed us with the law when we complained of custom-house outrages. In other words, "he demonstrates categorically that, the truth not having changed, dog- mas which are the emanation of truth cannot change either, and the mode of teaching them must, therefore, be in- variable." This is in our opinion a coup de grace for the Good Americans. Archbishop Ireland of Minnesota has endeavored to part company with them by prostrating himself in a long letter at the Holy Father's feet; but he has not given complete satisfaction. In the last half of his letter he denounces "the enemies of the Church in America, and the unfaithful interpreters of the faith" who have caused this disturbance, but he does not mention them by name. As our writer says truly, in a matter of such gravity "general terms will not do." We must know who these wretches are. It cannot be that they are "dis- guised Protestants," or some sort of "sectaries." It would be thoroughly American not to give names in order not to "antagonize" anybody. But this is not the true Roman way of dealing with "malefactors." They deserve to have their barns burnt. CARDUCCI'S PETRARCH. Florence, March 16, 1899. At -length, after nine and twenty years of patient labor by Giosue Carducci, valiantly during the last six by his beloved disciple, Severino Ferrari, we have Pe- trarch's Rime complete, edited and annotat- ed by these two perfect Italian scholars, po- ets both.* The preface is instructive, and should be laid to heart by all who set them- selves to edit works of the old masters: "Such toilers must seek, not for the ver- sion which best pleases themselves or this or that critic, nor the one which presents it- self with sudden fascination in a manuscript more or less ancient; but the latest version that issued from the author's pen. To seek and find this must be the task which an edi- tor who is not a mere empirical book-maker should keep in view and secure with the ut- most attainable certainty. And surely the best way to come at the truth must be to as- certain which was the latest version left in the author's own handwriting or transcribed under his own eyes, and the earliest edition printed from it." In forty pages we have the history (1) of Petrarch's manuscripts, (2) of the first print- ed editions of his poems, (3) the times In which the poet was held in highest honor, or more or less neglected, (4) the commentators who have illustrated his poems and their re- spective value. The starting-point for these researches is the announcement by Petrarch, a year and a half before his death, in a letter of January 4, 1373, from Padua, to Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Ferrara, "that he sends him nugellas meats vulgares, possibly transcribed with er- rors, as, having too numerous occupations, he trusted their revision to others." ill 11 Rll original! com- mental! erino F errarl. Flo- n n,-!-. 1. 1 ■■.'" - in.hisiio Library ot Italian Cla

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April 6, 1899] The Kation. 255 He proceeds to show that he had kept by him some of his Italian poems in very old rough drafts, so worn and faded by age as to be hardly legible. Now, we do not know whether those especial rough drafts sur- vived, but the sixteenth century saw and possessed many papers containing the rime sparse, just sketched and in process of cor- rection, in Petrarch's own handwriting. Pietro Bembo, in the first edition (1525) of the Italian prose writings, affirms "that he had seen some papers written in the poet's own hand, in which were some of his rhymes; that those sheets showed that he, while composing them, had marked sometimes the whole, sometimes a small portion, sometimes the greater part; that he then erased and made alterations many times." But those papers, at least, in which the noble Venetian tells us that he read the sonnet Yoi eh' as- coltatc as it was first written, and then with the amendments to the second verse, have perished, so far as we know. Ludovico Bec- cadelli (1502-1572), a Bolognese, who pur- sued at the same time literary studies and church affairs, saw some other papers, and left tidings of them in his 'Life of Pe- trarch' : "The sheets which I saw in his own hand-" writing are of two sorts. The first were shown to me in 1530, when I was a student at Padua, by the Reverendissimo Monsignore Bembo, who kept them with great care, among other treasures, in his study, and they were for the most part sonnets and odes. The others, written in the same hand, were shown to me ten years later in Rome by Mons. Baldassera [Turini] of Pescia, who had obtained them, I know not how, in or- der to send them to Francis, King of France, to whom they were sent. Most of them, beginning with that on [Laura's] death, belong to the Trionfi. The writing was assuredly in Petrarch's hand, because it was exactly the same as other of his writ- ings that remain; then they were corrected and altered in a way that none but the author himself could have done. I remarked, too, that they were written in different ways; some were set down confusedly on all kinds of paper, others were written on better pa- per, and more carefully— less interlined and annotated; it was evident that the one set were the first sketches, so to say, of his ideas [inventions], the others were the re- gister in which he made the fair copy. One saw the great care that Petrarch took to perfect his poems, changing a word four or five times, and altering whole sentences. Noteworthy is the fact that, with the excep- tion of the corrections, he wrote in Latin, often giving the reasons why he made the alterations, putting down the time in which he returned to his writing and the place in which he wrote. This he did, I am sure, for his own uses, never thinking that such data and memoranda would fall into other hands, and be taken note of. It often hap- pens that people think and talk to them- selves, never meaning these little privacies for others. . . ." The editors tell us that the Petrarchian manuscript possessed by Bembo. in 1530 pass- ed in 1581 to Fulvio Orsini, and from him in 1600 to the Vatican Library. Hereon fol- low minute accounts of all the extant manu- scripts, and extracts from the writers on Petrarch who had seen others that have dis- appeared. We know from Bembo that, at the death of Petrarch, his papers passed to his heirs, or to some friend— possibly the Paduan, Lombardo della Seta, who was so dear to him. The poems were first printed ninety-eight years after Petrarch died (in 1472), and the originals were preserved until the Austrians sacked Padua in 1509; possibly some soldier got those papers and ill-treated them, and then they fell into the hands of some worthy man. Gian Vicenzo Pinelli (1536-1601) leaves among his other notes: "Certain pages of Petrarch's poems, correct- ed and altered in his own hand, quoted by Bembo in his prose, were found in a provi- sion-dealer's shop." When the papers arrived at the Vati- can they lay forgotten, or little cared for, in that splendid dormitory until the end of the seventeenth century, when Federico Baldini [. . . 1657], a man tho- roughly versed in the poetry of the first cen- turies, brought them to light, and, as was his wont, with greater exactitude than was usual in his times. When Baldini published the sheets, called archetypes, they were twenty in number, just as Orsini received them and transmitted them to the Vatican in 1600; after this the seventeenth and eighteenth sheets, containing the second part of the "Triumph of Love" from the forty-sixth line to the end, disappeared from the precious col- lection, and, thus diminished, they were re- published in our day with careful criticism and ample illustrations by C. Appell (Halle: Niemeyer). The complete original of the poems of Francis Petrarch is the Latin Vatican manu- script No. 3195, traced on fine parchment with accuracy and clearness, without marginal notes. It consists of seventy-four folios: the first two, unnumbered, contain the alphabeti- cal index of the first lines; the seventy-two numbered folios begin with the sonnet Yoi eh' ascoltate and end with the canzone I irgine bella, as does this Carducci Ferrara edition. They are written in two different hands, the first from 1 to 38 and 53 to 62; the second from 38 to 49 and from 62 to 72; this second handwriting is that of the poet, who endorsed and corrected also the part not written by his own hand. The title is 'Francisci Petrarchae laureati poetae Rerum vulgarium fragmenta.' Here our editors warn us that fragmenta does not sig- nify incomplete pieces of poetry, but rime sparse, as Petrarch calls them in his first son- net; meaning that the sonnets and odes do not constitute a continuous whole such as Petrarch from time to time determined on writing. The archetypal papers, those of No. 3196, offer a fresh proof of the autography of the manuscript; the notes often point to transcription from the rough to a clearer copy. The compositions which in No. 3196 have trauscriptum per me we find again in the Vatican manuscript No. 3195 written by Petrarch himself, whereas those under which is written only transcriptum are all copied by another hand. Probably the transcrip- tion was not commenced before the poet's letter to Boccaccio in 1366, in which he makes manifest his intention that his best verses shall not be spoilt by ignorant scribes. Cer- tainly it was not commenced later than 1368, in which year, on the 22d of October, as is seen in the 15th sheet of the archetypes when he wrote, on the forty-first page, the canzone Ben mi crcdca passar. The first of the earliest editions of this manuscript is dated Venice, 1470 (rare), the second Rome, 1471 (very rare), the third Padua, 1172. Up to and throughout the se- venteenth century the existence of the ma- nuscript and the belief that it was autogra- phic was cherished. G. F. Tommasini men- tions it in 1635. The Cruscan Academy in 1654 justifies a version of the sonnet Rapido fiume by an appeal to the autograph manu- script preserved in the Vatican, No. 3195. G. Castiglioni, the biographer of Fulvio Or- sini (1657), records in his honor the precious gift. Writers of the eighteenth century either ignored or disbelieved in its authenticity; Marini, writing to Morelli, who was prepar- ing an edition of Petrarch's poems after ex- amining them in -1799, says that the manu- script is not autographic; and thirty years ago the very memory of this famous manu- script was lost. E. Narducci, in his cata- logue (1874) of Petrarchan manuscripts, re- gisters the title without a single note, does not even quote Orsini's original inventory, where it is registered, "Petrarch's vanzoni and sonnets, written in his own hand," nor yet the fourth volume of the general inven- tory of the Vatican, where stands No. 3195, 'Francisci Petrarchfe rerum vulgarium opera Manu pro])" Auctoris.' So we owe gratitude to foreigners who showed us our stupidity and neglect: to Pietro de Nolhac in 1886, and in 1887 to Dr. Arthur Pakscher, who pub- lished his studies on Petrarch in the tenth volume of the Zeitschrift fur die Bonumisehe PMlologie, ten years after which comes Mes- tica's. After tracing the vicissitudes of the manu- script, our editors continue: "Thus the basis of our work and the instruments of our labor have been (1) the autographic fragments (archetypes) now in the Vatican registered under number 3196, their appendixes and reproductions; (2) the complete original manuscript in the Vatican, No. 3165; (3) the Paduan edition (1472) ; (4) the Aldine edition (1501)." From I860 to 1896 they had to work from the original manuscript, and ren- der thanks to "Mario Menghino for his pa- tient and accurate diligence in comparing their proofsheets with the original manu- script in the Vatican." Then, in 1896, "Mesti- ca's fine edition was published by Barbera in Florence, and assisted us with copious and useful notes just as we had reached page 341 and the CLV. sonnet [2V"on fur ma' Giove e Cesare si mossi], when we had al- ready restored the sonnets as they stand in the original manuscript, as indeed they were given in Marsand's edition" (Padua, 1819). Then we come to Petrarch's commentators, whose great work begins with 1525, when Vellutello's edition of the Canzoniere ap- peared. Many of the commentaries are quot- ed in the notes because, "though now tire- some reading, inasmuch as the commentators lived during that Renaissance which dated from Petrarch they help us to understand the meaning of the diction and the spirit of our poet." The commentators of the six- teenth century are often quoted. In the se- venteenth century, Petrarchism, even as ear- ly as 1609, was at its lowest ebb, so that Tassoni, in his 'Considerations,' "forced a door already open"; but on many points he is an acute critic. A hundred years later, Muratori republished the 'Considerations'; but Muratori, the father of "Italian history, whom we love and admire for his high, varied, serene, weighty intellect, his honest, simple, kindly nature, In trying to infuse 'poetic taste' into his readers, is really a representative of Arcady." In the eighteenth century the commentators were few, Pagello (1718-1795) fairly good; then Alfieri, in his studies of the Italian language and poetry, used to write in his note-books all that pleas- ed him in Petrarch, with fine taste and some acute observations. Much praise and gratitude is - due to De Sade, whose 'Me- moires pour la vie de Petrarque' are full of vital erudition, and form the starting-point for modern Petrarchan criticism; his work is a perpetual and sagacious commentary of the Canzoniere, especially from an histo-

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253 The Kation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 rical point of view. Finally, reaching our own century, we have Biagoli, who evinces that toilsome yet impassioned return to the literary traditions of the thirteenth cen- tury which distinguished the generations that flourished during the first thirty years of the present century; and Leopardi, who is a scholiast often dry and futile. His intention was to comment the Cangoniere in such fashion as to make it intelligible to women and children, even to foreigners. "As if it was a book to put into the hands of children; as if foreigners could under- stand it unless they knew more of the Italian language than is required to understand Dante; as if the women of to-day, unless furnished with exquisite and delicate taste and sentiment, together with profound cul- ture, could read Petrarch! . . . The fact is, that that great intellect, condemned to slave at a commentary for women and chil- dren, ended by growing weary; in the dif- ficult passages he hesitates and stumbles, and gives interpretations which do not seem his own. Still, we recur to him oftener than to others, because, in his general in- terpretations, he is without comparison more concise and elegant than the other com- mentators." The titles of all the commentaries are given in full. In the headings and notes to the poems care is taken (1) to seek out and determine the time, the occasion, the argu- ment of each sonnet or ode; (2) to define the poet's metaphors and allusions to the events of his own life and age, to the customs, the beliefs, the opinions prevalent in his own time; (3) to interpret the meaning of the poems; (4) to point out briefly their classical erudition; (5) to note the many thoughts and modes of speech and coloring — whole passages, even — which Petrarch, the father of the Re- naissance, derived from Latin poets and prose writers and from ecclesiastical writers, and appropriated and assimilated in his origi- nal work with admirable skill. All that previous commentators have done well in these directions is retained and the authors indicated. It may not be out of place to remark here, in closing, that in the little book of Car- ducci's latest poems the first is the follow- ing sonnet, addressed to Severino Ferrari, and entitled "On the Banks of the Lily": Close at the mountain's foot whose anow is rose When morning breaks above in ruddy flame, Clear, fresh, melodious there gently flows A stream which from the Lily takes its name. Ferrari! here I sit and think of tnose Pair banks of A ruo and thy words again; And I resolve to quit the paltry prose. And sing henceforward in a loftier strain. .But now the Lily says, "It wastes to naught, This song of mine, yet ne'er for this I sigh, Hut with a fuller music sweep along." So then once more, pride banished from my thought. Unto my heart I turn; to mountain, sky, And wave, repeating still thy Petrarch's song. Prof. Ferrari has published a volume of exquisite poems, two of which, with a notice, are translated by G. A. Greene in his 'Italian Lyrics of To-day' (p. 93). His prose and poetical anthologies for the public high schools are among the best. J. W. M. MADAME DE MONACO. Paris, March 21, 1899. Pierre de Sggur's 'The Last Princess de Conde' has two parts. In the first he deals only with the Princess; the second part, quite as important, is the biography of Madame de Monaco, followed by many inedited letters of the Prince de Conde\ Madame de Monaco played such an important part in the life of the Prince that it is not surprising that M. Pierre de Segur has completed his work by this interesting addition. The Brignole-Sale family was among the most illustrious in the Republic of Genoa. Their palace, the Palazzo Rosso, may be seen in the Via Nuova, now called Via Garibaldi, near the famous palaces of Spinola, Doria, Adorno, Cataldi, and the Municipal Palace of the Doges. Marie- Catherine de Brignole was born there in 1739, the only daughter of the Marquis de Brignole; her mother was Anna Balbi, who belonged also to a family of Doges. She met at Versailles Honore, Prince of Monaco. This young Prince, like his pre- decessors, spent his youth at the Court of France. He distinguished himself at Fonte- noy, was wounded at Rocoux, and showed so much bravery at Lawfeld that the King made him, at the age of twenty-eight, a field- marshal. His courage seems to have been his principal if not his only virtue; con- temporaries describe him as hard, tyrannical, very ambitious, hypocritical; his dissimula- tion was great. He was on the point of marrying a daughter of the Duke du Maine, hoping by this alliance to obtain at the Court of France the rank which the princes of the preceding dynasty of Monaco had oc- cupied. The negotiation was broken off. The Prince then asked for the hand of the daugh- ter of the Duke de Bouillon; the contract was all ready when, to the general astonishment, he broke the engagement. His father was so angry with him that he induced the King to confine him for a few months in the citadel of Arras. When he left Arras, he did not attempt to find a wife. He met the Marchioness of Brignole, who was very handsome, and she became his mistress. The young Marie- Catherine grew up between her mother, her mother's lover, and a weak and blind fa- ther. She was very much admired, and the Prince of Monaco, who was becoming tired of his liaison with Mme. de Brignole, thought of taking her daughter for a wife. Mme. de la Ferte-Imbault, daughter of Mme,. Geoffrin, who was a friend of the Brignoles, says that by this marriage "Honore de Monaco expect- ed to satisfy three of his vices— his avarice, because of the great fortune of the Bri- gnoles; his gallantry, because the young per- son was one of the handsomest of her time; his jealousy, because he could keep her in his palace at Monaco, far from Versailles." M. Pierre de SSgur says that he could not find out how Honore de Monaco, in his sin- gular situation, was able to press his suit. "A roufe" he says, "forty years old, bold, and of an easy conscience, has many ways of con- quering the soul of a defenceless young lady. The undeniable fact is that I have held in my hand — not without emotion — a brief little yellow note, written by a trembling hand still almost childish: 'I, the undersign- ed, declare and promise the Prince of Monaco never to marry anybody but him, whatever may happen, and never to give ear to any proposition which might disengage me.— Paris, 29th November, 1755.— Marie- Catherine de Brignole." When she signed this declaration she had just attained her sixteenth year." Madame de Brignole became furious at first when she heard of what she considered the treason of her lover; but her anger sub- sided by degrees, and, by a strange trans- formation of feeling, she became the advo- cate of the Prince de Monaco and undertook to obtain the consent of the Marquis de Brignole. It was not an easy task: six were spent in negotiations. Finally, the Marquis gave his consent and the mar- riage took place at Genoa. A child was born on the 11th of May, 1758, Honore, Duke de Valentinois. The Prince returned to Paris, leaving his wife and child at Genoa in the midst of her family. In 1760 the Princess joined her husband in France. He found her quite a new person; she was no longer the girl he had known and mar- ried; she was now quite sure of her- self. She was presented on the 23d of November, 1761, at the waters of Plom- bieres; it was for her a day of triumph. She was very much admired, and her chief admirer was a prince of the blood, Louis- Joseph de Bourbon Conde, who was then only twenty-five years old. He was come from the army, and had shown some talent in the first campaigns of the Seven Years' War. "Notwithstanding his ambition and his de- sire to please," says M. de Segur, "the first impression made by him was not engaging. From childhood he retained, in spite of his efforts, a self-centred disposition, a difficulty in being unreserved, which was long taxed as dissimulation and coldness. . . . He entered public life under the reign of the Pompadour, and believed too easily in the power of petty means, confounding intrigue with politics. Frivolous, at least disposed to treat lightly things reputed grave, he at- tached too much value to society gossip, to prejudices of caste, to the vanities of the world. On the battle-field he again be- comes a Conde. In his eye, his voice, the happy precision of his orders, you can see a spark of his glorious ancestor." The Prince made love to the Princess de Monaco. He invited her to the festivals at Chantilly, he met her everywhere in society, and his attentions became so public that the Prince became jealous and threatened to shut her up. In July, 1769, the Countess left the conjugal house and retired into a convent— in Paris, first, and afterwards at Le Mans. She took an appeal to the courts of France, and a protracted taking of testimony began, before the Parlement of Paris. The Prince,, viewing himself as prince-sovereign, refus- ed to accept the jurisdiction of the Parle- ment, and sent a memorial to Louis XVI. The inquest continued, as the French Gov- ernment was not sorry to find an opportunity to diminish the prerogatives of the princi- pality of Monaco. The affair suffered a long interruption during the quarrel which sprang up between the parlemeuts and the King. As soon as Choiseul fell from power, and the first time the Parlement sat again, on the 31st of December, 1770, the first case called was that of the Princess of Monaco. The Parlement pronounced unanimously that there should be "separation of body and habitation" between the Prince and the Princess, ordered the restitution of her dowry, and forbade the Prince "to again frequent his wife, or to make any direct or indirect attempt upon her liberty." Immediately afterwards, the Princess of Monaco threw away the last veil. She re- turned to Paris, and, in order to be nearer Conde, she had an elegant hdtel built in the Rue St. Dominique, right against the Palais Bourbon. At Chantilly, the liaison was even more public; she remained there for months, in a complete and conjugal intimacy with the Prince. She was then hardly thirty years old; her beauty was in all its brilliancy. The two years which followed the trial were spent almost wholly in Chantilly. The affair of the parlements kept Conde away from Court; in 1772 he abandoned rather un- expectedly the cause of the parlements, and

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April 6, 1899] The Nation 257 surrendered himself unconditionally to the royal cause. He was received again with joy by Louis XV. at Versailles, and the Princess de Monaco could not keep him altogether to herself. The liaison became very stormy, and, from all the memoirs of the time, it appears that Madame de Monaco made for herself the reputation of a very tyrannical and ill-tempered companion. M. de Segur does not conceal the fact that there were perpetual scenes between Madame de Monaco and the Prince. Her position was a difficult one. "The Duke de Bourbon and the Princess de Conde bore with disgust their daily contact with the declared mistress of their father. Respect and fear might shut their mouths, but their contempt for la Madame, as they called her between themselves, was shown in their whole attitude, in the hostility of their looks, the coldness of their behavior, in the silence which ensued upon her ap- proach." The young Duchess de Bourbon, who was born Bathilde d'Orleans, was not so patient; she was bold, witty, and knew no other rule than her will and caprice. She became ag- gressive. One day she took a conceit to have a proverb of her composition played on the stage at Chantilly. The actors were the Prince de Condg, Madame de Monaco, and the Duke de Bourbon. The subject was the story of a light and weak man, unconsciously dominated by an ambitious, intriguing, and jealous woman. Every word, every detail of the play was an allusion. The attitude of the public made the actors conscious that they were exhibiting themselves, and pain- ful explanations and quarrels followed the representation. Madame de Monaco became disgusted with Chantilly and bought a place, Betz, near Crepy-en-Valois, an old feudal castle which she embellished. She made new buildings and a splendid park; she spent more than four mil- lions on this domain. Her sons came to visit her there — the elder, the Duke of Valentinois, who was married to the only daughter of the Duke d'Aumont, the younger, who was called Prince Joseph of Monaco, and had been married to the daughter of Count de Choiseul-Stainville. The Revolution interrupted the gay ex- istence at Chantilly and at Betz. Immedi- ately after the storming of the Bastille, the Prince de Conde decided to emigrate. He left Chantilly with the Duke de Bourbon, the Duke d'Enghien, who was seventeen years old, Princess Louise, and Madame de Monaco. "To relate in detail this period of the existence of Madame de Monaco, its peregrinations and accidents, would be to relate the history of the Army of Conde," says M. de Segur. . . . "In order not to leave the Prince, she sacrificed without re- gret her comfort, her quiet and easy life; she accepted with joy her new existence as a vagabond Princess." During her Odyssey, Goethe saw her at the house of Baron Stein. "She is," he wrote, "alert and charming. Nothing more graceful could be imagined than this slender Mondine." This blondine was, at the time, on the eve of fifty-three, but her triumphant beauty had resisted all the efforts of time and the miseries of her new life. She had to sell her jewels, her silver; she found herself after a while as poor as the soldiers of Conde. The domain of Betz had been confiscated and sold. In 1801 the army of Conde was disband- ed. Conde and Madame de Monaco settled in England at Wanstead House. In 1802 he wrote to Louis XVIII., living in exile like himself, asking permission to marry the Princess of Monaco. The permission was granted, and, on this occasion, Louis XVIII. wrote to the Princess, whom for the first time he called his cousin, an amiable letter, the text of which is given by M. de S6gur. The marriage took place on Christmas Eve, before four witnesses only. In 1803 the Princess was attacked by rheumatism and bronchitis; she died on the 28th of March, and was buried at Wimbledon. The Prince was so poor at the time that he had to ap- peal to the generosity of the Prince Regent to pay the funeral expenses. Correspondence. A FORERUNNER OF AGUINALDO. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The following sentiments are put in the mouth of the Philippine King Tidore by the well-known Spanish writer Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola (1566-1631): "Are we in possession of the most fertile islands of Asia only to purchase with their products infamous bondage and vassalage, converting heaven's generous bounty into a tribute to the ambition of alien tyrants? We know, by experience, how odious our valor has always been to the Christian command- ers, whom, for this very reason, we cannot expect to be either more modest or less our enemies. Remember, accordingly, kings as well as subjects, you who promise yourselves glory as well as you who want safety, that neither of these things may be acquired without liberty, nor the latter without war, nor war without valor or concord. The forces of the Spaniards have increased and their glory is at stake. So, the hidden motive and the cause of this tyranny being clear, who is unwilling to venture the utmost in order to earn liberty, the supremest of all good? Other nations, when they hear of our resolution, will call it despair and ferocity, but when they learn the cause of it, they will award us praise and not pardon. Besides, every- body knows what is becoming to his reli- gion, his honor, and his country better than those who judge of these things from a dis- tance; and, finally, what is life without li- berty?" O. T. Aprlll , 1899. OUR MODELS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Our people are boasting that in colo- nizing methods they are following the Eng- lish, the successful colonizers of modern times. On reading Washington's Journal to the Ohio, printed in 1753, I found an incident which illustrates the French method of that day, and, with a slight alteration, may be made to fit the situation in the Philippines just before our soldiers began to shoot down the natives. The alteration would be in names, not in matter. The Half-King (Thanacrishon) had been to Montreal to make a protest against the encroachments of the French. "Fathers," he said in his speech, "both you and the Eng- lish are white, we live in a country between; therefore the land belongs to neither one nor t'other: but the Great Being above allow'd it to be a place of residence for us; so, Fathers, I desire you to withdraw, as I have done our brothers the English: for I will keep you at arm's length." To this the French commander, the Otis of the day, replied: "Now, my child, I have heard your speech; you spoke first, but it is my time to speak now. Where is my wampum that you took away, with the marks of towns in it? This wampum I do not know, which you have discharged me off the land with; but you need not put yourself to the trouble of speak- ing, for I will not hear you. I am not afraid of flies, or mosquitos, for Indians are such as those. I tell you, down the river I will go, and will build upon it, according to my com- mand. If the river was blocked up, I have forces sufficient to burst it open and tread under my feet all that stand in opposition, together with their alliances; for my force is as the sand upon the seashore; therefore, here is your wampum, I fling it at you. Child, you talk foolish; you say this land be- longs to you, but there is not the black of my nail yours. . . . It is my land, and I willhave it, let who will stand-up for, or say-against it. I'll buy and sell with the English (mockingly). If people will be ruled by me they may expect kindness, but not But the French failed as colonists, and they are to-day practising the same methods in Madagascar towards the Malagasy. WORTHINGTON C. FORD. Boston, April 3, 1899. J. Q. ADAMS ON CUBA'S GRAVITATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The Nation of March 9 contains an interesting quotation from John Quincy Adams against imperialism. In this connec- tion it is, perhaps, worthy of note that while Adams was strongly opposed to imperialism, he was enthusiastically in favor of expan- sion. He may, then, be quoted in opposition to the Government's control of far-away islands like the Philippines, but he cannot be quoted rightfully against the acquisition or retention of Cuba and Porto Rico. Permit the following extract from a letter to the American Minister at Madrid of April 28, 1823, to supplement the speech of 1831. Adams wrote during the downfall of Spain's Western empire, when the transfer of Cuba and Porto Rico to some European Power was a harassing possibility, and the need of impressing on our representative abroad the importance of vigilance was strongly felt: "These islands, from their local position and [are?] natural appendages to the North American continent, and one of them, Cuba, almost in sight of our shores, from a multi- tude of considerations, has become an object of transcendent importance to the commercial and political interests of our Union. Its com- manding position, with reference to the Gulf of Mexico and the West India seas; the cha- racter of its population; its situation midway between our .southern coast and the Island of St. Domingo; its safe and capacious harbor of the Havana, fronting a long line of our shores destitute of the same advantage; the nature of its productions and of its wants, furnishing the supplies and needing the returns of a commerce immensely profit- able and mutually beneficial, give it an im- portance in the sum of our national interests with which no other foreign territory can be compared, and little inferior to that which binds the different members of this Union together. ... In looking forward to the probable course of events, for the short pe- riod of half a century, it is scarcely possible to resist the conviction that the annexation of Cuba to our Federal Republic will be in- dispensable to the continuance and integrity of the Union itself. It is obvious, however, that for this event we are not yet prepared. Numerous and formidable objections to the extension of our territorial dominions beyond seas present themselves, . . . but there are lavs of political as well as of physical gravitation; and if an apple, severed by the tempest from its native tree, cannot choose but fall to the ground, Cuba, forcibly dis- joined from its own unnatural connexion with Spain, and incapable of self-support, can gravitate only towards the North American Union, tcMch, by the same law of nature, I cannot cast her off from its bosom."

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258 Xlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 The italics are mine. If the words Adami spoke in 1831 were prophetic, how much more so were the words he wrote in 1823. J. C. Watts. Madison, Wis., March 27, 1899. [The non-prophetic part is left un- italicized— we mean the unfulfilled half- century forecast as to the indispensa- bility of Cuban annexation. Nobody even now thinks it indispensable "to the continuance and integrity of the Union." Furthermore, if Cuba's connection with Spain, its mother country, was unna- tural, how much more that which we are now foisting upon the Philippines.— Ed. Nation.] EXPATRIATION. To the "Editor op The Nation: Sir: Allow me to call your attention to the enclosed extract from a letter written by him whom you call "the learned Day." Is it not a little hard that we who, for health, or business, or philanthropy, choose to reside out of the country of which we are natives, and where we and our forebears have, in our time, done our duty as citizens, and some of us as soldiers, should, for no other fault, be summarily outlawed? We submit, because we must, to the refusal to give us passports, but tMs is a little too much! Please help us with your protest. One who does not wish to be A Man without a Country. PARIS, March 21, 1899. Department of State, Washington, March 12, 1808. A person who voluntarily resides abroad permanently, forfeits his right to claim pro- tection from this government. He performs none of the duties of citizenship, and cannot expect to receive assistance from a source which he has separated himself from. (Signed) William R. Day, Assistant Secretary. [We have ourselves, acting for a trans- atlantic American of international re- pute, been obliged to listen at the cus- tom-house, from one who perhaps owed his place to a "pull," to a tirade against Americans found living abroad be- yond the short term within which our delightful tariff forbears to denationalize them. And yet our friend's life abroad was determined by a consular appoint- ment made by President Lincoln.— Ed. Nation.] ERRATA BY ATTRACTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In to-day's Nation I observe in the notice of Mr. Lawton's 'Successors of Homer' a rather ludicrous "scribal error" in the translation from the "Hymn to Demeter." In the words, "and the incensed smell of it made all the wide sky laugh, and all the earth laugh, and the salt smell of the sea," the italicised word should, of course, be " swell " (translating olSMa). Something similar to this appears in the following, quoted from the New Review in the New York Tribune of October 16, 1897: "But until Mr. Le CKlllenne's heroes desist from battening on 'the honeycomb of wo- man,' they will form a nasty spectacle (in every sense of the epithet) to their creator's accomplishment of anything even respect- able in fiction." The blunder "spectacle" for "obstacle" is obviously due to "respect- able," which stands nearly under it.— I have the honor to he, sir, very truly yours, Mortimer Lamson Earle. Barnard College, March 30, 1899. Notes. Prof. Angelo Heilprin, whom the pursuit of science leads now to the arctics and now to the tropics, will publish this spring through the Appletons a work on 'Alaska and the Klondike,' which can but rank high in the "literature" of that region. R. H. Russell announces the publication of "English Portraits," a series of drawings on stone by Will Rothenstein. The portraits are of men and women of to-day, including Mr. Thomas Hardy, Sir F. Seymour Hayden, Sir Frederick Pollock, Mr. Lecky, Mr. W. E. Henley, Miss Ellen Terry, Mr. Sidney Col- vin, Mrs. Alice Meynell, Mr. Walter Crane, Mr. George Gissing, Mr. Henry James, etc., etc. Prof. William Z. Ripley's 'The Races of Europe,' a sociological study, illustrated with 85 maps and 235 portrait types, and provided with a supplementary bibliography issued separately by the Boston Public Li- brary, will be ready about May 1. Mr. Gollancz, in his "Temple Classics" (London: Dent; New York: Macmillan), has arrived at 'Tristram Shandy,' of which he reproduces the edition of 1781, with the aid of Walter Jerrold for ma/ginalia and notes (mostly of proper names). The beauty of these two volumes is of the kind well known from this companionable series, but in the interest of taste we could wish the regula- tion title-page abolished in favor of some- thing that would better harmonize with the frontispieces and other daintinesses of the printer's art. About a year ago our Paris correspondent gave some account of K. Waliszewski's 'Marysienka,' a swift and rather bombastic narrative of the life of the wife of Sobieski (1641-1716). This has now been translated fluently and for the most part idiomatically by Lady Mary Loyd, and is published with a portrait by Dodd, Mead & Co. The 'Annual Literary Index' for 1898, edit- ed by W. I. Fletcher and R. R. Bowker (Publishers' Weekly), makes its customary prompt appearance. The Periodical Index (Poole proper) is followed by the Index to General Literature, i. e., works of a collec- tive nature, like Dobson's 'Miscellanies,' Chapman's 'Emerson, and Other Essays,' Krehbiel's 'Music and Manners in the Classi- cal Period,' Hubbard's 'Little Journeys to the Homes of American Statesmen,' and, most Important of all, Warner's 'Library of the World's Best Literature.' In connection with the foregoing is an author-index. A list of the American and English biblio- graphies of the year, an authors' necrology, and an index to dates of principal events in 1898— e. g., under Santiago all the main par- ticulars of the siege; and leading obituary notices the world over — invaluable to jour- nalists, conclude the thesaurus. There has undoubtedly been a need for an American 'Year's Art,' ever since Mr. Koeh- ler's 'Art Directory of the United States' suspended publication. A woman now takes up the task, Florence N. Levy, and gives us through Macmillan the 'American Art An- nual' for 1898. It is a volume of 540 pages, in three main divisions. The first deals w;th the year in question, its sales and exhibi- tions, its necrology, its publications, to- gether with information about tariff and copyright, and some chapters on art in the public schools. Here, too, is a summary ac- count of foreign exhibitions, with special re- ference to American participation. The se- cond division is of art galleries, private col- lections, art societies, and art schools, al- phabetically treated under their respective cities (with a niche for Mexico hereafter), and embodying the catalogue in each case of a society or club exhibition. Part iii. consists of directories, respectively, of paint- ers, sculptors, illustrators (wood-engravers must be sought under this rubric, but are not distinguished from designers), workers in applied arts; art galleries, societies, school*, and dealers. The compiler gives evidence of little literary skill or sense of order, and the typographic appearance of her annual is unartistic to the point of confusedness. Nevertheless, she is to be praised for her undertaking, and for the directories in par- ticular, the utility of which has, in other similar cases, outlived the major enterprise. Part four of 'The Old Families of Salisbury and Amesbury, Mass.' (Providence, R. I.: David W. Hoyt) advances this painstaking and trustworthy work to the Somer family, one of whose members, John Somer, a cooper, residing In Boston, was "a Quaker and twice whipped." Another victim of in- dependent thought and utterance was Major Robert Pike, who especially distinguished himself in the checking of the witchcraft delusion. Here figures also William Morse, whose house was the scene of witchcraft disturbances which nearly cost his wife her life; and Osgoods and Singletarys are cited among witnesses against those accused as witches. The Rev. Joseph Rowlandson got Into peril of public whipping by posting (while yet a senior at Harvard, class ol 1652) a libel against a fellow-townsman in Ipswich, to wit, "A wet eele's tayle and his word were something worth ye taking hold of." Mr. Hoyt announces a conclusion in part five, with indexes and corrections. Under the title, 'The Anatomy of the Cen- tral Nervous System of Man and of Verte- brates in General,' the fifth and expanded edi- tion (1896) of Edinger's well-known 'Vor- lesungen' has been translated by Prof. W. S. Hall of the Northwestern University Medical School, and published by the F. A: Davis Co. The volume will be welcomed by English-speaking students, teachers, and in- vestigators who do not read German easily, and the fulness of the index is particularly to be commended. There is no evidence that the translation has the sanction of the au- thor. Whether so or not, the apparent effort at literalncss has occasioned some misinter- pretations that would be amusing were they not misleading. Since there are unspecified omissions, interpolations, and terminologic changes, the translator becomes practically responsible for the whole, and hence for the perpetuation of deficiencies in the original as regards points of morphology and nomen- clature. Respecting the latter, indeed, there is manifested either ignorance or disregard of the recommendations of American and German anatomic and neurologic societies. Inconsistencies, too, are likely to confuse the student, and are by no means atoned for by

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April 6, 1899] The 2sTatioxi. 259 the uniform rendering of "Anlage" by "fun- dament." Nearly a quarter of a century ago Malwida von Meysenbug published her'Memoireneiner Idealistin,' a charming book of reminiscences in three volumes, which has passed through several editions and taken a prominent and permanent place in German autobiographical literature. She belonged by birth to an aris- tocratic family of Hesse- Cassel, and her father held a high position in the govern- ment of the Elector, but she estranged her- rell from all her kith and kin by her politi- cal liberalism and active participation in the revolution of 1848. The collapse of that movement compelled her to leave her native land; she took refuge in England, where she lived for a long time, chiefly in the circle of her fellow-exiles and their English sympa- thizers. These German and Russian refu- gees were men and women of superior cul- ture and remarkable force of character, and in the second volume of the 'Memoirs' she gives a vivid picture of their daily life in London, their struggles, hopes, and aspira- tions. Among others she mentions Carl Schurz, who was then only twenty-two years of age, add had just given a striking proof of his cleverness and courage and personal devotion In freeing Kinkel from the dun- geon In Spandau. "One need not be a pro- phet," she says, "to foretell for him a great and fruitful future." 'Der Lebensabend einer Idealistin,' just issued by Schuster & Loeffler in Berlin, Is ft supplement to the 'Memoirs,' and contains the reminiscences and reflections of the au- thoress during the past twenty years or more. Indeed, they go back digressively to the laying of the corner-stone of the Wagner Theatre at Bayreuth in 1872, where, on ac- count of her long and intimate friendship with Richard and Cosima Wagner, she thought of making her home, but the rude climate defeated this plan and caused her to return to the more congenial air of Italy. The volume Is not so much a consecutive autobiography as a series of sketches de- lineating the most important events of her life, interspersed with thoughts on various topics, mostly of an assthetical, ethical, and philosophical character. One of the most delightful of these episodes is the sojourn at Sorrento with Friedrich Nietzsche and other friends during the winter of 1876-'77. The report of the evening readings and dis- cussions is exceedingly interesting and In- structive, and presents Nietzsche in a very favorable light. The thought of his sub- sequent mental eclipse leads her to exclaim: "How mild and conciliatory he was then; how his kind and genial nature counter- poised his keenly analytic intellect!" The narration Introduces the reader to many other personages prominent in art, litera- ture, science, and politics, in clear outlines; but the most attractive figure of all is Mal- wida von Meysenbug herself. Which "great Democratic party" has at last found a quarterly organ in the Con- servative Review begun last month in Wash- ington (The Neale Co.), it might be difilcult to say. Such a relation is not indicated on the title-page, and there is no prospectus or salutatory or naming of editors. Eleven articles are arranged in orthodox quarterly form, and but three are political — "The Con- stitution on Absolutism," by Isaac Lobe Straus; "American Policy of Expansion," by Hon. Champ Clark; and "The Treaty with Spain," by Hon. A. Leo Knott— all in one anti-expansionist vein, with more or less good argument and precedent adduced. Among the literary reviews, those on Hen- derson's Stonewall Jackson, Col. R. M. Johns- ton, and Chamberlain's John Adams have a pronounced Southern bias. In the last- named ("New England Statesmen") the pre- sent material prosperity of the South as a result of the civil war is made a ground of railing against the unstatesmanlike North- ern defenders of the Federal Union. Miss Kate Mason Rowland, reviewing several works on Capt. John Smith, falls foul of "America" and of Alexander Brown for call- ing it "our national hymn," as if the "Land of the pilgrim's [sic] pride" was all America, or "we must all claim the Plymouth Rock 'fathers.' " Our English cousins should read with sat- isfaction the latest record of American li- brary ingenuity, "The Blue-print Process for Printing Catalogues," a paper contributed to the March Library Journal by Alexander J. Rudolph, assistant librarian of the New- berry (Chicago) Library. What is here de- scribed is the reprinting by the above pro- cess, and arranging under one alphabet, the British Museum's catalogue of accessions from 1880 to date. The entries number near- ly 900,000, and require more than 20,000 sheets of blue-print paper, to form about 40 volumes of the size of the Museum's ge- neral catalogue. The cost is $20 per 1,000 pages, royal octavo. The process has a wide application in library economy. The March Bulletin of the New York Pub- lic Library is notable for a report of the ex- ecutive committee retracing the history of the foundation and its rapid growth under Dr. Billings's directorship. Congestion is the fate of the institution till its new building brings relief, five miles of additional shelv- ing in the Astor and Lenox Libraries not- withstanding. In the Astor, the seating ca- pacity has been exhausted. The total col- lection now equals 465,000 volumes and 180,- 000 pamphlets. The duplicates accruing from reclassification and from gifts are set aside for use in a future circulating department. An international journal devoted to the study of leprosy is to make its appearance in the near future. Its publication is one of the fruits of the international Leprosy Con- gress held in Berlin some months ago. The journal will bear the title Lepra: Biblio- theca Internationalis, and the editorial staff embraces Dr. Besnier of Paris, Professor Dehio of Dorpat, Russia; Dr. Hansen of Bergen, Norway; Dr. Hyde of Chicago, Dr. Hutchinson of London, and Prof. Neisser of Breslau. Dr. Ehlers of Copenhagen is editor in chief. Articles will be printed in various languages. The German Orient Society (Orientgesell- schaft), organized about two years ago for the special purpose of making diggings and excavations in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys, has now fairly entered upon what promises to be successful work. Twelve months ago a preliminary expedition, headed by Prof. Sachau and Dr. Koldewey of Berlin, proceeded to the East to examine into possi- ble sites for the operations of the Society. The report of this committee induced the authorities to undertake excavations on the site of old Babylon itself, and a firman from the Turkish Government granting permission to do so was readily secured. The Society has chosen as the first object of its attack the mound commonly known as El-Kasr, or the Castle, containing the ruins of the magnifi- cent castle erected by Nebuchadnezzar, about 600 b. c, in which he lived during the greater portion of his reign, and in which Alexander the Great died. For the present, funds have been secured to carry on the diggings for five years; but as the Society has been libe- rally supported by the contributions of its members and by the German Government, it is more than likely that the work will be continued indefinitely. The Royal Museums in Berlin are cooperating with the Society. The expedition is headed by Dr. Koldewey, an experienced explorer. The Selden Society reports a very slight increase in 1898 of the number of its mem- bers. Volume xiii. of its publications, for 1899, will be a volume of 'Select Pleas of the Forests,' by Mr. G. J. Turner. Volume xiv., for 1900, will be a volume on the 'Municipal Records of Lincoln and Beverley,' by Mr. A. F. Leach. It has not been thought desir- able to carry out the scheme of joint publica- tion of the reprint of the Year-Books of Edward II., which was referred to in last year's Report as being then under considera- tion. The Council accordingly propose to proceed with their own plan, and hope to commence the publication in 1902 and to con- tinue it in alternate years, with the in- tention that the Year-Books shall take the place of the ordinary publications for those years. The regretted illness of Prof. Mait- land will probably make it impossible to commence the publication earlier. On account of the expensiveness of the undertaking, the Council may have to appeal for special con- tributions. — The Atlantic Monthly for April contains an article, the first of a series by Charles Mulford Robinson, on "Improvement in City Life." The present instalment deals only with Philanthropic Progress. Even those to whom organized charity is repulsive or un- interesting can hardly read a review such as this without perceiving that the new phi- lanthropy is a great advance upon any de- velopment of charity hitherto known. At the same time, when we are told that the New York State Board of Charities, in its annual report for 1898, expressed the belief that there were more than four thousand empty beds in the children's institutions in this city, we see that something remains to be done. The great fundamental principle of the new charity, as distinguished from the old, is stated by Mr. Robinson as fol- lows: "That which merely relieves a social condition without attempting to prevent the recurrence of the need of relief, does not lift the city to higher things. Curative work is better than palliative, and preven- tive is best of all." It is worth noticing, by the way, how the new philanthropy confirms the teaching of the old political economy — that dismal science which warns against in- discriminate charity, and checks our im- pulse to give to needy knife-grinders at sight. That sort of charity not only covered, but promoted, a multitude of sins. The main object of the modern system is to promote the virtues by which pauperism is checked — cleanliness, temperance, industry, and thrift. The movements for better housing, baths, and playgrounds are all good in their way, but the root of the matter is in arousing the interest of the individual in his or her own improvement; neighborhood settlements and the personal visiting system draw their life from this. Mr. Robinson thinks that the future only can reveal "what is to be the effect rl a patronage by politics of the

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£60 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1762 philanthropic movement — a condition which has lately become marked, notably in the case of the Citizens' Union campaign in New York in 1897," and adds: "Certainly the past gives little encouragement to hope that the result will be an improvement." What he means is apparently that philanthropy had made its advance hitherto chiefly through extra-political work, and that the type of political charity is the old-fashioned work- house and poor-house nurseries of pauper- ism. To this the young settlement-enthusiast would probably reply that Politics is to have a new birth too, as soon as he comes into control, and that Philanthropy— as Mirabeau said of Equality— is a good weapon with which to get into control. —One-third of the contents of the Century for this month is made up of illustrated war articles ("The Atlantic F"leet in the Spanish War," by Rear-Admiral Sampson, a second instalment of "The Capture of Manila," by Major-General Greene, and "The Surrender of Manila," as seen from Admiral Dewey's flagship, by John T. McCutcheon). The first two derive their main interest from their authorship, and on one or two historic doubts concerning the Spanish war they throw some light. For Instance, one question much mooted last year was the precise strategic meaning and force of the bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico, by Admiral Sampson. The Ad- miral himself ought to know, and he says here that the "value of the action lay not a little in the practice it gave the men under fire." The orders of the Department were "not to risk needlessly the loss of a vessel until Cervera had been disposed of," the fleet having been dispatched for this pur- pose. On arriving at San Juan "a glance was sufficient to show that Cervera's ships were not in port"; to destroy the coal supply or occupy the place was impossible, because "no important part of the squadron could be detained there for this purpose, and the date at which an army of occupation could be expected was uncertain." The sum and sub- stance of the Admiral's account is that, for the sake of a day's practice under fire, he took a good deal of risk— in fact, risk- ed his fleet being disabled and prevent- ed from executing the movement in which he was engaged. This confirms the opi- nion of those critics who contended at the time that the bombardment had no military meaning whatever. General Greene shows curiously how General Merritt made use of the insurgents to get into position before Manila. He sent his chief of staff "with a verbal message directing me [Gen. Greene] to persuade the insurgents, if possible, to evacuate a portion of their trenches; but I was to do this on my own responsibility, and without intimating that I had any instruc- tions to this effect from him." "He was very anxious to avoid any entangling alli- ances with Aguinaldo, with whom he had no direct communication." General Greene, therefore, sent his orderly to the insurgent General Noriel, commanding the brigade of insurgents nearest to the beach, and negoti- ated for a surrender of the insurgent trench- es to him, promising to make them more effective with superior artillery. Finally, by permission of Aguinaldo — provided that he (General Greene) "would make the request in writing"— the change was effected. Gene- ral Greene promised to send the written re- quest next morning, and no doubt did so. This statement effectually disposes of the thecry that we received no help from Agui- naldo. Of course, so discreet an officer as General Greene would never have published all the details of the story had he not received full permission from General Merritt. It seems, therefore, that, from the outset, the latter's aim was to make use of Aguinaldo in any possible way, but not to become re- sponsible to him or to the insurgents. Was this because they were to be "ceded" to us? In Cuba, where we appeared as humane pro- tectors, we could be more open in our deal- ings. In the military as in the political art it is necessary for our wisest and bluffest to resort to finesse; it is our highest boast that we publish it all afterwards with illus- trations in the magazines. — Scribner's has several noticeable illus- trated papers, one of which, by Frederick Palmer, gives curious information about "A Winter Journey to the Klondike." Prof. William James has an article on "The Gos- pel of Relaxation," in which he makes psy- chology vindicate the teaching of common sense as to some national peculiarities. Mr. James is always too eloquent to be con- densed; his aim is to show that the nervous, tense, American manner, which many admire — the manner which some writer says enabled his heroine to produce in all who beheld her an impression of "bottled lightning" — is a vice, not a charm. Intensity is not the proper goal of expression, either in look, voice, or gesture; it really suggests "irrita- ble weakness," not reserved strength. The thing to study in manner is harmony, dig- nity, ease, and simplicity — not, however, by "putting on" or simulating them, but by being simple and easy. Mr. James repudiates altogether the theory that the American manner in question is the product of the climate or the physical geography of the continent. He attributes it to bad habits, nothing more or less, bred of "custom and example, born of the imitation of bad models and the cultivation of false personal ideals." The only way to get rid of it is to imitate good models, of which there are still plenty within easy reach. We cannot help thinking that a great deal of the uneasy tensity of the manner in question is or was connected with the desire to be "American" ad hoc — (. e., to have a manner that should be national, and should be correlated with the superior energy, intelligence, and morali- ty which we feel, in contemplating other tribes and nations, to be our portion. To aim at producing a superlatively local impres- sion, however, is not the way to achieve ex- cellence in anything. Educated Americans of the best sort, down to the most recent times, not merely Washington and Franklin and Adams, but men of a totally different strain, like Lincoln, and men even of the specially "irritable" literary breed— Hawthorne, Low- ell, Curtis, and many of their still living descendants— have been marked, as to manner, by the "brave old wisdom" of sim- plicity. Perhaps the worst American manner of all— worse even than the teeth-gnashing, bottled-lightning variety— Is that of the "hustler" of the present decade, the manner of the commercial traveller, not commending, but thrusting his wares down your throat. Naval men, literary men, military men, and even clergymen, have adopted it; it tends to make human society unendurable, and could not long be cultivated anywhere with- out leading to breaches of the peace, if, in- deed, it be not sometimes intended to pro- voke them. — Cromwell was born April 25, 1599, and his "tercentenary" is consequently a convenient magazine topic for the current month. In Harper's, Amelia Barr has an illustrated article on "Cromwell and his Court," consisting of incidents and anec- dotes gathered from Cromwellian newspapers and tracts. A valuable article of the solid sort, on Sleep, is contributed by Dr. Andrew Wilson of the University of Edinburgh, un- der the somewhat fantastic title of "The Ape of Death." Among other things, Dr. Wil- son discusses the phenomenon — familiar enough to everybody — of the capacity to wake up at an hour fixed upon in the mind before going to sleep. He thinks that there is some- thing in this foreordination akin to the "do- minant idea" which a hypnotist may im- press on his subject. "The dominant idea in the shape of the necessity of awaking at a certain time is impressed on the brain, and is probably transmitted to those automatic or lower centres which rule our mechanical acts, which are responsible for visions of the night, and which are capable of carrying out, either in the entire absence of conscious- ness or in the existence of a subconscious condition, many complex actions." But, when we ask how it is that the time is measured, so that the alarm-clock acts at the appointed hour and not at some other, all that can be said is that people may have a "time facul- ty," just as they have a sense of direction. But is not this merely a restatement of the phenomenon itself? If "time" faculty and "direction" faculty explain such matters as these, why will not our old friends "will" faculty and "memory" faculty explain acta of volition and recollection? Among novel naval "features" in this magazine is an ac- count, by Peter Keller, boatswain's mate on the Gloucester, of the "Rescue of Admiral Cervera," dictated to a stenographer, and "told in his own language." — The 'Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada' which Prof. Wrong of Toronto University began in 1897, has been annually continued and now reaches its third issue. Mr. Langton, who before acted as as- sistant editor, seems now to be fully asso- ciated with the work, but no other change strikes the eye upon the title-page of the publication for the current year. On scru- tinizing the contents, one observes that the marked tendency is towards anonymous con- tribution. At the outset, twenty-seven arti- cles were acknowledged by their authors, last year the number dropped to fifteen, and now it is only eight. Perhaps, in a country like Canada, where the literary class is com- paratively small and nearly all the authors know or know about each other, it becomes rather invidious to make perfectly frank and sincere criticisms in articles which are signed. Whether this be or not the right ex- planation of the tendency just mentioned, the publication maintains a high level of honesty and thoroughness. The last twelvemonth has been a very light one in Canadiana, and if it were not for works which introduce a European or American element, the editors would have been hard pressed to find suitable material for their volume of 200 pages. For- tunately, there are enough works on Canada's relation to the empire, the Cabot question, and other records of early coloniza- tion to furnish forth several long and in- teresting papers. Furthermore, the useful- ness of such a survey is most clearly dis- closed during a year when important books are rare. These will always be duly noticed.

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April 6, 1899] The Nation 261 whereas the local histories of seignory and township, the minute cartographical study, etc., will not otherwise be competently ap- praised. Besides calling attention to the general excellence of this review, we must particularly praise the minuteness of its bibliographical research. Even the Zeitschrift des Deutsche ti unci Oestcrrcichischen Al- penvereins lias been ransacked for a descrip- tion of the Illecillewaet Glacier. The volume is published directly by the University of To- ronto, and may be procured from the Li- brarian. —The transcontinental African railway con- necting Cairo and the Cape is no longer the mere visionary scheme of the British expan- sionist. The Bechuanaland Railway Co., ac- cording to a well-informed writer in the London Times, has undertaken to build the link, 1,750 miles long, between Buluwayo and the navigable waters of the Nile Valley. It proposes to begin work immediately on the first section of 20 miles through a promising mineral country to some extensive coal-fields. Thence across the Zambesi to the southern end of Lake Tanganyika a route has been roughly surveyed, and no serious engineering difficulties have been discovered. For the greater part of the distance the proposed line follows the backbone of the continent at an average elevation of some 5,000 feet. The land is well watered and suited for both ag- riculture and grazing, resembling southern Brazil and northern Argentina. The natives are mostly industrious and peaceable culti- vators of the soil, and merely need protec- tion from slave and cattle-raiders to be- come prosperous agricultural communities. In the original plan there was to be a steam- boat service on Lake Tanganyika, leaving 450 miles of road to be constructed from the northern end of the lake to Uganda, either through the Free State or German territory. This route has now been abandoned on ac- count of the apparently successful negotia- tions between the German Emperor and Mr. Rhodes. According to the latest reports, the road Is to be continued through German East Africa, intersecting at Tabora, 200 miles east of the lake, with a German line to the coast now in process of construction. This section will probably be financed in Germany, provided there is a Government guarantee of the investment, and the arrangement is welcomed in both countries as a proof of the harmony of German and English in- terests in Africa. It is estimated that the 900 miles from Buluwayo to the lake can be com- pleted in five years at a cost of $25,000,000, and it is hoped that the German section will be built simultaneously with this southern part. The material advantages of the rail- way are that it will develop a vast country rich in agricultural and probably in mineral wealth, and that it will put an end to the atrocious slave-raiding which blights central Africa. —With the death of Ludwig Bamberger on March 14, >n Berlin, a prominent public character has disappeared from the arena of German politics. Bamberger was born at Mainz, July 22, 1823, studied law and prac- tised for a short time, but was soon drawn irresistibly to journalism, and became editor of the leading paper in his native city. He took an active part in the revolution of 1848, was condemned to death, and fled to Switzer- land. He subsequently went to Paris, where from 1853 to 1866 he held the responsible po- sition of director of the great banking house of Btachoffsheim & Goldschmidt. The amnesty of 1866 enabled him to return to his father- land, where he was elected in 1868 a mem- ber of the German Zollparlament, and in 1871 a member of the Reichstag, to which he belonged till 1893. During the first seven years of his parliamentary career he was connected with the National Liberal party, then with the "secession," which he organ- ized, and later with different factions of the so-called Deutschfreisinnige Partei. He was a man of brilliant parts, independent spirit, and honest purpose, but these excellent qua- lities made him one of the most efficient agents in splitting up the liberal representa- tion into cliques, and thus throwing the law- making power into the bands of the united conservatives and reactionaries. He was a publicist of distinction. His "Gesammelte Schriften," issued in five volumes by Rosen- baum & Hart in Berlin, contain interesting characterizations of eminent persons, but consist chiefly of valuable and very readable essays on economical, financial, and political topics. He rendered good service to Germany and other countries by his vigorous defence of the gold standard against the assaults of the silverites, was an ardent advocate of frte trade -and keen adversary of socialism. His last important contribution to the press was a series of articles, entitled "Bismarck Posthumus," which appeared originally in the Berlin weekly Die Nation, and after- wards in book form. His estimate of the eminent statesman, whose policy, especially as regards colonial expansion, he so often and earnestly opposed in the Imperial Diet, is fair and wholly free from vindictiveness. He pays a high tribute to the great qualities of the Chancellor, and notes at the same time some of the defects of these qualities; he corrects several serious misstatements in the 'Reminiscences,' without impeaching the veracity of their author. The breadth and refinement of his culture, a lively sense of humor, a lucid and attractive style, a tho- roughly liberal spirit, sound common sense, and a complete mastery of the subjects which he discusses, give to his writings a permanent value as contributions to contem- porary history, more particularly in the kin- dred provinces of political economy and financial science. SHAKSPERE IN FRANCE. Shakespeare en France sous I'ancien regime. Par J. J. Jusserand. Paris: Armand Colin & Cie. 8vo, pp. 389. In this admirable volume, packed full of information, as would be expected by those familiar with the former works of its au- thor, are to be found the following facts. In the sixteenth century, during the period of the French Renaissance, the existence of any English literature was unknown to Frenchmen — that is, any literature written in English. The works of Englishmen writ- ing in Latin, the works of scholars, his- torians, and thinkers were widely known and duly admired; but the poets, from Chaucer down, were ignored. Yet the relations be- tween the two nations had been continual, and it was not merely statesmen and scho- lars and divines who had passed back and forth over the Channel. Henry VIII. sent two poets to France as Ambassadors — Sir Thomas Wyatt and another. Ronsard in his boyhood was two years and a half in Scot- land and half a year in London; he made the acquaintance of one of the most charm- ing poets of the day, Sir David Lyndsay, but he seems to have retained no impression of him, and in all his writings It would be difficult to find an allusion to English poetry. A generation later, Du Bartas, author of 'Les Semaines,' was Ambassador in England, and almost at the same moment Sackville, one of the authors of "Gorbo- duc," was Ambassador at Paris. Brantome, an excellent observer, was twice at the court of Elizabeth. He notes seeing a pic- ture, a ballet, and some hunting dogs, but he says nothing of "Gorboduc," which was performed at court the year of his first visit, and does not mention the two or three great theatres lately built In London at the time of his second visit (1579), when Paris had but one. In 1610 a work (the 'Characters' of Hall) written in English was for the first timo translated into French; the next year this first translation was followed by the trans- lation of Bacon's Essays. These experi- ments, however, remained rare, in curious contrast to the numerous French works that were then to be found in translation in Eng- land. But before the end of the seventeenth century the works of Shakspere had them- selves, in their native form, crossed the Channel. Two copies (only two) are known to have been in France. One was in the library of Louis XIV. himself (between the years 1675 and 1684); the other was in that of the great surintendant Fouquet, and an inventory of his books shows that it was priced at one "sol"; it was perhaps the folio that now sells for 15,000 francs. In the catalogue of the King's library, the li- brarian wrote beside the title an apprecia- tion, in four lines, of the author's genius; it was the first French judgment pronoun- ced on Shakspere, and it saw the light only ten years ago, at the hands of M. Jusserand. It was in 1685 that (as far as is known) Shakspere's name was first printed in France, and his name only. It appears in a list of thirteen English poets, English writing poets. Just at this moment, when classic art had reached its highest point in France, serious doubt regarding this form of art had in- sinuated itself into some minds. From the Academy itself, the stronghold of literary conventions, came one of the most remark- able protests, in the form of dialogues writ- ten by Charles Perrault (equally well known as the author of the charming fairy-tales of our childhood). These dialogues were a series entitled 'Parall&le des Anciens et des Modernes,' which appeared in 1688 and the following years, and was the first scene in the first act of the famous so-called "Quar- rel of the Ancients and Moderns." At the conclusion of this opening campaign, suc- cess perched on the banners of Perrault and his associates, and respect for antiquity and the consequent imitation of it was hence- forth not an obligatory virtue in modern literature. This quarrel did not concern it- self especially with the drama, and it Is probably for that reason that M. Jusserand takes little notice of it; but it can hardly be questioned that the opinions which gave rise to the discussion were connected with the decline at the end of the seventeenth century of the dramatic art in France. After "Athalie" in 1691 it may be said that, throwing out the theatre of Crgbillon, there was no French play deserving attention till the "Brutus" of Voltaire, written in England under the influence of Shakspere, in 1727. Voltaire went to England in 1726; three

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2G2 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 years later he returned, accompanied by Shakspere. All that was known about Shakspere in France was of the most trivial importance till Voltaire published in 1734 his •Lettres sur les Anglais,' better known as 'Lettres Philosophiques.' In these he wrote of the various religious sects in Eng- land, of the English government and English commerce, of inoculation, of Bacon and Locke and Newton, and also of tragedy and comedy and of the men of letters of the day. All these subjects had been treated of be- fore in France, but not by Voltaire, not by any voice that gained attention. Yet, unob- served, a veritable Anglomania had taken root which was to reach astonishing proportions. One of the first of the "An- glomanes" was the Abbe Prevost, author of the famous 'Manon Lescaut' and a hundred other romances of more or less merit. In one of these, the 'M6moires d'un Homme de Qualite,' the "impressions de voyage" of the Abbe himself appeared, in 1728. He speaks of England as "not well enough known," and he describes in a very friendly spirit not only London but the cities of the pro- vinces and the English castles and universi- ties; and he becomes enthusiastic about the English drama, and particularly about Shakspere. In the Letters, Voltaire says of Shakspere: "He had a genius full of power and fruit- fulness, of naturalness and sublimity, with- out the least spark of good taste, and with- out the least knowledge of the rules. . . . The merits of this author have ruined the English theatre." And after high praise of Addison he continues: "Since Addison's day the English stage has become more regular, the spectators more critical, the authors more correct and less bold"; adding, with an accent of regret: "It seems as if the Eng- lish were as yet capable of producing only irregular beauties. The brilliant monstrosi- ties of Shakspere are a thousand times more agreeable than the modern perfection"— praise that was heard with patriotic indig- nation in France. His sense of the nature, the power, and the life to be found in the best parts of the English stage is summed up in a phrase of which, M. Jusserand de- clares, even the enthusiasts of 1830 would not have desired to change a word: "The poetic genius of the English resembles now a thickly leaved tree, planted by nature, throwing out at haphazard a thousand branches and unequally increasing in size and strength. It dies if you try to bend its nature and to cut it into shape like the trees of the gardens of Marly." But this phrase had not on the lips of Voltaire the same weight of meaning as to the enthusiasts of 1830. The 'Lettres Philosophiques' and their author belong to an age when in matters of art the trees of the gardens of Marly were the ideal. From this moment the knowledge of Shakspere spreads in all directions. The voice of Voltaire reaches everywhere and excites interest of -one kind or another. Henceforth the public requires of travellers in England that they should speak of the author of "Hamlet." The Abbe Prevost con- tinued to proclaim his ardent admiration, much more ardent and unreserved than that of Voltaire, but which attracted much less attention. The audacious Abbe even dared to maintain that it was not to be regretted that Shakspere had not been familiar with the ancients. Another abbe, the Abbe Le Blanc, devoted a number of his 'Letters,' published at The Hague in 1745, to detailed studies of the genius of Shakspere, but in his eyes ignorance of "the rules" had ruined this admirable genius, "one of the greatest ge- niuses that have ever perhaps existed," "but who unfortunately has not produced a single work that can be read from beginning to end." But the Abbe Le Blanc deserves to be honored, if for this alone, that he was the first man in France to take into account the incomparable magic of the style of Shakspere; he recognized that Shakspere spoke a language which belonged to him alone, and that makes translation of him almost impossible. The first attempt at translation of the works of the master was made, in the same year with the Letters of the Abbe Le Blanc, by La Place, a dramatic author whose name is scarcely known outside France. It was impossible to think of translating all, and the courage of La Place carried him at first only through two volumes of very weak, dim, at- tenuated, but still meritorious reproductions. They were prefaced by a well-written dis- course on the English theatre, in which the translatdr asks not so much that his readers should be won to admiration as to knowledge, that they should learn how it is that "Shak- spere has charmed his countrymen by me- thods that no French author has known how to practise." M. Jusserand gives a careful analysis of this Discourse, which at times has something of eloquence, and which contains a remarkable prediction of the importance that romance-writing was soon to acquire and of the influence this would exert upon the stage. The appeal of La Place to his readers was readily responded to. Two more vol- umes were asked of him, in which he added to the twelve plays he translated analyses of all the others, thus giving a general re- view of the whole body of Shakspere's pro- duction. During the twenty years after his return from England (1730-50), Voltaire, whose work contains almost all that is of impor- tance in the tragic writing of his time, is constantly occupied with Shakspere and in- fluenced by him. The English dramatist remains a monster in his eyes, but a monster that at one and the same time attracts and terrifies. But when, during the next twenty years, he saw this monster, whose power he had himself revealed to his countrymen, gain- ing influence over them, the lover of the classical drama, co-lodger in his brain with the revolutionist, sprang to arms. The position acquired by Shakspere in France was one against which both the self- ish vanity and the national pride of Voltaire revolted, as well as, sincerely, his aesthetic taste. It seems absurd in such a connection to speak of selfish vanity, but it is unques- tionable that the adulation Voltaire had re- ceived, and in large measure deserved, had affected his judgment of his own great- ness, and that from an essential lack of gene- rosity he never enjoyed hearing the praises of other great men, whoever they might be— Euripides, Corneille, Petrarch, Milton, or most especially Shakspere, whom he rightly laid claim to having discovered. He had been the first, in his own words, to exhibit to the French "the few pearls to be found in this enormous dung-heap," and now to see "ce Shakspere, si sauvage, si bas, si effrene\ et si absurde," regarded as the sole model of true tragedy, excited in the fiery octogenarian autocrat a slowly kindling, but pi flaming wrath, which broke forth in 1776 in an open declaration of war. The immediate occasion was the publication, under the pa- tronage of the court and many notabilities, of the complete translation of Shakspere by Le Tourneur. The auspices under which it appeared made it a European event, as had also been, three months before, the great Shakspere Jubilee at Stratford. The first at- tack was the famous letter of Voltaire to the Academy pleading "the cause of France," and read in solemn session by the beautiful voice of his friend D'Alembert, the Secre- tary of that august body. The triumph that day of Voltaire was complete. But he con- sidered a second campaign indispensable, and two years afterwards he came himself to Paris to make a final incursion into the enemy's country with a second letter to the Academy. Exceptional honors were bestowed on him, not only by his academic confreres, but by his admirers of the gay world and by the actors of the Comedie-Frangaise, who performed his last work, his classic "Irene," to a wildly enthusiastic audience; his adorers seized "la chere idole" in their arms as he entered the theatre, and carried him to his box, where a few moments later he was crowned with laurel. Three months only afterwards he died. Shakspere was now known to every French- man; he was to be found in every library and every drawing-room; but as yet only in masquerade costume in the theatres. No play of his own was performed, but there was soon an immense series of adaptations of his plays— a "Romeo and Juliet" which ends joyously, a "Hamlet" in which the Prince of Denmark carries about "l'urne redoutable" that contains the ashes of his father. Of these unconscious caricatures the greater number were made by Ducis, well known through Sainte-Beuve's delightful articles about him; Ducis, the most ridiculous of wri- ters and the most charming of men, and the most passionate admirer of Shakspere. The success of his strange productions was great, and was not wholly dependent on the "mceurs fluettes" of the period. They outlived the Revolution, were acted under the Consulate and the Empire, and even at the Restoration; what was more, they survived the Romantic whirlwind, but from that time their popu- larity diminished, and they have now dis- appeared for "ever. With the Revolution, everything changed in the real world; no- thing changed in the mimic world of the theatre. Under the Consulate, Shakspere vas as displeasing to Chateaubriand as to Voltaire. The classical methods continued under the Restoration, and Stendahl in 182:j found affairs exactly where Voltaire had left them, and took up the quarrel on the oppo- site side. That year Shakspere was played in English in Paris and was hissed. But 1830 was approaching, and arrived. Victor Hugo sent forth his manifestos, Dela- croix was at the head of a bevy of excited artists, Theophile Gautier, at once the most brilliant and the most "romantic" of critics, did yeoman service; French verse, and with it French tragedy, were freed from their bonds. It was the end of an epoch, the achievement of complete liberty — or at least all the liberty that was wished for. The enemy, in acknowledging the victory of the barbarians, ascribed the success to Attila- Shakspere. There can be no question that he contributed to it; nor is it doubtful that he is to-day intelligently appreciated and highly honored by many French men of let- ters. Within a month M«»unet-Sully has

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April 6, 1899] The Nation. 263 acted "Othello" at the Comedig-Frangaise, in a translation by Jean Aicard; but It has taken twenty years' persistent effort on the part of both actor and translator to obtain the performance, and the success has not been brilliant. Shakspere is still, and will always remain, entirely a foreigner to the French people. His plays are not, and never will be, "popular" on the French stage. The national taste remains always the same, and M. Jusserand's last sentence makes it evident that his own heart beats in sympathy with his countrymen in worship of their own gods. Memoirs of Pliny Earle, M.D., with Extracts from his Diary and Letters (1830-1892) and Selections from his Professional Writ- ings (1839-1891). Edited, with a general Introduction, by F. B. Sanborn of Concord, former Chairman of the Board of State Charities and Inspector of Charities. Bos- ton: Damrell & Upham. 1898. Dr. Earle was a distinguished and success- ful alienist, and his work as such is reported by Mr. Sanborn with generous and intelli- gent appreciation. It this were all, the book would be mainly interesting to specialists and to those who have friends afflicted with insanity, though, even so conditioned, it would deserve general attention, the treat- ment of the insane being a matter of such ge- neral importance. But this is not all, and if Dr. Earle had been a man of no professional repute, his experience of travel and society. as here set down, would give the book an independent value that would justify its pub- lication. Here are very serviceable memoirs for the future students of manners in the nineteenth century. For one thing they may, so much was Dr. Earle in Washington, do something to relieve the monotony of refer- ence to John Quincy Adams's 'Diary.' Mr. Sanborn has not done a better piece of biographical work. If it is somewhat dis- cursive, it is far less so than his 'Thoreau,' and his subject is entertained more simply than in that or the S. G. Howe and Alcott books. So deeply involved was Mr. San- born in the anti-slavery conflict that his re- ferences to that are always interesting, though Dr. Earle's anti-slavery sentiment was very weak in proportion to his opportu- nities for knowing anti -slavery people. The better-informed may resent some of Mr. San- born's footnotes as superfluous, as when he gives a sketch of Daniel Webster; but if he errs in this direction, it is on the right side. The ignorance of the general reader is more easily underrated than exaggerated. A very real exaggeration is that where Dr. Samuel G. Howe is spoken of as "the chief philan- thropist of a philanthropic age." Mr. Sanborn's introduction gives a tragical account of the progress of humanity in the treatment of Insane persons. Since Pinel, with the consent of Couthon, the French Re- volutionist, unchained the inmates of Bi- cetre in 1793, the tender mercies of the reform- ers have been cruel. Some of these, as for example, "the tranquillizing chair," of which we have a description in one of Dr. Earle's chapters on the German asylums, he thought as bad as the chains it had superseded, if not worse than these. Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia was an alienist reformer in his day, but bleeding was his strong point, and his "moral treatment" supplemental to this consisted of the strait-waistcoat, the "tran- quillizing chair," privation of food, pour- ing cold water into the coat-sleeves, the shower-bath for fifteen or twenty minutes, and "the fear of death." Many of those who followed Dr. Rush owed their partial suc- cesses more to the native vigor of their minds than to improved methods. One of the most important of Dr. Earle's services was to disabuse the public mind of the fal- lacy that insanity is easily cured. Further- more, "Personal favor and political interests came in to promote the claims of the inex- perienced and self-seeking, . . . and the sound principles of the elder alienists, favor- ing small asylums and greater personal care, were soon set aside, at first on the ground of economy and expediency, and then because great asylums involved larger powers and wider 'patronage' in the hands of politi- cians, medical or administrative." To com- bat these tendencies was an important part of Dr. Earle's activity. His ideal asylum would not contain more than 200 or at most 250 patients, and in his later years he had kindly leanings to the Scotch system of isola- tion in the care of people of trustworthy abi- lity and humanity. Monster asylums and ex- travagant expenditure (evil fruits in part of Miss Dix's passionate philanthropy) found in Dr. Earle an opponent whose habitual ge- niality did not prevent his striking hard when there was need of a good stunning blow. Dr. Earle was born in Leicester, Mass., in 1809, a year extremely rich in much more famous men. The "first citizen" of Leicester, Samuel May, contributes a letter of valuable reminiscences of Dr. Earle and his family. Seeing that Dr. Earle's magnum opus was an 'Earle Genealogy,' Mr. Sanborn has shown much self-restraint in referring his readers to that instead of drawing on it freely. The character of Dr. Earle's relatives reminds us of the comment of an English friend, "All you Americans who have done anything seem to be blood-relations." Dr. Earle's mother was Patience Buffum, a sister of Arnold Buffum, one of Garrison's "great allies," whom Thoreau describes, "with his broad face and a great white beard, looking like a pier-head made of the cork-tree with the bark on, and as if he could buffet a consider- able wave." Mrs. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, one of the noble company of anti-slavery women, was Dr. Earle's cousin, and it was his brother, Thomas Earle of Pennsylvania, who was candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the first Liberty Party ticket, and who edited the Life of Benjamin Lundy. Pliny's journals and letters are extremely rich in references to people prominent on the anti- slavery stage. The English abolitionists were largely recruited from among the Friends in England. Sixty years ago he saw much of them, the Gurneys, Frys, and Bux- tons and their set. Pliny Earle seems never to have been a thorough-going Friend either in his religious or philanthropic interests — his specialty excepted. Soon after his graduation in Philadelphia in 1837, Dr. Earle went to England, and there enjoyed a vogue much heightened by his anti- slavery associations. He heard with regret that Sarah Grimke had introduced a resolu- tion on the rights of women into an anti- slavery convention. Of Elizabeth Pease, his informant, he wrote that she was "the most beautiful of all the young Quakeresses" he had met in England. Though he never mar- ried, he was remarkably susceptible to the beauty of women and often fell in love. Miss Pease seemed to him "no longer a true Quaker in principle," but "a Tory as regard- ing the national Church, the peerage, and all the relics of feudal times"— a surprising ac- count of a woman who was already in sympa- thy with Garrison. Abby Kelley, whose name Mr. Sanborn misspells with some others, "as a practical contender for the rights of woman," arouses our Friend's opposition; but if women "can do more good in this way than otherwise, let them go on; and I bid them godspeed." From England Dr. Earle went to the Con- tinent, and travelled widely in France, Swit- zerland, Italy, Greece, and Turkey in the years 1838 and '39, his interest In the insane asylums of these countries foreshadowing the characteristic business of his life. The first indication of his future career is in a letter of September, 1837, written after conversing with Samuel Tuke, manager of a Quaker asylum in Yorkshire, on the predominance of insanity among Friends and the cause of it. His accounts of the reformed methods of the great Paris asylums are sickening. The douche was the great moral artifice, one of the managers being a son of the great Pinel, Returning to America, he had hardly estab- lished himself as a medical practitioner In Philadelphia when he was Invited to take charge of a small Quaker lunatic asylum. This circumstance probably had much to do with his lifelong predilection for small asy- lums, and it enabled him to experiment with his ideas as he could not have done as a subordinate in a large establishment. His resolve not to deceive his patients was soon formed. At this time he had quite a turn for literature, writing for the Knickerbocker Ma- gazine, and being welcomed by Poe to write for another, which never saw the light. He was not a little taken in the snare of the phrenologists, and we have a most amusing account of a patient's mind in the terms of that pseudo-science. Early in 1844 he took charge of the Bloom- ingdale Asylum in New York, and remained there five years. At that time there were only 751 patients in all the asylums of the State; now there are nearly 22,000. A sta- tistical history of the institution from 1821 was one of the best proofs of his administra- tion, confirming, as it did, his various theo- ries and methods of treatment. In 1849 he again became a student, going abroad, and in the summer and autumn of that year 1 visiting thirty-five asylums— eight in Great Britain, the others on the Continent. The limits of his visit are not given, and, though we are told that his mother died on the day of his return, no date is written. He remain- ed in Leicester until 1853, when he returned to New York for a year, and published his book on the German asylums. He soon re- turned to Leicester, and, for ten years, the best-fitted man in America to superintend an asylum waited for his opportunity, which came in 1864, when he was placed in charge of the asylum at Northampton, Mass., where, with some serious qualification, he was able to carry on his work according to the prin- ciples which had been steadily maturing in his mind. But he was not idle, either in- tellectually or socially, in the years of his comparative neglect. He travelled much and saw many places and people, and he writes of them in his journals and letters in a racy fashion. A whole chapter is given to a visit to Cuba, possibly justified by our present interest in that dependency. Much more inte- resting, however, is a visit to Charleston, S. C, where Dr. Earle's temper was much

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264= Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 that of Thackeray: "Catch me speaking ill of people who have such good claret!" There is an appendix containing some of Dr. Earle's most interesting papers, and extracts from others. A History of Rugby School. By W. H. D. Rouse, M.A. Charles Scribner's Sons. This is a new volume in a series charac- teristic of the time. Publishers are all now- adays bent on starting some "series" or other, which shall appeal to a particular in- terest or a particular audience; and, from the money-making point of view, it was a happy idea on the part of the original Eng- lish publishers of this volume to set going an "English Public Schools" series. But such series have the defects of their quali- ties. This 'History of Rugby School,' for In- stance, is addressed primarily to old Rug- beians, who knew all about the daily life of the school as it was in their time; accord- ingly, it could hardly fail to indulge in scores of allusions unintelligible to the outside world. Moreover, the publishers very natu- rally seek to add to its attractiveness by intrusting each history to a master in that particular school; and, accordingly, they are likely to secure as their authors men who are doubtless good "scholars" and interested in the great foundations to which they are attached, but who have had little practice in writing and show little skill in narrative or exposition. The book before us illustrates both these defects. It is more valuable than some others in the series, because the story which it tells of the fortunes of the school for the first two hundred years after its foundation is based upon a certain amount of indepen- dent investigation. But even what the au- thor gives us that is new is not told with any lucidity; it would require a good deal of perplexed cogitation over the documents in the appendix to arrive at any more definite impression than this— that the early trustees were careless, and that there were some rogues among them. The story of Rugby School, as it could be told, might be made an interesting chapter in the social history of England. There is, first, the founder, Lawrence Sheriffe, Queen's Grocer in the reign of Elizabeth, who estab- lishes a free grammar school and an alms- house in close conjunction with it, for the benefit of the people of his birthplace. The faint suspicion of apology for the founder's occupation which haunts us In reading the first chapter shows that Mr. Rouse hardly appreciates what a "grocer" was then, nor what the position was of a Warden of the Grocers' Company, who was also Grocer to the court, in the spacious days of Queen Bess. Then there is the "one-third of the Conduit Close" in Holborn which Sheriffe fortunately put into the codicil of his will instead of a sum of money, and so "made the fortune of Rugby School." When and how this Conduit Close came to be built upon, would form a tale worth telling. The first speculator who saw the capabilities of the neighborhood was that Nicholas Barbon whom some recent writers have found out to have been a great economist. Then there is the village grammar school, with its increas- ing revenue from London rents, becoming, towards the end of the seventeenth century, a thriving boarding-school for the sons of the neighboring gentry. Here again Mr. Rouse seems just a little ashamed of the school's humble origin, and a little too eager to reach the time when it ceases to be "merely or chiefly a free school for the boys of the neighborhood." It is apparently with unmix- ed satisfaction that he arrives at the date when "the names are arranged into two columns, foundationers and non-foundation- ers being kept apart. Of the twenty-six boys entered in 1675, nearly half lived at a distance from Rugby, and were not foun- dationers" (p. 86). People can persuade themselves of much, but, with the "Intent" actually printed in the Appendix, it is sur- prising that Mr. Rouse should hereupon tell us that "the good intent of the religious founder was in a way to be more fully real- ized" (p. 87). Without maintaining that Sheriffe meant his school to provide ele- mentary education for the agricultural la- borers of the parishes around Rugby, it is perfectly clear he did not in the least con- template what came out of that codicil. Mr. Rouse might well have faced this— might have explained what were the new social needs that justified the change; what con- tinued to be the number and what was the position of the foundationers; and what are the functions of that "subordinate school" which has recently been created out of the trust "to provide for the needs of the town." Finally, there is the great name of Dr. Arnold. Perhaps Rugbeians have been rather overdone with Dr. Arnold; and there is now a tendency, which Mr. Rouse shares, to lay more stress on the merits of his predecessors and successors. But our au- thor hardly realizes that it is Dr. Arnold and 'Tom Brown's School Days' and Matthew Arnold's 'Rugby Chapel' which to most non- Rugbeians give the greater 'part of its in- terest to the school. Of course, in a book like this, as we said in reviewing another of the series, there is much to amuse the careful observer of men and things. The great American public, which has so keen an eye for Anglomania, may be pleased to learn that, in the code of school-boy morals, "however muddy the road, no one but a 'swell' " (i. e., we conjec- ture, a member of the Sixth) " is supposed to turn up his trousers at the bottom." And that even greater public which discusses the details of football will find the evolution of the Rugby game here set forth with sympa- thetic touch. And now a word to the publishers. After they have completed their series, will they not think of a supplementary volume on the English Public Schools in general, and put it into the hands of some one who knows Ame- rican conditions, and something also of the French and German schools frequented by the children of the "well-to-do"? For it is very probable that schools more or less mo- delled on the English public school are going to play an increasingly large part in the education of the American youth; and founders, masters, and> parents want all the intelligible information they can get. One thing is borne in upon us as we contemplate the great English schools. It is the so- cial position of the headmasters. This has been secured very largely— such is the charming illogicality of England— by the ex- istence of an established church with offices of great dignity and considerable emolument. That a schoolmaster who has edited a hardly decent Greek play should be rewarded with a bishopric, has been a fancy that has de- lighted many a novelist. But it is the sober fact that for a century the most sure path to high ecclesiastical preferment in England has been to succeed as a schoolmaster, and the well-to-do classes in England have re- garded it as perfectly fitting. That is one problem before us in America if we want to have great schools of the English type. With human nature as it is. we must hold out inducements, consisting not so much in sa- lary as in public honor, which will attract to the profession men of first-class ability. We must somehow or other bring it about that a successful headmaster shall be as re- spected a personage — by the parents of his boys — as a Senator or a railroad president. The Structure and Classification of Birds. By Frank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S. Long- mans, Green & Co. 1898. Large 8vo, pp. xx, 518, figs. 252. If we were asked to name, among a mul- titude of ornithotomists who have contribut- ed to the general result effectually, four au- thors who have most satisfactorily brought to book what is now known of the structure and classification of birds, we should cite A. H. Garrod, whose writings were collected in a memorial volume in 1881; Professor Fiirbringer, whose 'Untersuchungen zur Mor- phologie und Systematik der Vogel' was published in 1888; Dr. Hans Gadow, with his contributions to Bronn's 'Thierrelch' and to Newton's 'Dictionary'; and Mr. Beddard in the volume now before us. One who should be familiar with these authors would need to undertake special researches of his own to extend his knowledge of avian morpholo- gy; and one who now wishes to be set abreast of the subject, by means of the most convenient handbook in the English lan- guage, may turn with confidence to his Bed- dard. The author has occupied for many years the office of prosector to the Zoological So- ciety of London, immediately succeeding Mr. W. A. Forbes, who was himself the successor of Garrod. In this position his opportunities for the dissection of birds have been ex- ceptionally good, and he has made the most of them, working along the same lines as his two predecessors, whose results were his le- gitimate inheritance, and whose mantle he now wears. Each of his predecessors, in fact, had planned such a treatise as Mr. Beddard has prepared, when their respective careers were cut short by premature death. "I have," he says, "determined to make an attempt to carry out this plan of my two forerunners, and the present volume is the result." Like most methodical and systematic trea- tises, the work is easy to Bescribe and appre- ciate. It runs to p. 158 with a general sketch of bird, structure, avoiding histological de- tail and elaborate description of anatomical facts not at present of much use in classi- fication. But the main body of the book is an account of the special anatomical charac- teristics of the several leading groups of birds, now commonly called orders or sub- orders. The bent is thus practically taxo- nomic, and we get a summary anatomy for purposes of classification, of the greatest uti- lity to the greatest number of ornithologists; for few of this class concern themselves with the internal structure of birds with any other end in view. We are given no formal bibliography of the subject, but the copious footnotes, on almost every page, point out the principal previous treatises on special points, and collectively amount to the re- quired bibliographical references. We are

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April 6, 1899] The Nation 265 sorry to see how few American names appear in this showing, and that the only one ex- tensively quoted is a person whose best work is barely mediocre. Though Mr. Beddard's facts of bird structure are largely drawn from published memoirs, most of them have been verified by himself, especially in osteo- logy and myology; and his command of ex- isting materials has been immensely extend- ed by original research. The clear illus- trations, indispensable in any anatomical treatise, are very numerous; most of them have appeared before in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, in the Ibis, or elsewhere. The integrity of any scheme of avian clas- sification based, as are all the schemes which have any vogue nowadays, upon morphology, is a thing apart from the validity of such anatomical facts as may be adduced to sup- port it. Taxonomy is still a matter of ex- pert opinion; the key to evolutionary pro- cesses remains at the bottom of the well, and each may draw his own conclusions from in- disputable premises. The day of confessedly artificial systems, hardly more than indexes to chaotic facts, is happily long past; but the time is not yet come for ornithologists to agree upon the interpretation of their facts on the theory of evolution they all profess. The steps by which we have progressed from obviously unnatural classifications towards those seeming to be more and more natural, have invariably been marked by too great insistence upon some special set of anato- mical characters. Take Huxley's classifica- tion for an egregious example of what we mean. He set forth a system based upon the structure of the bony palate, in the most masterly manner, with all the forcefulness of perfect exposition; yet the groups he devised on this basis have stood or have fallen ac- cording to their coordination or lack of co- ordination with groups founded upon less special considerations. Garrod and Forbes both insisted strenuously upon presence or absence of an ambiens, and correlated ar- rangements of other muscles of the legs; upon colic cceca and plumosity or nudity of the oil-gland; and upon a few other features regarded by them as of prime taxonomic sig- nificance. That they went too far in this way, and gave us some bizarre collocations and sequences, no one now doubts. Mr. Beddard belongs to their "school," as we have said, but he is less extreme and more judicious; he adopts the most reasona- ble views of his teachers, but also thinks for himself, and has produced on the whole a better system. Not all ornithologists will adopt his thirty-six ordinal groups, nor fol- low his sequences, especially the intercala- tion of Accipitres between Ichthyornithes and Tinami; while the appearance of Stereornithes in his system simply perpetuates a blunder. The prime division, Anomalogonatw (includ- ing Striges!), for the Passerine and Picarian groups, is duly set forth, but we do not find the antithetical Homalogonatw. Our author does not finish the game of battledore and shuttlecock with several disputed forms; lapses on gallinaceous groups, is obscure on saurognathism and at a loss among limico- lines, and makes some misstatements regard- ing cormorants and swifts. But it would obviously take us too far afield to go into detailed criticism on any such points. We believe that most of Beddard's groups will receive the assent of most ornithologists as natural and definable; they are all defined by him, with much additional description of their anatomical peculiarities, as clearly as and more conveniently than we have found them to be treated elsewhere. This is a boon in itself, enabling us readily to agree or disa- gree with our author, and form our own con- clusions. It should be observed here that the absolute taxonomic rank of Beddard's ordinal groups is something aside from the naturalness of such divisions. Nothing is more certain than that the so-called class Avcs is so compact and homogeneous that its extreme members differ less among themselves than do the se- veral orders of reptiles. Birds are therefore no more than an order of a higher class of vertebrates, and their subdivisions have lower taxonomic rank than the so-called orders and families in other vertebrate classes. But if we assume a class Aves, as we all do, the di- vision of birds into orders, families, and so on becomes a necessary classificatory device. Returning, in conclusion, to our main con- tention above indicated, we venture the as- sertion that Beddard's groups will stand or fall, not according to the convenience of the definitions he gives of them, based upon the particular characters he employs, but upon their agreement or disagreement with the af- finities or genetic relationships which are in- dicated by the totality of any bird's organi- zation. The possible classification of the fu- ture will rest upon a morphological sum of characters, without insistence upon the taxo- nomic preponderance of any one of the fac- tors in that sum. The book is ill indexed and well printed. The page has a somewhat glaring effect upon the eye, from the needless printing of all per- sonal names in small capitals, together with the incessantly recurring italics for technical terms. But this is a very small blemish, per- haps offset by some advantage, and we are not looking for smooth literature, but for sound science and ready reference, in a book of this character. Needless it may be to close by saying that the treatise becomes in- dispensable to every working ornithologist; but we give ourselves the pleasure of mak- ing this best of all possible commendations. Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics. By William Wallace. Edited by E. Caird. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Pp. xxxix, 566. 1898. The sad accident which cut short the career of the most literary, and therefore the most widely known, of Oxford's professors of philosophy has naturally inspired his friends with the desire to enshrine in a me- morial volume such portions of his manu- scripts as seemed to them most suited for publication; and it is as the outcome of such a desire that the present work must be re- garded. It contains an excellent portrait of the late professor, a brief sketch of his life from the expert pen of the Master of Balliol, notes which Wallace prepared for the Gifford lectures delivered in Glasgow University in 1894-'95, (undated) essays, presumably con- nected with his professional lectures, which take their titles from some of the chief prob- lems of moral philosophy, and three or four critical appreciations of modern philosophic writers, of which some appeared as reviews in Wallace's lifetime. In so much matter there is much that is readable, a good deal that is interesting, not a little that is brilliant; but, on the whole, the importance of the compilation is hardly commensurate with its bulk, and it will prob- ably prove something of a disappointment to those who expected from Wallace con- structive work worthy of his brilliance in criticism and exposition. This result is no doubt mainly due to the difficulties which Wallace's method of work bequeathed to his editor; for while he lectured most admirably from the scantiest of notes, he was yet a most fastidious and painstaking craftsman in working up whatever he deemed worthy of publication. But the manuscripts out of which the present volume has been made up repre- sent, for the most part, neither his finished literary work nor his impromptu lectures; and though the editor vouchsafes us only very scanty information as to their real character, we can easily suppose that Wal- lace himself would not have regarded them as forming more than the raw material for a book. Hence the sufficiently glaring de- fects of this volume. The essays on natural theology are avowedly fragments of a larger discussion. The essays on moral philosophy are a torso, of which the parts rarely make an attempt at artistic rounding off. And, throughout, great improvements might have been effected in matters of com- pression, digression, arrangement, and con- nection. It would have been well if the edit- or had exercised a large discretion in these respects, and it would at least have been politic to provide the reader with a more adequate guide through the labyrinth of argument than is supplied by the headings of the chapters. As it is, large tracts of the book present the appearance of having been pieced together in virtue of a general affinity of their subjects rather than of logically belonging together. This effect is, doubtless, mainly due to the conditions of publication, but it is doubly unfortunate in that it sug- gests an element of self-knowledge in Wal- lace's complaint, quoted by Dr. Caird (p. xxiv.), about "the wretchedly episodic cha- racter" of his mind. We must not search the present volume for a systematic account of Wallace's philosophic convictions; its tendency is rather to confirm an impression that Wallace was happier in interpreting the thoughts of others than in stating his own. Not that he leaves any doubt as to the character of his predelictions — he is constantly repeating the familiar phrases of a Hegelian of "the Right" — with, it may be added, the usual ominous hints at times of the ease with which he could glide over to "the Left," and descend to depths of naturalism which would leave no practical differences between this degenerate "ideal- ism" and the "materialism" which it set out to combat. But all this is introduced by way of comment, suggestion, nay, innuendo. It is almost impossible to pin him down to any- thing definite, the more so as he allows him- self a large license in seeing contrary sides of a subject, and generally follows up a significant statement which appears to com- mit him by a contrary one which appears to undo its work, and shows little consideration for less nimble-minded mortals who find it hard to follow the leaps of his logic. In so doing he of course only conceives himself to be practising the Hegelian sport of letting thesis meet with antithesis and engender synthesis; and if any one finds it hard to fol- low and complains, why, then he is to be numbered among "the wiseacres who love to criticise where it is hard to understand" (p. 170). The rebuke is crushing, but, in view of the infirmity of the finite intellect.

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266 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 it would be well if the process could be rendered somewhat more evident, and the public were, merely as a guarantee of good faith, occasionally permitted to see how the synthesis issues from the conjunc- tion of thesis and antithesis. Wallace's great powers of literary exposition seemed pecu- liarly to fit him to perform the function of a hierophant in such matters; but unfortu- nately he also does not avail himself of his opportunities; his synthesis is always per- formed out of sight and has to be taken on trust; the Hegelian faith remains based on assurances concerning things unseen. For these reasons the most satisfactory portion of the book will probably be found in its concluding essays, especially in those dealing with Lotzeand Nietzsche. Indeed, Wallace seems quite at his best in estimating Lotze, whose character lends itself to appre- ciation by his critical method. In Nietzsche's case he hardly, perhaps, brings out into suffl- ciently bold relief the fact that Nietzsche was essentially of the brood of the giants who from time to time are impelled to insane attempts to storm the strongholds of Olym- pus, and that his philosophy springs from a profound exasperation with the established order of the world, social, natural, and re- ligious. It is perhaps not wholly ill that such revolts should occur; it is well also that they should fail; but the tragic denouement of Nietzsche's actual life possesses at least a dramatic power and propriety which raises its aesthetic value immensely above Wal- lace's rather commonplace suggestion (p. 539-40) that if he had been able to continue his work, he would have outlived his atti- tude of revolt. In conclusion, a word of recognition must be accorded to the literary excellence even of the less, elaborate portions of Wallace's writings, and the wealth of literary allusion which illumines his pages. American read- ers, however, will probably notice one cu- rious slip (p. 162) which ascribes the au- thorship of the finely progressive sentiment, that "they didn't know everything down in Judee" to John C. Calhoun. The shade of Hosea Biglow must surely rise in protest against this despoliation of John P. Robin- The dissolving views begin with the boundless plains peopled by the scattered Indian tribes following the countless herds of buffalo as they roam north and south along the base of the Rockies. Then come the faintly marked trails of the trappers, feeling the way by the woodsman's Instinct to the lower and more practicable passes over the backbone of the continent. The gold discoveries on the Pacific Coast turn the trails into wagon roads, roughly en- gineering the footpaths into possible routes for loaded wagons over the shoulders of the mountains, or zig-zagging from water to wa- ter across the arid and alkali-crusted desert. The engineer with transit and level is not far behind, and the enlightened daring of business enterprise is ready to risk millions in cooperation with broad national policy in penetrating the waste places with the two or three pioneer lines of railway which, in a generation, have already grown to a great network of steel tracks that are rapidly abo- lishing the desert. Mr. Warman's volume seizes this wonder- ful picture in its totality, and makes us feel and hear the rush of modern civilization. It gives us also the human side of the picture — the struggles of the frontiersman and his family, the dismay and cruel wrath of the retreating savage, the heroism of the ad- vance guard of the railway builders, and the cut-throat struggles of competing lines. He does not deal greatly with statistics, but the figures he uses help make up the stun- ning effect of gigantic enterprise. There is not a dull page in the book. Hall, E. H. Paplas and his Contemporaries. Bos- ton: Houghton. Mifflin & Oo. $1.26. Herford, Prof. C. H. The Works of Shakspere. The Story of the Railroad. By Cy Warman, author of 'Tales of an Engineer,' etc. [The Story of the West Series.] D. Appleton & Co. 12mo, pp. xlx, 280. One would hardly believe so much romance and adventure of every kind was connected with the seemingly prosaic business of ex- tending railways into the Far West. But Mr. Warman has made the story far more in- teresting than the average novel, and, when he has told it, we wonder that we had not seen what a wealth of curious and interest- ing matter was implied in opening trans- continental ways for civilization through the Great American Desert and around its Hanks upon the north and the south. The origin of the idea was in the brain of those who passed for dreamers and visionaries, and who were in fact visionaries in so far as they repeated, in a way, the older notion that the wealth and the trade of the Indies were to make rich those who found the short- est track around the world. The truth was not at first apprehended that the local trade, made by rapidly advancing civilization, would be the financial Justification of the vast schemes, and that international com- merce would prove only a drop in the bucket. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Altgeld, J P. Live Questions. Chicago: G. S. Bowen & Son. American Art Annual. 1898. MacmillaD $3 Ansorge, W. J. Under the .African Sun. Long- mans, Green & Co. Barr, Amelia E. I, Thou, and the Other One. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Barwise, Sidney. The Purification of Sewage. D Van Nostrand Co. $2. Beale, Harriet S. B. Stories from the Old Testa- ment for Children. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co Penson, E. F. The Capsina. An Historical Novel Harpers. $1.50. Bernstein, Herman. The Flight of Time, and Other Poems. F. T. Neely. Blow, Susan E. Letters to a Mother on the Phi- losophy of Froebel. Appletons. Brcul, Karl. Goethe's Iphlgenie auf Taurls. Cam- bridge: University Press; New York: Macmillan. Brown, Vincent. The Romance of a Rltualls! John Lane. $1.50. Bruce, Prof. A. B. The Epistle to the Hebrews An Kxegetical Study. Scribners. $2.50. Buckley. Arabella B. The Fairy-Land of Science Appletons. Cable. G. W. Strong Hearts. Scribners. $1.25. Chamberlain, J. L. Universities and their Sons. Vol. I. Boston: R. Herndon Co. Claretle, Jules. Vicomte de Puyjoli. R. F. Fcnno & Co. 75c. Cook, T. A. The Story of Rouen. London: Dent; New York: Macmillan. $2. Crockett, S. R. The Black Douglas. Doubleday & McClure Co. $1.50. De Leon, T. C. Joseph Wheeler. Atlanta: Byrd Printing Co. inn II P. Hollow Bracken. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50. Dix, Beulah M. Hugh Gwyeth, A Roundhead Cavalier. Macmillan. $1.50. Dodd, Ira S. The Song of the Rappahannock. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1. Dresser, H. W. Methods and Problems of Spiri- tual Healing. Putnams. $1. Dunbar, Paul L. Lyrics of the Hearthslde. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Duncan, Sarah J. Hilda: A Story of Calcutta. V. A. Stokes Co. $1.25. Farrand. Hiram A. Poems. Philadelphia: The Author. Force, Gen. M. F. General Sherman. [Great Commanders.) Appletons. Ford, W. C. Washington's Farewell Address. Bos- ton: Small. Maynard & Co. 50c. Franklin. A. B. The Light of Reason. Chicago: C. II. Kerr & Co. 35c. Gore, Rev. Charles. St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. A Practical Exposition. Vol. I. Scrib- ners. $1.50. Gorham. G. O. Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. $6. Gray, Zelma. Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley Essays. Macmillan. 25c. Gregory, C. O. The Sultan's Mandate. An Ar- menian Romance. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Gunther, J. H. A. A Manual of English Pronun- ciation and Grammar for the Use of Dutch Stu- dents. Groningen: J. B. Wolters. Ilains, T. J. The Wind-jammers. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Oo. $1.26. Vol. II. Macmillan. $1 Jill. Mary. Margaret of Fisher Unwin. Denmark. London: T. Horton, Rev. R. F. The Commandments of Jesus. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Hunter. Sir W. W. A History of British India. Vol. I. Longmans, Green & Co. $5. Jerome, J. K. John Ingerfleld, and Other Stories. Henry Holt & Co. Joubert. A Selection from his Thoughts. With a I'reface by Mrs. Humphry Ward. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Kelley. Eliza J. Jefteries's Sir Bevls. Boston: Ginn & Co. 35c. Landon. Joseph. A Manual of the Art of Ques- tioning. Syracuse, N. Y.: C. W. Bardeen. Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. LVII. Tom-Tytler. Macmillan. Lewis. I>eon. Andree at the North Pole. G. W. Dillingham Co. 50c. Liewis, Prof. E. H. An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Macmillan. $1. Lysaght, Sidney R. One of the Grenyllles. Mac- millan. $1.50. Magruder, Julia. A Heaven-Kissing Hill. Chi- cago: H. S. Stone & Co. Maltbie, M. R. Municipal Functions. New York: Reform Club. Marshall, Edward. Thp Story of the Rough Rid- G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50. och, Catharine W. Mr. Lex; c Menger, Prof. Anton. The Right to the Whole Produce of Labor. Macmillan. $2. Meynell, Mrs. Alice. The Spirit of Place, and Other Essays. John I,ane. $1.25. Morant, William. Fable Land. London: T. F. Unwin. Morette, Edgar. The Sturgls Wager: A Detective Story. F. A. Stokes Co. Newman, Ernest. A Study of Wagner. London: Bertram Dobell; New York: Putnams. $3.75. Ober, F. A. Spain. [History for Young Readers.] Appletons. 60c. Parsons, Frances T. How to Know the Ferns. Scribners. $1.50. Payne, E. J. History of the New World called America. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Petersen, Kate O. On the Sources of the Nonne Prestes Tale. [Radclifte College Monographs.] Boston: Ginn & Co. Pirenne, Henri. Geschichte Belgiens. Erster Band. Gotha: Andreas Perthes. _ ^olen. Narcisse de. Night on way. London: T. F. Unwin. Pollock, Sir F. Spinoza; His Life and Philosophy. 2d ed. I^ondon: Duckworth & Co.; New York: Macmillan. $3. Pulitzer, Walter. That Duel at the Chateau Mar- sanae. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 75c. Richmond. Ennls. Through Boyhood to Manhood. Ijon.gmans. Green & Co. Roberts. Prof. W. R. Longinus on the Sublime. Cambridge: University Press; New York: Mac- millan. $2.75. Rogers, Anna A. Sweethearts and Wives. Stories of Life in the Navy. Scribners. 75c. Rogers. R. C. For the King, and Other Poems. Putnams. $1.25. Rosenberg. Adolf. E. von Gebhardt [Kiinsfler- Monographien.J Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York: Leineke & Buecbner. Rossetti. W. M. Ruskin: Rossettl: Preraphaelit- ism. London: George Allen; New York: Dodd. Mead & Co. $3.50. Russell, Frank. Explorations In the Far North. State University of Iowa. Russell. H. R. Life's Peepshow. London: T. F. Unwin. Savage, R. H. The White Lady of Khaminavatka. A Storv of the Ukraine. Rand, McNally & Co. II. Schoenfeld, Prof. Hermann. Ranke's Kalserwabi Karl's V. American Book Co. 36c. Solution, Percy E. Electricity in Town and Country Houses. 2d ed. London: Constable & Co.; New York: Macmillan. $1. Sedgefield. W. J. King Alfred's Old English Ver- sion of Boethlus De Consolatlone Philosophise Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Sedgwick. Anne D. The Confounding of Camelia. Scribners. $1.25. Selden. Camille. Heinrlch Heine's Last Days. London: T. F. Unwin. Sergyeenko. P. A. How Count Tolstoy Lives and Works. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.?* Stern. S. M. Aus Deutschen Meisterwerken. Henry nolt & Co. $1.20. Sterne. Laurence. Tristram Shandy. 2 vols. [Tem- ple Classics.] London: Dent; New York: Mac- millan. Taylor, F. G. An Introduction to the Differential and Integral Calculus and Differential Equa- tions. Longmans, Green & Co. $3. Terry, S. H. The Secret of Sex. J. S. Ogllvie Publishing Co. $1. Texte. Prof. Joseph. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in literature. London: $10. The History of South America. Translated from the Spanish bv Adnah D. Jones. London: Sonnen- scheln; New York: Macmillan. $3. The Memory of Lincoln. Selected Poems. Bos- ton: Small, Maynard & Co. The Spanish-American War. By Eye- Witnesses. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Thomas. D. M. The Day-Book of Wonders. 2d ed. London: T. F. Unwin. Towrishend. R. B. Ijone Pine: The Story of a Lost Mine. Putnams. $1.25. Trevelyan, G. M. England in the Age of WyeliflV. Longmans, Green & Co. $4. Ve.vsey, A. H. The Two White Elephants. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.26. Watson. William. Collected Poems. John Lane. $2.50.

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April 6, 1899] The Nation. v No teacher of any grade can possibly afford to hout reading it."— The Dial. without reading APRIL 80 New Publications of the Clarendon Press. EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Edited by Professor NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. Articles.— A Brief for Latin, by William T. Harris; Some Essentials of the True Academic Spirit, bl Charles Cuthhert Hall; How to .ludgc a School, by James M. Ilm-im 1; s-ecundan Kducation, by Paul l'( ' 1: a for Public Schools. $8 a year (monthly, excepting July and August), 3 1 copy. Contents Vols. I- fWl HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. NOW READY. England in the Age of Wycliffe. By George Macaulay Trevelyan, B.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. Gilt top. $4.C0. *»* The object of this volume is to give a general picture of English society, politics and religion, at a certain stage in their progress. It recounts also the leading and characteristic events of the same period in English history . . . the meeting point of the mediaeval and the modern, and so of peculiar interest. Mr. Trevelyan bases his work on original authorities, nianv'of which have now been unearthed for the first time in the Public Record Office and the British Museum. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Industrial Cuba Being a Study of Present Commercial and Industrial Conditions, with Sug- gestions as to the Opportunities pre- sented in the Island for American Cap- ital, Enterprise, and Labor. By Robert P. Porter, Special Commis- sioner for the United States, Cuba, and Porto Rico. 8vo. {Nearly Ready. ) This volume deals with the economic and political conditions and outlook in Cuba. It deals with the live questions in that island, which are interesting every intelligent citizen in the United States. There is literally no chapter in it that does not have some bearing and which does not give useful information on the problems which the Adminis- tration is endeavoring to solve, and which General Brooke and his staff of provincial governors are at this moment working to solve satisfactorily to the people of Cuba. O. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27&20 W. 23d St., N.Y. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. VOL. 11, NO. s. revised editiox. THE MEDIAEVAL STUDENT, ioc. David A. Wells's article on Taxation, in Apple- tons' Popular Science Monthly for April, con- tains conclusions of great interest to taxpayers. JUST ISSUED: Volume II. — (Aboriginal America). HISTORY OF THE NEW WORLD CALLED AHERICA. By Edward John Pavne. Demy Hvo, half roan, $3.50. KINO ALFREDS OLD ENGLISH VERSION OF BOETHIUS DE CONSOLATIONE PHILOSOPHIAE. Edited from the MSS., with Introduction, Critical Notes, and Glossary by WalterJohn Skd. Crown 8vo, cloth, $2.60. In view of the approaching celebration of the 1000th anniversary of King Alfred's death, this edition of his most important work is opportune 1 the last edition was published 35 years ago), giving as it does for the first time the full text or the oldest MS. as far as its damaged state allows. HORAE SYNOPTICAE. By the Rev. Sir John C. Hawkins, Bart, MA. LECTURES AND ESSAYS ON NATURAL THEOLOGY AND ETHICS. ECCLESIAE OCCIDENTALS nONUHENTA IURIS ANTIQUISSIHA CANONUH ET CONCILIORUn GRAECORUn INTER- PRETATIONES LATINAE. Edited by Cuthbertus Hamilton Turner, A.M. Stiff boards, $2.60. For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. English Language and Literature. The Principles of Rhetoric and their Application. By Adams Sherman Hill. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. i2mo, Cloth, $t.2o; by mail, $1.34. The author has here produced a work which seems likely to supersede its predecessors and com- petitors, by reason of the soundness of its funda- mental conceptions, the clearness of its arrange- ment, the lucidity of its definitions, and its combi- nation of scholarship with common sense.— N. T. Sun. Practical Exercises in English. By English in Hotchkiss School, cents. The book is superior in plan and execution to all other books of the kind known to me.— Dr. Samdel Thurber, Girls' High School, Boston, Mass. The Foundations of Rhetoric By Adams Sherman Hill, Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in Harvard University. nmo, Cloth, $1.00; by mail, $1.10. I do not like to write opinions of text-books in ordinary cases, but this book is so full of valuable devices to develop in the student a critical knowl- edge of the best usages of an English style that I am very glad to say a word commending it.— Hon. \V. T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Educa- tion. Huber Gray Buehler, Master in 121110, Cloth, 50 cents; by mail, 55 Paradise Lost. A Poem in Twelve Books. By John Milton. With an Introduction and Notes on its Structure and Meaning, by John A. Himes, Professor of English in Pennsylvania College Post 8vo, Cloth, $1.20; by mail, $1 32. Elements of Literary Criticism. By Charles F. Johnson, Professor of English Literature in Trinity Col- lege, Hartford; Author of "Eng- lish Words." i6mo, Cloth, 80 cents; by mail, 88 cents. HARPER & BROTHERS, Franklin Square, New York City flODERN GERiTAN LITERATURE By Benjamin W. Wells, Ph.D., Harvard. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. An interesting and valuable contribution to our ac- counts of (iennan literature. . . . It gives much in- formation in a comprehensive and perspicuous form.— 1'Nblir Opinion. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston. Will the wheat supply keep up with the in population? 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These subjects, upon which every one feels more or less curiosity, are discussed in a very interesting manner by Havelock Ellis, the English physiologist, in Appls- tons' Popular Science Monthly for April.

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VI The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 EUROPE Travel. Pour admirably arranged and attractive routes for EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of MrS. M. D. FRAZAR son, which is the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. EUROPE High- Pe Potter's Class Tours. rtediterranean, Italy; all parts of Central Europe; British Isles; also Norway, North Cape, Russia, etc. Various and well- matured itineraries. Superior conductors. Select parties sail May 6, June 10, June 24, and July 4. Unequalled arrangements. Inclusive cost "Old World Tourist Guide," illus., free. A. DE POTTER, 45 Broadway, Dept. O., N. Y 1899 QTo° EUROPE? Programmes now read v. -Ill > s.mal escort; all expenses S-.'Io Tickets for anv round of tray ALL LINES. Choir, W. H. EAVES, Agt. H. Gaze & Sons, 01 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Tel. 3956. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. ,,,,,, cea Best n alien. Proprietor. SWIT7FR1AND lausanne. O TT 1 1 L,L,l\L,Al\ V HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake and mountains. Lilt- baths, electric light in everv room. Pa! roni/.ed In Ante, rlcan families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamphlets sent free on application. ETIDADC Londo". Paris, Holland, the Rhine, ELKUrC Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. ^ ** An excellent opportunity to travel with a pleasant party under skilful guidance and at moderate expense, lith Near. Address H. W. DUN- NING, Ph.D., 78 W. D., Yale Univ., New Haven, Ct. EUROPEAN TOURS, 17th Year. Parties limited. Terms rea- Dr.& Mrs.H. S. Paine, Olens Falls, N.Y. Flll*r»rwi 1 1 TH ANNUAL TOUR. Small UU1 ULJC party sails via Gibraltar lor Naples. Moderate price, comprehensive route. Address I'.DW IN (-. 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On the threshold of the twentieth century be reconciles and brings to a CO 11 denominator, as it were, the I , .,. qualities of elghteenth-century-nnd ot nineteenth century vt-rse. lie 1- ilic heir no less ..I linden than of Tennyson; it Ishardtosaj whether Keats or I'ope lias more po- tent l\ Influenced him. There Is significance in the fact ib. 11 in- l.nnritc instrmneiii, which be lingers with the utmost mastcr>. is the classic instrument of the Knglish Muse— the I; lie pentameter. Pregnant, re- sonant, memorable lines How inexhau-ii pen; and some 01' tin-in. w i- \cnture to predict, Will live with the language." 140 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. NEW ORDER, ing matter Is Interest In ieps abreast with premium, an cents I Bays: " [tare Price, per yi tou^Nbien Houghton Mifflin Is? Gompany's NEW BOOKS LETTERS OF THOMAS CAR- LYLE TO HIS YOUNGEST SISTER Edited, with an Introduction, by Charles T. Copeland, Lecturer on English Litera- ture in Harvard University. With Por- traits and Other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, $2.00. These letters to Carlyle's sister, who lived in Canada, date from 1832 to 1875. Mr. Copeland has strung them en a slender thread cf biography, and, as the London Aca- demy says, "has done his work extremely well." The letters show the tenderer and more attractive side of Carlyle's character. A TENT OF GRACE A Novel. By Adelina C. Lust. 12mo, $1.50. This story of German village life in the middle of this century revolves about the gulf of race distinctions, notably the deep gulf between the Christian and Jew. The heroine is a beautiful Jewess, loved alike by Jew and Christian; and the struggle in her mind between the dominant power of her re- ligious traditions and the force of her affec- tion is depicted with great dramatic skill. CORN PLANTS By Frederick LeRoy Sargent. With il- lustrations. 1 vol., 12mo, 75 cents. In compact form and in readable style Mr. Sargent gives a clear account of the six im- portant grain plants of the world— wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, and maize. He shows how well they are adapted for ideal food pro- ducts for mankind, and gives the history, dis- tribution, and uses of each of the six plants. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. XLhc Spectator, ■ that date conducted it themselves. They are In- independence ol journalism, and have from be inn h 111 theology, polities, and social qucs ,,| mi. .not I heir own supporters. Their object I the American War they fought, against the ■knowleilgeil by t belli to have been ill I be right. .1 h\ them to have been m the right, native, whiefi the laziest or busiest may read, The Proprietors who in I sill pin-chased the Spectator have sine enipied ir.mi nia,i\ milin-nccs which press severely on the lii-si made it ( heir chid object 10 snv out. what they believe t. lions, Irrespective, i,., , ,,t opposition from without, but of the Is to relied the opinion oi cultivated Liberals, but in the mat'er ' 1.1.1 -- oi 1 he \ cry class l hey tire trying to represent, and were finally a The news of the ciirreni week is compressed into an animated without missing the life or in it of the events. km,' coii tains a list of all Hooks published during the week (not under one shilling in price), with the names ol the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is ,m sale regularly tit Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 288 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 88 and 86 Dunne St., New York; Messrs. Brentanos, Union Square N.-w York; The Subscription News Co., 41 Dey St.. New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., on King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable m Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIN CLASSICS. 54 Books now out and under way. A NNO UNCEMENT. The Cambridge Literature Series, Under the editorial supervision of THOMAS HALL, JI!., Harvard College. The best in uniform excellence— the cheapest In price. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers, Boston.

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April 6, 1899] The Nation Vll PRICE-LIST OF THE BOOKS IN THE REED & KELLOGG COURSE IN ENGLISH Reed's Word Lessons, A Com- plete Speller 25 cents Reed's Introductory Language Work 40 cents Reed & Kellogg's Graded Les- goni in English 38 cents Reed & Kellogg's Higher Les- sons in English 63 cents Reed & Kellogg's Higher Lessons in English and Word- Building 68 cents Kellogg & Reed's Word BuildiDg 30 cents Kellogg & Reed's The English Language 60 cents Kellogg's Text Book on Rhetoric $1.05 Kellogg's Text-Book on English Literature 125 SINGLE COPIES SENT BY MAIL, POST- PAID, AT THE PRICES GHrEN ABOVE. FOR DESCRIPTIONS OF THESE BOOKS AND SPECIAL TERMS FOR INTRODUC- TION, PLEASE ADDRESS MAYNARD. MERRILL & CO. Publishers 29, 31, & 33 EAST 19th ST., N. Y. J. D. WILLIAMS, Agent I H. I. SMITH, Agent 203-206 Mich. Ave., Chic. | 14 Ashburton PI., Boston Publications in French By Prof. PAUL BERCY. CONJUGA1SON DBS VERBES FRANCAIS AVEC EXERCICES. 12mo, limp cloth, 84 pages, 50 cts. SIMPLES NOTIONS DE FRANCAIS: Or, First Steps in French. With 75 Illustrations. Boards, 75 cents. LIVRE DES ENFANTS. Pour l'Etude du Fran- cais. Upwards of 50 Illustrations. 12mo, cloth, 100 pages, 50 cents. LE SECOND LIVRE DES ENFANTS. A continua- tion of "Livre des Enfants." Illustrated with over 50 Pictures. 12mo, cloth, 148 pages. 75 cts. WILLIAMR.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. BETWEEN CAESAR AND JESUS By George D. Herron, D.D. 16mo, cloth, 75 cents; paper, 40 cents. {Third Thousand.) crowded and enthusiastic audiences. The work is designed to show the relation of the Christian conscience to the economic problem and the social system. Dr. Herron s best work has been put into these lectures ami thev represent the culmination of his thought up to the present time. The book is destined to make a vast sensation. MUNICIPAL MONOPOLIES By Edward W. Bemis, John R. Commons, Frank Parsons, M. N. Baker, F. a. C. Perrine, Max West. 12ino, cloth. appendix, index. $2 00. 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Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, and into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelli- gence of the country, The Nation finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educational advantages. The School List in The Nation has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the prominent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continuous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail themselves. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. FOR INSTRUCTORS The Science Series Edited by Professor J. McKeen Cattell, M.A., Ph.D., and F. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S. (Numbers now ready.) 1.— The Study of Man. By Professor A. C. Had- don, M.A., D.Sc. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $2.00. a.-The Groundwork of Science. 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Vlll Tlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1762 Favrile Glass for Gifts Vitality in Art Work One is constantly brought face to face with a result in art work which shows both care and craft, but with something essential lacking. The conception is plainly along approved lines, the technique is clever, the ma- terial and embellishment are admira- ble, but the well-rounded whole is not vitalized. The absence of expression is positively disquieting, even though the result is a precise thing of beauty. There is no good art work unless it has actual vitality. Everything made in Tiffany Favrile Glass is always aglow with true artistic feeling! The Effects in the Ware itself are wholly original and apparent, while its treatment reveals the widest range in decorative study, including the unique blend- ing of colors and the greatest diversity in forms: Vases,' Bowls, Cabinet Pieces, Standing and Hanging Lamps, Candlesticks, Gas and Electric Fixtures, all in combination with artistic metal work, in a variety of designs for Select Presentation, from $5 to $500. Its Fame is International ! Twenty-four of the leading Euro- pean Museums have bought collec- tions of Tiffany Favrile Glass for permanent exhibition. Recent work has been productive of unusually interesting results, espe- cially to those in quest of choice Easter, Wedding, and Anniversary Gifts. Tiffany Studios Glasswork, Memorials, Furnishings, and Decorations, 333-341 Fourth Ave., N. Y. Favrile Glass for Gifts y^on6tcLVte CK5\L>o. Cloths. Spring Weights for Men's Wear. Black and Oxford Mixed Vicuna and Saxony Coatings; English, Scotch, and Irish Suitings. Yachting and Tennis Flannels. Military Cloths and Serges. Golf and Bicycle Suitings NEW YORK. Remington Billing and Tabulating Attachment accomplishes all kinds of Billing, Statistical, and Accounting Work on the New Models of the Remington Standard Typewriter as quickly and as accurately as ordinary typewriting is done. It automatically secures perfect perpendicular as well as horizontal alignment. ^"THEGODHOOD «'S- 0FMAN"^^- Mikalowltcb. i»l^»*^ A new thinker who has set the religious mind to see the Fallacies of their theology and points out the path to a better social order. :: It Is a book that every one Is TALKING ABOUT for the great truth it coi tins. The Chicago Chronicle sans: "It Is remarkable for its boldness and strength It excites one's admiration for Its fearlessness and power." If your 1 00k dealer has not got It, It Will be forwarded on receipt of 25 cts.; cloth Nicholas Mickels, Chamber of Comm«roe, Chicago, III. Xceistered Trade Mark. Some Oriental Handkerchiefs. Armenian women of Tarsus and vicinity have recently been at work for us trimming some handkerchiefs with lace of the most exquisite designs. This lace is not sewed on, but worked on each handkerchief. The ef- fect is very dainty. One hundred and fifty dozen of them are now on our coun- ters (they cannot be had else- where). Coming, as they do, when lace handkerchiefs are especially in demand, they will be the more appreciated. Prices are $1.00, $1.25, $1.75, and $2.00 apiece. "THE LINEN STORE." James McCutcheon&Co. 14 West 23d St., New York. Save Tour Eyes KEEP YOUR GLASSES CLEAN. Send for package of our prepared (absorbent) Polishing Paper for cleaning eye-glasses, etc. Calumet Chemical Co., Box A, Blue Island, III. Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with Tlie Nation stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents. KINDERGARTEN J^. at SCHERMERHORN'S, 3 East SUPPLIES East 14th St., N. T. Send for new Catalogue.

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The Natio, fc - *>w^ "'■n VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 763. THURSDAY, APRIL 13, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS. Bird=Life A Guide to the study of Our Common Birds. By Prank M. Chapman, Assistant Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History; Author of " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America." "With 75 full page Plates and numerous Text Drawings by Ernest Seton Thompson. l2mo. Cloth, $1.75. The same, with Lithographic Plates in colors. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. NEW EDITIONS. Teachers' Edition. Containing an Appendix with new matter designed for the use of teachers, and including lists of birds tor each month of the year; and with additional annotated lists of birds found at Washington, D. C, Philadelphia. Pa., Portland, Conn., Cambridge, Mass., St. Louis, Mo., Oberlin, Ohio, anil Milwaukee, Wis. With 75 full-page Uncolored Plates and 25 Drawings in the text, by Ernest Seton Thompson. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. Teachers' Manual. To accompany Portfolios of Colored Plates. Contains the same text as the Teachers' Edition of " Bird-Life," but is without the 75 uncolored Plates. Sold only with the Portfolios of the Colored Plates as follows : Portfolio No. I. Permanent Residents and Winter Visitants. 82 Plates. Portfolio No. II. March and April Migrants. 34 Plates. Portfolio No. III. May Migrants, Types of Birds' Eggs, and 9 Half-tone Plates showing Types of Birds' Nests from Photographs from Nature. 34 Plates. Price of Portfolios, each, $1.25; with the Manual, $2.00; the three Portfolios with the Manual, $4.00. Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America With Keys to the Species; Descriptions of their Plumages, Nests. etc.; their Distribution and Migrations. By Frank M. Chapman. With nearly 200 Illustrations. 12mo. Library Edition, cloth, $3; Pocket Edition, flexible morocco, $3.50. The Art of Taxidermy By John Rowley, Chief of the Department of Taxidermy in the American Museum of Natural History. Illustrated. 12iuo. Cloth, $2.00. Insect Life By John Henry Comstock, Professor of Entomology in Cornell Uni- versity. With illustrations by Anna Botsford Comstock, member of the Society of American Wood Engravers. 12mo. Library Edition, cloth, $2 50; Teache*' and Students' Edition, $1 50. A History of Japanese Literature By W. G. Aston, C.M.G., D. Lit., late Japanese Secretary to H. M. Legation, Tokio. A new volume in the Literature of the World Series. 12mo Cloth, $1.50. Letters to a Mother By Susan E. Blow, author of "Symbolic Education," "The Mottoes and Commentaries of Prledrich Froebel's Mother Play," " The Songs and Music of Friedrich Froebel's Mother Play," etc. The International Education Series. 12mo. Cloth, $1 50. The Fairy = Land of Science New Edition, Revised and Enlarged By Arabella B. Buckley, author of " A Short History of Natural Science," " Botanical Tables for Young Students," etc. Illustrat ed. 12mo. Cloth, $1 50 Spain By Frederick A. 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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.} CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 267 Editorial Articles: The Czar's Congress 270 The Wall Street Incident 270 Character and Association 271 Better Days in Cuba 272 Special Correspondence: The American Oriental Society 273 Correspondence: Stevenson and Newman 274 Two Indexes 274 A Novel Enterprise 274 An Exception to the Rule 274 Notes 274 Book Reviews: Missouri Compromise Repeal 277 The First Philosophers of Greece 279 The Philippine Islands 279 Spinifex and Sand 280 Observations of a Ranchwoman in New Mexico 280 The Cruise of the "Cachalot" 281 History of the People of the Netherlands 281 Rights and Duties of American Citizenship.. 282 The Referendum in Switzerland 282 Political Crime 283 Edward Truing 283 Ichthyologia Ohioensis 284 Books of the Week 284 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 percent. 8 " 10 " 11 = ::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 " 8 " ::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: IS " Amount— $100 within a year 10 percent 250 " " !2U " 500 " " is** » 750 " ■■ 20 " 1,000 " " 25 1,500 " •• •' fill 2.000 " « 88M " The STATION is .* School for Girls.— 30th year will begin Septem- ber 28, 1898. Mrs. II. P. Lefebvbe, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. C T. TIMO Til Y S SCHOOL for Girls re- O opens September 21, 1890. Prepares for College. Heads of School, Miss M. C. Carter, Miss S. R. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. DOS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. J-J Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. T Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Charming Street. HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares JT for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Elementarv classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) M- New Tore, TJtica. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M" BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Students prepared for college. ]\/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School forGirls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sent. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. School of Drawing and Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, Hass. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. anil 1'aiutilig!. Mr- Uil - i 1 lee. irath e Design I. -" (Mot' -"•- Perspe if the galleries of the Museum. For circulars glv- A. K. Cross i l'er-|> Pupils are allowed the free BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. JAMES DE NoliMANDlE, D.D., President of the Trustees, Address O. M. FARNHAM. Itoxhury, Mass. University of Michigan SUMMER SCHOOL, June 28=August 10. Courses will be offered in all leading Academic Studies, in Law, and in Engineering. For information and circulars address E. H. MENSEL, 721 Monroe St., Ann Arbor, Mich. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more thau ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. SUMMER LAW SCHOOL, University of Virginia. :>01h Summer Term, July 1 to Sept.. 1, |899. In moun- 1 minus and non-uia la rial section of Virginia. These courses have pro\ -nliarh prolll able t o beginners- 10 1 In' bar ami to prael i t loners who have lacked s\ sterna tic in struct ion or need Fori AtalOgUe, address R. C. MINOR, Secretary, Charlottesville, Va. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY Summer Courses. FIFTH YEAR. JULY 10-AUdUST 18. A delightful suburban locality in New York Citv. For at mceinent, address \| Ai;si| \\a, s. BROWN, University Heights, New York City. Educational. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL For Girls, QUINCY, - - MASS. For Illustrated Circular, address HORACE MANN WILLARD, Sc.D., Wollaston, Mass. Pension nat Francais de 1'Academie, In Vermont, and TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACH- ERS OF FRENCH. Spring term of ten weeks ns April 18. Rev. and Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellow's Falls, Vt. A Teachers, etc. GERM A N LADY HA VING LI VED n Paris several years, wishes to take two voting oiuics to Europe, to travel through Cermanv during June, and to conduct their study of French in Paris lot- three months. Address Nation. A SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D., jTl seven years' experience, five years In present place, desires a chair of Latin for the coming year in a college in Eastern or Middle States. Has published some. Address Ph.D.. care Nation. T IBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- I s perience in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. P., care of the Nation. POUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL J. Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber,, Belleville, 111. IV; ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR 3ean of Yale College. , 97 Whitney Avenue, few Haven, Conn. ^UTOR — OXONIAN— Speaking Ger- J. man, French, Spanish, will coach boys and prepare for examination, or will travel. Best references. Tutor, care of Nation. A HARVARD M.A. would like position to teach Classics in Preparatory School, or as prl- tutor. Address " B.," care Nation. /^HARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- L-- vard, 08 chestnut sin et. Boston. School Agencies. THE FISK TEACHERS AGENCIES. A Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 1 Ashburion Place, Boston. \-lVl lath St., Washington. 150 Fifth Ave.. New York. 414 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis. 7: a 1 1 ■ooper Bdg.. Denver. 525 Sthns'n Bk., Los Angeles ::7S Wabash Ave. .Chicago. 885 M'ket St.. San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, fl 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.-Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. QCHERMER HOR N' S TEACHERS O AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. An Aty^TIPV'8 valuable In proportion to its in- r"i AgCllCj tluence. If it merely hears of va- you about them ommendsyou.tli C. W.BARDEEN. 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April 13, 1899] The Nation 111 Travel. niTHATlC Four admirably arranged HI Kill r and attractive routes for L^UllVl U EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of u m n rn i 7 ID are offered this sea - WrS. JU. V. rKA^AK son, which is the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. HOLIDAYS IN ENGLAND. A 63-page book (illustrated) describing Cathedral Route, Pilgrim Fathers, Dickens and Tennyson Districts, will be mailed for three-cent stamp. Cir- culars describing Harwich Hook of Holland Royal Mail Route, only twin-screw steamship line from England to Continental Eorope, free. QREAT EASTERN RAILWAY OF ENOLAND, 362 Broadway, New York. G°tnoq EUROPE? Programmes now ready. 40 select parties under per- sonal escort; all expenses *270 to *NU0. Independent Tickets for any round of travel. Ocean Passages by ALL LINES. Choice rooms. Correspondence invited. W. H. EAVES, Agt. H. Gaze & Sons, aoi Washington St., Boston, Mass. Tel. 3956. OOING ABROAD Send for small book, " Bicyling Notes for Tour- Ists Abroad." 10 cents in stamps. F. O. HOUQHTON & CO., Box 1870, Boston. On a Bicycle Trip? nmAnr London, Paris, Holland, the Rhine, hUKUrh Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. ^ ** An excellent opportunity to travel with a pleasant party under skilful guidance and at moderate expense. 6th year. Address H. W. DUN- NING, Ph.D., 76 W. D., Yale Univ., New Haven, Ct. Europe 11TH ANNUAL TOUR. Small party sails via Gibraltar for Naples. Moderate price, comprehensive EDWIN C. KIMBALL, 55 Summer Street, Boston, Mass. PI IDrkDP Small, select party of Ladies— Ci»JIV.VJn-» 95 days. Ninth Tour. Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. nOr*XOI? Familiar with Europe will take »-'>-» V/ 1 V/rv. charge of one or more boys or an invalid, for summer trip. Address DOCTOR, care of Nation, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladies' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re- ferences. Address THE MOORINGS, Lock Haven, Pa. PI 1DHDP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. CUKvrd Norway and Central Europe. AN INSTRUCTOR IN THE MASS. ^~X Institute of Technology, who has spent three sum- mers abroad, will take two young men on a bicycle trip to Europe in June. Address M. I. T., care Nation. We buy and sell bills of exchange to and I PTTPPS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OP Australia, and South Africa j also make /•ncrvi-i- collections and issue Commercial and CKfcOI 1 . Travellers' Cred ts, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. Summer Resorts. THE BARRETT COTTAGES. FISHERS ISLAND, N. Y. Seven in. 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The prices given for notable books are specially dealt with, and the auctioneers' quaint introductions and terms appear in full. London. Spectator says : " Here we have, as far as cir- cumstances permit, a ' Book Prices Current ' of the last five and twenty years of the 17th oentury. Evidently there was less money in those days. The craze for first editions had yet to arise. They did not see the value of Caxtons. Three and twenty of these treasures were sold for between four and Ave pounds. This is the most con- spicuous example of change In value, but the volume Is full of such curiosities." Sold by all booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by A. G ARMSTRONG & SON, 51 East Tenth Street, New York. Old South Leaflets. Reprints of important Historical Documents, with Biblio- graphical Notes. Ninety-eight Dumbers now ready, among tl e a Washington's Farewell Address, Monroe Doctrine, First Number of the Liberator, and others equally interest- ing. Five cents a copy. $4.00 a hundred. 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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1763 The Macmillan Company's NEW BOOKS LETTERS FROM JAPAN: Superbly illustrated from original Japanese drawings and photographs. Really charming pen-pictures . . . diversified by delightful character sketches." —Boston Evening Transcript. By Mrs. HUGH FRASER, Author of "Palladia," "The Looms of Time," etc. Two Volumes, gilt, 8vo, $7.50 A RECORD OF MODERN LIFE IN THE ISLAND EMPIRE THE GOSPEL FOR A WORLD OF SIN Uniform in size and price with: The Gospel for An Age of Doubt. HEART OF HAN Cloth, $1.50. THE MATERNITY OF HARRIOTT WICKEN THE DAWN OF REASON nental Traits in the Lower Animals THE PHILIPPINES AND ROUND ABOUT In press. 36th Annual Publication JUST " Strong and broad . . . such as this world intensely needs," is one of the comments on Dr. Van Dyke's evangelicism. By the R^v. Henry Van Dyke, Pastor of the Brick Church, New York. Cloth, i2mo, $1.25. Send for "Liberty," a chapter from The Gospel for an Age of Doubt. Pam- phlet pp., 10 cents. JUST READ Y. Essays on idealism in literature, poli- tics, and religion, by Prof. Geo. E. Wood berry, Columbia University. READY " Clear, condensed, scholarly, judicious and . . . most helpful," Dr. Orr wrote of the Life of Jesus, to which the Life of Paul is similar in scope and style. A simple, useful presentation of the facts of Paul's life apart from his theo- logical teachings. By Professor George H. Gilbert, Chicago Theological Seminary. Cloth, i2mo, $1.25 net. NEARLY READY. The first of a series of National Stu- dies in American Letters. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. NEW NOVELS JUST READY A keen, remorseless study of unhap piness; of remarkable ability and force. By Mrs. HENRY DUDENEY. Cloth, 1 2 mo, $ 25 " Of more than common value.'''' — Telegraph, Phila. "Engrossingly interesting."— The Cou- rier, Boston. By Beulah Marie Dix Cloth, i2mo, $i.5o. FOR THE SCIENTIST "Suggestive and important observa- An enlarged and revised edition, co- tions. It will pay any student of animal vering essentially the foundations of all psychology to read the book because of the work of a modern observatory. these."— Science. By W. W. Campbell, Lick Observatory. By James Weir, jr. clotn> I2m0> $2#00 „et Cloth, i2mo, $1.25. An up-to-date account of conditions and events of the past year, by the author of books of travel in Burmab, Japan, Cey- lon, and the Indian Frontier. By Maj. G. J. Younghusband. Cloth, i2mo, $2.50. "Strong . . . able, and in contents a mine of ideas and information."— Chro- nicle-Telegraph, Pittsburgh. By Gamaliel Bradford. Cloth, 2 vols., $4.oo. READY VERY SHORTLY THE STATESHAN'S YEAR BOOK, 1899 THE STUDENT'S LIFE OF PAUL Uniform in size and price with : The Student's Life of Jesus. OLD CAMBRIDGE Cloth, $1.50. HUGH GWYETH: A Roundhead Cavalier THE ELEHENTS OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOflY Revised Edition THE LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERN- flENT American Edition, 1899 Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year i898. " Stands easily first among the statistical annuals published in the English language."— Review of Reviews. " Has very properly come to be recognized as one of the most indispensa- " It is emphatically without a peer in its range of statistical work, and is ble of handbooks."— Boston Daily Advertiser. conceded to be absolutely authentic."— Buffalo Commercial. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 66 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, APRIL 13, 1899. The Week. We have now heard at last from the President's Philippine Commissioners, with their recommendation how he is to solve the problem. They have issued another proclamation inviting Aguinaldo to treat, and offering him attractive terms if he is willing to give up his dream of independence. That he is sin- cere in this desire for independence we have every reason to believe. He has given the only proof of sincerity that any people has ever given — readiness to fight for it against enormous odds, and to maintain the fighting in spite of con- tinuous defeat. It is to be observed, too, that he has been fighting in the teeth of another proclamation which promised him numerous benefits in case he would submit and be quiet. All would-be con- querors do as we are doing. They all promise good treatment in return for obedience. George III. promised it to the Americans repeatedly by proclamation, but they refused to believe him, although they were already his subjects, spoke his language, and professed his religion. The Austrians promised it also frequent- ly to the Italians, in terms which by no means led the Italians to believe they would whip Italian ladies in public— which they did. The Russians also pro- mised good things to the Poles if they laid down their arms. In fact, it is the normal accompaniment of conquering enterprises. It is therefore natural for Aguinaldo, who is said to be a man of some education, not to be won over by the promises of proclamations which avoid all mention of independence. It would be so even if no fighting had taken place, or, in other words', if there had been no invasion of the Philippine soil against the will of the de-facto govern- ment. But fighting has taken place. Some thousands of Filipinos have been slain defending what they believe to be the right. We have sent against them all the troops we have, and a powerful navy. On the 8th of February, Gen. Otis telegraphed that "Aguinaldo now applies for a cessation of hostilities and conference; have declined to answer." The fighting has gone on ever since, with burning, looting, slaughter, and all the usual accompaniments of "chaos." His capital has been captured after it had been burned. It was not much of a capital, but if it was fine of the Rus- sians to burn theirs in spite of a very good proclamation, we cannot help ad- miring his burning his, such as it was, in spite of our President's proclamation. much service in the Philippines, made the prediction some time ago that the Americans would win every battle in the island of Luzon, and yet lose the cam- paign. This prophecy it is clearly with- in the power of the insurgents to fulfil, if they choose to. Fighting and run- ning away day after day, they can count upon the nature of the country and the nature of the climate to do the rest. It is evident that the War Department grossly underestimated the difficulty of the military problem in the Philippines, to say nothing of the even more difficult civil problems remaining. We speak of all this only to ask again why the Gov- ernment does not exhaust every effort to come to some peaceable arrangement with the natives without further fight- ing. Enough killing has been done to convince the natives of our superior pow- er. Chasing them all over Luzon for two years would not make them any more sure of this or any more ready to treat. With his Philippine Commission on the spot as his chosen instrument of negotiation, and in an impregnable mili- tary position, the President should not lose a day or omit an offer or appeal in securing a truce and a settlement in a peaceful way. His Postmaster-General said at Chicago on Monday that Mr. Mc- Kinley was dutifully and anxiously wait- ing for the American people to tell him what to do with the Philippines. Well, they are telling him by every reputable and recognized organ of public opinion to stop the aggressive fighting in those islands. Will he do it? A Spanish General, who has seen Whatever comes of the proclamation by the Philippine Commission, its issue has accomplished one melancholy result. It has seriously damaged the reputation of the President of an American univer- sity. Only a little over six months ago, President Schurman of Cornell declared that "this republic, whose soul is self- government, does not want Asiatic de- pendencies or the military despotism they would entail," and added: "We are not called upon to rectify the tyrannies of Africa or Asia. Nor are we under any obligation to Aguinaldo and the insurgents. Let us keep to our own hemi- sphere, seeking only naval stations in the Old World." Last week he signed his name to a flamboyant proclamation, insisting that the United States must have an Asiatic dependency, and will kill all the Filipi- nos who resent our supremacy; sustain- ing the military despotism under which our soldiers "let no insurgent live," and "burn hundreds of houses and loot hun- dreds more"; and adding insult to injury by promising all sorts of blessings to the Filipinos in the future at the hands of the Algerized Administration, which, at this very moment, is slaughtering and robbing them. It is a deplorable thing to see an instructor of the young thus turning his back alike on his own prin- ciples and on the teachings of history. One of the speakers at the Boston meeting last week to protest against the war of conquest in the Philippines was Mr. H. C. Parsons, a Republican member of the State Senate. Among other things which he said was this: "We American people are some day to pass on this question. The first right of the American people is to know the truth, the whole truth, as it passes from day to day, and what this country is doing in the distant Philippine Islands." The reference here is to the fact that the United States Government maintains a censorship of news at Manila, and that the military authorities permit no intelli- gence to be sent from the Philippines — or even to the islands — which does not meet their approval. The cable company has warned all persons that no dispatch will be transmitted having the least re- lation to politics without the assent of the military authorities of the United States. A gentleman of high standing in Hong Kong undertook to send to the Philippine Islands an abstract of the re- marks made by Mr. Hoar in the United States Senate on the 9th of January, and its transmission was refused. Only a short time ago Reuter's, the European news agency, was forced to send a news letter by steamer from Manila to be placed on the wire at Hong Kong, because its tone was too pessimistic to suit the Ameri- can authorities. Every careful reader must have observed the sharp contrast between the dispatches which the censor allows to leave Manila, and the private letters which get into print in this coun- try. Thus, step by step, does the United States follow the example of Spain. Our Government goes forth to conquer in the alleged interest of civilization, it "thrashes the natives" in order to "send the Christ there," and it conceals the me- thods which it pursues — in each respect imitating what we have always denoun- ced as the outrageous system of Spain. But, after all, nobody can wonder at the establishment of this censorship. The Administration sends a commission to the Philippines which issues a procla- mation that "guarantees an honest and efficient civil service." It would never do to let the natives know that the Pre- sident who authorized this action ap- pointed a worthless politician as Secre- tary of War, and retains him after the exposure of his gross unfitness, and that the Congressmen who are expected to pass a law establishing the merit system in the Philippines, have just refused to apply that system in the taking of the

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268 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 census at home. But the Government thus far has failed to apply the censor- ship to letters from Manila, and in this way we tardily learn such truths as have been told by the correspondent of the New York Sun, who reported that "the orders were to let no insurgent live"; the Calif ornian in charge of the Red Cross work, who set forth "the de- termination of our soldiers to kill every native in sight," and the way in which the bodies of slaughtered natives "were stacked up for breastworks"; and the private from the State of Washington, who wrote home that all the "boys" have come to be of the opinion that "the only good Filipino is a dead one," that "we burned hundreds of houses and looted hundreds more," and that "we have horses and carriages and bull-carts ga- lore, and enough furniture and other plunder to load a steamer." Nor have our authorities yet stopped the publica- tion of pictures, like the graphic collec- tion in the last issue of Harper's Weekly, which tell the shocking story far more eloquently than can any words. An ugly obstacle in the way of Cuban pacification and upbuilding has been re- moved by the voluntary dissolution of the so-called Cuban Assembly. What broke it down, and showed that it was not really a sovereign Legislature, was the fact that it had not the "power of the purse." It could not levy taxes or ne- gotiate a loan or float a bond. Now an Assembly which can do none of these things becomes ridiculous, even to the Cuban mind, after a time, and when, in addition, its further obstinacy stood in the way of the distribution of $3,- 000,000 among Cuban soldiers, who had never before received as many pesetas as pay, the moment for the Assembly to disappear had evidently come. Its withdrawal from the scene will most of all make for peace because it implies the speedy disbandment and disarming of the Cuban army. The existence of large bodies of armed men in cities and camps, who had been for three years leading a roving and pillaging life, was a standing threat to peace and order. The only wonder is that collisions between them and our troops have not occurred before this. Now they will give up their weapons and show whether they are sin- cere in their professed intention of set- tling down and going to work. More of our own volunteers, moreover, will be released, and can be sent home in time to avoid the perils of the rainy season in Cuba. All told, the situation is much cleared up by the dissolution of the Cu- ban Assembly and the prospect that the Cuban army will be speedily paid off and disbanded. great nations, charged with the duty of caring for the feeble folk of the islands, and the first thing they did was to fall to quarrelling among themselves. A measure of technical right was on the side of the German Consul. Under the Berlin Treaty, the action of the three foreign consuls must be unanimous in order to be binding. So Herr Rose ap- peared to be within his legal rights in asserting that a proclamation of the other two consuls, without his assent, was null and void. But it was a most reckless thing for him to come out with a counter-proclamation, which he must have known would be a firebrand among the natives and lead to the fighting and slaughter which did indeed promptly fol- low. A prudent, sensible Consul would at least have waited for instructions from his home Government. On the other side, Admiral Kautz and the Eng- lish were no doubt acting under instruc- tions. Both at Washington and at Lon- don, it had been decided that the pre- vious defiance by the German Consul of the decision of the Chief Justice against Mataafa had put him out of court, and that whatever the English and American representatives should agree upon was to be done. But while the two sides were wrangling over these nice points of law and treaty interpretation, the natives had to be shelled and slaughtered. It will be strange if these savages hereaf- ter value as highly as they should the benevolent tutelage of three great Pow- ers. But for the name of it, Mataafa and Malietoa might as well have been left to cut each other's throats without assist- ance. Full details of the Samoan row reach- ed the public on Friday, and they cer- tainly show a lamentable state of affairs. Here were the representatives of three The rotten-beef trail was brought into the immediate vicinity of Alger and Ea- gan on Thursday by some very impor- tant evidence. William A. De Caindry, Chief Clerk of the Commissary-General for twenty years, testified that he had, at the instance of Gen. Eagan, sent out forty or fifty telegrams to dealers in beef, asking for bids to supply refri- gerated beef, Gen. Eagan himself supply- ing the form of the telegram. He had also been instructed to prepare a draft of a contract for beef supply. When he submitted it a controversy at once arose between him and Capt. Davis, Assistant Commissary-General, as to the length of time which the beef should be guaran- teed to keep. Capt. Davis favored twen- ty-four hours, saying the understanding was that refrigerators were to be built on the shore in the rear of the moving troops. This was the only explanation he could obtain for the change from seventy-two to twenty-four hours in the contract. In one of the revisions of the contract, Eagan himself put in this clause in his own handwriting, referring to the time: "Which shall not be more than seventy-two hours from the time of storing the same in such refrigera- tors." The Chief Clerk said he did not understand this clause at the time, but he had no authority to strike it out. He said also that Eagan himself was "dubious" about the twenty-four-hour limit. He seemed to have been some- thing more than dubious, for, according to the Chief Clerk, all memoranda re- lating to the matter, which the Chief Clerk carefully preserved, have disap- peared from the files of the Department. When an official thinks it necessary to destroy documentary evidence of his doings, it is a pretty sure sign that he has been engaged in operations that will not bear the light. Memoranda on the time clause of the contracts were not the only things that the Chief Clerk said had disappeared from the files of the Commissary Department. The bulk of a letter from one of the con- tractors, relating to the Powell process of preserving beef, had also been return- ed to them at their request. The reason for such return was revealed a moment later when Major Lee, counsel for Gen. Miles, presented the full letter in evi- dence. It described the preserving, or embalming, process fully, claiming com- plete success for it in tests made at Tampa, and declaring the contractors' belief that "such results have never before been accomplished in the history of the fresh-meat business." After this, it will be needless to make any further denials as to the use of chemicals. The contractors themselves claimed "exclu- sive control of the Powell process for preserving fresh meats." They did not say they kept it sweet by means of ice, but by means of a "preserving process." How the process worked with our troops, everybody knows. The election in Chicago Tuesday week was a great victory for the independent voter. The city would undoubtedly go Republican again by a large majority, as it did in 1896, on the national issues be- tween that party and Bryanism; yet it has reelected a Democratic Mayor by about 42,000 plurality, despite the diver- sion of about 46,000 Democratic votes to ex-Gov. Altgeld. The Mayor owes his success to the support of hosts of Re- publicans who admired the fight he has made against the ring that tried to grab valuable street-car franchises, and who were disgusted with the Republican ma- chine which named that party's candi- date for Mayor. One ward, which has been a "Republican stronghold," and which went Republican by over 1,000 plurality on the Town Treasurer issue, was carried on the same day by Harri- son; and equally remarkable exhibitions of independence were made all over the city. The Municipal Association of Cleve- land, which led the successful movement of the city's independent voters for the overthrow of Boss McKisson and his

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April 13, 1899] The Nation. 269 machine in last week's election for Mayor, has issued an admirable state- ment regarding the moral of this result and its lesson for the future. "Never before in the history of the city," says this address, "was the question of ma- chine politics and government by 'pulls' so squarely put before the people, and the seal of condemnation has been set upon machine politics and all its attend- ant evils." The best thing in this state- ment is the announcement that the As- sociation has no idea of considering its recent victory as a final triumph of its principles; that "it is not merely a tem- porary affair," and that "no notion could be more mistaken than that it has sprung into existence for the promotion of the welfare of any political faction or the furtherance of any private inte- rest." To prove this, it points out that Farley, the Democrat who has just been elected Mayor, is pledged to carry out certain reforms, and declares that "this Association intends, in so far as its power may go, to insist that these promises be kept; and should the Farley administra- tion fall into any of the evils of its pre- decessor, the Municipal Association will attack it with the same vigor it has at- tacked the administration of Mayor Mc- Kisson." The rise of such organizations of public-spirited men in our great cities is one of the most hopeful signs of the times. Gov. Roosevelt's message to the Legis- lature on the subject of the canal-frauds investigation is likely to result in the granting of the special appropriation which he desires. In the communica- tion from Messrs. Fox and MacFarlane, which he sends with the message, the real cause of the backwardness of the legislators about granting the appropria- tion is revealed. They hope by delaying the inquiry to have the statute of limi- tation put an end to all chance of bring- ing canal rascals to justice. Aldridge and his beneficiaries all along the line of the canals have great influence with the Legislature, since both political par- ties have had their fingers in the pie; and if they can stop the inquiry at its present point, there will be nothing to fear from it henceforward. But the Gov- ernor will not let it be stopped. He will raise the necessary funds by a call for popular subscription, if necessary, and the legislators know this. A refusal to grant the appropriation would be effec- tive only upon their own reputations, consequently, and that to their detri- ment. The first day's session of the Mazet Investigating Commission removed all doubt about the thoroughness of this inquiry so long as Mr. Moss is in charge of it. Whether it was intended to be thorough by its originators or not, it cannot be made otherwise since the Start which he gave it on Saturday, un- less his services be dispensed with, which is not a possibility. He headed it direct- ly at the source of all our municipal evils when he made Croker the centre of his attack. It was an extraordinary achieve- ment to score at the very beginning, yet this is what Mr. Moss did. We have all known from the outset of the Croker rggime that it was based on blackmail, but we have never had the proof laid before us so clearly as it was on Satur- day. It was established by witnesses on both sides that the Building Department is under the control of Croker, through a nephew, and that builders can get such favors as they may desire by retaining the nephew as "counsel" at fees rang- ing from $5,000 to $10,000. The testi- mony on this point was compact and conclusive. One witness, a contractor, testified that previous to January of the present year it was impossible to get the Building Department to approve of what is known as the Roebling system of fire- proof construction. In one case, in which the Roebling bid was $25,000 be- low other bids, the veto of the Depart- ment made it impossible to accept it. The manager of the Roebling Company testified that the company was reorga- nized in January last, and a son of Croker was taken in as a stockholder. After that, contracts for work on school buildings which had the Roebling sys- tem of construction in them, passed the Building Department without trou- ble. Curiously enough, the Department put out a new set of requirements for fireproofing systems in the construction of school buildings which were a ver- batim copy of the pamphlet descriptions of the Roebling system, and consequent- ly made it impossible to have any other system used. This wonderful transfor- mation in the Department's attitude was completed by the simple process of re- taining Croker's nephew, McCann, to appear before the Building Code Com- mission, and make an "argument" in support of the change, in return for a fee of $5,000. After this achievement with Croker, Mr. Moss put the Chief of Police on the stand, and in a very short time exposed his system of administration almost as thoroughly as he»had Croker's. He got him to admit that every day, after midnight, he takes his stand on a street corner in front of a liquor-store, and in a neighborhood bristling with dens of vice, and remains there for an hour or more, "smoking and getting the fresh air." While standing there he never no- tices that the liquor-saloon behind him is violating the law by selling after hours; never notices that dens of vice of various forms are flaunting their business in his face; and does not know that some of them are kept by men who went on his bond when he was on trial as a police captain, a few years ago, on a charge of taking bribes. His ignorance on these points is equalled by that on all others, as Mr. Moss showed. In fact, according to his own statements, we have for a Chief of Police a man who is an absolute ignoramus so far as the duties of his position are concerned, and a man who is so dull in moral sense as to make admissions which are absolute- ly destructive to his own reputation as either a capable official or an honest man. The Irish elections to the county coun- cils, under the new local-government act passed by the Conservatives, have resulted in sweeping victories for the Nationalist party. In other words, what the Tories used to get black in the face denouncing Gladstone for proposing to do, they have themselves gone a great way towards doing. They have turned over Irish local government to the Irish people. Ex-dynamiters for mayors, and the fiercest of separatist agitators in control of the county coun- cils— this is the result, not of legislation attempted by Mr. Gladstone, but of laws enacted by Lord Salisbury. Yet the Conservatives and the nation seem to be taking the thing quietly. It is a fresh illustration of the old political truth that it takes a conservative party to put through radical legislation. Par- nell was long if not always of the opi- nion that genuine and far-reaching home rule for Ireland could be had only of the Tories. They could pass a home-rule bill, and the country would regard it as a mild and wise and healing measure. For a really less radical bill, Gladstone would be damned up and down the land. A very disagreeable impression has been caused in England by the admission of the Government, made in the House of Commons, that a state of slavery exists in Uganda under an English pro- tectorate. It was in evidence that es- caped slaves had been returned to their masters by English authority, very much after our old Fugitive Slave Law style. What was the Government's explanation of this extraordinary state of things un- der the British flag? Well, it was that by the decree of 1890, "under which Eng- land took over the government of Zanzi- bar, it was expressly stipulated that thft subjects of the Sultan "shall remain as they are at present, and their status shall be unchanged." As many of the said subjects are in the status of slavery, what can be clearer than that the Bri- tish Government is bound, by its solemn agreement, to keep them slaves? But the same agreement provided that Eng- land might abolish slavery by compensa- tion to slave-owners, so that the Gov- ernment's hands are not really tied as it pretends. The whole thing leaves a bad taste in the mouths of English phil- anthropists. But what are humane tra- ditions to do except give way when Im- perialism commands it?

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270 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 THE CZAR'S CONGRESS. Our Commissioners, named on Thurs- day by the President, to go to the Peace Congress at The Hague, which will be convened on May 18, will, on the whole, worthily represent the United States. It might hastily be objected to Capt. Mahan that his way of disarm- ing is to knock the weapons out of the hands of his antagonists, while keep- ing his own powder particularly dry and his finger on the trigger. But this would be to do this distinguished military ex- pert a wrong. If his writings have fed, as we believe they have fed, the pas- sion for war, it has been because they have been wrested from their author's intention. He has consistently argued for more powerful armaments only as a defensive measure. We doubt if a plea, or an excuse, for an aggressive navy can fairly be found in all his books. Capt. Mahan is, therefore, peculiarly a Commissioner to be impressed by the main proposal which is to be made to the Congress in the Czar's name. This is for an agreement among the Powers not to increase their military expenses for a fixed term of years. As the great argu- ment for increase, both in this country and in England, has always been that the army and navy of one country must be kept up to the level aimed at by other countries, it is clear that the Czar's plan is one which must appeal to Capt. Mahan above all men. It is equally clear that the United States will cut no great figure directly in the deliberations of the Congress. Our army and our navy are comparatively insignificant. No matter what the Con- gress does, there is no likelihood that our national legislature will ever vote the money for a great standing army. It was only by main strength and des- perate appeals that the Administration was able to get the troops imperatively needed in the Philippines and in Cuba. Congress has been less grudging in mo- ney for the navy, yet, even with the shadow of war still upon us, the last naval bill was most disappointing to naval experts, and it is still doubtful if the new ships apparently authorized can be built at all on the narrow terms exacted by Congress. It will be, there- fore, the easiest thing in the world for our Commissioners to agree to make no increase in our military budget. As the case stands, we have troops and ships enough for the needs of the country in time of peace; and even if the Govern- ment wanted more money for national armament, it is certain that it could not get Congress to vote it in time of peace. Yet, indirectly, the influence of the United States in the Czar's Congress will be great, and we regret to say that we cannot think it will be on the side of peace. This results not from what we say, but from what we do. Five years ago the United States could have gone to a World's Peace Congress and exerted an enormous moral power. We were then the one great example of a nation whose main preoccupations and aims were peaceful. If the question had then been raised, "How can a country be great or strong without mighty armaments and crushing taxation for military pur- poses?" our proud answer might have been, "Look at us and see." But we have changed all that. If not in our own thought and purpose, yet in the im- pression we now make upon the rest of the world, we are no longer what we were, but have taken our place among the heavily armed nations. That our new attitude distinctly makes for international suspicion, and for draw- ing the sword instead of sheathing it, is curiously shown in a little pamphlet which has just been published in this city. It is in Spanish, is written by a South American to South Americans, and is substantially a loud call upon the countries to the south of us to be warned in time, and to arm themselves against the aggressive rapacity of the United States. This is the lesson which the author, Senor Zumeta, draws from our war for humanity. He sees in it a threat against the independence of the South American nations. Bolivar's pro- phecy he thinks on the point of being fulfilled, that the time would come when there would be a general assault of brute strength upon liberty. Senor Zumeta tells his countrymen that the United States is "voracious," and his cry is, "Let us arm! "to defend lands and liber- ties. This is largely fanciful, no doubt, yet it does serve to show the impression we make on others; that we have pro- voked doubt and jealousy where once we enjoyed sympathy and admiration, and that we are going to a Peace Con- gress violently under suspicion of hav- ing our tongues in our cheeks. It is unfortunately true, also, that the Czar, or the Russian Government, will come to the Peace Congress under a cloud. The recent trampling upon the rights and liberties of Finland was most ill-judged, in its effect upon public opi- nion, on the eve of the Congress at The Hague. It seems to give color to the as- sertion that the Czar has really little to do with his own Government; that he is allowed to express generous aspirations to the top of his bent, but that the great bureaucrats do the actual work. It is certain, in any case, that a painful im- pression has been made in England, and even in France, by the rough way in which the rights of the Finns have been ridden over. There seems to have been a clear violation of the compact under which Finland became a part of Russia in 1809; while the brutal disregard of the protests and appeals of the inhabitants has been complete. It will set many people to wondering whether, in the words of the Paris Temps, the author of the disarmament proposals wished to give, in the eyes of Europe, the lie to his liberal language and his humane de- signs. I I 1 Still, the mere calling of a Peace Con- gress is a great event, and its delibera- tions cannot but result in good. Luckily, the programme is not too ambitious. It proposes, in brief, to discuss the possi- bility of arresting excessive armament, of making war more humane when it is unavoidable, and of lending fresh sanc- tions to arbitration as a means of avert- ing war. For the attainment of all these high aims our Commissioners may con- fidently be expected to bend all their efforts. They would be false to their country, as well as to their own charac- ters, if they did not. In particular may we look to see them eagerly embrace every plan tending to exalt peaceful arbitration. If this necessarily draws us into better relations with England, our Commissioners are not the men to shrink on that score. Capt. Mahan can- not refuse to accept the fulfilment of his own prophecy. "When we begin real- ly to look abroad," he wrote, in 1890; "when we begin to busy ourselves with our duties to the world at large, and not before, we shall stretch out our hands to Great Britain, realizing that in unity of heart among the English- speaking races lies the best hope of humanity in the doubtful days ahead." There, at least, we have a man ready for an English alliance, not for reasons of gush or sentiment, but on grounds of solid good to the world. "Dare to love England? And to say so? Yes. Though the Celt rage, and every half-breed scowl, Though Hun and Finn and Russ and Polaek howl Their malediction, coddled by a Tress Alert at cursing, indolent to bless." THE WALL STREET INCIDENT. The violent tumble of speculative val- ues with which Wall Street was enter- tained last week, is interesting chiefly as proof that a halt will be called some- where to crazy speculation; that if the speculators will not stop of their own choice (and they usually will not), they will be brought to at least a temporary standstill by outside agencies. For the wild commotion on the Stock Exchange, during the last month or two, the blame is commonly laid at the door of the so-called "industrial" incorporations. This is true to the extent that the spirit of reckless speculation has perhaps con- centrated more on this class of stocks than on others. But the fact is that, in the peculiar position of the public mind at the opening of the year, it was mere- ly a question of finding something which the promoter could foist upon the public at inflated values. It is not at all im- probable that if circumstances had not made feasible the "industrial" enter- prises as an absorbent of the public's speculative capital, we should have wit- nessed a wild movement in mining shares, or in colonial "exploration and I development" companies. When the

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April 13, 1899] The Nation 271 public is in a mood to speculate, and has accumulated the money for the purpose, the promoter is not very far behindhand in discovering means for meeting the de- mand. That the existing craze is by no means distinctively a result of the in- dustrial incorporations, is pretty conclu- sively proved by the fact that the wild- est of all the recent movements on the Stock Exchange were not in shares of the industrial combinations, but in the stock of the city traction enterprises. The problem, however, which presents itself under such circumstances to the conservative classes of the community is not necessarily affected by the particu- lar character of the speculative enter- prises. The reason why so great account has been taken of the "industrial" specu- lation lies in two facts — the enormous magnitude of the supply of new stock issues of the kind brought upon the market, and the absolute impossibility of learning exactly what is the financial situation of any given enterprise. As to the volume of such incorporations, take the Financial Chronicle's summary of the amount of "industrial" shares and bonds authorized since the 1st of January. The summary for the first two months of 1899 showed authorized capital of $1,- 106,300,000 for something like forty-two separate enterprises. Moreover, a month ago, comment was very general, even in the circles of promoters themselves, to the effect that "everything of value had been already capitalized," and that the movement would thenceforth fall to small proportions. The first of these as- sertions may or may not have been true; the second certainly was not; for the new summary shows a further increase in such authorized capitalization, dur- ing the month of March, of $480,000,000. The total since the opening of 1899 reaches the handsome figure of $1,586,- 325,000. Such a deluge of new speculative secu- rities, on all of which, sooner or later, loans will be asked from the city banks, would constitute a sufficiently perplexing problem, even if the intrinsic value of the new undertakings were known through frequent and official statements. But when, to the enormous volume of such incorporations, is added the fact that not one of them submits a state- ment which an intelligent business man would accept as a basis for an individual purchase in his own line of business, the extraordinary character of the situation is at once apparent. We have taken the trouble to examine a number of the "prospectuses" put out by these new con- cerns—the "prospectus" being, in the great majority of cases, the first and last official statement to the public of the company's financial situation. Without exception, the documents which we have examined assure the subscriber or specu- lator that the companies combined into the larger concern made so many thou- sands or millions of dollars last year, that they hope to make more in the years to come, and that if they do, they will be able to pay such-and-such divi- dends to their shareholders. It would be difficult to conceive of any more ab- surd basis of appeal for the capital of prudent investors; yet we are assured by bank officers that, in the case of some of these securities now most active in Wall Street, the most patient inquiry has failed to obtain anything more in the line of trustworthy information. This, it appears to us, is an almost en- tirely novel situation for a speculative movement on such a scale as has been threatened. The "Kaffir craze" of 1895 in London had at least the monthly re- turns of output from the mines on which investors might rationally base their judgment. Even in the earliest and most reckless days of railway-building the re- turns of passengers and traffic were more or less frequently submitted. From the "industrials" not only has the in- vestor no information of true value to reckon on to-day, but he may rest per- fectly confident that he will get no such information in the future. The most strenuous efforts of State law officers during several years have failed to ex- tort from the Sugar Refining Company, the type of these recent combinations, anything more than the vaguest and most ambiguous summary even of as- sets and liabilities. Whoever carefully considers the facts above set forth will hardly express surprise that the banks have been discri- minating, as Wall Street expresses it, against the industrials. If any sort of col- lateral on loans ever required discrimi- nation, it certainly is this, whose quan- tity is unlimited, and whose intrinsic value is absolutely unknown. The pub- lic, too, had plunged headlong into the wildest and most reckless speculation in these issues; market prices for some of them had risen 50 to 60 per cent, with- in two months; and the great bulk of the buying was known to be under- taken blindly, and purely for the purpose of selling again at some vastly higher level. It appears to us that if our bank officers, under such conditions, had not taken the stand which most of them have done, and refused to extend their loans on any such security, they would simply have proved themselves un- worthy of the responsibility imposed upon them. CHARACTER AND ASSOCIATION. It has been our steadfast contention for many years that any man who con- sents to associate himself politically with Tammany Hall, thereby places him- self under suspicion as to his character. That organization is in no sense a legi- timate political body. It does not aim in any way to secure good government, but to secure support at the public ex- pense for its followers. Nobody has ever heard of a Tammany meeting at which the principles of real government, or any question of public policy, were discussed. Its sole and persistent objects are "places" for its men, jobs for its leaders, blackmail and plunder as the means of personal wealth for its boss and his favored intimates. Everybody knows this to be the simple truth about the concern. It deals in nominations, ap- pointments, and everything connected with the public business on a commercial basis. It has government for sale to the highest bidder, and its daily existence is at the cost of the fundamental principles of popular, constitutional government. This being the case, how is it possible for an honest man to associate with it and maintain his character? As a mat- ter of fact, it is extremely difficult to cite an instance in which any presump- tively honest man has been able to es- cape this loss. Many have been able to retain an appearance of preserved in- tegrity for a time, but ultimately some- thing has happened to show that either the character had been lost before the as- sociation was formed, or that it had been sacrificed later under the necessities of the case. Tammany has a use for os- tensibly honest and respectable men, in order to give an appearance of decency to it on election days, but it has no use whatever for them in office. They must do the boss's will, or out they must go. It is a safe calculation, therefore, that any man whom Tammany puts into of- fice is prepared to sacrifice both the public interests and his own character whenever the boss desires him to use his office for the benefit of the organiza- tion. He may make all possible excuses for his conduct, and emit furious outcries against plain speech and just criticism of it, but the fact will remain that he has yielded to his environment, and has low- ered his character to the level of his as- sociates. A few weeks ago Tammany succeeded in getting control of the Board of Edu- cation in this city, and it at once elected Mr. Little to the Presidency. One of the first acts of the Board subsequently was the payment of $7,000 rental for precisely the same building for which the Board, under the anti-Tammany control of the previous year, had paid $5,000. Mr. Lit- tle, who professed to be a man of very high character, and who resented furi- ously assertions to the effect that he had always done Tammany's bidding as a member of the Board, made no oppo- sition to this inexcusable waste of $2,000 of public money. There were Tammany owners of the building who were to pro- fit by the job, and that was sufficient reason for it. A short time later, Prof. Nicholas Murray Butler published in the Educational Review some remarks about Mr. Little, in which he spoke of him as a "fine old educational mastodon." Mr. Little was so jealous of his character that he went at once to the District At- torney, who allowed him to go before the

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272 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1763 grand jury with his complaint, and the grand jury, for reasons which it is be- yond the power of human intelligence to conceive, had Prof. Butler and Mr. Henry Holt, the publisher of the Review, indicted for criminal libel. Mr. Little's object in this proceeding was to establish the integrity of his character, and thus to show that an honest man could asso- ciate with Tammany and hold office at its hands. Alas, how vain are human calcula- tions! Instead of establishing his cha- racter, Mr. Little invited its injury, for he prompted an investigation of his record, with the result that a decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court was discovered and published in which he was declared to have been guilty of "fraudulent" acts in his capa- city as the receiver of a bankrupt busi- ness concern. The court charged him with "exercising his ingenuity to deceive the creditors and the court as to the true character of the assets, and, by a series of sharp practices, getting the funds, which belonged to the creditors, into his own hands and into the hands of his accessory in the fraud." That is much more unpleasant to have said of you than to be called a "fine old educa- tional mastodon." It will not strike Mr. Croker as constituting a disqualification for high public office, but, in any genuine political organization, it would be so considered. It throws a great deal of light upon Mr. Little's conduct in the choice of his political associates. He is himself a good deal bewildered by this unexpected result of his libel proceeding, and says he "can only account for the decision and the language of the court upon the theory that it has failed to understand the intricacies and compli- cations involved in the case." Mr. Lit- tle's sense of humor does not appear to be acute. One other observation occurs to us, and that is, that most of the persons who are eager to bring libel suits against newspapers and other publications which criticise their conduct in public matters, have something in their records which will not bear the light. It is this which makes them think that something must be done to vindicate their reputations. No man with a mind conscious to itself of rectitude would think an indictment for criminal libel against his accuser necessary to ward off from himself the disgrace of being spoken of as a "fine old educational mastodon." He could safely leave his reputation to withstand the shock of such an assault. It is be- cause there are so many shady and shaky reputations in Tammany Hall that all Tammany men are so alarmed by free criticism and comment upon them, and wish to frighten the press into silence on the subject. Their attitude is com- prehensible enough, but that they should be able to induce a grand jury to help them in their purpose is one of the most astonishing developments of our time. BETTER DAYS IN CUBA. Most of the newspaper correspondence from Havana — French and English as well as American — dwells on the con- trast between what Cuba now is and what it was at any time during the three years past. By such comparison it is not, of course, difficult to make out an overwhelming case for improvement under American control. Almost any country at peace would contrast pleas- ingly with the same country when the theatre of war. And in Cuba war was so doubly horrible, was waged with such unspeakable atrocities on both sides, and involved such frightful suffering for non-combatants, that six months' re- spite on any terms from rapine and massacre could not but seem to have brought paradise after Gehenna. But there are, we take pleasure in saying, signs that the American regime in Cuba is doing something more than merely to bind up the wounds of war. It is addressing itself to the inveterate evils which partly caused the war. It is going back to those age-long abuses and neglects of the Spanish govern- ment of the island which made its con- dition for years one of smouldering re- bellion, and is reforming and correcting with firm and patient hand. Already Cuba has a postal service better than she has ever known, and improvements in this branch of the public service have only begun. Already her cities are clean- er and safer than they have ever been before. Order and honesty have for the first time been established in her custom-houses. Railway and telegraph- ic communication between the principal cities and towns of the island is re- stored and will be speedily made better than anything Cubans have known; a Cuban merchant marine is about to be created; and plans for docks and har- bors and other public improvements are on the point of being executed. All these things mean a great amelioration of the conditions of life in Cuba; and perhaps more significant and far-reaching than any of them is the latest sweeping re- form effected, namely, of the Spanish system of taxation. Next to Turkish taxation, Spanish taxation is probably the most burden- some and exasperating on earth. Crush- ing and grievous to be borne in Spain itself, in Cuba the system was keyed up to an extra pitch of oppressiveness and vexation, it was said of our Continental currency that you could not touch it without being taxed in the act. It is certain that you could not touch Cuba, under Spanish rule, without being taxed. Taxes caught you rising up and lying down; hit you in your home and shop and on your farm, travelling or station- ary, living or dead. Industry and agri- culture and manufactures were strangled by the coils of taxation twisted about them in every conceivable way. To have or to buy the prime necessities of life meant to be taxed for them. If you carried products out of a city you had to pay a tax to get them through the gates, and if you brought them back again you had to pay to get in. Professions and trades had to be taxed as such. In short, the Spanish tax-gatherer pursued every symbol of wealth, and fined and mulcted its possessor with an ingenuity and a political blindness worthy of Otto- man Turks. Now this vicious system has been taken in hand by the American military government of Cuba, and a notable be- ginning of reform made in it. By a decree of March 25, the full text of which has now come to hand, the old jungle of taxation is cleared up in a sur- prising way. Many of the old taxes are abolished outright; others are reduced from 25 to 50 per cent. We should judge that the net result could not be other than to reduce the total burden of taxa- tion in Cuba one-half. And the work has been done intelligently. Mediaeval taxes are cut up by the roots. Article ii. of the decree abolishes the tax of 4% cents the kilo on beef-cattle; article iii. forbids the levying of taxes on prime necessities, such as all kinds of food and fuel. Next comes the entire abolition of octroi duties (alcabala tax, we believe the Spanish call it) — the taxes, that is, with which municipalities punish any- body who brings merchandise within their jurisdiction. The tax on real es- tate is revised and reduced, being now fixed at a single tax of 6 to 8 per cent, of the net income, instead of the for- mer 12 to 18 per cent, with no end of surtaxes added in. As for manufactures and trades and professions, the taxes on them are either abolished or greatly reduced. All told, this beginning of a revision and reform of Cuban taxation is a great achievement, and should go further to- wards pacifying the island than twenty regiments. Most political evils connect themselves in one way or another with excessive taxation. Cuba was undoubt- edly squeezed by the Spanish like an orange. Minute and multiplied taxes strangled her industrial life. If the in- tolerable pressure is now removed, if industry and thrift are encouraged in- stead of being repressed, the economic improvement will be vast and cannot fail to lead to moral and political im- provement. Taxes cut in half will be a stronger argument than any that prejudice or passion can advance. If the American military government can go on making life in Cuba easier and safer, can strike off the fetters from in- dustry and commerce, it will diffuse a general well-being against which the mutterings and agitations of disappoint- ed and disaffected Cuban politicians will be powerless.

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April 13, 1899] The Nation 273 THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY. New Haven, April 10, 1899. Once in three years the Oriental Society, in accordance with a not unpleasant restric- tion imposed by its charter, revisits the scene of its earliest activity and meets in Massachusetts, usually in Boston or Cam- bridge. But, owing to an intervening ses- sion in Andover three years ago, it chanced to be six years to a day since the Society had assembled in Cambridge, where this year the members foregathered on April 6. The spacious hall of the Faculty of Harvard Uni- versity was kindly put at the disposal of the Society, which mustered above fifty members in attendance. It is not very many years ago, as one of the older members observed, when an attendance of ten was considered a large meeting; a remark that recalls how much the Society owes to the energy and pa- tience of the late Prof. W. D. Whitney, who carried it through all its formative pe- riod and really made it what it is to-day. At the annual meeting this year, for ex- ample, thirty new members were added to the rolls, which now contain the names of nearly four hundred. The first session of the Society, ' President Gilman being the presiding officer, was held on Thursday morning, April 6, when the annual business was transacted, and several of the thirty-four papers offered at this Meeting were read. Prof. Gottheil of Colum- bia University presented the report of the committee on the cataloguing of Oriental MSS. in this country, a large number having recently been inspected and catalogued by Prof. Hyvernat of the Catholic University of America; two of these forming the subject of a special paper by Dr. Casanowicz of the National Museum in Washington, under the caption, "Two Hebrew Manuscripts." The routine business of the morning was agree- ably varied by the suggestion that a tele- gram of congratulation be sent to Prof. Sa- lisbury of New Haven, for many years an active member and President of the Society, who on this day attained the completion of his eighty-fifth year. This pleasant office was undertaken by his old friend, Col. Higgin- son. Greetings were sent also to the venera- ble lexicographer, Otto Boehtlingk, who, though nearly eighty-four, still retains a lively interest in Sanskrit studies, and con- tributes from time to time essays of his own to the German Oriental journals. The papers read at this first session were few in number, as the greater part of the morning had been given up to business, but the Society listened, before adjourning, to one of the two technical papers offered by Prof. Barton of Bryn Mawr, who gave some explanatory notes on the forty-fourth and forty-fifth Psalms, and a critical note on one of the contract tablets in Meissner's 'Altbabylonisches Privatrecht.' A paper fol- lowed from the other side of the house (for, like most Oriental societies, that of America falls naturally into Aryan and Semitic divi- sions), by Mr. Gray of Columbia, on Pali and Persian phonology, a scholarly attempt to trace parallel lines of phonetic develop- ment in the dialectic variations of these two Aryan branches. After an interesting inter- pretation of the name Jerusalem by Prof. Haupt of Johns Hopkins, who held that the name meant originally 'Stronghold' or 'City of Safety,' the morning session closed, and the visiting members became the guests of the Cambridge members at a pleasant lunch- eon in the Colonial Club. The afternoon session was opened by Prof. Morse of Salem, who spoke on the possibili- ty of communication between the West and East in early times. Prof. Morse's paper was restricted to the question whether the American stringed instrument was pre-Co- lumbian, but, handling the subject on broader lines, he came to the conclusion that there was no communication at all before Colum- bus. This, belonging to neither side of the house, was one of the general papers which occasionally refresh the Society when the alternative of Sanskrit and Semitic becomes monotonous. A technical paper by Prof. Hopkins of Yale, who followed Prof. Morse, offered some new words to Sanskrit lexi- cography, and, among other points of gram- matical and archaeological interest, pointed out two Sanskrit parallels to the famous "automatic" conflagration of Thucydides, ii. 77. Modern observers testify that, in the jungle, fire often is lighted by the friction of bamboos rubbed against each other by the wind; Prof. Hopkins gave extracts from the Hindu epic showing that this fact is rec- ognized in the native literature. Two other Sanskrit papers were then given, one by Prof. Jackson of Columbia, and one by Prof. Lanman of Harvard. The first of these was a supplementary series of notes on certain dramatic elements in Sanskrit Plays. Prof. Jackson has opened a very attractive field of research in com- paring the principles of construction in San- skrit and in the modern drama of Europe, his special theme in this paper being the ob- servance of the unities by the Hindu drama- tist. Prof. Lanman's paper bore the title, "Indian Proverbs which Occur both in San- skrit and in Pali Books." The subject is one of great literary importance, involving as it does the interrelation of whole branches of Hindu literature, such as the Buddhist Jata- kas and the Brahman epic. The illustrations given, though they appealed only to the ear, were striking enough to make the hearer hope that Prof. Lanman would in- crease his already valuable collection of parallel proverbs. Considerable discussion was aroused by the next paper, offered by Prof. Lyon of Har- vard, on the identification of alalhi as a variety of stone. Prof. Lyon showed that it was not a precious stone, as has been as- sumed; but whether the word connoted a special kind of stone or any kind of "striped" stone, which might be used for utensils, re- mained doubtful. The second session closed with the reading of a technical paper by Prof. Haupt on the vowels of the preforma- tives of the imperfect in Semitic, and with a very curious parallel, drawn by Prof. Tor- rey of Andover, between the modern tale of King John and the Abbot of Canterbury and a Coptic original, which Prof. Torrey has found in an unpublished manuscript. In Prof. Torrey's opinion the modern story was brought to Europe via Spain, and he ap- pears to have good reason for his conten- tion that the resemblance between the Orien- tal and Occidental versions of the tale is tco close to be accidental. The afternoon of Friday being devoted to the papers for the Section on the Historical Study of Religions, an effort was made to have all the remaining essays read on Fri- day morning. One of the newly elected members, Mr. Montgomery Schuyler of Co- lumbia, gave as his maiden paper an interest- ing analysis of the part of the buffoon in Sanskrit Plays, and Dr. Christopher Johnston of Johns Hopkins presented in absentia through a fellow-member a new interpreta- tion of the Letter of an Assyrian princess. Prof. Lyon's second paper, giving the record of a Babylonian law-suit, was also read at this session, and Prof. Jastrow of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania contributed a discus- sion in regard to the significance of tearing the garments as a symbol of mourning. Prof. Lyon's record contained much more of gene- ral interest than is usually given by Babylon- ian tablets. Prof. Jastrow's contention was, in brief, that the tearing of garments was not originally a rending, but a stripping or tear- ing off. On the Sanskrit side, Prof. Hop- kins gave the results of an analysis of epic metres in Sanskrit, the epic norm being markedly freer than the classical. Some new inscriptions sent as Indian to Prof. Gottheil were exhibited, and shown by him to be Palmyrene instead of Sanskrit. Prof. Oertel of Yale read by title a communication on the relation of the 'Jaiminiya Brahmana' to the 'Pancavinca,' and the session closed with two papers, one by Prof. Torrey, to show that three unpublished letters attributed to the pillared Simeon are not genuine, and one by Prof. T. F. Wright, on Saph and the Tell es- Safi. The Society then adjourned to partake of a luncheon hospitably given to the mem- bers by President Eliot. There remained for the afternoon session the papers intended for the newly created section already referred to. It was found that there were many persons who took an interest in the religious papers and discus- sions of the Oriental Society without car- ing for the technical papers. The Section for the Historical Study of Religions re- ceives such quasi-Orientalists, and, on the payment of a small fee, sends them all the papers which properly belong to the Sec- tion. These are naturally read at one ses- sion, to accommodate the more general au- dience interested in the study of compara- tive religion. On Friday afternoon, the So- ciety thus had the pleasure of listening first to Prof. Everett of Harvard on the psycho- logy of the two great Hindu philosophers, Vedanta and Sankhya. Prof. Everett showed that in reality both systems were idealistic, though the latter is popularly reckoned as dualistic. The relation between magic and religion formed the topic of a paper present- ed at this session by Prof. Toy of Har- vard. It was Sir Alfred Lyall who first em- phasized the difference between magic and religion, claiming that while the latter takes the gods as helpers, the former is always opposed to the gods and works by coercing them. The difference was somewhat ex- aggerated at its first presentation, and Prof. Toy very rightly pointed out that to a con- siderable extent the question is one of ter- minology. Even in India, witchcraft does not always stand in such sharp antithesis to re- ligion. The meaning of gog in Gog and Magog formed the subject of the next paper. It was presented by Prof. Haupt, who held that gog was a gentile term equivalent to Northern Barbarian, while magog was a repetition of the same word, its prefix mean- ing no more than place of (the Northern Barbarian). A somewhat similar paper, lighting up old names with etymological meaning, was given soon after by Prof. Jack- son, who, in analyzing the ancient Persian idea of devil, showed that Ahriman is to be interpreted as the 'Spirit of Antagonism,' who is called also by another epithet that

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274= The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1763 signifies 'full of death'; just as the Buddh- ist devil Mara is Death. The Qur'an as seen by an Oriental Chris- tian was discussed by Mr. Arbeely of New York as the next number of the programme, after which Mr. Newell of Cambridge read a short paper on mediaaval fairy castles and the isles of the blest. As the afternoon was drawing to a close, Prof. Jastrow thought best to read by title only what promised to be an important paper on the historical study of religions in America, while Prof. Barton and Prof. Hopkins summarized the contents of their final papers on sacrifice among the Wakamba, an African tribe, and the eco- nomics of primitive religion, respectively. The Society then adjourned, after a vote of thanks for courtesies received, to meet again in Philadelphia on April 19, 1900. The "Meeting," as it is called officially, was favored with perfect weather, and the members carried out the unwritten law of keeping the evenings free for social inter- course among themselves. This, to many, with the opportunity thereby afforded for quiet talk and general discussion, is one of the pleasantest features of the annual con- vention of the Society, though on this occa- sion it was combined with regret, as it neces- sitated the refusal of a very kind invita- tion on the part of Prof. Norton to meet at his house on Friday evening. Washburn Hopkins. Correspondence. STEVENSON AND NEWMAN. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In your recent review of Mr. Lewis E. Gates's 'Three Studies in Literature' the re- ference to Cardinal Newman's style reminds me of a very interesting comparison that may be made between a passage from New- man's 'Grammar of Assent' and one from Robert Louis Stevenson's 'Ebb Tide.' The citation from 'Ebb Tide' was made in the Nation when the book was reviewed, and was very justly put forward as a beautiful example of style. It is as follows: ". . . The Virgil, which he could not ex- change against a meal, had often consoled him in his hunger. He would study it, . . . seeking favorite passages, and find- ing new ones only less beautiful because they lacked the consecration and remembrance. Or he would pause on random country walks, sit on the pathside, gazing over the sea on the mountains of Eimeo, and dip into the VEneid,' seeking sortes. And if the oracle (as is the way of oracles) replied with no very certain or encouraging voice, visions of England, at least, would throng upon the exile's memory— the busy school-room, the green playing-fields, holidays at home, and the perennial roar of London, and the fire- side, and the white head of his father. For it is the destiny of these grave, restrained, and classic writers, with whom we make enforced and often painful acquaintance at school, to pass into the blood and become na- tive in the memory; so that a phrase of Virgil speaks not so much of Mantua or Augustus, but of English places and the student's own irrevocable youth." This is indeed very beautiful, but who would expect to light on a passage to the same effect, and perhaps even more beautiful, in a volume with so dry a title as Cardinal Newman's 'Grammar of Assent'? He is con- sidering how differently young and old are affected by the words of some classic author such as Homer or Horace: "Passages which to a boy are but rhetorical commonplaces, neither better nor worse than a hundred others which any clever writer might supply, which he gets by heart and thinks very fine, and imitates, as he thinks, successfully in his own flowing versi- fication, at length come home to him when long years have passed and he has had ex- perience of life, and pierce him as if he had never before known them, with their sad earnestness and vivid exactness. Then he comes to understand how it is that lines, the birth of some chance morning or evening at an Ionian festival, or among the Sabine hills, have lasted generation after generation for thousands of years, with a power over the mind, and a charm, which the current lite- rature of his own day, with all its obvious advantages, is utterly unable to rival. Per- haps this is the reason of the mediaaval opinion about Virgil, as if a prophet or ma- gician; his single words and phrases, his pathetic half-lines, giving utterance, as the voice of Nature herself, to that pain and weariness, yet hope of better things, which is the experience of her children in every time." J. C. H. ATLANTA, GA., April 2, 1899. TWO INDEXES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the very interesting and instruc- tive article on "'Americanism,' or the Catho- lic Church in America," published in the Nation of March 30, the author speaks of the rules governing the Index Expurgatorius. Permit me to state that such an index, and consequently such rules, do not exist. The only index which is sanctioned by the Church officially is the "Index librorum prohibito- rum." If a book is prohibited, not on ac- count of its general tendency, but on account of some objectionable passages, it is publish- ed in the Index with the remark: d.c. — donee corrigatur. All attempts to publish a catalogue of books which have to be purged from heresies are of private nature, published by govern- ments or universities, but none of them re- cognized by the Church. The only Index Expurgatorius which was published in Rome appeared in 1607, and was withdrawn by the author, Guanzelli, a master of the sacred palace, as quickly as 1611. The Papal See has never officially recognized this or any other Index Expurgatorius. In this connection it may be interesting to state that even the present Pope adorns the list of those whom the official Index honors with the mark, Auctor laudabiliter se sub- juit, although the book was fortunately published without the name of the author. It might further be new to a number of your readers to learn that the Index is a sort of compromise. The orginal rules of the Ro- man Catholic Church, as laid down in a de- cree of Leo X., dated May 4, 1515, require that every book, before it be printed, be sub- mitted to the proper ecclesiastic authorities. This "censura praavia" was superseded by the Index, because it had become impracticable. GOTTHARD DEUTSCH. CINCINNATI, O., April 6. 1899. [Milton observed the distinction when, in 1641, he wrote: "Your Monkish Prohi- bitions and expurgatorious Indexes." But the shorter designation has become a concept so convenient as to be loosely used even in an historical connection.— Ed. Nation.] A NOVEL ENTERPRISE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: There has recently come to my tice the Breck School in Wilder, Minnesota, with an educational aim so novel, to me, and so interesting, that I venture to call the at- tention of your readers to it. The principal writes: "All through the West there are hundreds of young men and women whose early ad- vantages were nothing, and who, having reached maturity, come to realize that they need more schooling, but, because of their age and backwardness, cannot enter the graded or even the district schools. To this c:ass of pupils the Breck has its mission. There is no other school in Minnesota that provides especially for this class of pupils. Many are the pupils the Breck has started on the road to a higher education, pupils who had despaired of ever going to school again. "This winter a man twenty-eight years of age, the owner of a good farm and well to do, came to see if we could take him. He was the oldest of a large family and always helped to support the family, so had never been able to attend school while a boy. He now re- alizes his want and, through a student of the school, learned that the Breck was for just such as he. I told him that we could take him. 'But,' said he, 'you don't know how ignorant I am.' He was much relieved when he learned that there were others here just as backward as he, and that he would not feel out of place. He is so pleased with the ad- vancement he made in twelve weeks that he expects to rent his farm another year and be in school six months. After he has finished our Agricultural School preparatory course, he will. enter the State Agricultural College and complete a course. The rapid progress of this class of pupils — pupils who have ability, maturity, and an incentive — is something remarkable. Were it not for this school, the majority of them would never go to school." Yours truly, James M. Hubbard. Boston, April 8, 1899. AN EXCEPTION TO THE RULE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you allow me to point out an instance in the Old Country of keeping to the right being the "rule of the road"? It may be of interest to some of your readers. On that section of railway running from London Bridge Station to the town of Green- wich— one of the first, if not the very first suburban line run out of the metropolis, and formerly known as the Greenwich Railway Company — the trains pass each other on the right. When I had occasion, a few years ago, to use this line regularly, it seemed to me amazing that such should be the case, and I never could get any good reason why it was so. The general belief was that, the Green- wich Railway Company having been one of the first lines started, its managers deter- mined to follow the Continental style and expected all other companies would follow suit. Palpably they were in error, and they have kept it up ever since. It is an interest- ing bit of bigotry or pig-headedness, for when the working of this line was taken over by the London, Chatham and Dover Company or the London, Brighton and South Coast Company (I forget at the moment which), it was stipulated that the "right of way," if one may so call it, was to be adhered to. I remain, yours faithfully, Auburn Glen. 101 N. Fbemont Ave., Los Angeles, Cai„, April 5, 1899. Notes. The late Archibald Lampman's complete works, edited by Duncan Campbell Scott, a brother Canadian poet, and Dr. S. E. Dawson, Queen's Printer, with a biographical sketch.

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April 13, 1899] The Nation 275 a portrait, and a facsimile of one of the son- nets, are to be published in Canada by sub- scription for the benefit of the widow and two young children of Mr. Lampman, who are left in slender circumstances. The price will be $2.25, and subscriptions may be sent to W. D. Le Sueur. The second five volumes of the "Beacon Biographies" edited by M. A. DeWolfe Howe and published by Small, Maynard & Co., will be 'Franklin,' by Lindsay Swift; 'Audubon,' by John Burroughs; 'Aaron Burr,' by Henry Childs Merwin; 'J. Fenimore Cooper,' by W. B. Shubrick Clymer; and 'Edwin Booth,' by Charles Townsend Copeland. 'The Heart of Man,' essays by Prof. George E. Woodberry of Columbia, embracing "De- mocracy" and a "New Defense of Poetry" among other topics; 'The Quest of Faith,' by Thomas Bailey Saunders; and 'The De- velopment of the English Novel,' by Prof. W. L. Cross of Yale, are to be issued this month by Macmillan Co. Thomas Whittaker has nearly ready 'An Epic of the Soul,' a cycle of eighty short poems by an anonymous but not untried or unknown writer; 'Irish Life and Character,' by Michael MacDonagh; and 'The Warden,' a biographical sketch of the late head of St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y., by his son, Henry A. Fairbairn, M.D. L. C. Page & Co., Boston, who have taken over from George H. Richmond & Son D'An- nunzio's works, promise shortly a new vol- ume in the series, viz., 'Fire' ('II Fuoco'). They will also hereafter be the publishers of Magda Stuart Sindici's works. To be brought out this month is 'Yale, her Campus, Class- rooms, and Athletics,' by Walter Camp and Lewis S. Welch, with many half-tone illus- trations. 'True Tales of the Insects,' a copiously il- lustrated large octavo, by L. N. Bade- noch, is soon to be issued by E. P. Dutton & Co. An edition of Rudyard Kipling's collected letters of travel for the years 1890-1898, to- gether with other matter more or less ac- curately printed heretofore, is announced by Doubleday & McClure Co. The Portfolio of National Portraits already announced by R. H. Russell, New York, will consist, it appears, of Japan proofs of Gus- tav Kruell's eight most remarkable engrav- ings on wood, a rare study in technique in view of the utter absence of mannerism in these great works, viz., Lincoln (two as- pects). Grant, Sherman, J. R. Lowell, Garri- son, Webster, and Robert E. Lee. The last- named of these (and certainly not the least) Is the newest, and has, we believe, not here- tofore been put upon the market. The others are known to all connoisseurs, and are now issued collectively at an average price much below the original. The Portfolio will be limited to 250 copies. Two dainty reprints are the little volume published by Macmillan, bracketing Arnold's "Sweetness and Light" and Pater's "Essay on Style," and 'Washington's Farewell Ad- dress/ of which Mr. Worthington C. Ford gives briefly the genesis, and supplies a fac- simile of one page of Washington's letter constituting the first draft submitted to Ma- dison in May, 1792 (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.). Prof. Herford's handsome ten-volume Ev- ersley Edition of Shakspere (Macmillan) ad- vances with a second volume embracing the "Taming of the Shrew," "Merchant of Ve- nice," "Merry Wives," "Twelfth Night," and "As You Like It," each with its concise in- troduction. Of "Taming of the Shrew" the editor remarks that on the German stage its popularity far surpasses that of any other Shaksperian comedy, and is inferior only to that of "Othello." 'Baedeker's United States' established it- self instantly in popular favor as a model guide-book to this country. Six years have elapsed since Messrs. Scribner sent us the first edition, and now we have the second, revised. From the new subway in Boston, the erection of Greater New York, the crea- tion of the Public Library, the transfer of Cclumbia College, the advent of electricity in our tramways, the completion of the Grant monument, to the newest and south- ernmost Florida watering-place, Miami, the vigilant editorial eye of Mr. Muirhead has noted our developments in this period. Slips and errors have been corrected. The ex- pansionist or "manifest destiny" future is no further discounted than in the first edi- tion, in which Mexico found a place; the only Cuba visible is in New York and in Alabama. For the sake of the tourist, at least, the island will doubtless be both de- scribed and mapped in the next edition, along with Porto Rico. In the second edition of 'The Day-Book of Wonders,' by David Morgan Thomas (London: T. Fisher Unwin), there is a little "reading-matter" for every day in the year, about dwarfs, an African coronation, the Florence burning-glass, Oliver Cromwell, compensation pendulums, the Wesley ghosts, corpse-candles, Wheatstone's "enchanted lyre," gigantic squids, Kepler's choosing of a wife, Layard's Nineveh exhumations, mis- tletoes, and all that. The author goes to the trouble of telling us whence he compiled his wonders. The list of authorities in eight pages embraces all sorts and conditions of modern books, with a fond leaning towards such as are not over-trustworthy. Whoever enjoys Hone's 'Every-Day Book' will be like- ly to enjoy this more, because Mr. Thomas has a decided faculty for these holiday ma- noeuvres of facts. It would amuse any- body's idle quarter of an hour daily through a year. Add to this that it is printed on such thin paper that, though but an inch thick and well under two pounds' weight, it contains some 400,000 words, or as much as three ordinary volumes of to-day. Would it might be imitated in this by those Ame- rican publishers who make our wrists ache with books of too slender souls incorporated in too ponderous bodies. In his lifetime, the late R. H. Hut- ton had published a volume of 'Theologi- cal Essays,' and now we have, garnered from his many kindred writings in the Spectator, 'Aspects of Religious and Scientific Thought' (Macmillan). The glean- ings cover many years, yet everywhere ap- pears the characteristic note of the author when dealing with religious themes— an al- most tender tolerance for unbelief, an al- most wistful eagerness to make Christian- ity comprehensive (or vague) enough to em- brace all truth, and, too often, a certain strained ingenuity in making a point for his own side. "The Spiritual Fatigue of the World" is a typical subject; every old reader of the Spectator would know just how it would be treated. Lovers of art, and especially of the hibtory of art, and not Bible-readers alone, will be interested in the new venture of the firm of Velhagen & Klasing of Leipzig, who propose to publish an edition of the Four Gospels, with reproduction of more than 300 paintings made by German, Italian, and Dutch masters in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, the period of classic masterpieces in religious art, and found in churches, museums, and private collections throughout the civilized world. The illustrations will all have direct reference to the life, doings, and death of Christ, and the collection is in- tended to be a representative body of the best work of the masters. The first Liefe- rung has appeared and promises well for the whole work, which will be complete! within a twelvemonth. An appendix will contain biographies of the artists and the history of the paintings reproduced. The 'ltlo of the work is simply 'Die Vier Evangelien'; the size is large quarto. The appearance of volumes i. and ii. of the works of Origen, edited by Paul Koetschau of Jena, draws attention anew to the monu- mental literary project of the Boyal Academy of Sciences in Berlin, in the publication of a complete and thoroughly critical edition, with brief introductions and notes, of the entire Patristic literature, orthodox and non- orthodox, of the Greek Church of the first three centuries, in worthy companionship to the excellent edition of the Latin Fathers for years in course of publication by the Vienna Royal Academy. The series opened something more than a year ago with the first volume of the works of Hippolytus, edit- ed by Profs. Bonwetsch and Achelis. The near future will bring an edition of the works of Eusebius, Julius Africanus, and Clemens Alexandrinus. The prime mover in the pro- ject has been the indefatigable Prof. Harnack of the University of Berlin. Quite naturally it is impossible to determine exactly how extensive this series will turn out to be, but the publisher, Hinrichs of Leipzig, reckons upon about fifty volumes in the course of twenty years. The treatise entitled 'Die Botschaft des Czars,' by the Austrian Field-Marshal-Lieu- tenant, Freiherr von Sacken (Vienna and Leipzig: Braumuller), is important enough to deserve the attention of those who may have a voice in the coming Peace Conference. The fact that disarmament is not alluded to in the Czar's message is recognized by the writer in the sub-title: "No disarmament, but an ennobling reform of the defensive and military system." Hostile encounters be- tween nations, and hence the maintenance of armies, are considered as unavoidable, but the latter should be limited in size and of the highest imaginable perfection. The pre- sent Continental system of universal service should be much restricted, or be replaced by one not involving the continued increase in numerical strength. It is the "people in arms" that causes the powerful warlike im- pulse among the nations of to-day, and will bring on wars in spite of rulers and Parlia- ments. The author's forecast of a general European war with the present Millionen- heere stuns the imagination. His plans for preventing the cataclysm seem fraught with difficulties, but not positively impracticable. The aptitude of woman for the pursuit of political and social science has often been questioned, but is plainly maintained in an inaugural address by Prof. Herkner of Zu- rich, 'Das Frauenstudium der National- okonomie' (Berlin: Heymann). The writer, supplementing the publications of Prof. L. von Stein on the same subject, shows briefly what has been achieved by women, more

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Q76 Tlie IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 especially in England, in the field of poli- tical and social economy, and then con- siders the consequences likely to result, for woman herself and for society, from her continued and more general devotion to those subjects. The April number of the William and Mary College Quarterly is wholly taken up with the records of Isle of Wight County, on the right bank of the James River, Va. They go back to 1622, beginning with a list of the massacred by the Indians on Good Friday, March 22, when more than a quar- ter of the population of Virginia was slain. Musters, deeds, wills, grants, etc., supply much valuable personal, historical, and so- cial information down to 1783. Longevity, especially if hereditary, is al- ways an interesting topic, and is illustrated in the New England Magazine for April by the Rev. J. W. Chadwick, whose text is the life-work of the Rev. Samuel May of Leices- ter, Mass., now entering (like his parents before him) on his- ninetieth year. Mr. May was on the higher intellectual and social level of his Harvard class of 1829, of which he re- mains the Secretary and all but the sole survivor. Dr. Holmes, Justice Benjamin R. Curtis, Rev. James Freeman Clarke, Prof. Benjamin Peirce, and the author of "America," were some, but not all, of his eminent class- mates. He became a Unitarian clergyman with his home at Leicester, till his engross- ment in the anti-slavery cause led him to connect himself officially with the organiza- tion of which Mr. Garrison was the leader. As general agent of the Massachusetts So- ciety, he conducted, with admirable compe- tence and fidelity, the propaganda through lectures in the field, rendering a service rivalled only by the abolition press. He has outlived the ill-favor caused among his pa- rishioners and neighbors by his philanthropic sentiments and connections, and Mr. Chad- wick's agreeable sketch will be read nowhere with greater pleasure than in the hill-town which honors Mr. May as its oldest and most public-spirited citizen, and most revered. A stanch advocate of Mr. Dewey's decimal classification of the knowledgeable, Comm. Desiderio Chilovi, librarian of the National Central Library of Florence, discusses at once acutely and temperately the question of the London Royal Society's proposed catalogue of current scientific literature, in the Nuova Antologia for March 1. The scheme is by collaboration in various countries to pro- duce a Poole's Index (in the largest sense) on cards, and ultimately in volume form, and to distribute the cards at the will of the subscriber, according to his specialty- something in the manner of our press-clip- pings bureaus. Signor Chilovi is sensibly ad- verse to any printed book catalogue, and equally opposed to the plan of translating titles not embraced in a restricted group of languages into (say) English. He denies the need of selecting a universal language for this purpose or for classification, and points to the perfect adaptability of the Dewey symbolism. In fact, it is actually in use by Mr. Herbert Haviland Field, who, under the auspices of the International Zoological Con- gress, is issuing at Zurich and distributing at cost price cards in that domain. (The Zurich office is styled Concilium biblio graphicum opibus compiurium nationum Turici institutum.) Signor Chilovi's article is decidedly worth reading. The meteorological observatory of Mont Blanc has published, under the direction of J. Vallot, the third volume of its Annales, a continuation of the meteoro- logical observations made simultaneously on the summit of Mont Blanc, in the Grands Mulets, and at Chamonix, together with studies of the variation of the baro- meter at different altitudes. There are also papers on the progress of the survey of Mont Blanc and on glacial erosion. M. Val- lot contributes accounts of his scientific re- searches in the Mont Blanc tunnel, and his explorations of the moulins of the Mer de Glace. Half-tone illustrations and a map ac- company the volume. "Geological and Petro- graphic Researches on the Mont Blanc Group" is the title of an elaborate paper by Louis Duparc and Ludovic Mrazec, forming the latest number of the Mtmoires of the Society of Physics and Natural History of Geneva. It begins with a description of the topography of the mountain, and of the po- sition which it occupies in the Alpine range. The eruptive and crystalline rocks are de- scribed in connection with theoretical views concerning metamorphic phenomena. The concluding portion treats of the geological history of Mont Blanc. The illustrations in- clude views of the different peaks and glaciers, and a series of plaies showing the minute structure of various rocks. The proceedings of the International Con- gress of Diplomatic History held at The Hague last September have begun to be published ('Annales Internationales d'His- toire: Congres de la Haye, No. 1'). The complete "actes" of the congress may be had for twenty francs of the Count de Tarade, 45 rue Cambon, Paris. —Those who hesitated about becoming subscribers to the 'Jesuit Relations' (Cleve- land: Burrows Brothers Co.) from fear that a work of sixty or seventy volumes would be long in production, and might be retard- ed altogether, must feel encouraged and gratified at the rate of progress which has been made. During 1S98, publication ad- vanced at just double the speed which the prospectus promised, and the same alacrity is maintained this year. If the half-way point may be regarded as the Rubicon of such an enterprise, it has already been passed. Students of American history have every reason to be gratified with the editing, and purchasers can find no fault with the presswork or other mechanical features. 1900 should see the successful end of a noble undertaking. Vols, xxxvii. and xxxviii. contain the following documents: the last of the Relation for 1650- '51 (or more strictly, three papers supplement- ing the Relation proper); the Relation for 1651-'52; the Journal of the Jesuit Fathers for 1652 and 1653; and a general account of the mission, written in Italian by Bressanl, who had served in Huronia for four years. This last was not printed by Cramoisy, but appeared at Macerata in 1653. It contains little which has not been brought out in the previous narratives, and we therefore re- strict our brief comment to the fresh ma- terial. Lower Canada and the Abenaki re- gion were the only parts of New France where the Jesuits succeeded in accomplish- ing anything between 1651-'53. Druillettes, after his fruitless negotiations in the Eng- lish colonies which we have already noticed, returned to his post among the Abenakis and won their affection completely. How different was his treatment on the banks of the Kennebec from that which his bre- thren received in the valley of the Hudson, and westward along the Great Lakes! Ra- gueneau thus describes in the Relation for 1651-'52 the Abenakis' disposition towards him: "They honored him at their feasts with the viands which they ordinarily give to their Captains. If he went on a journey with them, the best canoe was chosen, and he was given the most comfortable seat; and if he wished to ply the paddle, they snatched it out of his hands, saying that bis occupation was to pray to God. 'Pray for us and we will paddle for thee,' they would say." — Meanwhile the nations of the St. Law- rence basin proved equally amenable. In March, 1651, Jacques Buteux, accompanied by three Frenchmen and forty savages, set out on a mission to that most docile of all the tribes, the Attikamdgues. His route lay through a region which is now well known to sportsmen and geologists, the Lauren- tides, or Laurentian hill country. Le Jeune had traversed some part of this remarkable district in the first days of the mission, but Buteux probably saw more of it than his predecessor did. The characteristic feature of the Laurentides is their endless succes- sion of small rocky hills, between every two of which lies a lake or a bog. Buteux and his party, by walking steadily all day, could advance only six leagues, and the obstacles which they constantly met with aroused their admiration while causing them dismay. Ice falls, cataracts, swift streams, perpendicular cliffs, and lodged timber beset their path. The difficulties of the route may be estimated by the statement that for over forty people only two bushels of Indian corn meal, one of peas, and a small sack of sea biscuit were taken. "We had barely enough to ward off death, rather than to sustain life. For my part, I had enough of my few ef- fects; the difficulties of the road, the fatigue, and the fast, which I did not wish to break in Passion time, did not allow me to load myself with food." Those who are familiar with the district in question will read this early account of its exploration with height- ened interest, but in any case it is very graphic. Alas, during the next season the good father encountered the Iroquois, with the usual result. The Journal des Jesuites for 1652 contains a bald entry of the fact. "On the 10th day of May, Father Jacques Buteux, in company with a Frenchman named Fontarabie, and a Huron named Thomas Tsondoutannen, was killed by a band of 14 Iroquois. The two Frenchmen remained dead on the spot; the Huron was led away captive. This took place on the Three Rivers, at the third portage." How- ever, Buteux's life and martyrdom are fully described by Ragueneau at the beginning of the Relation for 1651-'52. —Scholarly study of the every-day Latin of the ancient Romans, that dialect, as Quintilian has it, quo cum amicis coniugi- bus liberis scrvis loquamur — the dialect which merged gently and imperceptibly into the Romance languages— is only just begin- ning. Five years ago, Columbia University made her first contribution to it in Dr. Cooper's treatment of the Sermo Plebeius, and now she gives us another, by Dr. G. N. Olcott. In his doctor's dissertation, 'Studies in the Word Formation of the Latin In- scriptions: Substantives and Adjectives: with special reference to the Sermo Vul- garis,' he has collected in convenient lists those substantives and adjectives of termi- nations which are most prominent in the

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April 13, 1899] The Nation 277 Romance languages, proceeding on the as- sumption that such formations were preva- lent also In the common Latin. This as- sumption is fully confirmed, for more than one-sixth of the words in his lists are quite unknown to literary Latin. We are glad to observe that Dr. Olcott uses the term Sermo Vulgaris in Its proper sense, therein differing from most of his fellow-investi- gators. As Quintilian employs it (12, 10, 43), it is far from signifying mere slang, or low, indecent language, or that which is "vulgar" in the modern society sense of the word; it has a much wider meaning. Some- times it may deserve the application of these adjectives, but in general it is not so much the language of low life and Ignorance as it is the natural language: in fact, it is what we term colloquialism. Of course, it was tabooed by literary men in their books, and consequently the inscriptions are our best source of information on its nature and development. As Dr. Olcott says: "The writers of the inscriptions used the language of every-day life, not the 'book-Latin' which they had forgotten since their school -days, if, Indeed, they had ever learned to use It in the schools." His dissertation, however, contains little in the way of general dis- cussion of the subject; it is rather of the pour servir variety. It consists chiefly of thirty-four classified lists of substantives and adjectives, with references to the most trustworthy books in which the inscriptions furnishing them are treated. Many such collections of forms of other classes of words as well as studies of the syntax of the in- scriptions must be made before some scholar of the future sits down to compile his epoch- making Grammar of Latin Inscriptions. That scholar, however late he may come, will have Dr. Olcott's dissertation in his re- volving bookcase. For present needs, we may note that this young American's work is printed by the Sallustian Typography in Rome, and that it is to be had of Gustav Fock in Leipzig. Which of our universities will be first to establish a real University Press of its own, to print and publish the productions of its faculties and students? —At length the long-standing promise of the Clarendon Press been fulfilled, and a trustworthy English translation of Geseni- us's Hebrew grammar has appeared (New York: Henry Frowde). It was made in the first instance from the twenty-fifth German edition (1889) by the Rev. G. W. Collins, and after his death revised from the twenty- sixth edition by A. E. Cowley. It has also enjoyed the advantage of revision in proof by Prof. Driver. The result is most satis- factory. It is the only complete and full He- brew grammar in English. For accidence it Is absolutely the most exhaustive and trust- worthy statement in the language, and its treatment of Hebrew syntax, if somewhat timid in parts, may be called fairly good. But in this last respect our want was not nearly so great. Curiously enough, while He- brew grammars in German tend to remain incomplete, and their syntax volumes seldom appear, English grammarians are rather stronger in syntax than in anything else. We have long had Driver's exceedingly able If frightfully involved and tenebrous 'Tenses'; Miiller-Robertson is a masterpiece of lucid skill and linguistic tact; Davidson's 'Syntax' is admirably simple, yet full of de- tail and first-hand observation; all this apart from the English translation of the monumental and epoch-making Ewald. Be- side these books, the syntax in this gram- mar seems lacking in philological grasp and acuteness; much bearbeiten has pounded it into flabbiness. The student will often have cause to groan over its be-figured pa- ragraphs and winding convolutions of di- vision. Yet, with all this, it contains much that is excellent, and its copious references to different and differing authorities and statements of their conflicting views will be especially useful. The grammar, as a whole, may also be said to be fairly up to date. We have noticed but few mistakes or omis- sions. One, of some importance, is on p. 135, where we are told that waw consecutive is found in Phoenician and Hebrew only. That is not so. Noldeke some time ago ('Zur Grammatik des classischen Arabisch, "Vienna, 1896, p. 68) pointed out its occurrence in old Arabic. There are about 21 pages of tables and 40 of indices. —In June, 1893, a year and a half before Dreyfus was arrested, a novel entitled 'Les Deux Freres,' by Louis Letang, appeared in the Paris Petit Journal, the plot of which may be concisely described as follows: A young officer, Capt. Philippe Dormelles, who holds a position of confidence in the War Department, is envied and hated by two colleagues, named Aurelien and Daniel, who conspire to effect his ruin by accusing him of selling to a foreign Power the secrets of the national defence. It is arranged that a compromising letter, imitating the hand- writing of Dormelles and addressed to a for- eign military attache, shall fall into the hands of the head of the department, Lieut. - Col. Alleward. Dormelles is arrested and thrown into the Cherche-Midi prison, and at the same time Daniel causes an article to be inserted in a newspaper, Le Vigilant, charging him with high treason and seeking to excite public opinion against him. This article concludes with the statement that a search in Dormelles's apartment had led to the discovery of important documents re- ferring to the fabrication of smokeless pow- der, and that Dormelles thereupon had con- fessed his guilt. He is then sentenced to the galleys, but his betrothed is convinced of his innocence and finally succeeds in de- tecting the forgeries. Thereupon Lieut.-Col. Alleward is arrested and commits suicide in prison, not with a razor like Henry, but with a revolver. One scene in the novel describes the appearance of a veiled lady on the very spot near the Champs-Elysees where the veiled lady is said to have ap- peared to Esterhazy three years later, and for much the same purpose. The French Minister of War, Mercier, was forced to pro- ceed against Dreyfus by the Libre Parole, which published lies about his confession, as Le Tigilant did about the confession of Dor- melles. Can it be that the method of con- ducting the conspiracy against Dreyfus was suggested by Letang's story? MISSOURI COMPROMISE REPEAL. The True History of the Missouri Compro- mise and its Repeal. By Mrs. Archibald Dixon. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke Co. 8vo, pp. xii., 623. Archibald Dixon was in 1854 Senator from Kentucky in the Thirty-third Congress, filling the unexpired term of Henry Clay. On the 16th of January, the bill to organize the Ter- ritory of Nebraska being under consideration, he introduced an amendment abrogating the prohibition of slavery by the Missouri Com- promise Act of 1820. After a momentary dismay, Douglas, Chairman of the Committee on Territories, dallied with the temptation and soon yielded to it, embodying the amend- ment in substance in his bill, which, after a memorable contest, became a law. This was immediately followed by the dis- ruption of parties, and by the organization of the Republican party, which swept nearly all the Northern States at once, and, though it failed to carry the Presidential election of 1856, elected Abraham Lincoln in 1860. As everybody knows, secession and the civil war were the next immediate stages in the logic of cause and effect. The armed raid of Missourians into Kansas to organize the Territorial government there by a brief mili- tary campaign, with the incident of a pre- tended election in which leaves of a Cincin- nati directory served as fictitious polling- lists, increased the excitement over the great wrong, but did not alter its character. It was so also with the sham of framing the Lecompton Constitution declaring Kansas a slave State in defiance of the will of an over- whelming majority of the citizens, and the reckless efforts of Buchanan's Administra- tion to force it upon the people. These were only the resorts of desperation in carrying out the fatal policy of repealing the slavery prohibition in these Northern Territories. They were subsidiary acts in furtherance of the dominant purpose to make Kansas a slave State, cost what it might, and were the legitimate fruits of Douglas's bill, though he himself was forced by the public opinion of his own State of Illinois to repudiate the final steps in the outrage. The responsibility for the first distinct insertion of the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise into the Kansas-Nebraska bill was so awful, as tested by its results, that one would expect disclaimers instead of claims to it as an historical honor. We can understand how Douglas, had he survived, might have wished it to appear that he had only yielded to the demands of the South through Mr. Dixon as its mouthpiece; but we cannot understand how one to whom the Kentucky Senator was dear, can, at this day, offer the world an elaborate presentation of his authorship of the fateful measure, and of arguments to persuade us that it was right. Yet that is what is done in the work before us, even to a facsimile of the original paper in Mr. Dixon's handwriting, with the official endorsements of the Clerk of the Senate. The author was the second wife of Mr. Dixon, married to him in October, 1853, and, as his health was not firm, she acted as his amanuensis and became intimately acquaint- ed with his thoughts and beliefs. The book is proof of no ordinary mental power in its writer, and of no ordinary strength of will and of devotion to her task. She began the study of the subject in 1877, a year after her husband's death; her library and the part- ly completed manuscript were destroyed by fire in 1893. Daunted only for the moment, sbe soon began again the collection of ma- terial and the second writing of her work, and has lived to give us the result in the stout volume now published. She. has adopt- ed Mr. Dixon's point of view, and master- ed with indisputable thoroughness his theory of the great subject and what logically flows from it. We cannot fail to assume that his positions are adequately and sym- pathetically stated. If she defends the sys- tem of slavery and Its consequences in ways that would seem contrary to a woman's na-

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£78 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 tural bias toward freedom and the sacred - cess of the family, we are permitted to see in it the stress of her reverential devotion to one whose conclusions she must regard as authoritative for her. Mr. Dixon was a Whig who professed de- votion to Henry Clay, yet he was, in his per- son, a proof of the decay of the Whig par- ty and its practical absorption into the mere pro-slavery party of the South. He was a lawyer by training, but had become a wealthy slave-owner, and saw the "institu- tion" with quite other eyes than those of the great Whig leader. A convention to re- vise the Constitution of Kentucky met in 1849, and Clay had taken the occasion to urge the adoption in it of a system of gra- dual emancipation. He declared his belief that most people in every section of the country regretted the introduction of sla- very, and lamented "that a single slave treads our soil." Mr. Dixon was elected a member of the convention, and signalized his radical difference from Mr. Clay by attacking the emancipation proposal. His widow tells us that he "opposed and denounced it with all the energy and vehemence of his nature." He introduced a resolution declaring that, as slaves are property, even the Constitution could not deprive the owner of them other- wise than any other property could be taken. He secured its incorporation into the Con- stitution in the declaration that "the right of property is before and higher than any constitutional sanction, and the right of the owner of a slave to such a slave and its increase is the same and as inviolable as the right of the owner of any property what- ever." We are told that Mr. Dixon's speech in support of this section "was so earnest, its arguments so convincing, its eloquence so powerful, that it carried the convention by storm." This enables us to understand what pro- gress in revolution was marked by Mr. Dix- on's election to serve out, in the national Senate, the remainder of the term when Clay was dead. It gives a certain appropriateness to his official demand that the principle of absolute chattelism of man should be held to abrogate every limit to the spread of slavery, and to send the Ordinance of 17S7 as well as the restriction of 1820 to the limbo of exploded frauds upon the supra- constitutional right of property in slaves. It adds significance to his declaration in the course of the debate that, as a pro-slavery man, he knew no party when the interests of slavery were in question. To this complexion had Kentucky Whiggery come at last. Not only was Clay as dead as Cajsar, but it seem- ed as if he were as long dead. Yet the abrogation of the Missouri Com- promise was put forward as necessarily in- cluded in the principles of Clay's compro- mise measures of 1850; and it was now only 1854! The simple fact was, that the Mis- souri Compromise was assumed as the basis of Clay's "omnibus bill" of 1850; and, in- stead of being impliedly abrogated, the new measures had none of their alleged efficiency as a permanent quieting of controversy ex. cept as they Implied that that compromise was and remained In full force. It was a palpable falsification of the facts of history to deny this. It was so plain that argument was embarrassed by the simplicity of the case, and Greeley rightly cried out thai it was hard to say whether the new bill was more an insult or a fraud. The Inspiration of Clay's efforts in 1850 bad been to make a "finality" of the anti- slavery agitation by removing all the practi- cal causes of dispute. The only "principle" in it was to find some viable expedient in each subject of quarrel, which might give peace through a mutual yielding by the com- batants. It was his reputation as the puta- tive author of the Missouri Compromise, which for thirty years had been thought to be, in Buchanan's words, "hardly less sacred than the Constitution," that made it seem his prerogative to add to it a further com- promise regarding regions which it did not cover, and which, by settling the new strifes, should give the promise of permanent peace. He notoriously sought to add to it, not to supersede it. The peace it was supposed to have given for a whole generation, was one of the strongest arguments that there might be a similar settlement of the questions which grew out of the acquisition of terri- tory by the war with Mexico. Arrange these amicably, and sectional antagonisms would cease for lack of a real bone of contention. Instead of having weight with Northern men, the argument would have ruined every chance of compromise if it had once been suggested that, under pretence of applying "squatter sovereignty" to Utah and New Mexico, the whole great valley of the Mis- souri and its tributaries be thrown open to slavery. On the other hand, the real argu- ment was, Since you of the North are al- ready secured in the almost boundless re- gions of the Northwest, to which we are willing now to add the admission of Califor- nia as a free State with boundaries reaching from Oregon to Mexico, why cannot you give the South the feeble chance of natural com- petition in the settlement of Utah and New Mexico, where Webster and Douglas unite in declaring that a higher law, that of Na- ture herself, has decreed that slavery can never enter, because it car. never be profit- able there? Such reasoning carried the com- promise of 1850. In 1854, the audacious claim of political might against right was that Utah and New Mexico had dragged as a tail the whole Northwest into the net of the slave power. Every intelligent man in the country knew that the assertion was false in fact, and it only kindled wrath in North- ern men to hear it argued that it was the logical result of Clay's measures of 1850. The truth, of course, is that compromises are, in form, the discarding of logic. There neither is, nor in the nature of things can be, any "principle" in them from which any- thing can be argued. They are bargains to settle difficulties by mutual concessions. They begin and end in the specific arrange- ment made in each case. The North claimed the admission of California with her free Constitution; the South refused it. The South claimed the right to carry slaves into the region taken from Mexico; the North as- serted that it was free under Mexican laws and must stay so. Texas claimed New Mexico; it was objected that it never was part of Texas, and had never been occupied by Texans. The North claimed the closing of the slave-markets in Washington; the Smith demanded a more stringent fugitive- slave law. The compromise admitted Cali- fornia, gave Texas ten millions for a quit- claim to New Mexico, allowed slaveholders to settle Utah and New Mexico if they could do so in peaceful and fair competition with other immigrants, abolished the slave-trade in the District of Columbia, and passed the fugitive-slave law. To pretend that this con- geries of measures impliedly abrogated the Missouri compromise was regarded by North- ern men as the mere impudence of arrogant power. The North might as well have claimefl that it was an implied agreement that no new State should ever be admitted except with a free constitution like California. As if to repudiate explicitly the idea of any system of measures having a common prin- ciple and mutually dependent on each other, they had been defeated in the form of the "omnibus" which united them, and were passed by the Senate separately. But Mr. Dixon, however willing to praise the Douglas bill and to applaud the specious argument of the Illinois Senator made for a Northern audience, planted himself and based his amendment upon the ultra- Cal- houn doctrine that all restrictions of slavery were unconstitutional. He stood for the re- cognition of this, as he had succeeded in putting it into the Constitution of Kentucky— a law even "higher than any constitutional sanction." In his brief part in the debate he said, "I look upon the act of 1820 as a vio- lation, of the Constitution of the United States." The right to take and hold slaves everywhere was, of course, the logical con- clusion from his proposition that slaves and their increase are as absolutely chattels as sheep and oxen. Earnest anti-slavery men at the North always had a respect for Calhoun and his school, because of their willingness to stand by the logical results of slavery. With them the issue was intelligible, and the debate reached first principles of law and morals. The anti-slavery principle was that slavery was a creature of municipal law, and could exist only when it was established by posi- tive law; that outside of such limits there were no presumptions in its favor, and it was condemned as contrary to the inaliena- ble rights of man. In this contention the whole current of civilized law fully sustained them. Its logical results were also clear. The Federal Constitution did not establish slavery, it only tolerated it within the States which by their own laws established it. Out- side those State limits the wrong system had no standing in law, and when easy-going comity of friendly States was repudiated by the South and constitutional rights asserted,' the way was open to bring "righteousness to the line, and justice to the plummet." We should belie our English blood if the majority of our people had not been willing to forego logic in favor of any tolerable ar- rangement of conflicting interests. As long as sufficient room was left for the westward migration of our teeming millions without immediate contact with the system which degraded free labor, the practical situation cculd be endured, and only a small minority cared to make a political issue upon It. Why could not the Calhoun doctrine be al- lowed to work, and the North and South take their chances of the natural migration to the Territories? Mrs. Dixon has answered this as clearly as one could desire, though on this point we may question whether she finds her inspiration in the Senator's writings. As to those "fertile fields," she says, the Northern pe pie "were excluded by the existence of slave labor as effectually as though by act of Congress" (p. 2). Again, speaking of the region taken from Mexico, she says: "No one can blame the people of those Territories for objecting to having slaves brought into their country; and yet one cannot, either, blame the Southern people for desiring a

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April 13, Tlie ISTation 279 portion at least of the land which they had so largely contributed to gain" (p. 228). This essential incompatibility between slav- ery and free labor is stated by Mrs. Dixon in almost the identical terms which were used in 1820 by the New York leaders, Tallmadge and Taylor, and in 1854 by the Ohio Senators, Chase and Wade. Because it was truly stated by them all, Senator Dixon's amend- ment in 1854 reduced the struggle to simple and irreconcilable elements. A total sur- render of all the Territories was demanded of the North, and we cannot dispute Mrs. Dixon when she says, "It was a question of land, for which the Anglo-Saxon race will always fight." Clay had seen it. He had warned the South that there could be no peaceable secession, and told them that if war should come he would be found on the side of the Union to which he owed his first allegiance. It marks the long gap between Clay and Dixon that the latter, from his home on the banks of the Ohio, did not see the portents of the storm he was raising, and seems to have thought he was doing no more than offer the decision of an academic question of constitutional law. As to Doug- las, we know too well the effects of political ambition to wonder so much at his blind- ness. The author's perception of the real cha- racter of the contest might well have modi- fied her judgment of the public men and measures which she treats; but it has hardly done so. The Northern men who led the opposition to slavery extension are painted as unscrupulous demagogues, the Southern advocates of the great breach of faith as unsullied patriots. The materials used in the book are almost wholly drawn from the Congressional debates, and we find no evi- dence that even such general histories as Hildreth's, Von Hoist's, or Rhodes's have been read or consulted. A number of col- lateral historical questions are mooted, and it might be interesting to criticise the treat- ment of some of them if there were space; but there is not. Near the close of the book is an intimation that Senator Dixon con- demned the final effort of Buchanan and the party he represented to force upon the Kan- sas people the Lecompton Constitution, in the making of which the citizens of that Territory had no part, and which they re- pudiated with wrath. Authentic evidence of the manner in which such a man as Dixon viewed the events of the civil war as they passed, would have a most instructive his- torical value, could the work be brought down to emancipation in Kentucky. element? That was the inquiry they were eager upon. Human action and human The First Philosophers of Greece. By A. Fairbanks. Scribners. 1898. The Ionian philosophers embody for us more than one aspect of the brilliant and rest- less life of Ionia in the seventh and sixth centuries u. c. Their philosophy sprang into being as the expression of that overflowing life and splendid spontaneity that had made the Ionians the creators of the Greek epic; and perhaps even more was it the outcome of the restless Asiatic curiosity that caused the greatest of them, like Herodotus, to be- come wanderers on the face of the earth. Before philosophy and poetry had quarrelled, the earliest of the Pre-Socratics expressed in majestic, rugged verse or in abrupt, vivid prose their burning interest in the unex- plored universe. What is it all made of? What is its basis, its ipxi, its underlying society lay without the sphere of their re- search; hardly, before Socrates, did men change the form of their question, to ask, "What is it all made for?" For the characteristic attitude of the Ionians was aloofness. They stood apart. Heraclitus of Ephesus, uttering on the mu- tability of things words "solemn, unadorned, unsweetened," as he himself said of the Sibyl, declined to instruct his fellow-men. "For what sense or understanding have they? The very best choose one thing be- fore all others, immortal glory among mor- tals, while the masses eat their fill like cat- tle." The tears of this great first pessi- mist, this "weeping philosopher," are sym- bolic of his despair of mankind, as the laughter of Democritus the Atomist sym- bolized his doctrine of contempt. All things flow from us— nothing abides; that is the burden of the "harsh protesting cries" that have come down to us in the name of He- raclitus "the Obscure." He must havs seemed to himself a sort of Cassandra as he stood preaching, in words that his fellow- citizens failed to understand, the unreality of all the visible tangible phenomena which they took so seriously for realities. Aris- totle has told us, in the 'Metaphysics,' that the Platonic doctrine of Ideas arose from the universal definitions of Socrates— those defi- nitions of courage and justice and friend- ship which he extorted or failed to ex- tort from the amazing patience of the Athenian youth— and the Heraclitean doc- trine of the flux of all things. In fact, one would not be far wrong in saying that the main preoccupation of Plato's teaching was to bring about a reaction against Hera- clitean relativity and mutability. Plato stands between the living and the dead- opposing unchangeable types, as the only realities, to that flux which Heraclitus had taken for a law of all existence. This idea of the unchangeable he borrowed from Par- menides the Eleatic; though he was, per- haps, indebted to Democritus the Atomist for the term itself— etios, or iSia. This, then, is the origin of the I iatonic doctrine of the baseness of matter, which Huxley thought, at best, but a 'splendid folly." In the 'Phaado' we read of Plato's disappointment in the case of another pre- Socratic, Anaxagoras, who had made so real an advance by introducing a guiding intelli- gence into the universe, and yet in the end had adduced only secondary and trivial causes for his explanation of its problems. It was from Anaxagoras's teachings that Pericles had acquired his subtlety of states- manship, for Anaxagoras, at any rate, with some danger to himself, tried to influence human action through his pupil. It was Xenophanes, the founder of the Eleatic school, who inspired Plato with his hos- tility to anthropomorphic notions of the gods, and to him we may trace the avowed mono- theism of the 'Republic' Plato's method of dialectic was derived from the Eleatic Zeno. We have said so much to show that Plato's writings are a palimpsest, because Mr. Fair- banks in his Appendix hardly leaves the correct impression of Plato's use of the pre- Socratic doctrines. He says (p. 264): "Pla- to's writings betray no particular interest in any of the pre-Socratic thinkers except Parmenides and the Pythagorean school, nor do they convey any hint as to the value of the work of the other early thinkers." Not explicitly, perhaps. But "they are everywhere in it, not as the stray carved corner of some older edifice, to be found here or there amid the new, but rather like minute relics of earlier organic life in the very stone he builds with." No one has so admirably stated Plato's debt to the pre-So- cratics as Walter Pater, from whom these words are quoted. Mr. Fairbanks's book is, in some respects, disappointing. He seems to have conceived the idea of furnishing students who have no knowledge of Latin and Greek with an English substitute for the first volume of Ritter and Preller's monumental 'Historia.' He has, therefore, arranged the fragments with a parallel English translation. The critical notes, however, appeal to another class of students, and might have been omit- ted ; for we cannot suppose that any student who desires a thorough knowledge of the Ionian philosophers will neglect Ritter and Preller for Mr. Fairbanks. We are surprised to find that their invaluable work is not even mentioned, and that Mr. Fairbanks can say (Preface, p. 1) that "the student who desires to examine the evidence for himself still finds the material difficult of access." Diels has naturally been the editor's main source, and his debt is acknowledged. The volume may be recommended to all who read their Plato in Jowett and their Aristotle in Welldon or another. The term "doxographist," which is throughout used for the familiar "doxogra- pher," does not strike us as a happy innova- tion. On page 78, Lasus is called "son of Hermiones"; surely Hermione was his birth- place. The Philippine Islands. By Ramon Reyes Lala. New York: Continental Publishing Co. Still they greet us — books on the war and our new territory; the last but not the least appearing under the above well-worn title. All of them, with the exception of 'Yesterdays in the Philippines,' treat the subject in more cr less the same way. They invariably begin with the discovery of the islands, their ac- quisition by Spain, and early history, and continue with observations on the character of the people, soil and climate, the resources, physical geography, and commercial impor- tance. Mr. Lala's book, however, gives us observations made from the point of view of a native Filipino. From Manila, where he spent his early life, he went to Europe to be educated, returned later to the Philippines to study his own people, and has now come finally to America to write about them and their land. In his preface he says: "It has been my aim to give, rather than a long de- tailed account, a concise but true, compre- hensive, and interesting history of the Phi- lippine Islands; one, too, covering every phase of the subject, and giving also every important fact." This is a large task to perform in 342 pages, diminished by the space occupied by 133 illustrations. Mr. Lala begins with the early history of the islands, from the occupation of Mindanao by Magellan, and comes down through the at- tacks on Manila by the Chinese and Dutch to the point where the English arrive to hold the Philippines for ransom, and finally to give them over to Spanish colonial rule. He then, without ceremony, jumps into the middle of things as they are at the present day, and tells of the evils of the tax system, the corruption of church and state, the

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280 The Ration. [Vol. 68, No. 1763 tardy justice administered by the courts, and the relations between the governing people and the governed. Then, warming up to his work, he discusses the various tribes in different parts of the archipelago, and tries to give due consideration to everything, from the height of the principal volcanoes to the length of village feasts. In speaking of the religious orders, whom he believes to have been the cause cf incal- culable harm and injustice, Mr. Lala says that their future treatment is one of the hardest problems to solve. He considers that the most effective way of dealing with the friars is to expel the whole body from the islands, and says: "I do not believe that these good brethren will soon cease to fo- ment insurrection against the hated Protest- ant conqueror. They have ever been breed- ers of mischief under the congenial rule of Catholic Spain; what won't they do under the regime of enlightened America, whose first thought is the liberty that means death to extortion and oppression— the cardinal principles of their order?" Mr. Lala here speaks as a Catholic as well as a Filipino, and his radical sentiments are probably shar- ed by a large majority of the civilized na- tives in the archipelago. In discussing native characteristics, the author credits the Filipinos with being so far fatalistic that they are resigned to the inevitable. "Incomprehensible inconsis- tencies," says he, "obtain in nearly every na- tive." We learn they are not noted for fore- sight or energy— qualities which one would expect to find lacking in tropical races. They are calm, but not secretive; curious, but po- lite; passionate, and cruel to their foes. They are fond of family life and of children, are superstitious, have no sense of humor, are seldom witty, and are not easily moved to anger. Regarding the feeling which the na- tive holds for the Chinese who have swarm- ed pretty well over the Philippine archipela- go, Mr. Lala says: "Like all courageous people, he despises cowardice and pusillani- mity. He has, therefore, but little regard for the meek and humble Chinaman, who will pocket an insult rather than avenge himself." But the Chinaman, though hated throughout the Philippines, is indispensable; and as the labor problem is to be one of the great ques- tions in the future development of the isl- ands, it is worlh while to see what the au- thor further says regarding the Celestials: "The Chinese," he remarks, "have been a great boon to the colony— they have had a civilizing influence on the natives, and have taught them many important things. They have ever been the leaders in commerce and the chief middlemen of the colony; without them trade would almost be brought to a standstill. But by their superior shrewd- ness and cunning, they have excited the ha- tred of the natives, who despise them. Their expulsion would, however, be as unwise as it is impracticable, and the only remedy is In state control." In treating of the various wild tribes of the interior, the author generalizes to such an extent that we do not feel as if he had had the personal contact with them which enabled Prof. Dean Worcester to make his accounts of aboriginal life so interesting in his 'Philippine Islands and their People.' About the middle of the book Mr. Lala decides to describe Manila, its various sub- urbs, the customs of the people, and points of interest. He then takes up many of the chief commercial towns in various parts of the archipelago, giving a short description of each. In tie latter pages he gives the history of the commerce with the archipela- go in detail, and this in turn is followed by a treatise on agriculture. The cultivation of rice, sugar-cane, hemp, tobacco, coffee, and cocoanut is considered in separate chap- ters. Following these come others in which are discussed the forests, animal life, and mineral resources. The author believes the archipelago to teem with vegetable and mi- neral life in inconceivable richness, and thinks that only good government and en- terprise are necessary to turn these re- sources to account. And yet, in another chapter on climate, he hints that the hot weather soon causes the energy that one has in cooler climes to evaporate; and with- out energy, where is enterprise? The work ends with an account of the struggle of the Filipinos for liberty, the battle of Manila Bay, and the American occupation. Although the book is replete with information, facts are jumbled up in such an uncomfortable way that the reader finds himself frequently wishing for more sequence and less sudden transition from mountain to mole-hill or vice versa. On the whole, however, the vol- ume is creditable to the author, whose father, by the way, keeps one of the best-patronized hotels in Manila to this day; and it is full of illustrations. iS' pin if ex and Sand: A Narrative of Five Years' Pioneering and Exploration in Western Australia. By the Hon. David W. Carnegie. M. F. Mansfield & Co. 1898. 8vo. Pp. xvi, 454; illustrations, maps. The author of this book is an excellent rep- resentative of the class of men who have made the British empire. The younger son of a Scotch nobleman— Mr. Carnegie himself gives no hint of this— he went to Western Australia, when just of age, in 1892, to try his fortune in the newly discovered gold- fielJs of Coolgardie. Here he worked as a "surface hand" in a mine "at £3 10s. per week, with water at the rate of one gallon per day" — the water having to be brought from a well thirty-six miles distant — and as a prospector. In this latter employment he travelled extensively through the region searching for "color" or auriferous rock. This occupation was abandoned in turn for that of the genuine explorer, and, with four companions and nine camels, he was first to cross the great interior desert from south to north. Returning by a different route, he reached the southern settlements in July, 1897, after an absence of thirteen months. His aim was not simply to fill up the blank places on the map, but also to discover a practicable stock-route by which the cattle from the Kimberley pastures in the north could be driven to the gold-fields. In this he was unsuccessful, the wells and "soaks" be- ing too few and uncertain to admit of the passage of any animals but camels, nor did he find any trace of gold. The story of these varied experiences is told in vigorous English colored by the fre- quent and unstudied use of miners' slang. The first portion is a vivid picture of pio- neer life, with descriptions of the different rude methods of getting gold, of the "rushes" to new fields, above all of the eager search and frantic strife for water. This is, in fact, the prevailing topic throughout the narrative, the great Australian desert con- taining possibly the largest waterless re- gions on the face of the globe. In his second crossing it he travelled "a distance of about 800 miles" without finding what was appa- rently "permanent" water. Often the means of discovering it was by capturing a native and compelling him, through thirst— he would not do it freely — to lead them to the tribe's water-hole. Mr. Carnegie acknow- ledges the cruelty of the practice, but says that without this forced aid of the natives we "should not only have lost our own lives, but possibly those of others who would have made search for us after." The desert, the northern half especially, is remarkable for its sand-ridges, running parallel to each oth- er from east to west, with an average height of sixty feet and a quarter of a mile apart. One day's entry on the route-map is: "Crossed 88 sandhills in 8 hours' travelling." Seen from a height, it seemed "as if the whole country had been combed with a mammoth comb." The predominating ve- getation is spinifex, a species of Triodia growing "in round isolated hummocks one to three feet high; these hummocks are a dense mass of needle-like prickles, and from them grow tall blades of very coarse grass to a height of sometimes six feet. . . . Most accursed vegetation to walk through, both for men and camels." Scattered through it are small tribes, or families ra- ther, of natives who wander from well to well, living mainly on rats, reptiles, grubs, and seeds. Notwithstanding their wretched life, they are often well formed and of good size, while a certain degree of intelligence is shown by the fact that they are "govern- ed in their social life by marriage laws and class systems of the most intricate kind." In an attempt to explain these laws Mr. Carnegie is obliged to use algebraic sym- bols. A pleasant note in the narrative is the good feeling which existed between the au- thor and his companions, in his various ex- peditions, and the evident sincerity with which he often acknowledges the value of their services. But, strong as was his at- tachment for them, it was, if possible, stronger for his camels, whom he calls, not without reason, "one of the noblest of crea- tures and most marvellous works of the Creator. Brave, dumb heroes, with what pa- tience and undaunted courage do they strug- gle on with their heavy loads, carrying what no other animal could carry in country where no other could live, never complain- ing or giving in until they drop from sheer exhaustion!" He gives instances of their affection for him in return for treatment so kind and careful that not one perished from the terrible privations and horrors of the desert. The illustrations are interesting, but the elaborate route-maps show remarkable pow- ers of observation in so youthful a tra- veller. Observations of a Ranchwoman in New Mexi- co. By Edith M. Nicholl. Macmillan Co. Mrs. Nicholl is an Englishwoman who, after a residence of nearly twenty years in this country, fled for refuge from ill-health to New Mexico. Like all sensible invalids who do not seek a propitious climate till too late, she determined to give herself a more exhila- rating occupation than brooding over her ailments, and therefore took a thirty-acre ranch in the Mesilla Valley, near the old Pueblo of Las Cruces. In her little book she gives some vivid descriptions of the arid landscape, the bare battlemented Organ Mountains, and (what constitutes the greatest

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April 13, 1899] Tlie ISTation 281 cbarm of the Southwest) its pellucid atmo- sphere and the infinite variety of tints it throws over the hills and plains at sundown, from gorgeous crimson through every shade of green to deepest blue. Glorious as is an Eastern sunset, it affords no conception of the radiance of light and color which at that hour bathes the horizon of this dreary land, still less of the awful splendor with which it clothes the heavy masses of threatening clouds, which in the rainy season so often hurl down destruction, rather than shower blessings, on the parched earth. Mrs. Nicholl tells with sincere emotion, though with tiresome amplitude of detail, of all the troubles she had to put up with from the lazy and mendacious Mexican servants, and the still more vexatious disappointments she had to endure from imported American help. The book is written for her country- men, and this may account for such weari- some prolixity, and for her loading her chap- ters with trivial comments on our common schools, on the deficiencies of our judiciary, on our political methods and consequent po- litical corruption, on the silver question, and on every other phase of American life and manners, when any excuse offers. As an intelligent resident of long standing, her re- flections on ourselves are just and apprecia- tive, and those on the faults of her own countrymen and women candid and keen, but we could have wished that she had confined herself to her farming experiences, and given us the balance-sheet of her ranching opera- tions, and more of the daily routine of her work, and her conclusions as to why one rancher makes so signal a success and an- other so deplorable a failure. She touches on these delicate points — but only touches. The main drawbacks to the prosperity of the Rio Grande valley, all will agree with her, are the Mexican population and the dearth of water— two radical, and yet she thinks re- mediable, defects. She contends that the se- cond must be remedied before the first will disappear. If, by the storage of water, cer- tainty of crops could be assured, white ranchers would be induced to enter and dis- place the indolent New Mexicans, who are the most worthless item of the Gadsden Purchase. The sonorous title of the river which takes its rise in the mountains of Colorado, the Rio Bravo (Grande) del Norte, is, from the Eastern standard, a ridiculous misnomer. Except when the snows are melting at its source, its bed below Albuquerque is occu- pied almost wholly by moving sand instead of flowing water; and as more and more wa- ter is drawn from its upper reaches for ir- rigation, that long stretch of river below El Paso which marks the boundary between this country and Mexico, is at certain sea- sons practically dry. Thus lands on the Mexican side, once under cultivation, have relapsed into aridity, and, "as a consequence, the adjustment of international water rights has become one of the diplomatic questions pending between ourselves and the Govern- ment of Gen. Diaz. Impounding the water during flood, as is being done in Egypt, or catching the rainfall in reservoirs, are the alternatives. Damming the impetuous Rio Grande is in itself a very different feat from damming the sluggish Nile. All the West- ern rivers, when in flood, carry down, besides vast stores of fertilizing mud in suspension, incredible quantities of sand, gravel, and boulders, which soon fill up any reservoir erected across the channel. Storage reser- voirs to store water and not stones must be filled by rainfall or by water tapped, through lateral canals, from the rivers during the short periods of flood. The average rainfall in New Mexico and Arizona is about ten inches, or far more than sufficient to irrigate all the arable land in these two vast but mountainous Territories, if it could be im- pounded and distributed over their marvel- lously fertile valleys, which compose but a small proportion of their total area. The climate of the Southwest is ravishingly beautiful and exhilarating simply because of the scanty rainfall. If to the attractions of such a climate could be added the exuberance of vegetation which springs up as if by magic under irrigation, our Western Terri- tories would be in very truth the garden of the earth. The narrow stretches of garden orchard and alfalfa meadows which line the banks of the Rio Grande, the Gila, and the Salt River owe their vigorous life and prolific yield to the water these streams grudgingly and intermittently lend them. But the river valleys are insignificant in extent compared with some of the vast plains of South New Mexico and Arizona, which are composed of soil as rich as that of the river bottoms. Though they are to-day sandy wastes, they would reward with harvests, such as our Eastern farmer never dreams of, the skill of man distributing at regular intervals over their surface the rain which falls in suffi- cient volumes only during the rainy sea- sons. Difficult as the task may be, our en- gineers will accomplish it, and thus add to the Union, without bloodshed or injustice to any one, territory as prolific as Cuba or Porto Rico. To expansion by such means all parties will heartily agree. Our author justifies the continued exclu- sion of the last two of our old Territories from the privileges of statehood, while peo- pled by so many of the original native popu- lation, and till the whites attain greater pre- dominance numerically and settle down to more sedentary habits of life. Neither min- ing nor cattle-ranching is conducive to so- briety of thought and quietness of spirit; and these two employments absorb the ener- gies of the bulk of the Americans of New- Mexico and Arizona. Few are willing to en- dure the toils and reap the slow small gains of farming, and these few are in great measure Mormons. The Cruise of the "Cachalot." By Frank T. Bullen, First Mate. D. Appleton & Co. 1899. In these days a book that treats of the whale fishery offers a wide field for the imagination. There was a time, however, before the decline of that industry, when an author was forced to adhere to great ac- curacy of statement, as being under the scru- tiny of a large audience learned in the tech- nique of every phase of the subject. The least deviation from realistic precision, ei- ther in the navigating of ship or handling of boat, or in the thousand and one details of the business, or any unfamiliarity with its argot, excited the derision of an army of knowing and exultant critics. The au- thor of 'The Cruise of the Cachalot' is for- tunate in that the composition of his book has been deferred to the last years of the present century. Mr. Bullen does not dally in proclaiming that he is an Englishman. On the second page of his first chapter he falls into the trap that writers of his nationality invari- ably set for themselves when they attempt to transcribe what they consider genuine Yankee dialect. Mr. Bullen's is that em- ployed in London music halls to arouse Bri- tish hilarity, but which is as far removed from the original as is cockney speech from that of the Southern negro. The hero of the story, an English youth, is at New Bedford, Mass., looking for a berth on a ship. He meets a seafaring man to whom he ad- dresses an inquiry, and who in reply says, "Wall, I should surmise," etc. Nothing can convince an Englishman that this is not a common affirmative of the average Ameri- can. No Yankee skipper that ever lived has used the word in the sense with which Mr. Bullen applies it. The impossible sort of lingo that he puts in the mouths of the American shipmates of his hero Is irritating and fatiguing, and casts a cloud upon the verisimilitude of the narrative. So does the circumstance that, in the last pages of the book, when the ship is within a few hours of reaching New Bedford on the return from a two years' whaling voyage, the author speaks of sighting "Cape Navesink or Ole Never- sunk," as if it were a landmark indicating proximity to the port of destination. He Is probably alluding to the Highlands of Nave- sink, near the entrance of New York harbor, 150 miles more or less west of New Bedford. This disregard of geographical accuracy is unpardonable in a writer who claims to have attained to the grade of first mate in the (presumably) British merchant marine, which he could not have done without hav- ing passed a severe technical examination. It is hardly fair to consider this book se- riously. It is the story of an English youth, originally a London street Arab, who, with some previous nautical training, ships on board a New Bedford whaler for a long cruise after sperm whales. He en- counters the usual stock adventures— brutal "Yankee" oflicers; the inevitable battle be- tween a giant octcpus and a sperm whale, this time by moonlight, pour encourager les autresj opportune gales and convenient lee shores, smashed boats, physical suffering, etc. All the old properties are brought out in suc- cession. The hero, notwithstanding his ori- gin, calling, and youth, possesses literary tastes. Among his other effects he has a copy of the Bible, Shakspere, and two of Dickens's works. These prove a source of great intellectual solace not only to him, but also to the polyglot crew of the ship, composed of negroes, Portuguese, and the offscourings of a seaport town. Mr. Bullen has gifts of narration and description that would avail as much for adventures on land as for those which he has located upon the sea. The frontispiece to the book is a beau- tiful example of the best school of wood-en- graving. History of the People of the Netherlands. By Petrus Johannes Blok. Translated by Os- car A. Bierstadt and Ruth Putnam. Part I. From the Earliest Times to the Be- ginning of the Fifteenth Century. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1898. We have met with one or two ardent ad- mirers of Motley who considered it an im- pertinence that any one should, after him, presume to write on the subject of Dutch history. We therefore lose no time in stat- ing that Dr. Blok, though a professor in the University of Leyden, is free from the charge of poaching within the American his-

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282 The IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 torian's enclosures. Beyond doubt the strug- gle against Spain is the OlanzpunU of Dutch heroism, but for a long time before William the Silent the people of the Netherlands had interesting annals, nor did the race ex- haust itself by a single, if glorious, effort. Dr. Blok in this work does not select any one incident, movement, or period for minute examination, but writes comprehensively of the Dutch and Flemish folk in their social as well as their political progress. In the first volume, which is the only one at pre- sent translated, he begins with the earliest inhabitants — to wit, cave - dwellers— and reaches the death of Count William VI. in 1417. But as the primitive and Roman periods are rapidly dismissed, this instalment might almost be termed a separate treatise on the mediaeval history of the Nether- lands. For purposes c convenience, the trans- lators have added to the first volume six chapters which, following Dr. Blok's own division, belong to the second part. Thus rearranged, the pages before us admit of ready analysis, because a logical break oc- curs almost exactly midway in the book. Although the Dutch Republic was declared free from allegiance to the Empire only at the Peace of Westphalia, the Netherlands virtually cut adrift from Germany during the great interregnum. Certainly by 1300 "the German kingship had become but a name in the Netherlands, respect for which was ever growing less. The counts and dukes were in fact kings in their lands: they had acquired almost all the royal rights as they were more and more impelled to undertake the King's obligation to maintain peace." After glancing at Roman occupa- tion, Dr. Blok describes the condition of the Low Countries during the Inroads, its status under Merovingians and Carolingians, and its emergence from the profound territorial changes of the ninth century. After this, four chapters on the rise of small fiefs, early feudal society, the Netherlanders in the Crusades and domestic broils, bring us to the dividing line already mentioned. The second portion of the volume is more dis- tinctly occupied with Flemish and Dutch affairs, inasmuch as, with isolation from Germany, Netherlandish history assumes its special and local aspect. In the first half, Dr. Blok must perforce traverse territory which has been pretty thoroughly surveyed by the numerous writers on mediaeval im- perialism. After 1300 he enters his own pro- vince. By way of adding a single word to this analysis of contents, we may state that the chapters which have interested us most are the ones standing at the head of the second part. In a little less than a hundred pages Dr. Blok presents an admirable picture of Netherlandish society at the beginning of the fourteenth century. After considering the position of the territorial lord, he passes on to the three estates, regarding clergy and nobles separately, and dividing the commons into country people and citizens. Such a sketch puts one in a position to understand perfectly the struggle of the Flemish com- munes in the days of James and Philip van Artevelde, and is an equally serviceable in- troduction to the relations of Holland and Zealand during the Hook and Cod quarrels. The translation of this first volume has been made mainly, but not entirely, by Mr. Oscar Bierstadt of the Astor Library. In most respects the English is unexception- able, but at times we have noticed a certain haziness in the use of personal pronouns. It should also be indicated that the English text does not altogether represent the Dutch ori- ginal. Some abridgments of the political narrative were deemed advisable by the author, and have been made, "while the ac- count of the development of social, indus- trial, and intellectual conditions is given in full." We must express regret at the almost total lack of footnotes, an omission which now and then is rather glaring. Thus, in writing a chapter on mediaeval nobility, Dr. Blok gives the passage from John of Beka ^ wherein William of Holland's knighting at Koln, October 3, 1647, is picturesquely de- scribed, but one of its most distinctive fea- tures is left in a mutilated state through the absence of a brief explanatory note. In Dr. Blok's version we are told that the "Lord Cardinal [acting for Pope Innocent IV.], in full dress, spoke to the squire, starting out from the signification of the word knight: 'Every one who wishes to be called a knight must be constant, noble, generous, spotless, and strong.' " Now the adjectives which Capuzius actually used were magnanimas, ingcnuus, largifluus, egrcgius, and strcnuus, constituting, as will be seen, an acrostic upon the word miles. Dr. Blok gives no hint of this, and so the point is completely lost. It would also be interesting to know what authority there is for the extraordinary statement that, in a tournament at Neuss, one hundred knights were suffocated by the dust. The volume is, however, an admirable study, not merely in Netherlandish history, but in the life of mediaeval Europe. We must state in conclusion that one very useful feature is the appendix, which contains a detailed account of the authorities for early Dutch and Flemish history. Rights and Duties of American Citizenship. By W. W. Willoughby, Ph.D., Associate in Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University. American Book Company. 1898. This work is hardly elementary enough, either in substance or in statement, for a wide use in the public schools, nor does it go far enough beyond their requirements to satisfy the needs of college classes. The reader will at once detect in the author a combination of the political scientist and the political reformer. On controverted points he sometimes declares himself and sometimes not. He does not hesitate to op- pose suffrage for women and the "Initiative and Referendum," for instance, but gives a summary of arguments on the silver ques- tion without any statement as to his own views, and fights shy of the problem of the liquor traffic. We note a number of state- ments so inexact as to be misleading to the uninformed reader. The time of election for Representatives is not absolutely uniform, as one would infer from the statement on page 162. In case of a vacancy in the House, the Governor shall, not may, order a new elec- tion. In case of a vacancy in the Senate, the appointee of the Governor holds his place "until the next meeting of the Legis- lature," not until a successor is chosen, as Mr. Willoughby says. All appropriation bills are not given to the committee on appropria- tions, as is implied on page 176. The state- ment that "the United States has never found it either necessary or expedient to levy export duties" is superfluous, in view of the fact that they are forbidden by the Con- stitution. The prohibition of import duties by the States is put into the text without the qualifying exception that such duties may be laid, under the supervision of Congress, to the extent necessary to secure funds for executing inspection laws. The statement that the inhabitants of the District of Co- lumbia have no right of suffrage at local or national elections should have been accom- panied by mention that a considerable pro- portion of them retain a voting residence elsewhere. The course of action laid down for the introduction of a new State into the Union is not legally obligatory, as the unin- formed reader would surely infer. The Con- stitution puts no limit on the method to be employed by Congress in this matter, and it is important that this should be known at a time when there is so much feeling in favor of putting at the disposal of Congress a large amount of possible material for new States. The pledging of Presidential elec- tors does not result in election by the peo- ple "as much as if the people voted direct- ly," since a large majority in any State has no effect outside the State where it is cast. Being a teacher and not a capitalist, the au- thor is excusable for falling into the error that gold certificates are all of the denomi- nation of $20. Mr. Willoughby's definition of independence in politics, as implied on the closing page of his book, is too nearly that of the enemy. As a reformer, he ought to be satisfied with no use of the term which would bring it into play only when one or both the great parties go wrong. If a second edition of the book is called for, these infelicities can easily be removed in revision, and a form given to it which will adapt it better to general use in the public schools. The Referendum in Switzerland. By Simon Deploige. Longmans, Green & Co. 1898. Not the least meritorious part of this work is the introduction, by the translator, Miss Lilian Tomn of Girton College. In fact, ex- cept to the student of politics, this introduc- tion is the only readable portion of the book. M. Deploige's study is extremely thorough. He goes back to the origins of Swiss institu- tions, and traces the growth of the referen- dum in every canton. The material that ha has collected is of great value, and his work will be peculiarly appreciated in this country, where the referendum is much talked of, but little understood. But these details are quite too minute to be comprehensible to the or- dinary citizen, who must in such matters content himself with the testimony of experts as to general results. Such testimony is very well summarized by Miss Tomn; and there is also a letter from Prof. Van den Heuvel of the University of Louvain, in which strong reasons are given for holding the referendum inapplicable in Belgium. One of the most conclusive arguments against the introduction of the referendum in this country is the fact, on which emphasis is laid by all competent observers, that the in- stitution belongs to democracies of small size. As Mr. Lawrence Lowell, whose opi- nion is accepted as conclusive by Miss Tomn, has pointed out, the larger the population the harder is the problem of free government. The population of Switzerland is only three millions; its government is efficient and eco- nomical, free from corruption and from the

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April 13, 1899J The Nation 283 vacillations of our party system. When these conditions are changed, the methods of gov- ernment which have been successful may cease to be so. Moreover, the evidence here collected Is overwhelming to. the effect that the referendum in Switzerland has been of very doubtful advantage. Its opponents are as numerous and as determined as Its advocates, and the political consequences of these at- tempts at popular legislation are very gene- rally deplored. It has encouraged the growth of professional politicians, and the mass of the people are altogether incapable of judg- ing of the legislative measures submitted to them. But we cannot enter into this broad ques- tion, and will content ourselves with advising those who wish to understand it to apply themselves to the study of this instructive treatise. Political Crime. By Louis Proal. With an Introduction by Prof. Franklin H. Gid- dings. [The Criminology Series, edited by W. Douglas Morrison. IV.] D. Appleton & Co. 1898. This Is a translation of a work called 'La Criminality politique,' by M. Louis Proal, a judge of the Court of Appeals at Aix, and a writer on the theory of crime and punish- ment. The term "political crime" with us generally means one committed against some organized government; e. g., treason, mur- der, pillage, and destruction of property in aid of insurrection, and outrages having some political aim. The crimvnaliti politique of M. Proal, however, means something very much more comprehensive than this, for it includes crimes committed by governments, or by persons engaged in the work of govern- ment, for political advantage or reasons of state. The book consists of a vast array of facts drawn from the history of Europe (America is barely mentioned), showing that in politics the maxim that the end justifies the means has been commonly taken as a legitimate guide by men who in private af- fairs would have been extremely reluctant even to avow any such principle. We have consequently on one side the whole system of statecraft which Machiavelli expounded In one century, which Napoleon attempted to revive in another, and which even to-day finds many defenders in practice if not in theory; on the other, the extraordinary phe- nomena of criminal Anarchism, in which crimes are committed the political object of which, beyond the fact that they involve the murder of persons connected with the Government (or in some cases merely per- sons in the well-to-do class), the perpetra- tors themselves are unable to explain. With the facts of Anarchism, however, the world is pretty familiar, and M. Proal does not add much to our knowledge of the sub- ject, though his manner of treating it throws new light upon it His main point Is that the Anarchists are egged on by all those modern teachers who deny spiritual beliefs, raise the negation of morality to the dignity of a system, extol egotism and the struggle for existence, and proclaim the right of every one's enjoying everything that he sees in any one else's possession. One teacher proclaims "free love"; another, the right to have food; a third, the right to "material satisfaction"; a fourth, the right to be sup- plied with work at a price which suits him. What wonder if the doctrine "To every one according to his needs" crazes weak and half- educated men and turns them into wild ? There is a direct connection, loo, ac- cording to the author, between Anarchism and the sentimental speculative philosophy which preceded and helped to cause the French Revolution: "Man is born good," says Rousseau, "and society depraves him." So Ravachol, when the judge says to him, "You commit murder to satisfy your pas- sions; what can society expect of a man who manifests such sentiments?" replies: "It is I who have something to expect of society. It is its duty to support me. . . . All that has happened, I tell you, is the fault of society." The more important part of the book ia that which deals with crimes committed by Governments, or persons In authority. These are not the acts of madmen or criminals, but of respectable and enlightened men, who deliberately lie, steal, murder, and, in fact, commit on occasion any wrong that seems necessary, for "reasons of state." There is a striking chapter on "The Corruption of Law and Justice by Poli- tics." As the author says, judicial crimes are the worst of all, because wrong done by means of judges, through false accusations, not only results In murder or spoliation, but in establishing against the victim the truth of a false charge. The list of the victims comprises some of the most dis- tinguished names in history, Phocion, Socra- tes, Aristides, Miltiades, Themistocles, Sid- ney, Russell, the Due d'Enghien, the Gi- rondins. All ages and every country con- tribute to it. Instead of saying "0, Liber- ty," it might have been said, "O, Justice, how many crimes are committed in thy name!" The strength of M. Proal's book lies in the presentation of the case; its weakness, in the fact that he does not seem to be aware that, to prevent what he calls "political crime," other remedies than moral exhortation and reproof and criticism are within our reach. He seems to think that the only cure for the tendency to abuse power in the way he de- scribes, is a general regeneration of the com- munity, and he enforces the lessons, first, that the use of evil means by Government debauches (through the force of example) every one under it; second, that a good state cannot exist unless it is composed of good citizens. Fortunately, it is not necessary to wait till we are all good before we can have good government. The commission of crimes by those engaged in the work of government can be repressed, and has already in most modern countries been very much repressed, by making those who commit them respon- sible to the ordinary tribunals. Of course, this cannot be done entirely — occasions will arise in which power will still be abused; but most of the political criminality of the past has come from want of legal responsi- bility. The principle that officers of the Government are responsible to the ordinary law courts, universal throughout the Anglo- Saxon world, makes such proceedings as dis- graced France during the Revolution impos- sible with us. It prevents the erection of special tribunals to accomplish particular ends, precludes wholesale proscriptions by popular bodies, and, provided the courts themselves are left independent, secures jus- tice even in cases where the rights of the citizen conflict with those of the men who govern him. Another safeguard against poli- tical crime is publicity, and the effect of this, even against great odds, can be seen in such proceedings as the Dreyfus case, in which. but for the press, the forms of justice would have been used by those in authority for the foulest ends— and with complete success. Edward Thring, Master of Uppingham School: Life, Diary, and Letters. By George R. Parkin, C.M.G., LL.D., Principal of Upper Canada College. 2 vols. Macmil- lan Co. 1898. "Edward Thring was unquestionably the most original and striking figure in the schoolmaster world of his time in England." This first sentence from Dr. Parkin's pre- face will, it is to be feared, seem exag- gerated to many readers of the Nation who are still stumbling under the Arnold myth which ascribes to St. Thomas of Rugby heal- ings more marvellous than any told of St. Thomas of Canterbury. Edward Taring's life extended from 1821 to 1877. He was the son of a very positive and somewhat stern country clergyman, and a mother from whom he got all the tenderness his life ever knew, and who outlived her gifted son. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and went into the Church. In early manhood he ap- plied for and obtained the Mastership of the grammar school at Uppingham, in the heart of the hunting district, a foundation of Queen Elizabeth's day, which, under the listless management of a board of local trus- tees, educated about twenty-five boys. Thring determined to make a true public school of it. He recognized that the English public- school system, "that which thinks school a better place for boys than home," was firm- ly fixed in the minds of that class which is determined to give their boys all the educa- tion they will take. He saw that the great schools, Winchester, Harrow, Rugby, his own Eton, were filled to bursting, and that there was a grand opening for the fine old founda- tions over the country, if they would only stretch out their arms and welcome pupils. He conceived, also, first of English school- masters, the idea, not of subjecting all boys to unvarying and inflexible tradition, but of doing the best possible thing for each boy by himself. How he accomplished this work; how he risked his fortune, his very life, living for years under a load of debt; how he fought the narrowness, the indifference, the jealousy of his trustees; how he provided the school with all suitable appliances for study, com- fort, and relaxation, without abating a jot of the ancient discipline; how, when he had rescued his boys from the drowsiness of old tradition, he had to fight a Government board, eager to remodel every school almost out of existence; how, when the school had grown more than fifteen-fold in his hands, and was talked of everywhere as a model, he steadily refused to let It increase beyond just limits; how when, by the utter supine- ness and worse of the town authorities at Uppingham, fever was so raging in the place that the school had to be closed, he moved the whole establishment bodily to the Welsh coast, and conducted It with entire success for a year in the buildings and grounds of a seaside hotel till all danger of infection was removed; how he came to be the father of an annual gathering of the headmasters of all public schools, even the greatest; how he was through it all the devoted minister of the Church of England, never yielding a jot of his ancient beliefs, and all but dying in the Communion service — is the story told in these volumes by one who was drawn

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2S4= The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 across the ocean to sit at his feet as his model and guide in teaching. Dr. Parkin's hook is largely made up of letters and diary; and, as is apt to be the case in such compilations, many things are spoken of by allusion which are perfectly clear to the writer, but for us need interpretation. This the editor might often have given us without in any degree infringing on his rule of reticence where plainness would give pain. It is to be wished he had added a species of chronology of Thring's successive improvements; and he might have let us know more of his immediate household — at least the names of his children, and when they were born to him. There are many loose threads of this kind that should have been gathered up. But, on the whole, it is a good book about a very good man, and merits a longer notice than is at our present command. Ichthyologia Ohioensis. By C. S. Rafinesque. A verbatim reprint. By Richard Ells- worth Call. Cleveland: The Burrows Bros. Co. 1899. 8vo, 175 pp. Portrait and cuts. The torment caused to the systematic na- turalist by the ill-digested, imperfect, and latterly more or less irrational work of Ra- finesque, has often been enlarged upon. A stumbling-block it has been and will remain, and nothing seems practicable but to make the best of it. His account of the fishes of the Ohio, in spite of certain mythical species included through the practical jokes of Au- dubon, is one of the less obnoxious of his pa- pers. It was first published in the Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine issued, 1819-'21, in Lexington, Kentucky, by William Gibbes Hunt. The type was afterwards re- arranged in octavo forms, and the work reprinted with some slight revision and a short supplement and index. Of this pub- lication only eight copies are now known to be in existence. The present reissue, comprising 250 num- bered copies, will be of use to students of American vertebrates, few of whom can have the opportunity of consulting the original. It is preceded by a preface, a reprint of the por- trait and biographic sketch from the 'Life and Writings of Rafinesque' published by the Filson Club in 1895, and a discussion of Rafinesque's ichthyological work. To this is added a literal reprint of the 'Ichthyolo- gia,' with the original magazine pagination, as well as its own, indicated in brackets; a bibliography of Rafinesque's papers on fish- es extracted from the 'Life and Writings' above mentioned; and a reproduction of an autograph letter from Rafinesque to Dr. Daniel Drake of Cincinnati, written July 8, 1820, and containing a sketch of one of the fishes described in the 'Ichthyologia,' not hitherto printed. Dr. Call has not concealed the faults and errors of his author in his discussion of Ra- finesque's work on American fishes, yet it cannot be denied that the papers published from 1817 to 1821 lie at the foundation of the investigation of our fresh-water species. Only one paper, that of Lesueur on the fish- es of the lakes of Upper Canada, antedates them, and, with all their errors and fictions, they cannot be ignored. The editor and publishers are therefore entitled to our gra- titude for the reissue of this necessary docu- ment, to which they have given an appro- priate and tasteful dress. Many years ago the late G. W. Tryon performed a similar service for the conchological writings of Ra- finesque, but we have not yet heard that any meteorologist has reproduced the tract in which this half-crazy systematist described a large number of genera and species of thunder and lightning. BOOKS OF THE yy UKK. Austen, Jane. Catherine Moriand. Traduit de l'Anglais par Felix Feneon. 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On the South African Frontier. Scribners. $3. Brownlee, Prof. J. H. War-Time Echoes. Akron, Ohio: Werner Co. $1. Burgh, A. de. Elizabeth, Empress of Austria. A Memoir. London: Hutchinson & Co.; Philadel- phia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $2.50. Burr, J. G. Pointed Paragraphs for Thoughtful People. Chicago: C. H. Kerr & Co. Campbell-Copeland, T. American Colonial Hand- book. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 50c. Chesnutt, C. W. The Conjure Woman. Boston: Houghton. Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Coleman, Oliver. Successful Houses. H. S. Stone & Co. Colentirander, H. T. Dagh-Register Gehonden lnt Casteel Batavia. The Hague: Martiuus Nijhoff. Cook, Rev. E. W. The Origin of Sin. Funk & T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2. Dow, A. W. Composition. Part I. Boston: J. M. Bowles. Foulke, W. D. Life of Oliver P. Morton. Includ- ing his Important Speeches. 2 vols. Indianapo- lis: Bowcn-Merrill Co. Gilbert, Prof. G. H. The Student's Life of Paul. Macmillan. $1.25. Hamm, Margherita A. Porto Rico and the West Indies. F. T. Neely. 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LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. riODERN GERHAN LITERATURE By Benjamin W. Wells, Ph.D., Harvard. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. An Interesting and valuable contribution to our ac- counts of German literature. ... It gives much in- formation in a comprehensive and perspicuous form.— Public Opinion. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston. (CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH FOR \^ School, Home, Private Instruction, and especially young American Teachers l'r, mien l.ieraism,. >l pp. Mailed for lOcts. E. BOTH, 1135 Pirn: St., Phllada. HADLEY'S ECONOMICS An Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare. By Arthur Twining Hadley, Professor of Political Economy in Yale University. 8vo, $2.50, net. The work is now used in classes in Yale, Prince- ton, Harvard, Amherst, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, Van- derbilt, Bucknell, Bates, Leland Stanford, Univer- sity of Oregon, University of California, etc. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 W. 23d St., N. Y. OXFORD flAPS. By Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL.D. These maps cover all Biblical Geograohy, con- tain all recent discoveries, and are accepted authori- ty. Can be seen over large rooms. Special terms for the maps as a set. PALESTINE, WESTERN ASIA, EOYPT AND SINAI, ST. PAUL'S TRAVELS Oxford Map Publishers, Oxford, Ohio. I\ Author and Publisher, address EDITORIAL BUREAU, 76 Fifth Ave., New York. Mention Nation. THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIN CLASSICS. 54 Books now out and under way. A NNO UNCEMENT. The Cambridge Literature Series, Under the editorial supervision of THOMAS HALL, JR., Harvard College. The best in uniform excellence— the cheapest in price. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers, Boston.

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April 13, 1899] The ISTation For Lawyers. Ministers, Politicians, AND ALL PUBLIC SPEAKERS. THE ART OF EXTEMPORE SPEAK- ING WITHOUT MS. OR NOTES: or How to At- tain Fluency of Speech. By Harold Ford, M. A., LL.B., B.C.L., author of " The Principia of Vocal Delivery," "The Art of Speaking, Reading, etc." Second American Edition (just ready). Price, 75 cents net. An excellent manual for all public speakers. Practical, concise, and helpful. BOOK'S ON TIMEL Y TOPICS. ANTI-CHRISTIAN CULTS: An Attempt to show that Spiritualism, Theoso- phy, and Christian Science are devoid of Super- natural Powers and are Contrary to the Chris tian Religion. By A. H. Barrington, A.B., B.D. With a Commendatory by the Rt. Rev. I. L. Nicholson, D.D., Bishop of Milwaukee. Price, 50 cents net. " The book is one which every physician will en- joy reading and which is worthy a place in the doctor's library. The author is a close student, and expresses his views in a vigorous manner."— Wis. Medical Recorder. THE CLAIMS OF CHRISTIAN SCIENCE AS SO STYLED: And its Peculiar Philosophy. By the Rev. F. S. Jewell, S.T.D. Price, 25 cents net. This book is in the form of four chapters, review- ing, for the most part, Mrs. Eddy's " Science and Health," and shows how inapplicable are the ex- pressions " Christian " and " Science " to her cult. B^"" Order through any bookseller, or direct from the publishers. The Young Churchman Co. MILWAUKEE, WIS. BOOKS When calling please ask for AT MR. ORANT. LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. address MR. ORANT. Before buying hooks, write for quotations. An assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42i> St., - NEW YORK. [Mention (his advertisement and receive a discount.] FRENCH BOOKS at WM.R. JENKINS' Publisher, 851 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK. Complete Catalogue on application. Dn|.A Rr*rkL"C? 100,000 Vols, in Stock. IVCU C UUUKa Send for Catalogue. 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VI The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1763 J

t © r^ a ; s 23 0 r5 Ctf 8 w I5J a O DJ £ c* 5 a- Registered Trade Mark. In connection with our Special Sale of Table Cloths and Nap- kins, at 25^ to 50$ off regular prices, we offer the following Exceptional Values in Linen Sheets, Pillow and Bolster Cases and Towels Linen Sheets 72x 96 inches, S3. 75, 4.50, 5.50 per pair. 72x108 " 5.00,0.50 " " 90x 90 " 4.50, 5.50, 6.50 " " 90x108 " 6.00,9.00 " " Hemmed Huck Towels 17x31 inches, $1.50 per doz. 18x30 " 2.00 " " 19x36 " 2.00 and 2.25 per doz. 21x42 " 2.50 per doz. 24x42 " 3.00 " " Linen Pillow Cases 22)4x36, $1.00, 1.25, 1.50 per pair. 25 x36 1,50 1.75 " " Bolster Cases 21x60, $1.00, 1.25 21x72, 1.25, 1.50 Hemstitched Towels Large Size $3.00 4.50 6.00 per market, St. James, London, S. W. c/tatriou) Carpets, Upholstery. Country House Furnishings. Oriental Rugs. Brussels and Wilton Carpets. Japanese and Chinese Mattings. Lace Curtains. Muslin Draperies, Chintzes, Beds and Bedding, NEW YORK. catalogue. Books at Half Price |-» and loss. Some of the greatest bar- r f"CC Rains we have ever offered. Send your address on a postal card to 301 Washington St. Opp. " Old South " Church. Mention Tiik Nation. It would give us pleasure to send to such readers of this paper as are interested, a pamphlet show- ing the strength- saving value of ball bearings in typewriters. DENSMORE TYPEWRITER CO., 3 1 6 Broadway, New York. cal monthly. K<*\. Phehe Ilana- ford savs: " lis rendfna: mutter is interesting and valua- ble, literary lone cxeellent; keeps abreast of the times.' Per year, whli premium, 25 cents. i months, 10 cents. IXINDERGARTEN supplies f^_ at SCIlEr.MERIIOr.N-S, 3 East 14th St., N. Y. Bend for new Catalogue.

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The Nation VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 764. THURSDAY, APRIL 20, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Scribner's Recent Books in Science A SHORT HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY By Arthur Berry, M. A., of Kings College, Cambridge. 121110, 440 pages. Illustrated. $1.50 net. (Univer- sity Series). Author's Preface. " I have tried to give in this book an outline of the history of astronomy from the earliest historical times to the present day, and to present it in a form which shall be intelligible to a reader who has no special knowledge of either astronomy or mathematics, a d has only an ordinary educated person's power of following scientific reasoning." HOW TO KNOW THE FERNS A Guide to the Names, Haunts and Habits of Our Common Ferns By Frances Theodora Parsons. With 144 illustrations by Marion Satterlee and Alice J. Smith. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. This volume is similar in aim and scope to the author's previous book, " How to Know the Wild Flowers," and is intended as a guide for those who enjoy seekiog out and gathering ferns. By msans of simple, brief descriptions and accurate illustrations it enables the unscientific lover of nature to ideutify any of our common ferns. WILD ANIMALS I HAVE KNOWN By ERNEST SETON THOMPSON. With two hundred illustrations by the author. Seventh thousand. Square umo, $2.00. " The originality and freshness of these storks is irresistible. ... In everything he does, Mr. Thompson has a way peculiarly his own. . . . Even if naked and unadorned, the facts he tells us would be very interesting; but when we have the facts and the factors fairly dancing before us, clothed in all the quaint quips and droll persiflage of an accomplished humorist and born storyteller, they are — as I have said— irresistiblp. "— W. T. Hornadat, in Recreation. VOLUMES IN UNIVERSITY SERIES THE REALM OF NATURE An Outline of Physiography. By Hugh Robert Mill, D. Sc. Edin. : Fel- low of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; Oxford Lecturer. Maps and G8 Illustrations. 12tno, $1.50 net. THE EARTH'S HISTORY An Introduction to Modern Geology. By R. D. Roberts, M A , Cauib., D.Sc, Lond. With colored Maps and Illustrations. 12uno, $1.50 net. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SENSES By John McKendrick, Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow, and Dr. Snodgrass, Physiological Laboratory, Glasgow. 127 Illustrations. 12mo, 340 pages, $1.50 net. CHAPTERS IN MODERN BOTANY By Patrick Geddes, Professor of Botany, University College, Dundee. 12 no, Illustrated, $1.25 net. THE STUDY OF ANIMAL LIFE J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., F.R.S.E., University of Edinburgh. 12mo, Illustrated, $1.50 net. AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA Of the Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions. By Nathaniel Lord Britton, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of Bo'any in Columbia University, and Hon. Addison Brown, President of the Torrey Botanical Club. With over four thousand illustrations. In three imperial octavo volumes. The set $9.00, transportation extra. Those already having Volumes I. and II. can secure Volume III. for 13 00, special net; postage 36 cents additional. " There is no work extant in the whole series of American botanical publications which deals with descriptions of the flowering plants that can for a moment be compared with it, either for a skillful and delightful presentation of the subject-matter or for modern scientific and accurate mastery of the thousand-fold mass of detail of which such a work must necessarily consist" — Prof. Conway MacMillan in Science. Special Circular and Terms to Educational Institutions sent to any address upon request. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153=157 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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11 The USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1764 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 285 Editorial Articles: Our Savage War "For the Cause of Hu- manity" 288 A Plan for the Philippines 288 The Cause of Peace 289 The Croker System 290 The Candidacy of Bryan 291 Special Correspondence: An Academic Discussion of Expansion 292 Houssaye's Waterloo 293 Correspondence: A Protest and a Prophecy 294 "As Our Fathers Did" 294 Expatriation 294 Disarmament and Panslavism 295 Sincere Good Catholics 295 A Correction 295 Auditoriums and Oratory 295 Notes 295 Book Reviews: Lord Halifax— The Statesman 298 Spain 299 Papias and his Contemporaries 300 In the Australian Bush 300 The Land Registration Act of Massachusetts. 301 Books oftde Week 301 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Instruction will be given during June and July by members of the regular instructing staff of the Insti- tute, in Architecture (Including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEGE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing in September. They also afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persons cngragred in professional work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed information will be mailed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, Hass. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction In drawing from the cast and from life, in painting, modelling, ami ilnmil I ve design, and also in artistic anatoim ami |»'i>|»vnir Principal Inst mot ors: n-Mii, K, C. Tarhcll, an, I Philip Hale (Drawing and Painting), Mrs William St. me (Decorative Design). II. L. Pratt (Modelling). K. W. Kmerson (Anatomy), and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giv- ing detailed Informal ion. address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager. The Sauveur Summer School of Languages AT AMHERST COLLEGE. MASS., July 10-August 18. For descriptive pamphlet apply to the Rev. David Spragdb, Amherst, Mass. For particulars ami circulars of L. Sauveur's Works, address Dr. L. SAUVEUR, 263 Dearborn Av., Chicago, III. BOSTON. MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home in the "Admiral Wlnslow Douse." JAMES DE NOKMANDIE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNIIAM, Roxbury, Mass. Educational. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight Sears more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn [awr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. SUMMER LAW SCHOOL, University of Virginia. 30th Summer Term, July 1 to Sept. 1, 1899. In moun- tainous and non-malarial section of Virginia. These courses have' proved peetillarlv profitable to beginners: to candidates for admission to the bar and to practi- tioners who Inn e lacked systematic instruction or need review. For catalogue, address R. C. MINOR, Secretary, Charlottesville, Va. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY Summer Courses. FIFTH YEAR. JULY 10-AUaUST 18. A delightful suburban locality in New Torlc Citv. For announcement, address MARSHALL S. BROWN, University Heights, New York City. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL For Girls, QUINCY, - - MASS. For Illustrated Circular, address HORACE MANN WILLARD, Sc.D., Wollaston, Mass. Rogers Hall School Pensionnat Francais de I'Academie du Vermont, and TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACH- ERS OF FREN< 'II. spring term of ten weeks opens April 18. Rev. and Mrs. L. C. RODX, Saxton's River, near Bellow's Falls, Vt. Teachers, etc. 77 5. COX, Litt.D., LECTURER ON /L . English. The usage of the Masters of English in all periods fully illustrated. Will make engagements with colleges, summer schools, women's clubs, and any literary organizations. Evening addresses on great English and American writers. Highest references given. Address care Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- /~L ence in preparing for Harvard, Tale, and Prince- ton in Latin, (ireck, and German, wan is a position In col- lege or first-class college-preparatory school. Has re- cently studied in German v. Address Phil. Di:„ care Nation. T IBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- I ., perience in one of largest American libraries— will act. as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. A GERMAN LAD Y HA VING LIVED A SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D. JJROFESSOR OF GERMAN AND 1 French, Ph.X. Heidelberg, for five years in charge of college department, desires position for next fall. Teaches also Latin and History. Address Dr H. Zick, Wilkcstuirre, Pa. OUR YEARS' AC A DEMICAL Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced less than one year by private instruction. F Pamphlet free. Key. Wit, Weber,, JJ/ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR VV during Summer. Refer to Dean of Yale College. Ccktis H. Walker, Class of 1899, 97 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Conn. A HARVARD M.A. would like position to teach Classics In Preparatory School, or as prl- tutor. Address "B.." care Nation. A Ph.D., WHO TAUGHT FOR TEN /l years, desires a position In Mathematics or Modern Languages. Address S. W„ the Nation. CHARLES VV. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston.

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April 20, 1899] The Nation 111 Travel. EUROPE De Potter's High- Class Tours. Hediterranean, Italy; all parts of Central Europe ; British Isles; also Norway, North Cape, Russia, etc. Various and well- matured itineraries. Superior conductors. Select partiessail May 6, June 10, June 24, and Julv 4. Unequalled arrangements, inclusive cost. " Old World Tourist Guide," illus., free. A. DE POTTER, 45 Broadway, Dept. G., N. Y. 1899 EUROPE Four admirably arranged and attractive routes for EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of U-^ 1W H CD 1 1 1 D are offered this sea- MrS. 111. V. rKAt AK 8on, which is the 12lh in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, send to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. QToQ EUROPE? Programmes nowready. 40 select parties under per- sonal escort; ull expenses $270 to s.sim. Independent Tickets for anv round of travel. Ocean Passages by ALL LINES. Choice rooms. Correspondence invited. W. H. EAVES, Agt. H. Gaze & Sons, aoi Washington St., Boston, Mass. Tel. 3956. Xad 1 On a Bicycle Trip? Send for small book, " Bicy ling Notes for Tour- ists Abroad." 10 cents in stamps. P. O. HOUGHTON & CO., Box 1870. Boston. rilllAnr London, Paris, Holland, the Rhine, CLKIIlC Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. v *"* An excellent opportunity to travel with a pleasant party under skilful guidance and at moderate expense. 6th year. Address H. W. DUN- NING, Ph.D., TO W. P., Yale Univ., New Haven, Ct. EUROPE. BOSTON EUROPEAN TOURINO CLUB. Professors Morris, Mae Walters, and Dean Buell (with Mrs.Buell) of Boston Univ. School of Theol., and others already hooked for summer tour. Good introductions necessan FKANk II. i.HAWyulili, A.M., 010 Tremont Building, Boston. EUROPEAN TOURS, irth Year. Parties limited. Terms rea- sonable. Conducted hy Dr.& Mrs.H. S. Paine.Qlens Falls, N.Y. FlIPftPF AHAKVARD GRADUATE, and Ph.D. Ber- uviwri. Un ij„irtrxil,u wn0 i,.,s ln,,| thr(.e years abroad, will take not more than three young men on a tour of eight weeks. Highest references given and re- quired. Address H. C. M„ 1417 K St., N.W., Washington, PI IDOPP Small, select party of Ladies— CU^UrC 95 days. Ninth Tour. Refer- DOCTOI? Familiar with Europe will take *-'>-' V* * vyiv, charge of one or more boys or an invalid, for summer trip. Address DOCTOR, care of Nation, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladies' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re- ferences. Address THE MOORINGS. Luck Haven. Pa. FIIPOPP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. LrUI^VrC Norway and Central Europe. A N INSTRUCTOR IN THE MASS. Institute of Technology, who has spent three sum- abroad, will take two young men on a bicycle trip to Europe in June. Address M. I. T., care Nation. School Agencies. fHE EISA- TEACHERS AGENCIES. J- . . Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 ishburton Place, Boston. 1242 lath St., Washington. 158 Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis. »22£,ooper BdS> Denver. 52.3Stims'n Bk.,Los Angeles 878 Wabash Ave. .Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, UTl 24 State St., Albany, N. Y. -Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. CCHE R ME R HORN'S TEACHERS «f . £,9E_NCT- Oldest and best known In the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. Summer Resorts. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES. FISHER'S ISLAND, N. V. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages tor housekeeping, or wltl: board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on appli. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- phlcts on application. ;arl Landsee, Proprietor. SWITZERLAND LAUSANNE. HOTEL R1CHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the kike and mountains. Lift, baths, electric light in every room. Patroui/ed by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamphlets sent free on application. WHITE MOUNTAIN COOPERATIVE SUMMER SETTLEMENT. - at low rates. For circulars, address Rev. J. E. JOHNSON, 301 So. Nth St., Phllada. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEIS5 FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. >>»»»»>» »» 6t » >t f >» tf "A concise, clear, charming history." — Chicago Inter-Ocean. ROGER WILLIAMS The Founder of the American System — A Free Church in a Free State. The Standard Life, by OSCAR S. STRAUS, LL.D.t U. S. Minister to Turkey. " Each page is teeming with interest." — Christian Advocate. "The style of the tempered writer ofi history is here." — N. T. Times. i2mo, 257 pages, $1.25. Sold by booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by the | publishers, on receipt of price. THE CENTURY CO., UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK, i mm *m+mmmmmmmmmi*wmmm*m \ ZEbe Spectator. The Proprietors who in 1861 purchased the Spectator have since that date conducted it themselves. They are theology, politics, and social ques without, but of the opinion of their own supporters. Their object f the American War they fought against the iknowledged by them to have been in the right, the current week is compressed into an animated narrative, which the laziest or busiest may read, without missing the life or imporl of the events. The Spectator contains a list of all Books published during 1 he week (not under one shilling in price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 283 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duane St., New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Union Square New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 35 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. Publications in French By Prof. PAUL BERCY. Le Francais Pratique. 12mo, 191 pages, cloth, 81.00. LECTURES FACILES. Pour l'Etude du Fran- cais. Cloth, 256 pages, $1.00. LA LANQUE FRANCAISE. Ire Partie. 12mo, cloth, 202 pages, 81.25. LA LANGUE FRANCAISE. 2me Partie. 12mo, cloth, 276 pages, $1.25. Complete catalogue on application. For sale by all book- sellers, or postpaid on receipt of price by the publisher. WILLIAMR.JENKIN5 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and (Iranuuar. From Education. Boston: "A well-made scries. Teach- ers and pupils will tind the three books helpful and In- teresting." :ly hears of !tliing,but if it is asked to you about them VUAV recommend a teacher and rec- ommends you, that is more. Onrs D ar*r\m m an H c C. W. 8ARDEEN, Syracuse. N.Y.KCLUmiilClJUi If You are Thinking of introducing into your school a course of in- struction on SHORTHAND THE BENN PITMAN SYSTEM has been the standard fpr forty-four years. For full information, address The Phonographic Institute Company, CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A. The Queen's London. Containing Exquisite Views of London and its En vlrons, together with a line series of Pictures of the Queen's Diamond .lubilee Procession. En- larged Edition. Price, J3.75. CASSEL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND 9 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. /CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH FOR \_y School, Home, Private Instruction, and especially young American Teachers. Premie,.' Urrnimn, 24 pp. Mailed for 10 cts. E. Both, 1135 Pine St., Philada.

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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 1 Houghton Mifflin & Company's NEW BOOKS JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL AND HIS FRIENDS. By Edward Everett Hale, D.D. With many Portraits and Other Illustrations. 8vo, $3.00. A delightful book of reminiscences of Low- ell and of the interesting friends who sur- rounded him. Dr. Hale was in college with Lowell, and they were intimate friends. He writes of Lowell with sincere admiration and In that very interesting sytle which makes Dr. Hale's stories so fascinating. The book will heighten esteem for Lowell, and can hardly fail of wide popularity. THROUGH NATURE TO GOD By John Fiske. 16mo, fl.00. This book discusses, in Mr. Fiske's large and luminous way, the mystery of evil, the cosmic roots of love and self-sacrifice, and the everlasting reality of religion. It falls in the same group with his "Idea of God" and "Destiny of Man," which have been an in- spiration and a source of strength and light to a multitude of readers. CAMBRIDGE MILTON Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of John Milton, Cambridge Edition. Edited by William Vaughn Moody. With ad- mirable Introductions to the longer poems, Notes. Translations of Milton's Latin Poems, Indexes to titles and first lines, and a Biographical Sketch. With a fine portrait and an engraved title-page con- taining a vignette of Milton's home. Large crown 8vo, $2.00. One of the best of all the volumes in the Cambridge Edition, and beyond comparison the best single-volume edition of Milton ever published. THE LADDER OF FORTUNE By Frances Courtenay Baylor, author of "Claudia Hyde," etc. Crown 8vo, $1.50. A story of wealth which the possessor does not know how to use; of struggle to gain a footing in good society; of Western America and Paris— told with the skill of a practised novelist. POEMS OF HENRY TIMROD Complete Memorial Edition. With a Bio- graphical Sketch and a Portrait. $1.60 net. "Now that the people of the South are raising a memorial to Timrod's fame, the suggestion seems a proper one to make, that the American people share in the honor, for he was a true American poet, and worthy to stand in the narrow space that belongs to the best."— The Century. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. MESSRS. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY'S SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW BOOKS TEACHERS. OF INTEREST TO NATURAL HISTORY. By Frederick Le Roy Sargent. With illustrations. 12mo, 75 CORN PLANTS. cents. In compact form and In readable style Mr. Sargent gives a clear account of the six important grain plants of the world,— wheat, oats, rye, bailey, rice, and maize. He shows Mow well they are adapted for ideal food products for mankind, and gives tin- lilsiory, distribution, and uses of each of the six plants. A FIRST BOOK OF BIRDS. By Olive Thorne Miller, author of "Bird ways," " In Nesting Time," " Little Brothers of the Air," "A Bird-Lover in the West," "Four-Handed Folk," and " Upon the Tree-Tops." Illustrated. Square 12mo, 75 cents. A bird book intended for children. It describes birds' nests, the young birds— their growth, etc., their lan- guage, food, migrations, development, structure, and economic value. It instructs how to attract them to visit about our houses and how to study their ways. Its value and interest are greatly increased by many pictures of birds, eight of which are printed in colors. EVERY=DAY BUTTERFLIES. By Samuel H. Scudder, author of "The Butter- flies of the Eastern States aud Canada," " Frail Children of the Air," etc. Fully illustrated. Crown 8vo, 82.00. The book is written for popular reading. It includes familiar accounts of sixty or more of the commonest but- terflies taken in the older of the season. It is written in a pleasing manner, and the descriptions of the butterflies and their habits have the clearness and easy grace which come from the fullest knowledge. The popular names are given, also the scientific. LITERATURE AND ESSAYS. THE ANTIGONE OF SOPHOCLES. Translated into English by George H. Palmer, Professor in Harvard University. With an Introduction. 12mo. 75 cents. Ample knowledge of Greek literature is supplemented in the author by an uncommon mastery of English, and his comprehensive appreciation of Greek character and life, of Greek thought and dramatic genius, enables him to give to his translation the force, the freedom, and the fluency of an original work. To the translation he pre- fixes an Introduction of considerable length, treating of the Greek drama, of the place of the Antigone in Greek tragedy, and comments of remarkable value and attraetivenets. THE PROHETHEUS BOUND OF /ESCHYLUS. Translated into English by Paul Elmer More, late Associate in Sanskrit and Classical Literature in Bryn Mawr College. With an Introduction and Notes. 12mo, 75 cents. This work is characterized by the same care in translating and editing as was shown in the author's prepara- tion of Plato's Judgment, of Socrates for the Riverside Literature Series. PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE. By Hugo Munsterberg, Professor of Psychology in Harvard University. Crown 8vo, $2.00. It is a piece of good fortune to many readers that, instead of restricting the results of his studies in the field of Psychology to University students, Professor Munsterberg here offers them to the public. They are worthy of the great reputat ion which he bears in this department f scientific investigation, and form a book of remarkable value. Some of the topics treated are: The Danger from Experimental Psychology, Psychology anil the Real Life, Psychology and Art, and Psychology and Mysticism. In the hands of a master like Professor Mi'msterberg these subjects are full of suggestion, and his treatment prophesies vast benefits iu the. domains of education, social life, practical life, ami religion. Teachers, thoughtful clergymen, and students of society aud life will find this book well worth their careful study. CAMBRIDGE MILTON. Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of John Milton. '■■i ml, ridge Edition. Edited by William Vaughn Moody. With admirable Introductions to the longer poems, Notes, Numbered Lines, Translations of Milton's Latin Poems, Indexes to titles and first lines, and a Biographical Sketch. With a fine portrait and an engraved title-page containing a vignette of Milton's home. Large crown 8vo, $2.00. Recent Issues of the Riverside Literature Series. No. 128. Byron's Prisoner of Chillon, and Other Poems. With a Biographical Sketch, Introduction, and Notes. 16mo, paper, 15 cents, net. The Other Poems include Fare Thee Well, She Walks in Beauty, The Destruction of Sennacherib, Maid of Athens, Mazeppa, and several besides. 129. Plato's Judgment of Socrates: being The Apology, Crito, and the closing scene of Phaedo. Translated, with an Introduction and Notes by Paul. Elmer More. Paper, 16mo, 15 cents, net. 130. Emerson's The Superlative, and Other Essays. With an Introduction. Paper, 16mo. 15 cents, net. The Other Essays are: Uses of Great Men; Shakespeare, or The Poet; and Social Aims. No. 131. Emerson's Nature, and Compensation. Edited by Edward W. Emerson. Paper, 16mo, 15 cents, net. This book has special value and interest in the fact that it contains an Introduction and Notes by the son of Ralph \\ aldo Emerson. No. 132. Matthew Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum, and Other Poems. Edited, with a Biographical Sketch, by Louise Imogen Guiney. Paper, lOmo, 15 cents, net. Among the twenty-two poems contained in this book are The Forsaken Merman, Geish's Grave, Dover Beach, Kaiser Dead, The Scholar Gypsy, and Thyrsis. No. . Chaucer's Prologue, The Knight's Tale, and The Nun's Priest's Tale. Edited by Frank T. Mather, Jr. Paper, Kimo, 15 cents, net. No. . Schurz's Abraham Lincoln. With a Portrait of Lincoln and a Biographical Sketch of Mr. Schurz. Paper, Kimo, 15 cents, net. COLLEGE REQUIREMENTS IN ENGLISH. For " Careful Study, " for 1900, 1901, 1902. Crown 8vo, 050 pages, $1.00, net. This book brings together. In a single volume, all the Essays and Poetry, specified as requiring "careful study" for examination in English for admission to American colleges in the years 11 , mm, and lima. It comprises Macaulay's Essay on Milton. Milton's Paradise Lost. Milton's L' Allegro, II I'enseroso, and other Poems. Shake- jpearc's Macbeth, Macaulay's Lite and Wriliugs of Addison, l'.urke's on Conciliation with the Colonies. Descriptive circulars of many of the books mentioned above will be sent on application. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, 4 Park Street, Boston; ii East Seventeenth Street, New York; 378-388 Wabash Avenue, Chicago.

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April' 20, 1899] Tlie ISTation Publications of G. P. Putnam's Sons 27 and 29 West Twenty=third Street, New York. NEW BOOKS. IX THE STOIiY OF THE NAT10XS SERIES. no. 54. The Story of Austria the Home of the Hapsburg Dynasty, from 1282 to the Present Day. By Sidney Whitman. Fully illustrated. Large 12°, $1.50; half leather, gilt top, $1.75. It is a curious fact that up to this time there has not existed in any language an unbroken his- tory of the German portion of the Austrian-Hun- garian Empire, as it has been connected with the great Imperial dynasty of Germany, the Baps- burgs. Works in abundance have been written upon particular epochs of this history, but there has been no attempt to connect all the periods. In the "Story of Austria" Mr. Whitman has pro- vided a complete narrative of German Austria. He has regarded bis subject as "In the main the story of the dominant House of Hapsburg, with Its centre of interest based upon the events of those particular provinces which now comprise the Cis- lelthanic Empire; those provinces which in the present day form the southeastward wedge of Teuton blood and civilization, against the extension of which the Slavonic Bohemian and the Magyar Hungarian are waging a passive but determined resistance." The Life of George Borrow The Life, Writings, and Correspondence of George Borrow, 1803-1881, author of "The Bible in Spain," etc. By William I. Knapp, Ph.D., late of Yale and Chicago Universities. In 2 vols. Illustrated. 8vo. per set, $6.00. (Ready next week.) George Borrow wns born in East Dereham, Nor- folk, England, In 1803. He spent much of his time studying languages, for which he had a great gift, acquiring, among other tongues, that of the gyp- sies. After much adventurous roaming and many struggles. In 1833 he received the appointment as agent of the British and Foreign Libre Society, in which capacity, be travelled extensively, learn- ing with marvellous ease the language of each country visited by him. He was noted for his eccentricities, his fondness for the gypsies, his passion for athletic exercises, his scorn for the gentilities of life and bis vigorous advocacy of the doctrines of the Church of England. Writings of James Monroe Edited by S. M. Hamilton, of the Bureau of Rolls and Library, Department of State. Uniform with "The Writings of Jefferson," "Washington," etc. In course of publica- tion. To be completed in six or seven volumes. Limited edition of 150 copies printed from type. 8°, half leather, gilt tops. Price per volume to subscribers, $5.00. Volume II. now ready. Islam in Africa Its Effects— Religious, Ethical, and Social— upon the People of the Country. By An- son P. Atterbury, Pastor of the Park Presbyterian Church, New York. With Introduction by F. F. Ellinwood, Pro- fessor of Comparative Religions, Univer- sity of New York, and Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. 12°. {Nearly ready.) In view of the widespread assertion that Moham- medanism is the natural and most effective social and religious force for the control of the African continent. Dr. Atterbury has carefully Investigated the effects of Islam upon the African tribes. The result of bis research Is set forth In a clear and forcible style. Lone Pine The Story of a Lost Mine. By R. B. Town- shend. 12mo, $1.25. The book gives evidence of a vigorous capacity in narrative and is full of descriptive force. . . . The writer's strength in dealing with scenes of violence and of bloodshed is certainly remarkable, and it Is associated with a vivid representation of the scenery and surroundings In which the events occur. . . . The author appears to trade on an Inexhaustible stock of incident and description. . The book Is evidently the work of a clever writer «nd of an experienced traveller.— [The Athena?um FOR STUDENTS. Hadley's Economics An Account of the Relations between Pri- vate Property and Public Welfare. By Arthur Twining Hadley, Professor of Political Economy in Yale University. 8vo, $2.50, net. The work is now used in classes in Yale, Princeton, Harvard, Amherst, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, Vanderbilt, Bucknel, Bates, Le- land Stanford, University of Oregon, Uni- versity of California, etc. "The author has done his work splendidly. He Is clear, precise, and thorough. ... No other book has given an equally compact and intelligent in- terpretation."—[Am. Journal of Sociology. A Simple Grammar of English Now in Use By John Earle, A.M., LL.D., Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Oxford, author of "English Prose; Its Elements, History, and Usage." 12mo, $1.50. "The book Is a clear, careful, and scholarly treatise on the English Language and its use, that will be valuable to teachers and to students of lan- guage everywhere." — [Washington Times. of Some Common Errors Speech Suggestions for the avoiding of certain classes of errors, together with examples of bad and of good usage. By Alfred G. Comp- ton. 16mo, 75 cents. "This is an interesting and sensible little book, commendably free from the pedantry which usually disfigures books on the correct use of English. The author's comments on faults in grammar are terse, and cover some grave offences against correct English."— [Rochester Herald. The Historical Development of Modern Europe From the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time. By Charles M. Andrews, Pro- fessor of History in Bryn Mawr College. Two volumes. With maps. 8vo, gilt tops, each $2.50. Part I.— From 1815 to 1850. Part II.— From 1850 to 1897. "The work is to be commended both for the ac- curacy of its scholarship and for its popular mode of treatment."— [Churchman. The Art of Phonography A Complete Instructor in the Best Method of Shorthand for All Kinds of Verbatim Work, with the Author's Latest Improve- ments. By James E. Munson, official stenographer New York Supreme Court, and author of the Munson System of Pho- nography. New, revised edition. 12mo, $2.00. "It is the most complete book of shorthand In- struction that has ever been published. The old Munson text-book was exceedingly minute and care- ful In its rules, but the present volume Is twice as large, and goes into details with far greater tho- roughness."—[Springfield Republican. Bird Studies An Account of the Land Birds of Eastern North America. By William E. D. Scott. With 166 illustrations from original photo- graphs. Quarto, leather, back, $5.00, net. This work, while strictly accurate In every par- ticular, avoids the use of all technical terms. The Illustrations are from live birds. A distinctive feature of the book is the views of nests, these having been photographed, often with no little dif- ficulty, without being removed from their original positions. OUT-OF-DOOR BOOKS. Nature Studies in Berkshire By John Coleman Adams. With 16 illus- trations in photogravure from original photographs by Arthur Scott. 8vo. (Ready in May.) A collection of prose pictures of skies and woods and fields, Intermingled with the reflections of a writer who Is at once a philosopher and a poet, one who enjoys profoundly the beauties of the Berk- shire Hills, and who possesses the art of enabling his reader to share in his enjoyment. Ornamental Shrubs By Lucius D. Davis. For Garden, Lawn, and Park Planting. With over 100 illus- trations. 8vo. (Ready in May.) This volume is addressed to both scientific men and that large class of persons who, though inte- rested in plants, have no knowledge of Botany, and neither time nor inclination to acquire it. The phraseology is plain and the descriptions are easily comprehensible; yet the book contains material never before presented, relating to varieties of plants developed under cultivation. Our Insect Friends and Foes By Belle S. Cragin. How to Collect, Pre- serve, and Study Them. With over 250 il- lustrations. 8vo. (Ready in May.) Miss Cragin sets forth the pleasure to be derived from a systematic study of the habits of insects, and gives many points which will be of practical value to the beginner. She gives comprehensive descriptions of all the more important species to be found in the United States, together with illus- trations of the same. Previously Issued: Among the Hoths and Butterflies By Julia P. Ballard. 8vo, $1.50. Wildflowers of the Northeastern States Drawn and carefully described from life, by Ellen Miller and Margaret C. Whit- ing. With 308 illustrations the size of life. 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VI The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1764 NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS DAVIS'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Professor W. M. Davis of Harvard University , assisted by William H. Snyder, Master of Science in Worcester Academy. Cloth. 428 pages Fully illustrated. 81.25. HASTINGS AND BEACH'S GENERAL PHYSICS BYRD'S LABORATORY MANUAL IN ASTRONOHY HOYT'S WORLD'S PAINTERS AND THEIR PICTURES By Deristhe L. Hoyt, of the Massachusetts Normal Art School. : pages. Fully illustrated. $1.25. FRANZ GRILLPARZER'S SAPPHO Edited by Professor Ferrell, of the State University of Mississippi, pages. 60 cents. International Modern Language Series. KLEIST'S PRINZ FRIEDRICH VON HOMBURG Edited by Professor Nollen, of Iowa College. 172 pages. 80 cents. ternational Modern Language Series. SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY PAPERS •From " The Spectator." Edited by Mary E. Litchfield. 178 pages. cents. Standard English Classics. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME CATHERWOOD'S HEROES OF THE MIDDLE WEST By Mary Hartwei-l Cathkrwood. 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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, APRIL 20, 1899. The Week. The latest news about Samoan affairs is supplied by Herr von Bulow's speech in the Reichstag, a statement of singular lucidity and frankness, couched in terms of equal courtesy and self-respect. With such a spirit prevailing in Berlin there can be no fear of any serious trouble growing out of the killing of the Ame- rican and British soldiers by the Ma- taafaites the other day, or out of the complication as a whole. The negotiation on our side has been conducted with the evident desire to yield all the points in a game which is not worth the candle; and this is the right way to conduct it. It does not imply "lowering the flag" or sacrificing the national honor, but merely a wholesome desire to get rid of a bad job on the best terms and at the least cost possible. The Cologne Gazette gives us unstinted praise for the concessions we have made and the friendship we have shown to Germany, in such sad contrast to the exacting and bickering policy of Great Britain. This means that we have found out the mis- take we made in meddling with the Sa- moan business at all. It means, also, that the less we have to do with it here- after, the better we shall be pleased. It is not possible to interpret in any other way the announcement which comes from Washington, and is confirmed from Ber- lin, that when Germany proposed that the Samoan Commission of three should act only by unanimous consent we agreed, and that when Great Britain declined the proposal, thus causing a deadlock, we withdrew from active participation in the controversy, leaving the other par- ties to fight it out. This was what Burke called a case of wholesome neglect. It had the effect of bringing the others to an agreement which promises to be sa- tisfactory. For this Secretary Hay is to be congratulated. If he could attenuate our share in the Samoan muddle still more, he might spare us further trouble and save some American lives. Considering what the United States and England and Germany undertook to do in the Samoan Islands, what they ac- tually have done looks like a sarcastic comment by fate on human intentions. By the act, or treaty, of Berlin, conclud- ed on June 14, 1889, the three Powers graciously proposed to show the Samo- ans how to do it. They were to put an end to the bloody conflicts between rival chiefs, known as "kings." They were to take charge of trade and land titles and education and religion, and in general make the islands blossom at once into civilization. During the ten years of this kindly tripartite tutelage, however, we have seen two wars conducted in the characteristic way of savages; we have seen endless intrigues and squabbles, principally between the representatives of the three governments who were to teach the natives how to dwell together in unity; and, as the final touch, we see the lives of English and American officers and men lost in the attempt to settle the quarrels of barbarians on the other side of the globe. Surely it was a prophetic word which that sane and cool American, Secretary Gresham, wrote in 1894: "In our relations to Samoa we have made the first departure from our traditional and well-established policy of avoiding entan- gling alliances with foreign Powers in rela- tion to objects remote from this hemisphere. Like all other human transactions, the wis- dom of that departure must be tested by its fruits. . . . Every nation, and especially every strong nation, must sometimes be conscious of an impulse to rush into difficul- ties that do not concern it except in a high- ly imaginary way. . . . But our first ad- venture in that direction afforded most sig- nal and convincing proof that the only safe- guard against all the evils of interference in affairs that do not specially concern us, is to abstain from such interference alto- gether. . . . The general act of Berlin has utterly failed to correct, if indeed it has not aggravated, the very evils which it was designed to prevent." If Mr. Gresham could say this in 1S94, what would he say now if he were alive and saw, not only the natives in Samoa butchering each other, but the foreign forces there almost at blows? The way in which all ideas of justice and decency are necessarily mixed up in such a busi- ness is shown in the dispatches. A land- ing party kills twenty-seven natives with machine-guns, with no loss of its own. That is quite right. That is the way civilized men fight and teach sa- vages to be good. But the next day the savages ambush the foreigners, whose machine-gun gets unluckily "jammed," kill half-a-dozen men, and cut off their heads. Thereupon the civilized and Christian world explodes with cries of "Butchery!" Why won't the brown man take his killing by the white man in peace? He will have to be killed some more till he learns this first lesson. Meanwhile, we observe that the angry Germans in Samoa are sneering at the Christianity of the English and Ameri- cans, and that Admiral Kautz returns the compliment with fine scorn for Ger- man Christianity. One would like to know what the natives could do, if they had a chance, in taunting the religion of their foreign slayers. The following luminous dispatch was sent on Monday to a Detroit newspaper by Mr. Carmichael, a personal friend of Mr. Alger's: "If Secretary Alger retires from the cabi- net before March 4, 1901, there will be no subterfuge or makeshift about it. He will not retire to go to Paris, will not retire on account of ill health, or for personal politi- cal reasons. Should he retire, it will only be after the President makes a direct and unqualified request. The Secretary has had expressions from the President as to the desirability of his remaining in the cabinet. He does not know that the President has changed. If the President should change, he must so declare and announce himself; he must assume full responsibility. It is not a case where there can be any pretence. This is Secretary Alger's position." This is the most direct challenge which has yet come to Mr. McKinley from Alger. He here puts the responsibility of his presence in the cabinet fairly and squarely on his revered chief. We now know that if Alger is there, McKinley alone is responsible for it. Alger is ready to go when properly requested, but he will not go under any subterfuge or disguise. No "need of- rest," no "ill health," or anything of that sort. He must be asked to go by the only man who has a right to ask him. Why does not that man ask him? What is the mysterious bond which connects them? Will nobody throw light on this subject? McKinley is not firm or obstinate. He listens to the voice of the people. He consults Destiny and obeys Duty. We have never known a case in which Duty spoke more plainly and Destiny spoke more wisely. Why does he, then, linger? Why, too, this defiant tone on the part of Alger? He knows he can be dismissed to the dreary shades of Detroit in the twinkling of an eye. How comes he to be so "cocky"? Why must McKinley dis- miss him squarely? Why can he not, if convenient, get rid of him on some pre- text? These are all topics which we think would be excellent as an exercise for the history class at colleges. Gen. Shatter had a regular picnic with the beef which Eagan and Alger sent him in Cuba. He ate it every day, and though it was "not entirely appetizing, there was no complaint that it was unfit for food." He is even inclined to think that the Rough Riders and others who complained of their rations were really expecting to have "delicacies" instead of bacon and hard-tack. When asked by the counsel of Gen. Miles, "In view of the condemnation of the canned roast beef by about 75 per cent, of the officers in Cuba, what would you say about its further use?" he replied: "As I have said, I don't know of anything better. Personally, I prefer clear bacon. I want to say that the canned roast beef was not unfit for food. That it was unpala- table, uninviting, and without taste, is perfectly true. But it was not unfit for food." It would be interesting to know what the General would consider "unfit for food." His noble championship of the beef shows that he is standing brave-

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286 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 ly by the powers that put him in charge of the Cuban expedition. The Tribune has begun to give place to attacks on the Administration in the guise of Letters to the Editor, dated from the Union League Club. They re- ceive a kind of editorial endorsement by being set in larger type than other let- ters to the editor, and placed at the head of a particular column. They show also similarities of style which betray a com- mon parentage. Their temper is so different from the adulation which the Tribune bestowed upon President McKinley before the embassy to England was disposed of, as to suggest some con- nection between the two. Such is the talk, at all events, within the precincts of the club from which the letters are supposed to come. The writer of the letters is disturbed by the fear. that he may have to vote for McKinley again, "as a choice of evils"— that he "may be obliged at the next election to endorse the selection of Sherman and Alger for positions in the cabinet." How dreadful that this Union Leaguer never gave ut- terance to such thoughts until after Jo- seph Choate was appointed Ambassador. If he had spoken out in time, we might have had a better cabinet and have avoided all the bitterness and bad beef that Alger and Eagan supplied to the soldiers. The way to prevent a recur- rence of these evils and to spare the Union League Republican the necessity of making a choice between them and others, is for the editor of the Tribune to bring out a candidate in opposition to Mr. McKinley — not necessarily him- self, but somebody whom he can rely on in the troublous times that we plainly see coming. an ice company, and more may be forth- coming. Croker has offered, first, to sac- rifice his right hand in case he is shown to have taken city money dishonestly, and, second, to part with his fortune and liberty in case such a showing is made; but when he is given opportunity to say whether or not he has taken money dis- honorably in a specific instance, he re- plies invariably: "I decline to answer." That shows that proof on this point must be obtained from the other side. Mr. Moss succeeded very well on Sat- urday in showing what Croker regarded as "personal" or "private business." Everything that bears on the income which he derives from his system of government is of this nature. Did he give his son $17,000, as the boy swore he did, to invest in the stock of a fire- proofing concern? He declines to an- swer, because that is "private business." Although he admits openly that he is the head of the government, disposes of all its offices, and attends to all the duties of its administration, when it comes to his revenues from it, those are "private business," and he will not con- sent to answer any questions about them. We are, therefore, no wiser on this point than we were before Mr. Moss began his inquiries. How can we get information as to the dimensions of our ruler's income? Would it not be possible to hear from the contributors of funds to his revenue? There were indications of such testimony on Saturday when the Dock Department came into view as a possible agent of oppression against It is quite plain that Croker's flank movement on Piatt, assailing him as a man who is in the same business as himself, and as such equally open to public investigation, has gone a long way towards nullifying the work of the Mazet committee. The vote of Monday, by which the Republican members rejected a proposal by the Democratic minority to include the Piatt family law firm in the inquiry, put the partisan brand upon the investigation so clearly that its work in the future will be greatly weakened in the public estimation. So long as Cro- ker can continue to ask Mr. Moss, when- ever he is pressed as to the sources of his income, "Why don't you call Piatt and ask the same questions of him?" there is small hope of awakening much public indignation against Tammany. The spectacle of one boss investigating another boss, when the public is fully aware that one is not a whit better than the other, and that the two are at odds temporarily only because of dissatisfac- tion over the division of the "swag," is not an impressive moral spectacle, what- ever else may come of it. ing the Indian mint to silver. This is very likely. We can see no reason why Sec- retary Hay should withhold his consedt from any ratio for India that the re- sponsible authorities of that country should think it advisable to adopt. A telegram from London says that a Blue Book has been published giving the evidence obtained by the Indian Cur- rency Committee. This is the Commit- tee which sought to meet the views and wishes of the Wolcott Commission by reopening the Indian mint to silver, and by taking a certain amount of silver into the metallic reserve of the Bank of Eng- land. The Blue Book is said to contain a letter from Secretary Hay to Lord Al- denham, a leader of the English Bimetal- lists, dated November 25, 1898, saying that our Government does not consider it expedient for the United States to re- open the bimetallic question at present. Lord Aldenham said that Secretary Hay's letter had been delayed, and he thought intentionally, until after the elections of last November. This shows that his Lordship is a man of discern- ment in the political field, if not in the economical. The McKinley Administra- tion interpreted the elections of last au- tumn as putting the silver question on the shelf, and therefore had no further use for international monetary confer- ences. Lord Aldenham thought, how- ever, that something might be gained by negotiating with the United States about a ratio to be adopted for reopen- The budget just presented by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach does not meet the approval of the most influential part of the English press, but it is likely to pass the House when the pinch comes. It shows an increase of about £2,000,000 in expenditures over last year (due to increase of the navy). There has been a progressive increase in the annual ex- penditure of nearly £20,000,000 in the past five years, which has been met by increased receipts, but the Chancellor faces a deficit of about £1,800,000 dur- ing the coming year. This he expects to meet by new taxes, and by such a change in the sinking-fund arrangements that the annual payment of the principal of the public debt shall be in part post- poned. This is to be accomplished by extending the terminable annuities. The annual charge will thus be lessened, but the term for which they are to run will be lengthened. This is a well-known device of finance ministers, and a very easy one for dealing with a deficit. It amounts to fresh borrowing, although the fact is not so notorious as it would be if new consols were sold in the mar- ket. Sir William Harcourt, in the de- bate on the budget, unravelled the skein of extended annuities in a very lucid manner, and visited it with severe con- demnation, and in this he seems to have the concurrence of the London Times, which, in nine cases out of ten, supports the Government's policy. The Times, however, believes that the budget, as presented, will meet with little popular opposition. Perhaps the most hopeful augury to be drawn from the speech of the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer is to be found in his remarks on the coming Peace Con- ference. What he said on this subject came from the heart. He bestowed un- stinted eulogy upon the humane views which inspired the calling of it, and he hoped that it might put a check on the terrible competition in armaments "so wasteful to our ability, energy, and mo- ney, from which even the wealthiest nations may pray to be delivered." If the coming conference could consist of the Finance Ministers of the several countries, there could be little doubt of a triumphant success in achieving the purpose of the Czar's famous letter. The men who have to find the money for the ships and the soldiers, spend sleepless nights over their tasks, and generally end by sliding into a little more debt. There comes a time, however, when such financiering will not serve the turn. Italy has reached it. France is on the verge of it. Austria is not far behind,

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April 20, 1899] The Nation 287 Russia, with all her slumbering re- sources, is hard put to it to make ends meet. The movement for the Peace Conference had its initiative in the Rus- sian Department of Finance. It was dis- cernible in the published reports of that department before the Czar wrote his letter. Indeed, taxes are the most potent corrective of the tendency to war — more potent than religion or education. We shall discover the universality of this truth whenever our present surplus is •exhausted, and the Secretary of the Treasury is compelled to call for ad- ditional revenue. Powder and ball and pensions for the soldiers and sailors who are butchering and being butchered in the Philippines and Samoa, are costly. Blood may be cheap, but modern ships and projectiles are terribly expensive. . The Czar's treatment of Finland has naturally enough prejudiced a good many in England against his peace proposal, but there is no sound reason why it should. He has been, in a mea- sure, driven into it by the rage for many years back of the Panslavists, or Jin- goes, the Destiny and Duty men. These worthies have long been furious that part of Russia should have a constitu- tion and the rest should be governed despotically, and they have, like the fox, been doing everything in their power to have all tails cut off. The invectives against the Finns have increased in vio- lence as the Panslavist feeling has grown. What we see now, outrageous as it is to us, has been long impending, and the Czar is a young and impression- able man. But there is in this nothing that toakes it improper that he should try to lessen the chance of war. He is bot departing from his principles of gov- ernment as we are. He is simply carry- ing them one step further. He is doing an oppressive thing, but he is doing it for the development of Russia's great- ness on the lines she has always fol- lowed. We are doing an equally oppress- ive thing, to people who have never lived under our rule, on absolutely new lines which we have denounced, with all the invectives at our disposal, for <ohe hundred years. Nothing the Czar has done or proposed to do to the Finns approaches in atrocity what we are doing every day to the Filipinos. There has not been since the partition of Poland a transaction which can equal in nefariousness our pretence that we have bought the Philippines from Spain under "international law." In fact, there is nothing in Russian history, black as it is in many respects, which can equal our "conquest" as a mixture of gas and crime. The London Daily News calls attention to the small amount of support given to the peace movement in England by the clergy of the Established Church, com- pared to that which it has received from the Nonconformists. The appear- ance of the Bishop of London in the de- putation to Mr. Balfour may be said to constitute a brilliant exception. The at- titude of the Anglican clergy towards every reform since 1815 has been open to the same criticism. The Bishops in the House of Lords opposed the abolition of the slave trade and slavery. The clergy throughout the country fought hard against the Reform Bill. They were furious haters of Mr. Gladstone and all his works. They were violent op- ponents of his great crusade on behalf of the Bulgarians in 1877. Needless to say. they were opposed to his Home-Rule movement, but in this they only went the way of most Englishmen. They are not now, as a rule, opposing this peace movement, but they are giving it com- paratively small support. The explanation of this lies not in any difference between the doctrines they hold and preach, and those preached or held by the Nonconformist ministers, but in two what may be called "lurking senses." One is that the Anglican church is the church of the gentry, and ought not to be mixed up in anything frowned on by good society. The parson never forgets that he dines with the Squire. The other is, that he looks on himself as to some degree a state official, who should not lightly take part in any "agitation" intended to force the hand of the Government. As clergymen rise out of the ranks, too, they remember, con- sciously or subconsciously, that prefer- ment in the church is in the hands of the minister of the day, that it is he who be- stows the bishoprics and deaneries, and that he has many livings at his disposal. All these things dispose an Anglican minister to keep still, not to get excited, and be "solid" with the "genteel." What this means is that his church is a state church, and that as long as it is so it can never be the church of the people. No- thing is more curious, though it has not been much remarked upon, than that all the great excitements and controversies which have raged in the Anglican church have raged among the clergy or the in- tellectual aristocracy of the universities. In none of the memoirs will you find that the laity have taken much part in them or interest in them. That portion of the laity which takes much interest in religion, as a rule, is Nonconformist, or, in other words, belongs to a different England. In fact, the two nations knew so little of each other that, until within a few years, an Oxford undergraduate could hardly believe that a Nonconform- ist minister knew how to tie his white cravat. Full returns of the Spanish elections of Sunday are not yet forthcoming, but that the Government has won a ma- jority in the new Cortes, is already ap- parent as it was the only thing to be expected. Governments in Spain al- ways get a majority, and are, later turned out of office by it. The pre- sent Prime Minister, it is true, had pro- claimed a new departure. He had de- clared that he would exert no pressure in favor of Government candidates, and said that he should consider defeat more honorable than a triumph secured by the usual means. Silvela even went so far as to issue a circular, pointing out the pains and penalties provided by law for all forms of electoral corruption. It must be said that scoffers in Madrid made merry over this return to political purity. Without directly impugning Pre- mier Silvela's honesty, they remarked that he was associated with some un- commonly wicked partners, and that his Minister of War, Gen. Polavieja, was in particular running the campaign in the good old high-handed way. But, pure or corrupt, the election passed off on Sunday, as was predicted, in the midst of great popular indifference. The num- ber of votes cast was small, as in Spain the people have become weary of the political farce, and have lost interest in the game of punishing one boss by re- warding a worse one. More important for Spain than the personnel of Cortes or Ministry is the question of the country's financial re- cuperation. On this subject a French economist, M. Edmond Thery, holds optimistic views. He was sent to Madrid by the French Government to make an expert study of Spanish finance, and his report, though not yet published in full, has been outlined. M. Th6ry considers Spain's case as anything but hopeless, and says that if — much virtue in this if — a competent statesman were at the head of her affairs, she might show the world as rapid a recovery as that of France after 1871. He maintains that Spain can meet all her engagements without too severely increasing the bur- den of taxation. The first measure which he expects to see the Government adopt when the Cortes assemble in June is a suspension of the sinking-fund until the country regains a better financial position. England cannot criticise such a scheme, as her Chancellor of the Ex- chequer has just embraced it, nor can the United States, as our Treasury has found it highly convenient to disregard the law calling for payments on the sinking-fund account. The remainder of the Spanish financial programme is an increase of revenue from public mono- polies, tobacco, alcohol, etc.; higher im- port duties; an income tax on securities, as high as 20 per cent.; and an export duty on minerals. This last may be re- garded as a sly blow at England, as British capital is largely interested in the Rio Tinto mines and in the export of hematite and other ores. But this tax will be in any case a light one — 2 per cent, is the rate proposed.

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288 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 OUR SAVAGE WAR "FOR THE CAUSE OF HUMANITY." In a few days it will be a year since the United States went to war with Spain "for the cause of humanity." The war with Spain ceased months ago, the freeing of Cuba from her domination having been accomplished, but a large army of our troops is still engaged in fighting. Having started out to give the inhabitants of Cuba their independence, we are now insisting that the inhabi- tants of the Philippine Islands, who had also revolted against Spanish rule, shall acknowledge our supremacy over them. This war is the most savage war which was ever known in the history of our republic. The brief official dispatches from the commanders of our troops cast little light upon the situation, but thou- sands of private soldiers are every week sending home letters which tell the hor- rible truth with all the impressiveness of native eloquence. The war of 1898 "for the cause of humanity" has de- generated in 1899 into a war of conquest, characterized by rapine and cruelty worthy of savages. The wanton destruc- tion of property by our army has been boasted of by our soldiers. E. B. Fur- man of the regiment from the State of Washington, writing of the battles of February 4 and 5, said that "we burned hundreds of houses and looted hundreds more," and that "we have horses and carriages and bull-carts galore, and enough furniture and other plunder to load a steamer." Capt. Albert Otis, describing his own exploits at Santa Ana, wrote that "I have six horses and three carriages in my yard, and enough small plunder for a family of six." Guy Williams of the Iowa regiment, after de- scribing the abandonment of a village by the inhabitants, wrote: "The soldiers made short work of the whole thing. They looted every house and found almost everything from a pair of wooden shoes up to a piano, and they car- ried everything off or destroyed it. Talk of the natives plundering the towns — / don't think they are in it with the Fiftieth Iowa.'" Wholesale plundering is bad enough, but it is not the worst feature of our warfare. The fact is now fully estab- lished that in many cases the rule has been that our troops lake no prisoners. There can no longer be any question about this. Private letters from a num- ber of soldiers in different regiments tell the same story. Charles Brenner of Minneapolis, Kan., in describing the part played by his regiment in the fight at Caloocan, wrote: "Company I had taken a few prisoners and stopped. The Colonel ordered them up into line time after time, and finally sent Capl Bishop back to atari them. Then occurred the hardest tight I ever sun: They had four prisoners and didn't know what to do with them. The,/ asked Capt. fiishop what to do a nil he si, id. ■ Yon know the or- ders,' and four natives fill dead." Leonard F. Adams of Ozark, Mo., who is in the Washington regiment, de- scribes the terrible slaughter of natives in the battle of February 4, after which "we went over the battlefield in squads, burying the dead niggers"; tells how he "saw seventy-four buried in one hole"; says that "in the path of the Washing- ton regiment and Battery D of the Sixth Artillery there were 1,008 dead niggers, and a great many wounded"; and adds: " / don't know how many men, women, and children the Tennessee boys did kill. They would not lake any prisoners. One company of the Tennesset boys was sent into headquarters with thirty prisoners, and got there with about a hundred chick- ens and no prisoners.''1 The Brooklyn Eagle of Sunday pub- lished a private letter just received from Fred B. Hinchman, formerly a student in the Polytechnic Institute, who is now serving with Company A, United States Engineers, and whose testimony on this point would of itself be conclusive, as "I am connected with the provost mar- shal's headquarters, have had a parti- cularly good opportunity of observing 'symptoms,' and in some cases have had an insight into things which were not generally known." Writing from Manila on the 22d of February, he describes the first engagement between our forces and the natives, and in the course of his narrative says: "At 1:30 o'clock the General gave me a memorandum with regard to sending out a Tennessee battalion to the line. He tersely put it that 'they were looking for a fight.' At the Puente Colgante (suspension bridge) I met one of our company, who told me that the Fourteenth and, Washingtons were driv- ing all before them, and taking no prisoners. Tin's is now our rule of proeeaui e/or cause. After delivering my message I had not walk- ed a block when I heard shots down the street. Hurrying forward, I found a group of cur men taking pot shots across the river into a bamboo thicket, at about 1,200 yards. I longed to join them, but had my reply to take back, and that, of course, was the first thing to attend to. I reached the office at three P. m. just in time to see a platoon of the Washingtons with about fifty prisoners, who had been taken before they learned how not to take them.'" It must be said, to the credit of our soldiers, that while in the heat of battle they carry out the orders to take no prisoners, most of them inwardly revolt at the idea of such barbarism, and want to come home. Sergeant Elliott of Com- pany G, in the Kansas • regiment, who returned last week with the body of his father, captain of the company, talked in this frank way to a reporter of the Kansas City Star: "Most of the general officers think it will take years and a large force of soldiers to thoroughly subjugate the natives. And the unpleasant feature of this is that unless the conditions change radically, there will be few soldiers who will care to stay there. There's no use trying to conceal the fact that many of the men over there now, especially the vo- lunteers, are homesick and tired of fighting way off there with nothing in particular to gain. There is not one man in the whole army now in the Philippines who would not willingly give up his life for the flag if it was necessary, but it isn't pleasant to think about dying at the hands of a foe little bet- ter than a savage, and so far away from home. And the thought of its not en 1 several years is not an especially plea al one, either." The truthfulness of this picture is established by the Herald's dispatches on Monday. The censor at Manila allowed the Herald's correspondent to state that Gen. Lawton is evacuating the towns beyond Laguna de Bay, from which the insurgents were driven a few days ago, and to quote this admission by Gen. Lawton: "With the forces I have there is no doubt I could go through the whole island; but if a government is to be established, it will be necessary to garrison all the towns. It would take 100, 000 men to pacify the islands, I regret the necessity of abandoning the captured territory." The correspondent of the Herald at Washington says that "the desire of the volunteers to return to this country is evidenced in a report which shows that of those who have been offered oppor- tunity to reenlist, with the offer of a bonus in travel-pay of over $500, only about 7 per cent, will accept. The vol- unteers, it is stated, desire to come home by organizations, instead of individu- ally." Such is the shocking conclusion of the war "for the cause of humanity" begun in Cuba. A PLAN FOR THE PHILIPPINES. Any proposal to unravel the Philip- pine snarl must, of course, look straight at the facts as they exist to-day. The march of events has changed the prob- lem from month to month. Last May the solution was to order Dewey to refit and recoal and sail away. This was the course urgently pressed at the time upon Mr. McKinley by Senator Sewell. The President rejected the advice, and soon it became too late to take it even if he wanted to. Other solutions were possi- ble before the meeting of the Paris Com- mission— before the ratification of the treaty by the Senate — before the fighting broke out in the islands; but those events successively put a new face on the difficulty, and compelled new plana to solve it. To-day we have full legal authority to do what we will in the Phi- lippines. The islands are ours before the law of nations. But no nation on earth, unless it be an enemy to us, is satisfied with the Philippine situation. Our best friends, the English, are not; this country itself is not. The case cries loudly for some change of policy. What shall it be? What course, at once pru- dent and practicable, can be adopted to put an end to a strife which is both hu- miliating and fruitless? We find in the London and China Tele- graph an interview with a man who knows the Malays well, and knows Ame- ricans well, and who thinks he sees the true policy for us to pursue. It is Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, the distinguished naturalist, and what he says is this: " Surely it is possible [for the Americans] to revert to their first-expressed intention of taking a small island only as a naval and coaling-station, and to declare themselves the protectors of the islands against foreign ag- gression. Having done this, they might in- vite the civilized portion of the natives to

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April 20, 1899] The .Nation 289 form an independent government, offering them advice and assistance if they wish for it, but otherwise leaving them completely free. It might be advisable first to leave the great island of Mindanao, mostly inhabited by Mohammedans, to form its own separate government; and some guarantee might pro- perly be asked for the fair treatment of the uncivilized portion of the population, such as the presence of a few American residents as protectors of the aborigines. By some such method as here suggested the great re- public of the West might aid in the produc- tion of a new type of social development adapted to the character of the Malayan Let it be noted that this suggested solution of the difficulty steers clear oJ the great objections which have been made to other plans. It does not pro- .pose to "hand back" the islands to Spain. Most Americans, we presume, would be glad to hand them to Spain or any other Power foolish enough to take them; but it is too late to do that now. The islands are ours for better or worse, for richer or poorer. But Dr. Wallace himself does not contemplate that we should leave the Philippines a prey to scrambling foreign Powers, and so per- haps bring on a European war. We are to announce ourselves their protectors. We are to defend them against foreign aggression. In short, we are to follow the well-approved English plan of de- claring a protectorate, and then leaving the natives to develop the best indige- nous government they can. An Ame- rican protectorate over the Philippines, the recognition of American suzerainty by the inhabitants, would be a very dif- ferent thing from administrative supre- macy. It would mean American sove- reignty and supremacy for a time in all that affected the foreign relations of the islands; it would mean suitable gua- rantees for the protection of life and property; it would, of course, mean Ame- rican garrisons as the sufficient symbol of American power; it would mean the protection of one island or one race from possible aggressions on the part of an- other; but it would also mean the free development of native life and local rule, and, above all, it would mean the im- mediate ending of the aimless and bloody fighting which is disgracing us in the eyes of the world. The Filipinos would accept an Ameri- can protectorate. They are eager for it, unless they have changed their minds since last August. The testimony from their leaders laid before our Paris Com- missioners was emphatic on this point. They knew that they could not protect their own islands against voracious Eu- ropean countries. They desired also the presence of a strong American force while the first experiments in native government were being undertaken. We should then have been assisting, instead of crushing out, what Prof. William James has called "the sacredest thing in this great human world— the attempt of a people long enslaved to attain to the possession of itself, to organize its laws and government, to be free to follow its internal destinies according to its own ideals." That milk is spilled, and there is no use in crying over it now. But is it too late to retrace our steps and do in effect what we should have done long ago? It seems to us that it is not. In fact, the way seems easy. As the case stands, our dispute with the Filipinos is largely a dispute about words. If the first article of the proclamation of the Philippine Commission were verbally changed, there is no doubt that the natives would accept it with enthusiasm. Suppose that instead of reading, "The supremacy of the United States must and will be en- forced throughout every part of the archipelago, and those who resist can accomplish nothing but their own ruin," it had stood, "The United States declares itself protector of the Philippine Islands against foreign aggression, and calls upon the natives to set up their own internal government." It is clear that the war would have ended on the spot; that all the rest of the proclamation, so admirable in its promises of local con- trol of local affairs, guarantees of civil and religious rights, a pure judiciary, and so on, would have been put into effect without the firing of another shot, the leaving of another Filipino to die a death of slow torture in the jungle, or the killing of another American soldier ordered to massacre the people whom he thought he was sent to free. Now, the point we insist upon is that this plan, Mr. Wallace's plan, would give us all that we can get under any plan, and give it to us peacefully. A protectorate would be as good for Ame- rican trade as would administrative su- premacy; the islands are open to the commerce of the world in either case. Under the proclamation, it was proposed to give the natives "the amplest liberty of self-government"; that could be still better given, and just as well safe- guarded, under a protectorate. So with all the rest of it. If we are honest in saying that we wish only to develop and build up the Philippines, instead of ruth- lessly exploiting them, we must confess that we could do the work as well under a protectorate as under a sovereignty asserted throughout every part of every island. As kindly protectors, instead of boastful sovereigns, we should be able to discharge all our duties to the world which we have assumed by expelling the Spaniards from the Philippines; should get just as much profit and more praise ourselves; and should implant in the breasts of the natives gratitude and hope where now we are rousing hatred and revenge. We need only realize that it is possible to benefit lower races with- out first crushing them under the heel of a conqueror; need only understand, with Dr. Wallace, that even the most bene- volent conquests sow seeds of misery among the conquered, and terribly re- tard their natural development. Our j mistakes in the Philippines have, so far, I been egregious. Even Jingoes privately admit it; history will write it inexorably. But we may still do much to redeem the situation if we will now frankly face it, choose the words and the acts which best suit the wishes of the natives, in- stead of our vulgar pride, and by wise conciliation, by patience, by experiment after experiment, prove to the Filipinos that liberty does not mean repression and death, but the opening of the prison door and opportunity for manhood. TEE CAUSE OF PEACE . On the 29th of March a very interest- ing event took place at the Foreign Office in London. A deputation of extraordi- nary magnitude and interest waited on Mr. Balfour, who for the nonce took Lord Salisbury's place. Now "when a mind like Mr. Balfour's," as the silver men used to say, treats a subject of which he is master, as he is of this though he was not of the subject of silver, it is an important event. The sub- ject on this occasion was peace as pre- sented by the Czar's proposal. The de- putation was introduced by Lord Aber- deen, who explained for what it stood. He said the gathering was "to an unusu- al degree representative." The meetings whose views it put forward had been held throughout England, north, south, east, and west; and though people of all shades of opinion had been admitted to them, though ample opportunities for dis- cussion were given, they spoke with one voice, deliberately approving the Czar's proposal. It represented the "whole of the thinking public." These meetings, too, were not meetings of clubs or asso- ciations. They were meetings of the towns and cities, called by their mayors or other authorities. The proceedings were opened by the Bishop of London, who is probably one of the least visionary or sentimental of English public men of prominence. This is how he introduced the matter: "No subject had been received with such complete enthusiasm and unanimity as this subject of the promotion of peace; there was no subject on which the English people had been approached for a long time in which they had shown such deep interest. And this was the more remarkable, for the English public were not given to the ex- pression of ideas in the abstract; and those who had stood aloof had probably done so in order to see what would come of the en- deavor before they expressed a strong opi- nion on the subject. The meetings had been held without any connection with current topics of political controversy, which, as a rule, lent a fictitious interest to proceedings; they had been attended by thinking men and women, who were profoundly impressed with the importance of the opportunity now offered of supporting, by every means in their power, this totally unexpected attempt towards disarmament on the part of one of the principal Powers in the politics of Eu- rope." Mr. Balfour spoke in the same strain. He said peace was "not only one of the greatest interests of the British Empire, but one of the greatest interests of the world, and that all England feels so." He based on the lessons of the past the

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£90 The ISTatioii [Vol. 68, No. 1764 hope and expectation that war was go- ing to be, perhaps hot extinguished, but greatly diminished. " Since the conclusion of the great revo- lutionary wars this country has only once been at war with a civilized Power. That is to say, in a period of more than eighty years Our peace with the civilized nations of the earth has only been disturbed for a single period of about three years. Compare that with what went on in the last century. A man of forty at the present time has never seen war in this country. A man of forty in the last century— put that period of forty years where you will in the century — would certainly have seen two wars, might well have seen three, and it might even happen that of those forty years the greater part were spent in war, and not in peace. The change is an enormous one." He drew attention to the fact that, in spite of the incessant talk of the day about "armaments," improved guns, more destructive ships, the reluctance of civilized nations to go to war plainly increases; that the growth of those in favor of peace which seemed so feeble only one hundred years ago, is now strong, and is one of the strongest guid- ing factors of national policy. This is sadly important, because it comes at a moment when one of the commonest topics of debate and conversation with us is, not how to promote peace, but whether we ought not to form "an alli- ance" with British Jingoes to kill brown people and seize their property. We are, at the moment these things are being said in London by some of the foremost men of our race, engaged in a . war, carried on with mediaeval atrocity, in which every advance made in morals or law or religion by Christendom is flouted or depreciated. We are preach- ing a new sixteenth-century view of na- ture and national greatness which Phi- lip the Second of Spain would have en- dorsed. We are throwing cold water on that great American doctrine of the su- premacy of the law above men, probably the noblest product of our Revolution. We are confessing the insufficiency of the Christian religion for the formation of character without occasional attacks on people who may never have injured us in mind, body, or estate, in order to kill them and destroy their property. And, worse than all, we hear these very sentiments from the sacred desk, from men who pretend to hold a commission from Jesus Christ. It is the most astounding case of back- sliding which has ever occurred in the history of civilization. As the Turk is fading away— a striking illustration of the folly of force, to use no stronger term— we, the "foremost in the files of time," are trying to step into his place and become the savage bully of Christ- endom which he was in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; a nation which cares not to be powerful through morals and laws, but through capacity for slaughter and plunder. THE OROKER SYSTEM. It is said proudly of Croker, by him- self as well as by his friends, that there is no humbug about him— that whatever else he may be he is no hypocrite. His testimony on the witness stand con- firms this view of him. He frankly confesses his rulership of the city, and asserts his rights to the emoluments of his government. If the people of the city do not like the picture which he draws of their condition as his subjects and serfs, that does not trouble him a parti- cle. He is what he is through their per- mission, and if they feel humiliated by his contemptuous references to them, and by the disgrace with which his open avowal of his power brands them as free- born American citizens, they have only themselves to blame. He shows himself without concealment to be a ruler who is as dull of moral sense, and as indif- ferent to the character and good reputa- tion of his associates and allies, as he is ignorant and brutal. If any of his as- sociates are ashamed of his company and leadership, he does not spare their feelings. He is thoroughly satisfied with himself and his system, and they had best be the -same. His treatment of his Mayor is espe- cially characteristic. He himself, and not the Mayor, selected the subordinate officers of the city government. He, and not the Mayor, sits with these officers at The Club and discusses all matters of public business, including especially the selection of subordinates. "I am the leader of the party, and I acknowledge it," he says. "At the present time your influence is greater than that of any man you know?" he is asked, and he nods complacently in the affirmative. Quite right, he is too. There is no power on earth at all comparable to it, when we consider that it is self-assumed and is exercised without any responsibility whatever to the people who pay the cost of it. He selects nominees for public office, including judicial positions, but he cannot quite admit that they pay such high prices for the latter as $12,000 or $18,000 each. He is chairman of his own Finance Committee, but he does "not know always" what money comes into his hands, and does "not always" keep an account of what he receives. When checks are made out to his order, he endorses them. A little light upon the extreme caution with which he conducts his exchequer is thrown by the testi- mony of ex-Justice Pryor, who was as- sessed $10,000 for his nomination in 1891. Mr. Pryor made his check payable to the order of Richard Croker, but the next day Mike Daly, the ever-faithful, brought it back with a request that he make it payable "to bearer," which he did. No part of Mr. Croker's testimony is more illuminating than that in which he sets forth frankly what he expects of the men to whom he sells judicial nomina- tions. He expects all of them to do their duty by Tammany, but "they I don't always do it." Which ones do not? "I don't want to talk about men that has not done that. There is men on the bench now that has not done that — a few of them." Those who do their duty always appoint good Tammany men as referees. The referees, among other things, select the auctioneers, and good Tammany referees always select Peter F. Meyer of the firm of Meyer & Croker. When referees appoint this firm they "do good party acts." The full testimony on this point is too valuable to be con- densed: "Q. And the judge ought to do that thing which puts into your pocket money, because you are a Democrat, too? A. Yes. "Q. Then we have this: that you partici- pate in the selection of judges before they are elected, and then participate in emolu- ment that comes away down at the end of their judicial proceedings, namely, in judi- cial sales? A. Yes, sir. "Q. And it goes into your pocket? A. Yes, that is my own money. "Q. And the nomination of the judges by Tammany Hall in this city is almost equi- valent to an election, is it not? A. Yes. "Q. So that if you have a controlling voice in the affairs of your party and secure the nomination of true men, you may be sure that at least in the Real-Estate Exchange and in the firm of Meyer & Croker you will, as a true Democrat, get some of the patronage? A. We expect them at least to be friendly. "Q. And get a part of the patronage? A. Yes, sir. "Q. You are working for your own pocket? A. All the time, and you too. "Q. Then, it is not a matter of wide states- manship or patriotism altogether, but it is wide statesmanship, patriotism, and personal gain mixed up? A. It is, 'To the party be- longs the spoils.' I will say that, so you can make it all right up here. We win, and . everybody stands by us when we win." Croker said voluntarily of the profits of this branch of his "private business": "I want to say to you now that my half in that business has amounted to $25,000 or $30,000 right along for the last six or seven years." That is a tidy income to receive by means of a "pull" on the bench. Without that "pull," the busi- ness would not have been worth a cop- per. In view of this admission, Cro- ker's fervid declaration that he will sacrifice his right hand if any one can show he has taken a dollar of city money, gives us a sample of his moral sense. He uses the power of his posi- tion as boss to levy blackmail through the bench, and then calls the result "private business." The generalization from this revela- tion to the whole Croker system of gov- ernment is easy and logical, but when Mr. Moss tried on Friday to get Croker to say that what went on in relation to referees and judicial sales went on in relation to all other varieties of the spoils of victory, the boss was wary and pretended not to understand him. This does not throw the slightest doubt on the matter, however. It is the natural and incontestable inference that the boss who takes this view of a judge's duties should take a like view of the duties of all other of his nominees to whom he has sold offices. Ex-Justice Daly gave under oath on Friday the familiar narrative of his exclusion by Croker from the bench

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April 20, 1899] Tlie Nation 291 because he would not favor the transfer of the place for judicial sales to the office of Meyer & Croker, and because he would not, at Croker's request, appoint Mike Daly to a clerkship. Young Croker and Croker's nephew have shown how the boss works the Building Department for his private pocket; why should any one doubt that he works all other depart- ments in the municipal service in the same way? As he himself says, he has to "get a living." That he gets an ex- tremely good one, is notorious. The people of the city are supporting him in great affluence, and it is not surprising that their docility under his power, as well as their generous treatment of him, should make him a bit arrogant at times. It is extremely edifying to see the same Republicans who are unable to find anything objectionable in Piatt's methods of party leadership, hold up their hands in horror over the revela- tion that Croker has been using his own sons as collectors of revenue for his pe- culiar government. To think, they say, of a father introducing nis own offspring to »uch a life as that! Is there any dif- ference between what Croker has done and what everybody knows Piatt has been doing for the past five or six years? Has not Piatt been using one son in the family law business and another in the family surety company in precisely the same way in which Croker has been us- ing his son and nephew? If a contractor wished to have his kind of fireproofing authorized for use by the Building De- partment, he either took a Croker boy into partnership, or retained a Croker nephew as "counsel" at a fee of $5,000 or $10,000. If a citizen wished dur- ing the past few years to get a bill through the Legislature, and retained the Old Man's family law firm as coun- sel, it was at once "sure to pass," was it not? If a contractor wished to get a piece of canal work under Aldridge, he took out his bond from the Old Man's Surety Company, did he not? In short, have not both bosses used their sons in the same way — that is, to get profit for themselves by putting forth the boys as repositories of the "pull"? If not, will some good Republican point out the dif- ference to us? Croker himself asserted this fellowship in his testimony on Saturday. When , asked to reveal the business enterprises of his boys, he protested: "All this talk is very well, but why don't you go and examine the man that created you and sent you here? Go and investigate the office of Tracy, Boardman & Piatt. There is more corruption in that office than in any office in this town. They are retained by nearly every corporation in this town. Go and attend to them. Go and investigate the man you get your retainer from, Mr. Moss; [turning to the chairman] the man who made you possible; Piatt is the man I mean." If this were a non-partisan inquiry, both bosses would be put on -the stand, but everybody knows that the committee would not dare to accept Croker's chal- lenge, and put Piatt on the stand, or Piatt's sons and their partners; and knows, furthermore, that Mr. Moss would not be allowed to question Piatt and his boys as he has questioned Cro- ker and his. We have always affirmed that one boss is as bad as the other, and that there is no difference in their systems of government. It is edifying and amusing to see broker asserting this fact as in some sort a justification for himself. THE CANDIDACY OF BRYAN. Mr. Bryan's speech at the One Dollar Dinner must be viewed with reference to his candidacy. It was more moderate in tone than was generally expected, and perhaps more so than his audience desired. The latter came together pre- pared for "hot stuff," and the speaker cotfld not have given them too much of it. On the other hand, he gave them a very tame discourse as compared with his speeches in the last Presidential cam- paign. On the silver question, he charg- ed that President McKinley had pursued a negative rather than a positive course, which is true, but it is also true of Mr. Bryan in this instance. He did not even say what he would do if all power were placed in his hands. He limited himself to some criticism of the policy of the Republican party, and it is worth while to inquire whether this criticism is well founded or not. Mr. Bryan assumed rather calmly that the gold standard was a foreign contriv- ance, more particularly British. It was at all events un-American. He looked into the Chicago platform for his proof. It was easy to pass from this assumption to the other one, that the American standard (or as he prefers to call it, the double standard) is silver, and that al) persons who consider the existing gold standard American, and who stand by it, are radicals and destructives, while those who are for changing it are conserva- tives. Hence his words: "They [the Re- publicans] are destructive, not construc- tive; they oppose without proposing." This was the most exciting phrase in his whole speech, and it reads rather tamely by the side of his previous utterances on the same subject. Mild as it is in tone, however, it cannot be accepted until all the rules of logic, from Aristotle down, are turned topsy-turvy. The con- servatives are those who conserve, and the destructives are those who destroy, or would if they could. The gold stan- dard, according to Mr. Bryan's party, was introduced into this country by "the crime of 1873." That act had no signifi- cance or meaning otherwise. The gold standard had been introduced de facto in 1834; but, if we allow room for all kinds of quibbles on that point, the truth still remains, that the gold standard has existed here de facto and de jure for more than a quarter of a century, and is now on a firmer basis than ever before in the country's history. Even if we were to suppose that it is more foreign, or more British, than American, it has been ours by free choice for nearly a whole generation. Nobody imposed it upon us from abroad in the first in- stance, and nobody has prevented us from casting it off since. Nobody has been strong enough to do so. There- fore, Mr. Bryan's assumption that the gold standard is un-American falls to the ground, notwithstanding the high authority of the Chicago platform, which he helped to make, and with it falls his solemn argument that the Republicans are destructive and not constructive in this particular, and that they oppose without proposing. They are neither de- structive nor constructive. They simply hold fast to what exists. That Mr. Bry- an should find some support from the Wolcott Commission, which President McKinley sent abroad in 1897, is nothing to the purpose. This merely proves that Mr. McKinley was tarred with the same stick, but to a less extent than Bryan himself. Very little fault is to be found with any other part of Mr. Bryan's speech. His remarks about an income tax are moderate in tone, and those on the war in the Philippines might have been stronger without passing the bounds of just criticism. He discountenanced the Trusts and combines that have mul- tiplied so enormously of late, but not too vigorously. What he said about government by injunction was tame in comparison with his earlier sayings on the same subject. Altogether, the speech leaves the impression that he desired not to offend the conservative element of the Democratic party, or to make united action, with him as a candidate, impossible next year. Yet we doubt if he has succeeded in it. The chasm be- tween himself and the Gold Democrats — those who voted for McKinley and Ho- bart in 1896, as well as those who voted for Palmer and Buckner — is still so wide that if he had ignored the silver ques- tion altogether they could not take him for their candidate next year. According to present appearances, however, the South, which is the con- trolling element in the Democratic party, will insist upon making the fight again on the silver issue, and in that event Bryan is the inevitable nominee, and the party will be thrashed at the polls again, although it will be their turn next year to win. Silver is not the question that most engages public attention now. It is not nearly as attractive an issue as it was three years ago. All the enthusi- asm, all the spontaneity, have gone out of it. It was not this that gave Mr. Bryan his warm greeting at the One Dollar Dinner, but himself as the party's standard-bearer in the last campaign. It cannot be affirmed again that the gold standard is the cause of hard times

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292 The Ration [Vol. 68, No. 1764 —the hard times have gone, but the gold standard remains. Ancient prejudice against Great Britain will not serve the turn now, because the prejudice does not exist. More votes will be lost than gained by inveighing against the British gold standard. Nobody can say with a straight face that there is not gold enough to do the world's business, or to maintain prices. In short, a campaign on that issue next year will be an ana- chronism, and will become a weariness or a laughing-stock before the voting takes place. Yet it seems now as though the masters of the Democratic party in the South would have it so. Something may occur in the next twelvemonth to change the drift of sentiment in the South, but it has not shown itself as yet. AN ACADEMIC DISCUSSION OF EXPAN- SION. Philadelphia, April 12, 1899. The third annual meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, held in this city on April 7-8, ranks easily as the most important incident in the life of the organization. Founded ten years ago through the personal endeavors of energetic leaders, the pretentious title and novel methods of the organization exposed it to sharp criticism and inevitable discredit. A sagacious ad- ministrative policy and an increasing scien- tific activity have done much to change this attitude within the past few years. The Academy is neither in fact nor in purpose a scientific body such as the American Eco- nomic Association or the American Histori- cal Association; but at the present time few economists or historians are unaffiliated with the organization, and none can afford to neg- lect its proceedings and its publications. Not only for the important local influence it has exerted, but for the stimulus and direction it has given to the intelligent discussion of matters of grave public concern, the Aca- demy has within a decade of more or less experimental activity fully justified its ex- istence. Three years ago the policy of an annual scientific meeting, held in Philadelphia dur- ing the spring recess, was adopted. A tradi- tional programme of miscellaneous papers engaged the first meeting. In 1898 the ad- vantage of specialized discussion was recog- nized, and the sessions were devoted to the consideration of a single topic— the scope and method of sociology. The same practice prevailed in the present year, and the inte- rest of a larger circle was enlisted by the selection, as the theme of the meeting, of "The Foreign Policy of the United States: Commercial and Political." The skilful ar- rangement of the programme, the repre- sentative character of the participants, and the significance of the papers presented were the elements that placed this last meeting in an entirely different category from any of those which had preceded. The first session, on Friday afternoon, was devoted to the general subject, "The Gov- ernment of Dependencies." Formal papers were presented with this common title by Prof. Theodore S. Woolsey of Yale, Prof. E. W. Huffcut of Cornell, Mr. A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Mr. W. Alleyne Ireland of London. In scholarship and definiteness these papers were probably the most satis- factory of any presented at the meeting. The actual condition of affairs arising out of the war- with Spain was in each case confronted, and certain definite rules of practical con- duct were proposed. Prof. Woolsey called attention to the two theories underlying the relationship between a state and its dependencies. The first, rep- resented by the Dutch rule in Java, regards colonies as property from which an income is to be drawn; the second, exemplified by Bri- tish colonial policy, considers them a kind of trust to be administered for the benefit of the inhabitants, while the profit to the mo- ther state comes in the enlarged opportuni- ties for the energies of its surplus youth and in that stimulated trade which follows the flag. The second principle will, doubt- less, shape the form of government to be adopted for the new dependencies placed un- der our sovereignty. Porto Rico presents ma- terials for a State after Territorial appren- ticeship; or, as an unorganized Territory, we may watch it working out its ideas of self- government. In the Philippines, different so- cial, racial, and geographical conditions ren- der a similar policy impossible, and instruc- tion may be derived from a study of the re- sults of British administration in India. It seems clear that a civil government for these islands, under our Constitution, is, and must be for the indefinite future, inadmissible. Military government, dependent upon the in- action of Congress, is the only course pos- sible. The constitutional problems involved in the government of dependencies by the United States were discussed with acuteness and learning by Prof. Huffcut. A detailed analysis of all the constitutional restric- tions upon congressional power and of all the pronouncements of the federal courts relat- ing thereto, resulted in the conclusion that it is possible to hold, with entire loyalty to the Constitution and respect for judicial de- cisions, that all dependencies, except the Dis- trict of Columbia, are governed under the general power given to Congress "to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States"; that this power is limited only by the provision pro- hibiting slavery within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction; that no decision of the Supreme Court holds that any other limit is placed upon the power of Congress over the Territories, and that such dicta as may be found to the contrary either are wholly discredited, or resolve themselves Into a mere statement of constitutional or political theory. Mr. Lowell assumed the two propositions which the preceding papers had established, viz., that our primary aim is to be the wel- fare of the dependencies, and that the Fed- eral Constitution will not interfere seriously with the establishment of the most desirable form of government in our new possessions. It is not improbable that our institutions can be applied to the Sandwich Islands without modification, and a Territorial government copied from the pattern that has proved suc- cessful in the West will doubtless be there employed. In the Philippines the task is that of ruling a tropical colony where the proportion of white men must always remain insignificant, and where the natives, except in the case of selected individuals, will be incapable of taking part in the government for an indefinite period. The most important requisites for the administration of such a colony are justice, a consistent policy, and a thorough knowledge of the native character. For Porto Rico, the obvious solution would appear to be a Territorial administration, with a governor appointed by the President, and a Legislature composed partly of ap- pointed and partly of elected members. Mr. Ireland, speaking from the experience of long residence in the British colonies, ex- pressed the opinion that the inhabitants of the tropics will never be capable of self-gov- ernment in the sense which is usually attach- ed to that expression, and that without the strong hand of the man of the North to hold things together, the tropics will never ad- vance beyond the point which has been reached by the Central American republics. The annual address to the Academy, deliv- ered by the Hon. Carl Schurz on Friday eve- ning, under the title "Militarism and De- mocracy," served as a wholesome corrective of the matter-of-fact, indeed cheerful, ac- quiescence in the existing state of affairs which characterized the afternoon's proceed- ings. Defining militarism as the system which makes the maintenance of great armaments one of the principal objects of the state, Mr. Schurz proceeded, with philosophic spirit and unerring logic, to trace the opposition of such a system to the democratic spirit, and to describe the danger it offers to demo- cratic institutions. The development of mili- tarism in European states is explained by the necessity which each Power conceives itself to be under to protect itself from, and to preserve peace among, its neighbors. In the United States the need for large arma- ments can result only from a spirit of war- like adventure, beginning, perhaps, in a de- sire to liberate and civilize certain foreign populations, but developing into a downright and reckless policy of conquest. There was a stirring quality of comprehensive grasp and large statesmanship in Mr. Schurz's ad- dress, and no more accurate key-phrase for its content could be found than one of its happiest epigrams: "War makes military heroes, but makes also civic cowards." Our commercial relations with the Far East formed the general topic of Saturday afternoon's session. Formal papers were presented by Mr. Worthington C. Ford, late Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States Treasury Department, and by Mr. Robert T. Hill of the United States Geo- logical Survey. Briefer addresses were made by Mr. John Foord, Secretary of the Ameri- can Asiatic Association, by Dr. W. P. Wil- son, director of the Philadelphia Commer- cial Museums, and Prof. E. R. Johnson of the University of Pennsylvania. It was in- evitable that a discussion of commercial de- velopment should resolve itself into a series of conflicting forecasts, yet the most tole- rant mind experienced a keen sense of disap- pointment at the hopeless antagonism of ex- pert opinion. To Mr. Ford, the commercial opportunities of the United States in the Far East seemed rigidly limited, even though Manila be maintained as a free port or em- ployed as a manufacturing basts. To Mr. Hill, the development of China under the protective policy of European nations meant opportunity for our young men and markets for our wares, while continued Chinese me- thods presented not one ray of hope for national profit. To Mr. Foord, the natural line of commercial advance lay in the posi- tive support by the United States of the poli- cy of the" open door In China. , Dr. Wil- son found the key to the situation in a

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April 20, 1899] The Nation 293 larger energy and bolder initiative of the American merchant and manufacturer, and Prof. Johnson cast an apparently well-found- ed discredit upon the statistical basis of the debate. The final session of the meeting on Satur- day night was devoted to the political rela- tions of the United States with the Far East. If not the most profitable, this was certainly the most brilliant session. Prof. John Bas- sett Moore presented a brief historical re- view of our diplomatic intercourse with the East, naturally revealing the -scholarly aca- demician rather than the efficient diplomat- ist. The main address, upon "China's Rela- tion with the West," was made by the Chi- nese Minister, his Excellency Wu Ting- Fang. We have probably had no more skilful presentation of the case of China and her claims than this forcible statement of one of her most distinguished representatives. The gradual but sure advance of Chinese ci- vilization, the mischievous effects of "prose- lytism" and "commercialism" in the Far East, and the antithesis between the ethical pretence and actual practice of Western na- tions in their dealings with China, were described with extraordinary skill and abili- ty. In a rather misplaced "discussion" that followed the important address of the eve- ning, Prof. Lindley M. Keasbey suggested that our guiding policy in the Far East be economic competition with all and political alliance with none. Prof. Frederick W. Wil- liams of Yale found in Russian aggression the real menace of China and the world, and urged that we harken before it is too late to "the Macedonian cry of that misgoverned nation to go over and help them." Vivid, ness and color were given to the discussions of the meeting by a special exhibit of the products of the Far East at the Commercial Museums, arranged and described in an in- formal address on Saturday morning by Di- rector W. P. Wilson. The Council of the Academy took steps tot the publication at an early date of the pro- ceedings of the meeting in full, and for the provision of a permanent home for the or- ganization. The only change in the officers of the Academy was the election as Cor- responding Secretary of Prof. L. S. Rowe, to whose energy as chairman of the local com- mittee the success of the meeting was large- ly due. J. H. H. HOUSSAYE'S WATERLOO. Paris, April 5, 1899. M. Henry Houssaye is writing the history of the fall of the First Empire, with the help of original documents. The two first volumes of this work had for their titles: '1814-1815— The First Restoration, The Re- turn from Elba, The Hundred Days.' The last and third volume has just appeared un- der the title, '1815— Waterloo.' Many ac- counts of the battle of Waterloo have been written. M. Houssaye has evidently had the ambition to write the last and to leave no- thing behind him for future historians. He enters first into infinite details upon the last army of t*e Empire, the army which Napoleon organized after his return from Elba. For this purpose he has availed him- self of the documents found in the archives of the Ministry of War. Napoleon found only 200,000 men under the French flag on his return. "If," says M. Houssaye, "he had had his old absolute power, he would have doubled the army by an extraordinary call of the classes of 1806 to 1814, by the recall of the class of 1815, and the call by anticipation of the class of 1816." But he hesitated, having only just seized the crown again, before so unpopular a measure as the reestablishment of the conscription, which had been abolish- ed by Louis XVIII. His only resource was the recall to the regiments of the soldiers who were absent on limited or unlimited leaves, and the recall of the great number of deserters who figured on the regimental lists as "absent without permission." The men who were absent on leave were 32,800, the deserters 85,000. It was difficult to count on many of this last number. Napoleon feared, besides, to put the army too suddenly on a war-footing; he was trying by all means to enter into negotiation with the Powers to maintain peace. The French po- pulation wished ardently for the continua- tion of peace. The west of France was agi- tated, the south was partly in arms; the royalists all over France predicted war. As soon as all hope was given up of an under- standing with the Powers, Napoleon pub- lished his decree; the French funds in one day suffered a fall of eight francs. France felt that she must prepare for a terrible war, perhaps for a new invasion. The feeling of the country is well shown by the number of free volunteers: there were only 15,000. Napoleon had to augment the regular army by the mobilization of the Na- tional Guard. He would have much liked to keep the four Swiss regiments of the army of Louis XVIII., but the Swiss officers refused to exchange the white cockade for the tri- color, and these regiments had to be dis- banded. He could keep only two foreign regiments, Isenberg and the Irish regiment. Of the 234,720 National Guards who were called into active service, 150,000 were on their way to their regiments on the 15th of June; they were not enthusiastic, but resign- ed, and determined to do their duty. The correspondence of Napoleon shows what immense pains he took to equip and organize completely his new army, to form the corps, to choose the troops of the first line. The command of the corps was of the greatest importance. Of the twenty marshals of France, three had accompanied Louis XVIII. to Belgium— Berthier, Marmont, Vic- tor. Many of the others were wavering and did not inspire Napoleon with great confi- dence. He was especially discontented with Ney, but, after some hesitation, he wrote to the Minister of War: "Call for Marshal Ney, and tell him that if he wishes to be in the first battles, he must go on the 14th to Avesnes, where my headquarters will be." Napoleon refused to give a command to Murat; he had not forgiven him for having begun hostilities so late in 1814 against the Austrians. He regretted this decision at St. Helena. "At Waterloo," he said in oneof those conversations, or rather monologues, which have just been repeated to us in the Memoirs of Gourgaud, "Murat would perhaps have given us the victory. What did we need? To break three or four English squares. Murat was just the man for it." Grouchy was an able officer, and like Murat could handle well great masses of cavalry. Napoleon gave him a command. The choice of a major-general was all-im- portant. Berthier had always occupied this post, to the satisfaction of the Emperor; he had been an admirable instrument. He did not remain long at Ghent, but left for Bam- berg, where lived his uncle by marriage, the King of Bavaria; he was kept there as a sort of prisoner of the Allies. On the 1st of June, as a Russian regiment was passing be- fore the castle on its way to France, Berthier was seen to leave a window on the first floor, to reappear at a window on the third floor, to fall from it on the pavement. His death was attributed to an accident; it was probably a suicide. Napoleon's choice for a major-gene- ral fell on Soult, who had never occupied the post. Napoleon wished to have it occupied by a Marshal of France. He left Davout In the Ministry of War. The commanders of the army corps were all able and experienced men. "Never," says M. Houssaye, "will the French army have such chiefs. All of them had made war for more than twenty years, and none of them was as much as fifty years old." Napoleon's age was forty-six years; Davout was forty-five, Soult forty-six, Ney forty-six, Grouchy forty-nine, Drouet d'Er- lon forty-nine, Lobau forty-five, Lamarque forty-five, Kellermann forty-five, Reille forty- four, Vandamme forty-four, Rapp forty-three, Clausel forty-three, Suchet forty-three, Pajol forty-three, Gerard forty-two, Drouot forty- one, Exelmans forty. All these men, who had so often led their soldiers to victory, had no longer their old faith in the success of the French arms. They knew well what formid- able armaments were preparing against the Emperor. Division reigned in the general staff; discipline suffered from the effect of a general suspicion; the soldiers believed only in the Emperor, they all wanted to be passed in review by him. They believed that they alone had brought Napoleon back to the Tuileries. The army of 1815, sensitive, un- disciplined, distrusting its chiefs, troubled by the fear of treason, but ardent for vengeance, was capable of the most heroic efforts. "Nev- er," says M. Houssaye, "did Napoleon have in his hand a more dangerous or more fra- gile weapon." Napoleon had made his plan of campaign early, long before the breaking out of hos- tilities; it was based on that of the Allies, which was known to him. Six armies were to cross the French frontier — four from Mau- beuge to Bale; the three others by way of the Alps. Napoleon decided to concentrate an army of 150,000 men on the northern frontier, to fight separately the English and the Prussians, and then to deal with his other enemies. It was necessary for him to operate so as to hinder the junction of Wel- lington and Blucher. The Allies did not un- derstand his movements of concentration. On the 15th of June, when Napoleon had already a foot in Belgium, Wellington wrote a long letter to the Czar, in which he said that he would assume the offensive at the end of the month. Blucher, a few days before, wrote to his wife from Namur: "We shall soon be in France. We might easily stay a year longer here, for Napoleon will not attack us." 1 will not follow M. Houssaye into all the par- ticulars of the campaign. After Charleroi was taken, Napoleon and Ney had an interview. The Emperor told Ney to take command of the First and Second Corps, to follow the enemy on the road to Brussels, and to take position at a cross-road called Quatre-Bras. Ney, prudent for the first time in his life, took position only at some distance from Quatre-Bras; nevertheless, Napoleon had succeeded in establishing himself in the centre of the enemy's position. After Byron, after Thackeray, M. Hous- saye gives us a description of the eve of Waterloo at Brussels. He is rather severe

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294 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1764 on Wellington. At the ball of the Duchess of Richmond, Wellington was very gay; he entered the room only towards midnight: "This whole day, he obstinately kept his troops dispersed at four, eight, ten, fifteen leagues from each other; and his evening orders, by which he flattered himself to have repaired his grave fault, were pitiable. . . . If his orders had been executed, a gap of four leagues would have been opened be- tween Nivelles and the Dyle, a gap through which Ney could have advanced half way to Brussels without firing a gun, or have fallen on the rear of the Prussian army and caused its utter destruction. . . . For- tunately for the Allies, some of the subor- dinates of Wellington took it upon them- selves to act without awaiting his orders, and others intelligently disobeyed those which, after so much time lost, he I leave it to military judges to weigh the value of these remarks. M. Houssaye, on the other hand, defends the Emperor against the imputations of theoretical strategists like Charras (who wrote, during his exile undei the Second Empire, a minute account of the battle of Waterloo), who denounce Napo- leon's fatal indecision and torpor of mind during the campaign. Lord Wolseley has lately made similar criticisms; but, if we judge of Napoleon's state of mind by the in- cessant orders he gave during those momen- tous days, it is difficult to admit that his in- telligence was impaired. Wellington's and Blucher's meeting near the village of Brye must have been very im- pressive. It took place before the battle of Ligny, which ended in the defeat and retreat of the Prussian army. During the battle, Napoleon sent nine dispatches to Marshal Ney, with whose help he hoped to annihilate completely the army of Blucher, but Ney "was no more the same man," said Napoleon at St. Helena; he had become too prudent, and had neglected to occupy the position of Quatre-Bras; his divisions were dispersed, and when Napoleon himself determined to attack Quatre-Bras, he had to fight a real bat- tle against Wellington. The battle was lost by him, or rather ended without any result, as in the evening the English and the French resumed nearly the same positions they had in the morning, with the difference only that the English were now in force in positions where before they had only detachments. When Wellington heard of the defeat of the Prussians at Ligny and their retreat on Wavre, he determined to cccupy Mont-Saint- Jean, a strong defensive position, which he had studied the year before. He received news of Blucher on the night of the 17th to the 18th June at two o'clock in the morn- ing, and, being assured of the cooperation of the Prussians, he resolved to accept the bat- tle. Napoleon dictated the same night his order of battle. All the details of the great strug- gle are known— the last review of the French troops, the dispositions for the attack, the storming of the farm of Hougoumont, the or- ders sent to Grouchy, who had 30,000 men under his command when the first Prussian columns appeared, the charges of D'Erlon, of the Somerset Guards, of the Ponsonby Dra- goons, the two attacks on La-Haye-Sainte, the repeated charges of the French Cuiras- siers, the storming of La-Haye-Sainte by the French infantry, the coming into line of Bil- low, the last general attacks, the assault on the Mont-Saint-Jean by the Guard, the final defeat, the rout, and the confused retreat of the French army, followed by the Prussian cavalry. Napoleon had been warned before the battle by Gerard, who spoke to him of the tenacity of the British infantry. Instead of manoeuvring and making flank move- ments, he wished' to mark his victory by what he called a coup de tonnerrc; he deter- mined to concentrate on the English centre in its trenches a terrific artillery fire, and to break this centre so as to divide the English army in two, and to obtain a crushing and terrific victory. He did not reckon suflBciently with that "indomitable English courage," of which Macaulay speaks, which is never greater than in the evening of an undecided and murderous struggle. The details of the French retreat given by M. Houssaye are appalling. The army had made too great an effort. All hope was given up, and the Prussian cavalry had too easy a task in following with merciless ardor the remnants of what was the last army of Napoleon. Correspondence. A PROTEST AND A PROPHECY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Like yourself, I should have preferred a real leader of men such as Thomas B. Reed in the White House, rather than Mc- Kinley, who parcels out not only his patron- age, but all his functions, among Senators and Representatives, and who heeds clamor rather than the country's welfare. I would much rather have a man of whom a modern Ennius might sing: "... non posuit rumores ante salutem." Like yourself, I cannot see any wisdom in paying $20,000,000 for an unfailing source of bloodshed, waste, and scandal. But on one point you wrong our President. You accuse him, every now and theu, of doing this or that shabby thing to "get delegates," that is, to bring about his renomination. He Is undoubtedly quite innocent of anything of this kind, for he knows already perfectly well that no other candidate will contest the Republican nomination with him. The party in power cannot put forward anybody else than the incumbent without admission of failure. Mr. McKinley will be nominated on the first ballot, receiving the vote of every delegate; and as the Democrats cannot, be- tween now and November of next year, shake off Mr. Bryan and Sixteen-to-One, Mr. Mc- Kinley will be elected by a majority of over one hundred among the electors. Current problems should be discussed in the light of this prospect. Respectfully yours, D. Louisville, Ky.. April 10. 1899. "AS OUR FATHERS DID." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It is the fashion of the Administra- tion hack-writers to dismiss with scorn the assertion that the natives of the Philippines are heroically fighting for their liberties. But the race that has produced not only the able and much maligned Aguinaldo but also the great and lovable man of science and martyr, Rizal, has, in the course of its long history, proved time and again that it pos- sesses that real love of liberty which gives birth to the nations of the world. To stig- matize the Tagals as "mere savages" may suit the ignorant and indifferent minds among us, but there is no denying the fact that their two months' struggle against the power of the United States is part and parcel of their century-long battle to be free, from Spain, from us, from all the races of men who have sought to make them less than they hoped to be. The story of their strug- gle with Spain is too glorious for the world ever to forget, and the necessities of the op- portunist policy of the Administration can- not blind us to its significance. They were on the eve of victory when we came to de» stroy their dream of a home-land all their own. No cry of traitor can silence the un- prejudiced historian who shall write the re- cord of this brave and valiant people, nor can our flag ever replace the heart-born liberty it seems bound now to extinguish "in the name of humanity." Senator Hoar and his able supporters are not alone in com- paring the struggle of the Filipinos with that which gave birth to our own republic. There is a notable tendency on the part of those who have had to do with the Tagals to compare them with our own patriots of old. A writer in Putnam's Magazine (vol. viii., p. 144), thirty-three years ago, thus describes (the italics are mine) the battle of the 27th of April, 1521, in which Magellan fell: "The battle with the steel arms of Europe against the wooden arrows and lances of the islanders lasted many hours. There was no flinching on either side. The courage of the Indian [i. e., Filipino] was proof against the mail of the Spaniards; the latter, appealing to their foes' terror and love of home, set fire to their houses, and a village was in a blaze. But, as our fathers in like case once did, the brave natives fought with more de- termined fury; and, with but seven or eight survivors, the Spaniards, as the fight grew fiercer, fell step by step back to the shore." Have the Filipinos changed in their love for liberty to-day? Hardly; they face the cannon, as their ancestors did the musket. Is it too late yet to "do justice and fear not"? Alex. F. Chamberlain. Worcester, mass.. April 11, 1S99. EXPATRIATION. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The opinion of Secretary Day con- cerning forfeiture of citizenship, against which a correspondent protests in the Nation of the 6th inst., seems not materially to differ from the opinions of his predecessors in of- fice, as quoted in Wharton's Digest, vol. 2, p. 446, and following. Daniel Webster's opinion was that "a per- son found residing in a foreign country is presumed to be there with the purpose of remaining; and, to relieve himself of the cha- racter which this presumption fixes upon him, he must show that his residence was only temporary, and accompanied all the time with a fixed and definite intention of re- turning. If in that country he engages in trade, and business, he is considered by the law of nations as a merchant of that coun- try; nor is the presumption rebutted by the residence of his wife and family in the country from which he came. This is the doctrine as laid down by the United States courts." • "Citizenship," says Mr. Fish, "involves duties and obligations as well as rights. The correlative right of protection by the Gov- ernment may be waived or lost by long-con- tinued avoidance and silent withdrawal from the duties of citizenship as well as by open renunciation." The opinions quoted from Secretaries Mar-

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April 20, 1899] The Nation £95 cy, Seward, and Evarts are in harmony ■with the foregoing. J- Foot Wayne, Ind., Aprils, 1893. DISARMAMENT AND PANSLAVISM. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In your issue of November 3, 1887, you printed an interesting letter from Theo- dore von Bunsen on "International Peace," disarmament, and arbitration. The whole letter is worth rereading, but one sentence in particular has a peculiar point just now: "To my mind, the great approaching war with Panslavism must be fought before a reduction of European armaments by mutual consent can be brought before a conference of the Powers." W. H. B. Athens, Ga., April 10, 1899. [Bunsen's prevision has been falsified by the Czar of the Slavs taking the initiative. The conference will be held, and reduction brought before it. — Ed. Nation.] SINCERE GOOD CATHOLICS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Perhaps an astute Pope of Rome, dealing with "gocd American" Catholics, might be able scmewhat to harmonize mat- ters—if I've rightly divined what a good American and a presumed bad American Catholic may be — by following the course prescribed by Clement IX., as laid down in Voltaire's 'Siecle de Louis XIV.', ch. xxxii., page 435, upon the subject of Jansenism: 'Rospigliosi, devenu pape sous le nom de Clement IX., pacifia tout pour quelque temps. II engagea les quatre gvequesa signer sin; drc- ment le formulaire, au lieu de purement et (implement." If the "good American" branch would only be sincere instead of pure and simple, and would just accept things that way, it would accommodate the Holy See, and probably everybody else would be satisfied. H. M. Doak. Nashville, Tenn., April 11, 1899. A CORRECTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you allow me space to correct a mistake which I made in the recent annual report of this museum, in describing one of the more important Greek vases acquired last year? The vase in question (page 68, No. 41) bears the signature of Hieron together with the name of his father. This name appears in the genitive — Me'Soxi-os — and 1 said it should have been Mei'Soxros. My statement was an error, the spelling was correct, and the name is Medon, not Meidon. As this is the first instance in which the name of Hie- ron's father has appeared, the matter is not without importance to students of Greek vases, and I make the correction here in the hope that it may reach as many of those who are interested in the subject. Very respectfully yours, Edward Robinson tory" I do not find enumerated among the causes of decline the struggle with the hall, as depicted in an address by a specialist, Dr. Ephraim Cutter, "to the section on laryncology and otology, at the forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Denver, Col., June 7-10, 1898." He considers it a humane undertak- ing on the part of the doctors to call at- tention to the auditorium indisposition and the remedy for the disorder. The ailment in part is due to the architect and also to the speaker. The former, nine times in ten, has in view the auditor's eye rather than his ear, ornamentation rather than phonation. An instance, among countless ones, is that of the Albert Memorial Town Hall, at Leeds, with its "magnificent walls and pillars of polished variegated marbles." Though a "ge- neral visibility of the platform to the whole audience" is not neglected, under the pre- vailing conditions of intelligence among ora- tors this hall encloses a space which the human voice fills with inarticulate echoes, and where the would-be hearers strain in- effectually for what is addressed to their in- telligence. To cite a case in America, the hall in Saratoga is of bad repute for hear- ing. To the architect the lecturer urges two ways of getting at the remedy: (1.) The con- crete. Take auditoriums, he advises, which are easy to sing and speak in, and he in- stances that of the First Congregational Church in Woburn, Mass., which the archi- tect, the late John Stevens of Boston, 'want- ed to be his monument. He certainly fa- vored the ear and eye both. There is not "a. seat of the fifteen hundred but commands a perfect hearing and view of the preacher or speaker at the pulpit." A well-known elo- cutionist "pronounced it to be the best au- ditorium for phonation he ever met with. Clergymen have testified to the same; sing- ers also." "Major Ambrose Bancroft, mas- ter carpenter, Woburn, has given me [the lecturer] the following dimensions of the auditorium: Height of ceiling from floor, 34 feet 10 inches; width, 80 feet; length, 150 feet; width of side galleries, 11 feet; width of rear galleries, 14 feet." The keynote of this auditorium is F. Another example is "the chapel cf the New York city Church of the Comforter." "The auditorium is 25x50 feet, open to the roof; height of ridge-pole, 18 feet." (2.) The ideal. "Study the nodes of the key of F, for example, and have the walls and height correspond to them." Sound the keynote; then, "walking in the di- rection of the long diameter of the audito- rium, note when the tone is loudest and weakest." In the Woburn church the node of the keynote is about fifteen feet. W. W. Tufts. Cambridge, Mass., April 16, 1899. Notes. AUDITORIUMS AND ORATORY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your editorial "Changes in Ora- The well-known English writer Major G. J. Younghusband joins the throng who compose books on the seat of what Senator Hoar aptly calls our present "civil war" in the East. He landed in Dewey and Mer- ritt's wake, and 'The Philippine Islands and Round About' is the result, to be published directly by Macmillan & Co. They also promise without delay 'The Making of Ha- waii,' by Prof. William Fremont Blackman of Yale. Miss Hamm's portrait, in her 'Porto Rico and the West Indies' (F. Tennyson Neely), indicates a person not to be trifled with in the pursuit of knowledge. We have already noticed her work on the Philippines. The present is also the result of visits to the scene of observation, and possesses a like in- terest, conveyed (with the aid of many il- lustrations) in the same newspaper English. To make a thick volume, she has had to re- sort to historical compilation, and is most to be trusted in matters obviously within the range of her observation — climate, manners and customs, the status of women, cookery, products, trade and transportation, and the like. She finds it necessary, for the political development of the island, that our district system should be speedily introduced and adopted. "This simple and efficient ma- chinery is unknown to Spanish history." But Miss Hamm has a wholesome dread of "the adventurer and the carpet-bagger." Another book for the day, from the same firm, is an oblong collection of half-tone war portraits and views in the West Indies and the Philippines, under the title, 'Greater America.' The only text is in the legends. No doubt these photographic memoranda will have their value as time goes on; but their number is legion. In line with the foregoing is 'The Spanish- American War: The Events of the War De- scribed by Eye- Witnesses' (Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co.), consisting of chapters from the war correspondence of leading American journals. The narrative shifts from the East to the West Indies in a carefully prepared chronological sequence, the date being given in the running-title. For this reason, and because of the illustrations, the compilation will be found convenient to refer to. "A ready reference-book of facts and fig- ures, historical, geographical, and commer- cial, about Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philip- pines, Hawaii, and Guam," is the self-defini- tion, well justified, of the 'American Colonial Handbook,' edited by Thomas Campbell Copeland, and others (Funk & Wagnalls Co.). It is in the form of a catechism, pre- ceded by a synopsis of the treaty of peace, and in the case of each division by an his- torical sketch. Authorities are duly mar- shalled at the end. Each section has a map. A parallel index binds all together. The little volume, with rounded corners, slips easily into the pocket. Prof. A. G. Cameron's 'Selections from Ed- mond and Jules de Goncourt' (American Book Company) Is a decided success, if the aim of the book be, as we suppose it is, to stimulate and enable the reader to choose in- telligently, for more extensive reading, from among the numerous works of the Goncourts these most to his taste; for the selections, while too short to be of much interest in themselves, are sufficient, in connection with the analyses of the "Introduction," to give an idea of the style and character of the writings from which they are taken. The in- troduction, notes, list of critiques, and ap- pendixes, bear proof of great industry and genuine interest in the lives and works of the remarkable pair of brothers. If there were no other sign of the editor's diligent study of his subject, it would certainly be found in the originality and eccentricities of his own style, so plainly affected by the style— or shall we say the variant styles?— of the two Frenchmen. We remark that Re- nan's name is spelled with the acute accent every time it occurs.

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296 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 In No. 119 of the "Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes," M. Gabriel Monod be- gins what promises to be the best critical introduction in existence to the sources of the Carolingian period, in continuation of si- milar studies of the Merovingian sources in the same series. In this first part he is con- cerned with the Carolingian annals to 829, dealing mainly with their dependence upon one another, and their sources of informa- tion. M. Monod considers all the important theories of his predecessors in the same field, furnishing a most useful guide to the litera- ture of the subject, and gives, though never at great length, the results of his own stu- dies, which are characterized by all his well- known moderation and sound common sense. Of 175 pages, 60 are given to the great 'An- nates Laurissenses majores,' and 60 to two introductory chapters, which will be found of general interest, one on the general charac- teristics of the Carolingian historiography, and the other on the Carolingian renaissance. Perhaps M. Monod's most interesting sugges- tion is that the common features of the an- nals may be due not to their dependence on the work of some predecessor, but to their borrowing from a kind of circular letter which he supposes may have been sent out to inform the annalists of important events. Several years ago, Prof. Du Bois-Reymond of the University of Berlin published a dis- cussion of the principles of art from a phy- siological point of view, in which he main- tained that the delineations of centaurs and other monsters, whose organisms violate the laws of nature and can therefore have no real existence, are mythopoetic aberrations of the fancy, in which the modern artist should not indulge. Of the same general cha- racter is 'Die Schonheit des weiblichen Korpers,' recently issued by the Stuttgart publisher, Ferdinand Encke. The author, Dr. C. H. Stratz, is a physiologist and physician, and points out some curious pa- thognomonic symptoms in types of female beauty in famous works of art. Thus, ac- cording to his diagnosis, the celebrated Ve- nus of Botticelli in the Uffizi at Florence shows unmistakable signs of consumption, and ought not to be sailing naked in an open shell across the sea. A modern exam- ple of the same kind is furnished by Franz Stuck's "Expulsion from Paradise," exhibit- ed at Munich in 1891, in which peculiarly crooked limbs, enlarged joints, and depressed ribs of our common mother indicate that she had suffered severely from rickets in her childhood. Still another instance cited is the Aphrodite in Klein's "Judgment of Paris," whose bodily formation proves that rachitis must have prevailed in the abode of the Grecian deities as well as in Eden before the fall. Our author thinks the only reme- dy for such lapses is for artists to study pa- thology as well as anatomy. He also gives some sensible advice to women concerning the cultivation of beauty on hygienic prin- ciples. Ludwig Gunther of Stettin publishes a German translation of Kepler's 'Somnium,' a study of how astronomy would appear up- on the moon (Leipzig: Teubner). The name of Gunther (probably identical in origin with Gonthier, the family name of the Schwartzburgs) is already represented in science half-a-dozen times over, without counting the English Edmund Gunter. We are glad to make a new acquaintance worthy of the family. Prof. Sigismund Gunther of Munich is a learned and delightful writer on the history of the mathematical sciences. He has sometimes been accused of too great originality, but Herr Ludwig altogether surpasses him in a title-page which is "ein genaues Faksimile" of the original edition of the 'Somnium,' except that it is some- what reduced, and except that it is trans- lated from Latin into German! If the vol- ume had no other interest, it would be worth getting for a remarkable portrait of* Kepler, looking much more mathematical and less witty than Nordling's, which, however, Kepler himself said was not a good likeness. That is beetle-browed; this has a low, re- treating forehead. The nose, cheeks, and hair leave no doubt that this really is Kep- ler, and it is impossible to resist the convic- tion that it is a likeness. It is dated 1610, the year after the publication of the 'De motibus stellae Martis,' when Kepler was in Prague. The brood of daintily printed literary and semi-political journals which came into be- ing like so many butterflies a few years ago in this country, has, in spite of some failures, been reinforced of late. Such is In Lantern- Land, a monthly quarto, edited at Hartford, Conn., by Charles Dexter Allen, author of a well-known work on 'American Book- plates.' The fifth number, for April 1, con- tains a book-plate on a separate supple- mentary leaf. It comments on current topics, reviews books, deals with current fine art and the drama, and has at least the merit of se- rious intent. Another venture, La Crime (Boston: Charles E. Brown & Co.), is a 16mo in paper covers, each issue containing a sin- gle story. The first, for March 31, gives Kipling's "My Lord the Elephant," plus his "Recessional" and "Vampire." The principal article in the National Geo- graphic Magazine (Washington) for April is an account, by W. D. Wilcox, of two expe- ditions, in 1896 and 1898, to the sources of the Saskatchewan. Considerable danger was experienced in the first from an extensive forest fire, and in the second, which was in October, from the snow which fell on thir- teen of the seventeen days in which the ex- plorer was out. The scenery, of which seve- ral fine Illustrations are given, is "remarka- bly grand, and unfailing in variety of moun- tain forms so long as the valleys are the point of view"; but from high summits it is somewhat monotonous on account of the uni- formity in height of the thousands of moun- tains visible. The forests which clothe them up to 7,000 feet "are chiefly of Engelmann's spruce and balsam fir, with occasional areas of jack pine." Mr. Wilcox attributes no small measure of his success to the splendid qualities of his pack-horses. An interesting note is communicated by Mr. W. H. Dall on a harpoon-head obtained from a whale in Bering Sea which may have carried it at least thirty-six years. It bore the private marks of the Montezuma, once a British man- of-war, then a New Bedford whaler, and finally one of the "stone fleet" sunk in Charleston harbor during the Civil War. The Annales de Gdographie for March con- tains the introductory lecture of Prof. Vidal de la Blache of the University of Paris on the physical geography of France. Among the other articles is an historical sketch of the colonization of the provinces of Ufa and Orenburg in Eastern Russia, and an account of the Jewish and German agricultural colo- nies in Palestine. There are fourteen of the former, with 4,220 inhabitants, who have not succeeded yet as farmers, but make excellent gardeners and cultivators of the grape. Their wine sells in the European markets for four times as much as that made by the Germans. These number 1,500, all but 400 of whom are of the sect of the Templars, found- ed in 1868. They support themselves by both farming and grape-growing, and by pursuing various trades. The rector of the Jesuit College near Shanghai contributes a short note on the recent geographical and other scientific work of his society In China. These include explorations of the Yangtse River, collections of natural history, meteorological and astronomical observations, and the pre- paration of a "Chinese encyclopaedia, accepted officially by the Government, for the scienti- fic education of young China [Jo jeune Chine]." The principal topics treated in Pcter- mann's Mitteilungen, No. 2, are the geology of southwestern Hayti, and the Siberian dis- trict of Anadyr in extremest northeastern Asia. The products of Anadyr include coal and probably sulphur. Its Russian inhabitants number about 500, and have a high character for industry, temperance, morality, peacea- bleness, and "an ideal honesty." They are profoundly melancholy, however; social plea- sures, sports, dancing, and singing, being un- known among them. There are also shorter notices of the Nicaragua and Panama Canals, of the changes on the Netherland coast in 1897, and of the distribution of Danes and Germans in northern Schleswig, with a map. In supplemental No. 127 Dr. Carl Sappei treats of the geology, hydrography, orogra- phy, and surface soil of northern Central America, the result of observations made during the years 1888-1897. Three large maps and twenty-five geological profiles accom- pany the paper. The special features of the April Bulletin of the Boston Public Library are lists of books and documents added to the statistical department, and of works relating to baths, gymnasia, and the labor movement in Eng- land and America. The additions to the Brown musical library and to the Garrison collection of anti-slavery MSS. are also note- worthy. The twenty-third annual report of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts shows that the year 1898 was one of great prosperity for that institution. Bequests aggregating over a million dollars are recorded, and there is evidence of gratifying growth in every de- partment included in the museum. It is in the field of ancient art that the acquisitions of the year have been most extensive. The report of the curator of classical antiquities fills seventy-six pages, and deals with nearly four hundred objects, chiefly original spe- cimens of the minor arts of ancient Greece and Italy— small bronzes, engraved gems, ar- ticles of jewelry, painted vases, and the like. Not less noteworthy than the extent of these acquisitions is their high quality. Such a record is without a parallel in this country, and Boston is yearly exercising, by virtue of the policy of its museum, a more and more potent attraction upon American students and lovers of Greek art. Tommaso Corsini, President of the "As- sociation for the Protection of Ancient Flo- rence," has recently been presented with a written address, congratulating him on the success already attending the efforts of his society, but urging yet greater earnestness in the accomplishment of its purpose. To this paper are affixed ten thousand signatures, among which are the names of princes, a

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April 20, 1899] Th.e IsTation. 297 New York bishop, and prominent represen- tatives of historic, social, artistic, and ec- clesiastical circles of Europe. Complimented by this general expression of interest, but piqued by the accusation which it implies of their own indifference, the Florentines deny the destruction of historic buildings through so-termed "improvements," and recall the fact that, a few years since, they abandoned a project for broadening a certain street be- cause it involved the sacrifice of an ancient shrine and an old city gate. Is not this proof enough, they ask, that the modernizing of Florence will not be at the expense of her historic monuments? The Societe des Amis de l'UniversitS de Paris, which was organized some months ago, has issued a public announcement of its pur- pose and method. Its general object is to advance the interests of the University of Paris, and its first object will be to look after the welfare of the students; but the mainte- nance of dormitories and the offer of finan- cial aid to the needy, with help in the way of tutoring and coaching, are also in view. Quite naturally the Society will also offer special prizes for proficiency, a method much more popular in France than in any other country. It is generally understood that it will devote special attention to foreigners. Recently a few medical students of the University of Halle began a campaign against the admission of women to the courses of clinical instruction in that insti- tution, declaring that their presence pro- duced unpleasant situations and was ex- tremely painful to modest young men. They even went so far as to post their protest on the blackboard of the University of Berlin, in order to gain adherents to their views in other academical circles and to strength- en their position by a general agitation of the subject. This step on the part of under- graduates was resented by the medical facul- ty of Halle as an impertinence, and called forth a sharp reply, emphatically denying the truth of the statements made by the students, and attributing them partly to ig- norance of the facts and partly to wilful misrepresentation. The professors assert that the presence of women in the lecture- rooms and the clinical hospitals has not had the slightest injurious moral effect, nor di- minished in the least the earnestness with which the studies are pursued. They express thf:ir deep sorrow at the animosity shown by these students towards their female col- leagues, for which there is no ground what- ever. The faculty, it is added, would feel justified in disciplining the authors of the protest, were it not for the conviction that it had been made without due consideration of its nature and scope. In conclusion, the hope is expressed that the more thoughtful members of the clinic will disapprove of the regrettable action of their fellows, and that nothing more will occur to disturb the cor- dial relations hitherto existing between pro- fessors and students. —The Massachusetts Historical Society has just removed from its home on the slope of Beacon Hill, Boston (within a biscuit throw of the site of its foundation in 1791), to the border of the Fenway, the landscape garden- er's reclamation of the old-time estuary call- ed the Back Bay. This event was made the occasion by the President, Mr. Charles Fran- cis Adams, of a deferred inaugural address long beyond precedent and equally interest- ing, delivered at the new rooms on Thursday last before a select audience of which it was noticeable that ladies composed about a third. Himself a skilled writer of history and biog- raphy, Mr. Adams spoke to a large number of active and eminent cultivators of both these branches regarding the modification of the historian's aim and method induced by the publication of the 'Origin of Species'; and the corresponding change in the function of historical societies. Macaulay's and Ban- croft's histories were chosen as types of works at once over- long and fragmentary, and, from the Darwinian point of view, un- philosophical. Their great successors here- after are to be, not men of research among the sources, but builders on the monograph; and the main object of the historical society should be to facilitate knowledge and use of its collections by the patient specialists whose quintessence the evolutionary historiograph- er will pack away in four volumes like Green in his 'History of the English People,' or in one like Goldwin Smith's 'History of the United States.' — Mr. Adams would not have been him- self if he had not enlivened his discourse with much humor and many striking ob- servations, such as his summing up the bloody battles of Antietam and Gettysburg as meaning, for his own personal participa- tion in them, a couple of refreshing naps on the field. And again, he had ascertained that, "in the case of one public library in a considerable Massachusetts city," the copy of Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall' had, "in thirty years, not once been consecutively read through by a single individual." The orator quoted Darwin's approval, as not ex- aggerated, of a German opinion that "all other series of events— as that which re- sulted in the culture of mind in Greece, and that which resulted in the empire of Rome- only appear to have purpose and value when viewed in connection with, or rather as subsidiary to, . . . the great stream of Anglo-Saxon emigration to the west"— which Mr. Adams translates into the voyage of the Mayflower and the founding of Boston. The Massachusetts Historical Society, we remark in closing, is the oldest in America. It would be interesting to know if Mr. Adams's "possibly the first [to be organized] in the world" is also among its titles to distinc- tion. —The fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth vol- umes of the 'Dictionary of National Bio- graphy' (Macmillan) carry this great work fairly into the letter W, so that it "smells land," in the Suffolk phrase. As our read- ers are well aware, many foreigners find commemoration here whose lives were as- sociated with England, and one meets with such contrasts as, on opposite pages, Sir Robert Richard Torrens (1814-1884), author of the Australian land-title act that bears his name and is now invading this country in the wake of the Australian ballot, and Pietro Torrigiano (1472-1522), who smash- ed the nose of his fellow-art student Mi- chelangelo. Very interesting is the sketch of Mme. Tussaud, whose London wax ex- hibition is now the property of a company, yet employs as its modeller her great-grand- son. Probably the world cannot produce a similar show which has been (in France and in England) open to the public for mo- ney since 1770. Another kind of distinction was won across the Channel by Polydore Vergil, the historian; and still another by Van Dyck. Turner is the next most dis- tinguished artist in this tract of the Dic- tionary, his not unfriendly biographer mak- ing the admission that "his private life was sordid and sensual." A peculiar aesthetic sensibility was owned by Walnewright, the poisoner, who extenuated his dispatching of Helen Abercromby on the ground "that she had very thick ankles." Edward Ver- non, the elder admiral (1684-1757), it "was who first watered the rum dealt out to sea- men, the unwelcome official mixture being called by them "grog," "which is said to have been Vernon's nickname In the squad- ron—derived, it is said, from his having a grogram boat-cloak." The Oxford Diction- ary will presently pass upon this on-dit etymology. Vernon's change of the dram in strength and in regularity of service is pronounced to have been "perhaps the great- est improvement to discipline and efficiency ever produced by one stroke of the pen"; but the stroke which in our day abolished grog altogether in the navy has at least an equal claim to that laurel. Capt. John Underhill of Pequot War fame; Sir Harry Vane; William Vassall of Plymouth; Van- couver; and Mrs. Trollope are among the lives which touch America nearly. In Mrs. Trollope's case the marvel is that she be- gan writing at fifty-two, and scored a great success at once even if she lost caste in the country whose ruder manners she could not overlook nor refrain from depicting. Her biographer taxes her generally with an eye for coarseness; but her 'Domestic Manners of the Americans' was not therefore a coarse book. That, and Miss Martineau's 'Society in America,' have, for intellectual vigor, yet to be rivalled by the observations of any travellers of their sex in any country. — 'The French Revolution and English Poets' (Henry Holt & Co.) is the title of a Harvard dissertation by A. E. Hancock. It was unfortunate for the author that no less an authority than Prof. Dowden should have forestalled him — not in date of composition, but of publication — in the same field. Mr. Dow- den's lectures on 'The French Revolution and English Literature,' delivered at the Princeton celebration, were reviewed in these columns on their appearance in print. Their author, as his title implies, covered a wider field than does Mr. Hancock, who gives a less detailed treatment of Godwin and Day, and omits mention of Landor in the character of a disciple of revolution. On the other hand, Mr. Hancock points out the in- fluence of Helvetius and Holbach on God- win and Shelley, and of Rousseau on Byron. Wordsworth and Coleridge, disappointed and disillusioned by the excesses of the Revolu- tion, experienced a reaction, and together sought consolation in Nature. "Abandoned of Heaven! mad avarice thy guide O Albion! tby predestined ruins rise!" So wrote Coleridge at the crisis of his re- volutionary fervor. It is amusing to find him a little later addressing that same Al- bion as: "Thou Queen! Thou Delegated Deity of Earth." But that was when he had recovered his patriotism by means of a brief exile in Ger- many. Byron and Shelley, who were less critical and more genuinely in love with In- dividualism in all its aspects, never per- formed this volte-face. Style is not Mr. Hancock's strongest point. We have found the shortness and jerkiness of his sentences a decided drawback to the pleasure of reading this praiseworthy little study. A bibliogra- phy would have greatly increased the value of the book.

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298 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 764 —The work of editing Juvenal has been done, once and for all, by Mayor, but his famous edition does not at present include the Sixth Satire, though we understand that his notes on it are collected in readiness for publication. Moreover, Mayor's commentary is somewhat overweighted with illustrative matter, so that it is used in this country, at any rate, rather as a book of reference than as a text-bock. The new edition cf the 'Satires,' by Mr. J. D. Duff of Trinity College (Cambridge: University Press; New York: Macmillan), is doubly welcome. The scholarship of the editor of Munro's 'Lucre- tius' is peculiarly accurate and unpedantic; he combines a close knowledge of his pe- riod with a neat gift for. pointing out modern parallelisms — an exercise that calls for the utmost discretion and tact, if it is not to cheapen and mislead. Mr. Duff's enterprise in including the Sixth Satire makes his edition especially valuable. He has selected for commentary no less than 530 out of the 661 lines of this brilliant and ne- glected compositicn. "Satires III. and X. are prostituted by parliamentary and vulgar use, and should lie by for a while," wrote Fitz- Gerald. They have certainly received undue prominence at the expense of the "Legend of Bad Women." The Sixth Satire, which is Juvenal's longest and most epigrammatic, contains his advice to one about to marry to choose some quicker form of suicide: "Who would marry when he could buy a rope and hang himself?" The scathing pictures of the athletic woman and of the woman who knows Greek — "Give me a wife who doesn't know Greek," said Martial, about this time— the studies of life in a large city corrupted by foreign influences, read with amazing veri- similitude after the lapse of eighteen cen- turies. Mr. Duff's commentary is- lively as well as scholarly. On the whole, his is an edition that should replace all others than Mayor's for general use in schools and col- leges, and, as we have indicated, in the mat- ter of the Sixth Satire, it supplies Mayor's LORD HALIFAX— THE STATESMAN. Tic Life (tiul I, ritcrs of Sir George Savilc, Hurl., First Marquis of Halifax, etc. With a new edition of his works, now for the first time collected and revised. By H. C. Foxcroft. 2 vols. Longmans, Green & Co. 1808. Every one agrees that George Savile, First Marquis of Halifax, merits a biography; the eulogies of Hume, of Ranke, of Mackintosh and Maeaulay, are more than sufficient to vindicate his title to fame. Every judicious reader of Mr. Foxcroft's meritorious volumes must admit that Halifax has not yet received the monument he deserves, for the present 'Life and Letters' is. indeed, the material for a biography, but is no more a biography than a huge heap of bricks and a lot of mortar are a house. Meanwhile, a critic who acquiesces in the claim of Halifax to posthumous reputation may feel some diffi- culty in answering the following question: Wherein precisely consists the greatness of Halifax? The inquiry is one to which it is not at first sight quite easy to find a reply. Mali- fax cannot be numbered among the heroes of the English nation. He had about him nothing heroic. His caution and his timidity. to use no harsher term, were as obvious as his prudence and sagacity. He does not be- long to the same class as Hampden, or Crom- well, or William III., or Strafford, or Laud. The names of these men even now excite ve- hement admiration or virulent hatred; they all exhibit an element of greatness; they are the progressive or reactionary states- men of a Revolutionary era— this holds good even of Laud, though he remained to the end of his life a sort of glorified Don, whom the freak of fortune removed from the head- ship of St. John's College to the Archbish- opric of Canterbury at a crisis in English history when an archbishop needed the ge- nius of a statesman. But the name of Halifax can at the present day kindle no strong emotion. You can eulogize his virtues and show that they more than bal- anced his defects; yet an admirer can judge Halifax with calmness, and admit that he did not rank among the highest class of statesmen. He was, further, in no way the centre of English politics. He played a remarkable and for one moment (when he insured the rejection of the Exclusion Bill) a splendid part, but he was never the leader of the nation. Men far Inferior to him, intellectual- ly and morally, were the leading actors on the public stage. The reputation of Sidney and of Russell, and the fame or the infamy of Shaftesbury, have impressed themselves on popular imagination. The name of Hali- fax would be — most unjustly, we admit — forgotten were it not for the sympathetic criticism which he has received from men of letters. He is a good deal better known to historians than to history. Can it, again, be asserted that the states- manship of Halifax was vindicated by ex- traordinary success or wisdom? Maeaulay seems to answer this inquiry with a decided affirmative, and, were his reply unfaltering, the present writer at least would yield to the authority of the great historian. But Macau- lay's language is indecisive: "What dis- tinguishes [Halifax] from all other English statesmen is this, that through a long pub- lic life, and through frequent and violent revolution of public feeling, he almost in- variably took that view of the great ques- tions of his time which history has finally adopted." The "almost" which we have un- derlined is, in the mouth of a writer not much given to qualifications, preeminently significant. Macaulay's love of truth, which, despite the strength of certain prejudices, was his most marked characteristic, pre- vented his bestowing upon a statesman whom he profoundly admired the complete eulogy with which the historian wished to close his account of his hero. That Halifax was sa- gacious in noting the flow and ebb of opi- nion, and that the coolness of his intellect, no less than the moderation of his passions, preserved him from the errors of enthusiasm or fanaticism, is certain; but that, on the Whig view (which, we may add, is in the main the true view) of the times in which Halifax lived, he made, in matters of judg- ment, tremendous mistakes, is certain. It is, for instance, certainly arguable that the rejection of the Exclusion Bill was a blunder. The whole of James's subsequent career shows that he could not be trusted with power. It suggests, if it does not posi- tively prove, that towards the end of the seventeenth century a sincere and ardent Roman Catholic could not with safety to the commonwealth be King of England. Unless this be true, the whole policy of the Whigs, and the Revolution of 1688 itself, were blunders. But if it be true, as Maeaulay certainly be- lieved, and with reason, that the safety of the nation was imperilled by allowing James to mount the throne; if it be true, as all the Whigs and many Englishmen who were not Whigs believed, as indeed many of them still believe, that the existence of a Roman Catholic dynasty must be found incompatible with the maintenance of English liberties and English Protestantism, what course was dictated by wisdom except the exclusion of James from succession to the crown? "The Exclusion Bill," it will be said, "was re- jected and English liberty was saved." The reply to this argument is obvious; it is given by every page in Macaulay's History. Eng- lish liberties were placed in deadly peril. It was the folly of James and the energy of William, not the foresight or the wisdom of Halifax, which saved them from destruction. But the case against Halifax, as regards the Exclusion Bill, is stronger than at first sight appears. There was a great deal to be said for preventing James's accession to the crown; there was something to be said for allowing James to inherit the ordinary rights and responsibilities of an English king. The policy which was rejected by the nation would, as we now know, have averted the peril of despotism and the necessity for a revolution, but would probably have rekin- dled civil war. The course which was adopt- ed by the nation at any rate postponed civil conflict, and might possibly, had James ex- hibited common prudence, have been ulti- mately found compatible with the mainte- nance or the foundation of Parliamentary government. But a third policy was con- ceivable which, while seeking to avoid, in reality combined, the disadvantages both of rejecting and of passing the Exclusion Bill. It consisted in limiting beforehand, by act of Parliament, the authority of James when he should become King, and then allowing him to take the crown as little more than a nominal monarch. But this was the policy of Halifax. "He assured me," says Burnet. "that any limitations whatsoever that sh° leave the title of King to the Duke might be obtained of the King, but that he was posi- tive against the exclusion"; and Halifax, when he induced the House of Lords to re- ject the Exclusion Bill, seems to have ex- pressed his confidence in his own capacity to supersede the Exclusion Bill by a practical scheme of limitations (p. 217). Thi^ policy of limitations, characteristic as it is of Hali- fax's intellect, assuredly bears failure on its face. It might for a moment have averted civil war, but it insured a violent political conflict on the death of Charles the Second. No wonder that, to use the expressions of Mr. Foxcroft, James entertained "a mortal hatred" for the limitation project, even as contrasted with the Bill of Exclusion. The wonder is that any one could have supposed that James as King would have loyally re- spected a law which he detested as Duke of York. If Halifax had any real belief in any plan of limitations, he took a view of the situation utterly different from any view finally adopted by history. Was, again, Halifax right or wrong in de- clining to join in inviting the Prince of Orange to invade England? The question is a crucial one. If Halifax was right, the Whig leaders were wrong. But, to speak plainly, there is no single point on which the policy of the Whig leaders has been more emphatically justified by the event.

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April 20, 1899] Th.e 3STation 299 The Revolution of 1688 was the most success- ful revolution on record. If events had pro- gressed as might have been expected— that is, if either William or Anne had left de- scendants—the English Constitution would have been saved without the evils, which were undoubtedly considerable, of keeping a foreign and unpopular dynasty upon the throne; and the evils flowing from the accession of the House of Hanover were, after all, trifling. It is of course possible that Halifax's courage rather than his wisdom was at fault, and that his refusal to join the Whig Lords arose from the desire to save his own head, rather than from a wish to avert evil from the country. But this sus- picion, though natural, is unjust. The in- tervention of foreigners is an incalculable evil. There is nothing discreditable in hesi- tation to invite the invasion of a Dutch Prince at the head of a Dutch army. But the statesmen who declined to invite William did not anticipate the verdict of history. Fanaticism has occasionally true previsions denied to statesmanlike prudence. If, then, Halifax was not the leading Eng- lish statesman of his age, and was not gifted with the foresight which invariably discerned the true path of political pro- gress, what are the qualities which have en- listed the admiration of the foremost among historians, and well entitle him to a fame which he has hardly as yet acquired among the majority of Englishmen? The answer is, that Halifax was the earliest of really par- liamentary statesmen. He was also the first in rank, if not in date, of English political pamphleteers. As you read his Life, and still more as you read his writings, which are, at the present day, far more noteworthy than his states- manship, you feel that you have passed into a quite modern age. At Halifax's birth, 1633, the civil wars had not begun. At his death, 1695, not forty years "had passed since the close of the Protectorate. Englishmen of to- day are as far removed from the times of Palmerston as was Halifax at his death from the age of Cromwell; yet Halifax distinctly belongs in policy, in feeling, and in thought to the England, not of the seventeenth, but of the eighteenth, and even of the nineteenth century. He exhibits the moderation and the eloquence of the best Parliamentary statesmen; he already watches public opi- nion after the manner of an experienced Par- liamentary hand. He hates violence. He trusts in trimming, or, to exchange the po- litical slang of his day for the political slang of our own time, he is an Opportunist. We cannot conceive of his taking part in a meet- ing of Independents where prayer was in- termingled with politics. He resented, no doubt honestly, the accusation of atheism. His Christianity, such as it was, had no con- nection with his public life, and was a very cool specimen of the rather chilly "rational piety" so dear to the Whigs. Sydney Smith would have been a divine exactly after the heart of Halifax. Halifax came into the world fifty years, or a century, too ear- ly—he belonged to a later age; he would have found his proper place in any Liberal and aristocratic cabinet from the time of the elder Pitt to the time of Palmerston, and this anticipation of the failings and the vir- tues of later times runs through his literary no less than his political achievements. He is the greatest of that long and splendid line of English pamphleteers which is at last, it may be feared, coming to an end. It is still. indeed, represented by one writer as public- spirited as he is brilliant, but it would be difficult to find, either in England or in the United States, any other representative of the school whereof one may call Halifax the founder. Nor was it only in his political pamphlets that he opened and marked out the path of English literature. His 'Advice to a Daughter' sets forth what is called the philosophy of life in the language of the men of the world, and gives to very practical counsels the additional interest of a slight intellectual flavor. It is the model which has been followed down even to the present day by English essayists. But the writings of Halifax deserve sepa- rate treatment. What ought, on this occa- sion, to be noted is, that Halifax combined the characters of the statesman, the pam- phleteer, and the practical moralist. It is the union of qualities, all remarkable in them- selves, and all in a special sense belonging to the men of a later age, which is the true foundation of the fame of Halifax. It is this combination which gained the admiration, we might say the affection, of Macaulay. Mr. Foxcroft, after the fashion of the present day — a fashion, we are well assured, as transi- tory as it is unreasonable — is apologetic for acknowledging any virtue in Macaulay, and marvels at "a display of imaginative in- sight rarely evinced by the great Whig histo- rian." Never was wonder more misplaced. How could the calm statesmanship and the literary gifts of Halifax fail to charm the last Englishman who has been at once a leading statesman and a great man of letters? Spain; Its Greatness and Decay (1479-1788). By Martin A. S. Hume. With an Introduc- tion by Edward Armstrong. Cambridge: University Press; New York: Macmillan. 1898. This sketch of Spanish history, which fills a place in the Cambridge Historical Series, is very distinctly defined, so far as its chrono- logical limits are concerned. Measured by reigns, it extends from Ferdinand and Isabel- la to Charles III.; and by great landmarks in political development, from the union of the two chief Iberian kingdoms to the French Revolution. During almost the whole of these three hundred years, Spain was either the leading Continental Power or a state in the first class. Of course her military prestige waned during the Thirty Years' War, but even under the later Hapsburgs she had ar- maments on both elements, and at the worst she never dropped out of the reckoning alto- gether. However weak she might be inhe- rently, she took a hand in current contests, often painting her lath to resemble iron, but never being wholly destitute of forces that knew how to die. The state of chronic feebleness and revolution which has been her fatal characteristic within recent memory, dates from the death of Charles III., and does not therefore come within the range of the present narrative. This volume represents a divided labor, in which the larger portion falls to the share of Major Hume. Mr. Armstrong's introduction, however, is much more than a word of pre- face. As regards scale, it is almost in due proportion with what follows, and seems to have been written that Major Hume might begin at his favorite period, the second half of the sixteenth century. The interval be- tween Ferdinand and Philip II. Mr. Arm- strong divides into three sections, the first closing at the death of Isabella and the se- cond at the peace of Cambray. The one point upon which, as it appears to us, he most strikingly insists is the tendency of Charles V. to become more and more a Spaniard in sympathy and political disposition. He dwells upon the gradual relinquishment of the Em- peror's Burgundian policy, and sees in his final retirement to Yuste in Estramadura, the fit climax of his changed views. "Out of all his wide dominions he found himself at home in Spain. The Flemish alien had become a Spaniard." Despite Mr. Armstrong's contention that, in the end, Charles V. identified himself with the land of his mother, it seems pretty well agreed between him and Major Hume that the reign of Philip II. is the acme of dis- tinctively Spanish greatness. At this point the authorship changes, and Major Hume writes once more on a subject with which his work at the Record Office has rendered him thoroughly familiar, and which he has already treated in more than one book. We have not discovered that he adds anything of consequence to what he has before written concerning the political leader of the Catholic Reaction. In 1897 he contributed a volume on Philip II. to the "Foreign Statesmen" se- ries, and from this he draws copiously, both for his general propositions and for phrases or sentences. His conception of Philip is still the same — that of a narrow, unimagina- tive, conscientious man, who loved his coun- try and worked hard for it, but managed to spoil every enterprise by formalism and the dependence of all generals or admirals on himself. The main stages of Spanish decline under the later Hapsburgs are as well known as the protruding chins of those rulers. Major Hume has no difficulty in accounting for the facial distortion, but pays slight attention to the hidden causes of national ruin. Still, the proximate causes are clearly discernible in his picture of clerical aggression, royal im- becility, militarism, and the shameful rule of the "Lermas, the Olivares, and the Valen- zuelas." Underneath the surface of court intrigue which purports to represent national government, he sees . a "generous, sound- hearted people," led wrong by an unfortunate historical development, rather than betrayed by its own sins. Major Hume's sympathy with the Spanish folk is strong, without at all blinding him to their racial and political shortcomings. Speaking of Olivares's at- tempt at the unification of institutions, he says: "The policy itself, however ill-timed, was not in itself unwise, for the lack of unity between the provinces of Spain has produced a plentiful crop of troubles lasting to the present day. In short, Spanish pride wanted the glory of empire without paying for it. Olivares was no wiser than his contempo- raries in economic science, and could only raise money by hampering industry which provided money. ... It is lamentable and pathetic enough, but it is unjust to sad- dle the blame upon Olivares, who found the system already at work, and whose great sin was that he tried to insist upon all Spaniards making equal sacrifices to pay for the barren pride which all Spaniards shared." We must express some surprise at a di- vision of space which left Major Hume with only ten pages at his disposal for the reign of Charles III., the most honest and en- couraging period in Spanish history since the sixteenth century. Not only does its length (1759-1788) entitle it to a fuller con- sideration than it receives, but the liberal

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300 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 experiments then tried and their fair mea- sure of success deserve an ample description. As Buckle long ago pointed out, Charles III. was the ablest ruler of his age with the ex- ception of Frederick the Great, "whose vast abilities were tarnished by a base rapacity and by an incessant desire to overreach his neighbors." Major Hume also calls Charles "enlightened, generous, and just; sleepless in his vigilance for the good of his people," and he is appreciative of Floridablanca's vi- gorous regime. But we could have spared a good many pages from the account of Philip IV. and Charles II. for enlarged detail con- cerning Spain as she was between the Seven Years' War and the French Revolution. Papias and his Contemporaries; A Study of Religious Thought in the Second Century. By Edward H. Hall. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1899. This book has not the musty smell which we expect from books of critical theology, and nothing of that "sacred dulness" from which few distinguished critics besides Re- nan and Strauss have been exempt. It is actually pleasant reading. It is written as if for the instruction of people of good intel- ligence, yet not specialists, and it will con- vey more to such than the whole series of Harnack's 'History of Dogma,' which covers, so far as published, much the same ground. In the body of the book, the careful studies underlying it are assimilated to the literary form,rbut in the footnotes and the appendix we find Mr. Hall conversant with the whole range of original documents and critical dis- cussions pertaining to his subject, and mov- ing about among them with a quiet confi- dence that is not excessive, but well with- in the limits of the writer's exceptional un- derstanding of his subject in all its parts and implications. For it must not be understood that we have here a product mainly de- pending for its value on the special appli- cation of the last six years, during which Mr. Hall has had no parochial charge. Twenty- five years ago he published a small book called 'Orthodoxy and Heresy.' Its purpose was to show that orthodoxy was a theolo- gical fiction, that there had never been any such thing, for the reason that there had been differences of opinion in the Christian church from the beginning, with no au- thoritative voice to decide upon their merits one way or the other. During the interim between that book and this, Mr. Hall has evidently brooded long on those conditions with which he had much concern in his former study, and hence the ripe and genial quality of the present one. There is some- thing quintessential about it, as of a re- peated distillation. Mr. Hall's procedure reminds us of that of Kuenen in dealing with the Hexateuch. As Kuenen takes the eighth-century pro- phets and works back from their clear indi- cations to the writings generally supposed to be anterior to them, so Mr. Hall takes the second-century Christian writers, and works out from them into the New Testa- ment problems. He first consults Papias, the first writer after the death of Paul who presents any marked individuality. He in- terrogates him as to the New Testament writings, and finds that midway of the se- cond century he knew nothing of those writ- ings, but something of a "Matthew" which was not our "Matthew," and a "Mark" which was not our "Mark." Moreover, we find him valuing oral traditions of the Apos- tles' words much more highly than those written; and the average feeling of the cen- tury was of this kind. This is brought out very clearly in a second chapter, which con- siders such early writers as Clement and Ignatius and Polycarp and Barnabas, so- called, and with these the quite recently dis- covered 'Teaching of the Twelve Apostles' and 'Gospel of Peter.' From all these comes the same intimation— that, until far along towards the last quarter of the second cen- tury, our four Gospels had not been separat- ed from other similar writings as of special value or authority. Chapter iii. is mainly devoted to "two learned doctors," Justin Martyr and Marcion. Mr. Hall's treatment of Justin has no trace of that acerbity which Justin's name has heretofore excited in so many pious hearts, whether of those believ- ing or denying that his 'Memoirs of the Apostles' were our present Gospels. If they were, he took no pains to give the author's names, and Mr. Hall plainly inclines to the belief that they were other writings, and certainly that our fourth Gospel cannot be identified by one or two phrases of similar character, as if its characteristic doctrines had not been in the air. But, for the rea- son that Justin's 'Memoirs' were read re- gularly on Sundays, it is plain that the Old Testament writings were ceasing to be the only sacred scriptures, though which Christian writings, and which alone, would take a place beside them as of equal value, it would require another century, and long- er, to decide. Mr. Hall's discussion of Marcion and his writings, though perfectly judicial, has more of the warmth of advocacy than any other part of his book. Marcion cherished the Epistles of Paul as genuine Christian writ- ings, and one Gospel, which may have been an earlier form of our present Luke— but he made no such claim for it, as he would gladly, it must seem, have done if he had had any excuse for doing so. Marcion was an early anti-Semite, denying the sacred character of the Hebrew scriptures and that Jehovah was the true God. He carried some- what farther the un-Jewish sentiments of Paul, whom he admired so much. It is Renan's opinion that we are indebted to him for the preservation of Paul's letters. It is certain that learned doctors of his time took much offence at his enthusiasm for the Apostle to the Gentiles. Mr. Hall has other uses for Marcion in his next chapter, but at this stage the main one is to show how little knowledge he had of our New Testament as such. It is no part of Mr. Hall's business to exact for our Four Gospels later dates than are assigned to them by the somewhat re- actionary criticism of Harnack and others. He would, however, suggest that the Synop- tic Gospels, in order to go back to 70-80 a. d., must drop a good many of the im- pedimenta which they have been carrying since 200 A. d. or thereabouts. Those early Gospels were not exactly our Gospels, but something like them, and remained fluid for well nigh another century, undergoing con- stant diminution and addition. "The progress of investigation may be said to have shown less and less token of de- liberate or fraudulent manufacture of ancient records, and more and more evidence that the private or primitive documents out of which the New Testament sprang date back in some form close upon apostolic times. . . . The value of such a sketch as is here attempted, if value it have, lies not at all In weakening the foundations of a struc- ture which, after all is said, must have its foundations in the distant past, but only in giving some notion of the early stages of its formation." The effect, however, is not so confined as it is here represented as being. Obviously it includes the persuasion that the New Tes- tament writings have no supernatural or peculiar sanctity. The action of Mr. Hall's method on the contrary^ persuasion is not that of the farmer with his pick and shovel breaking up the lingering drifts of winter's snow, but that of the spring winds that dis- solve them in a more gentle but not less ef- fectual manner. "The Millennial Reign" is a chapter show- ing what good orthodoxy, as good as any, this doctrine was in the second century, when the survival of the soul apart from the resur- rection of the body was accounted a most damnable heresy. The next following chap- ter extends the same criticism to the Gnos- tic speculations of the second century, and exhibits Paul's later Epistles as profoundly implicated in those speculations; as were similarly the speculations of the Fourth Gos- pel and the related Epistles. The concluding chapter, "The Mystic Gospel," is the most attractive presentation we have ever seen of a view that differs widely from that of the Christian apologist. "It will be impossible," says Mr. Hall, "to overrate its power or to be blind to the splendid assurance and sus- tained imaginative force with which it lifts the entire earthly scenery of Christianity into visionary spheres." Yet, "with the Fourth Gospel alone," we are assured, "we should never have guessed that Jesus of Nazareth led a human life, ending in a hu- man tragedy." A note twelve pages long sums up in a very clear and convincing manner the whole modern discussion of the "Date of Authorship of the Fourth Gospel." Mr. Hall's position is that of Prof. Toy, viz., that, could the date of the Gospel be pushed back to the beginning of the second century, its critical significance would be much the same as if a later date were fixed. The Gos- pel would be no more historical with the earlier than with the later date. Those who remember Dr. Holmes's de- scription of Emerson as "an iconoclast with- out a hammer, who took down our idols from their pedestals so tenderly that it seemed like an act of worship," will think, perhaps, that another such is here. Mr. Hall's ten- derness is unmistakable; his admiration, too, of many things which he cannot assign to their traditional places; likewise his human sympathy with forms of thought quite dif- ferent from his own. In the Australian Bush, and on the Coast of the Coral Sea. By Richard Semon. Macmillan Co. 1899. Roy. 8vo, xvi, 552 pp. Illustrated. The author left Germany in 1891 with the intention of devoting two years to the study of the vertebrate Australian fauna, especially the development of the oviparous mammals and marsupials, and of Neoceratodus, a remarkable Australian fish. In pursuance of these objects he spent a good deal of time in Queensland, Northeast Australia, besides visiting the district /of Thursday Island, Torres Strait; the south coast of British New Guinea; Celebes and other islands be- tween Papua and Borneo, in the group of the Moluccas; Java, Banda, and Singapore. \< mi ratodus, commonly known to Aus- tralian settlers as the "Burnett salmon"

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April 20, 1899] The Nation. 301 and sometimes called the "lungfish," is a large animal, representing a type more or less intermediate between amphibians and fishes, with' many archaic characters; the fins are limblike, the tail pointed instead of forked, and its supposed nearest relatives occur as fossils. At the time of Dr. Semon's expedition, nothing whatever had been re- corded in regard to the development of this animal, the study of which was expected to throw much light on the evolutionary his- tory of fishes. The embryology of the duck- billed Platypus or Ornithorynchus was also at that time entirely unstudied, and but lit- tle was known in regard to the younger stages of the Australian marsupials. The field which he explored was therefore one of rich promise, and offered to the successful Investigator exceptionally important scien- tific results. The geographical distribution of the liv- ing Neoceratodus is limited to the upper waters of two Queensland rivers, the Mary and the Burnett; it obtained its name of "salmon," not from any external resem- blance to a salmon, but because its flesh is of a reddish color. It is an uncommonly indolent creature, a general feeder, which will occasionally take the hook, but is usual- ly caught by the Australian natives in small hand-nets. It cannot progress when out of the water, and, according to our author, does not, like its African relative Protopterus, bury itself in the mud in times 'of drought in a kind of hibernation. Al- though it has in addition to its gills a sort of lung by which it can breathe air, it does not appear to be able to exist entirely without water; the most that Dr. Semon will admit in this direction is that, when severe droughts reduce a stream to a series of fetid mud-holes and slimy pools, the lungfish is able to survive when the other aquatic animals succumb. The spawn is gelatinous and very delicate, requiring the greatest care to keep it alive for study. Dr. Semon, with some white assistants and a number of natives, camped in the vicinity of the Burnett for some months, and, after much trouble, succeeded in obtaining and preserving a series of the eggs in various stages. The hours of waiting were improved by collections of the birds and mammals, especially the young stages of Echidna, and several marsupials. His study of the eggs of Neoceratodus showed that the development is much more like that of amphibians than that of any other known fish; thus confirming the theory of its intermediate character which had been based on the anatomical characters of the full-grown animal. The account of Dr. Semon's labors and travels is destitute of any very startling ad- ventures. He describes in a pleasant way his daily occupations, the scenic characteris- tics of the regions visited, and the impression made upon him by their native inhabitants. He formed a somewhat higher opinion of the 'Australian blacks than that usually express- ed by travellers. The relation of his expe- riences on the coast of New Guinea is per- . haps the most entertaining part of the book, as touching a region much less known to the lay- man than the other districts visited. The chief 1 and in fact almost the only criticism which suggests itself is, that the author has dwelt somewhat too long on unimportant and per- . sonal matters, and thus increased the size and cost of his book as well as diluted its interest. The illustrations are excellent; the maps good, there is a sufficient index, and for those interested in and not yet familiar with the literature of the Malay-Australian region the work can be cordially recommended. It may be added that the translation of this work from the German original was made under the author's supervision, and that the technical scientific results of the expedition are being separately published under the title of 'Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Aus- tralien und dem Malayischen Archipel.' The Land Registration Act of Massachusetts, which took effect October 1, 1898. With an introductory statement, annotations, cross- references, and citations of cases bearing upon it. By Charles S. Rackemann. Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co. 1898. Mr. Rackemann has rendered, in this lit- tle book, a considerable practical service to his profession and the public. He has not only published an annotated edition of the new Massachusetts Torrens law, but has put his finger upon the weak spot in the sta- tute, and indicated concisely but clearly the constitutional question which will have to be met before the system can supplant that now in existence. The passage of the Torrens law in Massachusetts has already brought this question into the courts, and, while it is still sub judice, we are not inclined to ex- press an opinion one way or the other; but the point involved is worth attention, as, should the statute be declared unconstitu- tional, it would seem as if a very serious dif- ficulty had been encountered by those who are endeavoring to establish the Torrens sys- tem in this country. The system is in essence one of title in- surance by the State. Its object is to make the transfer of land as simple as that of personal property, by making titles in- contestable. It differs in several re- spects from the present system of pri- vate title-insurance, which in the last twenty years has established itself in all the chief cities of the United States. The latter system insures the purchaser against evic- tion, just as fire insurance insures him against fire. He pays a small premium, and, if evicted by superior title, he recovers a sum of money which makes his loss good. But eviction cannot be prevented. Under the Torrens system, eviction is wholly impossi- ble, and the insurance money goes not to the purchaser, but to any one having a superior title who may suffer from not being able to evict him. All titles once obtained from the State (for under the Torrens system the State is the issuer of the title) become non- contestable. The objection made by Mr. Rackemann — and this we understand to be the sum and substance of the suit now pending in the Massachusetts Supreme Court— is that, under our constitutional system, this is impracti- cable, substantially because a Torrens law decree that the title of A. B. is valid and non-contestable, involves the summary adju- dication of a question between A. B. and the whole world, and that our constitutions make no provision for such an adjudication by any summary process. A. B. comes into a Tor- rens court and demands a certificate of title for a piece of land bounded by land of per- sons unknown. The scheme of the act Is that the court shall call on all concerned to come into court and prove any adverse claim or else for ever hold their peace. But 'the objectors say that such ■ a method of barring claimants to land is neither equity nor common law; that there can be no pro- per trial either inter partes or in rem; that it is not "due process of law," but deprives persons of their property otherwise than in accordance with "the law of the land." It is a nice point, and we do not profess to prophesy what view the Supreme Court of Massachusetts will take of it. Mr. Racke- mann's book has been the signal for a bat- tle royal over it, and all those who, like ourselves, heartily approve the principle of the Torrens system, will be glad to have the question of constitutionality (we have only mentioned the point principally involved) considered and disposed of by a court of last resort of high standing. The volume in- cludes a Torrens System bibliography of nearly fifty titles. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abrojal, Tulis. An Index Finger. R. F. Feuuo & (Jo. $1.25. Arnold's "Sweetness and Light" and Pater's 'Es- say on Style." Macmillau. 75c. Athertou, Gertrude. A Daughter of the Vine. John Lane. $1.50. Audry, Mrs. W. Early Chapters in Science. Lou- don: Murray; New lork: E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. Baylor, Frances C. The Ladder of Fortune. Bos- EingeschneK. ton: Bernhardt, Wilhelu Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. Bildt, Baron de. Christine de Suede et Cardinal Azzolino. Lettres Inedites (16W3-166S). Paris: Plon, Nourrit & Cie. Cambridge Compositions. Greek and Latin. 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Fidelity Publishing Co. $1.25. Hyde, Douglas. A Jackman,rS'W. S. Nature Study for Grammar Grades. MacmlUan. $1. „,„„., Jepson, Edgar, and Beames, Capt. D. On ihe Edge of the Empire. $1.50. _....», Keen W. W. The Ei-Centennlal Celebration of the' Founding of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Baptist Publication KerrCleprbf. Alexander. The BacchiB of Euripides. Boston: Ginn & Co. $1.05. Koeppel, Emil. Tennyson. [Geistesheldeu Biogra- phien.j Berlin: Ernst Hofmann; New York: Lemcke & Buechner. Kuhns Prof. Oscar. Rostand's Cyrano de Berge- rac. Henry Holt & Co. 80c. Lanier, Sidney. Retrospects and Prospects. De- scriptive and Historical Essays. Scribners $1.50. Laughlin, E. O. Johnnie. Indianapolis: D~ LOTmlsU1CC°B. Just Rhymes. Illustrated, LifstSSeAdclIna C. A Tent of Grace. Hi,ii"-lit..n Mifflin & Co. $1.50. MaeTerlinck. Maurice. Three Little Dramas for \l;,n s. Chicago: C. H. Sergei Co $125. Marot Helen. A Handbook of Labor Literature. 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A fresh and enthusiastic presental Ion of the subject ; It makes the student think of his algebra problems as re- lated to life. Nipher's Introduction to Graphic ALGEBRA. For High Schools. By lTof. F. K. Nh-hek of Washington University. 01 pp. 121110, hoc, net. %* Postage on NET books 8 per cent, additional. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. JUST PUBLISHED. Vol. V. No. 1. Protests of the Cour des Aides of Paris, April 10, 1775. French Text, F.ngllsh Translation, 102 pages. By .l.H. Robinson, Ph.D., Columbia 1 'Diversity Taper «0c. ; Cloth, 80c Circulars \ JD. 'C. MUNRO, «n application. S TJnlv. of Pennsylvania, Phllada., Pa. To Authors Manuscripts req We Publish I A new book every day In I the year. TENNYSON NEELY. Publisher, {^"yoRK NFW OPDFP CHICAGO. ILL. A 16-page erltl- I>DW UKLJCK.c,|„lonl|lly. Rev. Phehe liana ford says: " Its reading matter Is Interesting and valua- ble, literary tone excellent; keeps abreast of the times." Per year, with premium, 25 cents. 0 months, 10 cents. 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April 20, 1899] The ISTation. Vll Old Books. Rare Books, Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 364 pages. 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Hay market, St. James, London, S. W. LIBRARIES. jks promptly ami cheaply. specialty. We deal in nothing biit books. Our Monthly Bulletin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, i popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. £__.!. Our annual inventory clearance <JClll catalogue. Books at Half Price »-* and less. Some of the greatest bar- I-1 Tee Bains we have ever offered. Send your address on a postal card to Estes&l 301 Washington St. 0pp. " Old South " Church. Mention The Nation. BOOKS AT MR. GRANT. 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viii Tlie IsTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1764 I A GUIDE TO THE WILD FLOWERS f $ By ALICE LOUNSBERRY. Illustrated by Mrs. ELLIS ROWAN J With an Introduction by Dr. NATHANIEL L. BRITTON 4 | 64 beautiful full-page COLORED plates, showing 79 different plants, and 100 black and white plates, show- £ J ing 103 plants, together with 54 diagrams. Better illustrated than any similar book. Makes reading $ 9 a pleasure. X £ Contains descriptions of nearly 300 plants, — many more than any similar book. jo ?. Many of America's most beautiful and unusual flowers, found in no other popular work, are given here. 9 It is complete in itself, employing no technical terms that it does not define, and requiring no other book to £ $ make ic intelligible £ 9 Condensed and free from padding, it is not too large to be a handy companion in the woods, fields and roads. % f Arranged according to the kind of Soil in which plants grow, — the most natural classification. Family, £ £ Color, Odor, Range, and Time of Bloom are all given in each case. Indexes of Common Names, ]& 9 Scientific Names and Colors aid in making identification easy. 4j t As a text-book for the instruction of beginners — children or adults — the book is unexcelled. £ 2 While enjoyable and readable, it is strictly correct and in accordance with the latest scientific research! 9 Non-botanists will enjoy it as much as botanists, and will learn much with little effort. £ t Mrs. Rowan is the world's greatest painter of wild flowers. She has won more medals than are possessed by $ 9 any other woman, and she recently refused $75,000 offered by the German Government for her col- \ Jj lection. Her drawings are from the fresh flowers in or near their homes. While artistic and beauti- 2 & ful, they are techn'cally correct. Jl 9 Dr. Nathaniel L. Brilton, Director of the New York Botanical Garden, Emeritus Professor of Botany, <j l£ Columbia University, and author of "An Illustrated Flora," has made suggestions for the scientific g 2 part of the text and has written an introduction. J 9 Size 5%x7Ji inches. Cover Designed by Miss Amy Richards. Cloth, $2.50 net. Field Edition, full leather, $3.50 net. » !1 For sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid. If this book is not found satisfactory to any purchaser and is returned at £ j? once, the ?noney will be refunded. Mention the Nation. Jj fFREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY,! I 27 and 29, West 23d Street, New York. £ AN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY. I. — The Nation stands alone in its field. It has the largest circulation of any literary and political journal published in this country. Almost 10,000 copies are printed every week. These repre- sent but a part of the actual readers of the paper, as it goes to all the principal libraries and reading-rooms, and into thousands of families. II. — The circulation is chiefly among the thinking and well-to-do classes — lawyers, physicians, bank- ers, and other professional men — and in the homes of cultivated people, where the education of children is a matter of careful consideration. Ill- — The School List in The NATION has been a representative one for many years. It includes cards of most of the prominent educational institutions everywhere, during the season of school advertising, and a considerable number are inserted in the paper throughout the year. IV. — The rate is reasonable, and discounts are made on continuous insertions, of which most of the school advertisers avail themselves. School advertisements are printed in a uniform typography, with the address in the first line, classi- fication being made by States, alphabetically, unless especially ordered displayed on other pages. Advertising rates, 15 cents an agate line each insertion, with the following discounts: 5 per cent, on 4 insertions, 10 per cent, on 8 insertions, 12 1-2 per cent, on 13 insertions, 15 per cent, on 26 insertions, 20 per cent, on 39 insertions, 25 per cent, on 52 insertions. The Nation is sent free while advertisement continues. Orders may be forwarded through any responsible advertising agency, or directly to The Nation, 206 to 210 Broadway, N. Y.

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The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1764 H 0 o r® * ; 2s to c*s w ^ a 0 m 2 c* 5 a, Registered Trade Mark. Special Clearing Sale Table Cloths and Napkins 25* to 50# Reduction from Regular Price. Some of them are soiled and shop- worn. In other respects they are perfect goods of standard "Linen Store" Quality TABLE CLOTHS. ! x2 yards... 1.75 2.00 reduced from. 2.25 3.00 ! x3 yards... 2.65 3.75 reduced from. 3.25 5.00 ! x3U yards... ^.00 5.00 reduced from. 7.75 7.50 ! x4 yards... 6.00 J5.00 2.50 3.50 4.50 0.50 5.50 9.50 7.00 1.00 .50 3.75 5 50 5.50 8.00 6.00 8.00 9.25 9.00 12.00 13.75 reduced from. 10. 50 12.00 14. 00 2^x3 yards... J3.50 4.00 4.50 reduced from. 5.00 0.00 7.00 2j^x3H yards... 4.50 5.00 JU>0 reduced from. 7.00 9.50 12105 2J^x4 yards... 6.00 7.00 8.00 reduced from, 0.00 14.25 11. ou 3.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.50 8.00 6.00 7.50 L2.00 13.00 7.50 7.50 I I. mi 15.11(1 J^OO 5.00 J5.5P 7.25 7.50 _8.50 10.00 7:6o 10.00 10.50 10.75 12AK5 12.50 ISToO _7,50 8.50 9.50 13.50 15(1(1 10.50 10.00 20.50 NAPKINS. 1.50 2.50 2.75 3.50 4.75 reduced from. 2.00 3.50 3.50 5.50 7.00 Maize 2.25 2.50 J2.75 3.00 4.50 reduced from. 2.75 3.00 3.o0 4.50 .5.50 ^slze 0.75 8.00 reduced from. 10. 00 12.00 Iu connection with the above we are offering exceptional values in Linen Sheets, Pillow and Bolster Cases, and Towels, all of which affords a special opportunity for those furnishing summer homes. JAMES McCUTCH EON & CO. 14 West 23d St., New York. t/tatwu) Men's Wear. Dress Shirts, Collars and Cuffs. Flannel, Cheviot, and Golf Shirtings. Neck Wear, Pajamas, Bath Robes, Smoking Jackets. Hosiery and Underwear. Men's Half Hose, Fancy Balbriggan, Silk and Lisle Thread Socks. Cartwright & Warner's Underwear, spring weights. Men's Riding and Driving Gloves. Dent & Fownes's best Kid and Chevrette Gloves. dotoadwoLU c& 1 9^a <5t. NEW YORK.

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The Natimi VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 765. THURSDAY, APRIL 27, PRICE 10 CENTS. THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW Edited by GEORGE B. M. HARVEY FOR MAY. Maj.-Gen. NELSON A. MILES Commanding the United States Army China and the Powers Rear Admiral LORD CHARLES BERESFORD, R.N., C.B., M. P. IAN MACLAREN THOMAS B. REED Speaker of the House of Representatives NICHOLAS ESTEVANEZ Formerly Minister of War of Spain Col. CHARLES CHAILLE LONG Formerly Chief of Staff to General Gordon WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS Maj.-Gen. LEONARD WOOD Military Governor of the Province of Santiago . The Rt. Hon. Sir FRANCIS JEUNE Judge Advocate -General of the British Army Rebecca Harding Davis A Canadian Liberal The War With Spain— Part I. The Religious Situation in England The Nicaragua Canal What Spain Can Teach America England in Egypt and the Soudan . The New Poetry Conditions and Needs in Cuba Courts Martial in England and America, The Curse in Education ..... Work of the Joint High Commission. . WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY Its Origin and Development G. MARCONI Inventor of Wireless Telegraphy Its Scientific History and Future Uses . . . J. A. FLEMING Professor of Electrical Engineering, University College, London Single Numbers, 50 cents THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW $5.00) both for THE NATION .... 3.00} $7.00 Per Annum, $5.00 The North American Review n WARREN STREET, NEW YORK

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11 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter. \ CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 303 Editorial Articles: A "Parochial Affair" 306 The Policy of Ignorance and Drift 306 Our Relations with Germany 307 The Essence of Boss Government 308 Our Faulty Copyright Law 308 Special Correspondence: A New French Historian 309 Sudermann's Symbolical Drama 310 Correspondence: A Misfit 311 "Herr" vs. "Mr." 311 Notes 311 Book Reviews: Recent American Poetry 313 A History of Physics In its Elementary Branches 316 Natalite et Democratle 317 Saladln and the Fall of the Kingdom of Je- rusalem 318 Christian Wagner 318 Report on the Investigations into the Purifi- cation of the Ohio River Water, at Louis- ville, Kentucky 31S) Eighteenth Century Letters 319 The Land of the Pigmies B19 The Foundations of England 8SS0 Letters of Walter Savage Laudor 320 Book of the Week 321 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Ttvree Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.00. 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Two scholarships, defra\ ing tuition, awarded 011 competition. (Jraduatesc.holarsliipsin Art League. N.V., •and Sel I of Drawing and I'ainiing, Boston. For full particulars, address Ozias Doihjf., Director. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. TJDGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y I * School for Girls.— iscth \ ear will begin Septem- ber 28, 1 898. Mrs. H. P. Lefe'bvbe, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley. Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. OT. TIMOTHY S SCHOOL for Girls re- B Massachusetts, Boston. OS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 0 Cliannlng Street. THE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares JT for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Elementary classes for young hoys. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) Home and outdoor life. M' New York, Utica. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG Y SAND MISS BELLS BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Opens October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sent. 27. 1850 Pine St., Phila., Fa, School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, Haas. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. iioiuv andperspective. "rincipal inst F. W.Benson, E. C. Tarbcll, and I'nillp Hale (Drawing and Paint ing I, Mis. William stone I Deeoral ivc Design), li. L. Pratt ( Modelling), E. \V. Emerson t Anatoun 1, ami A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giv- ing detailed iiiiorinatlon, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) 1VM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educatloi tages. Refined 1 Ill the "Admiral Winslow House." JAMES DE NORM \SDli:. D.D.. President ot the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM. Roxbury, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 2."> acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL For Girls, QUINCY, - - MASS. Educational. SUMMER COURSES AT THE Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Instruction will be given during June and July by meinbersof the regular instructingstan" of the Insti- tute, in Architecture (Including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEGE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing in September. They also afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persons engaged in professional work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed information will be mailed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. University of Michigan SUMMER SCHOOL, June 28= August 10. Courses will be offered in all leading Academic Studies, in Law, and in Engineering. For information and circulars address E. H. MENSEL, 721 Monroe St., Ann Arbor, Mich. SUMMER LAW SCHOOL, University of Virginia. 30th Summer Term, July 1 to Sept. 1, 1899. In moun- tainous and non-malarial section of Virginia. These courses have proved peculiarly profitable to beginners: I o candidates for admission to the bar and to practi- tioners who have lacked systematic instruction or need NEW YORK UNIVERSITY Summer Courses. FIFTH YEAR. JULY 10=AUQUST 18. A delightful suburban locality in New York Cltv. For announcement, address MARSHALL S. BROWN, University Heights, New York City. Pensionnat Fran^ais de 1'Academie <ln Vermont, and TRAINING SCHOOL FOR TEACH- KRS ()K ]■ i;i-;,\ril. Spring term of ten weeks opens April 18. Rev. and Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellow's Falls, Vt. School Agencies. T^E FISK TEACHERS AGENCIES. 1 Evekktt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 124 2 12t.l1 St., Washington. lr.c. Fifth Ave . New York. Ill (Vnt.Bdg., Minneapolis. 11 Dili.'., Denver. 525 Stlms'n Bk.,Los Angeles :-i?s Wabash Ave. .Chicago. 820 M'ket St.. San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, X~~L 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. (TCIIERMER HOR N' S TEACHERS O AGENCY. Oldest, and best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. An A CTATlfV '9 vt»1»khle In proportion to its in- All AgCUCY ihience. if it merely hears of va- cancies and tells f U <\ f is sometb ing, but if it is asked to you about them IU«1 1 recommend a teacher and C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse. An Educational Directory. SCHOOL TRUSTEES, PRINCI- PALS, TEACHERS, and others interested are invited to consider the advantages offered by The Nation as an advertising medium. In its special field of political and literary criticism, Tlie Nation is tinlike any other periodical, American or foreign. About 10,000 copies are circulated weekly, these figures representing but a part of the actual readers of the paper. Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, and into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelligence of the country, 77ie Nation finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educational advantages. 306-210 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY.

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April 27, The ISTation 111 Travel. Four admirably arranged and attractive routes for CtlVUriv EUROPEAN PARTIES, under the patronage of u u n CD A 7 AD are offered thissea- WrS. JU. V. rKAAAK son, which is the 12th in practical experience with foreign tours. For daily itineraries and references, 6end to 72 Globe Building, Boston, Mass. EUROPE. BOSTON EUROPEAN TOURING CLUB. Professors Morris, Mac Wa tiers, and Dean Buell (with CI IDADP Small, select party of CUI\vrti 95 dayS. Ninth Tour. Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR. 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re- Address THE MOORINGS, Lock Haven, Pa. Teachers, etc. U S. COX, Lilt.B., LECTURER ON LL English. The usage of the masters of English in all periods fully illustrated. Will make engagements with colleges, Rummer schools, women's cluhs, and any literary organizations. addresses on great English and \i writers. Highest, references given. Address care Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- /l ence in preparing for Harvard, Tale, and Prince- ton in Latin, Greek, and German, wants a position in col- preparatory school. Has re- cently studied in Germany. Address Phil. Dk., care Nation. J IBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- JL* perlence in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. A SPECIALIST IN LATIN, Ph.D., XX seven years' experience, five years in present place, Lat in for the coining vear in a college In Eastern or Middle States. Has published some. Address Ph.D.. care Nation. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN AND F OUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced 1 less than one year by private Instruction "-'. free. Key. Wit. Weber, Belleville, 111 A YOUNG MAN TRAINED B Y COL- XX lege, university, and travel, and experienced in teaching, lecturing, and writing, wishes to teach Litera- ture or to direct a private school. Address c. ]■".. Nation. JJ/ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR New Haven, Conn. 3, 97 Whitney Avenue, HARVARD M.A. would like position to teach Classics in Preparatory School, or as prl- "K," c&re Nation. •■ tutor. Address A Ph.D., WHO TAUGHT FOR TEN („i_.y.ear9'de.sl.r.e8 a Position In Mathematics or Modern CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. R SALE.— LARGE THREE-STOR Y ,'!\8i'n.lent house; 3 acres land; situated In beau- Ft 1,111 "f New Jersey. Forma RJthT Sch0°' *or B°y" Mi> Hfth Avenue, New York City. KINDERGARTEN supplies IV at SCHERMERHORN'S, 3 East 14th St., N. Y. Send for new Catalogue. Summer Resorts. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES. FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. ipliealiei EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- pblcts on application. Jarl Landsee. Proprietor. SWIT7FRIANI) lausanne. O TT I Hl,l\LrH1 V HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-class 1 Magnificent \ baths, electri rlcan families Tariff and pal •ate tariff. Large gardens. ike and mountains. Lift, 00m. Patronized by Amt- -y reduced pension terms. \ on application. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEIS5 FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. We buy and sell bills of exchange to and LETTFRS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OP Australia, and South Africa ; also make .D™,T collections and issue Commercial and CKbUI I . Travellers' Cred ts, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Best Kpowi? and Known ^ tbe Best B emington Standard Typewriter WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. If You are Thinking SHORTHAND THE BENN PITMAN SYSTEM has been the standard for forty-four years. For full information, address The Phonographic Institute Company, CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A. tAoxncw Spring Underwear Cartwright and Warner's Underwear, Spring Weights. Ladies' and Children's Underwear. Merino, Silk, and Lisle Thread Underwear. Swiss Ribbed Union Suits. Hosiery Ladies' and Children's plain ribbed and open work Lisle Thread and Silk Hosiery. Golf and Bicycle Hosiery VOtoadwoLU c£> \J\X) 61. NEW YORK. ^c Dcnsmorc H Typewriter Is a thoroughly practical machine. It is built to withstand hard and try- ing wear, to continue to do good work through years of constant use. It has been thoroughly tried and found Densmore Typewriter Co. 316 Broadway, N. Y. City Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L.C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. 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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 The Macmillan Company's New Books NEW SUMMER NOVELS Jesus Delaney. Just ready. $1.50. By Striking, clever character- JOSEPH izations of novel types in Mex- GORDON ico; there is no lack of enter- DONELLY. taining, absorbing incident. The Short Line War. Ready this week. $1.50. A vivid story of an attempt to "capture" a small railroad by a big one ; and of tbe stra- tegic defence of tbe short line by its keen, energetic, and re- sourceful President. By MERWIN- WEBSTER. Hugh Gwyeth A Roundhead Cavalier. Just ready. $1.50. "A capital historical ro> BEULAH MARIE DIX. mance." — The Outlook. The story is valuable. Literature. The Maternity of Harriott Wicken. By Mrs. HENRY DUDENEY. Just ready. $1-50. " An absorbing, tense, re= lentless novel. . . . It is drama broadly conceived, close- ly knit, and tragic bej ond the wont of tragedy." — Provi- dence Telegram. Men's Tragedies. By R. V. RISLEY Cloth. Cr. 8v $1.50. Ready this Week. $1.50. Realistic stories of crises in men's lives, but the realms of strong men of high ideals, how- ever suffering or desolate, not the realisms of the gutter or garret. The Rose of Dutcher's Coolly. By Revised Edition. $1.50. HAMLIN " It is beyond all manner of GARLAND doubt one of the most powerful Cloth Cr 8vo novels ot recent years. It has $. -A ' created a great sensation."— 1.50. The New Age^ The Celebrity. An Episode. Eighth Edition. $1.50. "A downright good story, fresh in both plot and style, . . . entertaining from be ginning to end."— The Inde- pendent. By WINSTON CHURCHILL Richard Carvel. 1 ready. $1.50. The strong, broad treatment of the plot is a far cry from the skilful lightness of Tije Celeb kity, hut no less original or absorbing. LETTERS FROM JAPAN : THE GOSPEL FOR A WORLD OF SIN Cloth. Cr, 8vo, $1.25 JUST READY Superbly illustrated from original Japanese drawings and photographs. "Really charming pen-pictures ... di- versified by delightful character sketches." —Boston Evening Transcript, By Mrs. HUGH FRASER, author of "Pal- ladia," etc. Japanese cover design, gilt. Two vols., 8vo, $7.50 A RECORD OF MODERN LIFE IN THE ISLAND EMPIRE '• Strong and broad. . . . such as this world intensely needs," is one of tbe comments on Dr. Van Dyke's By the Rev. Henry evangelicism, made on tbe publication of his Van Dyke New York The Gospel for an Age of Doubt, with which the new book is uniform in price, etc. "Clear, condensed, scholarly, judicious, and . . . most helpful," Dr. Orr wrote of the By Prof- George H. Student's Life of Jesus, to which the Life Gilbert, Chicago LIFE OF PAUL of Paul, just ready, is similar in scope and Theological Seminary. Cloth. $1.25 nft. style, and uniform with it in size and price. THE STUDENT'S HEART OF MAN. OLD CAMBRIDGE. THE DAWN OF REASON Mental Traits in the Lower Animals. THE ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY THE PHILIPPINES AND ROUND ABOUT DEFECTIVE EYESIGHT on idealism in literature, politics and religion. By Prof. George E. Woodberry, Columbia University. The first of a series of National Studies „.„„,, . „ £?„„„„ ....,.„, iHOMAS WeNTWORTH in American Letters, edited by Professor Higginson. George E. Woodberry. Cloth $1.50. "Suggestive and important observations. _. _ „, By James Weir, Jr. It will pay any student of animal psychology „. . .„_„ tf . _1 vlOln. I2IT10, 5*1.25 to read the book because of these."— (Science. By W. W. Campbell, An enlarged and revised edition cover- Lick Observatory. ing essentially the principles at the fcunda- Revised edition. tion of all the work of a modern observatory. Cloth. l2mo, $2.00 in up-to-date account of conditions and gy j^-j Q. j Young- of the past year, by the author of husband. books of travel in Burmah, Japan, Ceylon, etc. A complement of Prof. Worcester's book. Cloth, umo, $2.50 The Principles of its Relief by the Use of Glasses. Tbe author has long been associated with the New York Post- Graduate Medical School and Hospital, as an authority on the subject. THE LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNHENT Nearly ready. 36th Annual Publication. "Strong . . . able, and in contents a mine of ideas and information." — Chronicle- Telegraph, Pittsburgh. " It must take an important place in the literature of contemporary politics." —Review of Iteviews. THE STATESMAN'S YEAR BOOK 1899. Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1898. "Stands easily first among the statistical annuals published in the English language." — Review of Reviews. By Professor D. B. St. John Roosa, M.D. Cloth. i6mo, $1.00 net. By Gamaliel Bradford. Cloth. 2 vols, $4.00 American Edition, 1899. Carroll D. Wright, Editor. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK

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The Nation. SEW YORK, THURSDAY. APRIL 27, 1899. The Week. It is over fifty years since John Stuart Mill, in the first edition of his 'Political Economy,' called attention to our prac- tice of burning human beings alive, as an illustration of American character. The civil war led him to change his views about us, and erase these passages from subsequent editions. "We consoled our- selves under his criticisms by the reflec- tion that it was slavery that had start- ed these things, and that emancipation would usher in "nobler manners, purer laws." It is thirty-four years since emancipation, and the practice of burn- ing and torturing black men by the ver- dict of unknown mobs has steadily con- tinued and grown. It is pretended now and then that it is caused by negro assaults on white women. As a matter of fact, the punishment of death at the hands of a mob is inflicted, with circum- stances of more or less atrocity, at the South, for anything which happens to displease the local mob. We have no certainty that the assaults on women always occur, nor is any attempt to ascertain their truth, by any process known to civilized men, ever made. The fact is, that the burning and torturings increase in number, are not punished, and that the only legal efforts that we have heard of to prevent them have been, in Texas, disfranchising the sheriff, and in South Carolina, put- ting a fine on the county in which the outrage occurs. The impossibility of criminal pursuit is a striking illustra- tion of the state of civilization which produces them. Do we spend an hour's thought, after we have yelled over San Juan, on the question, what sort of young men a few years more of unpunished burning and torturing will give us? And what will be the effect of adding to these amuse- ments more conquests and assaults and devastation among people who have never injured us, of rendering life still less sacred, the arts of peace still more contemptible, and the habits of plunder and slaughter still more exalted, by a few more aggressive wars, and holding up a few more avowed buccaneers for example to our youth? "We may never get an answer to these questions, but as sure as the world is ruled by retribu- tion, they will have to be answered. "The moving finger writes, and, having writ, moves on." Not all your drums or trumpets or flag-hoistings can avert the inevitable day of account. We. gave last, week some graphic pic- tures of the wholesale looting by our troops in the vicinity of Manila, on the island of Luzon, from the letters of private soldiers in "Western regiments to their homes. We can now supple- ment these with a similar sketch of the pillage committed upon the island of Iloilo, found in the letter of D. M.Mickle, a private in the Tennessee regiment now serving in the Philippines. After de- scribing the burning of the city of Ilo- ilo by the natives, he thus tells of a visit to the house of the Spanish Governor- General, "the most gorgeously furnished house I ever saw in these islands"; "The building had been taken possession of by a United States officer, and he looted it to a finish. I suspected something and followed one of his men to the place. I expected to be jumped on by the officer as soon as I found him there, as I was away from my post, but it seems he was afraid I would give him away; in fact, we were both afraid of each other. He was half drunk, and every time he saw me look at anything he would say, 'Tennessee, do you like that? Well, put it in your pocket.' " The writer says he is using some paper which he found in the house of a Spa- nish tax collector in Jaro, and adds: "The house was a fine one, richly furnished, but had been looted to a finish. The contents of every drawer had been emp- tied on the floor. You have no idea what a mania for destruction the average man has when the fear of the law is removed. I have seen them— old, sober business men, too — knock chandeliers and plate-glass mir- rors to pieces just because they couldn't carry them off. It is such a pity." English setters-on of American Im- perialists are just now loud in their cries that America must not "retreat." They trust we have too much pride and resolution to turn tail in the Philippines. But there is no question of retreating, except from so much of our blundering as it is still possible to retrieve by a change of method. It is not pride but stupidity to persist in a course proved to be insane. And it is certain that the events of the past five months have shown the President's plan for subdu- ing the Philippines to have been igno- rantly conceived, and to have utterly failed in execution. The Manila cor- respondent of Harper's Weekly distinctly affirms fhat the trouble dates from Mr. McKinley's first proclamation in Decem- ber. The natives paid no attention to his fine phrases and buttery promises, but fastened on his statement that they must submit or die. A little real states- manship then, a little wisdom drawn from the experience of others, a little docility in taking the advice of men like Sir Andrew Clarke and Dr. A. R. "Wal- lace, would have prevented all the mise- ries that followed. Now that the fright- ful mistake is displayed to all the world, it is not a retreat, it is only a resump- tion of common sense, to go back and do, even if belated^ what should have been done in. the beginning. The -thing to remember is that Mr. McKinley can stop all this wanton slaughter in the Philippines by one short cablegram. He can order an immediate cessation of all aggressive military operations. He can insist on peaceful negotiations with the native leaders, satisfying their legiti- mate desires, and at the same time dis- charging our whole international duty. "Will he do it? Let the whole bench of Methodist Bishops ask their brother Mc- Kinley why not. The London Spectator has for a good while preached colonization to Ameri- cans with great assiduity, though with extraordinary ignorance of the condi- tions of the problem; but in a recent number it has begun to preach them with "passionate earnestness." This is what the editor preaches: "One thing we would impress upon the Americans with passionate earnestness. Let them have only a moderate number of white men, but let all of those picked men hold important posts and have large salaries and not merely a living wage. Let them adopt, that is, Lord Cromer's admirable principle, and have American heads and Filipino hands. In each central department and each provincial district an American brain must control, must enforce respon- sibility, and, most important of all. must see that equal justice is done; but the exe- cutant hands may well, nay, had better, be inhabitants of the islands." There are one or two things we must say to him, also with "passionate ear- nestness." The first is, that this advice in which he is expending himself on the Americans, reaches only a few hundreds of them in the large cities, and does not produce the smallest effect except amusement. The second is, that he evi- dently does not know enough of the conditions of American political life to make his advice of the slightest use to people, even if it reached them. There are about two dozen things which make his system of colonial government un- likely to be set up until long after he is dead. There are about one dozen which, as things stand at present, would prevent its working well even if set up. We advise him, for the sake of his re- putation as a political philosopher, to begin his studies of American politics in an entirely different direction. "We would, in his place, enter on this field of knowledge by an inquiry into the rea- sons which prevent President McKinley from removing Secretary Alger. This is the most interesting question in Ame- rican politics to-day. In a letter from a Nebraska soldier to his family, received at his home after the cable had announced his death from wounds received in battle, he said: "I am not afraid, and am always ready to do my duty, but I would like some one to tell me what we- are fighting for.!'. An-

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304: Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 other Nebraska soldier, J. E. Fetterl.y. has written a letter, published by the Omaha World-Herald, which is no less significant of the feeling that prevails among our troops. After some interest- ing stories of personal adventure, he dis- cusses the general situation, and says: "Some think the insurgents are disheart- ened, but I think they will make a desperate struggle for what they consider their rights., I do not approve of the course our Govern- ment is pursuing with these people. If all men are created equal, they have some rights which ought to be respected." He goes on to give his own observations as to the intelligence of the natives; says that he has found but few who cannot read and write both their own and the Spanish language; tells of stopping the school-boys on the streets to examine their books, and of its being "no un- common thing to find boys of fourteen and fifteen and sometimes younger with algebras, geometries, or a general his- tory, sometimes a natural history"; says that while, of course, the educa- tional facilities are not so good outside of Manila, the Catholics have establish- ed schools in the provinces; and con- cludes his review with the remark that, "generally speaking, I could not call the people an enlightened race in the sense we use the term, but if I consider their geographical position and the influence of climate and their limited opportunity of educational advantages, and the poor inducements there have been for higher education, one would be favorably im- pressed with the progress they have made." There is a great hullabaloo in the im- perialist organs about "treasonable and seditious communications" sent from this country to the volunteers in the Philippines, advising them not to re- enlist; and terrible threats of "exposing the traitors." There is not the slightest attempt at secrecy about this matter. A fortnight ago a meeting of the parents, relatives, and friends of the soldiers in the Nebraska regiment which is serving in the Philippines, was held in the State- house at Lincoln, to promote the move- ment for their early return home, now that their term of service has been ended by the exchange of the ratifications of the peace treaty. The meeting was at- tended by delegates from the home towns of almost all of the companies. Every speaker warmly urged the im- portance of strongly presenting to the Administration the earnest feeling of all concerned that the regiment should be brought back at once, and a resolution was unanimously adopted appealing to the President to muster the troops out of service as soon as possible, giving as reasons their early enlistment, their valiant service in the field, and the fact that the cause for which they enlisted (the freeing of Cuba from Spanish rule) had been gloriously won. In the course of the discussion, Mrs. C. E. White of Omaha reported that the "Ladles' Auxiliary," realizing that the soldiers would want to know how their parents, relatives, and friends felt about their continuing in the service, had sent the following telegram to Manila: "Boys, don't reenlist; insist upon immediate discharge"; and that word came back that the telegram had reached Manila all right, but could not be delivered, as it was held by the Government censor. We have here another illustration of our adoption of Spanish methods — the Ame- rican Government refusing to let Ame- rican soldiers know how their fathers and mothers feel about their fighting to deny another people the right of self- government. The loss to the nation from the re- tirement of Speaker Reed is appreciat- ed only when one considers the men suggested as his successors. The whole lot does not include a single man possess- ing the distinction which ought to be an indispensable qualification, nor one who has displayed on the floor that force, and especially that power of re- sistance, which are the qualities mosl imperatively demanded in the incum- bent. They are simply men of respect- able ability and of consistent partisan- ship. Not one of them would ever think of doing such a thing as Mr. Reed did when he voted against the Administra- tion measure for the annexation of Ha- waii, or of thwarting such a scheme, pushed by the McKinley-Hanna syndi- cate, as the Nicaragua Canal job. Mr. Reed's great service during the past two years has been as a brake. Nobody who is mentioned for the Speakership of the next House could be depended upon to check the wildest schemes of extrava- gance in expenditure or recklessness in governmental methods. Ex-Governor and ex-Senator Oglesby of Illinois died on Monday at his home, in his seventy-fifth year. He was one of the rough diamonds of American politi- cal life — a type that was plentiful fifty years ago, and of which the very high- est example was Abraham Lincoln. Lin- coln and Oglesby began to be known beyond the boundaries of their own State about the same time — that is, in 1858, when the former was a candidate for the Senate against Douglas, and the latter was a candidate for Congress in one of the districts of Central Illinois. Both had been Old Line Whigs, and both had attached themselves to the rising Republican party. Both were de- feated in this campaign, and both rose to eminence a little later. When the civil war began, Oglesby took the stump to encourage volunteering, but with- out any intention then of going to the war himself. His efforts were so far successful that a regiment was soon in readiness to go to the front, provided he would lead it. He promptly accepted his responsibilities, went to the front, was desperately wounded at Fort Donel- son and reported dead, but recovered and went again to his duties in the field. After the war he was elected Governor of Illinois and Senator of the United States. He never showed trepidation in any place where duty called him, except, perhaps, in the labor troubles in East St. Louis, where he was sub- jected to some criticism for delay in sup- pressing a riot. This was a slight blemish, however, on a long, honorable, and useful career. Gov. Roosevelt has scored a notable and distinctly personal triumph in the passage of the bill which repeals the Black "starchless" civil-service law. It is very seldom that a Gayensor of the same political faith as his immediate predecessor can accomplish such a feat as this is, for it amounts to the undoing of that predecessor's most cherished of- ficial achievement. Mr. Black, in fact, seemed to have been lifted by the Re- publican boss from obscurity for the sin- gle purpose of "taking the starch out of our civil service." He announced this as his most earnest desire when he en- tered upon his duties, and he devoted himself to its accomplishment with more zeal than he displayed in any other cause. His law was about the only trace he left of his individuality upon our statute-books, and this has now been erased by his successor. In bringing about this result, Gov. Roosevelt has dis- played much courage and pertinacity, and has done the State a valuable ser- vice. He has put back the starch in more than its original quantity, and the main outcome of Gov. Black's exertions is the securing for the State of a more thoroughly reformed civil service than we had before his advent. Our laws on the subject are now more harmonious, more thoroughly united in a scientific system, than they have ever been. There was some extremely valuable testimony in the Mazet inquiry on Fri- day, in spite of the general desire on the part of the Tammany witnesses to imitate Croker's manners and give the committee impudence instead of in- formation. Nothing more thoroughly illuminating has been elicited than Andy Freedman's unwilling description of the way in which he conducts the business of the Croker Surety and Bond Company, which was started immediately after the election of 1897, for the fiendish purpose of undermining the business of the Piatt Family Surety and Bond Company. Freedman seemed to have a very faint idea of the complete manner in which he "gave away" the real nature of this financial enterprise. He admitted freely that there was little behind the enter- prise save Croker's personality. "I was very anxious." he said, "to have Mr.

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April 27, 1899] The ISTation. Croker's friendship and association in this company on account of the legion of friends that he has got all over this country; and I realized if Mr. Croker would take stock and join me in this enterprise, it would he most successful, because he has got more men, more friends, that are willing to serve him through friendship than any other man in this country." The division of profit seems to have been handsome on both sides. Croker gives Freedman a salary of $15,000 a year, and also commissions on the business. Freedman gives Croker a share of the profits, but will not dis- close the amounts which he has thus paid over, because that is "private busi- Some time ago, when the Tammany influence with Croker at its head was interested in a street-railway corpora- tion, the concern was spoken of by Bourke Cockran as "wind and a 'pull' capitalized." The Croker - Freedman Company appears to be merely the Cro- ker pull capitalized, with Freedman and Croker dividing the profits. It is in- conceivable that there should be other stockholders, for Freedman testified that although he and Croker were making great profits, there had never been any dividends. Croker said on the stand that he had received "dividends" regularly, but he undoubtedly meant the rolls of bills that Freedman had handed to him. It is not the least interesting revelation of Freedman's testimony that this ex- traordinary company was in the habit for some time of doing a joint business with the Piatt family company, with a square division of the profits. Later, a cut-rate warfare has broken out between them, but that has been brought about, we suspect, because of the superiority of the Croker pull to the Piatt pull, as a capitalized attraction. It is a great pity that a full investigation of the doings of both companies could not be made, in order that we might see at how many points the systems of our two bosses harmonize completely. It has been clear for some time that Mr. Croker thinks that his colleague in the boss business, Mr. Piatt, has been guilty of a breach of the "amenities of the profession" in allowing the investi- gating committee to make inquiries as to the business activities of his sons. He intimated as much on the witness-stand when he asked the Committee why they did not examine the Piatt family law firm and see what they could discover there. On Thursday, in the Senate, at Albany, two of Mr. Croker's especial friends took up the subject and spoke with feeling and frankness about it. Senator McCarren said that "the people had never been treated to such an exhi- bition of political ingratitude as is manifested in this investigation"; that "everybody knows the relations which exist between political leaders," and that "it is pretty generally understood that Mr. Croker has treated the Republican leader in a fair and manly way." He was free to say that he knew of no in- stance in which Mr. Croker "would signify a willingness to go into such dirty work as engages this committee," and if the "Republican leaders responsi- ble for it had a spark of manhood they would feel contempt for themselves." Tom Grady took a similar view, as be- came a man who had been hit hard by the same investigation, and remarked that "no Democrat had ever pointed the finger of scorn at Mr. Piatt because one of his sons was at the head of a trust company, and another was in a law firm going from one department of the State government to another acting as attorney." Perhaps Mr. Croker may be induced later, in view of the ungrateful and indecorous conduct of his fellow- leader, to give us specifications of what Senator McCarren styles his "fair and manly" treatment of Piatt, in return for Piatt's great service in putting him in possession of this city. Quay has been acquitted. The jury took a good many hours to reach a ver- dict, but they finally said, "Not guilty." The misfortune of the prosecution was the fact that its evidence was largely technical, while the defence made a strong point of circumstances which suggested the idea of conspiracy among the opponents of the boss. However firm the moral conviction of Quay's guilt may be in the community, he has been tried by a jury and has been ac- quitted. The verdict cannot fail to help him immensely in his fight for the Se- natorship before the Legislature which will be chosen next year. Meanwhile "the Governor whom I own" has enabled Quay still to wear the title of Senator by appointing him to the office now that the Legislature has adjourned, although there is not the slightest reason to sup- pose that the Senate next winter will recognize his right to a seat under such an appointment. The full text of Sir Michael Hicks- Beach's budget speech shows that its cabled summary did not do justice to the extraordinary reason he advanced for taking $10,000,000 a year out of the sink- ing fund. The real reason was, of course, that he shrank from levying taxes for that amount. It might show the tax- payers that Imperialism had its unplea- sant little bills which cannot be bilked. But Sir Michael gave as his ostensible reason for dipping into the sinking fund the fact that it was necessary to remove temptation from the path of future Chancellors of the Exchequer. He said that if the sinking fund were allow- ed to go on increasing, the "infallible re- I suit" would be that Parliament would some day seize on it all so as to remit taxation. To prevent that calamity, he proposed to seize on a part of it himself. He so dreaded the lack of firmness on the part of future Chancellors, that to save them he would relax his own firm- ness. Distrusting their virtue made it necessary for him to do a little antici- patory sinning himself. The London mist savagely calls all this "clap- trap," but it is really only the historic excuse of the boy caught robbing the orchard: other boys would have stolen the apples if he had not taken a few himself as an awful warning to them. A case was brought before the Police Court in Paris on Friday, in which tho Comte de Dion, the head of an auto- mobile factory, was charged with violat- ing the law which fixes the number of hours that constitute a day's labor in France. This law was passed in 1848, and it places the limit at twelve hours, which certainly seems liberal, if it is wise for the law to interfere at all. It imposes a penalty of one franc per day on the employer for each man who ex- ceeds that limit in his employ. If a workman labors twelve hours for his employer, and then does additional work for himself, the law does not concern it- self with this sort of overtime. In the case of the Comte de Dion, the working- men in his factory, six hundred in num- ber, presented a petition that they be allowed to work overtime, as they re- ceived extra compensation therefor. 'The court would not consider this petition. It held rightly that it sat to enforce the law, not to connive with working- men or others in breaking it. The de- fendant pleaded that demands upon his factory and other automobile works were so great that orders could not be filled without working overtime. If dull times should come later, he wanted to know whether the court would find work and wages for his laborers. The court replied promptly that it would not, but that it would enforce all the laws of which it had jurisdiction when properly brought before it. If this was a bad law, it was for the defendant and his employees, who were dissatisfied with it, to go to the Legislature and ask for it« repeal. Judgment was then rendered against the Comte de Dion for eight francs, being the minimum fine for eight laborers who were named in the pro- ceedings. Of course this fine, although trifling in itself, contains the germ of much larger ones if the offence is re- peated. It brings up the question, how- ever, whether laws limiting the hours of labor for adults are ever really useful. Those which limit the hours of child labor are based upon other considerations, but in the case of full-grown persons who really desire to work overtime for the sake of extra compensation, it seems a hardship and an injustice that they should not be allowed to do so.

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306 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 A "PAROCHIAL AFFAIR." Everybody has read with horror the account of the execution of a negro in the State of Georgia for a heinous crime on Sunday afternoon. He had no legal trial, and an ex-Governor of the State made a faint appeal to the mob which executed him, to let "the law" take its course. The man was chained to a tree and burned alive; but before he was burned, his ears and fingers were cut off one by one, and after he was dead the body was cut to pieces with jack-knives, and his heart and liver were taken out and divided. Such things, and possi- bly worse ones, can easily be found described in the stories of Indian wars. The Iroquois were particularly fond of this sort of amusement in Canada. What makes this most interesting is that the perpetrators of the deed wear broad- cloth, go to Christian churches, give tol- erably large sums to missionary socie- ties, and, what is best of all, are among those who are to-day engaged in the Philippines in shooting the gospel into and in "civilizing" brown men. It is very important that this account should not reach the Filipinos, because it will probably make their resistance more bit- ter and prolonged, and will prevent the proclamation of the Commissioners be- ing read with due reverence. By way of precaution, the Commis- sioners should issue another proclama- tion, pointing out to the Malays that if they refrain from the crime for which this negro was executed, they need not fear burning or mutilation; that all that this shows is the horror our people have of crime; and that all even bad, immoral Tagals, or Malays, have to do to avoid having their ears and fingers cut off, is to behave decently and frequent some Christian church. There is no record of our ever having burnt or mutilated any- body who had not done something to provoke us. There are probably impudent Tagals who will ask us whether this sort of punishment for crime had not long ago been abolished in other parts of the civilized world. We shall have to admit that this is true, but we shall have to say that we are contending with a new kind of crime, which has become rife within thirty years, and that the ordi- nary law has proved ineffective. But we fear the impudent Tagal will then ask how much the ordinary law has been tried as a remedy for this offence, and we shall have to reply that it has seldom been tried at all. He will then naturally ask whether this plan of burning and mutilation has succeeded either, and we shall have to confess that it does not seem to have done so, as the horrors occurring every day at the South seem to show. We began burning for this offence a few years ago in Texas, and we have gone on burning ever since, but, from what the Southerners tell us, the cases are only more numerous, so that the Governor of a State has nothing better to suggest than the fortification of every house containing women in re- gular mediaeval style — moat, bridge, and modern arms. The Tagal aforesaid will, we fear, then ask us whether it is possi- ble that such great civilizers as we are, so great that we have to go round the world looking for people to civilize, have never given to the cause, growth, and remedy for this crime the serious consideration of our wisest men, with a view not to vengeance simply, Iroquois fashion, but to its cure; the friars hav- ing taught these savages that God has created a cure for every crime. What can we say except that our people in some cases prefer vengeance to law, be- cause vengeance is "sweeter" than law, and because law is slow and uncertain, because inquiries and preparations are a bore, and because they are too hot- blooded for organization of any kind? These Tagals are so "sassy" that we fear this fellow will ask us whether it is possible that such a refined people as we are, could have so much time, money, and life to spend in spreading the true religion so far from home as his own country, and issuing benevolent proclamations that might melt the heart of a gorgon, yet had not a moment or a dollar to spare in thirty years for a so- ber, enlightened, statesmanlike conside- ration of the question of our own ne- groes, their civilization, cultivation, education, welfare — in short, as hu- man beings for whom we had, as Griggs says, centuries ago "ac- cepted the responsibility." Has theje been a thing done for them by us as a nation, except burn them by mobs when they did wrong? How long can this awful refusal of responsibility go on without dragging us down to their level? How much above the ignorant negro ravisher is the white, full of gos- pel, and schools, and church sociables, who cuts the negro's heart and liver out, and divides them into small pieces among his friends? Not much, we fear, in the regions to which we are sending the Tagals so copiously. THE POLICY OF IGNORANCE AND DRIFT. The Administration has relaxed the censorship at Manila. Details of the formidable nature of a campaign of con- quest in the islands have at last been allowed to reach the American people. Aggressive movements against the Fili- pinos seem to have been suspended. The authorities are eagerly waiting for news of a peaceful adjustment. All this is gratifying if it really indicates that the President has waked up at the eleventh hour to the utter failure of his policy of blood and iron. That policy has hitherto been an unhappy compound of ignorance and drift. It has been the steady complaint of our officers at Ma- nila that the situation there was not grasped at Washington. Gen. Greene wrote as long ago as last August: "The situation is not understood in America, and, unless properly dealt with at Paris, will inevitably lead to future compli- cations and possibly war." It is said that Admiral Dewey plainly warned the Government last summer that it would take 100,000 men to subdue the Philip- pines, and that the Washington wise men thought him half crazy, just as their predecessors thought Gen. Sher- man a lunatic when he told them how many men it would take to put down the rebellion. Be this as it may, we know that Dewey telegraphed the chief need at Manila to be "a first-class statesman." Of course, the Administration is full of such, but none could be spared. Dewey also showed by his call for the Oregon, two months ago, that his grasp of the military problem was far better than that of the War Department. And his early statement that the Filipinos are "far superior in their intelligence and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba," he distinctly re- asserted in the only letter of his printed in the Peace Treaty documents, in w'hich he said: "Further intercourse with them has confirmed me in this opinion." Other evidence of knowledge and ad- vice coolly set aside by the President has since come to hand in Major Young- husband's new book, just published by Macmillan, 'The Philippines and Round About.' The Major is a British officer, glad of the alliance and all that, but his sketch of the situation in the Philip- pines, as he saw it at the end of last year, reveals the fact that he knew more, and our officers there knew more, of what was likely to happen than was ever dreamed of in the Washing- ton philosophy. Major Younghusband writes: "To an observer on the spot, it was apparent that the authorities in the distance were hardly alive to the com- plications which existed." What he meant was that the Americans had treated Aguinaldo as a valued friend and ally until Manila was captured, but then set about ignoring and abusing and exasperating him in every possible way. Aguinaldo, in the meanwhile, had gathered an army, set up a government, and taken control of practically the whole island of Luzon. What was to come out of this but war? Very well, let there be war, said the Americans; our 20,000 troops can in a pitched battle defeat Aguinaldo's 50,000, and that will be the end of him — not knowing, says Major Younghusband, wise before the event as we are wise after it, "that the ordeal of a set battle was the last form of suicidal mania which Aguinaldo would be likely to indulge in." Younghusband records the interesting fact that the "American army officers at the seat of war" were "almost unani- mous in deprecating the annexation of

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April 27, 1899] The Nation. 307 the Philippines." They pointed out that "to garrison the Philippines the Ameri- can standing army must at once be rais- ed to twice its present strength," and that, "once the novelty had worn off, the American people would resent the increased taxation involved." Why was Washington left in ignorance of all this? Why did it go on trusting blindly that our good luck would not fail us? Major Younghusband supplies, we believe, the correct answer when he writes that "the true parting of the ways was not in the actual act of annexation, for that had become inevitable, but in having allowed Admiral Dewey to do more than defeat the Spanish fleet and exact a heavy in- demnity from the city of Manila before sailing away, thus leaving the Philip- pine problem for the Spaniards and their friends to solve." That is, we had a President who did not know his own mind, who was moving about in a world not realized, and who concluded to let things drift. But to put off deciding is to decide; and the plight we are in now is of McKinley's making on that fatal day in May when he resisted Senator Sewell's importunities that Dewey be ordered home. If ignorance and indecision have brought the Government into its present impasse in the Philippines, the only wis- dom now possible is to retrace our steps. We must do now what we should have done in the beginning — treat the Fili- pinos as we treat the Cubans, protect them, watch over them, help them, but urge them to do their own governing. No pride of opinion, or unwillingness to admit huge blundering, should detain Mr. McKinley for one hour from making haste to try kindness and fairness and confidence on the natives, instead of bluster and bullets. It must be evident to him now, as it is to all the world, that he has dashed himself against a strong national sentiment in the Philip- pines. Let him recall Pitt's famous pro- phecy of what would happen to Napo- leon when he came into collision with such a national sentiment in Spain. Let him reflect on Napoleon's own confes- sions on the subject. They are given in Lady Malcolm's recently published jour- nal of conversations with Napoleon at St. Helena: "The system," Napoleon said, "that I pur- sued in Spain, although it would have even- tually heen for the good of that country, yet was contrary to the opinion of the people, and therefore I failed. Ferdinand is right in following his present system, for the Spaniards like their bigotry, their priests, and all their ancient customs. Ferdinand's confessor once said to me: 'Why do you wish us to change our present modes? We like them and so ought you; for while we follow them we shall never be a great na- tion, but we are content to be as we are.' It is impossible to force a great nation con- trary to its opinion." Will the "Little Napoleon" hearken to these words of Napoleon the Great? OJ'R RELATIONS WITH GERMANY. There was some uneasiness in com- mercial circles last week touching our relations with Germany in respect of Samoa, and this feeling was not exact- ly soothed by the speech of Capt. Cogh- lan of the Raleigh at the Union League banquet on Friday evening. What he had to say about the Germans in the East was most offensive and indiscreet. He should have reflected that his re- marks would be telegraphed to Ger- many, and would create ill-feeling. In private conversation, and making al- lowance for the American gift for hu- morous exaggeration, it might do to say that the German officers at Manila "didn't dare to breathe more than four times in succession without asking Ad- miral Dewey's permission"; but such things said at a public dinner, by an officer of the United States, are not be- coming. It is all very well for our irre- sponsible private swashbucklers to go on breathing out threatening and slaughter against the world; foreigners have learned how to take their rhodomontade for what it is worth; but if we really wish to live at peace with nations for whom we profess friendship, our naval officers must bridle their mouths when speaking in public of their affairs. The Captain of the British man-of-war at Manila is said to have apologized to Ad- miral Dewey on behalf of the Germans, on the ground that "you know they have no sea manners." The sea manners of our naval officers are irreproachable, but some of them need to, look to their land manners. Captain Coghlan made another speech on Saturday evening (rather incoherent, as it appears in the newspaper reports), in which he refrained from mentioning Germany, but repeated with emphasis his previous utterances, and added that "we came very near to killing them" — presumably German officers and sailors in Manila harbor last year. Very pro- perly, he has been called upon for ex- planations by the Secretary of the Navy, and ordered back to his ship while he was on his way to a third dinner party. There is some commercial bickering springing from the protective tariffs of the two countries, but this does not inte- rest many people in the United States, and, however it may be settled, or even if it is not settled, will not disturb the peace of the two countries. It is worthy of note that the only incidents ever threatening a breach of peaceful rela- tions with Germany have grown out of our so-called policy of expansion. The Samoan complication was really a fore- runner of that policy. It was an act of meddlesome folly running counter to the traditions of the republic and to the teachings of the fathers, having no de- cent support or pretext. In order to make ourselves strong at a place where we ought never to have been except as peaceful traders, we sent two war-ships to Apia, which were forthwith blown to pieces in a hurricane, with the loss of hundreds of lives. If our government had been minding its own business, those men and ships would have been at home, and would have escaped that appalling disaster. Since that time we have gain- ed nothing from Samoa that we could not have gained without any other than commercial relations, the same that we have with the Fijis and other groups in the Pacific. We have, however, exposed ourselves to a large chapter of accidents growing out of the uncertain temper of the people in whose management we have taken a share, and also of the offi- cials in civil and naval life whom we send there. Added to other difficulties is that of distance and infrequent com- munication, which prevents close su- pervision and prompt and accurate knowledge of what takes place there. Ten years have passed since we took a hand in the Samoan complication, and now we are sending out a commission to rearrange the terms of it, without having received the smallest compensa- tion for the money spent and the lives lost in those islands. Moreover, nobody knows what may happen next. It is reassuring, however, to feel that the people of Germany and the United States are held together by the strongest bonds of both friendship and commercial in- terest, which not even the folly or the superfluous zeal of their servants and representatives in Samoa can seriously weaken. This friendship is due, not alone to the presence among us of a large population of German birth or descent, but also to the benefits derived by each country from the other during the whole period of our existence as a nation, which has been a period of un- broken peace. Thousands of our sons have been educated in Germany. Thou- sands of Americans travel there every year. Thousands are domiciled there all the time. The ties which unite the two countries are of many different kinds, but all of them are strong and enduring. We need no alliances with foreign Pow- ers, and we shall make none on paper, but surely we have one with Germany, written in the hearts of the people of both countries, which does not need to be stamped and sealed by the Govern- ment of either. As to the friction in the Philippines last year, to which Capt. Coghlan made his indecorous allusion, it is not publicly known what act or what demeanor the German Admiral at Manila was guilty of. It is not known whether our Gov- ernment ever made any complaint of it, or whether the German Government ap- proved it or disavowed it. It is certain that no international trouble grew out of it, and that nearly everybody had for- gotten it when it was so suddenly re- vived at the Union League Club last Friday. It is gratifying to know that Secretary Hay has signified to the Ger- man Ambassador at Washington his strong disapproval of Capt. Coghlan's

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308 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 speech. With that declaration, the inci- dent may be considered at an end, so far as it has international character. For the sake of good order and discipline at home, however, some further steps ought to be taken in Capt. Coghlan's case. THE ESSENCE OF BOSS GOVERN- MENT. We are unable to agree with Dr. Park- hurst as to the inutility of the present investigation of Tammany. He holds that unless both Piatt and Croker are included in the scope of the inquiry, the results are likely to be without value. It seems to us that if the investigation were to stop at the present point, it has achieved one thing that more than jus- tifies its existence. It has, quite unex- pectedly to its promoters, impressed firmly upon the minds of the public the fact that there is really no difference between Piatt and Croker as political leaders — that the boss system of one is the boss system of the other in principle and in practice. Surely, it is a gain to have a Piatt committee make this de- monstration so clearly that everybody recognizes its truth. Croker helped it a great deal when he called attention to the fact that his sons were perform- ing precisely the same functions in his system that Piatt's sons were perform- ing in his. Both were using their boys as salesmen in their traffic in the funda- mental principles of popular govern- ment. A boss who has nominations, le- gislation, public contracts — in short, all the powers and privileges of a city or a State Government — for sale, must have subordinates and agents upon whom he can depend for the clerical work of the business, and who could be better fitted for it than his own sons? Of course, everybody who has follow- ed the developments of our modern boss system as it is now paramountly estab- lished in several of our States, has known for some time that there was no appreciable difference between its De- mocratic and its Republican forms, Piatt's system is like Croker's, and both are like Quay's and Hanna's. All of them are founded and operated on the possession of the chief powers of popu- lar government for the personal profit of the boss and his associates. All of them lay their foundation in the prima- ries, which they control absolutely, eith- er by the use of patronage or money, or both. Long before the national Re- publican convention which nominated Mr. McKinley for the Presidency came together, Hanna had so "fixed" the pri- maries that McKinley's nomination was a mere formality. That is what we see in all our nominating conventions in this State, Republican and Democratic. The bosses own them absolutely, be- cause they have bought and paid for the delegates in the primaries. A common peculiarity of the bosses who thus get possession of the nominat- ing machinery, and by that means leave the people no alternative but to elect one or the other of their candidates or sets of candidates to office, is to assume, after election, that they have a majority of the people behind them, and are con- sequently justified by the people in what- ever course they may adopt. The Mc- Kinley war policy was based upon this assumption, and the assumption was as- serted with such vigor that even criti- cism of it was branded as treason. Croker said on the witness stand, a few days ago, to Mr. Moss, who was asking him questions: "You are conducting this investigation by a minority vote of this city, and I am sitting here representing my friends with a big majority vote." His meaning was clearly that so long as he had been put at the head of the city government by popular vote, he had po- pular approval for whatever he did, no matter what its character. Almost at the same time the Quay Republicans in the Pennsylvania Legislature were adopting a resolution in caucus declar- ing that since Quay had been nominated for Senator by a party majority in regu- lar caucus, he was entitled to and should receive the vote of every Republi- can member, and that members refusing would be subject to "odium" for their course. What is this but the Croker assumption over again? No matter what may be the character of the candidate, no matter by what means he secured a majority in his support, the mere fact that he has a majority should silence all criticism and justify anything that he may do. We see the same principle in operation in the New York Legisla- ture at every session. It is shown most clearly in the business called "jamming." Piatt holds that his possession of a ma- jority entitles him to ignore completely all expressions of disapproval. If he wishes to "jam" a bill through, without deliberation or discussion, he does it, and maintains that since the people have given him a majority, they mean that he shall use it as he pleases. When the boss of one party cannot se- cure this majority or popular support by his own exertions, he gets the necessary aid from the boss of the opposite party. Croker is not strictly truthful when he says that he sits in the witness chair re- presenting his friends "with a big ma- jority vote." His government was elect- ed by a minority, but he got for it the necessary plurality because his fellow- boss, Piatt, ran a candidate of his own and divided the opposition. Of course, in theory and in practice, this plurality is considered. as much of a popular sup- port as a majority, but it by no means furnishes sufficient ground for the claim which Croker bases upon it. The main point about all these boss methods of getting control is that the people are cheated in each instance. The bosses get possession through corruption, or trickery, or fraud, and, once in power, they cite the fact of possession as evi- dence of popular approval for whatever they wish to do. The apathy with which all classes regard this pretension is a melancholy sign of political decay in the first decade of the second century of our republican experiment in self-govern- ment. OUR FAULTY COPYRIGHT LAW. Up to 1891, the United States had re- fused to recognize in any way whatever the rights of foreigners in the matter of literary property. The world was all before our publishers where to pirate. But, by the act of March 3, 1891, we made a tardy and grudging confession that our previous legal position had been that of outer barbarians. We accorded to foreigners a certain control of the re- sults of their own intellectual labor. In a halting and faulty way, we made our entrance into the family of civilized na- tions that recognize international copy- right. We were naturally welcomed as repentant prodigals. Poems of con- gratulation were written, orders confer- red, effusive greetings interchanged. From the first, however, the clear-sight- ed saw that our legislation on the sub- ject was but a limping affair; that we ought frankly to have joined the Berne convention, which gives authors perfect- ly fair and perfectly reciprocal treatment in the nations adhering to it, and not have set up a mongrel method of our own. Still, it was maintained by our own copyright agitators, and hoped by foreign writers, that, having made a be- ginning, we would speedily go further and correct our laws so as to make them conform to civilized usage. But eight years have passed; nothing has been done, or even attempted, in the way of amendment; and foreigners, tired of waiting, are beginning to say unpleasant things of us. We no not now refer to Mr. Alfred Austin's letter to Secretary Hay; that was urbanity itself, if also vagueness itself. The traditional inhabitant of Jupiter could never suspect that there was any row, or guess what it was all about, if he had only Mr. Aus- tin's letter to go upon. But some Italian publishers have lately been blowing a trumpet of less uncertain sound. It is, in fact, upon writers who are foreign in language as well as in nationality that our copyright laws bear hardest. Eng- lish authors find them awkward and vexatious, and in some cases tanta- mount to an unjust tax upon their lite- rary property, but it is the French and Germans and Italians and Spanish who catch it. The case is so well put by this Italian complaint, laid before the Min- istry, that we quote a part of it in translation. (The whole may be found in the January-February number of / Diritli d'Autore.) It is an accurate de- scription of the facts: "In accordance with paragraph 4956, pro-

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April 27, 1899] The ISTation 309 tection cannot be claimed unless two copies of the book which is to be protected have been, at the latest on the day of publica- tion, sent to the Librarian of Congress in the United States, or, in the case of a for- eign country, have been deposited with the post in the territory of the United States, addressed to the Librarian. But this is not enough. These two copies must have been printed from type composed in the territory of the United States, or from ste- reotyped plates made from type so com- posed. If, then, the European author of a work does not wish to lose the benefits of the American protection, he must, before offering his work to the public in his own country, find a publisher in the United States, he must send him a copy of his manuscript, wait until a translation of it has been made, until the American typogra- phical composition has been completed, and until two coDies of the translation thus printed have been consigned to the Libra- rian of Congress at Washington, or lodged with the post addressed to him. Then alone can he proceed to issue the original edition of his book. The slightest mistake, the smallest delay that may occur in the com- position in the United States, causing the author, in his ignorance of it, to produce the original publication but one day before the translation, and the protection becomes null, all the steps taken are void, and pirate pub- lishers can produce the work with impunity, without either author or publisher possess- ing any rights." It is quite needless for the protesting Italians to say that, under such a system, it is "absolutely impossible for our au- thors to get protection of their rights." With a very few exceptions— such as Zola, Nansen, possibly D'Annunzio, Tol- stoy, Bismarck — it has not been practi- cable for non-English -authors to take advantage of our international copyright law at all. We flattered and plumed our- selves mightily about it and had all sorts of sugar-plums thrown at us in conse- quence; but, in hard fact, we were giv- ing the foreign writers only "nothing be- tween two plates," as the Spanish say. The Italians are calling upon their Gov- ernment to secure better terms from the Americans, or else to denounce the ex- isting treaty and begin to retaliate. It is really an affair for our own authors to take up and for our own legislators to cure, but we regret to say that we see no sign of activity on the part of either. The whole trouble grew, of course, out of our joining together what common sense and justice would put asunder. We set out to legislate for the protection of literary property, and ended by pass- ing a law for the protection of the manu- facture of books. We know it has often been said that, but for the vicious "manufacture clause," we could have got no international copyright law at all. Well, it might almost have been better to have had no law at all than one holding out a fair promise only to with- draw it in the act. We might as well have enacted, at the same time, for the encouragement of engravers, that no book should be copyrighted unless illus- trated; or the wood-palp men might as well have been placated as the type-set- ters, with a provision that copyright should be extended only to books print- ed on Warner Miller's wood-pulp paper; or it might have been stipulated that copyrighted books should never be sold in department stores, or at less than $2.17 each, thirty off for cash. When we legislate, we need to legislate with a sin- gle mind, and not mix up the Typogra- phical Union and the labor vote with the question of the rights of literary property. Until we can treat such prop- erty as a single and simple thing by itself, and pass laws respecting it with no thought of helping anybody's print- ing business, or the paper trade, or even the trade in foreign decorations, our international copyright law will remain the lame and humbugging measure it is. A NEW FRENCH HISTORIAN. New York, April 21, 1899. Within the past three years a new his- torian has revealed himself in Prance, and of the rarest kind, for to the merit of being a writer already illustrious he adds that of having attacked the most difficult and least known of all histories, namely, the contem- porary. Tolerably complete school manuals of the history cf the Third Republic, it is true, already existed; and Taine gave, in his 'Modern Regime,' a conscientious, profound, and exact study of political and social life in nineteenth-century France. Moreover, the body of journals and reviews enable any one endowed with critical sense and a sense of proportion to disengage the truth from the errors or lies with which history is written in daily or weekly publications. But no one had yet tried to describe or to relate the true life of his contemporaries, and no longer in the deceptive decorum of their official occupations, but in the common- place reality of their daily being, with their ambitions, their pettiness, their ridiculous- ness, their distress. What does a French- man of 1899 do, think, and really believe? How is he affected by political events and social transformations? What is he saying, not in the press or in public harangues, but in the freedom of familiar chat at the cafe, among friends, about the questions of the day and the great or petty incidents of national life, whether the topic be war, mi- litarism, religion, anti-Semitism, the policy of Leo XIII., the latest political scandal, or the latest worldly tittle-tattle? What, in a word, is the true state of mind of a Frenchman of to-day, be he soldier or ma- gistrate, professor or priest, nobleman or office-holder? It would seem easier to answer this ques- tion for a Frenchman of the eighteenth cen- tury, who wrote his memoirs every evening, or for contemporaries of Louis XIV., who, like Mme. de Sevigne, unbosomed them- selves in letters to their friends, or, like Saint-Simon, recorded privily the secret his- tory of a reign of which the courtier Dan- geau saw only the solemn and dreary as- pect. Well, from this time forth we shall be almost as well acquainted with the France of to-day as with that of two cen- turies ago, thanks to the new historian who has just arisen with his three volumes "of contemporary history," as he himself styles them. He is none other than M. Anatole France, and the three books he offers us bear the following unscientific names: 'L'Orme du Mail,' 'Le Mannequin d'Osier,' and 'L'Anneau d'Amethyste.' The first ap- peared in 1896; the last during the current year. These who are familiar with the literary manner of Anatole France, and have read the appetizing books entitled 'Le Crime de Syl- vestre Bonnard' or 'La Rotisserie de la Reine Pedauque,' will doubtless gee in the label "contemporary history" affixed to his last three works only a pleasantry on the part of this witty sceptic, who unites the irony of Sterne with the philosophy of Renan. Such is not the case: it is emphatically history that we have to do with. While we certainly do not find in this novelist's historical books either every event in French contemporary history, or an enumeration of every minis- try, or recitals of every colonial war, It is nevertheless true that whoever to-day, or a century hence, would know the veritable his- tory of France under the Third Republic, and would have a precise notion, not regarding things and doings of little interest, but re- garding men who alone signify, cannot dis- pense with reading and studying these three works of the imagination, which will remain the most precious testimonies and documents of an epoch anything but deficient in literary manifests. Frankly, M. France's method in his latest works does not differ from that employed by him when, in 'Thai's,' he made Alexandrian courtesans and philosophers converse about the great problems of human life; or when, in 'La R6tisserie de la Reine Pedauque,' he put bold and cynical speeches in the mouths of free-thinking priests and enlightened burghers several centuries ago. Here again are personages more or less ima- ginary who discourse together on all the subjects which have ever piqued man's curiosity— to wit, life, death, the why and the how of things. And they all talk with that elegant grace, that keenness of wit, that wide erudition, and that classic purity of language which the author lends to all his heroes. But this time these heroes are Frenchmen of 1896, 1897, and 1898; they have the ideas, preoccupations, and passions of to-day; they comment on yesterday's events, judge the men of the hour, touch on every subject that has a place in the thought of living Frenchmen. What have been, of recent years, the great questions of political life in France? The relations of the clergy and the republic; uni- versal military service; the progress of so- cialism— not to speak of secondary incidents momentarily arising, like the Panama scan- dal or similar episodes. This is what the personages in M. Anatole France's books speak to us about, especially two of them — a university professor and a Catholic priest, who like to chat with each other under the shade of the orme du mail, though at all points holding opposite views. "But they were," says M. France, "the only people in town interested in general ideas." Where is the scene of these dialogues? No- body can tell; but those who know provincial life in France will recognize the marvellous picture here drawn of it, with its empty monotony, which men endeavor to animate and to fill up with their passions, their am- bitions and rivalries. Here are grouped rep- resentative types of political, religious, mili- tary, university, and social life — the sum of French life. There are a prefect, an arch- bishop, priests, professors, middle class and aristocracy; and these men, differing in edu- cation, culture, and ideas, live before us in the narrow frame of that provincial town, talk freely, bustle about as in reality, and exhibit in word and deed everything medio- cre, frivolous, or puerile that occupies their

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310 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 minds. When we have heard them discuss the last incident that has engrossed the town, or politics, or religion, and have penetrated with M. France their daily life, we know exactly the thought and action and desire of a pre- fect, an archbishop, a general, a librarian, a professor of the Third Republic. We know exactly their conception of the world, the place which concern for advancement and red ribbons holds in their hearts. Already some of these types have become legendary in France, like the characters in the most popu- lar novels; and this not alone because public malice has thought it recognized the real men judged to be represented, but because the unanimous consent of readers has found alive and truthful the personages whose words and deeds M. France rehearses to us through three volumes. Everybody in France now knows M. Worms-Clavelin, the Jewish and free-ma- son prefect, vulgar and empty type of those political parvenus whom the Republic has brought into relief. A pliant and crafty man, indifferent to ideas, a stranger to all conviction, he repeats in his talk the com- monplace official language, and his whole politics consists in holding on to his office, which is uncertain by nature since it is at the mercy of political fluctuations. This Worms-Clavelin is certainly a typical pre- fect of to-day and functionary of the Third Republic; never was a portrait drawn with an exacter or finer stroke, and yet no- body had ever depicted him. M. France has here been a true creator. But his most successful types are those of the clerical world. With Ferdinand Fabre he will rank as the most wonderful historian of the Ca- tholic clergy of this republican period, in which the situation of the Church has been so difficult and thankless, placed between a hostile government whose favors it must obtain, and a fanatical Catholic party whose anti-republican passions it must humor. The question of the bishops, already treated by Fabre, is in this respect one of the richest themes, since it enables us to study clerical suppleness and diplomacy in the struggle against the temporal power. The story of the priest who would become a bishop, as re- lated to us by M. France, is of itself a mas- terpiece. So far as he depends on the State for his nomination, the Abbe Guitrel (an- other classic type at present) performs pro- digies of opportunism, never committing himself on any delicate subject, and dis- creetly handling all parties of whom he seeks to make use. Then, once appointed, the diplomatic, cunning, and shifty priest, assured of his place, becomes an intractable bishop who fulminates against the preten- sions of the State in the name of the sacred rights of the Church. Whoever wishes to acquaint himself with the French clergy un- der the Concordat of 1802 cannot dispense with studying the priests created by the imagination of M. Anatole France, and truly to be said to belong to history. The most popular and veritably immortal type of these books is Monsieur Bergeret, professor of Latin poetry at the University, and author of a book on 'Virgilius Nauticus,' a learned and laughable philologue. A poor man, persecuted by his dean and deceived by his wife, endowed with an intellect superior to his fate, he comforts himself for his wretchedness by philosophizing dc omni re BfHhili, now with a fanatical old priest, now with the radical and narrow-minded town li- brarian. To him has been given to convey M. France's mocking, disillusioned, and revo- lutionary philosophy. Beneath the "l'orme du mail," or in a corner of a little bookshop where he daily takes refuge, M. le professeur Bergeret ventilates on all the ideas, creeds, and institutions which men are wont to reverence, more paradoxes than would suffice to get him stoned by the fanatics of all par- ties if they were intelligent enough to com- prehend his subtle and mordant thought, or artistic enough to perceive the danger of such language, the most seductive that has been spoken since Renan. The clever author has not only introduced in his books every political and literary topic of conversation in these latter years, including the Armenian massacres, the burn- ing of the Charity Bazaar, the American war with Spain, and the new prosody of the younger poets, he has, as events un- folded themselves, made his characters hold forth on every fresh incident capable of philosophic commentary which contem- porary history offered them. Thus, this latest volume, 'L'Anneau d'Amethyste,' con- tains the opinions of Monsieur Bergeret, a notable "Dreyfusard," on the crisis of na- tional dementia through which chauvinism and anti-Semitism have compelled France to pass for eighteen months. He has intro- duced in it, with cutting irony, admirable observations on the aberrations into which men are led by passion; on the stupidity of the mob, the cowardice of individuals, the role of falsehood and its "superiority to the truth" (for, the truth being one while false- hood is multiple, "the majority is against it"). He has even introduced a new cha- racter, no other than Esterhazy, whose por- trait is so deftly and yet so strikingly drawn that everybody recognizes the "uhlan na- tional," as he is called in France A great joy and delicious revenge on the demoniacs has been the thought of sensible men that the skilful pen of Anatole France forced on the passionate readers of the most mili- tary journal these pleadings of Monsieur Bergeret in behalf of reason and justice; for every Monday these chapters of con- temporary history appeared in the Echo de Porta. It is perhaps prudent to add in closing that, precious as are these contributions of the new French historian, the reading of them is not indispensable to all, and may even be Injurious to many. "One must be no longer wholly innocent to find satis- faction in moralists," writes somewhere Anatole France himself. This ironical lite- rature is disintegrating and anarchistic, and from it escapes, a perverse and disturbing odor of decadence. After all, these French- men of to-day described by M. France are not all the French; these pitiful and dolt- ish ambitious functionaries are not all the functionaries, nor these priests all the priests. These books must be taken, as they were written, cum grano salis, and viewed as documents exact and veracious, it is true, but partial, for the history of con- temporary France. Othon Guerlac. SUDERMANN'S SYMBOLICAL DRAMA. Cambridge, Mass., April 19, 1899. A curious illustration of the evasiveness of genius, and of the impossibility of predict- ing its course from the influence of sur- rounding circumstances, has lately been af- forded in the unexpected turn taken by the two foremost of living German dramatists. Hauptmann, after having risen in "The Sunk- en Bell" to sublime visions of the infinite, has allowed himself once more to be drawa into the sphere of the hopelessly earthly. Sudermann, on the other hand, the racy satirist, the impassioned orator, the rough- and-ready delineator of blunt actuality, all of a sudden reveals himself as a lyric poet in whom reecho the most aerial sounds of mediaeval mysticism. Paradoxical and unrelated as these facts seem to be, they yet point to a common source. They are symptoms of the restless search cf the modern world for a new faith, of its ineradicable striving after a new answer to the riddle of life. They clearly show that we are still in the very midst of that spiritual fermentation which set in with the final decay of the feudal world in the eighteenth century. They are a new proof of the evident fact that the blue flower of the Romanticists has not yet been found, that the spirit of the Middle Ages is still walking about and is still in vain trying to reincarnate itself. Nor is the personal link of Sudermann's latest drama with his former production by any means entirely wanting. In his "Jo- hannes" he portrayed a moral visionary who goes through the world with eyes riveted upon a fictitious ideal, and who, therefore, fails to see the needs of the life that is pressing upon him. In "Die drei Reiher- federn" he now brings before us an aesthetic visionary who chases after a magic form of womanly love and beauty that hovers before him on the distant horizon, without noticing that in his flight he tramples into the dust not only his own happiness, but also the life of the woman who has given to him her all. To restate in commonplace prose the details of the exceedingly romantic happenings of this drama would be an injustice to both au- thor and translator. A few words, however, about its essential features and its leading thought may be not unwelcome to readers who otherwise might be bewildered by the extraordinary variety — not to say, apparent incoherence — of the action. Young Witte, Prince of Gotland, Is a mix- ture of Parzival, Hamlet, and Faust. Like Parzival, he is a knight-errant, reaming through the world in quest, if not of the Grail, at least of some supernatural goal of happiness. Like Hamlet, he is a dreamer of deeds rather than a doer of deeds, in constant conflict between the im- pulse to follow the call of an heroic mission and the capricious promptings of his little weaknesses and frailties. Like Faust, he is a man of infinite susceptibility, of boundless appetites, a consummate egoist, but at the same time a soaring idealist, yearning for completeness of life. He has left his home, impelled by a vague longing for the woman of his destiny, the woman that shall fill his soul, that shall inspire his highest thought. Fate has revealed to him that to make him- self worthy of her he must first win a magic treasure, the feathers of a wild, demoniac heron who is worshipped as a god on a deso- late island of the northern seas: " Es liegt eine Insol im Nordlandsmeer, Wo Tag and Nacbt zur Dammerung wild; Noch niomand felerte Whderkehr, Dcr sicli lm Sturme dorthin verirrt. Das 1st deln Weg. Dart, wo das Hell noch nie gelehrt, Dort wird in cincm krystallenen Haus Kin wilder Relher als Gott verehrt. Dem Ri-iher reisse drei Fcdern aus Und brlnge sie her!" If he burns the first feather, he will behold

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April 27, The Nation 311 the image of the coveted woman in the far distance. By burning the second, he will be united with her in the secrecy of the mid- night hour. The burning of the third will bring destruction to her likewise. Both the greatness and the tragedy of Witte's career lie in this, that he allows him- self to be drawn under the spell of these fatalistic conceptions. He accomplishes the task demanded: he struggles through the horrors of the enchanted island and brings back his prize. He burns the first feather, and now there floats before him, between sea and sky, the gigantic shadow of a woman- ly form which incites his feelings -to high- est passion. He rushes upon it as Faust rushed upon the phantom of Helen; but, like the phantom of Helen, it vanishes into air before his outstretched arms. From here on he seems almost bereft of reason. He has no thought of his country suffering under the tyranny of a savage usurper; he has no eye for any sight of real life that presents itself to him; he only raves in ecstatic desire for that fair image. Thus he comes, in the course of his wan- derings, to the court of a young widowed queen who, in order to satisfy tbe clamor- lngs of her people for a ruler, has pro- claimed her willingness to accept the hand of him who in knightly combat should de- feat the host of her wooers. Half against his will, unconsciously moved by the en- treating glance of the lovely young queen, he takes up arms for her, and, although severely wounded in the tournament, is de- clared victor and accepted as the queen's husband. But even now, at the side of the fairest and sweetest of women, he finds no rest; his only thought is of that magic vision in the clouds. The cares of state weigh upon him; like the hero of "The Sunken Bell." he feels burdened with the com- monplace concerns of everyday life; his wife seems to him to draw him down into ordi- nary enjoyment — "Geniessen macht gemein." Despondent of his fate, out of accord with himself, he once more takes refuge In the supernatural: in solitary midnight hour he burns the second magic feather which is to unite him with the beloved. The queen, who has spent a sleepless night, grieving over her husband's gloom, is attracted by the flame and thus appears before him. But the frenzied man, instead of seeing in her ap- pearance the fulfilment of the oracle, in- stead of recognizing in her the woman of his destiny, reproaches her for having watch- ed and suspected him. His harsh words cause her long repressed feelings for him to break forth without reserve; and in a supremely beautiful scene husband and wife are for a moment truly brought together. But only for a moment. For soon Witte's restless craving leads him again astray. He abandons himself to wild orgies and dissipa- tions, and although in a measure he atones for these by rising to spasmodic heroism in the political crisis brought upon the country through his eccentricities, he sinks back into his former state as soon as the crisis is past; and he ends by laying down his crown and resuming his old knight-errantship, he, "der Sehnsucht nim- mermuder Sohn." In the last act we see him, a prematurely broken man, after many weary wanderings and many fruit- less undertakings, on his way homeward to the scenes of his youth. Passing by the castle of his wife, he is recognized by a peasant, and the news Is brought to the queen. She who, during all these years of loneliness, has lived for him and in him only, at once hastens to greet him. And now at last the scales fall from his eyes. He sees that he has wasted his life, that he has been under the spell of an illusion, that he has wilfully spurned heaven's best gifts. Feverishly he grasps for the last fa.tal fea- ther; he will break the spell, will destroy the pernicious image that has hunted him all his life. He casts the feather into the flame. But instead of the hoped-for magic effect, he sees his own wife sinking at his feet, uttering a last dying word of faith and love. Despairingly he throws himself upon her body, and is thus united to her at last: "Wer seiner Sehnsucbt nachlauft, muss dran ster- ben; Nur wer sie wegwirft, dem ergiebt sie sich." That a drama like this should in gen- eral have found little favor with the critics is not surprising. Surprising— and highly gratifying — is the fact that the verdict of the reading public seems in this case to differ widely from that of the critics. Al- ready, hardly three months after its first performance, the drama has reached a tenth edition. That it has its serious artistic ble- mishes it would be .folly to deny. There is a certain forced grandeur in the heroic parts and an equally forced vulgarity in the subor- dinate figures. And reasonable exception might perhaps be taken to this whole genre of symbolical poetry. It certainly is true that the leading idea of this drama, em- bodied in characters of our own time and in actions belonging to the sphere of our own experience, would have touched the average reader of to-day more quickly and more surely. But may it not be that, on that very account, this work will speak more dis- tinctly to future generations, that its very timelessness and inconcreteness will give It permanence and universal value? Even if this should not be the case, it will most assuredly live in history as a noble monu- ment of German intellectual life at the end of the nineteenth century, as a magna pars of the artistic revival which has placed the German drama once more in the very front rank of European literature. For, however strange and far away at first sight its cha- racters and its actions may seem to be, it is, after all, most closely related to our own lives; it brings before us what may be called the problem of problems of our own time — the reconciliation of intensest activity with simple enjoyment; of restless striving with spiritual peace. Kuxo Francke. Correspondence. A MISFIT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: On page of 285 of "The Week" in the current number of the Nation, you justly crticise my townsman, Gen. Alger; but when you say, "He knows he can be dismissed to. the dreary shades of Detroit, etc.," it causes me disturbance, resulting in this resentful protest. To a citizen of the most beautiful city in this country, the best paved, best lighted, best sewered, cleanest, and best equipped with street-railway service, the words "dreary shades" are especially irri- tating. Detroit is a city of 300,000 people, including our beloved Alger; and if you will compare its bank clearings for the present week with cities of its class, you will gain a clearer conception of its commercial Impor- tance. Had you written "the beautiful me- tropolis of Michigan," all would have been well. Do with Alger as you will. Catch him and feed him an occasional (small) ration of chemically prepared beef, but kindly re- member that for "dreary shades" the City of the Straits does not meet the requirements. P. Detroit, April 22. 1899. "HERR" VS. "MR." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: May I use the columns of the Nation to enter a solemn protest against the pro- miscuous use of the German word "Herr" as a designation of foreign dignitaries of al- most any nationality? The April number of the American Monthly Review of Reviews contains a picture of "Herr Coloman Szell, the new Hungarian Premier." Herr, needless to say, is neither Hungarian nor English. The Hungarian word is "Ur" and is placed after the name, viz., "Coloman Szell Ur." I remember having seen in American papers the combination, "Herr Ristowitsch," which, in the vernacular of that gentleman's coun- try, would be "Pan Ristowitsch." I have seen Herr used in a great many other cases where it is absolutely uncalled for. Why assume such bogus learning? Why not call a man by plain English "Mr." (which is in no way farther remote from the language of the gentlemen mentioned than German "Herr")? Why prefix anything to their names at all? Even the German papers very rarely speak of "Herr Richter," "Herr Be- bel," but either of "Richter," "Bebel," or of "Eugen Richter," "August Bebel." The latter form would be the usual one with pic- tures. I presume that such protests may have ap- peared in your paper before, but it seems that they cannot be urged too often. I am afraid that some day I may see the likeness of a noted Chinaman with the inscription "Herr Li Hung Chang." Yours respectfully, E. C. R. Ann Arbor, Mich., April 17, 1899. Notes. Prof. George Hempl of Michigan University has in preparation a volume of 'Runic Studies' to be issued probably during the present year. An abstract of one of its chap- ters was read at the sixteenth meeting of the Modern Language Association, and is to ap- pear in the current volume of the Journal of Germanic Philology. It offers a key to the origin of the Runic alphabet. D. Appleton & Co. announce for early publication 'The Races of Europe: A Socio- logical Study,' by Prof. William Z. Ripley; 'Imperial Democracy,' by David Starr Jor- dan; 'Alaska and the Klondike,' by Prof. Angelo Heilprin; 'Love among the Lions,' by F. Anstey; 'Idylls of the Sea,' by Frank T. Bullen, author of 'The Cruise of the Cachalot'; 'Hungarian Literature,' by Dr. Zoltan Beothy; 'Uncle Sam's Soldiers,' by O. P. Austin; 'Our Navy in Time of War,' by Franklin Matthews, and 'The Story of the English Kings according to Shakespeare,' three new volumes in Appletons' "Home- Reading Series." A life of Oliver Cromwell, elaborately il- lustrated, is in preparation by Samuel Raw-

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312 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 son Gardiner, and will be published by the Scribners. They announce also 'Cathedral Builders: The Story of a Great Guild,' by Leader Scott; and 'Across the Campus,' life at Smith College, by Miss Caroline M. Fuller. 'Two Summer Island Papers,' a new book about Bermuda, "in effect a literary history of the islands," by J. C. L. Clark, is to be published in September by C. de Hasbrouck, No. 57 Bromfield Street, Boston. A new number of the Columbia University Series of Contributions to Philosophy, Psy- chology, and Education (Macmillan) will be 'Educational Legislation and Administration of the Colonial Governments,' by Miss Elsie W. Clews. The "Cambridge [Mass.] Edition" of the 'Complete Poetical Works of John Milton' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) succeeds in com- pressing them into one octavo volume of a little more than 400 pages. The poems are in double columns, but considerable space is allotted to a Life and to appropriate intro- ductions and notes, calculated for school use or private culture. A youthful portrait of the poet is the only one given. It is a pity that an editor could not have been found with some simplicity of style and reverence of temper, not patronizing Milton alike in his juvenile psalms and in "Paradise Re- gained"—not "steeped to his lips," to bor- row from Matthew Arnold, "in the fantasti- calities" of this present decadence, every bit as unnatural as those of Donne or Cow- ley. We are shown, "in odd relief out of this precocious solemnity, one of those lightning flashes from the clear sky of youth which tell of the summer passion suspended there," and learn that of "the twin poems" "the speech incarnates the thought as easi- ly, as satisfyingly, as the muscles of a Phi- dian youth incarnate the motor-impulses of his brain." "II Penseroso" and a boxer! Hyperion to a Satyr! The editor twice has to use the term "conceitfulness" to express his idea of Milton's early style. The prose translations of the Latin poems are neither strict nor graceful, and there are some bad misprints. More endearing to the eye is the little selection of 'Poems, Narrative, Elegiac, and Visionary, by Percy Bysshe Shelley,' in the Dent-Macmillan "Temple Classics" series. Mr. Gollancz has naturally called to his aid as sub-editor Mr. H. Buxton Porman, whose task has not been heavy. To the same series belongs De Qulncey's 'Confessions of an English Oplum-Eater,' with marginalia and notes from the hand of Mr. Walter Jerrold. Much solicitation has at last obtained ot Macmillan & Co. the inclusion in their Golden Treasury Series of Fitzgerald's 'Omar'; with Fitzgerald, however, omitted from the title-page, and invisible by name everywhere except incidentally in the biblio- graphical chronicle on the verso of the title. To be in keeping with the series, this edi- tion could not compete altogether with the best American, in comparison with which all that can be said Is that it is handy. Lieut. Hobson's unaffected account of 'The Sinking of the Merrimao1 has been read se- rially by thousands in the Century Maga- zine with thrilling interest. Posterity is en- titled to share this emotion, with the added rase which a book affords, and the Century Co. has done well to reproduce in a hand- some volume the story of an exploit whose glory (let rampant warriors take heed) is In its essentially non-resistant character. Mr. John Boyd Thacher of Albany, who maintains so creditably the traditions of an older generation of book collectors who car- ed for something more than the price their treasures cost them, prepared one of the most interesting of the papers presented in honor of John Cabot at the quadricen- tennial. meeting in Halifax in 1897. His ad- dress, which describes the discovery of 1497 in picturesque fashion, but with a proper sense of the distinction between the known and the guessed-at, was printed in the Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Canada, and a special edition has also been issued by Mr. Thacher. He has illustrated it most intelli- gently with heliotype facsimiles of several of the significant sources of Cabotian in- formation, taken from books and manu- scripts in his library. Dr. Georgiana Morrill's 'Speculum Gy de Warewyke' is one of the most elaborate pieces of editing on which the Early Eng- lish Text Society has so far put its im- print (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.). The text, with the variants, takes up less than fifty pages; the introduction, notes, and glossary extend to more than two hundred and fifty. Miss Morrill Is a pupil of Zupitza and of Schick, and has been carefully trained in Middle English lin- guistics. She has worked at her thirteenth- century poem with industry and enthu- siasm, and her edition is not likely to be superseded. The 'Speculum' is, in the main, a rifacimento or free version of Alcuin's moral epistle to Count Guy of Tours. It is a very dull composition, and its interest consists almost entirely in the fact that the English redactor has, by a natural trans- ference, attached the "sarmoun" to the ro- mantic history of Guy of Warwick. Any- thing that throws light on this mysterious personage is welcome to the student of po- pular literature, and Miss Morrill's extensive and erudite, though somewhat indigested. Introduction will doubtless be frequently consulted. The Department of the Colonies of the Netherlands issued, two years since, the first part of a daily record, kept at Batavia, of early events in the Dutch East Indies, whose original is in the Government archives at The Hague. The second part of this 'Dagh- Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia' (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1898), continues the story from 1631 to 1634. The book, a volume of nearly 500 pages, is more of a detailed his- tory than its title implies. The part here under review comprises the administrations of the Governors-General Jacques Specx and Hendrik Brouwer. As the editor, Dr. H. T. Colenbrander, points out in his preface, the commerce of the Dutch East India Company in this period is seen steadily to increase, and the shadows, at least, of the assertion of sovereignty that the Company, through the force of circumstances, is gradually obliged to make, have already become visible. Not only is it necessary for the Dutch to defend themselves in the possession of their prop- erty, but they are forced from time to time, for the sake of prestige, to assert themselves by assuming the aggressive. The record, fur- thermore, does not confine itself to what has since become the Dutch East Indies, but ex- tends to dealings with other countries and islands of the East, with Persia, Japan, Siam, India, Ceylon, and the Philippines, and inci- dentally has no little material with regard to the early navigation of the unknown Ma- lay archipelago. The book is an extremely valuable source of original information con- cerning not only the development of the Dutch colonies, but of European commercial and colonial power in the Far East. There is a carefully prepared index. In the Athenwum of April 8 Mr. W. Fraser Rae begins, in a first instalment, to pour forth his "New Light on Junius." This light does not, he confesses, illumine the hither- to undiscoverable incognito beyond dispute, but it helps to throw Sir Philip Francis and his adherents still further into the shade. Prof. E. Hubner of Berlin, who ten or ele- ven years ago occupied temporarily a chair in the Johns Hopkins University, and at that time published contributions to a Ciceronian bibliography, writes in the Rundschau for April on the variable position held by Cice- ro, the writer and the man, in the estimation of scholars and cultivated circles, in different lands and periods. He regrets the disfavor, not to say condemnation, which the character and writings of the immortal Roman have for some time past incurred among the edu- cated class in Germany. Though disclaiming any attempt at a Rcitung or whitewashing of Cicero, he nevertheless has at heart the re- habilitation of the great classic wherever he may have lost prestige. The Scottish Geographical Magazine for April opens with a description of the Caro- line Islands by F. W. Christian, who em- phasizes the neglect of the Spaniards to de- velop their resources or to civilize the na- tives. Some of the islands are "nothing bet- ter than pirate strongholds." In earlier days the natives were "great navigators, guid- ing their way fearlessly by a most accu- rate knowledge of the stars and ocean cur- rents." Even as late as the beginning of this century a fleet of eighteen or twenty large canoes sailed annually in February to Guam, a distance of some five hundred miles, re- turning in April or May. The article is il- lustrated by pictures taken by a Manila pho- tographer who accompanied the writer, but has since been shot by the Spaniards as a rebel. Mr. Christian's reference to the na- tive rising in the Philippines is interesting as that of a non-partisan observer. He says emphatically that it is "not a cause of pure patriotism. It is directed by unprin- cipled men working for their own selfish ends against law and order. ... It means the massacre of peaceful Europeans, and the torture of helpless women and chil- dren." There are also accounts of a region on the western shore of Lake Baikal and of the French Niger Territory, some of which is extraordinarily fertile but still unde- veloped. The Consular Reports for April opens with a statistical account of the trade of this country with northern China, which it shows has for some years been "constantly in- creasing— not slowly, but in an almost phe- nomenal manner." There is also a descrip- tion of a method of inducing persons of small means to save which has proved very successful in some German cities. Instead of obliging them to bring their savings to the bank, the bank undertakes to collect from its depositors certain fixed sums weekly. On the receipt of the money, which varies be- tween the limits of 50 pfennigs and 10 marks, the depositor is given a printed coupon, showing the amount collected, the date, and the number of the pass-book. In Mainz the number of weekly depositors on January 1, 1898, was 5,799, who made a weekly de- posit of $3,704, the majority depositing one

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April 27, 1 The Nation 313 and two marks. In a table showing the ton- nage of ships entered in the principal ports of the world in 1887 and 1895, it is note- worthy that Constantinople stands second, or next to London, with (in round numbers) thirteen millions — an increase of nearly four and a half millions. New York has dropped from the fifth to the eighth place on the list, foreign commerce alone being included, with an increase of less than a million. In one of the recent monthly meetings of the Association de Representants de la Presse Etrangere, at Constantinople, Major von Huber, one of the German officers in the service of the Ottoman Government, in con- nection with the building of the Anatolian railroad, reported the preparation by him- self of a map of Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine, based on reliable sources of in- formation, mostly of an official charac- ter, access to which was facilitated by the friendly feeling entertained by the Turkish authorities towards the Germans. The size of the map, which as yet has had only a li- mited circulation in MS. reproductions, but is soon to be published somewhere outside of Turkey, is 1.30 by 0.94 metres, and the "-:"!: is 1:1,500,000. The author states that it conains some 9,500 data with reference to the highways, railroads, etc., of these provinces, while special efforts have been made to indicate the exact population, status, etc., of the Christian contingent. Accom- panying this main map are two smaller ones, dealing with Crete and Constantinople. The political significance of this collection of charts at the present time is apparent at a glance, and probably explains why the Porte refused to permit their publication within the limits of the Empire. It is Von Huber's purpose to bring out his map in an accurate but quite inexpensive edition. We are requested to state that the en- trance examinations for the Library School of Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, are to be given this year on June 24 instead of in September as heretofore. The summer courses for foreigners in the study of the French language at the Univer- sity of Grenoble will be open from July 1 to October 31, and will be more complete than ever. In the first fortnight in July a formal opening session will be presided over by the rector, and will comprise a lantern lecture on the geography of Dauphiny by Prof. Collet. For all particulars, students should address M. Marcel Reymond, No. 4 Place de la Constitution. The Anti-Imperialist League, whose head- quarters are at No. 43 Milk Street, Boston (Francis A. Osborn, Treasurer), desires con- tributions in aid of the spread of argumenta- tive literature that makes for peace and na- tional integrity. —The American success of "Cyrano" has led to the republication (Doubleday & Mc- Clure Co.) of a quaint seventeenth-century translation of the 'Histoire comique des Stats et empires de la lune,' with an excel- lent biographical introduction and notes by Mr. Curtis Hidden Page. Though subordi- nate to the work itself, the editor's share calls for special attention on account of the reasonable limits to which it has been re- stricted and its accuracy in matters of detail. For example, Mr. Page's note on "sara- band," which makes of this "a lively Spanish dance," differs from the common erroneous description of English dictionaries, which call it "stately," and agrees with the con poca modestia of Spanish authorities. Also, the bibliographical indications point out impor- tant works of kindred character in various languages, and suggest possible indebtedness on the part of Cyrano. Of the "Voyage," comparatively little is likely to hold the in- terest of readers unprepared by reexamina- tion of Gautier's essay in 'Les Grotesques.* The work is a fitful gallopade in the thin up- per regions of a fancy somewhat lacking in ethereality and inventiveness. Even in the common device of inverting or reversing ter- restrial conditions, the author fails to work out the scheme on systematic lines. We find that some of the lunar inhabitants, though shaped like human beings, walk on four feet; that they puzzle over the nature and sex of their earthly visitor; that they feed, not on solids, but on vapors— with more of the same sort. Underlying all these ima- ginings come theories physical and metaphy- sical, gathered right and left from Campa- nella, Cardan, Gassendi, and others, but pre- senting, to our eyes, a veritable farrago of speculation, in which, however, a subtle al- legory may possibly lurk. More attractive is the curiously anticipatory character of seve- ral practices of Cyrano's entertainers, who are familiar with cremation and "ambula- tory" houses; and who, to belief in a sort of microbian hypothesis, add a firm trust in the efficacy of faith-cures. It is also worth not- ing, as a typical bit of Cyranesque egotism, that large-nosed moon-dwellers are alone permitted to multiply. And, lastly, when we observe what poetical setting M. Rostand has succeeded in giving to his hero's ways of reaching the moon, all prosaically detailed here, we feel more than ever the truth of Cyrano's sad dying admission, " Oui, ma vie, Ce fut d'etre celui qui souffle— et qu'on oublie!" — Under the title of 'Nouvelle-France et Nouvelle-Angleterre' (Paris: Calmann Levy), Mme. Th. Bentzon publishes her impres- sions of travel lately issued in the Revue des Deux Mondes. The notes for this volume were the fruit of observations along the Saguenay trip, in Montreal and Quebec, and during rapid visits to Concord, Salem, the commencement exercises at Harvard, and so on. In the Canadian part there are two dis- tinct elements— a capital guide-book for fu- ture tourists, compiled with the practised ease of a good observer, and a bundle of judgments and opinions on the conditions of French Canadian life as affecting women, to which aspect, it would appear, Mme. Bentzon almost exclusively confined her attention. For the many conventual establishments — and especially for hospitals directed by Sis- ters of Mercy — which came in her way, the traveller has little else than praise, not un- accompanied with disparagement of rival institutions in hands English and secular, concerning which (from hearsay, apparently) she concludes less favorably. At the same time, a discreet innuendo here and there suggests that ecclesiastical reins struck the writer as being drawn a little closer in the Province of Quebec than in France of to- day; and there is also recognition of the fact that difference of race would produce much less friction in the absence of religious antagonism. Dealing with French Canadian peculiarities, Mme. Bentzon takes a more charitable view than the late H. C. Bunner, and finds the habitant guilty of the sole vice of drunkenness. She touches very gingerly on the quality of language and accent cha- racteristic of French Canada, contenting herself with the mild irony of "Cet accent non classe est tout simplement, on le crolt du moins au Canada, l'accent du XVIIe. siecle." It is, however, surprising that in connection with the return of Canadian fac- tory-hands from New England industrial towns, no notice should have been taken of the frequent Anglicizing of names; but an unprepared traveller may well be excused for not recognizing "Noel Trudeau" under his alternative designation of "Christmas Waterhole." —Passing from French Canada into New England, Mme. Bentzon's attention was drawn to the contrast thus presented in life, type, and character, though the difference appears less sharp to one who proceeds slow- ly by way of the district known as the "East- ern Townships," between the St. Lawrence and our own frontier. The visits to Concord and Salem contain little more than the tra- ditional observations and reflections on the Transcendentalists and the witches, many of which are doubtless new to French readers. The latter should, however, be informed that "a lintoo roof" is approximately correct in sound, yet unconventional in spelling; also, that to English ears a "glee club" does not suggest "club de la joie." In conclusion, the author, prudently hazarding no independent counsel or opinion, records a hope for a splendid future to Canada, as a mark of gra- titude for attentions and hospitality gene- rously given and here so gracefully acknow- ledged. —In order to excite greater zeal in the study of modern languages and to make it possible to learn them more thoroughly, somewhat more than a year ago a number of educators in Germany organized a sys- tem of international correspondence between the pupils of schools in different countries, the exchange being made through a central office at Leipzig. Experience has now shown the thorough success of this innova- tion. More than thirty schools in Germany, England, and France have in this first twelvemonth already cooperated in the scheme. Somewhat to the surprise of the Germans, the French and the English have been the most enthusiastic participants. The plan calls for a letter from each member every two weeks, alternating in the lan- guage of the writer and that of the re- cipient. The recipient returns the let- ter corrected. Each pupil is permit- ted to have but one correspondent. In or- der to avoid possible trouble, the missive is addressed, not to the pupil, but to the school. The higher schools for girls are tak- ing the liveliest interest in the work. The principal of a young ladies' seminary in Ma- con, France, writes to the central office at Leipzig that through these letters her pupils have become ardent students of German, and that the communications have proved to be great aids to study. The applications for membership by the schools- of France and England have been so numerous as to em- barrass the Leipzig office. The friends of the movement, in addition to the education- al value of it, draw attention to the moral benefits in the formation of friendships be- tween young people of different nationalities which will necessarily bear good fruit here- after. RECENT AMERICAN POETRY. It can scarcely be denied, in looking over the harvest of American poetry yielded dur- ing the last six months, that the three or

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314 Tlie USTatioii. [Vol. 68,- No. 1765 are Mrs. four volumes indicating most by women. One of these writers Lilla Cabot Perry, known best as a but also through her remarkable transla- tion of 'Pictures in Prose,' by Turgeneff, and her little volume, 'In the Garden of Hellas,' of versions from the Greek Anthology. In her 'Impressions' (Copeland & Day) there is a vigorous grasp, as in the following (p. 81) : A DREAM. "Horseman, springing from the dark, Horseman, Hying wild and free, Tell me, what shall be thy road, Whither speedest far from me?" "From the dark into the light, From the small unto the great, From the valleys dark I ride O'er the hills to conquer fate!" "Take me with thee, horseman mine! Let me madly ride with thee!" As he turned I met his eyes, My own soul looked back at me! The same quality is seen also in the fine closing line of this brief definition (p. 47) called AET. Wouldst know the artist? Then go seek Him in his labors,— Though he strive That Nature's voice alone should speak From page or canvas to the heart, Yet Is it passionately alive It is to be noticed that each of these poems culminates in the complete felicity of the last line, as often happens in the Greek Anthology; and this is true of many of Mrs. Perry's poems, whereas with more common- place artists the last line is apt to enfeeble the whole. Her defect lies, however, after all, in an imperfect control of her own chisel; there are halting lines, insufficient cadences. This, and this alone, leads to the impression that perhaps the pen is not, after all, her final and predestined implement. Miss Josephine Preston Peabody, in 'The Wayfarers' (Boston: Copeland), is one of the youngest American women whose poems have matured into a volume, and she is cer- tainly one of the best worth reading. Some- times mastered by her own conception and not always working it thoroughly out into clear utterance, she yet has always some- thing to say, and often gets it well and strongly uttered. "The Weavers," for in- stance, is a very striking and original per- sonification of the unseen powers that mould our destiny even while we sleep (p. 26): THE WEAVERS. This noonday, staling blank iin.l hot, aloud. Lo. every night the Weavers come. And one by one, and silently, w hi, ,-yrs .i.nvu-iooking timidly 1'he.v steal Into the darkening room. Lent tonus an. I .1,1 against the gloom, \\ 1th faces gray as mystery. ■ Hi nt .In seem to shun i, as one by one Ijl.-J <•.„!,.■ «i, ,,.,„ Ucg I.Ike lung nil,,,-,-; ,| „„.,„,„ i,,s lhat dare not louk upon the sun. With Bickering smiles of gentleness '• "ii lip. they eoine: an. I s„„n ' Hie shuttle's loulv croon J1" ss and less As dusk before the loveliness Of a slow-rising sumnn Tlie shuttle Blngeth. And fair things Upon the web do come i I Inn If iieerl. . like el, ,11, Is ill, low Fade Into cobweb gllmmi A silver, frctt, il ... lugs.— The while a voice Is sin The quiet yloldeth up Its sweet \\ lid birds awaken alien skies. Ami in a tremulous "Hi, i heal The pulses of the summer beat To the deep hum of drago "Lo, the Life-glory, It hath cornel" Ah, Soul, who laughed aloud at thee? Nay, not the Weavers. Mystery! Was it a shuttle, broken, dumb? Nought is there, nought In all the room Save daylight and its vacancy. Last night the Wearers came and went. Ay me, so fair a web mas wrought. All winged hopes icit/iin it caught ! And ere the colors were forespe.nl The blank dan snal, bed the jog the,/ lent. Dag, staring like a thing distraught. I seek the Weavers. As I go. All faces save their own I see. But not their gentle company,— Never their smiles thai /ticker so. Theirs are the oul,/ eyes I know; AH other folks are strange to me. In 'England and Yesterday,' a book of short poems by Louise Imogen Guiney (Lon- don: Grant Richards), we have, all things considered, the finest poetic tribute yet paid to that imperishable tie which links England and America in literary traditions. Miss Guiney, perhaps the most cultivated and the most original of American women who write poetry, has printed in England a little book of poems born in English soil, yet essentially American at heart. She is the only repre- sentative here of that Celtic revival which is the best thing in contemporary English verse; and it is not strange to find her va- rious lyrics and sonnets inscribed to lead- ers of that movement, such as Lionel John- son and Dora Sigerson. Oxford has also laid its spell on her, as on all such tempera- ments; and many charming memories will be recalled by a sonnet like this (p. 20) : ROOKS IN NEW COLLEGE GARDENS. Through rosy clouds, and over thorny towers, Their wings with darkling autumn distance tilled, From Isls1 valley border, hundred-hilled, The rooks are crowding home as evening lowers: Not for men only, and their musing hours, By battled walls did gracious Wykeham build These dewy spaces early sown and stilled, These dearest inland melancholy bowers. Blest birds! A book held open on the knee Below, Is all they guess of Adam's blight: With surer art the while, and simpler rite, They follow Truth in some monastic tree, Where breathe against their docile breasts, by night. The scholar's star, the star of sanctity. Best of all, perhaps, as separating her by a clear strong line of demarkation from those Americans whom England simply dwarfs and retains, is this memory of home, even among the London docks (p. 14): IN THE DOCKS. Where the bales thunder till the day is done. And the wild sounds with wilder odours cope; Where, over crouching sail and coiling rope, Lascar and Moor along the gangway run; Where stifled Thames spreads In the pallid sun, A hive of anarchy from slope to slope; Flag of my birth, my liberty, my hope, I see thee at the masthead, joyous one! () thou good guest! So oft as, young and warm, To the home wind thy hoisted colours bound, Away, away from this too thoughtful ground. Sodden with human trespass and despair, Thee only, from the desert, from the storm, A sick mind follows into Eden air. Miss Helen Hay, under the modest title of 'Some Verses' (Chicago: Stone), fortunate- ly does not follow her father in the direction of dialect— since one dialect writer is enough for a family — yet shows much power in verse- making, a delicate eye for nature, and a real depth of feeling, which, unfortunately, takes, especially on the first and last pages, a somewhat severe and even repulsive form. There is much concentration in these poems, and the very shortest sometimes present a striking imaginative suggestion, as in the fol- lowing (p. 67): THE LAST CLODD. A red-rose cloud upon the evening sky, A warrior cloud which dies in gallant fight, Too proud for prisons of triumphant night. Knowing no pause, no strain of changing years, Its little hour too short for dreams or tears, The faithful sun its first and latest light— Who would not so be glad to light and die! A red-rose cloud upon the evening sky. The poem which, although not remarkable in conception, shows the most distinctly mu- sical gift, and has even a haunting quality, is the following (p. 60): TO DIANE. The ruddy poppies bend and bow, Diane! do you remember? The sun you knew shines proudly now, The lake still lists the breeze's vow, Your towers are fairer for their stains, Each stone you smiled upon remains. Sing low— where is Diane? Diane! do you remember? I come to find you through the years, Diane! do you remember? For none may rule my love's soft fears. The ladies now are not your peers, I seek you thro' your tarnished halls, Pale sorrow on my spirit falls, ' High, low,— where is Diane? Diane! do you remember? I crush the poppies where I tread, Diane! do you remember? Your flower of life, so bright, so red — She does not hear— Diane is dead. I pace the sunny bowers alone Where naught of her remains but stone. Sing low— where is Diane? Diane does not remember. 'Along the Trail: A Book of Lyrics,' by Richard Hovey (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.), -is rather misnamed, for the author shows us his well-known lyric gift only in the now familiar song "Give a Rouse then in the May-Time," while a large part of the book takes the sonnet form. It is fitting that a good deal of the book should have academic reference to Dartmouth College and the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, and in these it is appropriate enough that the author's art should show itself as being, in his own phrase, "frank-and-twenty"; yet there comes a time when this prolonged juvenility must perforce wane a little, and, perhaps, both the authors of 'Vagabondia' need to bear thi3 fact in mind. For some reason or other, the maturer muse of Mr. Hovey does not seem always to show recognition of this truth, nor are the luscious and morbid horrors of Mallarme the best school for a healthy ma- turing; but there Is no cause for real anxiety in regard to one who can write, in the in- tervals of 'Vagabondia,' anything so strong and simple as this sonnet (p. 27): AFTER BUSINESS HOURS. The snarl and yelp of brute beasts for a When thou and I sit down at last alone, And, through the dusk of rooms divinely gray. Spirit to spirit finds its voiceless way, As tone melts meeting in accordant tone,— Oh, then our souls, far in the vast of sky, Look from a tower, too high for souud of strife Or any violation of the town, Where the great vacant winds of God go by. And over the huge misshapen city of life Love pours his silence and his moonlight down. 'Poems by Richard Realf, Poet, Soldier, Workman,' with a memoir by Richard J. Hinton, is a thick volume of more than 300 pages (Funk & Wagnalls), about one-half being biography and one-half verse. The memoir is a curious illustration of a fact as old as history— the fascination exercised by the brilliant, sentimental, mercurial type of man over the honest but unimaginative friend. It is simply impossible to make a hero — outside of a French novel — of one who began his career at nineteen in England by seducing a young relative of his chief be- nefactor, Lady Byron, and who, being beaten unmercifully by the girl's brother, disap- peared and was afterwards recognized as a barefooted ballad singer; who, being banish- ed from England to America, married three wives, two of them illegally, and finally committed suicide because his second wife, being apparently of more determined charac- ter than the others, persisted in following him up. It was perfectly in character for such a man to become John Brown's secre- tary, and betray his secrets for six hundred dollars (p. xlvii), and on the other hand, that he should give away half the money

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April 27, 1899] The ISTation 315 to two of John Brown's escaped companions; nor is it out of character that he should write to his sister, "Why, Sallie, I have sung 'Home, Sweet Home,' when no eye but God's has seen me, and when no ear but His has listened; because, if I had not sung it, my full heart would have broken; and the tears would roll down my cheeks, and I would tremble till I could hardly sit on my horse'' (p. xxxv). The best explanation that his faithful friend and biographer can give of him, is that he must have "suffered at times from some form of dementia" (p. xxx). Thus much of the memoir, and for the poems the following love-sonnet is, perhaps, the very low-water mark; it would be a pity, indeed, to have it go much lower (p. 19): PASSION. I clench my arms about your Deck, until alien mu my 1 Bay I clench so. Ah! you cannot tear The knuckles of my hands grow white with pain. And my swollen muscles quiver with th And all the pulses of my lite stand still. with the strain, Yourself away from my immortal grip Of forlorn tenderness and salt despair. And child-like sorrowing after fellowship. And wolf-like hunger of the famlshiug heart; For not until my sundering fibres crack, And my torn limbs from their wrenched sockets start, 0 darling, darling! will I yield me back To that lone hell whence, shuddering through and So far as it appears, Realf was a good soldier for four years during the civil war, and was offered a first lieutenancy in the regular army, but declined it (p. lxxi). The high-water mark of his verses — which are in general, it must be said, mediocre — is, per- haps, the following (p. 40): MY SWORD SONG. And whether it shiue or whether it rain, My good sword cheerily clanks. It clanks and clanks in a knightly way Like the ring of an armored heel; And this is the song which day by day It slugs with its lips of steel: "O friend, from whom a hundred times I have felt the strenuous grip Of the all-renouncing love'that climbs To the heights of fellowship; Are you tired of all the weary miles? Are you faint with your swooning limbs? Do you hunger back for the olden smiles. And the lilt of olden hymns? "Under the wail of the shuddering world Amoan for its fallen sons; Over the volleying thunders hurled From the throats of the wrathful guns; Above the roar of the plunging line That rocks with the fury of hell, Runs the absolute voice: O Earth of mine, Be patient, for all is well!" Thus sings my sword to my soul, and I, Albeit the way is long, As soiled clouds darken athwart the sky- Still keep my spirit strong: Whether I live, or whether I lie Take four parts of Joaquin Miller, add two of Kipling, one of Stephen Crane, and three of natural and almost boyish feeling— lasting strangely amid a medley of discourse, often childishly or vulgarly selected— and you have 'Kufu, and Other Poems,' by Clay Arthur Pierce, published in St. Louis by the author. The volume is an excellent piece of book- making in externals (from the Gottschalk Press, St. Louis), and its checkered black and red lines have an oddity which sometimes verges on picturesqueness. Apparently, the author wishes you to know his favorite lines, and so puts them in scarlet, and he often uses these tints instead of ordinary italics; or employs them to designate in the margin the precise date of the poem— for he is very much interested in his own statistics. Occa- sionally a red line slants across the whole page, not for erasure, but for distinction. Yet with all these evidences of whim and perhaps juvenility, there are signs of pro- mise in "The Ballad of Yuba Wood" (p. 96), and in the protest against Juvenal's Sixth Satire (p. 141). We have glimpses of Kipling again and of Browning and of Leopardi — and, above all, of youth and its ardor and its crudeness— in 'The Song of the Wave, and Other Poems,' by George Cabot Lodge (Scribners). The enormous gilded wave which overspreads the cover of this book answers the purpose of all Mr. Pierce's torrents of scarlet, and they alike give a promise of something turgid and rhetorical, whose pledge the book itself in each case does something to fulfil. Yet the title-poem (p. 7) is not wholly unbecom- ing the grandson of an Admiral: THE SONG OF THE WAVE. I. This is the song of the wave! The mighty one! Child of the soul of silence, beating the air to sound : White as a live terror, as a drawn sword. This is the wave. II. This is the song of the wave, the white-maned steed of the Tempest Whose veins are swollen with life, In whose flanks abide the four winds. This is the wave. III. This is the song of the wave! The dawn leaped out of the sea And the waters lay smooth as a silver shield. And the sun-rays smote on the waters like a gold- en sw'ord. Then a wind blew out of the morning And the waters rustled And the wave was bom! IV. This Is the song of the wave! The wind blew out of the noon, And the white sea-birds like driven foam Winged in from the ocean that lay beyond the sky, And the face of the waters was barred with white, For the wave had many brothers, And the wave was strong! VI. This is the song of the wave, that rises to fall, Rises a sheer green wall like a barrier of glass That has caught the soul of the moonlight, Caught and prisoned the moonbeams; Its edge is frittered to foam. This is the wave! Mr. Paul Laurence Dunbar has effectually commanded an audience for his poems, and the time has arrived when they should be discussed, not as something sporadic or un- expected, but as dispassionately as if they came from the Anglo-Saxon type. Thus judged— and sympathy makes it difficult to apply the test— it must be said that, while smooth in diction, and fairly animated in thought, they do not show that supreme quality which promises to help the colored race as it has been aided by the eloquence of Frederick Douglass or the organizing power of Booker Washington. Yet there is certainly promise in this volume, 'Lyrics of the Hearthside' (Dodd, Mead & Co.); the poems are not tinged with conceit because of sudden applause; and they are best where they come most nearly from the peculiar conditions of the author's life, as in the fol- lowing poem (p. 40) : SYMPATHY. I know what the caged bird feels, alas! When the sun Is bright on the upland slopes; When the wind stirs soft through the springing grass. And the river flows like a stream of glass; When the first bird sings and the first bud opes, And the faint perfume from its chalice steals— I know what the caged bird feels ! I know why the caged bird beats his wing Till its blood is red on the cruel liars; For he must fly back to his perch and cling When he fain would tie on the bough a-swing; And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars And they pulse again with a keener sting— I know why he beats his wing! I know why the caged bird sings, ah me, When his wing is bruised and his bosom sore, — When be beats his bars and he would be free; It Is not a carol of Joy or glee, But a prayer he sends from his heart's deep core, But a plea, that upward to Heaven he flings— I know why the caged bird sings! We have before now called attention to the fact that, when our race once reaches the shores of the Pacific, the merely English traditions and phrases are apt to drop aside from verse, and something fresh and indigenous is revealed. 'Songs from Puget Sea,' by Herbert Bashford (San Fran- cisco: Whitaker), may not as a whole be pronounced original or great, yet how re- freshing are the local coloring and atmos- phere in this little poem (p. 32) : EVENING ON THE RANCH. The sunshine gilds the moss-robed roofs And glares upon the window panes; By twos and threes the lazy 1 Strolls down the winding, dusty lanes. The flushed sun sinks; the gold-blurred west Shows dimly through the maple bun The stars flame out; within their stalls The wini nil uxrii dream and drowse. Like some huge ship with hull afire The crescent moon In vast, wild seas Or sombre pine slow settles down And burns the black tops of the trees. A sudden silence, deep, profound. Steals through the wan. uncert And now one lone frog's flageolet Kings clear across the falling night in light, The same native quality sometimes shows itself in the smallest California productions; so that a little pamphlet of a dozen pages (pri- vately printed), such as 'Southern California Verses,' by Grace Luce, may give more that is indigenous and genuine than Bret Harte, for instance, has told us about California during the quarter of a century that he has lived across the Atlantic, reproducing old types of human life now as utterly departed as the Aztec civilization. Yet the poppies still remain on the hills, and Miss Luce sings them as freshly as Wordsworth his daffodils (p. 5): POPPIES. Poppy, blithest flower that grows— The bees that bend thy orange bloom Are silenced by thy wild perfume, And they leave thee in thy whispering rows Afar from any garden close. Children of our sunset skies, And, dancing where the west wind blows Over mesas, hills, and flowering leas, You wander to the brink of seas, A vagrant with the wilful breeze. Free and wild, where men go not, The wilderness your favored spot, You open wide your winsome eyes On Nature's gorgeous mysteries. Content to grow, to gleam, and glow, Forgotten by the butterflies. The harvest of military and naval verses is not yet at an end, although the Philippine war seems, for very obvious reasons, to add little to it. Even the Spaniards have writ- ten but little heroic verse about bull-fighting. •War Poems, 1898,' compiled by the Califor- nian Club (San Francisco: Murdock Press), has in it not much that is above mediocrity, and the illustrations are below even that grade. Of the poems, the following is best worth quoting, by Miss Blanche M. Channing (p. 105): THE NEGRO SOLDIER. We used to think the negro didn't count for very much- Light-fingered in the melon-patch, and chicken- yard, and such: Much mixed in point of morals, and absurd in point of dress, The butt of droll cartoonists and the target of the press ; But we've got to reconstruct our views on color, more or less, Now we know about the Tenth at La Quasina! When a rain of shot was falling, with a song upon his lips, In the horror where such gallant lives went out In death's eclipse. Face to face with Spanish bullets, on the slope of San Juan, lhe negro soldier showed himself another type of man; Read the story of his courage coldly, carelessly, n ho can— The story of the Tenth at La Quasina! We have heaped the Cuban soil above their bodies, black and white — The strangely-sorted comrades of that grand and ' ght- ir-s sound to-day For the succor of the colored troops, the battle- records say. And the feud Is done for ever, of the blue-coat and the gray — All honor to the Tenth at La Quasina!

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316 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 Another book of the same class, although by a single author, Is 'Songs of Good Fight- ing,' by Eugene R. White (Lamson, Wolffe & Co.). Just as a Whitman literature al- ready exists in the line of imitation, because it is so easy to follow a poet's whims and omit his inspiration, so this book may yet have a bibliographical interest through the rhetorical tricks it borrows from Kipling, as in the following (p. 41) : ON THE GREAT LAKES AND THE SEA. AS SAID THE SEA ! Now, list to me, said the Cresting Sea, ye wastrel spawn of land, Ere that ye claim, so confident, kin to the Mas- ter's band; For I am grey as Time is grey, for I am the Twin of Time. I have seen the haze of the Elder Days, I have looked on the ancient rime, I have battled with man, I have battled with cliff, I have battled with ships and dune, At the Altar of Fate I pledged my hate that none may be immune. Though I be grey with baffled deeds, yet red is the race I ran, •est I take be purged We catch another glimpse of Kipling in these verses from 'For the King, and Other Poems,' by Robert Cameron Rogers (Put- nams) (p. 85): THE STEERSMAN'S SONG. The fore-shrouds bar the moonlit scud. The port-rail laps the sen— Aloft all taut, where the wind clouds skim. Alow to the cutwater snug and trim. And the man at the wheel sings low; sings he— "Oh, sea-room and lee-room And a gale to run afore. From the Golden Gate to Sunda Strait, But my heart lies snug ashore." Her hull rolls high, her nose dips low, The rollers Hash alee— Wallow and dip and the uptossed screw JVnils heart-beats i|iiivering through and through— And the man at the wheel sings low; sings he— "Oh. sea-room and lee-room And a gale to run afore — Sou Vast by South and a bone in her mouth, But my heart lies snug ashore." The book has, however, some good frontier poems, the best of which is "The Maverick" (p. 48)— this being, as is well known, the name given by frontiersmen to the stray, unbranded, unshod horses who make up the untamable "wild bunch" of the prairies. The Kiplingese influence is to be found again in 'The Shadows of the Trees,' by Ro- bert Burns Wilson (New York: R. H. Rus- sell), and it is the more remarkable because the pervading tone of the book is that of the love of nature and of a gentle melan- choly. The volume is, however, exceptional In merit because the illustrations adorn in- stead of impairing it, as is more usual. The Kipling strain occurs thus, for instance (P- 7): A SONG OF NEW SEAS. Give us new seas to sail— the cry is give us nan seas tO sail! ' ' h " " ' w New sea„ ,0 sail be they never bo mad and we ship in the teeth of Che gale For the old seas pall on our souls like death their tides and their deeps we know. I lie slope of the continents under the brine, and the bhtCh ooze bods below. The currents that drift from pole to pole what new; hope can they l„ And the breakers thai beat on the thousand Bboree what new song ,:,,, they sing/ I he thousand shores the drearv BtretCh what have they else to give But the same dull death for those that die and the same dull life to live! The thousand shores -the gabbling millions, front- ing the patient sun. What will they do In their child's-play world but that they have al\\a>s .lone? ves of time with the tare,, of their Hags „., a"d I „■!,. drivelling cant, accurst. 1 hey will know no more when the last man lives than the first man knew at flrst. A collection of more value than these is one called 'The Memory of Lincoln' (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.). containing poems se- lected from a dozen different authors and skilfully edited, with an introduction, by M. a. De Wolf Hour. Another charming com- pilation—the best upon its own theme, indeed, that we have ever seen— is 'Mother-Song and Child-Song,' edited by Charlotte Brewster Jordan (Stokes). From "Philip My King" to "Little Orphant Annie," this includes the whole gamut of poetry for young children, and will be a messenger of delight to many households. A History of Physics in its Elementary Branches. By Florian Cajori. Macmillan Co. 1899. Prof. Cajori's 'History of Mathematics' has proved a useful book, notwithstanding the fault that was found with it for not being a kind of book it was never designed to be. Should a similar mistake be committed about the present work, however, it will be in a measure the author's own fault; for in a pre- face he quotes from the chemical leader William Ostwald some sentences which, in German verbose eloquence, express the idea that scientific teaching is not sufficiently his- torical, and thereupon hopes that this book may do something towards remedying that defect. This, being the main substance of the preface, seems to declare the purpose of the book. But what Ostwald wished to recom- mend, if anything more than the perusal of classical memoirs, was probably text-books on the plan of Mach's 'Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung historisch-kritisch dargestellf (a good translation is published by the Open Court Co.), which imparts a very clear notion of the fundamentals of the science in a quite admirable account of the historical evolution of its conceptions; adulterated, unfortunately, it is true, with some baseless metaphysics. Since 99 per cent, of those who study che- mistry, as of those who study mechanics, pursue it simply with a view to making in- dustrial applications of thoir skill, we have little doubt that, for their purposes, Ostwald is quite right in confessing that the unhis- torical methods are "very successful," con- trary to the contention that there is econo- my in the historical way of teaching. But, however that may be, in what manner Prof. Cajori can imagine that an anecdotal and "crisp" (we will not say newspapery) narra- tive of physical discovery can subserve the historical plan of inculcating profound ideas of physics, is not very clear. . All that can be expected in a volume which compresses the whole development of elate- rics, thermotics, acoustics, optics, electricity, etc., into a hundred thousand words, is a sketch of. the most exterior facts for those who come to it utterly ignorant, together with entertaining reminiscences and perhaps some stray, forgotten circumstances for those who have been over the ground before; and so much this volume certainly gives us. It is impossible to blame the author for not intro- ducing us into the inner current of physical thought, except when he himself, by direct pretension to discuss the vexed question of the reason for the failure of ancient physics, renders it impossible not to notice this side of the work. All our studies of scientific me- thods during the last half century have gone to confirm Whewell's sagacious induction of 1837, that scientific discoveries cannot be made until appropriate ideas have first grown up. For example, the fact that Aristotle could assert that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones shows that his ideas were not in that state of preparation for the subject which would insure its occurring to him that, whe- ther two bodies of equal weight falling side by side were welded together or not, could make no difference in their rate of falling, unless a strain upon the welding would ne- cessarily be brought about; and so long as such ways of thinking would not be sure to occur to him, he was plainly incapable of devising any suitable experiments relating to the phenomenon, as well as of reasoning from them rightly had they been brought before his eyes. Very few have been the exact general propositions drawn from his- tory, perhaps none before Whewell's date, so eminently instructive as this; for it shows us that science is not unmixed receptivity, but essentially involves a conceptual element that has to go through a period of growth and a process of ripening. There is a certain psychological nai'vete\ therefore, in Prof. Ca, jori's bringing forward in 1899 the objection (borrowed from the most anti-historical of all modern schools of philosophy) that Whe well does not explain why such quick-witted folks as the Greeks should have failed to catch ap- propriate concepts; as if concepts were things that bright minds could always pluck at will. Certainly, Whewell's law does not pretend to explain everything about its subject-matter. That is a character it shares with the theor> of evolution through variations at birth, and indeed with all genuine scientific inductions. But it does render the sort of cavil noticed a mere ignoratio elenchi. It is true enough, as Prof. Cajori says, that the ancient Greeks were not good physicists because they did not care seriously for physics and had no turn for it. But the reason why they did not care for it and had no turn for it was that they had not yet grown up to it, nor de- veloped the ideas appropriate to that study. In later times, they turned out extremely successful with such branches as by the growth of appropriate ideas they were pre- pared to study. Prof. Cajori distributes his space justly both among the different branches of physics and among the different periods of history. The Greeks get 1-24 of his 300 pages, the Ro- mans 1-150, the Arabs 1-75, the Middle Ages 1-37, the Renaissance 1-12, the seventeenth century 1-6, the eighteenth 1-8, and our own 5-9. The natural consequence is that the book gets better and better the further one reads. The very best chapter is the very last, on the evolution of physical labora- tories. On the other hand, a person who could not off-hand furnish a more satis- factory account of Greek physics than is here to be found, could hardly be reckoned as ordinarily well informed on the subject. No doubt, Prof. Cajori could have done much better. But he has given such rough cha- racterization as the space to which he re- stricted this period would permit, as long as it was assumed that the reader was pretty thoroughly unacquainted with the Greeks beforehand. Whatever all the similar modern compen- diums get right this book gets right, and where they are apt to slip, this book is pretty sure to come to grief along with them. Thus, Mach having raised some purely gra- tuitous objections to the statical reasoning of Archimedes, prompted thereto by his me- taphysics, we find Cajori only willing to admit that Archimedes "endeavored to estab- lish" the principle of the lever. Good logic aud good sense go with Lagrange in the opinion that the demonstration is perfect, epochal, and superbly ingenious in the high- est sense. At any rate, if Prof. Cajori would only attend to the meaning of the word "es- tablish" in English and not of feetgwteUt,

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April 27, 1809] Tlie Nation 317 or bestaligt, or begrundcn, in German, we think he must admit that, whether the proof was indisputable or not, the principle was, as a matter of historical fact, established by Archimedes. In like manner, he meekly falls into the train of those German com- mentators who have blunderingly accused Galileo of fallacious reasoning in his refuta- tion of the hypothesis that the velocity of a falling body is proportional to the space de- scribed from the state of rest. The most that ought to be admitted is that, in repro- ducing at eighty years of age his reasonings of sixty years before, he does not set them forth with quite sufficient fulness; but that the reasoning itself, once it is fully stated, is perfectly sound, is quite beyond dispute. He assumes, of course, that the time of the fall is not infinite, and on that basis as- serts that, were the law as supposed, the time of falling the first four yards would be no longer than the time of falling the first two. His suppressed reasoning was no doubt something like this: Under the sup- position, the time of falling the second half of the first four yards would equal the time of falling the second half of the first two yards, the time of falling the second quarter of the first four yards would equal the time of falling the second quarter of the first two yards; so with the second eighths, the second sixteenths, and so forth indefinitely. Hence, there is no fallacy in concluding that, if the total times are not infinite, they must be equal. The truth of this conclusion is an elementary corollary from an unquestion- ed formula (that the time is the space inte- gral from zero of a constant divided by the space described from the state of rest) ; but this does not prevent congenital blun- derers from flatly denying it. Prof. Cajori, by the way, tells us in a footnote where to find a German version of Galileo's 'Discorsi'; but an elegant and well-known translation into mere English is passed over in silence. Of nobody was it ever truer than of Galileo that the style is the man; and perhaps Prof. Cajori deems the German language and ha- bits of composition fitter stuff for rendering the keen sixteenth-century Italian than Eng- lish can be filed down to be. It is for sundry reasons a good deal easier to write a satisfactory history of physics than a history of mathematics; and probably this will prove the most successful of all Prof. Cajori's histories. The chief difficulty of such an undertaking arises from the se- parateness of the several branches of phy- sics, and the consequent danger of produc- ing, not a history of physics in general, but a fagot of historiettes of its different branches under one binding. Towards the untying of this knot the present essay affords little clue. However it may be sweetened, a book like this is mainly a record of de- finite dry facts; and the principal question is, Is it accurate? Without undertaking to search out little flaws, we have found it to be in that respect all that could be ex- pected. NatalM et Dtmocratie. Par Arsene Dumont. Paris: Schleicher Freres. 1898. This book illustrates in a striking way the methods which make so many French treatises at once instructive and futile. No- thing can exceed the industry of the author. He has been at infinite pains to study and classify the returns of marriages, deaths, and births, not only from France as a whole, but also from particular departments and even communes. He has supplemented these la- bors by personal observations on the con- dition of the inhabitants in selected regions, and his generalizations are, so far as the movements of population are concerned, cor- rect and of much value. He demonstrates mathematically the existence and the strength of important tendencies, and shows what these tendencies signify for the French nation. He has thus laid a substantial foun- dation for a conclusive determination of the causes which prevent the increase of popu- lation in France, and for the means by which these causes can be counteracted. This su- perstructure, however, he is unable to erect, and he is thus obliged to confine himself to lamentations over the present deplorable conditions and to gloomy prognostications of the future. Before considering his statistics, we shall briefly explain this failure of his to make any profitable use of them. Attention has been forcibly directed in this country of late to the distinction between the Govern- ment and the community. We have seen patriotism defined as enthusiastic support of whatever policy and whatever measures our rulers, or a majority of them, are pleased to adopt, without regard to their effect on the general welfare. We have seen criticism of this policy and these measures denounced as treason, and the critics accused of "un- Americanism." Happily, a very large num- ber of our citizens have not been silenced by this clamor, and among them are in- cluded most of those qualified by experience, by learning, and by disinterested public ser- vice to form an intelligent opinion. They understand wherein true patriotism consists, and are not prevented by the outcry of ig- norant and corrupt demagogues from pro- claiming that it consists as often in op- posing the policy of rulers as in support- ing it. In France, however, we must recognize the fact that this confusion of thought and emotion, this most pernicious of political fallacies, is almost universally prevalent. There are a few disciples of the school of Turgot left, a few descendants of the be- lievers in the rights of man. But they are very few, and they are without influence. The welfare of the French people is as- sumed to be whatever the rulers of France declare it to be; and hardly any one sees, or dares to say if he sees, that the policy of the French Government is in many re- spects ruinous to the prosperity of the peo- ple. Hence that policy receives no intelli- gent criticism. The condition into which France has been brought is everywhere ad- mitted to be alarming; but no one is able to suggest any practical reforms. Those who lift up their voices, indeed, point out that if human nature were other than it is, in such respects as it pleases their fancy to imagine, the present policy of France might be continued; but their brilliant generalities have no practical value. M. Dumont, for example, tells his fel- low-citizens that they are deficient in "soli- darity"; if they only had solidarity enough they would beget large families of children in order that the vast colonial possessions of France might be peopled, the French army increased in numbers, the revenues of the Government enlarged by additional taxes. He entirely ignores the fact that the colonial acquisitions of France are a curse to the country, that it was folly to 1 ritories which there were no Frenchmen to colonize, and which can never be inhabited by people of the French race. He is blind to the plain truth that it is madness for France to crush her people with the burden of a vast standing army, which is a menace not only to her own tranquillity, but also to that of Europe. France has no enemies except those of her own creation. No other Power has anything to gain by attacking her, and were her army to be disbanded, the country would be safer from attack than it is now. To beget children that they may be exiled to the Sahara, to Tonkin, or to Madagascar, or slaughtered on European battle-fields in wars that can only increase the miseries of the French people, is not an impulse of "solidarity." Solidarity means, as M. Dumont explains, what we call public spirit; and it is no exhi- bition of public spirit to promote a national policy which will ruin the nation. M. Dumont's researches prove that the decline in French "natality" is due to no physiological cause, but to voluntary absten- tion from procreation. There is no lack of marriages, but they produce few children. He indulges in many speculations concerning the motives for this abstention, but he neglects the most important. He does not see that Frenchmen are unwilling to bring children into the world when they know that their lot will be worse than that of their parents. They know that the French law of inheritance will tear the heritage to pieces, and confiscate a large part of it in the pro- cess. They know that their sons must re- ceive the corrupting education of the bar- racks, and that the dowries of their daugh- ters will be wasted by taxation. Many of them decline the responsibility of thrusting existence under such conditions on human beings, and most of them decide that they will have, in any event, but one or two children. As the policy of the French Gov- ernment is resulting in a decrease of foreign commerce, and even the deposits in the sav- ings banks are declining, we need not be surprised that the population is also dimi- nishing. It is true, as M. Dumont argues, that luxurious living is unfavorable to a high birth-rate. People who devote themselves to sensual gratification think the pleasures of paternity are not worth the prolonged trouble of the care of children. To a certain extent this tendency may affect a whole people. When its wealth is declining under the influence of misgovernment, its birth- rate may also decline. But to attribute a general decline to the increase of selfish in- dulgence—which is what M. Dumont under- stands by "individualism"— is preposterous. His own labored statistics refute him. He proves that in many communities where the very idea of "solidarity" is unknown, the birth-rate is high. Some of these cantons he describes as "plonges dans l'ignorance et la superstition"; one department is "absolu- ment etrangere aux moeurs et aux idees francaises." There are many communities where poor people limit the number of their offspring; there are many where well-to- do people do not. There are none, how- ever, where the size of families is shown to have any connection with "solidarity"; it may be doubted if a single Frenchman ever begot a child with the intention of increas- ing the population of the French colonies. The general result of M. Dumont's investi- gations is that civilization and progress

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318 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 check the growth of population; he might claim to have proved inductively that only those Frenchmen have large families who are too ignorant to know or too besotted to care what their future may be. The evi- dence, however, appears to us to prove that Frenchmen refrain from having large fami- lies because their institutions discourage progress. It justifies the conclusion that if they were assured that their offspring would be exempt from military servitude, and would receive the savings of their parents intact, their families would be of sufficient size to dispel all apprehension of the ex- tinction of the French race. Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Je- rusalem. By Stanley Lane-Poole, M.A. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1898. [Heroes of the Nations Series.] Pp. xxiv + 416. 8 maps and plans; 3 folding genealogical and chronological charts; many contemporary illustrations. There are comparatively few books in Eng- lish which deal in a scholarly and trust- worthy way with Muslim history, and to these Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole has made a welcome addition. The book is based throughout on a sound study of the original sources, and yet the weight of learning is borne lightly, and few lay readers will guess how much solid work has been put into it by the veteran numismatist. A few prints of coins inserted here and there for orna- ment are all that shows what is the chrono- logical backbone of the book, and we are introduced to the authors of the written sources, Eastern and Western, in some half- dozen prefatory pages. It may be said broadly, and yet with es- sential truth, that it is impossible to write Muslim (or any Oriental) history according to the canons of modern historical science. In one respect only are we on a sound basis; there are the coins and they do not tell lies. But beyend that there is no one of the means on which the modern historian relies to build up a certain narrative. The histo- rian of the East has no letters, state-papers, treaties, records of any kind. Such a source at; Di mesday Book for early English history he cannot dream of. The laborious but sure 1 fads by indirect references and odd remarks made by the way, with no reason for their falsification, has little place with him. There are few inscriptions, and the most of these are inaccessible; their Corpus has not struggled beyond the first number or two. Practically he is referred back to the Arabic historians, and only a student of these knows how (hoy can lie. In them the Oriental ima- gination is seen at its best, and their read- er must ever be on his guard not to be mis- led by popular aphorisms about smoke and Arc. Fortunately, the materials for the life of Saladin, though they are of this nature, are good of their kind. They comprise a form- al biography, of a worshipful and eulogistic character, bj BahS ad Din, who was In close intercourse with him through the last years !' his life, BahS ad-Din is a fairly honest man and good writer, but he cannot be trust- ed to tell anything to Saladin's discredit; thus the shadow over the Assassins and their relations to his master is bread and deep. Im&d ad-DIn, another of Saladin's rics, wrote a history of the winning back of Palestine and Jerusalem, rhetorical but still at first-hand. Ibn al-Athlr, a contemporary historian, gives the hostile criticism to ba- lance the eulogy of Baha ad-Din. Usama ibn Munqidh, who died an old man five years before Saladin, left behind him a most en- tertaining autobiography full of side lights on his times. Abd al-Latlf, the great Baghdad physician, has left a record of how Saladin impressed him. Ibn Jubayr travelled through the Syria and Egypt of the time and wrote his travels. Then there are the crusading chroniclers, William of Tyre, Ernoul, and the rest. From all these a fairly sound if never absolutely certain historical picture may be constructed, and that has been done in the present biography. It cannot be doubted that its portrait of Saladin is true and just, even though we may find it diffi- cult to understand how such and such quali- ties could be united in one character. Sala- din was a Kurd and a Muslim, of Aryan blood and Semitic faith; and that may ex- plain much. Many details, it is true, remain still obscure. The strange story of how he was dubbed knight by the great Constable, Humphrey cf Tcron, his dubious dealings with the Assassins, his hatred of the Tem- plars—these may never be entirely cleared up. But there are some points on which the reader might, with justice, ask further light. It would not be necessary to go back to the beginning of all things to explain the reli- gious situation of the time. SGfiism, in its two forms, monotheistic and pantheistic, hardly has justice done to it; the explana- tions of such terms as shafi'ite, Shi'ite, Sun- nite, of the difference between the Abbasids and the Fstimids, are bald in the extreme. It is evident that Mr. Lane-Poole knows his ground, but he might tell his readers more. Probably he feared making his book too ponderous; but that is where skill is needed and may fairly be required. Apart from this criticism, -which is really a recognition of what Mr. Lane-Poole could do if he chose, we have little fault to find. One inevitable error clings fast. On page iv we have the old story that Nizam al-mulk had been a school fellow of Omar Khayyam. When we consider that Nizam al-mulk was assassinated, nearly eighty years old, in 1092, while Omar did not die for another thirty years, we need hardly investigate fur- ther. But it can be shown that the whole legend, so dear to biographers of Omar, goes back to a book, the 'Wasaya,' written proba- blj in the fifteenth century, and thereafter ascribed to Nizam al-mulk. (See Houtsma's edition of al-Bondari, preface p. xiv, and Rieu in the 'Catalogue of the Per- sian MSS. in the British Museum,' ii, 446.) There are hardly any other points open to criticism except the veriest details. Boccac- cio's use of Saladin in the 'Decameron' should have had part in the chapter on Sala- din in romance; even there be is the chival- ric and generous figure that afterwards ap- peared so often in Western literature. The standard misquotation, "the last infirmity of noble minds," plays again a part. But enough. The book is far too good, both as history and as literature, for any picking at weak points. It may be heartily recom- mended to all, whether specialists or not; the lay reader will enjoy it and the special- ist will learn from it. The choice of illus- trations is excellent, but the mechanical re- production of some of them is very poor. Christian Wagner; Per Bauer und Dichter zu Warmbronn. Eine asthetisch-kritische und sozial-ethische Studie von Richard Weltrich. Mit einem Bildnis des Dichters in Lichtdruck nach dem Gemalde von Emilie Weisser. Stuttgart: Strecker & Moser. 1898. Pp. xii, 497. Warmbronn is an obscure Suabian village lying about a dozen miles westward from Stuttgart and containing some seven hun- dred inhabitants, who live chiefly by rearing cattle and selling fire-wood and juniper berries. A couple of hours distant is the market-town Weil, the home of Luther's contemporary and coadjutor Brenz, and near it the old hamlet Magstadt, in which the astronomer Kepler was born as the son of a country innkeeper; while a few miles to the north is Leonberg, the birthplace of the philosopher Schelling, and now perhaps still more famous for a breed of dogs rival- ling those of St. Bernard in strength and sagacity. No local celebrity has ever given especial distinction of this kind to Warm- bronn; even the name has no etymological significance in its application to this place, since no record or tradition exists of any "warm spring" that dispensed its healing or cleansing waters there; least of all is it a spot where we should expect to find a "Pie- rian spring" or a single inhabitant thirsting for such a fountain. It was here, however, that Friedrich Christian Wagner, whose soul, as it takes expression in his poetry, is a liv- ing source of the warmest love for every form of life, was born on August 6, 1835. He was the only child of his parents. The father combined the trade of a carpenter with the management of a small farm; the mother, whose maiden name was Friederike Weeber, belonged to a family which had produced one schoolmaster and one musician, and through her the boy seems to have in- herited his taste for letters and his talent for poetry. As his rather frail physical con- stitution unfitted him for severe manual la- bor, it was deemed best that he should be- come a teacher, and for this purpose he at- tended the village school until his fourteenth year, when he went to Esslingen on the Neckar to enter the so-called Paedagogium, or Normal Institute, where, after a few weeks, he was taken ill, and, on the advice of a physician, sent home and obliged to abandon his prospective career. Fate decreed that he should remain a peasant and lead the life of "a homely swain" in the open air. This decision was unquestionably best for his physical, and perhaps also for his mental, health and growth, since it enabled him to gratify the intense and universal love of nature which is one of the strongest passions of his soul and most characteristic features of his poetry. To him the fields and woods of Warmbronn are, like Pros- pero's enchanted isle, "full of noises. Sounds and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not." His imagination animates and personifies the simplest objects and endows them with thought and feeling. The violet, the lily, and the rose are to him not mere symbols of certain attributes, modesty, purity, and love, but independent entities, with charac- teristics akin to those of man and distinctly individual self-consciousness. This subjective illusion, by virtue of which the phenomena of nature become the con- federates of his mythopoetic conceptions, pervades all his creations. The first collec- tion of his verses, entitled 'Sonntagsgiinge,' consists almost exclusively of legendary in- terpretations of local flora, sometimes the

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April 27, 1899] The Nation 319 amplifications of popular tales and traditions, but more frequently the suggestions of his own alert and genial fancy, as he wanders on Sunday through the meadows and forests. One of the most charming of these produc- tions is that addressed to the anemones as "pale daughters of Zion," standing in groups and mournfully hanging their heads on Easter eve. Equally subtle and startling are the transformations wrought by his imagina- tion with the buttercup, the daisy, the tulip, the spurge-laurel, the Turk's-cap, the slender shivering birch, and the blooming cherry tree. As a peasant, Wagner is especially fond of rearing cattle and proud of having the fin- est specimens in his stall. When he began to own live stock, he firmly resolved never to fatten any animal for slaughter, but, if ne- cessary to sell it, to find a purchaser who would treat it kindly and keep it alive. No amount of money could ever induce him to dispose of an ox, a pig, or a sheep to the butcher, and yet his scruples are not so strong as to prevent him from eating the flesh of animals with which he has no per- sonal associations. His aversion to this kind of food, or rather his refusal to supply the shambles with it, would seem, therefore, to be based on romantic sentiment rather than on philosophic principle; and yet a closer in- vestigation of the grounds of his conduct proves that such is not the case. He holds the doctrine of metempsychosis, and it is this psychological theory, and not a mere myth-making whim of the fancy, that endows all organisms with spiritual life and per- sonality. Prof. Weltrich devotes the greater part of his volume to the exposition of Wag- ner's "Weltanschauung," and gives a suc- cinct and exceedingly interesting history of the origin and evolution of the idea of the transmigration of souls and its influence up- on the relation of man to the lower animals. It is curious to observe this comparatively unlettered peasant in an obscure Suabian village absorbed in "speculations high and deep," which have engaged the attention of Indian sages and Oriental metaphysicians from time immemorial without a final and ir- reversible conclusion being reached. Besides the above-menticned 'Sonntags- giinge,' Wagner has published three volumes of verses: 'Weihegeschenke,' 'Neuer Glaube,' and 'Neue Dichtungen,' all of which are per- vaded by a vein of mysticism, and, although lyrical in form, have a decidedly ethical - didactic character. He is a man of warm affections, keen intellect, and creative ima- gination, a rare combination of "Dichter und Denker," and one hardly knows whether to wonder more at his gifts as a poet or his acuteness as a thinker. That he should some- times strike the reader as monotonous and crude is not surprising in view of his de- fective education and the narrow sphere of his life. The marvel is that he should show such variety of invention in his productions. Report on the Investigations into the Purifica- tion of the Ohio River Water, at Louisville, Kentucky. By George W. Fuller, Chief Chemist and Bacteriologist to the Louis- ville Water Company, etc. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. The investigations in question covered a period of nearly two years. We learn that the Ohio River water is at no time clear, or free from minute particles of suspended mat- ter, and with every rain it becomes muddy. A table on page 17 shows 1,059 freshets. with one to forty-six feet rise, in a period of thirty-six years. The analyses indicate that at times the suspended matter amounts to from fifteen to sixteen tons, and for con- siderable periods two to three tons, for each million gallons of water. There is also at times serious pollution by sewage. The experiments were mainly directed to testing the applicability of the "American" system of rapid filtration through sand, pre- ceded by the injection of alum as a coagu- lant and a short period of sedimentation in settling tanks. The period allowed for sub- sidence was from twenty to sixty minutes. Three proprietary systems (viz., the Warren, Jewell, and Western), differing only in the less important details, gave filtered water of satisfactory color, odor, and taste, re- moved all suspended matter, some dissolved organic matter, and from 97 to 9S per cent, of the bacteria. Under careful operation, no alum appeared in the effluent. The carbonic- acid gas in the water was increased, making it more corrosive for steam-boilers, tanks, pipes, etc. The cost of the process is not given, but some of the elements of cost are furnished, and from these it is safe to con- clude that it would not be less than $12 per million gallons in actual practice. The cost of alum alone for the 25,000,000 gallons of water needed daily to supply Louisville is estimated by the author at from $51,800 to $58,800 annually, or over $6 per million gallons. The author concludes that if the system is modified by increasing the period of sedimentation to twenty-four hours, the cost will be decreased and the results will be satisfactory. An investigation of coagu- lants shows that alum is the best for the purpose. Two systems of electric treatment failed utterly, and a polarite filter was found not to be applicable to this water. The Lawrence experiments of the Massa- chusetts Board of Health were directed to the application of slow sand filtration, as practised in Europe, to purify naturally clear water charged with sewage; those at Providence and Long Branch, together with a number of successful plants in operation, had proved the value of the "American" sys- tem for clear, or slightly turbid, polluted waters; but the Louisville experiments are pioneer work in the treatment of the more troublesome, turbid waters of the Mississippi basin. Beyond the entire breakdown of the "American" system at New Orleans and its partial failure elsewhere, scanty data exist- ed upon which intelligent opinion could be based, although few thoughtful engineers would have expected any filter to cope suc- cessfully with fifteen tons of mud per mil- lion gallons of water, without the aid of careful sedimentation. The whole investiga- tion is thorough, timely, and suggestive. Eighteenth Century Letters. Edited by Brimley Johnson. Henry Holt & Co. 1899. The mere copiousness of a correspondence seldom deters the reader. No one is daunt- ed by the fact that there are some twelve hundred pages of the Browning Letters to be read, and read carefully, or ever the tale is told. The drama enacted there lives and moves under the eye after more than half a century; and when the last luggage-label is bought, and we learn with breathless re- lief that the boxes are safely out of the house, we close the book with a feeling of personal loss that almost makes us sympa- thize with Mr. Barrett. It would be futile to make selections from a whole so or- ganic. There are, however, letter-writers, even of the highest rank, about whom one feels, like Mr. Weller on matrimony, that it is hardly worth while going through so much to get so little. Of this class are Johnson and Chesterfield. Mr. Brimley John- son has therefore done the public a service in editing, in two attractive volumes, under the title of 'Eighteenth Century Letters.' se- lections from the letters of the above-named authors and from Swift, Addison, and Steele. Johnson's letters have little litera- ry interest. Except in the case of Mrs. Thrale, he disliked the exertion of letter- writing, and his correspondence, though it is full of sound sense and irreproachable moralizing, has a hopelessly perfunctory air. Nevertheless, about 1,100 of his letters have already been printed, and Dr. Birk- beck Hill, who writes a pleasant introduc- tion to Mr. Johnson's first volume, intimates that from time to time others come to light. From Johnson to Chesterfield is a long drive, and the former at least would not have thanked his editor for their coalition. "The utmost that can be said of Chesterfield's Letters," said Macaulay, "is that they are the letters of a cleverish man." Like some other judgments of that rhetorical critic, this estimate of Chesterfield is quoted to-day only to discredit its author. On the other hand, Landor thought that "one reason why a gentleman has become almost as rare as a man of genius" was the neglect of these Letters. Mr. Johnson's edition includes se- veral of the "Letters to his Godson" which appeared for the first time in 1890, and are, as a rule, far less entertaining than the earlier work. Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole's introduction adds to the interest of the second volume, which is mainly devoted to the correspondence of Swift. Dr. Hill published this year, for the first time, Swift's Letters to Chetwode, a fact which has caused a revival of interest in the Journal to Stella. The present selection is from Sir Walter Scott's colossal edition. Ad- dison's stately epistles are relieved by the advice to the young Earl of Warwick on bird-nesting; yet even on this theme he cannot forbear quoting Cicero and Statius. Steele's ill-spelt and ill-considered letters to his "dear dear Prue" are in contrast a great refreshment. There is certainly no of- fensive elaboration about the following: Dear Prue, I dine with Lord Hallifax and shall be at home half hour after six. For thee I dye, for thee I languish. Richard Steele. To our mind, Steele's effusions are the best reading of the collection. The Land of the Pigmies. By Captain Guy Burrows. With introduction by H. M. Stanley, M.P. With illustrations from pho- tographs and sketches by the author. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 8vo, pp. xxx, 299. Captain Burrows was commander of a dis- trict in the eastern part of the Congo Free State from 1895 to 1897, but he has little to tell of his official life and work. Possibly he was not free to do so. He describes briefly his uneventful journey to his distant post, and one or two "punitive expeditions" in which he took part. Some information, also, is given in regard to the composition of the central government, and to the medi- cal service, and there are a few missionary statistics. The greater part of the book con- sists of somewhat amateurish observations on the manner of life and customs of some

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320 TTie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 of the tribes inhabiting the Upper Welle re- gion, in which we have detected not much that is new. Novel Is the statement that the "great ladles" of the Mang-bettous "wear the nails of the last three fingers of the left hand very long, to show that they do no manual labor." The most Interesting chapter is upon the Akkas, or pigmies, whom the author claims to have had exceptional opportunities of studying. He says that they "have apparently no ties of family affection, such as those of mother to son, or sister to brother, and seem to be wanting in all social qualities, asking nothing more than to be let alone." On the other hand, though cunning, revengeful, and suspicious, the pigmy "will never steal." In proof of this assertion, Cap- tain Burrows says that they are very fond of bananas, and that "on returning from a day's hunting, the pig- my carefully wraps up several small pieces of meat in grass or leaves, betakes himself to the nearest banana plantation, and, hav- ing selected the bunches of bananas he re- quires, shins up the tree, cuts down the branches selected, and in payment affixes one of the small packets of meat to the stem by a little wooden skewer. By this means he satisfies his conscience, and can declare that he has not stolen the bananas, but only bought them." An excellent marksman, "he will shoot three or four arrows, one after the other, with such rapidity that the last will have left the bow before the first has reached its goal." He has an excellent appetite, also, if the statement is not an exaggeration that he "eats as a rule twice as much as will suffice a full-grown man. He will take a stalk containing about sixty bananas, seat himself and eat them all at a meal— be- sides other food." No great interest attaches to Mr. Stanley's introduction, or King Leopold's letter printed in the appendix, beyond the stress laid by the latter on the fact that all his efforts have been concentrated on occupying and guarding the frontiers of the State. This policy has its advantages in preventing such disputes as those between France and Great Britain in West Africa, but it means the deliberate subordination of the interests of the natives and the development of their country to a policy of forcible conquest, with all its attendant evils both to conquer- ors and conquered. A glossary of Mang- bettou words and phrases is appended, and there are numerous well-chosen illustrations. The Foundations of England; or. Twelve Centuries of British History, (b. c. 55— a. d. 1154.) By Sir James H. Ramsay of Bamff, Bart. With maps and illustrations. Two volumes. Macmlllan. 1898. We must be content with indicating the general character of this extensive and pains- taking work, since the multiplicity of its topics is such that any notice of special points would seem purely arbitrary and hap- hazard. Sir James Ramsay, who is already well known through his 'Lancaster and York,' puts forward the present volumes as a fur- ther instalment of his researches in English history. "Reasons to which I need not re- fer," he says, "induced me to begin by pub- lishing the last section of my History first. But I do not propose to go on advancing by backward steps, and therefore I now go straight to the period ad which the British Islands are first brought within the light of external history." If we were seeking to define In a single phrase the quality of Sir James Ramsay's opus, we should style it a chronological dic- tionary of English antiquities. In brief, pre- cise, and colorless paragraphs it considers almost all the main questions which arise from a consecutive 6urvey of English pro- gress down to the date where the study ends. Facts, as they arise in due sequence are con- sidered with reference to their truth. The basis upon which each rests has been exa- mined, and copious citations from the origi- nal sources evince an independent accumu- lation of material from widely scattered quarters. Determination of evidence, then, Is made the chief point. Exposition is ren- dered subservient to it in a way which fixes upon the book the character of a dictionary. Executed as it is honestly and without per- verting prepossessions, this compendium should be of great practical value, especial- ly to teachers of English history. Since the days of Lappenberg, Pauli, and Pearson, the investigation of origins, though not always conducted systematically, has been continu- ous; and few will deny Sir James Ramsay's claim that "a fresh landmark may fairly now be set up." The only question is that re- garding the particular author's ability and attainments. Of Sir James Ramsay's quali- fications there can be no doubt whatever. He has worked on his subject diligently and with single purpose for many years. In the dedication he refers to his "lengthy task," and constant evidences of sustained effort show that this phrase is not merely an idle profession. Year by year, topic by topic, he advances steadily, without animation of style or desire to establish new theories of church and state, but with a persistent anxiety to get at the ground facts as they have occur- red. His footnotes are so full that they fur- nish a tolerably complete bibliography of the best documents available in each case. When stating that the book will be useful to teach- ers, we have in mind the wealth of brief notes just mentioned, and the heavily leaded marginal headings which abound on each page. The text not only represents a vast amount of inquiry Into minutiae, but is so di- vided that it can be quickly consulted on all these separate particulars. Topography is one of Sir James Ramsay's leading interests, and he is never more agree- ably occupied than when discussing the site of an obscure battle-field, e. g., the exact situation of Mons Graupius, where Agricoia and Calgacus fought it out in 84 a. d. For the earlier Anglo-Saxon period he avows that "fixing of dates and sites is the most that can be done." At a later age, Brunanburh, Maldon, Ashington-Canewdon, and Senlac all furnish subjects for topographical excur- sions. In the last-mentioned case Sir James declares against palisades: "With respect to a much disputed question, we find no sufficient authority for holding that the English position was protected by earthworks, palisades, or fixed defences of any sort. The only writer who introduces them is Wace in the Roman dc Rou; his statements on the subject are inconsistent with each other, while neither he nor any other authority gives any incident of the action in any way implying their presence. On the contrary, we hear of the English as repeatedly breaking out of their ranks and then rejoining them without impediment; the Normans, on the other hand, gaining ground inch by inch." One of the most admirable features of Sir James Ramsay's researches is a desire to throw light on English affairs by an exami- nation of the Continental authorities. Thus, Baudri of Bourgeuil, Adam of Bremen, Ru- dolph Glaber, William of Poitiers, William of Jumieges, Robert de Monte, and Suger have been profitably examined, besides other greater or lesser chroniclers who figure in Pertz, Muratori, and the leading European collections. This thorough search is, of course, no more than should be expected of every systematic writer, but, because so often neglected, it signalizes Sir James Ramsay's care and erudition. Against the meritorious features which we have named must be set some shortcomings. The style is not on a level with the informa- tion displayed. Even for scientific history it is unnecessarily bald, and we imagine that few will ever read the two stout volumes through. Again, for any work not avowedly a dictionary, facts are often too solidly tabu- lated, e. g., vol. ii., p. 456, where one finds half a page of unbroken names — a list of Cistercian and Augustinian monasteries. To face it, p. 457, is another half-page of Ste- phen's children and grandchildren. Finally, the notes are sometimes trivial, and the proof-reading is not quite up to the mark. On striking a balance, the praiseworthy part of Sir James Ramsay's work far out- weighs that with which fault can be found, and both volumes deserve a place in every good historical library. Letters of Walter Savage Landor, Public and Private. Edited by Stephen Wheeler. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 1899. Two years ago Mr. Stephen Wheeler edited a volume of letters and writings of Landor, hitherto unpublished. The present work is in the main a collection of letters addressed to Miss Rose Paynter, the niece of that Rose Aylmer whose memory received a sort of literary apotheosis in one of the most cele- brated of English lyrics. "Whatever he may profess," Browning wrote, in 1860, to Forster, "the thing he really loves is a pretty girl to talk nonsense with; and he finds comfort in American visitors, who hold him in proper respect." To that amiable weakness we owe these letters. They are pleasant and gar- rulous, as might be expected; the letters of an old and disillusioned man, whom a massive and endearing self-conceit had kept free from a touch of sourness. Forster oc- casionally quoted from them in his biography of Landor, but for the most part they will be new to the public. The occasional poems that Landor was in the habit of enclosing to his "fair correspondent" will add little to his reputation. He was not a brilliant letter- writer, and the most that can be said for the present volume is that it gives a clearer pic- ture than one had before of the life he led at Bath from 1838 till his death in 1863, after his final retreat from England. The public letters addressed to the Examiner, printed at the end of Mr. Wheeler's volume, need hard- ly have been exhumed from "the limbo of old newspapers." They are on political sub- jects, and Landor was no politician. Fisher's sketch of Landor in a passion, made in 1840, is very happy, and, though it borders on the limits of caricature, it is so convincing to the Imagination that it should supersede all other portraits of the "old Roman." Mr. Wheeler's volume is admirably got up, and contains, besides the sketch mentioned, a charming reproduction of a miniature of Miss Rose Paynter. We observe that Lan- dor's 'Commentary on the Memoirs of Charles James Fox,' which was suppressed before publication, is now to be reprinted.

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April 27, 1899] The HSTation. 321 The only copy known to exist is in the pos- session of the Earl of Crewe. All this shows a very admirable zeal for the memory of Landor. But we question whether the pub- lishing of trifles that their author was will- ing to let die, is ever anything but a mis- taken kindness. What Mr. Garnett did for Shelley and Mr. Kitton for Dickens, Mr. Wheeler is now doing for Landor. Will Lan- dor's genuine admirers feel a becoming gratitude? BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alden. Mrs. G. It. A Modem Sacrifice. Boston: Lot limp 1'ul.lisliiiiK Co. 75c. Bay. J. ('. Danish Fairy and Folk Talcs. Har- pers. 81.50. Carlyle, Thomas. Wilhelni Meistcr. 2 vols. | Cen- tenary Edition. J Scrlbners. $2..r>o. Fortier. lTi.f. Alcee. Precis ,le lHlstoire de Prance. Macmlllan. 75c. Garland, Hamlin. Hose of Dutehers C11v. Mac- millan. $l.r.n. Ilamiltipii, S M. The Writings ,,f Monroe. Vol. ii.. 17!U-17n»>. I'utnams. Kellogg, Rev. s, II. A Handbook of Compara- tive Kelinion. Philadelphia: Westminster l'reBS. Uacpberson. H. C. Adam Smith. [Famous Scots.) Scrlbners. 75c. Na/.arbek. Ave! is. Through (he Smrm. Pictures of Life In Armenia. Longmans, Green & Co. $2. Oslnivsky's The Storm. Translated by Constance Garnett. Chicago: C. II. Sergei Co. $1.25. Peattie, Ella W. Ickory Ann. and Other Girls and llovs. Chicago: H. S. Stone *i ('.,. Sargent. A. J. The Economic Policy of Colbert. Longmans. Green & Co. Sears, namblen. Fur and Feather Talcs. Har- pers. $1.75. Sedgwick, Jane M. Sicilian Idyls, and Othet Verses. I'.oston: C«>i»dand & Kay. $1.25. The Annual American Catalogue, lstis. New York: Publishers' Weekly. The lilse and Fall of the United States. F. T. Neely. Ycrostcbagin. Vassin. "1812." Napoleon I. in Rus- sia. Scrlbners, $1.75. Denrs Dolt & Co., HA VE JUST PUBLISHED : James's Talks to Teachers By Prof. AVm. James, Author of " The Principles of Psychology." 801 pp., l2mo, $1.50 net. Eighteen brilliant " Talks " on psychology that, while preserving all of the concrete practical applications, are practical and popular In the extreme. In the last two articles the author speaks for the rights of Individualism in a way which readers of his Will to Believe will recognize. Contents: Psychology and the Teaching Art; The Stream of Consciousness; The Child as a Behaving Organism. Education and Behavior: The Necessity of Reactions: Native and Acquired Reactions; What the Native Reac- tions Are; The Laws of Habit; The Association of Ideas; Interest; Attention; Memory; The Acquisition of Ideas; Apperception; The Will; The Gospel of Relaxation; On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings; "What Makes Life Significant. THE Y HA VE RECENTL Y PUBLISHED: Walker's Discussions in Education. By the late Francis A. Walker, President of the Mass. Institute of Technology. Edited by James P. Munroe. 8vo. 13 00 net. Literature : " The distinguishing traits of these papers are open-mlndedncss, breadth, and sanitv. ... No capable student of education will overlook General Walker's book ; no serious collection of books on edu- cation will be without It. The distinguished author's honesty, sagacity, and courage shine on every page." Lavignac's Husic and flusicians Edited by H. E. Krehbiel. With numerous Illustra- tions. 504 pp. Svo. $3.00. (Descriptive circular free.) Practically a cyclopedia of its subject, with 1,000 topics in the index. W. ./. Henderson, Musical Critic of the New York Times: " It seems to have been his Idea when lie began to let no Interesting topic escape. . . . The won. let- Is mat the author has succeeded in making those parts Adams' Science of Finance By Prof. Henry Carter Adams of the University of Michigan. xiv+571 pp. 8vo. $3.50 net. Pro/. E. R. A. Setigman of Columbia, in Political S,i, me Quarterly: " One of the most original, the most suggestive, and the most brilliant productions that have made their appearance In recent decades." Ready in May. Daniels' Elements of Public Finance By Prof. W. M. Daniels of Princeton. 12mo. States, with some exposition and criticism of our mone- tary system. The author's standpoint is in the main conservative. Atkinson's Elementary Botany. By Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson, of Cornell, xxiv.-f 444 pp. 12mo. $1.25 net. Prof. Mason B. Thomas of Wabash College, Ind. : "The facts covered arc well presented, the new features most excellent and the whole work bus the stamp of the originality, enthusiasm and thoroughness of its author. I shall be very glad to help introduce the text-book in the secondary schools of the state." Barnes's Plant Life. Considered with special reference to Form and Function. By Prof. Charles Reid Barnes of the University of Chicago. x+428pp. I2mo. $1.12 net. Prof. W F. Oanong of Smith : " I have given the work a careful examination and must confess my admi- ration of Its completeness and accuracy, and especially of its advanced and Independent spirit." Peabody's Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy and Physiology. By James E. Peabody, Instructor In the High School for Boys and Girls, New York, x + 79 pp. 12mo. Interleaved. 60 cents net. Prof.H. C. Bumpus of Brown : "I think Mr. Peabody has succeeded In preparing an exceedingly' useful and thoroughly up-to-date manual." A New Edition of Martin's The Human Body. Briefer Course. By the late Prof. H. Newell Martin of Johns Hopkins. Revlsed.wlth Practical Exercises by Prof. Geo. W. Fitz of Harvard, xlv+408 pp. 12mo. $1.20 net. Prof. Henry B. Ward of the University of Nebraska: "Martin's has always been a most admirable book from a scientific point of view, and the addition of the ap- pendices, particularly that on demonstrations and ex- periments, will do away with the single objection urged against the book hitherto." Postage on net books 8 per cent, additional. The Publishers' New Catalogues ready in May. THE STUDENTS' SERIES OF LATIN CLASSICS. 54 Books now out and under way. A NNO UNCEMENT. The Cambridge Literature Series, Under the editorial supervision of THOMAS HALL, JR., Harvard College. The best in uniform excellence— the cheapest In price. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers, Boston. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. English Mediaeval Institutions. Including 7 numbers, aggregating 217 pp. Price $1.25. Circulars . D. C. MUNRO, on application. J Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philada., Pa. THE Large, handsome, unique, ma- BOOK LOVER |^fe,a^arterly; $1 a year' 1203 N. Market Street, San Francisco, Cal. WOATS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, "To writers and thinkers on municipal problems the volume is almost indispensable." —Outlook. Municipal Monopolies By Edward W. Bemis, John R. Commons, Frank Parsons. M. N. Baker, F. A. C. Perrine, Max West. 12m \ clotb, appen- dix, index, $3.00. (Vol. VXL, Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics.) seven hundred pages arc those which thousands are in- quiring for. Thev are exact, official, aud unimpcaclia- ble."— .V. y. World. For tale by booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price by the publishers, , Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York and Boston. Lone Pine. The Story of a Lost Mine. By R. B. Townshend. 12mo, 81.25. "A thrilling story of a lonely white pros- pector in New Mexico."— The Outlook. '•A good story, well built, and ending with an exciting battle . . . full of incident andad venture." — Buffalo Express. " The book gives evidence of a vigorous ca- pacity in narrative and is full of descriptive force. The writer's strength in dealing with scenes of violence and of bloodshed is certain- ly remarkable. The book is evidently the work of a clever writer."— The Athenaeum. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 37 West 23d St., New York. JUST PUBLISHED: One Poor Scruple. A Seven Weeks Story. By Mrs. Wilfrid Ward. Crown 8vo, $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. OXFORD flAPS. By Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL.D. These maps cover all Biblical Geography, con- tain all recent discoveries, and are accepted authori- ty. Can be seen over large rooms. Special terms for the maps as a set. PALESTINE, WESTERN ASIA, EOYPT AND SINAI, ST. PAUL'S TRAVELS Oxford Map Publishers, Oxford, Ohio. riodern French Literature. By Benjamin W. Wells, Ph.D., Harvard. ■ amo, Cloth, $1.50. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 364 Wacbiagtoa St., Boston.

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322 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1765 FOUR IMPORTANT BOOKS. THE LIFE OF DANTON. By Hilaire Belloc. With portrait. Octavo, 440 pp., $2.50. "Mr. Belloc has produced the first searching, exhaustive, and profound study of Danton's character and its times and surroundings that has appeared in the English language. He has done more. He has written one of the most fascinating and at the same time well-rounded and mas- terful historical studies in existence — 1 monumental work that will be the last word and an au- thority for many years to come." — Chicago Tima-Hcrald. ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER. The Adventures and Observations of an American in Rhodesia. By William Harvey Brown. With 32 illustrations and 2 maps. 8vo, $3.00. "Every word in Mr. Brown's ' On the South African Frontier' is the simple, straightfor- ward word of a frontiersman who has a tale to tell, and tells it without too much varnish. As a mere narrative of stirring adventures, the book can be recommended to the general reader ; but it is of especial value just now on account of the interesting side-light it throws upon the British method of governing savages." — Literature. IN THE KLONDYKE. By Frederick Palmer. Illustrated from photographs. 2mo, $1.50. " There is good reason for sayiig that this is the best description of the Klon yke mines and miners yet written. Except in his entertaining picture of a passage over the famous Chilkoot Pass, Mr. Palmer has permitted the country and its inhabitant; to tell their own story, as it were. Th: result is a book of extraordinary interest." — Boston Journal. HOW TO KNOW THE FERNS. A Guide to the Names, Haunts, and Habits of Our Native Ferns. By Mrs. Frances T. Parsons (formerly Mrs. Dana). With 1 44 illustrations. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. " This book follows the plan of 'How to Know the Wild Flowers' (now in its 43d thousand). It is fully illustrated, and will be of great service to all whi have not had the oppor- tunity of early training in wood-lore. 'How to Know the Fens' not only identifies the ferns, but their family relations and neighbors. It will beyond doubt receive a general welcome." — The Outlook. TWO EDUCATIONAL BOOKS. Heady May 6. A SYSTEM OF ETHICS. By Friedrich Paulsen, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Berlin. Edited and Translated by Frank Thillv, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Missouri. Crown 8vo, pp. 720, $3.00 net. The value of Prof. Paulsen's Ethics was at once recognized upon its first appearance in Ger- man, and the desirability of an English translation has been so often and so urgently advised that the publishers have been pleased to undertake it. Not only as a text-book for colleges and univer- sities, but as a treatise appealing to the general educated public, does this work lay special claim. By many competent critics it is regarded as the most inspiring and suggestive discussion of morality A STUDY OF ENGLISH PROSE WRITERS. By J. Scott Clark, A.M., Professor of English in Northwestern University. Hvo, 900 pages. 52.00, net. This unique book presents a 'Scientific m-thod " of studying the groat writers, devised by its author after long experience in teaching, and tested for years in his classroom. It is a study of rather the masters of English prose, mainly through citations of the most authoritative pub- lished criticism on each writer, with analyses of the styles of the various authors. These analyses are so arranged as to exhibit the lentral characteristic of each author, and are supplemented by ex- haustive bibliographies. tive circulars of these hooks mailed upon application. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK. TOUT^ABIEN Houghton Mifflin & Company's NEW BOOKS Thaddeus Stevens By Samuel W. McCall. In "American Statesmen Series." 16mo, $1.25. A biography of "The Great Commoner" who was so conspicuous a figure in Congress during the war for the Union. Mr. McCall, the able representative from Massachusetts, has told the story exceedingly well. Psychology and Life By Hugo Mctnsterberg, Professor of Psy- chology in Harvard University. Crown 8vo, $2.00. Professor Munsterberg, who is an authori- ty in his domain, here treats of Psychology in its relation to Physiology, Education, Art, History, and Mysticism. His book is of re- markable value, and these who read it with appreciation will find it invigorating and in a high degree helpful. The Antigone of Sophocles Translated into English by George H. Palmer, Professor in Harvard University. With an Introduction. 12mo, 75 cents. This translation is of equal excellence with Professor Palmer's admirable translation of the Odyssey. It has the force and fluency of an original work. His Introduction treats in a luminous manner of the Greek drama and the place of Antigone in Greek tragedy. It would be difficult to gainsay Emerson's ad- vice to read the great ancient classics in translations if they were translated like Pro- fessor Palmer's Odyssey and Antigone. Hermione and Other Poems By Edward Rowland Sill. Small 16mo, $1.00. The poems in this book are of the same high order of thought and poetic charm with Sill's two other books— Poems, and The Hermitage — and the three little volumes are a precious addition to American poetry. Under the Beech=Tree Poems by Arlo Bates, author of "The Puritans," etc. Crown 8vo, handsomely bound, $1.50. Those who have enjoyed Mr. Bates's pre- vious books of poetry will welcome this tasteful volume, which is the best he has yet produced, the one which shows most fully his imaginative power and the lyrical expression of which he is master. Sold bv all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. The Queen's London. Containing Exquisite Views <# London and Its En- virons, together with it line series of Pictures of Hie i.Mleei, . |)i:ini ! .1 illiilee i't'OCCssioll. Ell- laraed Edition. Prtee, J!8 ?S. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TM ST., NEW YORK.

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April 27, 1899] The Nation. Books Wanted. COMPENDIUM OF THE LIFE OF L. DA PONTE. New York: I. Riley & Co. 1807. HENRY TIMROD'S POEMS. Any edition. SOME CHINESE OHOSTS. Hearn. Roberts Bros. 1887. TIQER LILIES. Sidney Lanier. Hurd & Hough- ton. 1867. RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM. Toronto: Belford Bros. 1875. GARDINER'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 1603-16. 2 vols. Hurst & Blackett. 1863. ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND. New York: D. Appleton & Co. .1866. THE JOURNAL OF AN EXPEDITION TO THE UNITED STATES. Henry Wansey. Salisbu- ry. 1796. SENECA'S MORALS. New York: 1817. DEWITT MILLER, P. O. Drawer 1612, PHILADELPHIA, PA. JUST PUBLISHED. A new novel by Gertrude Atherton. A Daughter of the Vine. Uniform with "Patience Sparhawk and Her Times" and the " Calif ornians." With Portrait of the Author. JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Ave., N.Y. Old Books. Rare Books, Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 864 pages. 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Ha> market, St. James, London, S. W. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts , New York. Importers of Foreign Books- Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; Taucbniu's liritish authors. Teubner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leipzig as soon as issued. BOOKS AT LIBERAL DISCOUNTS. Before buying When calling please ask for MR. GRANT. Whenever you need a Book, address MR. GRANT. jooks, write for quotations. An assort- of catalogues and special slips of books at reduced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St., - - - - NEW YORK. [Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.} ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers In Old and Rare Books. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUMI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Rare Early English Literature, Rally I'riuted Books in Black Letter, Ancient Artistic Bookbindings, rare Prints and Autographs, etc. Onlv fine specimens are dealt with. 29 NEW BOND STREET. LONDON. ENG. C. A. 149aTremontSt. (Lawrence Building, corner West St.) = Boston, Mass. Importation OLD BOOKS and,measoa" Send stamp for list. Address A. J. CRAWFORD 312 N. 7th St., St. Louis. Mo. :•:««««««««««««««««««« »»»»»»»»» S. R. Keightley. of Fiction By the Author of "The Crimson Sign," etc. " THE SILVER CROSS." A New Novel by S. R. KEIGHTLEY, Author of "The Cavaliers," etc. Now ready, and for sale everywhere. Cloth, durably bound, 12mo, Illustrated, $1.25. " From the first page to the last the atmosphere is that of pure romance, in which every touch is convincing:. The historical personages, while sketched in firmly, receive their just values. The main characters are treated with a breadth that recalls Dumas and equals the very best of Stanley Weyman. All live, unaffectedly human. Perhaps the most successful is the Irish Viscount Barrymore, who, with his knavery, loyalty, and breezy fatuity, is a creation. The narrative grips all the way through. Mingled with stirring adventure gallantly told are scenes of quiet humor and charm. In fact, nothing but unstinted praise can be given to this singularly delightful romance." , AT ALL BOOKSTORES. Dodd,Mead& Company, Publishers. — 5 th Ave, and 2ist St, New York. ;««««««(«««««««««««« »»») >»»»»: address EDITORIAL BUREAU, 120 Liber- ty St., New York. Mention Nation. To Authors: Manuscripts required. We Publish A new book every day in TENNYSON NEELY, Publisher, K|^%^ NFW OPDFP CHICAGO, ILL. A 16-page crltl- IX CVV UKUCK. ca, monti.iy. Rev. Phebe Hana- ford says: '• Its reading matter Is Interesting and valua- ble, literary tone excellent; keeps abreast of the times." Per year, with premium, 25 cents, tl mouths, 10 cents.

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VI Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1765 CA H sr 1 6 0 < i 1 1 OC e 5- ^ ^ * H U O LL OQ t! < Stat ns Musicia Historical e S EPPEL reet, New York O $ (^ ^ * H t/) U O 3 S «J •2 OJ « 2 £3 OQ < Lawyers King Actors and Ac 0 01 Q E 0 2 01 0, H International Courts of Arbitration By THOMAS BALCH 8vo, cloth, 75c. Mr. Balch was too good a lawyer and too well versed in his- tory to suggest that all war could be avoided by any panacea. What he did was to point out that great civilized nations could secure the services of the leaders of neutral nations, men of high standing as students and experts in international law, and could before a small and carefully chosen body of that kind thresh out their differences and abide by the judgment of such a court, just as do individuals in disputes over questions of intricacy. He was promptly supported by Professor Lorimer of Edin- burgh, author of several standard works on international law, and by M. Pr6vost-Paradol, one of the brilliant newspaper men of France under Napoleon III., and by Richard Cobden, that great exponent of sound common-sense in good govern- ment. It received the characteristic approval of President Lincoln, who said to Mr. Balch, "Start your idea — it may make its way in time, as it is a good one." And that prophecy is now fully realized at the end of only a little more than a quarter of a century. — The Philadelphia Ledger, April 14th, 1899. HENRY T. COATES & CO. Publishers, Philadelphia Reentered Trade Mark. Washable French Grenadine is a very lacey fabric with satin-like stripes running through it about two inches apart. It is in colored grounds, printed in colors and white ; when made up over a colored foundation it is very effective in appear- ance, and at the same" time it makes a very practical and serviceable afternoon gown for summer use. The colors are Black, Navy, Sky, Helio, and Pink. Price, 35 cents a yard. We are also exhibiting at this time very full assort- ments of Madras, Oxfords, and other shirting mate- rials for waists ; Linen Lawns, Dimities, Fancy Mus- lins, and Ginghams for Gowns; Piques, Ducks, and heavy materials for tailor-made suits and for golfing and cycling wear. "THE LINEN STORE," JAMES McCUTCH EON & CO. 14 West 23d St., New York. CLARENDON PRESS. The Monadology and other Philosophical Writings. Trans- lated, with Introduction and Notes, by Robert Latta, M. A., D. Phil. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.10. Treatise of Human Nature. Reprinted from the Original Edition in Three Volumes, and Edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge, M.A. Second Edition. Crown, 8vo, $2.25. Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding, and an En- quiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge, M.A. Crown 8vo, $2.00. British Moralists. Selections from Writers principally of the Eighteenth Century. Edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge, M.A. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, $1,511. Types of Ethical Theory. By James Martineau, D.D. New and Cheaper Edition. In one volume. $2.60. Second By Edwin Cannan, M. A. A Study of Religion : Its Sources and Contents Edition. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, $4.50. Elementary Political Economy. Extra (cap. 8vo, stiff covers, 25c. Treatise on Harmony. By Sir F. A. Gore Ouseley, Bart. Third Edition, 4tO, $2.50. Treatise on Counterpoint, Canon and Fugue, based upon that ofCherubiui. Second Edition. By- the same author. 4to, $4.00. Treatise on Musical Form and General Composition. Second Edition. By the same author, -Ito, $2.50. A Treatise on a Practical Method of Training Choristers. By J. Vauley Roberts, Mus. Doc. Oxon. Small 4to. Cloth back, $1.50. For sale by all Booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRES5, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Ave., New York.

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The JNa-lion VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 766. THURSDAY, MAY 4, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Scribner's New Books. The first biography of Danton in English THE LIFE OF DANTON. By HILAIRE BELLOC, B.A. Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. 4( TV/fR. BELLOC has produced the first searching, exhaustive, and profound study of Danton's character and the reciprocal influence existing between that character and its times and surroundings that has appeared in the English language. He has done more. He has written one of the most fascinating and at the same time well- rounded and masterful historical studies in existence — a monumental work that will be the last word and an authority for many years to come." — Chicago Times- Herald. With portrait 8vo, 4.4.0 pp. $2.50 ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER. The Adventures and Observations of an American in Rhodesia. By WILLIAM HARVEY BROWN. With 32 illustrations and 2 maps. 8vo, $3.00. H "CVERY word in Mr. Brown's ' On the South African Frontier' is the simple, straightforward word of a frontiersman who has a tale to tell, and tells it without too much varnish. As a mere narrative of stirring adventures, the book can be recommended to the general reader; but it is of especial value just now on account of the interesting side-light it throws upon the British method of governing savages." — Li IN THE KLONDYKE. By FREDERICK PALMER. With many illustrations from photographs. J2mo, $1.50. ((TTHERE is good reason for saying that this is the best description of the Klondyke mines and miners yet written. Except in his entertaining picture of a passage over the famous Chilkoot Pass, Mr. Pal- mer has permitted the country and its inhabitants to tell their own story, as it were. The result is a book of extraordinary interest." — Boston Journal. HOW TO KNOW THE FERNS. By Mrs. FRANCES T. PARSONS (formerly Mrs. Dana). With 144 illustrations. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net. 44 C\$ the ferns, as of the flowers, she writes as one who not only knows but loves them. The charm of her fern book is as irresistible and pervading as is the charm of nature itself." — New York Mail ana Express. By the same Author: How to KnOW the Wild Flowers* Forty-third thousand. With many illustrations. $1.75 net. NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES. STRONG HEARTS. By George W. Cable. 12dqo, $1.25. "Three stories of varying length, which we. think must stand as among the most charming things }fr. (able has written. Not eyen in 'Old < reole Days ' Is there found more delicate work, and yet underneath it there is felt the strong grasp of the master."— Brooklyn Eagle. THE STOLEN STORY By Jesse Lynch Williams. AdcI other Newspaper Storie3 Illustrated. 12mo, $1.25. has the advant_=_ about and of making It Interesting. of the book, is one of the best short stories that have been written in time."— New York Sun. THE GREATER INCLINATION. By Edith Wharton. 12mo, $1 50. rk. A num 1 really fine.' RED ROCK. Bv Thomas Nelson Page. Fortieth Thousand. Illustrated. 12mo, $1.50. "One cannot read this novel without being deeply Impressed with Its ster- ling literal, heinities and it* human interest. It Is tender, mellow, and Hwcet, exhaling the flavor of all that is best in American life."— The London Dally Mall. THE AMATEUR CRACKSMAN. By E. W. Horntjng. 12mo, $1.25. " It is difficult to Imagine anything better in their way than the eight, stories THE CONFOUNDING OF CAMELIA. By Anne D. Sedgwick. 12mo, $1.25. A new novel by tbe author of "The Dull Miss Arcbinard." "The dla 88 au<l sharpness, and the story Is decid- edly rcadali]. '■'■ CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS X53-I57 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK

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1L The IsTation [Vol. 68, No. 1766 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at tlie New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matteT.~[ CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Thb Week 323 Editobial Abticles: The Negotiations at Manila 326 Secretary Long's Defence 326 Quay and the Constitution 327 Progress in Egypt 328 Special Correspondence: The Irish Local Government Elections 329 Turner at the Guild Hall 330 Correspondence: Burke on the Philippine War 331 The Washington-Brodhurst Connection 332 Notes 332 Book Reviews: . Bradford's Lesson of Popular Government.— I. 335 The English House 336 Memoirs of the Due de Saint-Simon 337 My Inner Life 338 Mezzotints in Music 338 Heart of Man 339 Lectures on the Fourteenth Article of Amend- ment to the Constitution of the United States 339 History of Greece 340 In The Klondyke ; 340 Books of the Week 340 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Franklin St. T7DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y 1^, School for Girls.— 36th year will begin Septem- ber 28, 1 898. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvee, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley. Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. OT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- O opens September 21, 1899 " Heads of School, Miss M. C. Ca B Massachusetts, Boston. OS TON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. T Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares JT for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indl- Massachusetts, East Hampton. JJ/ILLISTON SEMINARY Prepares W boys for any college or scientific school. Library. Physical, chemical, biological laboratories; gymnasium, etc. New athletic field with ^-mile track. Opens Sep- tember, 1899. Joseph H. Sawyer, M.A., Principal. M' New York, Utlca. RS. PIATT S. SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG Y SA ND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAT SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Opens October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. Rhode Island, Providence. T7RIENDS SCHOOL 1 FOR BOTH SEXES. Founded in 1784. Excellent home. Students from 18 States All denominations. Thorough work in English, Science, Classics, Music, and Art. Address Auguctii,*. Jones, LL.B. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boar ling and Day IV1 School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1850 Pine St., Phila., Pa. School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, Hass. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. and Painting 1, Mrs. \\ illiatn sinnc (Decorative Design) H. L. Pratt (Modelling), E. W. Emerson (Aimtomv). and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giv- ing ib-tailcd informal ion, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR OIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. Rogers Hall School For Oirls. Certificate admits to College. Apply to Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, Lowell, Mass. Educational. SUMMER COURSES AT THE Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Instruction will be given daring Jane and July by members of the regular Instructing staff of the Insti- tute, in Architecture (including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organlo Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEGE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing in September. They also afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persona engaged In professional work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed information will be mailed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. University of Wisconsin MADISON The First Summer Session will open July 3 and will close August 14, 1899. Graduate and undergraduate courses, with full University credit, will be offered in all of the academic departments. For circular of information, address William Hiestand, Secretary. The twelfth annual session of the Summer School for Teachers, and the fifth annual session of the Summer School of Library Science will be held at the same time. For circulars, address as above. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. 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In its special field of political and literary criticism, The Nation, is unlike any other periodical, American or foreign. About 10,000 copies are circulated weekly, these figures representing but a part of the actual readers of the paper. Going, as it does, to all the principal libraries, reading-rooms, and clubs, and into thousands of the best homes, addressed to the intelligence of the country, The Nation finds its readers able and anxious to secure for their children the best educational advantages. 806-810 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY.

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May 4, 1 899] The IsTation 111 Teachers, etc. HTRA VELLING COMPANION OR G0- JL verness.— Englishwoman, aged 30, accustomed to European travel, speaking French, German, Italian, Russian, and Swedish, a good reader and teacher, well up In all secretarial or kindred employment, experienced In translations, also musical— excellent testimonials- seeks position in any of the above capacities. Apply by letter to M. L. R., 21 Irving Place, New Tork. 77 S. COX, Litt.D., LECTURER ON f% . English. The usage of the masters of English In all periods fully Illustrated. Will make engagements with colleges, summer schools, women's clubs, and any literary organizations. Evening addresses on great English and American writers. Highest references given. Address care Nation. TEACHER OF LARGE EX PERI- A lege or first-class college-preparatory school, cently studied in Germany. Address Phil. Dr., care Nation. 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Wi rANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR during Summer. Refer to Dean of Tale College. CrjSTis H. Walker, Class of 1899, 97 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Conn. HARVARD M.A. would like position to teach Classics in Preparatory School, or as pri- "B.,"careival* being a town resident need - 1 "** rlCIClj ing a real change, a retired place supplying your home comforts. TERRY HOMESTEAD furnishes these; city appointments, gravity water works, plumbing, drainage, finest spring water, farm and dairy products, "beautiful mountains. Address A. W. TERRY, Stamford, N. Y. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Laudskb, Proprietor. SWIT7FRIANI) lausanne. JTTII^LIVLiinU HOTEL RICH E-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens, niflcent view over the lake and mountains. Lift, Ma- bath baths, electric light In every room. Patronized by i rlcan families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamphlets sent free on application. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD-GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, ■ 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. We buy and sell bills of exchange to and I PTTPPS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OP Australia, and South Africa; also make ^ncrvi-r collections and issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Cred ts, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Publications in French By Prof. PAUL BERCY. Le Francais Pratique. 12mo, 191 pages, cloth, $1.00. LECTURES FACILES. Pour l'Etude du Fran- cais. Cloth, 256 pages, $1.00. LA LANOUE FRA.NCAISE. Ire Partie. 12mo, cloth, 292 pages, $1.25. LA LANGUE FRANCAISE. 2me Partie. 12mo, cloth, 276 pages, $1.25. WILLIAMR.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. $2.00. 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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1766 THE WINDJAMMERS By T. JENKINS HAINS. The J.B. LIPPINCOTT CO., Pntlishers PHILADELPHIA, PA. All booksellers. THE NEW YORK WORLD.-" Mr. Hains is to > congratulated upon writing a better, more natu- THE NEW YORK SUN.— "The stories are all interesting. They are well told and have the true sea flavor." THE CHICAGO INTER OCEAN.-" The author sees the ludicrous as well as the serious side of the sailor's life, and his sketches abound in merri- ment." THE SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE.-" Writ- ten by a man who has been down to the sea in ships and who knows his business— the Wind-Jam- mers are mainly to be commended for their truth and dramatic power." The Wind=Jammers, cloth, ornamental, $1.25; Captain Gore cloth, in the Lo- tos Library, 75 cents. A new novel by the author of "The Quest of the Golden Girl." With a cover de- sign by Will Bradley. $1.50. Young Lives. By Richard Le Gallienne. JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Ave., N.Y. READ "THE GODHOOD MAN" By Nlcolal Mikalowitch. A new thinker who has set the religious mind to see the Fallacies of their theology and points out the path to a better social order. It is a book that every one is TALKING ABOUT for the great truth It contains. The Chicago Chronicle says : " It In remarkable fur its boldness and strength, it excites one's admiral Ion for lis fearir power." If your hook dealer lias not K»t It, It will be forwarded on receipt of25ctfl.; elothSOcts. Nicholas Michcls, Chamber of Commerce, Chicago, 111. Old Books. Rare Books, Choice Books. Quaint Books. Typography. Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUE, pronounced to be the most original and Interesting list issued, 3iu pases, Kvo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, pott free, 88. 1 « bJch sum is deducted from the, first purchase of 80s.) PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 01 5th Ave., New York. NEW BOOKS. Children of the Mist. By Eden Phillpotts, author of "Down Dartmoor Way," "Lying Prophets, " etc. 8vo, $1.50. A realistic novel dealing with conditions in a De- vonshire village. The author carries several fami- lies through ten years of life, showing how re- markably their destinies are interwoven. The main character is a Quixotic young fellow, whose heady disposition constantly brings trouble upon him and his devoted wife, but who frees himself at last from his difficulties by force of honesty and bravery. Mr. R. D. Blackmore, the author of " Lorna Doone," writes of this book: "I was simply as- tonished at the beauty and power of this novel. A pleasure is in store for many, and literature is en- riched with a wholesome and genial and noble tale." The People of England in the 19th Century. Vol. II. now ready. By Justin McCarthy, M. P. In 2 vols. , Nos. 53 and 54 in The Story of the Nations Series. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each SI. 50. "The Story of England's Nineteenth Century" is a picture, rather than a record, of England's development in all the arts of peace since the close of the great war with Napoleon. Since that time a complete revolution has taken place in all that re- lates to applied and industrial science. Railways, ocean steamships, the electric telegraph, the sub- marine cable, the telephone— all these are the growth of this wonderful century, which has done more for the practical movement of civilization than all the centuries that went before. The por- traits of the great men who led all these different movements are carefully and vividly drawn, and the object is to impress the mind of the reader with a clear idea of each man and of each man's work in that period of English history. George Borrow. The Life, Writings, and Correspondence of George Borrow, 1803-1881. Based on Official and other Authentic Sources. By William I. Knapp, Ph.D., LL.D. In 2 vols. With 22 illustrations. 8vo, $6.00. George Borrow was born in East Dereham, Nor- folk, England, in 1803. He spent much of his time studying languages, for which he had a great gift, acquiring among other tongues that of the gypsies. After much adventurous roaming and many strug- gles, in 1833 he received the appointment as agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, in which capacity he travelled extensively, learning with marvellous ease the language of each country vi- sited by him. He was noted for his eccentricit lee, his fondness for the gypsies, his passion for athle- tic exercises, his scorn for the gentilities of life, and his vigorous advocacy of the doctrines of the Church of England. Borrow was the author of many works and translations, the of these being "Lavengro" and Lone Pine. The Story of a Lost Mine. By R. B. Townshend. 12mo, $1.25. '■ \ iHiilinir good story of the Southwest. The tale Is well Imllt, auil ends with an exciting battle."— Buffalo " \ charming love story mixed with the search for a lost silver mine, . . full of exciting incidents and adventure."— Cleveland Plain Dealer. A stirring tale of life among the Indians of Neu ' an all-conquering imei' >d sense, successful in l< -Burlington Free Press. The Passing of Prince Rozan A Romance of the Sea. By John Bicker- dyke, author of "Daughters of Thes- pis, " "Lady Val's Elopement," etc. 12mo, $1.25. Gladstone. The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, Edited by SirWEMYSs Reid. In 2 vols. With over 200 illustrations. 8vo, $4.50, Mr. Gladstone's life was so full and his interests and work were so diverse that the editor of this biography, Sir Wemyss Reid, felt the expediency of dividing the many phases of his subject's ca- reer and character for treatment among different writers, each the person most fitted by association with Mr. Gladstone or by knowledge of public affairs, to discuss the subject treated by him. In the editing the various contributions have been welded into a harmonious and well-balanced bio- graphy. Among the contributors are Canon Mac- Coll, G. W. E. Russell, Henry W. Lucy, Arthur J. Butler, Alfred F. Robbins, F. W. Hirst, and others. Islam in Africa. Its Effects — Religious, Ethical, and So- cial—upon the People of the Country. By Anson P. Atterbury, Pastor of the Park Presbyterian Church, New York. With introduction by F. F. Ellin- wood, Professor of Comparative Re- ligions, University of New York, and Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. 12mo, $1.25. In view of the widespread assertion that Moham- medanism is the natural and most effective social and religious force for the control of the African continent. Dr. Atterbury has carefully investi- gated the effects of Islam upon the African tribes. The result of his research is set forth in a clear and forcible style. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK, 27 and ao West 23d St. 24 Bedford Street, Strand, LONDON. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 88th and 39th Sta., New York. for BOOKS AT LIBERAL DISCOUNTS. Before bjo Ing ment of catalog! prices sent for 10 cent P. E. QRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St., - NEW YOKK. [Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) When calling please MR. GRANT. Whenever you need a Book, address MR. ORANT. inks, write fur quotations. 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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MAY 4, 1899. The Week. Gen. C. McC. Reeve, who has just re- turned from the Philippines, not only considers the war which we have been waging the past three months as de- plorable and unjustifiable, "contrary to our principles in the past," but he also holds that "this bloodshed, this necessity of conquering these poor wretches, might have been avoided." To prove this con- tention, he tells "one piece of news that is not generally known in the United States," but which ought to be brought to the attention of every citizen: "On Sunday, February 5, the (Jay after the fighting began. Gen. Torres of the insur- gents came through our lines under a flag of -truce and had a personal interview with Gen. Otis, in which, speaking for Aguinaldo, he declared that the fighting had been begun accidentally and was not authorized by Aguinaldo, that Aguinaldo wished to have it stopped, and that to bring about a conclu- sion of hostilities, he proposed the estab- lishment of a neutral zone between the two armies, of any width that would be agree- able to Gen. Otis, so that during the peace negotiations there might be no further dan- ger of conflicts between the two armies. To these representations of Gen. Torres, Gen. Otis sternly replied that the fighting, hav- ing once begun, must go on to the grim end. And it has been going on ever since." An official dispatch sent by Gen. Otis on the 8th of February, and given to the press by the authorities at Washing- ton, stated that "Aguinaldo now applies for a cessation of hostilities and confer- ence; have declined to answer." But it has never before been made plain, as it now is by Gen. Reeve, that Aguinaldo disavowed responsibility for the first collision of the opposing forces, and im- mediately sought to open negotiations for peace, but was repulsed by the Ame- rican commander in terms' which vir- tually forced him to keep on fighting. Idaho volunteers have been doing their part in killing Filipinos, but now they are needed at home to put down riotous miners in the Cceur d'Alene district. The Governor of the State has called on the President for United States troops, in- asmuch as the local militia have been sent to Manila. This demand is perfect- ly proper; and the general Government, having stripped Idaho of its own de- fenders, is bound to see to it that life and property are protected against riot. It is extremely fortunate that the coun- try has been so generally prosperous during the past six months. Otherwise, Mr. McKinley might have had many dis- agreeable reminders, like this one from Idaho, of the danger of accepting the services of volunteers for one war and then holding them for service in another. Of the men now talked of for Speaker of the House, Mr. Cannon of Illinois is decidedly the fittest for the position by experience, temper, and firmness. He has been chairman of the committee on appropriations long enough to enable the country to form a judgment of his character, and the general conclusion is that the place has not been filled more acceptably during the present ge- neration. He has been the consistent foe of jobs and extravagance, and no scandal has ever come near him. More- over, although a consistent Republican, he has not been an extreme partisan. His most prominent competitor is Gen. Grosvenor of Ohio, a man of ability, but of uneven temper, and a partisan to the point of extreme fury. Two mem- bers from New York, Payne and Sher- man, are also talked of, but neither of them has yet made such a mark in the public mind as either Cannon or Gros- venor. It is a part of the jargon of poli- tics that the West can get the Speaker- ship if the South will join forces in the attempt, or that the East can get it if Ohio and the South will help, and so forth. The less we hear of this kind of sectionalism the better. Speaker Reed was elected not because he was from the East, but because he was considered the best man for the place. The same was true of Mr. Carlisle when he was chosen Speaker, and of Mr. Randall and Mr. Blaine when they were chosen. Sec- tionalism was "not in it," and it ought not to be now, and probably will not be when the time comes for making a de- cision. The argument on the Quay side in the controversy over the right of the Pennsylvania Governor to give the boss a temporary appointment as United States Senator develops some humor- ous features. One of them is the con- tention of the Philadelphia Inquirer that, when the Constitution says that the Executive of a State may make a temporary appointment if the vacancy happen during the recess of the Legisla- ture, until the next meeting of that body, it means that Gov. Stone of Pennsyl- vania may name Quay, but that the Gov- ernor of Delaware cannot name his choice when the same sort of vacancy exists in that neighboring common- wealth. Four Legislatures which should have chosen Senators the past winter failed to do so — in Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Utah, and California. One would naturally suppose that the Governors of all four States would possess equal au- thority to make a temporary appoint- ment. The Inquirer insists that there can be no doubt of Gov. Stone's right to do this in Pennsylvania, but that Gov. Tunnell of Delaware must not, its lan- guage being: "It is argued by some of his opponents that while it might be an easy task to seat Quay on personal grounds, yet if he were seated, the Governors of Delaware, California, and Utah must be conceded the right to appoint claimed by Gov. Stone. This is not necessa- rily so, for each case must stand upon its own ground. It could hardly be claimed, for instance, that the Democratic Governor of Delaware should be entitled to appoint a Democrat when there is a Republican Legis- lature." The Inquirer seeks to defend this po- sition by laying down the principle that "the popular voice must be taken into account." It claims that Quay was made a direct issue before the people, that he won by a great Republican majority, that he was the regular candidate of more than two-thirds of the Republican members, and failed of election only "be- cause a couple of petty Republican bosses entered into a conspiracy to defeat him." But Quay's opponents maintain that "the popular voice" of the majority of the people of the State was the other way. The truth is, that it is often diffi- cult to tell what the popular voice in any State at a particular time is. Take the case of Connecticut, for example. In 1884 it gave a plurality of its popular vote for Cleveland for President, and chose a Legislature which elected a Re- publican to the Senate. In 1892 it again gave a plurality for Cleveland, and again chose a Legislature which elected a Re- publican to the Senate. Which was "the popular voice" in Connecticut in these two years — the support of the Democratic party on the Presidential issue, where every vote counted, or the support of the Republican party on the senatorial issue, through the unjust advantage enjoyed by that party in the apportionment of the State for members of the Legislature under an antiquated Constitution? Ah incident of the Georgia lynchings on Sunday and Monday of last week forcibly illustrates the more than likeli- hood that "Judge Lynch" may err in his decisions. The mob that hung the colored preacher Lige Strickland, on the unsupported testimony at the stake of the wretch Sam Hose, would as readily have hung another colored preacher, against whom no charge had been made, but for an opportune discovery of a mistake in identification. After the murder of four negroes by lynchers at Palmetto last month, the colored minister there, named Tharpe, dared to criticise the act of the mob. Because of the consequent feeling aroused against him he was sent to Fay- etteville, changing places with Strick- land. When the mob started in search of Strickland they went to Fayetteville, not knowing of the change of ministers, and captured Tharpe. Placed in irons, he was started on the way to Palmetto, but at a railroad junction he was identi- fied by Dr. Hal Johnson and Represen-

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324= The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 766 tative Blalock, and was released. Dr. Johnson says that if Tharpe had been taken to Griffin or Palmetto, it is certain that he would have been lynched. The people of the surrounding counties were on the lookout for Strickland, and, not knowing him, it is believed that they would have taken the word of the mob from Fayetteville that they had the man sought. A movement has been started to pro- cure from Congress a reduction of postage on authors' manuscripts passing between authors and publishers so that they may be sent as third instead of first-class matter. The bill is coming up at the next Congress. Many influential Senators and Representatives are espe- cially interested in the bill, and will press it to a speedly enactment. If they succeed, authors' manuscripts will be placed on an equality with all oth- er merchandise using the mails. The same manuscript which is now charged letter rates when going to the publisher for the first time can be sent back to the author accompanied by proof-sheets at third-class rates, and again returned to the publisher with the proofs at the low- er rate of postage. It is only the first step that costs, yet there is no reason why the first step should be so costly. It would be necessary to provide in the law that nothing but the manuscript proper should be in the package — no directions or private communications of any kind in the nature of a letter — and for this reason the package should be unsealed. In England manuscript goes at third-class rates. It costs in England four cents to send a manuscript that here would cost sixteen cents. It is par- ticularly important that the measure shall have the support of all those who will be benefited by the reduction. It is to be said of the New York Le- gislature which adjourned on Friday that if it did not accomplish as much good as it might, it did far less evil than any of its predecessors for many years. Gov. Roosevelt has not had his way in some things which he has urged upon it, but he has succeeded in preventing all legislation which he did not approve. The most conspicuous failure of the ses- sion is the defeat of the biennial-sessions amendment, a breach of party pledges to the people which is to be charged en- tirely to the Piatt machine. The failure to pass any radical police legislation was foreseen from the beginning, and is not a subject for lamentation. By all odds, the great achievement of the session is the repeal of the Black "starchless" law, and the enactment in its stead of the most thoroughgoing civil-service reform statute that any State has succeeded in getting. This is a distinct personal tri- umph for the Governor. Another was in the passage of a bill "appropriating $20,000 for the use of Austen G. Fox and Wallace MacFarlane, counsel designated by the Governor in connection with the investigation of the canal frauds." This records a defeat for Aldridge and Payn and the old canal forces that sought to put an end to the canal inquiry by. refus- ing to have any State money employed in the work. The vigorous announce- ment by the Governor that if the Legis- lature refused the money, he would ap- peal to the public for a popular contri- bution, or would even pay it out of his own pocket, silenced all opposition. The appropriation was passed without a mur- mur, the feeling among the canal states- men being that the less said about it the better. The powers now conferred upon the State Civil-Service Commission are as great as those exercised by Croker in the administration of his government. The Commissioners virtually have the whole State at their mercy. They prescribe the rules for examinations; and every appointing officer filling a place in the classified service is obliged to make his selections from the eligible list in the order in which the names are placed up- on it. He must take the person stand- ing highest first, and proceed in order down the list. If he has only one place to fill, the Commissioners may give him only one name, the highest, and he must accept it. The State Commissioners have full powers of supervision over Municipal Commissioners; may compel them to adopt such mips and regula- tions as they choose; may, in case a Mu- nicipal Commission fails to establish rules as the law requires, compel them to take such rules as they wish; when a Mayor fails to appoint a Municipal Commission, they may appoint in his place; when a Municipal Commissioner fails to perform his duty, they may, by unanimous vote and with written ap- proval of the Governor, remove him from office. They have power also to extend the competitive system to all the counties of the State, and are directed to investigate from time to time the ope- rations of local boards and the acts of public officials generally, with respect to the execution of the law, and in this work they are endowed with all the powers of a legislative committee. This is "starch" in appalling volume. The Krum bill amending the savings- bank law of the State, as it finally pass- ed the Legislature and received the Gov- ernor's signature, permits savings banks to invest in the fii st-mortgage bonds of any railroad in other States connecting with and controlled by any railroad of this State, on the same conditions as to solvency and dividend-paying that are required in respect of New York rail- roads. They may invest also in the first-mortgage bonds of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company; Chica- go, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Com- pany; Michigan Central Railroad Com- pany; Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany; Pennsylvania Railroad Company; Delaware and Hudson Canal Company; Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company; New York, New Ha- ven and Hartford Railroad Company; Boston and Maine Railroad Company; and Maine Central Railroad Company, on similar conditions. Not more than 20 per cent, of the whole amount of de- posits of any savings bank can be in- vested in railroad bonds, and not more than 5 per cent, in the bonds of any one railroad. Street railways in cities are not included in the term railroads with- in the meaning of the act. This amend- ment of the law opens a new field to the investments of New York savings banks, without doing violence to the conserva- tive precedents of the State. Yet it is not likely to increase the rate of divi- dends of those institutions. It may re- tard the decline in the rate of dividends, and at all events will equalize the New York rate with that of other States which have already allowed investments in the securities named. TheMazet committee has obtained an extension of its time which will enable it to continue its sessions throughout the year, if it desires to do so, making its final report to the next Legislature on February 1, 1900. The scope of its inquiry has also been enlarged, so that it includes now the "occupation, cha- racter, composition, expenses, operation, conduct, and control of any and every department and public office of the city of New York and the counties therein included, and the influences affecting and controlling the officers therein, with full power to prosecute its inquiry in any and every direction in its judgment necessary and proper to enable it to as- certain and report the facts." This cer- tainly affords a sufficiently wide field for a summer's work, and if that work is prosecuted with vigor and fearless- ness, a large amount of interesting in- formation should be forthcoming. Cu- riously enough, the increase in the power of the committee and the en- largement of its field of inquiry are ac- companied, both here and at Albany, by a steadily growing suspicion that very little of consequence will be devel- oped henceforth. It is even asserted positively, in some quarters, that our two bosses have reached an agreement that neither of them shall suffer any further annoyance from the committee, no matter who else suffers. Croker sail- ed away joyfully for Europe on Wed- nesday week, to live, in luxury for the summer on the proceeds of his "private business." Piatt sat at a banquet with Gov. Roosevelt and other reputable men and heard the Governor's fervid praise of his magnanimous conduct in consent- ing to the appointment of a commission to consider the future of the canals of

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May 4, 1899] The Nation 325 the State of New York. Conduct of that kind is always easy to him. It does not cost him a penny of patronage or busi- ness to have the future of the canals considered and reported on. The wonder of it is that Gov. Roosevelt should think the act one of such noble public service as to require eulogy. Dr. Huntington's rejoinder to the cler- gyman who protested against Prof. Briggs's ordination as a priest of the Episcopal Church is crushing and con- clusive. If Prof. Briggs cannot find rest and a welcome within the Episcopal communion, then some of its most dis- tinguished members should leave it at once. One honored and godly scholar more can surely be received without de- stroying the foundations. We feel bound to say, also, that these nice points of doctrine are most unsuitable for dis- cussion within the Episcopal fold. Its strength does not lie that way. The Presbyterians and Methodists can beat it hollow at that. The growth and popularity of the Episcopal Church in this country have been in no small part due to the belief and the fact that over its doors weary men and women have read the legend, "Leave all theological wranglings behind, ye who enter here." It would be a sad and disturbing event if Prof. Briggs should be the innocent means of carrying a theological storm- centre with him into his new ecclesias- tical relations. There is a solemn truth in the protest of the Englishman who said, "Do not say a word to me against the Established Church; it is the only thing which stands between us and true religion." The Episcopal Church in this country has, in like manner, been a grateful barrier to many against the "true religion" which consists of theo- logical hair-splitting and heresy-hunt- ing; and it would be a fatal mistake for it to let those waters of bitterness break through. Lord Salisbury's agreement with Rus- sia about spheres of influence in China relates only to railway concessions, but may easily lead to a complete under- standing on all points at issue. Even as it is, it amounts to a great diplomatic achievement in the interest of peace. Lord Salisbury himself refers to it in his customary guarded tone, but we have only to remember how short a time ago it is since Lord Charles Beresford and all the Jingoes wanted to go to war with Russia over this very dispute, to see how important is a peaceful arrange- ment putting the differences to sleep. It recognizes Russia's superior interests in Mantchuria just as it does England's in the Yang-tse valley, and so marks one step more in Lord Salisbury's new policy of a friendly understanding with Russia. Of late years he has apparently taken up with the plan of allowing a subordi- nate to let off steam and split the ears of the groundlings, while he keeps still, but drives on the work of negotiation. Now it is Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, now it is Mr. Chamberlain, who emits a good roar against Russia, or the Ambassador to France who breaks out in undiplo- matic warnings to the French Govern- ment, but their chief is all the while as dumb as Br'er Rabbit and as bent on his own steadily sought ends. That these are peaceful ends, and that one after another of them has been honor- ably attained, is a fact enormously to Lord Salisbury's credit; and this latest settlement of his with Russia, coming on the eve of the Peace Congress at The Hague, emphasizes his great contribu- tion towards the maintenance of the world's peace. Satisfaction is expressed at Washing- ton with the new Anglo-Russian agree- ment in respect of China, and the opi- nion is expressed that no commercial detriment will be felt by the United States in consequence of it. This is a very mild statement of the case. It would be quite safe to add that the in- fluence of Great Britain in the Yang-tse valley will, within a few years, open that rich territory to a much larger com- merce with the United States than we have ever enjoyed there before, or could enjoy without it, while the influence of Russia, in the region dominated by her, promises a similar although perhaps less decided gain. On the other hand, if the two countries had gone to war in that quarter, our trade with China would have been ruined for the time being, and our trade with Russia itself paralyz- ed. There is every reason why we should rejoice that this disturbing cloud in the East has disappeared, and with it the greater menace which a prolonged dispute between the two Powers would imply. The question what is meant by "sphere of influence" in China, as re- gards foreign trade and tariffs, is yet to be answered, but we know beforehand that in English phraseology it means the open door. Thus far the proceedings of the new Irish County Councils seem to have been fairly respectable. We must remember how long in Ireland the business of the counties was confined to a class of Con- servative gentry selected by the high sheriff, in which the Catholics had but little chance of representation; how hopeless it was for the Catholic farmers to expect to have any influence on the grand juries. The hostility existing be- tween these gentry and the Irish people has long been one of the most lament- able phenomena of Irish life. All for- eign observers who have discussed Irish affairs, from Arthur Young down— Beau- mont, Cavour, though last not least Gene- ral Gordon — have noticed this with a certain horror. Gordon speaks very strongly about it in a letter printed In his recent Life. For fifty years before Gladstone's Home Rule, one never met an Irish Protestant gentleman abroad who did not give the very same atro- cious account of the character of his own Catholic countrymen which the French nobles used to give of their peasantry in the eighteenth century. The Irish would undoubtedly have wreaked th9 same vengeance on their gentry that tho French wreaked on theirs, if England had not stood in the way. It is a little too soon to expect entente eordiale. It is curious how soon we get into the way of abusing people we have injured. We are already at it as regards the Filipinos. They have done us no injury except refuse to let us own them, but we already pronounce them fit only for ma- nure for their own fields. The movement to erect a statue to Oliver Cromwell on his three hundredth anniversary has more behind it than ap- pears at first sight. It has been stimu- lated greatly by the ritualistic agitation, which is bringing Cromwell forward as the great champion of Puritanism. Celebrations have taken place both in London and in Huntingdon, the 600 Nonconformist Free Church Councils participating. Cromwell's address to the high-church parson in Ely Cathedral is again ringing in people's ears: "Cease your fooling and come down, Sir." Dr. Clifford proclaims, in what we call a "ringing" pamphlet, that "Cromwell gave an impetus to liberty, to free speech, to democratic government, to ci- vilization, to progress, and to religion felt to-day all over the Anglo-Saxon world." Another claim he will have on some of our people is, that he did a good deal of slaughtering of inferior races. The testimony given by Col. Du Paty de Clam on Monday opens a new chapter in the Dreyfus case, and abundantly con- firms the suspicion that this witness and his colleague Esterhazy were the real culprits. Paty de Clam testified that Gen. Gonse told him in 1898 that it was imperative to save Esterhazy at any price, in order to prevent his committal of irreparable acts of suicide or flight; also to avoid diplomatic difficulties, as war, owing to the lack of preparations, would then be disastrous. It does not follow that Gen. Gonse did what this witness testifies, but the witness has es- tablished his own character to the public satisfaction, for he acknowledges that he fell in with the suggestion to tell as many lies as were necessary in order to save Esterhazy. This chicanery and deception, he says, was approved also by Gen. Boisdeffre, the chief of the general staff. Very likely, but a new cross-examination of the latter would be a desirable addition to the enquete now proceeding.

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326 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No 1766 TEE NEGOTIATIONS AT MANILA. The telegrams from Manila giving de- tails of the negotiation between Gen. Otis and the Filipino agent, Arguelles, say that the latter persistently declared that the Filipinos must be permit- ted to retire with honor, but that Gen. Otis is not willing to concede this point, but insists that they shall surrender unconditionally, or without any other guarantee than that of amnesty. The hopeful part of the negotiation is that the Filipinos are ready to retire on some terms, and that peace is now possible. Under such circumstances it would be most deplorable if the war should break out again on a mere question whether the Filipino Congress should be recog- nized long enough to satisfy its own sense of dignity, and long enough to sur- render with the ceremonies it considers due to its honor. A weighty responsi- bility has been incurred by President McKinley for blood poured out in at- tempts to subdue a people fighting for liberty, with arms that we had given them for that very purpose. If more blood is to be spilled on a mere point of etiquette, that responsibility will be much heavier than before, and the indig- nation excited among those who still be- lieve in the principles of the Declaration of Independence will be correspondingly heightened. Why should we not concede some- thing to the sense of honor of the Fili- pinos? If they are to be our subjects in permanency (which Heaven forbid), is it not desirable that they should have a sense of honor" If they are to be our subjects for only a few years, and are then to be independent, should not their sense of honor be fostered and en- couraged?- Will they not be better sub- jects now, and better friends afterwards, if we recognize their sense of honor and yield to its demands, instead of tramp- ling on it because we are the stronger party? The case before us recalls an incident at the beginning of the Revo- lutionary war, when Lord Howe re- fused to recognize the American rebels as belligerents, and accordingly address- ed their commander as "George Wash- ington, Esquire." The communication was promptly returned, and the im- pertinence was not repeated. There are doubtless those who scout the idea that the Filipinos have, or can have, any sense of honor corresponding to what we understand by that term. Honor, according to this conception, be- longs only to people who have reached a certain stage of civilization and educa- tion; but this is a grave mistake. It is contradicted by history. Very many In- stances can be shown where a keener sense and appreciation of honor have been exhibited by savage than by civiliz- ed men. Honor does not necessarily grow- out of or increase by reason of civiliza- tion. It is certain that the sense of hon- or in the Roman republic was far greater in its infancy than in its maturity and its old age, and that the half-civilized Turks and Arabs in the Middle Ages were often governed by a higher sense of honor than their Christian antago- nists. If we have shown any higher sense of honor in the present war than the Filipinos themselves, that fact has not been disclosed by the letters lately pub- lished from our soldiers in the field or in any other way. What the Filipino agent demands in his negotiation with Gen. Otis is that his self-respect and that of his associates shall be preserved, and that the terms of peace shall be such as they can look back to without shame. It would cer- tainly be magnanimous to grant this re- quest. It is something which we can well afford. Every life lost, every drop of blood shed on either side after refus- ing it, would be wanton sacrifice and waste. We cannot believe that hostili- ties are to be renewed on so small a margin of difference between the con- tending forces, especially since the terms of peace cannot be affected in the least to our detriment by the concession de- manded. Whatever conditions Gen. Otis can require of Arguelles or of Aguinal- do as individuals, he can require of the Filipino Congress. So he loses nothing material by granting the request. Nor can it be thought that the United States sacrifices any dignity by making the concession. The difference in size and resources between the contending parties is too great. As a full-grown man can afford to concede something to a way- ward child, so can we yield to the Fili- pinos a point which is to us non-essen- tial, but which may make all the differ- ence between peace and the renewal of a war considered by many Americans as unjust and by all as inglorious. Among the items telegraphed from Manila is a reported interview between President Schurman and Arguelles, in which the latter declared that uncondi- tional surrender would be humiliation. The reply of Mr. Schurman, according to the report, was that "There would be no humiliation in Gen. Otis treating our brother Filipinos as Gen. Grant treated our brother Americans at Ap- pomattox." Very likely this gives an imperfect report of what President Schurman did say, but we cannot avoid pointing out the differences between the two cases brought into comparison. The first dis- crepancy is that our brother Americans at Appomattox were surrounded, and were destitute of provisions, and had no alternative but to surrender or be killed. The next is that they were really our brother Americans, who had rebelled against a government common to both and to which they owed allegiance. The Filipinos never owed allegiance to us. We encouraged them to rebel against Spain and put arms in their hands for that purpose, and then we bought them from Spain on a bargain-counter, where they were not represented. Did this make them our brothers? Not in the least, nor have we given them any sign or intimation that we intend to treat them as brothers hereafter. We have said to them that we would govern them according to their best interests as we understood them. That is exactly what George III. and his advisers said they would do for us in 1774 and thereabout. But George III. had a better right to say so than we have to repeat his words to the Filipinos. He did not buy the American colonies from a foreign Power after having encouraged them to rebel. They had descended to him by inheri- tance, and, according to the public law prevailing at that time, he had a right to hold them if he could. In no way have we commended ourselves to the Filipinos in the character of brothers. In no way have we earned the right to address them as such. SECRETARY LONG'S DEFENCE. Secretary Long delivered a speech on Monday evening in Boston in which he made an elaborate apology for President McKinley. It was, we think, the very first apology we have had for him from any official source; nearly all other ac- counts of him given to the public by his subordinates or supporters have been high-flown eulogies of the most extrava- gant kind, the temper of which has been well caught by Mr. Dooley. That is to say, nearly everybody who made one, owed to him place or favors of some kind, and naturally, for his own sake, put his creator in the very highest rank as a statesman. This, until now, has made the McKinley literature and ora- tory read like the poems which Oriental poets used in the great days of Moham- medanism to address to the chief of their state, or, to come lower down, like the flattery addressed to Louis XIV. by his courtiers. In civilized states the praise of eminent statesmen has to be what the French call "raisonne" — that is, either comment on well-known facts, like the greatness of Washington or of Pitt, or else an analytical demonstra- tion that a new light has appeared in politics, as has been shown by "the fol- lowing facts." Greatness is a thing which does not bear simple announce- ment. The world has to have warning that a new light is about to appear on the horizon. The difiiculty in Mr. Mc- Kinley's case was that he was not an unknown man. For twenty-five years his countrymen had been painfully tak- ing his measure, and had been able to award him no element of greatness ex- cept what flowed from a childlike faith in tariffs. The task of showing that he had suddenly developed capacity beyond the usual measure of middle-aged men in country villages, was a task of no or- dinary difficulty, and unhappily until now no one has undertaken it whom the public treated seriously. We have,

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May 4, 1899] T h e Nation 327 therefore, read Mr. Long's speech with care and interest. We are sorry that the Secretary sees fit to open his speech with a denial that "there is any purpose anywhere to sub- jugate or reduce these Philippine islands to vassalage, or make their people slaves, or deprive them of any rights which are enjoyed by the inhabitants of our own Territories at home." We cannot help doubting whether Mr. Long uses lan- guage here in the same sense that we do. President McKinley's proclamation of December 21 was one of the plainest proclamations of an intention to "subju- gate" we have ever read, and it was ac- companied with an invitation to come in and be subjugated. The Century Dic- tionary's definition of "subjugate" is "to subdue, conquer, compel to submit to the dominion of or control of another." President McKinley announced the "con- quest of the islands"; warned all per- sons who refused to submit to his "law- ful rule" that they would be brought within it by "firmness." Over and over again, the resisting inhabitants have been treated as and called "rebels," which im- plies a design to "subjugate," although they never owed us allegiance. When President McKinley issued this procla- mation he had no more right to the isl- ands, no more title to them in law or usage, than he had to Mr. Long's farm in Massachusetts. This fact, which no- body dare deny, ought to be seared into every American brain. Moreover, Gen. Otis has more than once refused to treat with the Filipinos, which no modern general has ever done except with peo- ple whom he considered rebels, or meant to conquer and punish for fighting. What was his object, we do not know. And what "inhabitants of our own Terri- tories at home" have ever been compel- led to submit by force of arms to a gov- ernment they were opposed to, except after a deliberate attempt to break up a government under which they had long lived? Who are they, Mr. Long? In answer to the charge of "cruelty and brutality" as alleged by many eye- witnesses, Mr. Long has nothing better to answer than that President Seth Low and Dr. Lyman Abbott do not believe it. This is the most extraordinary bit of proof, we think, that ever came from any lawyer but a French one, and from him only in the Dreyfus case. Neither President Low nor Dr. Lyman Abbott knows anything about the matter, or professes to do so, more than the first man you meet in the street. The only particle of excuse for calling them as witnesses is that they believe, like the followers of Mahomet, in "holy wars," and dislike to admit that this one has been stained by cruelty or ex- cess. The failure of English writers, whom Mr. Long cites, to comment on these things proves, not that they never occurred, but that the English do not wish to offend us, and want us to keep on conquering, to which they have no objection, and do not see ours. In fact, Mr. Long has not a word to say in defence of our conduct in the Philippines which would bear five min- utes' examination in any court-room, church, or hall. He offers us a string of evasions, irrelevancies, and confes- sions. One story is worth the whole of it. A Kansas soldier, named Brenner, wrote home a month ago that prisoners were, to his knowledge, shot by order. His letter was published by the Evening Post three weeks ago. This the Adminis- tration professed to take seriously, and ordered, or said it ordered, an investiga- tion. Three weeks have elapsed, and nothing has come. Now to a command- ing officer the investigation of a state- ment made bv a soldier whose name, company, and regiment are known, un- less he is on duty at a long distance from headquarters, can hardly last more than two days. Are you Brenner? Did you write this letter? Was it true? Did you see prisoners shot by order? Where was it? Are you aware that President Seth Low and Dr. Lyman Abbott do not be- lieve you? Why is this? Surely two days on the spot would suffice to answer these questions one way or another. Why do we hear no more about it? Why is it drifting away into the Eiciykcit? Ah, gentlemen conquerors, don't fancy God has forgotten you. Your case is set down for a hearing, and all your piety and wit won't lure the Moving Finger back to cancel half a line of it; and when the day comes, you will find that it will be bad pleading to cite either the Eng- lish, or Seth Low, or Lyman Abbott. QUAY AND THE CONSTITUTION. The Pennslyvania boss continues to claim a large share of public attention, and is sure to retain this position of prominence until the Senate shall have passed upon his right to a seat in that body, under the temporary appointment of Gov. Stone, pending an election by the Legislature to be chosen in 1900. The question now is as to how the Con- stitution shall be interpreted in the case of Quay. In order to prevent any lapse in the representation of a State in the upper branch of Congress, the framers of the Constitution provided that, "if any va- cancies happen, by resignation or other- wise, during the recess of the Legisla- ture of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments un- til the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies." Can it be said that a vacancy "happens" during the recess of the Legislature when a term expired while that body was in session, and it has failed to elect anybody for the new term before its ad- journment? Can the Governor, upon such adjournment, make a temporary appointment which should be recognized as valid? These questions have been discussed over and over again, and settled alter- nately one way and the other. For over a third of a century after the Govern- ment was established in 1789, the prac- tice was to admit a claimant who came with a Governor's certificate given under such conditions. Then, for over half a century from 1825, the opposite rule was pursued, and nobody appointed by an Executive when the Legislature had failed to elect was recognized. In 1879 the Senate went back to the posi- tion which had been maintained from 1789 to 1825, but in 1893 it reversed itself again, and in a test case from Montana, involving also similar appointments from Washington and Wyoming, refused to admit a claimant. Last year this po- sition was reasserted so emphatically that everybody supposed the question had been finally settled, fifty Senators voting that the Governor of Oregon had not the right to appoint when the Legis- lature, having a chance, had not elected, and only nineteen voting to sustain the Executive's action. But Quay and his friends insist that this precedent will be reversed, and many good judges regard their confi- dence as not unjustifiable. The question last year was Corbett vs. the Constitu- tion; next winter it will be Quay vs. the Constitution — and it scarcely need be said that these are two very different issues. Quay has this advantage on his side at the start, that two of the best au- thorities in the Senate on the interpre- tation of the Constitution, Mr. Hoar of Massachusetts and Mr. Spooner of Wis- consin, maintain the executive right of appointment under such circumstances. Allison of Iowa, Frye of Maine, Hawley of Connecticut, and Lodge of Massachu- setts are other prominent Senators com- mitted to the same side in the Corbett case, and able to make a strong defence of their position. A large number of new members will sit in the Senate next winter, and they can find a good excuse for following such able interpreters of the Constitution. Probably not a few of those who voted on the other side last year will be ready to confess that they have seen new light in the interval. One such change is assured at the start in Penrose of Pennsylvania, for it is an amusing circumstance that both Quay and his creature voted against admitting Corbett in 1898. In the short list on Corbett's side last year, however, was the name of one Se- nator who represents a class which will be far more potent in deciding the same question next winter than all the Con- stitutional lawyers. That is Hanna of Ohio. There are plenty of men in the body who, like him, will waste little time over what they consider "hair-splitting," but will vote according to their ideas of party, factional, or personal advantage Piatt of New York is one of this class, and there is nothing in the slightest de-

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328 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1766 gree improbable in the story that the New York boss will do his best to seat Quay on condition that Quay will order the Representatives whom he owns to support Piatt's candidate for Speaker of the House. Equally easy of credence is the report that the influence of the Mc- Kinley Administration will be favorable rather than adverse to Quay, as the con- troller of a machine which will send the largest delegation but one in the whole country to the Republican national con- vention in 1900. Another body of recruits for the Quay side is to be expected from the Democra- tic membership of the Senate. No other Republican in that body has so many warm friends among the Opposition — as was shown a few weeks ago, when even a Senator of such high character as Mr. Gray advised Democratic members of the Pennsylvania Legislature to give Quay the preference over any other Republi- can. Quay's strength with the Opposi- tion is due to two facts — that he has put many of his Democratic colleagues under personal obligations, and that he has repeatedly voted with the Democrats on important party questions, notably to defeat the Force bill and to help the free- coinage movement, some years ago. There is no place in the country where the maxim, "One good turn deserves an- other," counts for more than in the United States Senate. A general in the United States army, who returned from the Philippines a few months ago an earnest advocate of an- nexing those islands, met an objection on constitutional grounds with the de- claration that "we have outgrown the Constitution." But it Is not necessary to abolish or amend the Constitution in order to change our policy. The Senate of one Congress may vote more than two to one that a clause in the instrument means one thing, and yet a majority oE the Senate in the next Congress may de- cide that it means the exact opposite. Quay and his friends believe that this will happen, and there is little in the recent history of the body to discourage their belief that the present Quay inter- pretation of the Constitution will be ac- cepted. PROGRESS IN EGYPT. The recent annual report of Lord Cromer brings up afresh the subject of progress in Egypt — not the progress of arms in the Sudan, but the material and industrial gains of the ancient land of the Pharaohs and the Ptolemies, of the Arabs and the Mamelukes. The country is described in the guide-books as being, in point of area, two-thirds the size of Russia in Europe, but in tillable land no larger than little Belgium. This area of tillable land consists of a triangular piece called the Delta, composed of Nile mud, and of a narrow strip or ribbon of similar material on either bank of that stream, varying from ten miles to ten inches in width, plus a few oases of no great size in the Libyan Desert. All else is an undulating expanse of sand and broken stone, as useless for human purposes as the nebula of Orion. Yet this small strip of nourishing soil has held a great place in the annals of mankind, its most remarkable feature being the vitality of its population un- der the successive visitations of war, tyranny, oppression, ignorance, and Mo- hammedanism, which have not infre- quently huddled upon its back all at once. It is only a few years since the taxes of the peasantry were an arbitrary sum, collected by the bastinado. No- body knew how much he had to pay or when he must pay it; nor did he know after he had paid it that he might not be required to pay it again the same year, in labor if not in cash. The corvee was in force at the will of the Government. Any man might be order- ed from his own proper work to that of the Khedive on the promise of some small pittance per day, which was never paid. Bad as the Egyptian fellah's lot was in his own mud hut, it was worse when he was called to serve in the army. Once enrolled, he was given up by his family, his friends, and himself for dead. His natural expectation was to fall a victim to the incompetency of his own officers, either in peace or in war, and in this he was seldom disap- pointed. The kind of justice he received in camp, or in his own village, was of the common Oriental type. .Lepsius, the Prussian Egyptologist, gives us an ex- ample which occurred incidentally dur- ing his travels there. While at work near the Pyramids, he employed the Sheik of the village of Sakkara to fur- nish a guard for his camp, notwith- standing which the camp was raided and plundered, the guards running away at the first sign of danger. He reported his loss to the authorities at Cairo, who sent a mudir and a troop of soldiers to investigate. They became pretty well satisfied that the robbery had been com- mitted by a party from another village not far from Sakkara, but could not identify the robbers. So, in order that no guilty man should escape, the mudir ordered that every male adult of this village, including the Sheik, should be subjected to the bastinado. This was done, against the strong remonstrance of Lepsius himself. Then the mudir or- dered that all the male adults of Sak- kara, including the Sheik, should be bastinadoed because the hired guards had run away, and this was done, against the entreaties of Lepsius. Most of the victims of the punishment fainted under it, and some of them were unable to stand on their feet for weeks afterward. After all the whipping had been finish- ed, the mudir levied a fine on the two villages equal to the value of the prop- erty lost, and this was collected under penalty of renewed application of the kurbash. This illustrates the kind of law which prevailed in Egypt, and which continued unchanged until England took charge of the country. We have in- stanced this case because it occurs in the writings of a well-known and un- impeachable witness. In spite of arbitrary taxation, in spite of the corvee, the conscription, and the kurbash, the Egyptian fellah of the past lived on, and his posterity are now be- ginning to save some money and find en- joyment in the world. Taxation is now a fixed sum, the corvee no longer exists, the conscription has been robbed of its terrors, soldiers actually come back to their villages after their term of service expires, and the bastinado is never ap- plied. For the first time in the history of Egypt, which is the oldest history known to men, each person is allowed to have what he earns. The conditions of life are becoming easier in other ways, and public works are going forward which will in a few years add new land to the tillable parts of the Nile valley and make the cultivation of the older parts less laborious. Education is be- ginning to make its influence felt in the regions adjacent to Assiut, Luxor, and Assuan, as well as in the cities of Cairo and Alexandria. The English language is taught in many of the schools, and in this way the door is opened to the ad- mission of modern science. In this par- ticular the American Presbyterian mis- sion at Assiut, with its branches, had cleared a great deal of ground before the English came in. Its work has been extremely beneficial, and the persever- ance of the men and women who have had charge of it cannot be too highly praised. The question is sometimes asked whether the Egyptians are grateful for what England has done for them, whe- ther they know the source of their bet- terment, whether they would vote to have English rule continued if they were allowed to decide that question for themselves. It is very doubtful whe- ther the mass of the people, the culti- vators of the soil, know that their im- proved condition is due to a foreign Power, or whether they have intelli- gence enough to form an opinion on the subject. As Lord Cromer says, there are less than one hundred English officials in the whole country north of the Su- dan. The fellaheen have no means of knowing what their government consists of except as they see it and feel it. If they are better off now than they were before, they have no evidence that it is not due to the Khedive, whose nomi- nal authority is still visible to them. All proclamations and decrees and legal in- struments run in his name, and it is right that they should. So long as he does not interrupt the work which is binding up the wounds and healing the sores of the ancient land of the Pha- raohs, his place as figurehead should not

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May 4, 1899] The Nation 329 be disturbed. He is doing no barm. What he might do if he had more op- portunity, it is needless to inquire. He is now a gentleman farmer on a large scale, and he seeks to improve the breed of cattle and to introduce scientific ag- riculture among the people. This is a useful occupation, and, as long as he ad- heres to it, he is deserving of praise. The real benefactor of Egypt, however, is Lord Cromer, or rather the country which sent him there and which sup- plies him with moral and material back- ing. THE IRISH LOCAL-GOVERNMENT ELEC- TIONS. Dublin, April 18, 1899. The elections under the local -government act have taken place, and the management of county and district affairs, so far as in Ireland conceded by Parliament, has passed from the hands of the classes into those of the masses. The peaceful manner in which this great change has been effected is in the highest degree creditable and encouraging. There was little wirepulling, and, except in Connaught, no general popular organization. Those elected are the choice of the people. The elections to the urban councils took place some weeks ago. They did not very materially alter the constitution of those bo- dies, which had been, even under the old re- stricted franchise, mainly in the hands of the people. The elections now decided are those (1) for district councils, principally for the management of poor-relief, and (2) the im- portant ones, those for the government of the counties. Roughly speaking, there are 2,400 urban and district councillors. Some 2,000 of these belong to the Popular party. For the county councils there have been 670 contests — of these, so far as statements have come to hand, 536 have gone Popular and 113 Conservative: Leinster 222 Popular Clster 90 Popular Oonnaugnt 81 Popular Munster 137 Popular •S2 Conservative 80 (Jouservatlve 2 Conservative 9 Conservative B36 Popular 113 Conservative The proportions as to differences of policy heretofore shown in Ireland are preserved and continued. 80 per cent, of the parliamen- tary representation has been Popular; 82 per cent, of the urban and district councillors are now Popular. 77 per cent, of the county councillors, and majorities of these last, have been elected by districts representing 70 per cent, of the population and 66 per cent, of the ratable valuation of the country. Every county has returned a Popular representa- tive. In but four (Derry, Antrim, Down, and Armagh) are the Conservatives in a ma- jority. In two (Fermanagh and Tyrone) there is equality between the parties. In the other twenty-six the Popular party is in an overwhelming majority. In no voting dis- trict, so far as I can learn, in which the Conservative voters are in a majority has a Popular representative been returned. In many in which the Popular party is in a ma- jority, Conservatives have been returned. In a considerable number of the councils in which the Popular party is in a large ma> Jority, and where, naturally, a Popular chair- man has been elected, the vice-chair has been given to a Conservative. In some of the northern councils in which the Conserva- tives held a majority of but one, they have exercised their power in appointing Conser- vatives to both chairs. These facts may be considered' from differ- ent points of view — either that the Popular party is more tolerant, or that It holds more loosely to its supposed main principle, or that it is more amenable to personal consi- derations, or that In its personnel there is not such a large proportion of men to hold the esteem of the opposite party as there is among the Conservatives. There have been, in districts overwhelmingly Popular, several remarkable Conservative successes, showing rapidly growing forgetfulness of the land agitation: Lord Castlerosse in Kerry; Mc. Murrough Kavanagh in Carlow, Lord Frede- rick Fitzgerald in Kildare, Lords Emly, Monteagle, and Dunraven in Limerick, the O'Conor Don in the West. Upon the other hand, there have been defeats such as never could take place in England, where the no- bility to such a considerable degree have identified themselves with the people. Col. Tottenham, who for twenty years was on the Wicklow Grand Jury, was defeated by a te- nant farmer; so was Lord Rosse in King's County, who received but 29 votes to his opponent's 191. The Right Hon. Henry Bru« en, a Carlow magnate, was defeated by a tenant farmer. In Meath, Lord Longford received but 66 votes to his opponent's 351; and in Tipperary, Lord Dunally but 4 to his opponent's 195. Ireland has now, as often before, found herself, in relation to British sentiment, in the position of the Lamb to the Wolf in the fable. She was told that by electing political opponents to representative positions on the new councils, she would show her moderation and conciliate British feeling. She well knew that the adoption of such a course would inevitably be taken as proof that she was indifferent as to her main desires. Upon the whole, the people have acted upon their own opinion and initiative, and have not been unduly influenced by their clergy; but I re- gret to say it has not been so in every dis- trict. In some Catholic constituencies of reputed high intelligence, a tried Home- Ruler or a popular employer of liberal prin- ciples, who received ready promises of ma- jorities of votes, and who would undoubtedly have been elected had the people been left to themselves, has been, through the exer- tions of the clergy, If not by altar denuncia- tion, defeated upon the ground of being Pro- testant. Cases such as this will throw some hitherto Home-Rule Protestants back into the ranks of the Conservatives, forgetful of the course hitherto pursued by Conservatives when in power, and of what has now been done where they are still in the majority. Were there not now a single Protestant elected to place or appointed to office in all Ireland, it would be a fairer state of things than that which has prevailed. There is, however, no danger whatever of such a de- plorable reversion to bigotry. Upon the Council of the South Dublin Union, where the Popular party is in a majority of 48 to 10, a Protestant Conservative vice-chairman has just been elected. Dublin is four-fifths Catholic, 90 per cent, of the 3,500 sick and poor inmates of the Union are Catholic; yet the new Council finds the institution, after its exclusive Protestant management, with- out a single Catholic doctor, apothecary, col- lector, relieving officer, or other principal of- ficial. It is well to remember that these denominational divisions with which Ireland is so cursed are divisions not so much dog- matic as they are the product of the social and family divisions brought about by dogma. Persons of the several persuasions are educated separately, brought up sepa- rately, marry separately, mix in separate so- cial circles. They are best acquainted with the qualifications and dispositions of their associates, and naturally prefer them for places of trust and emolument. The at- tempt in other countries, where religious differences have not as yet developed such baneful results as In Ireland, to induce homo- geneity through united education is natural and laudable. As to the conduct of business by these new councils, allowance must be made for the degree to which the country has hitherto been unpractised in the arts of responsible self-government. We need, however, have little fear as to the results. Expenditure is more likely to be unwisely limited than ex- travagant. It is satisfactory that a con- siderable number of women have been elect- ed on the district councils. The result of the elections has been hailed as an overwhelming proof of the " strength of Home-Rule feeling in Ireland. I can- not altogether take the same favorable view of the situation. The majority professing Home Rule profess also every other popular shibboleth. Many opponents of Home Rule have been elected by Popular constituencies. I am not aware that one opponent of a Catholic University, or the erection of cheap cottages at the public expense, has been so returned. Judging by the tests ordinarily applied in such cases, we cannot say much for the strength or solidity of Home-Rule principles. Direct organization with that ob- ject in view is for the present at an end. Popular papers, once full of the subject, now unceasingly devote their space to "sport" and ecclesiastical affairs. There is no public opinion to compel an effective attendance or united action of the Nationalist members in Parliament. There appears none to keep straight so-called representatives of Nation- ality at home. A few days ago the Parnelllte Lord Mayor of Dublin did what none of his predecessors has attempted for twenty years — he lunched at the Castle with the Lord Lieutenant; and no protest has been heard. Accounts recently published show that Ire- land at home and abroad within the last year contributed but £1,818 to keep the cause going in Parliament— much less than is often contributed in a few days for some special ecclesiastical purpose. It may be that Ireland is so settled in her convictions, so conscious of painful sacrifices made in the past and of the difficulties before her, that she purposes for the future pursuing her aim by easy paths alone; waiting rather for the apple to fall into her lap than risking time and energy in reaching after it. If the desire for Home Rule subsists to the same extent as formerly, some such reasons as this can alone explain the present position of the movement. In any case a fatal blow has been struck at the old ascendancy. Protestants, once the masters, will, unless they come to throw themselves into the general national life of the country, fall into the position we are told they largely occupy in the Province of Quebec, where they carry on much of the trade of the country, are entirely respected, but are largely shut out from patronage and pay — their ambitious youth finding careers in Great Britain, India, and the colonies. Pro- testants have now lost most of what they

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330 Tlie JSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1766 might have lost under Home Rule. They may yet come to realize that in a Local As- sembly for Irish affairs containing a certain nucleus of Protestant members from Ulster, and feeling themselves Irish, they would really have more hold upon the country than through the collective management of local affairs by the Imperial Parliament. D. B. TURNER AT THE GUILDHALL. London, April 14, 1899. It is the fashion in London to find fault with the City. To the County Council, no doubt, it is a convenience to have another municipal body to distract criticism from its own performances; and so a great deal is heard of the iniquities of the Corporation of London, and very little of its virtues. And yet it has its virtues, and many of them, as it would be easy to point out, were I not to-day concerned especially with one alone, the very recent virtue — dating back but to 1890— of giving excellent picture exhibitions in the Guildhall. These, to be sure, have not been beyond reproach— that would be asking too much of any corporation whose attentions to art spring solely from a sense of duty; but they have always been interesting, and sometimes important; never more so than this year, when the Guildhall gallery has been filled with, unquestionably, the largest and most complete collection of Turners ever yet seen outside the Na- tional Gallery. Some of these very pic- tures have been hung in the Academy's shows of Old Masters; many similar water- colors, if not the same, have found a place in the yearly exhibition at Messrs. Agnew's Bond Street gallery; but never, to my know- ledge— except in Turner's own collection — have such a number been got together, and never, anywhere, have they been so well arranged. For the chronological order one felt would add so much to the Rembrandts at the Academy and in Amsterdam, has here been observed. Pictures and drawings are grouped according to dates and periods— an enormous aid in the study of Turner; and Mr. A. G. Temple, Director of the Guildhall Library and Gallery, has compiled a most thorough catalogue, giving all possible In- formation and every appropriate quotation from Ruskin. In saying this I have explained, what everybody knows perfectly well nowadays, that Turner cannot be mentioned, or his work considered, without an immediate re- ference to Ruskin. In fact. It Is very much a question whether most people, when they look at a Turner, do not see, not what really is in it, but rather all that Ruskln's elo- quence has made them believe ought to be in it. I do not want to be misunder- stood: I have no intention of belittling Turner. He was a great artist, and neither excessive praise nor prejudiced abuse can alter this indisputable fact. But I do think there is danger of the real Turner being lost sight of in the widespread worship of Ruskln's Turner. A superstition has grown up about the very name of Turner; it has become a fetish among English artists, even more so among English art critics— a name to conjure with. Never has there been— probably never will there be again- such an instance of a man being "boomed" into a sort of a demigod. The term very likely is vulgar, but it fits; it was Ruskln's incessant "booming," joined to Turner's in- genious "booming" of himself, that induced a public, naturally indifferent to art, to bow down before Turner and accept him as the one genius of all time. The Guildhall show is of more than usual importance, be- cause it will force Turner's admirers to look at his pictures, and, moreover, at many of them hung together, when the merits and defects of his work reveal themselves more unmistakably than in one or two seen sepa- rately. It may be suggested that there has always been as admirable an opportunity at the National Gallery, which is true; only the public that cares for. Turner has long had the collection there by heart. But the Guildhall collection is not known as fa- miliarly, and it seems to me impossible that any one could examine attentively each painting or drawing in turn, and, face to face with it, refer to the catalogue for Ruskin's pronouncement, without forming for himself a more dispassionate judgment than ever hefore. The conclusion of this study will not be, I am afraid, altogether in accord with the old pleasant superstition. The arrangement being chronological, it is easy to follow the stages of development through which Turner passed. There is no use in adhering scrupulously to the Five Periods under which his biographers have grouped his work; a classification almost too elaborate for the present purpose. But, as you go into the Guildhall Gallery, a glance shows you that on the left-hand wall are the pictures belonging to the days when he still conformed to the old conventions, in- fusing into them new life by the strength of his own genius; that in front are the canvases painted when he had not yet thrown over the old formula, though he was already seeking a new one; while to the right are the brilliant, almost blazing ex- periments in which the final step had been taken and he was grappling with problems that hitherto had not appealed to the paint- er (and I need not add that it is these last his worshippers have usually ranked as his masterpieces). There is not space, even if it were necessary, to describe the thirty- eight pictures separately and in detail. One or two in each group can be taken as fairly typical. To begin with, there is a most beautiful example of his early manner In the "Kil- garran Castle," painted in 1797, of which there are two versions, the finer being the property of Lord Armstrong. The River Teifi forces its way between the steep hills that rise on either side the canvas. On the top of one, towering above the deep chasm, are the ruins of the Castle. The light is cool and gray; the hills are dark and sha- dowy. The whole composition has the se- renity, the breadth, and gives you the sense of completeness, of some of the landscapes of the French Romanticists. As you look, the detail gradually grows out of the shadows; you see the little village on the lower heights beyond, -you see the bathers in the sombre river; but never do these things obtrude themselves — they belong as absolutely to the harmony as do the nymphs or peasants in Corot's glades and on his hillside. The color, I should imagine, has lost nothing; the con- ventions may be old, but the painter has made them something new, even as the poet does when he sings an ancient, thread- bare theme; and the picture, you feel in- stinctively, will always remain one of the world's masterpieces, solemn, dignified, im- pressive. Within the next nine or ten years he had painted the seas that hang on the same wall, none more wonderful than the large "Boats Carrying out Anchors and Ca- bles to Dutch Men-of-War in 1665," with a great wave rolling mountain high across the canvas, and the little boat wallowing In its depths, the men in it pulling, with every muscle strained, towards the marvellously drawn ships, while above, like a mighty curtain rent asunder, the black cloud-masses break to show the clear sky behind. The truths Ruskin insists upon your finding in Turner— though the absence of a Ruskin quotation in the Catalogue suggests that this is not one of the canvases to which he would have sent you in search of them— are all here: truth of drawing, truth of action, truth of sea and sky, of light and atmosphere. But they never disturb the unity, the ensem- ble, as the French term it, of the picture. And it is the same with the other seas, with the other landscapes of his early years. They have the completeness and the perfect sere- nity that always distinguish the really great work of art. They are dark canvases, almost tragic in their solemnity, but always full of grandeur, dignity, repose. Later came the pictures represented by a little group hung together at the end of the gallery, in which you must be struck by the signs of the coming change. They mark the transition stage. Color Is less conventional, there is a more realistic study of light. The painter has not yet dared the fantastic experiments that were soon to absorb him, but he is less in- fluenced by Claude and the masters to whom, at first, he gave his allegiance. Per- haps there could be no more typical ex- ample than the "Barnes Terrace" and "Mortlake," well known by reputation, and both here. They are beautiful renderings of the Thames seen from a riverside gar- den. There is the same tranquillity, the same repose, but the light is warmer, more glowing; and in the "Barnes," at least, with that famous black-paper dog still stuck on the parapet where It was put in order to throw back the distance, we have the beginning of the wholesale sacrifice of more durable qualities to the immediate ob- taining of his effect that was to be the ruin of Turner's later work. The "Barnes" and "Mortlake" are more in sympathy with the "Kilgarran Castles" and the majestic seas. But still the light that floods them prepares us for the brilliant, dazzling, be- wildering illumination of the "Ehrenbreit- stein," the "Giudecca," the "Marriage of the Adriatic," from which, at the Guild- hall, only a narrow stairway separates them. In time there is an interval of ten or twelve years between. And now you find yourself in front of the pictures supposed to characterize the full and perfect development of Turner's genius; pictures in which you are expected to see the real Turner, finally freed from the tra- ditions and conventions of the schools. Be- cause, in them, for the first time his indi- viduality had full play, they have been ac- cepted by the authorities as his most per- fect work. Let me be candid. To con- front the few that have been brought to- gether at the Guildhall is to experience a moment of entire disillusionment. Crude color offends the eye; garish, glaring light hurts it; and everywhere are the endless, tedious, and irrelevant details that con- fuse and tire it. And there are still more serious defects. In the "Ehrenbreitsteln,"

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May 4, 1899] The USTation 331 half-a-dozen pictures are crowded into one composition; and, lovely as are the differ- ent parts, the little blue, hazy town float- ing, dream-like, on the blue river, the cas- tle perched on the great rose-flushed cliffs —they are quite disconnected, almost con- flicting. The foreground of the "Marriage of the Adriatic" is crowded with careful- ly worked-out little figures, and full of enough incident and story to keep the British patron of anecdote busy for a year, while the perspective of the palaces lining the long stretch of canal is simply childish. In the "Mercury and Argus," in which Ruskin was for ever, according to his tem- per at the time, discovering new series of truths, are trees that would disgrace an Academician; water of a cold, hard blue wholly out of relation to the color scheme, and such a spotting and dotting of the grassy slope with cattle that all feeling of rest is gone. One of the best of these late pictures, "The Wreck Buoy," a love- ly arrangement of ships and sails and a double rainbow, has in the foreground two buoys lit from within in some inexplicable fashion, with legible lettering on each, that positively will not let you see the picture as a whole. You look at that other won- derful sea that faces it, Its simplicity un- disturbed by such an unworthy catering to an inartistic public, and you cannot but question whether Turner did not lose, rath- er than gain, by giving the reins to his individuality. This is the result of a first glance, and per- haps I ought to explain that there is nothing here that can quite compare with the "Fight- ing Temiraire" and the "Rain, Steam, and Speed" in the National Gallery. But, as I heard an artist say the other day, there is no believing the painter of the "KilgaiTan Castle" could degenerate into a mere "rotter" —there must have been an artistic intention in these pictures, though to many of us now they have become incomprehensible. And, indeed, after the first shock of disappoint- ment, you examine them more closely, and you begin to understand that much of the original color has vanished, faded, or changed hopelessly, and that it may have been as splendid as Ruskin thought it, though now it is a matter of speculation, not of fact. Then you walk to the opposite side of the room, and the details disappear in the beauty of line and composition; the perspective some- how becomes right, and the restless and ela- borated canvases resolve themselves into the beautiful impressions Turner doubtless in- tended to record. But, if he did, why over- load them with cheap and irritating detail? you wonder. And when Ruskin spoke of the truth contained in them, what did he mean— the truth of the detail or the truth of the impression? And if the latter, must it not have occurred even to him that in this case the detail was superfluous? However, if we forget Ruskin, if we forget the place apart long since appointed to Turner, the reason of his failure dawns upon us — a more fundamental reason than his mistaken use of fugitive colors. Engrossed as he was with the problems of light which the modern stu- dent of sunshine thinks so essentially his own. Turner could not altogether emancipate himself from the old classical formula of composition, nor could he, the thrifty son of a miserly father, remain indifferent to popu- lar taste. The modern plein-airiste, or what- ever he may call himself, wants to show the effect of light; the objects in the landscape upon which it happens to shine are of minor importance — a haystack answers as well as a cathedral. But Turner attempted to combine the same study with a stately classical de- sign and the detailed telling of a story which is what the honest Briton has always prized above all else in a picture. Confu- sion was bound to ensue from his venture to reconcile the irreconcilable. It was only now and then, when he was carried away by the problem he had set himself, when he fell under the spell of lovely light and color, un- til every side issue was subordinated, that he succeeded triumphantly, as in "The Rape of Europa," now at the Guildhall; a dream of soft, golden, flame-tinged mist, through which the sea slowly discloses itself, a wide stretch of vague blue, with a dimly seen fig- ure moving across it. Fine experiments many of the later pictures are, but, if I ex- cept this one and a very few others that I have seen, it is only the experiment, and not Ruskin's absolute truth, you discover in them. They have not the calm, the dignity, the supreme distinction of the "Kilgarran Castle" or the "Mortlake." And so it is with the water-colors. The most satisfactory in the collection are two charming sketches on gray paper of Bonne- ville, dated 1800-10, but by no means the "insuperable" examples of Turner's "grand- est manner" that Ruskin calls them; nor can you agree with him that "mountains, proper- ly speaking, never had been drawn before at all, and will probably never be drawn so well again." In the later notes and impres- sions, as in the later paintings, the exag- geration of detail offends. But, though the "Spliigen Pass," which Ruskin says he saw in a moment was the noblest Alpine draw- ing Turner ever made, and the "Red Righi," which he thought such a piece of color as had never come in his way before, are in- cluded, there are no such perfect, such suggestive studies and sketches as those little drawings in the cellar of the Na- tional Gallery which are nothing more than simple, broad washes of color. Many of the Liber prints are also shown; for the collec- tion, as I have already said, is delightfully complete and representative. Its chief interest, however, must be found in the help it gives in an unprejudiced study of an artist who has been overpraised and overestimated. If we can only shut our ears for awhile to the music of Ruskin's elo- quence, and our eyes to the glamour of the Turner room at the National Gallery, of Tur- ner's ambitious pitting of his own landscapes against Claude's in that other room, of the Turner bequests at the Royal Academy, and of all Turner's honestly meant glorification of himself; if we can shake off the Turner tradition and not be frightened by the Tur- ner fetish, we may begin to see the real Tur- ner— a great, a very great painter, but no greater than, if as great as, Claude and Con- stable and Corot; a brilliant experimentalist whose vagaries and fantastic flights would have led to destruction in a lesser man; a master of line and composition, one of the most accomplished water-colorists that have ever lived. N. N. Correspondence. BURKE ON THE PHILIPPINE WAR. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I enclose extracts .from Burke's noble letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol, 1777. I have seen no comment on this present situa- tion in the Philippines which covers actual conditions more closely than this ancient analysis.— Faithfully yours, Vago. Sax Francisco, April 21, 1899. "If there be one fact in the world perfectly clear, it Is this, 'That the disposition of the people of America is wholly averse to any other than a free government'; and this Is in- dication enough, to any honest statesman, how he ought to adapt whatever power he finds in his hands to their case. If any ask me what a free government is, I answer that, for any practical purpose, it is what the people think so; and that they, and not I, are the natural, lawful, and competent judges of this matter. "But whether liberty be advantageous or not (for I know it is a fashion to decry the very principle), none will dispute that peace is a blessing; and peace must, in the course of human affairs, be frequently bought by some indulgence and toleration at least to liberty. "Liberty is in danger of being made unpopu- lar to Englishmen. Contending for an ima- ginary power, we begin to acquire the spirit of domination, and to lose the relish of honest equality. . . . "If we should be expelled from America, the delusion of the partisans of military govern- ment might still continue. They might still feed their imaginations with the possible good consequences which might have attended suc- cess. Nobody could prove the contrary by facts. But in case the sword should do all that the sword can do, the success of their arms and the defeat of their policy will be one and the same thing. You will never see any revenue from America. Some increase of the means of corruption, without ease of the public burdens, is the very best that can happen. Is it for this that we are at war; and in such a war? "But America is not subdued. Not one un- attacked village which was originally adverse throughout that vast continent, has yet sub- mitted from love or terror. You have the ground you encamp on; and you have no more. The cantonments of your troops and your dominions are exactly of the same extent. You spread devastation, but you do not enlarge the sphere of authority. . . . "A conscientious man would be cautious how he dealt in blood. He would feel some appre- hension at being called to a tremendous ac- count for engaging in so deep a play, without any sort of knowledge of the game. It i& no excuse for presumptuous ignorance that it is directed by insolent passion. The poorest being that crawls on earth, contending to save itself from injustice and oppression, is an ob- ject respectable in the eyes of God and man. But I cannot conceive any existence under heaven (which, in the depths of its wisdom, to- lerates all sorts of things) that is more truly disgusting than an impotent, helpless crea- ture, without civil wisdom or military skill, without a consciousness of any other qualifica- tion for power but his servility to it, bloated with pride and arrogance, calling for battles which he is not to fight, contending for a vio- lent dominion which he can never exercise, and satisfied to be himself mean and miserable In order to render others contemptible and wretch- ed. .. . "I know it is said that your kindness is only alienated on account of their resistance; and therefore if the colonies surrender at discretion, all sort of regard, and even much indulgence, is meant towards them in future. But can those who are partisans for continuing a war to enforce such a surrender, be responsible (after all that has passed) for such a future use of a power that is bound by no compacts and restrained by no terror? Will they tell us what they call indulgences? Do they not at this instant call the present war and all its horrors a lenient and merciful proceeding? "No conqueror that I ever heard of has pro- fessed to make a cruel, harsh, and insolent use

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332 The nSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1766 of his conquest. No! The man of the most declared pride scarcely dares to trust his own heart with this dreadful secret of ambition. But it will appear in its time; and no man who professes to reduce another to the insolent mer- cy of a foreign arm ever had any sort of good will towards him. The profession of kindness with that sword in his hand, and that demand of surrender, is one of the most provok- ing a, is of his hostility." THE WASHINGTON-BRODHURST CON- NECTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have found another item of interest in the Washington ancestry, in the form of two letters from a descendant of the first marriage of Anne Pope, the wife of John Washington the immigrant. Of this (Brodhurst) connection, little is known. The Virginia land records show a grant of 500 acres in Northumberland Coun- ty to Walter Brodhurst, in 1G50, probably the year of his arrival. Another grant, of 300 acres, was made in December, 16G2, to his son Walter, and on the same date, 500 acres, "near the land of Nath'l Pope," were given to Gerrard, who was another son, as these letters show. The first Walter mar- ried Pope's daughter, Anne, and died be- tween 1656 and 1658. His will was proved in England in 1658. A Walter Brodhurst, in May, 1058, witnessed the will of Henry Pey- ton, of Acquia, Westmoreland County, and Hugh Brodhurst was associated with him. The witness to Peyton's will cannot have been the sou of Walter and Anne, who is said to have left America at a later period only nine years of age. In May, 1659, Anne, as Mrs. Washington, received a gift of land from her father, Nathaniel Pope; and in Sep- tember of the same year was concerned in a lawsuit, as Anne Brodhurst, the "relict and administratrix of Walter Brodhurst." If Walter was living in May, 1658, and his widow was Mrs. Washington in May, 1659, no time was lost in unnecessary grief for the dead. It may be noted that John Washington was preparing for the baptism of his young son in Sep- tember, 1659. Anne Brodhurst is de- scribed as a "young widow," which is doubt- less true, as her husband was about thirty- six years of age in 1655. The interest in these letters lies in the history of the children of Walter and Anne; they fully establish the fact that Walter and Gerrard were brothers, and so stepsons of John Washington. Col. Chester found at Lichfield a record, dated April 12, 1678, of letters granted to Walter Brodhurst, to "administer on the goods of Anno Washington, alias Brodhurst, late of Washington Parish, in y County of West- m'land, in y" oountrey of Virginia." A note may be added on the marriages of John Washington, the immigrant. He had married in England, and his wife and two children accompanied him to Virginia, where they died. The tradition is that he came to America in 1657. If he married Ann, il', po) Brodhurst in 1659, his wife and two children had died in the meantime. This second wife is believed to have died in 167.", or L676. She was certainly living when her husband made his will in Septem- ber, 167.",; and her son, Walter Brodhurst, could obtain testamentary letters in England in 1678. The record cited by Lyon G. Tyler points to the earlier year as that of her death, tor be found a marriage contract be- tween Col. John Washington and Frances Appleton, dated May 10, 1676. The curious feature is that Frances was taking a husband for the third time, just as Washington was taking his third wife. She was the daughter of Dr. Thomas Gerrard, and had married in 1660 Valentine Peyton. On his death, in 1665, she had appointed her "trusty and well beloved friend, Major John Washington," her attorney. In 1670 she became the wife of Capt. John Appleton, a witness to John Washington's will, who died between the making and the proving of that will, certain- ly after September, 1675. Yet, in May, 1676, she is about to make her third venture in matrimony, and her husband that is to be will take her as his third venture. Truly, these much-married colonists are very con- fusing and confused persons. Worthington C. Ford. Boston, April 25, 1899. ADDENBROOKE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON. Sir I have been Informed by my Mother and by some papers in my custody find that my Grandfathers Mother a young Widdow her name Broadhurst, married a Gentleman called Collonel Washinton of Virginia, one of your Ancestors, if so I have the Honour of being a ralation to you, which makes me take the Liberty to Trouble you with an Enquiry after an Estate which belonged to my Grand- father, and an Estate left my Mother and her sisters by their Unkle Gerrard Broadhurst. After the Death of my Grandfather the Daugh- ters sent one Penson to Virginia to manage their Affairs, and imprudently trusted him with their Writeings. He for some years made them regular remittances Afterwards took no Notice of their Affairs, by what I can learn kept possession as his Own, as the Estate 1 believe Joyns to yours shall take it as the Greatest favour you woud inform me of the Situation of the Estate and Pensons heirs, and if you think the Estate is recoverable I am the only representative of the Family of Broad- hurst, my Grandfather, left Virginia at the age of 9 years to take Possession of some Effects left him by an Unkle In Shropshire in Eng- land. As I am unacquainted with any body in Virginia, beg you will excuse the Trouble I give you in this Affair, the favor of an An- swer to this will be gratefully acknowledged by Sir your most obedient Humble Serv1 to (',„,,' THOS. ADDENBROOKE. At Coalbrookdale near Shlffnall in Shropshire, England, 16 December, 1771. ADDENBROOKE TO OEORQE WASHINGTON. Sir In December 1771 I took the liberty to write to you requesting the Favour of you to Enquire after an Estate in Virginia that I had a right to. ^Not being favour'd with your Answer makes me imagine my letter miscar- ried. By some papers in my Custody I find my Great Grandfather (by my mothers side) Walter Broadhurst left a Widdow who married Mr John Washington of Westmoreland County. 1 suppose an Ancestor of yours by which I have the Honour of being related to you. My Grand- father came to England very young left a bro- ther whose name was Gerrard Broadhurst, at Virginia, who died after a short illness at the House of Mr Lawrence Washington In Christ- mas 1677, and left all his real and personal Estates to my Grandfathers children of whom I am the only desendant. His plantations were situated at Nemanie [Nomony?! in the County of Westmoreland. He left Mr Nicholas Spen- cer and Mr. Washington Trustees for my Grand- fathers Children. Upon the Death of my Grand- father my Mother and her sisters sent one Penson to manage the Plantation and very imprudently trusted him with their papers. Penson made remittances for some time, but for a great many years past took no Notice of them but possessed himself of the Estate and as I aai Informd his son now enjoys it. — I shall think myself grtatly obliged if you will favour me with a line, if you think the Estate is re- coverable or not, what may be the Value, and if it would answer for me to come over. I am told that According to your Laws no time takes away my right. I hope you will excuse the Freedom I take in giveing you this trouble, but presuming that you are a relation occasioned me takeing this freedom, and I hope you will favour me with an answer as soon as con- venient. Directed to Sir your very Humble Serv' toComd THOS. ADDENBROOKE. 26 July, 1773. Notes. Mr. T. W. Higginson's books (school-books excepted) have been acquired of Messrs. Longman by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., who are preparing a definitive edition. In advance of this will appear a new volume, uniform with 'Cheerful Yesterdays,' entitled 'Contempora- ries,' and consisting of personal sketches of distinguished Americans written for various periodicals. Frederick Warne & Co. will shortly publish 'The Romance of Wild Flowers,' by Edward Step, with profuse illustrations, first of a series entitled "The Library of Natural His- tory Romance"; and a popular reissue of Anne Pratt's 'Flowering Plants, Ferns, Sedges, and Grasses of Great Britain,' edit- ed by Mr. Step. R. H. Russell has nearly ready 'Eden vs. Whistler: The Baronet and the Butterfly,' by J. McNeill Whistler; and an English ver- sion of Hauptmann's 'Die Versunkeue Glocke,' by Charles Henry Meltzer, in rhyme and blank verse. A volume of interesting descriptions of Rhode Island, Providence, and Newport, from 163G to 1836, has been compiled by Miss Gertrude Selwyn Kimball, and, if sufficient encouragement be given, will be published by Preston & Rounds Co., Providence, at $2.50, in a limited edition. With 'Reprinted Pieces' the "Gadshill Edi- tion" of Dickens comes to an end (London: Chapman & Hall; New York: Scribners), and Mr. Andrew Lang makes his editorial bow in a General Essay on the Works of Charles Dickens. The judgment will, we be- lieve, stand, and it is sufficiently critical to warrant the editor in wondering how he ever came to get the job. His various pre- faces have furnished ground for such won- derment in his readers. He has, he says, "played the Devil's Advocate . . . contre cwur, and from an odd sense of duty which seemed [in view of our general debt to Dickens] half undutiful." And so ends a liberally, almost elegantly, printed edition, rather too bulky, whose excuse for being turns out to be an apology. No apology is needed for the "Centenary Edition" of Carlyle marketed by the same American firm, and as cheap as it is beauti- ful in appearance. It is now extended by two volumes of the 'Wilhelm Meister' trans- lation. Two volumes also are given to 'Shirley' in Downey & Co.'s reissue of the novels of the Bronte sisters (Scribners), handsome and bold of letter, if again, like the Dickens, somewhat too plump for perfect beauty or handiness. The Dent-Macmillan "Temple Edition" of Scott's novels pursues its charming and com- panionable way with 'Redgauntlet' and 'St. Ronan's Well,' each in two dainty volumes. Reasons for anonymity are an author's "private business," in the Croker slang of

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May 4, 1899] The Nation. 333 the day, but it is curious that the editorship of Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s 'Satchel Guide for the Vacation Tourist in Europe' should have been concealed for twenty-seven years by Dr. W. J. Rolfe, the Shaksperian scholar and editor. His name now first appears in the issue for 1899. It was inevitable that Lady Burton's monu- ment to her husband, "The Life of Sir Richard F. Burton,' should, if attempted in a popular edition, be razeed. This has now been done by the competent hand of Mrs. W. H. Wilklns, the biographer in turn of Lady Burton. Omission of the appendices afld other irrelevant matter reduces the work to a single presentable octavo volume of 548 pages, with illustrations. Mrs. Wil- klns tells, in her interesting preface, of Bur- ton's intention to publish, from his candid diaries, a 'Confessions,' which we may sup- pose would have rivalled Rousseau's in frankness. Lady Burton took care that no- body else should construct it out of his lite- rary remains. Five years ago we briefly noticed Mr. Sa- muel H. Church's conscientious but hardly inspired 'Oliver Cromwell' (Putnams). That the work has supplied a want would appear to be evidenced by its having passed to a third edition, in the preface to which the author notices the unsuccessful introduction of a monument bill in Parliament immediate- ly consequent upon the publication of his reproach to England that it had no official monument to the Protector. Now he issues a rather sumptuous "Commemoration Edition" in celebration of the fact of the acceptance by Lord Salisbury's Government, and the placing "in one of the corridors of the Pa- lace of Westminster," of Bernini's bust from life of Cromwell. A plate showing this inte- resting effigy is one of the several which go to make up the adornment of the present is- sue (limited, by the way, to 600 numbered and signed copies), and include the likeness of Mr. Church himself. The beautiful quarto volume numbered fourteen in the series of Filson Club Pub- lications (Louisville, Ky. : John P. Morton & Co.) deals in two parts with 'The Clay Fa- mily.' The respective authors are the Hon. Zachary F. Smith for "The Mother of Henry Clay" (Elizabeth Hudson), and Mrs. Mary Rogers Clay for the general genealogy. Not much has been achieved in elucidating the English connection, but a great body of in- dividual biographies has been brought to- gether, and the effort was certainly worth while. At the same time, it is to be regret- ted that Mrs. Clay, who edits the Courier- Journal's genealogical column, was not more familiar with the best mode of exhibiting pe- digrees in print. There is not even a chart for Henry Clay. It is disquieting, too, to find a lax method as exemplified in No. 97, whose birth-date is given on first mention (under issue), p. 106, but not with the se- parate sketch, p. 153; or, vice versa (a very common negligence), in the case of No. 159. More serious are fatal inconsistencies like these: p. 105, John Clay was born February 13, 1800, but p. 148, February 15, 1800; p. 116, Green Clay Smith was born July 10, 1827, but p. 168, July 2, 1832. The catholic treatment of the Clay family is noticeable; the pseudo-abolitionism of Henry Clay, the eccentric but genuine abolitionism of Cas- slus M. Clay, gallant Federals and gallant Confederates, all come in for praise; and (shades of Henry Clay and Elizabeth Hud- son!) Miss Laura Clay, daughter of Cassius M. Clay, is eulogized as the leader of woman suffragists in Kentucky. The volume contains numerous valuable portraits, including one (thought to be unpublished) of Henry Clay. Charles Battell Loomis's 'Just Rhymes' (R. H. Russell) has been gathered up in a thin volume from the numerous periodicals in which the original verse and the parody have already fulfilled a cheerful mission. The best are very good, but not better than the "Dedication to the Author" in laugh- able prose. Miss Cory's illustrations, also in many veins, are level with the text in hu- mor, and now and again (as in the vignette to "Lullaby a la mode") noticeably graceful and decorative. Kelly's Directory of the Merchants, Manu- facturers, and Shippers of the United King- dom, and Guide to the Export and Import Shipping and Manufacturing Industries of the World' (London; and New York, 5 Beek- man Street) reaches its thirteenth edition in a portly volume of nearly 3,500 pages. The obvious functions displayed in the title it discharges generously, but it also con- tains, for the respective countries, ports, and cities of the earth, condensed commer- cial statistics, including tariffs. It is signi- ficant of the contrast between a country that seeks the world's trade and one that has hitherto affixed odium to international exchange, that while Great Britain's tariff fills only one page in large type, that of the United States fills fourteen in fine type. A Foreign Office circular touching the regu- lations to which foreign commercial tra- vellers are subjected in European countries (p. ix) shows that no restrictions prevail in Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Russia, and Turkey. The Scandinavian countries, on the other hand, are very stringent and exacting. The editor notices that the rubber supply keeps pace with the demands of wheelmen and tire-makers, and that the West Coast of Af- rica, with a capacity for unlimited produc- tion, increased its export from £671 in 1893 to £252,065 in 1897. A subsidiary use of this valuable Directory is in its geographical index as a gazetteer, and its bilingual in- dexes of trades and professions for conve- nience in translation. 'A Manual of English Pronunciation and Grammar for the Use of Dutch Students,' by J. H. A. Giinther (Groningen), is in man- ner and matter an altogether excellent book. As its title indicates, it is written in Eng- lish, and it presupposes on the part of its user at the outset a good knowledge of the language. The first part, on pronuncia- tion, is based on Sweet an/1 other re- cent material, all most clearly and intelli- gently presented, with an abundance of il- lustration and an entire absence of the hie- ratic symbols that make too many phonetic works not only caviare to the general, but a weariness of flesh even to the special. The values here are English and do not, accord- ingly, along well-known lines, always cor- respond with American usage. The second part of the book, containing forms and syn- tax, is, like the first part, a model of its kind. The author's purpose, as he states it in his preface, is to write a grammar of the language of to-day. His syntax is thus a re- cord of what actually is and not at all of what ideally should be. The illustrations in the majority of cases are drawn from the most recent writers: Anthony Hope, Marion Crawford, Stanley Weyman. Andrew Lang, Robert Louis Stevenson, Augustine Birrell, Conan Doyle, Rider Haggard, John Oliver Hobbes, and many more of their day and generation, with not an Ollendorffian dum- my among them. The hundreds of exempli- fications of literary usage in this part of the book give a picture of the language as it is written at the end of the century that is not surpassed by any late work of the kind in England or America. The book, in point of fact, would be a valuable one in the hands of any student of English at home or abroad, since, aside from the few citations of Dutch values in phonology and syntax for the purpose of elucidation, there is nothing In it except the sub-title to indicate that it Is not intended generally for English- speaking people. From beginning to end, finally, the manual breathes the whole fresh spirit of modern language-study which so conclusively shows the permanent passing of the Sprachmeisier. A rather remarkable educational experi- ment came to an untimely end in Brussels recently. The democratic university found- ed in that city some years ago is no more. About half a decade ago, when the free University of Brussels, which is controlled by the Moderate Liberals, refused to elect the Paris geographer Elis6e Reclus as a member of the faculty on account of his anarchistic propensities, the radical and so- cialistic element among the students arose in protest against this attack on the freedom of scientific research. The agitation ended in the establishment of a radical university in Brussels, which was especially favored by a certain coterie of younger scholars. Wealthy men of radical and socialistic ten- dencies furnished the financial wherewithal, and the new university called men to its chairs from many lands, without any refer- ence to political or religious views. The moderate liberals and the clericals fought it from the outset, and the political au- thorities practically did the same. The Gov- ernment denied to the "Universite Nouvelle" the right to grant academic degrees, and the commission intrusted with the duty of conducting the state examinations refused to respect its diplomas. Accordingly, no Bel- gian subject could attend the new uni- versity. Soon the necessary funds (60,000 francs per year) were lacking, and a few weeks ago the Academic Council, notwith- standing the protests of the professors and the students, decided to close the insti- tution. The rector was Dr. de Greef. Much credit is due to the members of the Kunstlerinnen-Verein of Munich for the energy with which they have carried for- ward the laudable enterprise of providing first-class opportunities for art study for women. Since the 1st of April the Asso- ciation has been occupying its own newly erected building in a pleasant garden near the Pinakothek, in the very heart of the city. Some hundreds of young women are enjoying, under the auspices of the Verein, the best instruction obtainable in a city which has long been one of the foremost art centres in Europe. The trade and industry of Italy formed the subject of an interesting and encourag- ing address made recently in London by the Italian Ambassador to Great Britain. He did not assert that his country was rich, only that "she is on the way to become so." The revenue is equal to the expendi- tures, and within the past ten years a con- siderable amount of the national indebted- ness has been paid off. The bank deposits,

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334 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1766 including the savings-banks, amount to $600,000,000. Since 1871 the number of me- chanics has doubled, mineral exports and the production of silk have trebled, and, among other things, Italy manufactures the rolling- stock of her railways, the whole material cf her navy, and 80 milliards of matches annually ("enough to set all Europe in a blaze"). Referring to her lack of coal, the speaker said that "possibly it is to elec- tricity that Italy must look for her mecha- nical reorganization and emancipation, when she shall have learned to utilize the million horse-power contained in the waterfalls that course down the slopes of the Apennines." An English expedition was organized in 1897 under Major (now Colonel) Macdonald to trace the upper course of the river which was to constitute the eastern boundary of British East Africa, according to the Anglo- Italian agreements of 1891 and 1894. An- other object was to take effective posses- sion of the eastern Nile valley, and thus forestall French and Abyssinian enterprises in that quarter. A mutiny of the Sudanese composing the expedition prevented for a time its departure from Uganda. Informa- tion has been received recently in London that a part of it, as reorganized, has suc- ceeded in reaching a point some three hun- dred miles north of the Victoria Nyanza; and that Col. Macdonald has made treaties with the chiefs in a large section of country to the east of the Nile, and has apparent- ly opened communication with Lado on that river. Another column has explored the re- gion lying to the west of Lake Rudolf. Both columns have returned to Uganda, and preparations are being made to carry out the original plans, and, probably, to co- operate with the Anglo-Egyptian advance from Fashoda up the Sobat. To complete a record of bills of credit issued by the colony of Massachusetts from 1690 to 1750, Mr. Andrew McF. Davis wishes to know where any may be found. His ad- dress is 10 Appleton Street, Cambridge. Mass. —It was a happy thought for the Colonial Dames to print the early letters addressed to Washington, and the first volume has now appeared, edited by Mr. S. M. Hamilton (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). This earliest portion of the correspondence is dis- jointed, and is marked by many omissions due to loss and gift of manuscripts, or by the retention of family letters by the Wash- ington family. It is noteworthy that in this volume, with letters extending from 1752 to 1756, only two family papers appear. The manuscripts in the Department of State have been depended upon for material, and no at- tempt has been made by the editor to go outside of them. In some respects this is unfortunate, as such an edition as is pro- posed should aim at finality, and there is hardly a collection of papers, state or private, that could not have made its contribution. The material used turns largely upon Wash- ington's military duties while connected with the Virginia regiment, and is occupied with details of army discipline and equipment. Of greatest interest are the letters on the affair of Fort Necessity, on the question of rank, and on the charges made in 1756 by an anonymous writer against the regiment. Per- sonal details are not wanting, the scribblings of Washington's secretary, Kirkpatrick, being particularly rich. The volume fully justifies its existence, and promises richer material as the work progresses. The notes are not very judicious. Thus, half a page is devoted to Gist, but only two lines to Cro- ghan, and nothing to Woelper or Bland, who deserved more than Gist. —Admitting the importance of this com- pilation, it is with regret that we find the volume so carelessly prepared as to throw doubt upon the accuracy of the readings. There is a great and unnecessary affectation of minute care in the printing, and very unusual and confusing expedients are em- ployed. Only a photograph could reproduce the peculiarities of the MS. Yet Mr. Hamil- ton has attempted the same results in rigid type. An inserted word or letter is given a whole line, a caret marking the place of in- sertion. Where the writer uses a flourish under his name, a long stiff dash is printed under the signature. A curve marking an abbreviation becomes a line over the type, sometimes dropping down and striking out necessary letters, as on p. 344. While the ex- act number of words in each line of the body of the letter is disregarded, the postscript is split into lines of unequal length. Ar- bitrary signs are used, as on page 121, where "Fred«»," a meaningless mark, oc- curs. What is intended on page 39, where "Ciprian Dame. [+M's Nel]" is printed? Such vagaries could have been overlooked did they show a scrupulous adherence to the text, united with an intelligent exercise of an editor's judgment. A doubtful point calls for an explanation. The following are given as a few of many violations of good editing we have noticed: (p. 13) Penoney, though the note on the same page gives properly Peyronney; (p. 34) auquaint, for acc- quaint; (p. 101) mercehj savages for merci- less; (p. 183) a meaningless mention of "32 thousd to'" of beef, though the proper state- ment is given on p. 151, where occurs another slip of lbs. for 6/s. Dots, usually showing omissions, are here used without meaning (p. 341) and the bracket is employed freely for the parenthesis. We trust that greater care will be shown in the subsequent volumes, as they are too well printed to merit such defect. — The "Beardsley craze" may not be dead, as Mr. H. C. Marillier, in the prefatory note to 'The Early Work of Aubrey Beards- ley' assures us it is not, but the policy pur- sued in the compilation of such books as this and "A Second Book of Fifty Drawings by Aubrey Beardsley' (both published by John Lane) cannot fail to damage Mr. Beards- ley's reputation. The first 'Book of Fifty Drawings' was published in the artist's life- time, and he himself was responsible for the selection. In the second there are "many things which would not have ap- peared had Mr. Beardsley been living," and at least one drawing the publication of which the artist had "vehemently prohibit- ed." In the other and larger volume the same policy has been pursued, and immature scribblings and utter failures are mingled with the better work of the man in whose honor the book is published. In the case of a great artist there is something to be said for such a policy; it is interesting if not important to the world that every scrap from the hand of a Rembrandt should be trea- sured; but Mr. Beardsley was not a great artist — only a man of striking talent within a very limited range. In spite of the mor- bidity of his fancy and the debased nature of his types, his best work shows marked ability in the disposal of pure black and white spaces and the decorative arrange- ment of lines. One might still have believ- ed that his bad drawing and lack of light and shade were voluntary mannerisms if these volumes had not proved to us that he was quite incapable of doing anything else than what he did best. The quite ter- rible badness — the absolute ineptitude — of his productions when he attempted work in the ordinary methods, would be incredible if it were not proved to us here by many examples. Perhaps the best things in either volume are a number of designs for book- covers, consisting of pure ornament. In these his qualities of space and line com- position have full play, while his horrible conception of humanity and his utter lack of pictorial power do not affect the result. —The disposal of black and white spaces and the arrangement of lines are the sub- ject of Mr. Arthur W. Dow's book on 'Com- position' (Boston: J. M. Bowles). Mr. Dow is ambitious, and thinks he has discovered "a new system of art education," beginning with composition where the ordinary sys- tem leaves off, and introducing nature-study only as the young artist needs it for the development of his previously planned com- position. That arrangement is the essence of art is undoubtedly true, but it may still be doubted how a system would work in practice which begins by getting something out of the student before he has put any- thing into himself. Certainly, heretofore, the apprenticeship of every great artist has been a struggle for the mastery of repre- sentation, after which has come the period of production. Taken in itself, however, not as a substitute for other art training, but as an addition to it, Mr. Dow's book and it3 method may prove useful. We regret that so many of the author's examples and even terms should be taken from the Japanese. The Japanese examples are good, but there is as much good to be found in classic and Renaissance work, and such work is our own by descent and tradition, not a foreign graft. — By the nature of his profession, a por- trait-painter comes into contact with many people, and often with very distinguished people. When such a painter is the son of a well-known musician and the godson of a great one, he has a personal and heredi- tary as well as a professional entree into distinguished circles. It only needed, there- fore, that Mr. Felix Moscheles should be able to write tolerably to make his 'Fragments of an Autobiography' (Harpers) very good reading, and he writes much more than tol- erably, with, a pleasant, gossipy, sentimental manner, beginning each of his eleven chap- ters with an "I well remember," so that the only initial letter needed by the com- positor is what Thackeray called "that up- tight and independent vowel." Besides mo- ralizing and reminiscences of school-days and early love affairs, we have glimpses of Moscheles the elder and Mendelssohn, Ros- sini and Meyerbeer, Mazzini and Browning, all of which are interesting if not very im- portant. Mr. Moscheles was one of the first of the now long line of itinerant portrait- painters who have learned what a foreign name is worth in America, and so we have also a chapter on Grover Cleveland, and another giving the unusually pleasant im- pressions of a cultivated Englishman, not without "a certain condescension" to the society which received him with open arms and pocket-books. The book is illustrated with excellent reproductions of indifferent

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May 4, T899] Tlie ISTation. 335 portraits of Mazzini, Browning, and the artist's mother. Altogether the sense is left that one has been meeting an agreeable person if by no means a great artist. —Mr. Louis Dyer recently gave the first of three lectures on Machiavelli at the Royal Institution in London. " 'The Prince' and Caesar Borgia" was his topic. The course, he said, was planned on the strength of the interest awakened in England and America by Mr. Morley's Romanes lecture of 1897. Machiavelli was a comparatively obscure personage in his day. Insulating himself in his own insignificance, he stood keenly observing the hurly-burly of the world as if In a camera obscura. 'The Prince' could be accepted as the political programme of the Renaissance only if we Insisted upon its specifically Italian coloring, gathered from Machiavelli's personal experience. The whole treatise occupied, in the printing, ra- ther less than three times the space of Macaulay's famous essay on Machiavelli. Caesar Borgia was the first man of intense power with whom Machiavelli came iitto intimacy. As a family, the Borgias were Spaniards in whom a touch of the Blacka- moor from Morocco and a strain of the Be- douin from Asia had been strangely mixed with Iberian brutality; and in the case of Caesar and Lucretia there had been added to all this a dash of vulgar Italian sensu- ality. More in objurgation of the Borgias the lecturer dared not say in that place, which was within the diocese of the Lord Bishop of London, the apologist, as against Ranke, of the Borgias. "It is not improb- able that Alexander VI.," the Right Rev- erend Historian of the Popes had written, "used poison in the same way as his con- temporaries, but I do not think that many of their attempts succeeded." Machiavelli, though decidedly at sea in judging personal character, had the painter's instinctive need of seeing ideas impersonated before he could think clearly. To him Italy said, in the words lent by Euripides to Queen Hecuba in her apostrophe of Agamemnon: "Stand off, I say, as painters do; scan me and peruse my worth in woe." In his 'Life of Castruccio Castracani,' Machiavelli personi- fied his own view of the infantry tactics of the future, as in 'The Prince' he personified his own forecast of the government of the future and of the union of Italy. These per- sonal demonstrations wrote themselves, but it was not so with his longer and impersonal presentations of those same topics. 'The Art of War," Machiavelli's abstract discus- sion, among other things, of infantry tac- tics, dragged on through seven books; his 'Discourses on Livy,' containing his imper- sonal discussion on government, was never finished. Mr. Pater's account of the science of the Renaissance as "clairvoyance . . . seeking in an instant of vision to concentrate a thousand experiences," applied most aptly to 'The Prince.' Machiavelli conceived of the terrible political problem of the Renais- sance—the fusing of disjointed atoms into one state — as a political r,eadjuster, not as a readjustment; as a person, not as a pro- cess. Caesar Borgia interested him only while he saw him at work, atrociously but remorselessly, delivering the Romagnol peo- ple from anarchy. This Romagnol segment of Borgia's life he isolated, and on this foun- dation built up 'The Prince,' who was an utterly impossible human being; his impos- sibility resulting from Machiavelli's making him up out of the requirements of the de- bauched and corrupted commons of Italy. Thus the needs of the Italian people, rather than the character of Caesar Borgia, gave the law of life and duty to Machiavelli's 'Prince.' BRADFORD'S LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT.— I. The. Lesson of Popular Government. By Ga- maliel Bradford. The Macmillan Co. 2 vols., pp. 520, 590. For more than thirty years Mr. Bradford has been an earnest student of our demo- cratic institutions, both in themselves and in comparison with other examples of popu- lar government. Seeing clearly the short- comings and abuses Incident to freedom, he has not lost faith in the people, but has found his conviction ripening that a republic is, after all, the form of government which has secured the greatest average happiness for a community. He believes that pub- lic opinion in civilized nations is more near- ly right than the opinions of any narrow ruling class, and that we shall have good government in proportion to our success in giving guidance to political action by pub- lic opinion, when this is enlightened by searching discussion and stimulated by ap- peals to noble motives. The thesis of this im- portant work is, he says, "that so far as popular government has fail- ed, the main cause has been in defective ma- chinery, so that public opinion is brought to bear either not at all, or so imperfectly that what is assumed to be the will of the people is, in fact, only that of a comparatively small number of political managers, more or less dishonest, who avail themselves of the forms of government to carry out their private schemes and purposes, by virtue of a nomi- nal expression of the popular will" (i, 38). Looking into the defects of the machinery, he finds the chief in the absorption of gov- ernmental power by the Legislature, conclud- ing that, in the inevitable battle between Legislature and executive for power, "if the executive wins, government is possible, though it may be bad; if the Legislature wins, government becomes, in the long run, impossible" (i, 45). Following out the rea- soning, Mr. Bradford concludes that "the ideal constitution of the executive is a single head, surrounded by a staff of his own selec- tion, appointed and removed at his pleasure, one man being at the head of each depart- ment" (i, 46). In this way the proper re- sponsibility of the head of the state is secur- ed, and this responsibility is enforced by his election directly by the people, who thus ap- prove or condemn his acts. But as the exe- cutive is best informed as to the working of the governmental machine, he should be best fitted to plan its future course and pro- gress, and "must have the power to say what he wants and why he wants it"; and "that the executive shall be able thus to state and advocate his plans, it is necessary that his representatives should be in contact with the Legislature, and have at least the same right of speech as the members of that body" (i, 50). In the sharp criticisms of the Oppo- sition in face-to-face debate, our author sees not only a continuous and salutary check upon the executive, but also such enlightened instruction of public opinion, under circum- stances favorable to arresting popular atten- tion, that the judgments registered at the elections of members of the Legislature and of the executive will grow more and more trustworthy as positive exercises of the ulti- mate sovereignty of the people. Applying these doctrines to our Federal Government, the practical step Mr. Bradford advocates is, as the readers of the Nation well know, to allow the members of the ca- binet to occupy seats on the floor in the houses of Congress, with the right to parti- cipate in debate on matters relating to the business of their respective departments, and with the duty of attending, upon notice, to give information asked by resolution or in reply to questions propounded under proper rules. By his earnest and able advocacy of his views, Mr. Bradford induced Senator Pendleton of Ohio to prepare a bill with the provisions just stated, which was referred to a select committee, and reported to the Sen- ate in February, 1881, with a recommendation that it pass. This was the high-water mark in the history of the proposed measure, for the author very naturally says that it seems strange that it "should never since have re- ceived the slightest attention from either house of Congress or from the executive" (ii, 327). He explains the untoward result by the instinctive conviction of legislators that the measure tended to increase the power and influence of the executive, and by their na- tural tendency as legislators to oppose what- ever would diminish the relative weight of their own body. In short, it was part of the inevitable evolutionary struggle between the two departments of government. The author hepes for the growth of a strong public opi- nion that will overrule this opposition and command Congress to yield its pride and subdue its natural impulse. He has so deep a sense of the perils there would be in med- dling with the fundamental organization of the government that he deprecates the call- ing of a constitutional convention for general revision of the organic law, and, therefore, limits himself to what may consist with the Constitution as it is, though he does not con- ceal his opinion that his ideal would include executive initiative in all public legislation. In the government of cities whose charters may be nearly anything a State Legislature chooses to make them, there is almost free course for experiment. A new State, or- ganized under the impulse to put most ad- vanced ideas into practice, might also be in- duced to try the effect of administering by a responsible Governor and cabinet, intrust- ed with the initiative in legislation, and so help to work out the interesting problem in statecraft to which Mr. Bradford has de- voted most of a lifetime. He is looking to these smaller governmental corporations for the earlier and more hopeful tentative ap- plications of his principles, and has devoted interesting chapters to schemes of State and city government in accordance with his doctrines. The author's systematic presentation of his views occupies a comparatively small part of his work, and by far the larger part is devoted to sketches of the progress of popular government in different nations, especially in the relations between the executive and legislative departments of the state which have resulted from the internal agitation that has been the ever present factor in national development everywhere. As French his- tory has been by turns the story of most radical revolution and most despotic reac- tion, Mr. Bradford has given more space to it than to any other, and his chapters on the phases of French progress from the revolt against the tyranny of the old regime to the downfall cf the Second Empire and the storms which have attended the Third Republic,

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336 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 766 make a most valuable and Instructive treatise upon the development of the republican idea in that nation. Considerably more than two hundred pages are given to it, with copious translations from authorities with which we need to be more familiar. The period of the siege of Paris, the negotiation with the Germans, and the struggle of moderate re- publicanism with communism is peculiarly interesting, and American readers will be especially thankful for the free use made of the books by Jules Favre, Jules Simon, Etienne Lamy, and others. The synopsis of the varying degrees of power and of initia- tive given to the cabinets of Europe by ex- isting constitutions, from the dominance of monarchy in Germany to the complete obe- dience of the executive to the Legislature in Switzerland, is an excellent and useful piece of work. If Mr. Bradford's method is suggestive of the annotations made in years of reading in many authors, brought together with the passages which have suggested his comments and discussions, it has also the advantage of very frank and adequate presentation of the views which he controverts or reinforces. He does not blink or disguise the criticisms of those who have opposed his views, and Prof. Snow, Mr. A. L. Lowell, and Mr. Speaker Reed are allowed to speak for them- selves with a fulness which adds interest to the discussion. The vices which have grown up in our own politics are not ignored, and the culmination of party politics in the de- velopment of the new tyranny of "bossism" is exposed in its character and its methods of despotic rule with a realism which ought to startle every lover of his country. From every point of view, therefore, whether we wholly follow Mr. Bradford's reasoning or not, we must bear witness that he has given us a most valuable book, inspired by a noble faith in the capacity of man for self-gov- ernment, and by a pure and disinterested patriotism devoting a lifetime of laborious investigation to the task of smoothing our pathway towards a pure and successful re- publicanism. The writer of this review was one of those who gave public adhesion to the general plan of admitting cabinet officers to the debates in Congress, more than five-and-twenty years ago; but he has been led to doubt whether that change alone would make any material modification in the character of our govern- ment, or whether, if made, it would survive a single session of Congress. Reflection has tended to produce the conviction that the choice is between maintaining our present system of the restriction of the executive de- partments to administration proper, and the English system of a cabinet which is es- sentially a committee of the House of Com- mons. For the latter, a radical change in our Federal Constitution would be necessary; and, agreeing with Mr. Bradford that we must work out our governmental reforms under our Constitution as it is, the English system seems to be excluded from considera- tion. THE ENGLISH HOUSE. The Evolution of the English Bouse. By Sid- ney Oldall Addy, M.A. With forty-two il- lustrations. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: Macmillan Co. 1898. $1.50. The author of this book begins by giving the greatest possible amount of credit to Ger- man scholars who "describe still existing bouses in northern Germany which are built, like basilicas or churches, in the form of nave and aisles, with dwelling-rooms . . . at one end," and who have shown the connec- tion between those "remarkable survivals" and far more ancient buildings described in earlier writers. Roman imperial writers, Norwegian, Irish, French, Old English, and modern English authors are cited, and often quoted at length, continually throughout the book. A hasty observer, as one who might take up the book in a book-store with a view to purchasing it, might be prejudiced against it as if a mere compilation. Nothing, how- ever, can be further from the fact. The English facts are mainly of our author's own determining; and his consulted authori- ties of so many ages and so many peoples are called upon merely to show the extraordinary minuteness of correspondence between the old English house, which is the principal subject, and the dwellings of the country people throughout Europe and western Asia, in the lapse of at least fifteen centuries. The illustrations are declared to be mainly "from photographs and measurements taken and made by the author," and they are mostly of English subjects, as it was their business to be. The plans leave nothing to be desired; in many of them, indeed, there are no scales given, but their approximate dimensions are always stated in the text, and the subject does not call for that accuracy of measure- ment which the monograph of an important building requires. The not very brilliant half-tone cuts, such as are familiar to us in recent English books, are made intelligible as to dimensions of buildings by a man standing erect beside the principal doorway or the like; though in one case, at least, we suspect the author of having picked out the tallest man in the neighborhood as his stan- dard. Where this simple device is not re- sorted to, as in the curious instances of the "crucks of a demolished house," on page 30, the curious roof and mantelpiece at North Meols, page 51, the interesting "House Place" at Upper Midhope, page 55, and others, the scale is sufficiently obvious; and yet one does desire some facts about the height of the story depicted in the photograph on page 57, where a stair is shown of only eight risers from floor to floor, and where these seem quite unreasonably high. The views of Pad- ley Hall, pages 138 and 139, need no scale, for what kind of building it is is suffi- ciently visible; and the "outshut" at North Meols, on page 43, is obviously enough a low- browed, low-timbered lcan-to, which may be four or five feet high at the eves without its dimensions concerning the reader much. The sections as well as the plans serve their purpose well, and the little pictures, which are stated to be forty-two in number, seem even more numerous, and constitute a very adequate outfit of illustration. If any one is concerned with singularly old terms for buildings, for parts of buildings, for building materials, for processes, and for legend of every sort, he will find a supply ready made to his hand in this book. The "room in the chimney" is not primarily a "priest's hiding-hole." It is but something which came of itself, independently and in- evitably, from one of the old-fashioned ways of building a chimney. The "loophole" has for its not surprising meaning that of 'lowp- hole,' 'leaphole,' or 'aperture through which light or air could enter or through which smoke could escape.' There used to be two bells in church towers on the Scottish bor- der, one of them called the "Common-Bell" and the other the "Reever's Bell," because it was used to inform thieves and cattle-steal- ers that now, at the time of the annual (or other) fair or market, they were permitted to enter the towns and no questions asked. This is an astonishing statement, but we have learned by this time to trust our author far. The "fork" is the pair of timbers (or perhaps one of the pair of timbers) set up to determine the width and height of a build- ing and to retain its walls and steep roof. "Crucks" these forks are called — "gavel- forks" also, and "couples of syles" as well, although there Is a difference between "syles" and "gavelforks," for which see page 18. This information seems dull enough until one finds the true application of it In the first chapter, but it is not uninteresting to meet with the positive and reiterated as- sertion of the original meaning of bay in the same chapter. The bay In modern archi- tectural talk is, indeed, the whole space from pi*r to pier, from buttress to buttress, in any long building of somewhat uniform cha- racter from end to end; and the nave of a church is said to be so many bays in length. But here the word is used as representing a peremptory thing from which there is no escape, namely, a positive and essential di- vision of the long barn or house into sections of about sixteen feet; that being everywhere the distance from each pair of crucks to the next. The old English house was sold and bought, hired and rented, by Its bays; and a man could rent one bay without renting the rest of the house. The owner might leave one bay to one child and another bay to an- other; and a bay might be sold by itself, much as in a modern apartment-house it sometimes happens that there Is a divided ownership, and each person is, in a sense, owner of his own set of rooms. In this minute way early chapters deal with the house in its humblest type, and with that very curious form of habitation in which the horses, the oxen, the pigs, the man-servants and the maid-servants, and the proprietor's family lived under one roof without friction or without unnecessary dis- comfort— comfort being reckoned by the ancient standard. In the middle of the great house, between the rows of stalls, was the barn floor upon which the wagon could be dragged by the horses, but from which those horses must back the wagon out again, be- cause at the upper end of the great nave was the chimney, and beyond it, and on either side of it, the rooms of the family. And the master of the house could "superin- tend the whole management of the house- hold from the hearth, and from his bedstead hear every sound"; and, moreover, the smoke of the great fire would of necessity permeate the whole building and keep out insects and counteract the stench of the cattle. So that it appears that the need of the rooms be- hind the chimney was made manifest only in later and more luxurious times. "People are still living who remember how farmers' men in England used to sleep on the hay in a gallery or hayloft over the cows." So the subject begins at this oldest and latest point of departure, and with great good judgment and great self-control is not carried beyond the early times and the sim- ple conditions. It leads, Indeed, to the castle, to the church with its defensible tower, and to the crypt; but these are all the simplest and rudest castles, churches, and crypts, and, moreover, it la their simplest and most po-

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May 4, 1899] TTie ISTation 337 pular uses which are considered. The de- fensible character of the castle keep is not much insisted on except as the neces- sity of the flat roof surrounded by a parapet is made clear. The ecclesiological arrange- ment of the church is not a subject taken up by the author — only the connection of the crypt with the church as a place of special sanctity; but all these subjects are treated according to the tangible and certain tradi- tions of early times, and as expressing the needs of the people as clearly as house or barn itself. Nowhere is the small border fortress of the twelfth century brought in treatment so near to the modern student; and nowhere is the absence of the big and stately municipal building from English ar- chitectural history so simply and easily ex- plained as here. It is fair to say that Mr. Addy seems to be less of a builder and less of an artist in his studies than an historian and a socio- logist. That is a bad slip which is made on page 29, in boldly ascribing the origin of the Gothic arch to something which certainly did not suggest it. No other such blunder has attracted our attention, but the tone of the book is generally that of a man un- practised and unlearned in the mechanical work o£ building.- As a student of social life, he is the more fitted to write apparently the first of what will be a most valuable series, "The Social English Series," edited by Ke- nelm D. Cotes. There is an editorial pre- face at the beginning of the volume which is very readable indeed, and seems to set the pace for all the books which are to fol- low this one. The names of four of them already issued, and of eight more "in pre- paration," are given opposite the false title. If those of The King's Peace, The English Manor, and the rest are at all as well writ- ten as the one now in hand, our town libra- ries will be richer by a set of books giving much needed information in the simplest and yet the most trustworthy form. Memoirs of the Due de Saint -Simon. Trans- lated and abridged by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. In 4 volumes. Boston: Hardy, Pratt & Co. 1899. The first comprehensive attempt at an Eng- lish translation of the 'Memoires* of Saint- Simon cuts out, condenses, redistributes matter where "it has seemed best," and offers, in four superb volumes, "the outline of Saint-Simon's career; a selection of such portraits, as may be read with interest by the general reader; several of the great his- torical scenes; and something of the mere court gossip and intrigue." There are va- rious ways of dealing with an historically classic text; this is one of them. Its principal recommendation, particularly to the general reader, is the comparative simplicity and coherence to which it reduces a narrative originally long and at times sadly confusing. The almost complete disappearance of a great historical framework composed of intermi- nable campaigns, tedious questions of state, quarrels for precedence, diplomatic intrigues and manoeuvres, and other trivialities of like nature, is a small matter if the flavor of personality and gossip that gives piquancy to such memoirs as these is but preserved. In similar fashion, Saint-Simon presents him- self as a high-minded noble of honor and in- tegrity, and much more free from arrogance and captiousness than ill-disposed critics would heretofore have had us believe — nay. more so than he appeared to his own king. And, further, it must be borne in mind that a translation for English readers cannot be expected to reproduce faithfully the too mas- culine frankness of the Duke's stories and portraitures of his contemporaries, character- istic though they are of the man and the time. Such passages as the picture of Mme. Panache, the peculiarities and misadven- tures of the Marquise de Saint-Herem or of the Princesse d'Harcourt, the cynicism of Vendome, the practical joke played on Lux- embourg, and so many more, clamor for sup- pression. "The most luxuriant and aromatic growth of French literature in the age," as the late Henry Reeve described it, must be pruned and deodorized. Thus (vol. iv., p. 334), when Saint-Simon, on the termina- tion of his mission to Spain, takes leave of the Princess of the Asturias, the farewell of her Royal Highness, unmindful of Don Quixote's instructions to Sancho on social decorum, is modified by the translator. The scene, comic to a gross sense of humor, be- comes silly; but propriety is saved. And again (vol. iii., p. 266), the regimen pre- scribed by Fagon for the declining years of Louis XIV. becomes comprehensible from a clause of the original, suppressed in transla- tion, though suggestible enough in half-a- dozen euphemisms. If, in the words of the prospectus of this "Versailles Edition," Saint-Simon is suitable for young men, it must be added that in his present well- brushed dress he is still more eminently pre- sentable to young women. Considered merely as a translation, the work (in so far as it coincides with the ori- ginal) is for the most part careful and accu- rate. In the case of so markedly personal a style as that of Saint-Simon, literal fideli- ty, while giving an undeniably foreign as- pect to the translation, renders it impossi- ble to destroy the color, glow, and dramatic life of his unique, incomparable pages. From the rendering of the death-scene of Mon- seigneur (vol. ii, ch. 9), the portraits of F6- nelon (vol. iii, ch. 7) and Mme. de Mainte- non (vol. iii, ch. 11), and the narrative of the lit de justice (vol. iv, chs. 6 and 7), read- ers can obtain some impression of the spirit and unchecked exuberance of the original. Less superficial examination, however, re- veals occasional discrepancies between this version and Cheruel's revised text on which it professes to be based; we offer no ex- planation of their presence. Saint-Simon, re- lating the trick put upon the Bishop of Noy- on at an academic reception, describes the prelate's speech in the words: "dont la con- fusion et le langage remplirent l'attente de l'auditoire," for the listeners knew his fond- ness for bombast. In the English account, we find (vol. i, p. 89): "the verbosity of its language holding the attention of his audi- tors." Of his brother-in-law (Lauzun), the Duke tells us that he was "mechant et malin par nature, encore plus par jalousie et par ambition," but the translation, presumably better informed, represents him (vol. 1, p. 101) as "malicious and malignant by na- ture, even more than from jealousy and am- bition." We understand what Saint-Simon means by calling Grammont "un homme de beaucoup d'esprit"; but we are convinced that, knowing the Count as he did, he did not mean to credit him with being "a man of much mind" (vol. 1, p. 325). When Louis XIV., after exhibiting his selfishness to his courtiers by the carp-tank at Versailles, sought to relieve the tension of the situation produced by their silence, he turned to a group of "gens des batiments qui ne soutln- rent pas la conversation a l'ordinaire"; even these humble folk were embarrassed and shocked. But the English translation has it that "he spoke ... to the builders who, as a usual thing, had no conversation with him" (vol. ii, p. 51). Boudin, chief physician to Monseigneur, was "si nai'vement plaisant, que personne n'etait plus continuellement dl- vertissant, sans jamais vouloir 1'Stre"; but we now discover (vol. ii, p. 229) that he was "so naively jocose that people were continu- ally diverted by him, without liking to be so." In the charmingly life-like portrait of the Duchess of Burgundy, the "grosses Ievres mordantes" have become "thick, cracking lips" (vol. iii, p. 39). Her husband, while Dauphin, strove to preserve "la bienseance d'un rang destine a regner, et a tenir en at- tendant une cour"; he is here represented as attentive to "the social decorums of a rank that was destined to reign, and was called upon meantime to hold Its proper court" (vol. iii, p. 53). The Regent, say the Me- moirs, was "fort haut en couleur, le poil noir et la perruque de meme"; in his English dress, we find him "high colored on a dark skin, encased in a black wig" (vol. iii, p. 217). Speaking of the wasteful expenditure on Versailles, Saint-Simon states that the abun- dance o£ supply renders the waters "vertes, epaisses, bourbeuses," the aptness of these adjectives being clear to any one who re- members the scummy fish-ponds and mimic lakes of the palace; from the translation it would appear that "the volumes of water . . . make these gardens verdant, rank, and miry" (vol. iii, p. 305). At the pctits sou- pers held by the Regent and his dissolute crew, "Rien ni personne n'etait epargn<5, M. d'Orleans y tenait son coin comme les au- tres"; that is, the Duke came in for his share, but, as Saint-Simon goes on to say, the most reckless license of speech, even at his own expense, failed to produce any impression on that cynical nature. "No person and no- thing was spared. The Due d'Orleans held up his corner with the rest" (vol. iv, p. 53). In order to emphasize the excitement over the degradation of the bastards, the original tells us that an insignificant Abbe Pucelle, "bien que conseiller clerc, etait dans les bancs vis-a-vis" — manifestly out of his place; the translation reads, "Abbe Pucelle, who, being a counsellor-clerk, was on the benches opposite" (vol. iv, p. 218). Dangeau, it is said, possessed "peu d'esprit, mais celul du grand monde et de savoir etre toujours dans la bonne compagnie"; and for this we are offered the equivalent of "little wit, but what he had of the great world, the result of being always in good society" (vol. iv, p. 295). We had always supposed that Saint- Simon had some object jn describing Cardinal Dubois's appearance in the contrasting words of "son exterieur de furct, mais de cuistre" ; we had yet to learn that, in his day, mist re meant blackguard (vol. iv, p. 362). These examples serve to enhance the value of Sainte-Beuve's words given in the intro- duction, but too often neglected in the work itself: "Respectons le texte des grands 6crl- vains." What constitutes a great writer is too ad- mittedly Saint-Simon's possession to be safely denied him by any one; but the translator's prefatory note (p. 36) opens a challenge In another and totally unexpected quarter: "With all its great narrative merits, that style has no literary quality, and none has

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338 The 1ST a t i o tl [Vol. 68, No. 1766 been, or could be, foisted upon it in the translation." To this declaration, the only re- ply lies in a cordial assurance ot thankful- ness that no such attempt was made. Of "literary quality," in the narrowest aca- demic sense of the word, Saint-Simon has indeed none whatever; and it is precisely the absence of such quality that singles out his work in his artificial age, and places it permanently among the great books of all time. In short, the Memoirs of Saint-Simon may be taken as the most brilliant verifi- cation of the paradox, "La perfection du style c'est de n'en point avoir." My Inner Life. By John Beattie Crozier. Longmans. 1898. 8vo, pp. 562. What paralysis of speech prevented Mr. Crozier from affixing to his book the most attractive of all labels, that of Autobiogra- phy—when that is just what it is, neither more nor less — instead of a title both unappe- tizing and inaccurate, we cannot tell. He withholds nothing of his outward life about which the reader could feel any curiosity, but only his love affairs, his struggles for moral improvement, his temptations. Much of the volume is non-autobiographical, con- sisting of reflections upon Carlyle, Emerson, Lord Randolph Churchill, Herbert Spencer, Macaulay, Kant, Washington Irving, Hegel, and many other prosaists. These comments are not sensationally novel ; and Mr. Crozier's appraisals of literature are more sure than his appraisals of philosophy. When he speaks of metaphysicians, he is apt to be sketchy, not to say superficial. Still, what he says ia in the main judicious and ably expressed. His pen is flexible and adapts itself to more than one style, which is always lively, fresh, musical, and as lucid as his thought allows. It is capable of rising to genuine eloquence. His genus is that of philosophi- cal prose poets; but he lacks the earnest- ness required to rival Emerson, Carlyle, Ruskin, or Henry James the elder, each of whom was in the clutch of a great idea and struck with its superhuman force. He has only his own power of thought, which may be rated as superior, but not as great nor even profound. Both at once and at different pe- riods of his life we find him laying stress upon an assortment of ideas that have no in- timate bond of union, and are not all very thoroughly worked out into the light. The Upper Canadian estimations of his youth, his half-course at Toronto, his phrenological be- ginning, continue to show their tint through all the reading that has overlaid them. Per- haps that reading has been too large and weighty for its foundations. None of the book is dull; some of it is richly amusing; every part of it is instruc- tive either for its reflections or as a "human document"; while the reader is swept for. ward as in a novel upon his sympathy with the hero. The book has some faint perfume of 'David Copperfleld,' without being, b> many leagues, as good or as bad. More than in any writing where thorough acquaintance with the matter can be attained only with great labor, in autobiography the prime need is intense interest on the author's part in his subject; and that interest the auto- biographer is pretty sure to be possessed of, or he would not have undertaken an ex- hibition from which another would shrink. The native delicacy that literature generally demands must in him have been largely ob- literated before he could bring himself to make public in their minutiae, as he will have to do if he aims at greatness in this line, the varying states of his spiritual and intellectual being and bowels. Our author, however, we are glad to find, does not aspire to pose "in the altogether" nor aim at an anatomical demonstration, whatever his un-' graceful title might suggest. Every book is supposed to do the reader some service. There are, of course, cele- brated autobiographies that really do little more than entertain us; but the pretence always is to illustrate the conduct of life either by the author's extraordinary success- es or, much more usefully, by mistakes which the result makes manifest enough and which the reader is virtually invited to study. Perhaps one of those of this auto- biographer has been that he has led too isolated a life. He would seem never to have entirely corrected the faulty apprecia- tions of a semi-education by constant inter- course on many sides with the world's splen- did men, so as to study their methods. He has never been drawn into one of those use- ful and respectable associations which, when they were bearing their best fruit, received (in 1837) the nickname of mutual-admira- tion societies. Yet he has not burned to lay his comfort and consideration upon the altar of any idea. A writer who is equally indis- posed to the one and the other of these courses would certainly seem to have one of the qualifications of an autobiographer. Our author, in that first happy stage of development when man swims about freely and can look out for a snug hole in which to ensconce himself for life, chose to make himself a local medical practitioner in a growing quarter of London, which answered the purpose of giving him time for that great work on Development, with too typical a title, which he has always been writing. But modern methods of business, so fatal to the small and isolated, invaded his profession, and have hurried him into making friends with the public by the present publication, being already known to them by his 'Civili- zation and Progress.' A friend he will find in every reader. Mezzotints in Music. By James Huneker. Charles Scribner's Sons. Pp. 318. Mr. James Huneker has long been known as a brilliant writer for the press on musical topics, but he never took the trouble to gather his articles into book form. At last his friends induced him to make an effort in this direction, and the result is one of the most readable and at the same time most useful books on music ever issued in this country. Mr. Huneker is an indefatigable reader of musical literature, yet his book reflects chiefly his own experience, in studio and concert-hall, and his marvellous com- mand of language and wide general know- ledge enable him to present even technical matters in a way to interest the general reader. His book includes chapters on Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Richard Strauss and Nietzsche, Chopin, Liszt, and Wagner, and an elaborate disquisition on itudes for the pianoforte. The opening chapter is, somewhat unfor- tunately, headed "The Music of the Future." Fancying that it must be about Wagner, the Brahmsites will be likely to ignore it scorn- fully; while the Wagnerites, finding that it is about Brahms, will be apt to pass on to the next chapter in their resentment at such an abuse of language. The impulse to do so should. however, be resisted. Mr. Huneker is a sin- cere admirer of the Hamburg composer, and he speaks from a fulness of knowledge which few writers on music possess. He has all of Brahms's works in his memory, and his de- scription and characterization of them are of value even if one cannot agree with the high estimate he places on them. It may be cheerfully conceded that Brahms is "the greatest variationist of his times," but it may be permitted to add that variation is an indi- cation of the infancy of art — a kind of Spie- lerei, comparable to the effort, in literature, to express the same idea in as many different ways as possible. No poet has ever conde- scended to such trifling, yet musicians do it constantly. But when Mr. Huneker says that Brahms "has appropriated the Magyar spirit with infinitely more success than Liszt," he — well, it is impossible to think that he be- lieves this himself. Liszt, born a Magyar, reared among gypsies, has introduced their fitful ornaments, together with the capricious Hungarian rhythms and tempi, into his mu- sic, in a way which absolutely reflects the lawless Magyar spirit; whereas Brahms is the very antipode of that spirit — a typical Teuton, heavy, lumbering, symmetrical, re- gular, pedantic, angular, ungraceful. It is true that Brahms first won fame through his Hungarian dances; but those were mere ar- rangements, not inventions; and even as ar- rangements they lack the exotic fragrance of Liszt's rhapsodies. These rhapsodies have been vulgarized and subjected to atrocious manipulations at the hands of conservatory pianists, but, when Paderewski plays them, we realize what wonderful groups of poetic folk-songs they are — musical epics that will be played long ajfer Brahms is forgotten. Mr. Huneker is not always consistent. On the first page he says that Brahms is "one whom Biilow justly ranked with Bach and Beethoven," yet on page 11 he declares that "Brahms is not knee-high to Bach or Bee- thoven." Indeed, when one gathers together all the concessions he makes about Brahms, one wonders that he has the courage to speak of his works as "the music of the future." While convinced that many of Chopin's com- positions are immortal, he says, "I am not so sure that I could predict the same of the piano-music of Brahms." He admits the "muddiness and heaviness of the doubled basses of the piano music"; declares that "Brahms is not a great original melodist," that in his technics are included "the most trite patterns," that "the music of Brahms is often better than it sounds," and that the writer is "not a reckless Brahms worship- per." But his title is reckless. Under the head of "A Modern Music Lord," Mr. Huneker gives a most interesting sketch of the life and works of Tchaikovsky, with fresh details garnered from foreign sources. The great Russian's courtship was certainly one of the most extraordinary on record- as eccentric and original as anything in his music. Our author fully appreciates the strong individuality of Tchaikovsky, his suc- cessful efforts to keep his skirts clear of Germany, and he justly remarks that, "de- spite his Western affiliation, there is alwayB some Asiatic lurking in Tchaikovsky's scores." He dwells on this composer's pre- dilection for the flute — Mr. Huneker calls it a weakness, but that is surely a wrong term. The flute is stupid as a solo instrument, but not in the orchestra, especially in groups, as, for instance, in the delightful "Nut-cracker Suite." Tchaikovsky's piano music is orchestral, and does not pay sufficient de-

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May 4, 1899] The Kation. 339 ference to the demands of players, who there- fore avoid it; but Mr. Joseffy has lately dis- covered the beauties of the sonata opus 37, and perhaps others will follow. In a footnote to this sonata, "the composer humbly sug- gests the correct use of the pedal, knowing that color, atmosphere, perspective are the very essentials of his piano music." Mr. Huneker notes that Tchaikovsky disliked Brahms's music cordially, and that the feel- ing was as cordially reciprocated. A brief chapter is concerned chiefly with idle speculations as to whether Wagner was of Jewish parentage — one of those paradoxes dear to Mr. Huneker. In another short chapter his great command of language en- ables him to give an intelligible idea of Richard Strauss's efforts to make music philosophical. "A Liszt Etude" calls at- tention to some of the beautiful neglected' music of Liszt, and "The Royal Road to Parnassus" is a chapter on etudes of exceed- ing value to all students of the pianoforte; it reveals amazing erudition, and could never have been written except by one who, be- sides being a critic, has for years been a virtuoso and a teacher. But the most valua- ble chapter in the book is the one entitled "The Greater Chopin." It is an attempt to show that concert-goers do not yet know how great Chopin is; that his most profound and original works are practically unknown to the public, and that their day is dawning. There is much in this chapter to open the eyes of pianists, and the only thing to be regretted is that the author, in his enthu- siasm over the undiscovered Chopin, should think it necessary to sneer at the familiar Chopin. It is true that the nocturnes and the waltzes have been sentimentalized, and tortured, and done to death by pianists, domestic and public; but that is not the fault of the pieces themselves. The most hack- neyed of them, if played by Paderewski, still glow with a genius that is not to be found in the newest pieces of Brahms. Mr. Huneker properly insists on the masculine side of Chopin: "more masculine, heroic, music . . . than the F sharp minor polonaise, some of the ballades, preludes, and itudes, has yet to be written." It is very much to be wished that every pianist would read and take to heart the remarks on pp. 183-4 anent the prevalent vice of playing Chopin too fast. The Chopin tempi should be moderated, as Theodore Kullak has so often Insisted. Heart of Man. By George Edward Wood- berry. Macmillan Co. 1899. It is only a very general unity that Mr. Woodberry claims for his four essays, and bo much may cheerfully be conceded them. "The intention of the author was to il- lustrate how poetry, politics, and religion are the flowering of the same human spirit, and have their feeding roots in a common soil, 'deep in the general heart of men.' " This explanation, however, does not so evi- dently cover the first essay as it does the other three. The first, "Taormina," is a poetic meditation on the old Sicilian Tauro- menium, which, founded in the fourth cen- tury b. c, has had a long and checkered history; Greeks, Romans, Saracens, Nor- mans, Germans, Spaniards, English — each later horde trampling the earlier down. The story is too long for Mr. Woodberry to teil it all or half. He treats it in an allusive manner, his last touch reminding us that it was from the beach which is always in the foreground of his picture that Gari- baldi set out for Italy in the campaign of Aspromonte, and that hither the wounded hero was brought back. Naturally, the sug- gestions of the idyls of Theocritus are those on which Mr. Woodberry lingers most ten- derly. He quotes the lovely passage in which Theocritus describes two old fisher- men, and he goes down to the shore and finds them "still at their toil, the same implements, the same poverty, the same sentiment for the heart." Etna plays a dis- tinguished part in the drama, and her de- vastation is compared with that wrought by the volcanic eruption from the heart of man: "O Etna, it is not thou that man should fear! He should fear his brother- man." Beautiful as is the Taormina essay, it is unimportant as compared with the next, "A New Defence of Poetry," a daring venture into fields so sacred to the memory of Sid- ney and Shelley that to replough them seems almost a sacrilege. Yet Mr. Woodberry jus- tifies his daring by the wisdom and the penetration of his thought and its felicitous expression. Whereas, in the first essay, we are somehow made conscious of the writer's effort to be superfine, the hard writing in this case not making easy reading, in his "Defence of Poetry" Mr. Woodberry's whole energy seems bent on giving the most exact and satisfactory expression possible to his subtile and elusive thought. Such it appears to us, and yet he says, "What is here pre- sented is neither speculative, technical, nor abstruse; it is practical in matter, universal in interest, and touches upon things which most should heed. I fear rather to incur the reproach of uttering truisms than para- doxes." The danger on either side seems fanciful, and his avoidance of it is com- plete. His first step is to show that the method of idealism is "that of all thought; that, in its intellectual process, the art of the poet, so far from being a sort of in- cantation, is the same as belongs to the logician, the chemist, the statesman." There is, however, a difference in the form of statement: "Science and also philosophy formulate truth and end in the formula; li- terature, as the saying is, clothes truth in a tale," the imagination and reason working in unison to produce the concrete effect. There are two main branches of human life as represented in literature, character and action. The former is generalized by type, the latter by plot. The study of type is carefully worked out, and the differences be- tween different arts in representing it are clearly marked, the limitations of the plastic arts as compared with literature getting due emphasis. The essay makes the general purpose of the book plainest where it says, speaking of the type: "Its whole meaning and virtue lie in what it contains of our com- mon humanity, in the clearness and bril- liancy with which it interprets the man in us, in the force with which it identifies us with human nature." Coming to action, the second great branch of life, we are shown how it is generalized by plot, which is "analogous to an illustrative experiment in science; it is a concrete example of law." As with the type, so with the plot; the appeal to a common humanity is the chief end. "The greatest actor is he who makes the spectator play the part. So far is the drama from the scene that it goes on in our own bosoms; there is the stage without any illusion whatsoever; the play is vital for the moment in ourselves." It must not be supposed that Mr. Wood- berry conceives the artist as working con- sciously on the lines of the critical analy- sis here laid down: "The poet is rather directly interested in certain characters and events that appeal to him; his sympathies are aroused, and he proceeds to show forth, to interpret, to create; and in proportion as the characters he sets in motion and the circumstances in which they are placed have moulding force, they will develop traits and express them- selves in influences that he did not fore- see." In this connection there is good criticism of the didactic as a deduction from the purity of art, which teaches best where it aims least at teaching, most at represent- ing life in its practical reality. The criti- cism of realism is also excellent; those who hold to it in its extreme form being com- pared to scientists who content themselves with mere observation. There are very at- tractive pages which set forth beauty, truth, and goodness as different forms of the same spiritual reality. The essay on Democracy is a loftily ideal presentation of a matter which just now, as often heretofore, is fearfully concrete in its impact on our experience. But it is good to have a poet so enamoured of our polity and unabashed by the particular il- lustrations. The thought of the essay is expanded under the heads of liberty, equali- ty, and fraternity; equality being treated as the central term in fact as in the classic trinity. The limitations of equality by edu- cation, property, and birth are fully con- sidered, the emphasis being on education; and here it is interesting to find the practical utility of culture depreciated by one mark- edly possessed of it. Here and there the optimism is unconscious irony, as where, among our national character- istics, are set down "a rooted repug- nance to use force; an aversion to war; a commiseration for all unfortunate peoples and warm sympathy with them in their struggles." Alas, for the inverted illustra- tion which the passing weeks are furnish- ing! The concluding essay, "The Ride," is a study of Religion, amiable enough in its ul- timate analysis, but hardly satisfactory in its plea for the surrender of individual con- viction on the altar of religious conformity. The study has for its setting a ride in the Far West so unique that Mr. Woodberry might have done better than to spend his time in reading his notes on religion to his young friend, to the neglect of the natural scene. Lectures on the Fourteenth Article of Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. By William D. Guthrie. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1898. Pp. xxviii, 265. Only two of the five lectures embraced in this volume deal directly with the Four- teenth Amendment. The first lecture, nomi- nally on the history of the amendment, is of no historical importance, and, in its praise of the Supreme Court and its remarks on the responsibility of the bar, suggests the popu- lar address rather than the serious dis- cussion. The second, on construction and interpretation, is a somewhat loose summary of the familiar principles on that subject. Lectures III. and IV., on the otner hand,

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34=0 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1766 treat specifically of the amendment, under the heads of "Due Process of Law" and "The Equal Protection of the Laws." While the views of the author are not new, they are clearly and forcibly put, and are, on the whole, worth reading. Especially well done is the examination and criticism of the de- cisions upon the police power of the States as affected by the Fourteenth Amendment, by which the Supreme Court has at length reached the conclusion that the federal courts "will intervene and set aside a regulation of charges which is unreasonable, and that the reasonableness of the regulation is a judi- cial question" (p. 82). The last lecture, on rules of practice, is one of the most useful in the volume, though having, again, no in- dispensable connection with the main sub- ject. In general, however, Mr. Guthrie's book contains little for the practising lawyer, and not much for the non-professional student of constitutional law; while its occasional abandonment of exposition for admonition, as in its remarks on the dangers of unequal taxation and the tendency to subject cor- porations to unfair discrimination, raises a doubt as to the particular purpose the au- thor has had in mind. We should like to know, further, how much use is ever made of the annotated text of the Constitution, such as fills twenty-seven of Mr. Guthrie's pages. With the array of digests, text-books, and collections of cases now at command, we cannot imagine a busy lawyer doing anything with the seventy-five titles cited on laws impairing the obligation of contracts, or the one hundred and twenty citations on the regulation of interstate and foreign com- merce. The index to the Constitution, too, is rather meagre; but there is a good index to the volume. History of Greece. For High Schools and Academies. By George Willis Botsford. Macmillan. Dr. Botsford's History is an admirable spe- cimen of the best type of modern school- book. The author is already favorably known to scholars bv his 'Development of the Athenian Constitution," and his familiarity with the ancient sources and modern autho- rities enables him to do the work of com- pilation and resume with sounder judgment and juster sense of proportion than are usu- ally employed on such tasks. His aim, as the preface hints, is to picture the develop- ment of the social, political, and artistic life of the Greeks rather than to summarize the unprofitable detail of their often meaning- less wars. He omits as far as possible the minor mythological and historical proper names with which the pages of the old- fashioned school history bristle. No descrip- tion is given of the battle of Plata»a. The sea-fight of Salamis is represented only by a map and the fine description in the "Per- sas" of ^schylus. The general results only of the Messenian wars are given, and the name of Aristomenes is not mentioned. The campaigns and battles of the Pentekontaetia and of the Peloponnesian war are abridged to the smallest compass. On the other hand, an effort is made throughout the book to re- produce, in very simple form of course, the views of the latest authorities on the devel- opment of institutions, the underlying real interests and aims that determined policies, and the characteristic features of the art, philosophy, and literature of successive epochs. Apt quotations from the literature. often of considerable length, are everywhere skilfully interwoven with the text, so that as far as possible the Greeks are made to tell their own story. Abundant maps, repro- ductions of photographs, marginal references to authorities, suggestions for further stu- dies, a table of dates, and a good index complete the equipment of a model text-book. But will the model text-book yield better results than the old-fashioned story-telling compilation? Is it possible by any simplifica- tion or precision of phrase to give children really just ideas in the fields of the histori- cal and moral sciences? Is it better to teach beginners (after Beloch) that the Spar- tans were simply wealthy farmers who mov- ed into town, bought heavy armor, and subdued their neighbors, than it would be to relate in detail the legend of the Dorian migration which all Greece believed and all modern scholars have not outgrown? Is it wise to omit from a secondary text-book the names and details with which it would be un- wise to burden the student's memory? Will not the secondary text-book for large classes of the population remain virtually the only book of reference in after years? These questions, however, are for the new pedagogy rather than for Dr. Botsford, who has done excellently what he attempted. A cursory examination of the book reveals few points on which a reviewer may cavil. Is Dr. Botsford sure that the Greeks came into Greece in two-wheeled ox-carts? It is hard- ly true (p. 16) that "the religion of the [Homeric] time commanded forgiveness of injuries." Anaxagoras (p. 187) did not teach that Intelligence "was the power which or- dained beforehand how all things in the uni- verse should be arranged." In the map, p. 179, Olympeium should be Olympieium, as on page 75. On page 216. Thucydides ii-vii should be vi-vii. "The earliest civilization of the world was, as Herodotus says, 'the gift of the Nile,' " does not say quite what Dr. Botsford means. "For of old fate went against the Persians by the decrees of heaven," etc., is hardly a correct version of ^Eschylus, "Persae," 102. The statement (p. 159) that Myron "was the artist of the moment" will probably puzzle the readers for whom the book is intended. It is only half true that Plato brought the term "idea" into philoso- phy. Isocrates's influence on Cicero determin- ed, not "the course of development of Euro- pean literature to this day," but at the most some forms of the periodic prose style. In the Klondyke, including an Account of a Winter's Journey to Dawson. By Frede- rick Palmer. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1899. xii, 218 pp. 8vo, illustrated. As the travelling correspondent of sundry periodicals, the author arrived at Dyea with the intention of accompanying the War De- partment expedition to relieve the alleged starvation on the Klondike in 1897. The fact that there was no starvation there leak- ed out before the party got away from the coast, and consequently the expedition was given up, after having caused the United States Government a wholly unnecessary ex- penditure of about one hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Palmer decided to make the trip to' Dawson with dogs and sledges rather than wait with the horde of gold-seekers until the break-up of the ice. Late in March (no dates are given) he started, with two companions and seven dogs. After a digression to examine some reported diggings at Walsh Creek, and arrival at White Horse Caflon, he came down with the measles, which caus- ed a delay of two weeks. Making a new start, he reached Dawson in safety four days before the ice went out (some time near the end of May?). The early summer was spent in exploring the mining camps of the vicinity, and on the first steamer for St. Michael the author departed, reaching Seat- tle July 19, after touching for coal at Una- Mr. Palmer has made a sensible and In- teresting book. His pictures of life on the trail, at Dawson, and in the diggings are obviously true to reality and infused with local color. His story indicates the pos- session of the sense of humor, patience, and persistence, which go far towards the mak- ing of a good comrade and successful tra- veller on any trail. Among the many pub- lications on the same subject which have fallen under our notice, none has given more real satisfaction on perusal. The disheartened feeling which experience of corrupt or incompetent American omclals in Alaska or on our frontiers has often pro- duced, finds some alleviation in Mr. Palmer's account of the Canadian oflBcials and their ways, at Dawson. Rascality is of no country or race. Honorable exceptions stand out brightly here and there. In the seething ferment of a mining camp, the innate greed and moral weakness of the average indi- vidual naturally come to the top. People have a good deal of human nature in theni on either side of the boundary line, and the value to morals of the pressure of public opinion is never distinctly realized until we have seen that pressure removed, and indi- vidual passions left free to follow the line of least resistance. The book is not a manual for gold-seekers, and, if it were, the changes which have ta- ken place since the author's visit would hav« made it obsolete. But any intending Yukoner may get from it a valuable glimpse of local conditions which do not greatly change, while the general reader will, we think, be indebted to it for a lively and truthful pic- ture of life on the Klondike. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Ashton, John. The History of Gambling Id Eng- land. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Bates, Alio. Under the Beech-Tree. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Bridge, Norman. The Penalties of Taste, and Other Essays. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Bronte, Charlotte. Shirley. 2 vols. London: Downey & Co.; New York: Scribnerg. $4, Brooks, E. S. Stories of the Old Bay State. Ame- rican Book Co. Burton, Isabel. The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton. Scribners. $3. Calkins, F. W. The Cougar-Tamer, and Other Stories of Adventure. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Cantwell, Frederlcka S. The High Commission. A Romance of the Spanish-American War. F. T. Neely. Church, S. H. Oliver Cromwell. Commemoration Edition. Putnams. $6. D'Avenel, Vlcomte G. Paysans et Ouvrlers depuls Sept Cents Ans. Paris: Colin & Cle. Dickens, Charles. Reprinted Pieces. [Gadshlil Edition.] London: Chapman & Hall; New York: Scribners. $1.60. Foster, Prof. F. H. The Fundamental Ideal of the Roman Catholic Church. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. Fraser, Prof. A. O. Philosophy of Theism. 2d ed., amended. London: William Blackwood & Sons. Froebel, F. Education by Development. Apple- tons. Gale, Sarah H. The Grail Brothers. F. T. Neely. Goltz. Gen. Colmar von der. The Conduct of War. [Wolseley Series.] London: Kegan Paul; New York: Scribners. $3.50. Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Mac- millan. 25c. Hall, Tom. Tales. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.28. Herrlck, Robert. Love's Dilemmas. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Hogarty. J. J. A Fight for the Green and Gold. F. T. Neely. Hollander J. H. The Financial History of Balti- more. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. James. Prof. William. Talks on Psychology and Life's Ideals. Henry Holt & Co. 11.60. Kearton, R. Wild Life at Home. How to Study and Photograph It. CasseU. $1.60.

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May 4, 1899] The ISTation 34:1 King, Rev. J. M. Facing the Twentieth Oentury. New York: American Union League Society. $2.75. Lavlsse, Prof. Ernest, and Rambaud, Prof. Alfred. Hlstolre Generate. Tome xi. Revolutions et Guerres Nationalea. 18*8-1870. Paris: Colin & Cie. Lee, Agnes. The Round Rabbit. Boston: Oopeland & Day. $1.50. Le Gallienne, Richard. Young Lives. John Lane. $1.50. Legge, A. E. J. Mutineers. John Lane. $1.80. Levy, J. H. The Necessity for Criminal Appeal, as Illustrated by the Maybrick Oase. London: P. S. King & Son. Llttell, Mary V. Tramplets. J. S. Ogllvie Pub- lishing Co. Lorla, Achllle. The Economic Foundations of So- ciety. London: Sonnenschein; New York: Scrlb- ners. $1.25. Mahaffy, Prof. J. P. A History of Egypt. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. McCabe, Joseph, and Darien, Georges. Can We Disarm? Chicago: H. S. Stone & Oo. McCarthy, J. H. A Short History of the United States. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Milne, J. G. A History of Egypt. Vol. 5. Dnder Roman Rule. Scribners. $2.25. Money-Coutts, F. B. The Alhambra, and Other Poems. John Lane. $1.25. Mtinsterberg, Prof. Hugo. Psychology and Life Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. Murray, J. A. H. A New English Dictionary. Germano— Glass-Cloth (Vol. IV.), Hod > tal (Vol. V.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Henry Frowde. Palmer, Prof. G. H. The Antigone of Sophocles. Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Bos- Pool, Maria L. Sand 'n' Bushes. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Proceedings of the National Conference of Chari- ties and Correction. Boston: G. H. Ellis. Roosa, Dr. D. B. St. J. Defective Eyesight. The Principles of its Relief by Glasses. Macmlllan. $1. Rosnv, J. H. L' Aiguille d'Or. Tails: Colin & Cie.; New York: Dyrsen & Pfeiffer. Scott, Sir W. Redgauntlet. 2 vols. St. Ronan's Well. 2 vols. (Temple Classics.] London: Dent; New York. Scribners. Each 80c. Shaw, Bernard. The Perfect Wagnerlte. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. Sheldon, Rev. C. M. The Miracle at Markham. Chicago: Church Press. 75c. Shelley, P. B. Poems— Narrative, Elegiac and Visionary. [Temple Classics.] London: Dent; New York: Macmlllan. 50c. Sill, E. K. Hermioue, and Other Poems. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Skram, Amalie. Professor Hleronlmus. John Lane. $1.50. Stebbins, C. L. Harvard Lyrics, and Other Verses. Boston: Brown & Co. $1.25. Thacher, J. B. The Cabotian Discovery. London: Quarltch; Ottawa: J. Durle & Son. Thwaltes, E. G. The Jesuit Relations. Vols, xxxix. and xl. Cleveland, O.: Burrows Bros. Co. Vincent, Arthur. The Poems of Thomas Carew. Watt. Francis. The Law's Lumber Room. Second Series. John Lane. White, H. J. In Praise Thereof, and Other Pieces in Rhyme. Boston: F. K. Foster. Whitman, Sidney, and Mcllraith, J. R. Austria. [Story of the Nations.] Putnams. $1.50. Wildinan, Rounseville. Tales of the Malayan Coast. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co. $1. MAY EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Edited by Professor NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. Papers Prepared for the Harvard Teachers' Association : ards Training for Citizenship, by F. W. Taussig ng for Vo lunroe: (4.) Training Teachers gards Training (8.) As Regards Training for Vocation, by James Munroe ; (O Training Teachers at Cambridge Uni- versity, I Ingham. Edward Thrlng, by Robert P. Keep ; The School System of Ohio, hv Emerson E. White ; Report on School Hy- giene, by William T. Harris. Discussion.— The Gymnasium, by Fr. Horn. BBVIBW8. EDITOBIAi. ear (.monthly, exa Contents Vols. I-i HENRY HOLT & CO., 29 W. 23d St., NEW YORK; 378 AVabash Av„ CHICAGO. A powerfully written novel. Children of the Mist. By Eden Phillpotts, author of " Down Dartmoor Way," " Ly- ing Prophets," etc. 8vo, $1.50. R. D. Blackmore, the author of "Lorna Doone," writes concerning the book: "Knowing nothing of the writer or hia works, I was simply astonished at the beauty and power of this novel. But true as it is to life and place, full of deep interest, rare humor, and vivid descrip- tions, there seemed to be risk of its pass- ing unheeded in the crowd and rush and ruck of fiction. . . . Literature has been enriched with a wholesome, genial, and noble tale, the reading of which is a pleasure in store for many." A. T. Quiller-Couch, in the "Lon- don Speaker," says of the work: "All the persons in the book are defi- nite, the whole atmosphere of the story ie crisp and clear — a tale of uncommon thoughtfulness and power." Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 37 & 39 W. 23d St., New York. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS of Famous ^~~L People bought and sold by Waltkb R. Benjamin, 1125 Broadway, New York City. Send for price-list. TWO NEW BOOKS FOR STUDENTS OF SOCIAL QUESTIONS. Pauperizing the Rich. By ALFRED J. FERRIS. i discussion of the merits and demerits of our social system i This book contains a discussion of the merits and demerits of our social system which does not belong in any of the recognized classes. It is neither anarchistic nor socialistic, nor does it uphold the Single Tax, the People's Party, or the Free Silver propaganda; yet it contains an unsparing arraignment of the pre- sent regime, and proposes as a corrective a measure ot reform which is not lacking in radicalism. Its aim, as stated in the preface, is "to be as conservative as the Liberty and Property Defence League and as radical as the Socialists. It accepts, at least in spirit, the aspirations of the most visionary reform- ers, and attempts to reach their substantial fulfilment by a measure which yet respects the great under- lying principles of the existing social system, and which will stand the closest scrutiny of the practical intellect." The book is stated by the author to be "directly founded" upon Henry George's "Progress and Poverty," but its conclusions and the process of reasoning on which they are based are far from coincid- ing with those set forth in the monumental work of the great apostle of the Single Tax. 121T10, cloth, pp. 432, $1.35 A Handbook of Labor Literature. Compiled by HELEN MAROT. The need of such a work as this, and the place which it must fill, have been brought to the atten- tion of the compiler in the course of her work as librarian of the Free Library of Economics and Politi- cal Science, Philadelphia. The constantly increasing volume and complexity of the literature on this subject have made it almost impossible even for specialists to keep abreast of its various growths, and have made it a trackless wilderness for the general reader. As librarians and others who are called on for advice upon the subject well know, it is a branch of inquiry which is increasingly attracting public attention, and on which intelligent advice is increasingly sought. It is as a help to the giving of such advice, and a direct guide to the general reader, that this work has been compiled and is now offered to the public. i2mo, cloth, $1.00 For sale by all booksellers, or sent by mail, postpaid, upon receipt of the price, by T. S. LEACH & CO., Publishers, 29 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia. JUST PUBLISHED: PriestessandQueen A Tale of the White Race of Mexico ; being the Adventures of Ignigene and her Twenty-six Fair Maidens. By Emily E. Reader. Illustrated by Emily K. Reader. Crown 8vo, $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. CHESS BOOKS By Frahklin K. Young. THE MAJOR TACTICS OF CHESS, 8vo, $2.50. 1' 1 1 i : < , It A N U TACTICS OF CHESS, - - ■'",.:,". THE MINOR TACTICS OF CHESS. By Young and Howell. lOmo, *1.00. "These books arc really illuminating.'-— New York Times. LITTLE, BR3WN & CO., Boston. Catalogues on application. DOOR'S.— All Out-of-print Books supplied, JJj no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the most expert book finders extant. Please state wants. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England. The Commercial Directory of the World. 1797. = io2d Year. - 1899. (ANNUAIRE DU COMMERCE DIDOT-BOTTIN). Published by the DIDOT-BOTTIN CO., Ltd., of Paris. Paid-up Capital, 7^00,000 francs. N. Y. OFFICE, - - 81 TIMES BUILDINO. Is the most comprehensive Trade Register ever pub- lished. Contains over Id. 000 pa^-sand S'.oiio.OOO (three million) addressei of^Business Houses under their ap- propriate headings. Its circulation is guaranteed larger than any ten other Commercial Directories. The prominent place it is to occupy at the Paris Expo- sition of 1900 will make it the best advertising medium in the world. J. CHENARD, nd Manager for the U America, 81 Times Building, New York City. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. Vol. I., Nos. 2 and 4, and Vol. III., No. 1. THE CRUSADES. Urban and the Crusaders, 3d Ed., 24 pages, 15c. Letters of the Crusaders, 3d Ed., 40 pages, 25c. The Fourth Crusade, 20 pages, 10c. Circulars ) D. C. MUNRO, on application. ! Univ. of Pennsylvania, Phllada., Pa. DOORS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W,

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342 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1766

h T3 CO O c « JC « 2 3 r a 1 2 J3 0 tj 0 < £? 6 O ts O tes ^ % ? X e J 0 3 na; ^3 a $ "53 0u * S m 1 «Jq i£ * ^ j: 0 *© S3 * : to] 0 j 0 r5? &n a 13 a 0 01 2 u S a. Registered Trade Mar*. A Fresh Supply of MIMOSAS AND ORGANDIES For Summer Gowns. The patterns in these, to which we now call atten- tion, are those which sold out almost immediately upon their being exhibited at the beginning of the sea- son and of which we have just received a fresh im- portation. The Mimosa Cloth is a light weight fabric, somewhat after the order of Dimity, but much more stylish in appearance. Price, 40 cents per yard. We are also exhibiting at this time very full assort- ments of Madras, Oxfords, and other shirting materi- als for waists; Linen Lawns, Dimities, Fancy Mus- lins and Ginghams for gowns; Piques, Ducks, and heavy materials for tailor-made suits and for golfing and cycling wear. "THE LINEN STORE." JAMES McCUTCHEON & CO., 14 West 23d Street, New York. GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL -AND SPECIALLY USEFUL DURING THE SUMMER — PRESENT FOR A LADY, 17-70, WILL FIND THE BETHLEHEM ^ ^ SHOULDER-SHAWL a most appropriate and stylish Birthday or Wed- ding Gift. They are entirely haudwoven (about 40 inches square, with 6-inch fringe) at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk- warp silk and woof wool— in rich light green, deli- cate pink, recherche red, pure white, or black (Appetizing Moravian Sugar Cake— German KafTee Kuchen— recipe eent with every shawl; or recipe alone for stamp.) Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7. so- check, draft, or money order— to The Susacuac Weaving Co. 13 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. Save Tour Ryes KEEP YOUR GLASSES CLEAN. Send for package of our prepared (absorbent) Polishing Paper for cleaning eye-glasses, etc. 10 cents silver per package; j for mge. Calumet Chemical Co., Box A, Blue Island, III. emington Standard Typewriter New Models 6, 7 and 8. WYCKOFF, SEAMAN'S & BENEDICT 327 Broadway, New York. Lyons Silks. Chene and Persian Taffetas, Moire Nouvelle, Brocades and Stripes, Bordered Taffetas. Rich Satins, Peau de Soie and Taffetas Mousseline for Wedding Gowns. New Silk fabrics for Bridesmaids' Dresses. Grenadine, Cr&pe. Printed India Pongees, Soft Satins. NEW YORKJ The Queen's London. Containing Exquisite Views of London and Its En" vlrons, together with a line series of Pictures of Die iviueen's Diniiiuiu] .luliliee Procession. En- larged Edition. Price, 13.75. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK.

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The Nat VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 767. THURSDAY, MAY n, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. D. APPLETON & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS A History of Bohemian Literature By Count LUTZOW. A new volume in the Literatures of the World Series. Edited by Edmund Gosse. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. The author has developed a comparatively unknown field with tact and scholarly discrimination, and his treatment of the subject is happily reSnforced by translations of characteristic examples of Bohemian lite- rature. Love Among the Lions By F. ANSTEY, author of " Vice Versa," etc. 12mo. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.60. . Education by Development The Second Part of the Pedagogics of the Kindergarten. By FRIEDRICH FROEBEL. Translated by Josephine Jarvis. In- ternational Education Series. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus By A. CONAN DOYLE, author of "Uncle Bernac," " Brigadier Gerard," " Rodney Stone," etc. Uniform with other books by Dr. Doyle. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. General Sherman By General M. F. FORCE. A new volume in the Great Com- manders Series. Edited by General James Grant Wilson. With Portraits and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. Alaska and the Klondike. {.Ready shortly.) A Journey to the New Eldorado. With Hints to the Traveller and Observations on the Physical History and Geology of the Gold Regions, the Condition of and Methods of Working the Klondike Placers, and the Laws Governing and Regulating Mining in the Northwest Territory of Canada. By ANGELO HEILPRIN, Professor of Geology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Past-President of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, etc. Fully illustrated from Photographs and with a new Map of the Gold Regions. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75. Bird Life. A Guide to the Study of Our Common Birds By FRANK M. CHAPMAN. With 75 full-page Plates and numer- ous Text Drawings. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. The same, with Litho- graphic Plates in colors, 8vo. Cloth, $5.00. TEACHERS' EDITION— Containing additional matter designed for the use of teachers. With 75 full-page uncolored plates and 25 drawings in the text, 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. TEACHERS' MANUAL— To accompany Portfolios of Colored Plates. Contains the same text as the " Teachers' Edition of Bird Life," but is without the 75 uncolored plates. Sold only with the Portfolios of the colored plates, as follows : Portfolio No. I. Permanent Residents and Winter Visitants. 32 Plates. Portfolio No. II. March and April Migrants. 34 Plates. Portfolio No. III. May Migrants, Types of Birds' Eggs, and 0 Half-tone Plates showing Types of Birds' Nests. 34 Plates. Price of Portfolios, each, §1.25; with the Manual, $2.00; the three Portfolios with the Manual, $4.00. A History of the American Nation. By ANDREW C. McLAUGHLIN, Professor of American History in the University of Michigan. (Twentieth Century Series. ) With many Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.40 net. The purpose of this book is to trace the main outlines of national de- velopment. Especial attention has been paid to political facts, to the rise of parties, to the issues involved in elections, to the development of governmental machinery, and, in general, to questions of government and administration. A Double Thread -By ELLEN THORNEYCROFT FOWLER, author of "Concerning Isabel Carnaby," etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. The Story of the British Race By JOHN MUNRO, C. E., author of "The Story of Electricity." A new volume in the Library of Useful Stories. Illustrated. 16mo. Cloth, 40 cents. Idylls of the Sea By FRANK T. BULLEN, author of " The Cruise of the Cacha- lot." Uniform edition. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25. (Nearly Ready.) Windyhaugh A Novel. By GRAHAM TR A VERS, author of " Mona Maclean, Medical Student," " Fellow Travellers, "etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. David Harum A Story of American Life. By EDWARD NOYES WESTCOTT. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. 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11 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 843 Editorial Articles: "Incendiary Literature" 346 The True Point 346 Savagery as a Oivilizer 347 Tlie Beef Verdict 347 Custom-bouse Tyranny 348 Prof. Briggs and Others 349 Special Correspondence: Micromaniacs and Megalomaniacs 350 Germany and the Armenians 351 Americans at the University of Paris 352 Correspondence: If Not, Why Not? 353 Southern Lyncbings 353 At Ease in Methodism 354 The Roman Folk-Speech 354 Notes 355 Book Reviews: Some Late Novels 357 Bradford's Lesson of Popular Government. -II 359 Fur and Feather Tales 361 Discussions in Education 362 Fields, Factories, and Workshops 362 From Reefer to Rear- Admiral 362 Books op the Week 363 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Two scholarships, defraying tuition, awarded on competition. Graduate scholarships in Ail League, X.Y., and School of Drawing and Painting, Boston. For full particulars, address Ozias Dodge, Director. District of Columbia (<_'he\ v (base P.O., Md.). r^HEVY CHASE L^ French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Washington. French the language of the house. Mile. L. M. Boulignt, Principal. Miss C. Pettigrew. Assist. Prin. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. Z^DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y s School for Girls.— 37th year will begin Septem- r 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. Lepebvee, Principal. Miss E. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. s Maryland, Catonsville. T. TIMOTHY S SCHOOL for Girls re- opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. , Miss S. R. Carter. Heads of School, Miss M. C. Carter, Massachusetts, Boston. JDOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. J-J Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. 'T'HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. J. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. )0 WDER POINT SCHOOL.— Prepares for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- Home and outdoor life. M- ew York, Utica. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22, 1898. M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG Y SA ND MISS BELL' S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Opens October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. ft/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1 M School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens SeDt. 27. 1850 Pine St., Phila., Pa. School of Drawingand Painting. nusEun of fine arts, Copley Square, Boston, flass. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction In drawing from the cast and from life, In painting, modelling, and decorative design, and also In art isi I,- anatomy and perspective. Principal Instructors: F. \V. Benson, E. C. Tarbell, and Philip Hale (Drawing and Painting), Mrs. William st,,ne i Decorative Design 1, B. L. Pratt (Modelling), E. W. Emerson (Anatomv), and A. K. Cross (Perspective). Pupils are allowed the free use of the galleries of the Museum. For circulars giv- ing detailed information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home In the "Admiral \\ in-low House." JAMES DE NORMANDIR, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM, Roxbury, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR CJIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more tluin ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. BRADFORDACADEMY." Founded 18O3. For the higher education of young women. Classical and Scienti lie course of study: also Preparatory and 1 iptional. Year begins Sept. SO, 1899. Miss Ida C. Allen, Prin., Bradford, Mass. QUINCY MANSION SCHOOL HORACE MANN WILLARD, Sc.l)., Wollaston, Mass. Educational. SUMMER COURSES AT THE Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Instruction will be given during June and July by members of the regular instructing staff of the Insti- tute, In Architecture (including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEQE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing in September. They alao afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persona engaged in professional work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed Information will be mailed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street. Boston, Mass. University of Wisconsin MADISON The First Summer Session will open July 3 and will close August 14, 1899. Graduate and undergraduate courses, with full University credit, will be offered in all of the academic departments For circular of information, address William Hiestand, Secretary. The twelfth annual session of the Summer School for Teachers, and the fifth annual session of the Summer School of Library Science will be held at the same time. For circulars, address as above. University of Michigan SUMMER SCHOOL, June 28=August 10. Courses will be offered in all leading Academic Studies, in Law, and in Engineering. HARVARD UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION Will be held in New York, in the Lecture-Room of the Y. M. C. A. Building. 23d St., cor. 4th Ave., June '.'.'. ."'. 80, duly 1. The terms of admission, fees, ex- penses, and privileges in any or all Departments of the C Diversity may be learned from DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS which may bcliarf on application to the Corresponding Secretary, Harvard University, Cambridge, MASS. RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION And other women who wish to take the Harvard Examinations will be examined in New York at the same time as the candidates for admission to Harvard University. All information with regard to these examinations may be had on application to the See'y of Radclift'o College. Cambridge, Mass. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Academy. 12th Session opens July 12. For circulars, address Rev. L. C. ROl'X, M.A., or Mrs, I,. C. KOl.X, Saxton's Rhcr, near Bellows Falls, Vt. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia \ carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice In conversa- tion and thorough drill In I'ronunclailon and Grammar. Krom Eiliinilioii. Boston: "A well-made scries. Teach- ers and pupils will llud the three hooks helpful and In- teresting."

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May ii, 1899] Th.e Kation. 111 Teachers, etc. Z7 S. COX, Litt.D., LECTURER ON ll. English. The usage of the masters of English in til periods fully Illustrated. Will make engagements with colleges, summer schools, women's clubs, and any literary organizations. Evening addresses on great English and American writers. Highest references given. Address care Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- jl ence In preparing for Harvard, Tale, and Prince- ton in Latin, Greek, and German, wants a position in col- lege or first-class college-preparatory school. Has re- cently studied In Germany. Address Phil. Dr., care Nation. ZIBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- perlence in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nUhed on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. A SPECLALLST LN LATIN, Ph.D., X~L seven years' experience, five years in present place, desires a chair of Latin for the coming year in a college In Eastern or Middle States. Has published some. Address Ph.D.. care Nation. T7LECTRICITY. University Profe. boys In any branches per E., care of the Nation. 170 UR YEARS' ACADEMICAL JH Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Kev. Wm. Weber. Belleville, 111. A YOUNG MAN TRAINED B Y COL- /l lege, university, and travel, and experienced In teaching, lecturing, and writing, wishes to teach Litera- ture or to direct a private school. Address C. F., Nation. J I/ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR New Haven, Conn. I HARVARD M.A. would like position to teach Classics In Preparatory School, or as pri- 1 tutor. Address "B.." care Nation. A Ph.D., WHO TAUGHT FOR TEN CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- L< vard, 68 Chestnut Street. Boston. School Agencies. ^THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Evebett O. Fisk <fc Co., Proprietors. 4 ishburton Place, Boston. 1 505 Pa. Ave., Washington. 156Flfth Ave., New York. 414 Ccm Hdg , Minneapolis. 730 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 525StlniB'n Bk.,Los Angeles 378 Wabash Ave.,Cblcago. 885 M'ket St.. San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In '-— ; positions. Hablan P. French. Manager. A' XHERMERHOR N' S TEACHERS THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. 0. PRATT, Mgr. 70 Fifth Ave., New York. If it merely hears of cancies and tells + U n * is something, but if it iB asked to yoa about them 1*1*11 recommend a teacher and rec- ommends yon, that is more. Ours D aonmman r\ c a W BARDEEN. Syracuse. NY. KcCOlllIlieiiaS THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. We buy and sell bills of exchange to and LETTERS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, Op Australia, and South Africa ; also make CDpniT collections and issue Commercial am" wkcui 1 . Travellers' Cred ts, available in all part of the world. parts BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. KINDERGARTEN supplies lV. at SCHERMERHORN'S, 3 East 14th St., N. Y. Summer Resorts. Jl/I nl/^n Season from The si MalOja beginning ft'"* nncncurmix Of June till to its Season from The splendid Palace Hotel a offers OBERENOADIN ~YnTof the "greatest (Switzerland). September, th,'" F°amiiy Home, besides highland residence, with first-class highland excursions, as well as easy, even prome- nades. Height above sea, 8,000 feet; 350 beds; mag- nificent drawing-rooms: music and theatre hall; Milanese Scala Orchestra every day. Entertain- ments: Sport in open air: Golf, Cricket. Lawn-ten- nis. Opportunities for horseback and carriage rides. The most extensive speeding course. Lake sport: Naphtha boat on the splendid Maloja Lake, as well as oar and sailing boats: photographic studio: baths and best hygienic arrangements; English and Catho- lic services in own churches; post and telegraph offices: physician in hotel. Is highly recommended to families as a quiet residence in the early sea- son. Average temperat are in degrees ( 'ei.tigr.uU-. Room and board from s:!.iw) to $r,.(Kl, service, light, and heating (when cold weather) included. Further particulars given through the European travelling book '-Maloja," at all book dealers', and by the Manager, I. F. WALTHER-DENZ, Maloja Palace, Engadin, Switzerland. Grounds and Villas to rent and Mills for sale. The most beautiful and largest glaciers in the world. Wonder of Nature. Send for new Catalogue. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on application. Wkll PfAfAt* being a town resident need- I UU rl C1C1 , jufr a real change, a retired place supplying your home comforts. TERRY HOMESTEAD furnishes these; city appointments, gravity water works, plumbing, drainage, finest spring water, farm and dairy products, beautiful mountains. Address A. W. TERRY, Stamford, N. Y. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1,900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Landsee, Proprietor. SWITZERLAND hotel richemc Magn baths, electric light in every room. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In — '- MT. DESERT.— Furnished houses at 8150, 8250, 8350, and 8450. Perfect water supply; slate tubs; fireplaces. W: M. Griswold, Cambridge, Mass. r^UOPERSTOWN— "OTSEGO HALL," V small hotel near the lake. Well kept: choice table; good boating and fishing; 2 golf courses. Open June 15. Travel EUROPE. BOSTON EUROPEAN TOURINO CLUB. Professors Morris, MacWatters, and Dean Buell (with Mrs.BuelD'of Boston Univ. School of Tbeol., and oilers already booked lor summer tour. Good lm ictions necessary. FRANK Ii. CRAWFORD, A.M., 610 Tremont Building, Boston. DROFESSOR OF ART in an Eastern JT College expecting to spend the summer in London and Paris is willing to lecture to small parties one or two hours daily in the galleries and museums. Dates and arrangements should be fixed early. Address Art, care of Nation. PARIS in 1900. A word to the wise. Make sure of steamship and ho- tel accommodations now, at fair rates. Good introduc- tions necessary. THK CRAWFORD TOURS, 610 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. (4/t L//ttee/«*ty, wuo uas uveu uiree jciiib abroad, will take not more than, three young men on a tour of eight weeks. Highest references given and re- quired. Address H. C. M., 1417 K St., N.W., Washington, PI TDrfcDP Small, select party of Ladies— I^KJtSJKJrL* 95 days. Ninth Tour. Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL, THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted ; highest re- ferences. Address THE MOORINGS, Look Haven, Pa. PI IDHDP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. l_*JIVV^n-» Norway and Central Europe. Small party conducted by Prof. CAMILLE THURWAN- GER, 31 Pierce Building, Boston. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS. THE QUEEN OF THE SWAMP AND OTHER PLAIN AMERICANS By Mart Hartwell Catherwood, author of "The Lady of Fort St. John," etc. 16mo, $1.25. A group of stories relating to Ohio, Ken- tucky, Indiana, and Illinois, describing the life in those States during successive stages of the present century. The stories have a historical setting and atmosphere, and are told with Mrs. Catherwood's characteristic clearness and dramatic power. TIVERTON TALES. By Alice Brown, author of "By Oak and Thorn," etc. 12mo, $1.50. Twelve stories of rural life, showing rare observation, humor, sympathy and refine- ment— the same charm which made her "Meadowgrass" so popular. ECONOniC ASPECTS OF THE LIQUOR PROBLEn. By John Koren. An Investigation made under the Direction of Professors W. O. Atwater, Henry W. Farnam, J. F. Jones, Doctors Z. R. Brockway, John Graham Brooks, E. R. L. Gould, and Hon. Carroll D. Wright, a Sub-Committee of the Com- mittee of Fifty to investigate the Liquor Problem. With an Introduction by Pro- fessor Henry W. Farnam. 12mo, $1.50. The investigation covers (1) Poverty and Liquor; (2) Pauperism and Liquor; (3) Destitution of Children and Liquor; (4) Crime and Liquor; (5) The Negroes and the Liquor Problem; (6) The Indians and the Liquor Problem: (7) Social Aspects of the Saloon in Great Britain. The results of this investigation as here recorded by Mr. Koren are startling. THE LIFE AND WORK OF THOMAS DUDLEY, Second Governor of Massachusetts. By Augustine Jones. With twelve illus- trations. Svo, $5.00, net. Mr. Jones's work has a positive value as a contribution of early New England history and as a just and long-needed memorial of an eminent man and officer, who here finds adequate recognition. The illustrations represent Dudley Castle, the Church at Scrooby, and other places with which Governor Dudley was associated. A CATALOGUE OF AUTHORS Whose Works are published by Houghton, Mifflin and Company. Prefaced by a Sketch of the Firm, and followed by Lists of their several Libraries, Series, and Periodicals, with some Account of the Origin and Cha- racter of these Literary Enterprises. 8vo, pp. xvii, 205. 25 cents, net. This Catalogue contains brief biographical sketches of the authors comprised in Hough- ton, Mifflin and Company's List, with the titles of their books and the year of the publication of each. The frontispiece con- tains a photogravure of a group of six au- thors— Longfellow, Emerson, Hawthorne, Whittier, Holmes, and Lowell. Sold by Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York.

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IV The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 The Macmillan Company's New Books. A Volume of Reminiscences Wordsworth and the Coleridges, WITH OTHER MEMORIES, LITERARY AND POLITICAL. By Ellis Yarnall, Whose memories of life-long friendships with Sir John Taylor Coleridge Cloth, 8vo. and Lord Coleridge, talks with prominent Englishmen of Price, $2.50. letters, politics, churchmen, make up a volume of unusual breadth of interest. rji p| By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The first of a WLL' series o£ National Stddies in American Letters, of CAMBRI DG E wnich George E. Woodberry is general Editor. Cloth, $1.50 HEART OF HAN loftily ideal. $1.50 '-The BOOKS OF TRA VEL. Superbly illustrated from original Japanese til- ings and photographs. LETTERS FROn JAPAN: A Record of Modern Life in the Island Empire. By Mrs. HUGH FRASER, author of "Palladia," etc. " Every one of her letters is a valuable contribution." —Literature. "A captivating book." — Evening Post, Chicago. cover design, Two Vols., 8vo, $7.50. "Spirited and interesting." —Evening Teleyruph, Philadelphia. HUSBAND. PHILIPPINES An up-to-date account of conditions and events of AND ROUND ,h(" P8*' >r:"'- "" admira- ble complement In Prof. ABOUT Wareesti rS ln„,k. Cloth, $2.50 "(if striking and timely Interest." —The Herald. New York. THE HAKING OF HAWAII THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE Fifth Edition. Cloth Svo, $4.00. By Prof. William FRE- MONT BLACKM AN, Tale University. Cloth, $1.00 A sober and compre- hensive discuss of the forces of late at work in the islands. A HEC'ORI) OF PERSONAL OB- SERVATION AND EXPERIENCE Wl III SIMMAHV OF THE HIS- TORY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO. BY DEAN C. WORCES- TER, Member of the Philippine ( lommisslon, at present in the Islands. " Should be reac American, it is the most comprehensive, intelligent, and impartial di of the Lrchipelago obtain able." Evening Hull, tin, Phlla. NE W SUMMER NO VELS JUST READY. Jesus Delaney. $1.50 Bv JOSEPH Striking, clever characteriza- GORDON tions of novel tvpes; entertain- DONNELLY. ingand absorbing. Hen's Tragedies. $1.50. Realistic stories of crises in len's lives, but the realisms of trong men of high ideals. The Short Line War. $1.50- So interesting is this story of a railroad war that the first edi- tion was exhausted within three " LUSTER llilvs 0f publication. By - MERWIN The Maternity of Harriott Wicken. $1.50. By Mrs. Tragical and pathetic, it holds HENRY the reader with a terrible fasci- DUDENEY nation. The Rose of Dutcher's Coolly. New Revised Edition. $1.50. Rv " Beyond ajl manner of doubt HAMLIN one of the most powerful novels Q \i;laNI). of recent years."— The Neva Age. The Celebrity. sth Edition. $1.50. To be Read// May !',. $1.50. Richard Carvel. The strong, broad treatment of the plot is afar cry from the skilful lightness of The Celeb- rity, but no less original or ab- sorbing. Tristram Lacy or the Individualist. Bj w H. M*t The author of The New Republic, LOCK. which aroused so much discUS- To be ready sion, has returned to fiction alt er week. more serious writing such as Classes anil Masses. Labour anil the Popular Welfare, Arista, rn, 111 and Evolution, etc. BIOGRAPHY, ETC. By his grandson, the late THR I IFF OF BARTON H. WISE of Rich- ' '^, *\\ ' r mond, Va. HENRY A. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, $3.00. WISE An able picture of the famous war Governor of Virginia in the John Brown crisis. Edited by F. STORR, ed itor of The Journal of Edu cation, London. THE LIFE OF THE REV. In Press. R. H. QUICK PRINCIPLES CHESTER, Wesleyan Uni- /Tn versify. Vr Cloth. In Press. LITERARY CRITICISM By HAMLIN GARLAND, Author of "Main Travelled Roads," etc. Cloth. In Press. Sketches in prose and verse, the literary results of the author's recent tramp overland to the gold fields. "A German Garden emits a flower-like aroma of fresh- ness and purity."— Kate Sanborn. Cloth, $1.75 By the author of Eliza- beth and her German (tar- den : Cloth. Nearly ready. THE TRAIL OF THE GOLD- SEEKER ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN A SOLITARY SUMMER observations," the Outlook savs of the first book which contains like this the reflections of a cultivated Englishwoman on life in Germany. For Every Optician, Physician, or Student. DEFECTIVE EYESIGHT: The Principles of Its Relief by Glasses. Just Ready. Cloth, i2mo, $1.00, net. By D. B. St, John Koosa, M.D., LL.D.. Professor Emeritus of Diseases of the Eye, New York Post- Graduate Medical School ami Hospital; Surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital ; Consult- ing Sur; 1 to the lirooklyn Eye mid Kar Hospital, etc. No pains have been spared to maki a complete guide to the practitioner who wishes to understand and practise the rules for the pre- ion of lenses for the improvement of impaired sight. The hook mav also be interesting to educated men in all departments of life who desire to be in- ielnthl iter.'sting sub.jeci one which concerns such a large proportion of the human race. An Illustrated Bl-Monthly /lagazine BIRD LORE. EDITED by FRANK M. CHAPMAN The contributors for 1800 include John Borrouohs, Dr. Henry van Dyke, Bradford Torrey, Olive Thorne Miller, Edith M. Thomas, Mabel Osgood Wright, Florence H. Merriam, and Annie Trumbull Slosson. Subscription price, $1.00 a year. Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 66 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation, NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MAY 11, 1899. The Week. Mr. Edward Atkinson's pamphlets, -which have caused such a tremendous pother in the cabinet at Washington, and have been excluded from the mails going to the Philippine Islands, are three in number, the first and second being stitched together, so that they appear to be only one. The first is far from being an exciting or incendiary publication. It is entitled 'The Cost of a National Crime,' and it consists of statistical in- formation, very useful, indeed, but of the dryest possible sort, showing what the revenue and expenditures of the govern- ment were before the war with Spain, what they were during the war, from what sources the war revenue is derived, together with some argument on the question whether the new taxes will be sufficient to meet the future expenses of the government. This pamphlet was written before the war in the Philippines began. It3 conclusions are that the pre- sent tax laws will not afford ^sufficient revenue to meet the ordinary expenses of the government, and that it is for Congress to consider whether "the hold- ing of tropical islands by armed forces is to cease at an early day, or is to be continued under the necessity of adding by direct taxation a large sum to our present burden, coupled with a heavy in- crease in the future burden," etc. No- thing can be conceived of less likely to excite mutiny or discontent among sol- diers than these tables of statistics, with their percentages and per capitas and de- ficits and averages and so forth. The second pamphlet, which is stitched to- gether with the first, has the rather ex- citing headline, 'The Hell of War and its Penalties,' but it is not in the least likely to cause mutiny among soldiers. It relates to a class of contagious dis- eases common in camp life, but of a kind which any soldier can avoid if he chooses. This is largely statistical also, the facts being derived from the ex- perience of the British army in India. Mr. Atkinson's pamphlet No. 3 is evi- dently the one which has stirred the cabinet so profoundly, and led to the issue of the order of the Postmaster- General excluding it from the mails to Manila. It is entitled 'Criminal Aggres- sion: by Whom Committed.' It is dated February 2, with an appendix dated March 8, 1899. It begins with an allu- sion to the phrase "criminal aggression" used hypothetically by President Mc- Kinley to describe forcible annexation of Cuba. It then reviews President Mc- Kinley's speech at the Home-Market Club in Boston in a temperate manner, but showing up his inconsistencies and his frequent changes of policy and of phraseology in dealing with the Fili- pinos. After commenting on Mr. Mc- Kinley's frequent "flops," Mr. Atkinson publishes two letters written by Consul- General Pratt of Singapore and Consul Wildman of Hong Kong concerning their interviews with Aguinaldo; also the tes- timony of the Rev. Clay MacCauley, a missionary, as to the character and capa- bilities of the Filipinos. Mr. MacCauley says, among other things, that the most intelligent and thoughtful soldiers and sailors in the American army now in the Philippines "are increasingly oppos- ed to the proposition to incorporate the Philippine people into the American body politic." The remainder of the pam- phlet is plain argument controverting Mr. McKinley's speech at the Home- Market Club, and a few extracts from the speeches of Congressmen Henry U. Johnson and Rice A. Pierce in the House of Representatives. We find in it nothing calculated to cause mutiny among soldiers. It is undoubtedly very aggravating to have one's inconsisten- cies set down in black and white, as Mr. McKinley's are in this third pam- phlet, but it was an enormous political mistake to draw attention to it by ex- cluding it from the mails going to Ma- nila. Only six thousand copies of this pamphlet had been sent out, and only six copies to the Philippines, but with the advertisement that the Postmaster- General has given it, the demand for it will be increased a hundred fold. The price of the pamphlet is two dollars per hundred copies, and Mr. Atkinson asks for pecuniary help to pay for printing and mailing. Address: Edward Atkin- son, Box 112. Boston, Mass. The pam- phlet has not yet been excluded from the mails of this country, and Mr. Atkinson has not been arrested by any United States Marshal on a charge of high trea- son. Amos Kendall was Postmaster-General in 1835 when the mob broke open the Charleston post-office and burnt anti- slavery tracts and papers round in the mails. A committee was then appointed to inspect "incendiary matter," with the postmaster's connivance. When appeal- ed to by this official to lay down a policy, Mr. Kendall said that, upon a careful examination of the law, he was satisfied that the Postmaster-General had no legal authority to exclude publications from the mail, or prohibit their carriage or delivery, "on account of their character or tendency, real or supposed"; and he expressed the opinion that "probably it was not thought safe to confer on the head of an executive department a power over the press which might be perverted or abused." He proceeded, however, to justify the action of the Charleston postmaster, as follows: "But I am not prepared to direct you to forward or deliver the papers of which you speak. The Post-Office Department was cre- ated to serve the people .of each and all of the United States, and not to be used as the instrument of their destruction. None of the papers detained have been forwarded to me, and I cannot judge for myself of their cha- racter and tendency; but you inform me that they are, in character, 'the most inflamma- tory and incendiary — and insurrectionary in the highest degree.' By no act or direction of mine, official or private, could I be in- duced to aid, knowingly, in giving circulation to papers of this description, directly or in- directly. We owe an obligation to the laws, but a higher one to the communities . in which we live, and if the former be perverted to destroy the latter, it is patriotism to dis- regard them. Entertaining these views, I cannot sanction, and will not condemn, the step you have taken. Your justification must be looked for in the character of the papers detained and the circumstances by which you are surrounded." Charles Emory Smith goes a step fur- ther in the service of imperialism than Amos Kendall in the service of slavery. He considers it entirely proper for the head of an executive department to decide what sort of matter may be cir- culated through the mails, and orders a subordinate to prevent the transmis- sion of matter which he disapproves. One of the most painful features of the expansion craze has been the readiness of many of even our foremost men to turn demagogue to please either the war inebriates or the McKinley Administra- tion, to abandon the political principles of their lifetime, and degrade the sacred name of "patriotism." The latest illus- tration is, we regret to say, General Merritt's pilgrimage to Detroit in order to whitewash Secretary Alger. Four commanding officers in succession re- commended Alger's dismissal from the army for apparent cowardice during the civil war; we say "apparent" or tech- nical cowardice, consisting in absence from the front and from his post at cri- tical moments. He was thus absent se- veral times in succession, showing it was not due to accident, but to policy. Gen. Merritt was one of these commanding officers. Sheridan was another. Alger resigned to avoid dismissal. A fair in- ference was that he preferred politics or nosing and lobbying around Washington to service in the field, and that he was therefore unfit for military service or military administration. We venture to assert that in any army in the world, except McKinley's army, this inference would have been drawn. We venture to assert that the English, whom Secretary Long cites as approving of the President as a conqueror, would be shocked if they knew and believed that the great man's Secretary of War was a person of this description. Alger got the place partly, no doubt, because he was an active and rich Michigan politician; partly, common

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34:4= The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 rumor says, because he advanced money to secure Mr. McKinley's nomination. The main features of his administration of the office are known to tens of thousands by results; they are known to many hundreds by personal contact with him. There is not a single incident of the late war better or more widely known than that Alger has conducted it as a politician's war. We have heard him pronounced "unspeakably base and corrupt" by a man of the very highest character, who was in close contact with him during the whole Cuban flurry. In other words, his conduct of the War Department has been exactly what any one would have expected it to be at the hands of a man who had had to leave the army for misconduct, and had passed the last thirty years in ac- tive politics. One of the first revelations of his quality in popular estimation was his failure to give Gen. Merritt a high command. Everybody knew or guessed why, doubtless Gen. Merritt himself, among others. Gen. Merritt, when Al- ger's superior, with judgment unfetter- ed, expressed that judgment by recom- mending his dismissal from the service. When Alger became Gen. Merritt's su- perior, he would not have been a good politician if he did not "get even" with Merritt. The general opinion was that he had "got even" with him. The ge- neral opinion now is that Gen. Mer- ritt came to terms with him somehow, and was accordingly sent to Manila on an important mission. There was a gen- eral disposition to overlook this, to com- mend Alger for having experienced suf- ficient repentance to give the country the services of a soldier of the first quali- ty. But we could not have loved Gen. Merritt so much, "loved we not honor more." It is because we rated him so highly that we are astounded at seeing him go down and unnecessarily give the Secretary a first-class politician's white- washing, in terms so extravagant that it is hard to believe it came from a soldier. Eagan has been expelled from the District of Columbia Commandery of the Loyal Legion by a two-thirds vote, a proceeding which is likely to be viewed with much disfavor at the White House. A great effort was made to save him, his champions in the Legion, according to the Tribune's account of the meeting, contending "that his punishment was severe and humiliating enough as it is at present, and that it would not be proper, considering his past services in the army, to drop him from the rolls." What is his present "severe punish- ment"? He was found guilty by court- martial of conduct unbecoming an offi- cer and a gentleman, and he has been convicted before the country, together with Alger, of feeding the army with putrid beef, but he has not been pun- ished for it. The President, instead of dismissing him from the army, as the court-martial recommended, gave him a six years' vacation at full pay, and he is at present on his way to Hawaii for an indefinite period of rest and recreation. This is not "severe punishment," and it is a credit to the Washington members of the Loyal Legion that they declined to consider it as such. Senator Hanna has kindly announced that Mr. McKinley is already as good as renominated and reelected. It will be a waste of time and money for any one else to make a canvass for either nomination or election. Hanna himself has said it, and he knows. He is unani- mous for McKinley, and that means that the country is. By thus identifying the workings of his own mind with a vast popular movement, he is able to dismiss with a smile any little troubles that would disturb a less serene and self- confident nature. There is, for example, a cloud much bigger than a man's hand right at home in Ohio. Those inveterate and implacable factions which have made Ohio Republicanism a synonym for petty quarrelsomeness and greed, are flying at each other's throats again. Mayor McKisson of Cleveland is openly calling Hanna a "traitor" for having op- posed his reelection, and we know what the fate of traitors is. Gov. Bushnell and Chairman Kurtz are ostentatiously whet- ting their knives in public, and loudly calling upon Foraker to join them in the great work of disembowelling Hanna, or else find out what it is to have an ex- ploratory operation, as the surgeons say, in his own viscera. Foraker is dread- fully embarrassed by the riches of fac- tion and party treachery thus laid before him, and knows not which friend to betray or to which foe to sell himself. To crown all, there is the Republico-So- cialist Mayor of Toledo, who has just triumphed over both party machines, and is now intimating broadly that he is the very man to be the next Republican Governor of Ohio. All these cares, how- ever, do not fleck the mirror in which Hanna reads the future. He has got the McKinley renomination going on such broad and national lines, and has his Southern delegates so securely bought, that he is able to face turmoil and even defeat in Ohio as a mere "local affair." Dr. Lyman Abbott's letter to the Chi- cago Imperialist meeting on Sunday was thrown into the form of a series of pro- positions, the second of which reads: "By the destruction of the Spanish fleet the power of that Government [the Spanish in the Philippines] to protect persons and property in the archipelago was de- stroyed." If he had said "impaired," it might pass, but he needed "destroyed" for his argument, and so he said it. But what are the facts? Even with Dewey still in the bay, even with an insurgent army of 30,000 men in the field, the Spaniards held Manila in perfect securi- ty for four months and a half; they held Iloilo and Cebu against all assaults. Who can doubt that, if Dewey had sailed away, as Senator Sewell besought the President to order him to do, the Span- iards would have sent on supplies and reinforcements, and asserted their sov- ereignty throughout the islands much more successfully than we have as yet been able to do? This may be crying over spilled milk; but what Dr. Abbott does is to go back and assert that the milk simply had to be spilled. There is choice in courts of inquiry. The one which has just reported on the conduct of the Seventy-first Regiment, New York Volunteers, at Santiago, evi- dently took the strange view of its duty that it was to make a thorough inquiry, without fear or favor. It found and placed the blame with refreshing frank- ness. Only one of the sadly inculpated officers is now within the State's mili- tary jurisdiction, and he has been promptly ordered by the Governor to appear before a board of examination "into his moral character, capacity, and general fitness for service in the Na- tional Guard." Gov. Roosevelt, more- over, shows his difference from a certain other commander-in-chief, whom it is treason to mention by name, in not de- siring everything to be hushed up; but has expressed his opinion and made his recommendations with military precision and plainness. The net result is to clear the good name of the rank and file of the regiment, while for ever disgracing its three senior officers. According to the best information ob- tainable, the caucus committee on the currency who have been holding ses- sions at Atlantic City, have agreed upon three points in the bill which they are preparing for the Republican members of Congress. These are (1) that the cur- rency functions of the Treasury shall be separated from its other functions, and that a fund of $100,000,000 shall be set apart for the redemption of the Govern- ment's legal-tender notes, and for no other purpose; (2) that legal-tender notes once redeemed in gold shall not be paid out again except in exchange for gold; (3) that the Secretary shall have power to replenish his stock of gold by the issue of bonds when necessary. The last of these provisions is in the law as it now stands, and was made use of by Secretary Carlisle for the purpose of maintaining the gold reserve. We pre- sume that the proposed new law will give the Secretary power to sell bonds on the best terms possible as to rate of interest and time of payment— the pre- sent law, which was passed a quarter of a century ago, fixing the rate of in-

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May ii, 1899] The ISTation 345 terest at 4, 4%, and 5 per cent., and the time ten, fifteen, and thirty years re- spectively. This antique system caused the Government to incur serious loss in the several loans which Secretary Car- lisle was obliged to negotiate, yet Con- gress refused to change the law, lest it should thereby give its assent to the effort which the Secretary was making to continue gold payments. If the commit- tee at Atlantic City are now ready to bind the Republican party to the prin- ciple that the Secretary may sell bonds when necessary to maintain gold pay- ments, that fact alone betokens a great advance in public sentiment since 1895. Within the past fortnight a mob of several hundred men in Idaho made a raid on a mining town where some non- union men were working. They* drove the latter from the works where they were employed, killed some of them as they were fleeing, and accidentally shot one of their own leaders, who died al- most immediately. They burned and blew up with dynamite the buildings and machinery of the works where the non- union men had been employed, destroy- ing property valued at $300,000 to $500,- 000. Then they marched back to the places where they belonged, with all the air and complacency of conquerors. The local authorities either stood mute or encouraged the rioters in their lawless proceedings. Two companies of the Fourth Cavalry, United States Army, were ordered to the place where the out- rages occurred, to protect the State of- ficials in arresting the perpetrators. The latter made a break for the mountains with all possible expedition, and the woods are now full of them. Some of them are footing it to Montana, while others are hiding in the brush. One hundred and twenty-eight arrests have been made, however, and probably others will follow. The spirit of the mob has been extinguished and their organiza- tion crushed. The non-union men are back at their work, while the rioters have lost their places and dare not show themselves anywhere in Idaho. The sud- denness with which law and order were restored when the troops arrived, re- minds one of the suppression of the Debs riots in Chicago. In the present case the Governor of the State called on the President of the United States for assistance. There were only two regi- ments of State militia within reach, and one of these, if not both, was composed in large part of the same kind of ma- terial as the rioters. So it was deemed not expedient to call them out. In the case of the Debs riot there was plenty of good State troops, but the Governor was of the same kind of material as the riot- ers. That was the notable difference be- tween the two cases. Great Britain and Russia respecting China, as published, are commendably brief, yet comprehensive. Great Britain engages not to seek for herself, or in be- half of others, railway concessions north of the Great Wall, and not to obstruct Russian applications for concessions there. Russia enters into a similar en- gagement towards Great Britain relative to the basin of the Yang-tse River, and both are to communicate this agreement to the Chinese Government, with a view to the avoidance of all complications between the two Powers, to the preser- vation of peace, and the promotion of the best interests of China herself. Al- though the agreement provides only for abstention on the part of each Power from certain acts with reference to the other, the phrase "sphere of influence" is already applied to the territory designat- ed, and this means usually something more than non-interference with each other's sphere. It comes, in the course of time, to mean something like control. Although not operative against third parties, it is apt to grow into control. It looks, too, as though space had been purposely left for a German sphere of in- fluence in the valley of the Hoang Ho, or Yellow River, which lies between the Great Wall and the valley of the Yang- tse. Included in this space is Kiao-Chau Bay, which Germany now holds. Al- ready we find stirrings in the German press, implying that it is time for Ger- many to define her sphere of influence in the vast empire between the Yellow Sea and the Thibetan Mountains. If we assume that these spheres of influence are likelv to ripen into control, then Great Britain has secured the best part of the bargain. The Yang-tse River is three thousand miles in length, two thousand of which are navigable. It has also numerous navigable affluents. Its watershed embraces the province of Yunnan, which borders on British Bur- mah, affording entrance at some future time by rail to western China. Tin, lead, copper, and coal are among the resources of this vast region. The cli- mate is said to be good for white men and the soil fertile. The details of the agreement between It is generally understood that the Czar was led to make his famous dis- armament proposals by the arguments of his Minister of Finance, M. Witte. That gentleman showed to demonstra- tion how increasing armaments meant financial ruin. Be that as it may, the same official has lately taken his place among enlightened publicists by a re- port which he has made on the rights of foreigners in Russia, and especially on the need of foreign capital to de- velop Russian resources. Proposals had been made to the Russian Government to restrict the right of foreigners to hold land in the Transcaucasus, and this led Minister Witte to discuss the whole subject of the dependence of Russia upon foreign capital. His conclusion was that "to refuse the cooperation of foreign capitalists in the exploitation of the na- tural riches of Russia would be tanta- mount to voluntary acquiescence in in- dustrial stagnation." In the same docu- ment were frank expressions relating to the duty of Russia to cultivate the good will and confidence of England. The English market, said the Russian Minis- ter,* with a cruel disregard of the feel- ings of Paris, is "a much larger one than that of France," and good relations with it depended much more upon poli- tical than . upon economical reasons, since public opinion in England led capi- talists to back their sympathies with their cash. From the most recent Dreyfus testi- mony the case would seem to have sunk into a bitter quarrel between the War Office and the Foreign Office. The latest man, Capt. Cuignet, put up by the Gene- ral Staff to defend the theory of Drey- fus's guilt, threw over one after another of the former theories and tools relied on by the War Office, and came out strong on a certain dispatch by a foreign attache intercepted by the Foreign Of- fice. This closed with the words, as the translators of the cipher made them out, "our emissary is forewarned" — the emis- sary being, of course, Dreyfus. But at the very time this dispatch was turned over to the General Staff, it was with a warning- that the translators were very uncertain about the version of the last sentence; later on, they sent a new and verified rendering, with nothing what- ever in it about any emissary. But the Staff, in spite of this, stuck to the first version, and convicted Dreyfus partly on the strength of it. Capt. Cuignet had the effrontery to declare that he still be- lieved the first translation the correct one, and intimated that the Foreign Of- fice had falsified the telegram. The For- eign Minister, M. Delcasse, could not stand this, and at once sent one of his experts before the Court of Cassation, who not only completely demolished Capt. Cuignet on the particular point, but went further and demonstrated that other documents in the secret dossier, professing to have come from the For- eign Office, were not only garbled, but actually forged. Thus does every new weapon which the desperate General Staff catches up to use against Dreyfus break in its hands. The Figaro revela- tions are having a tremendous effect in preparing public opinion for a complete reversal of the popular judgment, what- ever the decision of the Court may be. It is now rumored that the Figaro se- cured the documents from the daughter of one of the Ministers, who wished, by giving them to the light, to "put an end to the dangerous mystery and to at- tempts to mislead." This hypothetical "veiled lady" is the best one that has yet appeared in the whole case.

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346 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 "INCENDIARY LITERATURE." We have been waiting for some time for the appearance of "incendiary lite- rature." We have been as sure it was coming as that the sun would rise this morning. "Incendiary literature" is one of the invariable properties or accom- paniments of imperialism. As soon as you get people under your rule who dis- like it and wish to throw it off, "in- cendiary literature" turns up. It was one of the most marked phenomena of American politics during the whole of the anti-slavery agitation. Nearly all Northern literature was "incendiary" at the South, and each postmaster was al- lowed to pass on its character and ex- clude it from the mails. Russia and Germany both have their incendiary lite- rature, whose circulation has to be for- bidden and whose authors have to be punished. British India has the same thing, and so has President Kriiger. For our foreign possessions, incendiary lite- rature is as necessary as soldiers and guns. You cannot rule any men against their will, or inflict on them any treat- ment which they consider unjust, with- out treating their favorite literature as "incendiary," without, in short, super- intending their reading, and seeing to it that they read nothing which presents you to them in an unfavorable light. The censor is as needful to you as the drummer. No conqueror can bear free speech, or has ever borne it. Therefore, we were not surprised that Gen. Otis had to veil his great battles with a rigid censorship, that the free talk of Ame- rican citizens "on the soil," to use Wen- dell Phillips's language, "consecrated by the prayers of the Puritans and the blood of patriots," had to be kept from the knowledge not only of the "niggers" whom he was slaughtering, but of the American whites who were doing the slaughtering. The language of freemen and the sound of conquerors' guns go ill together. While acknowledging freely, however, the imperialist's right, if he has any rights, to gag and smother as a necessary incident in his odious trade, we must remind our "glory-crowned" Americans once more that their position is pecu- liar; that nice as it would be to become a great nation and to prove Washington an old fool, all at once, they have to contend with special difficulties which other imperialists know nothing of, and which are destined to plague them, just as an humble home and poor relations plague an adventurer who has been palming himself off in foreign parts as a marquis of ancient lineage. An American conqueror, as we have more than once had the honor to point out to him, is the only conqueror who holds his authority to conquer for only four years. At the expiration of that term, as even President Low and Dr. Lyman Abbott must acknowledge, he has to step down and out, and lay all his doings before the base multitude, ex- plain them and justify them, and run the risk, if he does not satisfy it by open, ungagged discussion, of being dis- missed from office. This is dreadfully humiliating for a conqueror. It is enough to make his patriotic sword fly from its scabbard and hit the "traitors" over the head. But so it is. Every Ame- rican conqueror has to be elected every four years by the vote of people whose opinions are, both in fact and by law and constitution, formed and clari- fied by free discussion. This makes all censorships on American soil, all at- tempts to silence anything any man wishes to say, or to prevent any voter from seeing it and reading in security and at his leisure, treason of the worst kind, and any conqueror or President who orders it or sanctions it, worthy of impeachment. This is American law and polity, and has been so for one hundred and ten years. Even McKinley and his syndicate must govern themselves ac- cordingly. We cannot be easily argued into slavery. There is one other point to which we must call the attention of the great minds at Washington. The American con- queror is the only conqueror who has to let the army vote on his own conduct. In Russia or Germany or British India, the proposal to allow the soldiers to pass at the polls upon the object or causes or manner of conducting the campaign would excite shouts of laughter; but to this humiliation the great McKinley has to submit next year. The army in the Philippines and in Cuba and in Porto Rico will have the right to say what it thinks of him, not only as President of the United States, but as a slaughterer of foreigners who have never injured him and owe him no allegiance. In making up their minds about him, the soldiers are entitled to see not only what Dr. Lyman Abbott and President Seth Low say about him, but what Edward Atkin- son, William James, Senator Hoar, J. Laurence Laughlin, and Edwin Bur- nt Smith say about him. What they say is not complimentary; it is humiliat- ing for a first-class conqueror to have to listen to it, but it is the law, revered Mc- Kinley. If you do not like this sort of thing, you should not have taken the place. You knew its conditions, and you knew how the American Government was framed. You knew it was not adapt- ed to the conquering business, and you should, therefore, never have gone into the conquering business. You should have led a quiet, sober, and peaceable life, suited to your capacity and to the laws of your country. But you are now engaged not only in slaughtering men for not allowing you to rob them peace- fully, but in preventing your own elec- tors from seeing any accounts of your conduct or comments on it, except such as you yourself have concocted or edited; and yet you call yourself an American, and so do the members of your syndi- cate! THE TRUE POINT. The lingering among us of what we have called the "war drunkenness," or that temporary suspension of the reason- ing faculty and sense of legality which always and everywhere accompanies war, is producing an almost comic out- break of absurdity about the Atkinson pamphlets. The shouts of "treason" and "sedition" they have called forth, show how completely even a "war of humani- ty" drowns knowledge of our own his- tory and Constitution. Many of these crazy shouters are apparently not aware that treason in the United States is de- fined by the Constitution thus: "Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, by giving them aid or comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court." Now, why was this definition made? Because, as Story explains in his book on the Constitution, "Free govern- ments as well as despotic governments have been ready to convict, upon the most slender proof, some of their most distinguished and virtuous statesmen, as well as persons of inferior character. They have inflamed into the criminality of treason acts of just resistance to tyranny, and tortured a manly freedom of opinion into designs subversive of the government." Story here evidently had England in his eye, but though the at- tacks of the English Government on li- berty have been more heinous than any recorded of ours, they were none of them so comic as the utterances and acts of our thoughtful Postmaster-General or of our revered President. To commit treason under the law, At- kinson would have to render direct aid to the Filipinos, or openly adhere to their cause by "overt acts" proved, not by the thoughtful Postmaster-General, but by two witnesses. An overt act, these people must remember, is an act that can be seen and described, not an act which can only be inferred by the revered McKinley or the thoughtful Smith from language about them which they do not like. It cannot be extracted from a "manly freedom of opinion." There is no such thing in America as "constructive treason," or any longer in England, so that all that has been said about Atkinson's "treason" is pure "bla- therskite." The illustrious men composing our cabinet have apparently forgotten also that there is no such thing as "sedition" in America, any more than "treason." If, instead of inveighing against "this man Atkinson" for questioning their wisdom, they had devoted a little of their precious time to the study of Ame- rican history, they would have learn-

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May ii, 1899] The Nation. 347 ed that an act creating what was called "sedition" — that is, unpleasant criticism of the McKinleys and Smiths of that day — was passed by the Federalists in 1798, and there were numerous prosecutions under it. But it excited such popular indignation that when it expired by li- mitation in 1801, an attempt to extend it failed, after it had already ruined the Federal party beyond redemption. Free speech may, therefore, now well say to our present great men, as Cicero said to Mark Antony: "I have despised the swords of Catiline; I am not going to be afraid of yours." To face Adams and Hamilton and run from McKinley and Smith, would inflict indelible disgrace on any cause. Do these worthies know or do they not know that the volunteers in the Philip- pines are voters, and will next year pass on McKinley and his war at the polls, and that, therefore, to question their right to hear, to know, and to argue freely over his fitness for his place, is a crime for which in calmer times these worthies would be impeached? Do they know that in 1864, when the Republic was in danger of which it now knows nothing, the following resolution was passed by the Democratic National Con- vention at Chicago? "Resolved, That this convention does ex- plicitly declare, as the sense of the Ame- rican people, that after four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the pretence of a military necessity or war-power higher than the Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and public and private right alike trodden down, and the material prosperity of the country es- sentially impaired, justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that im- mediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate con- vention of the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that, at the earliest prac- ticable moment, peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal Union of the States." Do they know, or do they not, that this resolution was voted on by the sol- diers in the field, without let or hin- drance, under Lincoln, and that the cop- perhead newspapers circulated freely in the camps? If they do not know, ought they not, in common decency, to get back to their villages and acknowledge that the job is too much for them? Gov. Thomas of Colorado, in announc- ing his intention to exhaust all his re- sources in forcing the Administration to send home the troops of the State who are perishing by inches in McKinley's war, is doing exactly what the Repub- licans did in 1799. When dealing with a man or a party that is, in your opi- nion, overthrowing the Constitution and destroying the public liberties under pre- tence of being superhumanly wise and virtuous, you must use such means as public opinion warrants. We ought not tamely to submit to the conversion of the Republic into an Empire by simple slaughter and plunder. Reason and law and justice are the only weapons we should ever suffer to make American re- volutions. SAVAGERY AS A GIVILIZER. Since the Georgia lynching, one of the most shocking and discouraging specta- cles of modern times, there has been ap- parently a slight recrudescence of South- ern interest in the "negro problem." One of the best evidences of this that we have seen is a paper by the Rev. Robert Campbell, the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Asheville, N. C. We say this, not because we agree with him as to all his remedies, but because he shows real and rational concern about the evil. What we need to-day in Ame- rica is not so much skill in concocting cures as concern about evils. Indif- ference about either public or private morals is the curse of our day and na- tion. We too readily flatter ourselves that as long as our young men are ready to shoulder a musket for $13 a month, and attack somebody at the order of a politician, their neglect of all the dis- eases of the state is of minor conse- quence. We have been told by an ora- tor who was of our way of thinking, that, having to address an audience of Ohio farmers in 1884 on the charges against Blaine, he told them in opening that he was not nearly as desirous of having them believe these charges, as having them care whether they were true or false. It is not given to us always to know what is right, but caring whether a thing is right or wrong is every man's duty. The fact that a large body of profess- ing Christians assembled in Georgia on a Sunday and ran excursion-trains to carry sight-seers of all ages to see an ignorant savage not only burnt at the stake, but hacked to pieces with Chris- tian jackknives, put to death by slow torture, and his carcass divided into re- lics to be carried to Christian homes, was one of the most awful incidents of modern times, because it seemed to be the deliberate repudiation by a large community of both its religion and its civilization. It was worse than any oc- currence of the Middle Ages. The me- disevals, though having much less en- lightenment and education, punished crime on the same principle as the Geor- gia mob, but with comparative decency, in secret dungeons. The Spaniards burnt thousands of persons because of their beliefs, but they thought that burning them publicly was rendering God's ser- vice. Our lynchings, which Dr. Camp- bell says have amounted to nearly 2,500 during the last fifty years, have been the result, not of any theory of crime or punishment, but of a simple desire for vengeance, such as the African or Indian savage feels when he goes on the war- path. The main horror of it all is, that these attacks have gone on increasing in numbers and atrocity for forty years, and that the last was the worst. But the worst feature of the case is that, after thirty years of lynching and of the "negro problem," nothing has been done or planned to solve the prob- lem by the nation whose special work it is. We have deliberately, clergy, teach- ers, philosophers, editors, and all, en- gaged voluntarily in a war, ostensibly for the benefit of a race at the other end of the earth, of whose existence we were not cognizant until last year, and who have no claim on us in law or morals. Could there be a more ostenta- tious admission that we had no problem at home worthy of our care or attention? If a woman went to a ball when her child was dangerously ill, would it not be re- garded as an open confession that she did not care for it?' Considering, in fact, the condition of a large part of our own population, both white and black, is not this war almost a denial of God? Looking at what Dr. Campbell offers by way of remedy or solution, we see that he relies mainly on the Presbyte- rian Church. "The Presbyterian Church can do more for the negro than any other," "The Presbyterian Church be- lieves that it is peculiarly fitted to give the negro what he needs," and so on. Now we say, with all due respect, that it is the eternal iteration of this sort of talk which prevents any attempt at a real national solution of the negro prob- lem. It must be solved, if it can be solved, by the united heartfelt effort of the whole community, such an effort as carried the war of the Revolution or the Civil War to a successful issue. Con- gressmen, and politicians generally, are only too ready to leave it to the Presby- terian Church, or any other church which cares to bother with it, or read papers about it, or relieve them of it. The churches have had it before them for nearly half a century, and how much progress have they made with it? How much have they helped the negro, or how far have they gone in convincing the whites that something needs to be done about him? Were not many of the Georgia mob professing Christians? And, last of all, how long is it since the Chinch ceased to make any effort to con- trol or purify public opinion? Were not the clergy among the promoters of the present war? Is there any monstrosity which enlists the sympathies of large numbers which does not find many of the ministers tumbling over each other in trying to make it appear that it is just or true? Why has it already come to be considered good American doctrine that even American preachers of righteous- ness must not say anything to annoy "the people" when they are bent on any piece of folly or wickedness? Dr. Camp- bell may rest assured that if he has no better cure to offer, negro crimes will be punished fifty years hence as they are to-day. THE BEEF VERDICT. The two leading conclusions of the court of inquiry as to the quality of the

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S4=S The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 beef supplied to our troops during the war with Spain, are in accordance with the evidence and will be accepted as fairly just by the country. The court finds that so far as the canned roast beef was concerned, the charges which Gen. Miles made against it as an unsuitable ration are sustained, but that as regards the use of chemicals in the treatment of refrigerated beef his charges were not established. If instead of saying "not established," the court had said "not fully sustained," its verdict would have been above criticism on these two points. There was evidence of the use of chemicals, but it was not conclusive and was flatly contradicted. There is no doubt whatever that the use of the refrigerated beef was a blunder, but there was very little evidence to sustain a more serious charge than that against it. But while the court has found justly on these points, it is difficult to read its report without feeling that its members did so reluctantly, and that, if left to follow their inclinations, they would have censured Gen. Miles and allowed everybody else concerned to go free. Gen. Miles is the one person involved whom they allow no extenuating circum- stance to benefit in their report. At every opportunity they take the worst possible view of his conduct, while al- most invariably taking the most lenient view possible of nearly everybody else. One feels as he reads the report that, in the minds of its members, the offence of Gen. Miles in calling public attention to the bad beef and in collecting evi- dence which established its badness, was far greater than that of Eagan in sup- plying it to the army. They censure him for not making formal complaints at an earlier date to the War Department about the quality of the beef, and say he made none till after hostilities had ceas- ed. Did not many witnesses, officers and men, testify that they made no formal complaints because they knew it would do no good if they did? And was not the main question at issue before the court, "Was bad beef supplied to the army by the Commissary Department?" If it was, is not the question of formal complaint by any officer a minor one? Yet in this report it occupies very nearly the first place. So far as the findings of the court apply to Eagan's conduct, they are con- demnatory in general terms, but they do not seek to go behind him for the rea- sons of his conduct. They say that though canned roast beef was very little s a ration previous to the war, Eagan bought 7,000,000 pounds within a very brief period, taking it wherever Id find it, even in England, and thus pass judgment upon him: made ot this beel In the regular ai a iiny that the yolunteei 1 f the d'by the Presldeol of War, the court can but characterize the action of the Com- missary-General of Subsistence as unwar- ranted and reckless, in that he ordered the purchase of such enormous quantities of a food that was practically untried and un- known, and the court so finds. The court also finds that there is no ground for any imputation whatever of any other actuating motive on the part of the Commissary- Gene- ral than the earnest desire to procure the best possible food for the troops. The court pronounces this act of the Commissary-Gene- ral of Subsistence a colossal error, for which there is no palliation." That passage is a perfect sample of the tone of the report. The President and Secretary of War are exonerated care- fully from all knowledge of the "colossal error," and Eagan himself, while charg- ed with a "colossal error," for which "there is no palliation," is exonerated with the statement that he had no other motive than to procure the best possible food for the troops. No attention what- ever is paid to the evidence of several reputable witnesses that Eagan had told them that he had to buy of certain con- tractors; none is paid, either, to the evi- dence of Eagan's subordinates that he himself so altered the refrigerated beef contracts that no one could say whether they called for preservation for seventy- two hours or twenty-four. Leniency of this kind is never shown toward Gen. Miles. Why did not the court seek to ascertain what the compulsion upon Eagan was that made him commit this colossal error which was without pallia- tion? Why did they not go more tho- roughly into the contracts and see what there was in them which might be of in- terest? Then, too, why do the members of the same court who take so stern and unre- lenting a view of everything Gen. Miles did, go out of their way to give a certi- ficate of character to all the packers who supplied the beef? They cannot do this without ignoring the great bulk of the testimony that the officers and men who tried to eat the beef gave before them. These witnesses declared that even when not spoiled the beef was uneatable be- cause of its quality, being merely fat and tendons — fag ends of good beef. The members of the court admit that a great deal of it was bought by Eagan without inspection, and say that they have no knowledge of any provision in the army regulations or any requirement for such inspection. That lets out everybody who is in any way responsible for sending the foul and uneatable stuff to the soldiers, but leaves Gen. Miles still censurable 'for calling attention to the fact that it was sent. The most thoroughly McKinleyish and Algerian, portion of the report is its con- clusion: •"It has been developed in the course of the inquiry, as recited in this report, that in sonic instances certain individuals failed to i the full measure of duty or to ob- dich dignify high mili- tary command, but the court is of the opin- ion that the mere statement in the official 1 ■• ] meets the ends of discipline, and that the interests of the ; I ubserved if further proceedings be not taken." That is to say: Let the matter drop now. Let Alger remain in the War De- partment, and let Eagan enjoy his six years' vacation on full pay. If anybody presumes to say anything more about it, denounce him as no better than a traitor and advise him to leave the country. CUSTOM-HOUSE TYRANNY. Mr. W. F. Wakeman is at the same time the Appraiser of the Port and the Secretary of the Protective Tariff League, a private organization whose sole cause of being is to get high rates of duty on imports enacted by Congress, and then higher rates than Congress has enacted imposed upon the goods so im- ported. .The object in both cases is to enable domestic producers of similar goods to gouge the public by charging higher prices than they could otherwise get, making the machinery of govern- ment a species of enginery for private gain. The duty on embroideries of li- nen, cotton, or other vegetable fibres is 60 per cent, ad valorem, a rate suffi- ciently monstrous, one would think, to satisfy the cravings of the Protective Ta- riff League. But it seems not to satisfy them, since their Secretary, in his ca- pacity of Appraiser of Merchandise for the Government, is trying in various ways to make the duties prohibitory — partly by raising the valuations of the imported goods, and partly by holding back the invoices and causing delay to the importers. Delay means loss of in- terest on the capital invested, and per- haps loss of the market besides. Our tariff laws and tariff administration are not merely relics of barbarism in this respect; they are a steadily advancing growth of barbarism, injustice, and tyranny, organized and systematized for the purpose of private greed. Wake- man is only one of the instruments of this scheme of rapacity, but the most brazen one. He holds a public position which requires him to act with impar- tiality in the administration of the tariff law, but he holds another position at the same time which prompts him to exercise his public functions in the in- terest of his private employers. It is a public scandal that he should hold the office of Appraiser at all, and he has made the scandal all the more glaring by his method of exercising his office. Specific instances of oppression were published a few days ago, coming from Mr. W. Wickham Smith, the counsel of the importers who have been "held up" at the custom-house by Appraiser Wake- man, and subjected to loss by his arbi- trary proceedings. It is charged that al- though the law requires that the ad- valorem duty on imported goods shall be assessed on the market value of the goods in the country of their production, and that the duties shall be uniform on all goods of the particular class, Wakeman insisted that he had the right

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May ii, 1899] The Nation 349 to inquire into the value of the goods here, and to appraise the goods accord- ingly. At first the requests were com- plied with, but afterwards the import- ers decided to stand upon their rights, and refused to give this information. Thereupon Wakeman delayed action on the invoices for periods ranging from one month to a whole year. He also ad- vanced the invoices of some houses, while others, embracing the same kind of goods, were not advanced at all. "Moreover," says Mr. Wickham Smith, "when he began advancing goods ac- cording to the American selling prices, he would advance the same goods 10 two or three different values, because he found two or three different selling prices in America." The advances, or additions, made by the Appraiser to the invoice values of Swiss embroideries ranged from 10 to 200 per cent. It is charged also that the Appraiser had claimed that he could not appraise the importations of a certain importer unless the latter would furnish him with Ame- rican selling prices, while he was ap- praising other importers' goods of the same character without any such infor- mation, and that he continued to as- sume this attitude for a period of seve- ral months, until, the importer having flatly refused to furnish the selling prices, he returned the invoices. These charges were referred to a com- mission of special agents of the Trea- sury for examination, who reported eventually that the invoices of embroi- deries should be advanced about 10 per cent, average under that clause of the law which provides that the custom- house valuation may be made upon either the invoice value or the foreign market value. It may happen at a par- ticular time that the market value abroad is higher than the cost of produc-. tion at which the invoice is made out in cases where the goods are consigned to this market for sale, or where they are manufactured by American houses having factories abroad. To cover such cases the American Consul at St. Gall had recommended that an advance of 15 per cent, be made on all invoices of staple embroideries, and the importers had themselves agreed to an advance of 5 to 8 per cent. The commission of spe- cial agents decided, in the cases brought before them, that an average of 10 per cent, would cover this discrepancy be- tween invoice value and foreign market value. Wakeman had advanced the in- voices from 10 to 200 per cent., and when the commission made an advance of 1 6-10 per cent, average, he claimed that he had won a victory, and had saved the Government a large sum of money. A difference of 1 6-10 per cent, between the views of importers and those of the Government, as represented by the tribu- nal before whom this question finally came, is trivial, and it is not to be as- sumed that the Government was abso- lutely right. At all events, the margin of difference was within the limits of al- lowable error; and error on one side or the other must always be expected where duties are ad valorem. Where they are specific— that is, where they are so much per pound or per yard — there is no room for error, but where foreign value and foreign cost of production constitute the basis of the assessment, some error is al- most certain to creep in, and it is quite as likely to be on the side of the Govern- ment as against it. Now these importers are American citizens. Their occupation supplies the Government to a large ex- tent with the means of existence. If there were no imports, there would be no customs revenue. The public receipts would fall off nearly one-half. Yet the men whose trade supplies the Govern- ment more than $200,000,000 per year are hounded and hampered and slander- ed systematically, as in the case under review, which is only one out of many. A republican government treats its own citizens — men who furnish it with the means of existence from day to day — as public enemies. It has done so more or less for a quarter of a century past. Wakeman has been only one of a num- ber of agents of this kind of' persecution — the most brazen, however, seeing that he is an oflicer of the Protective Tariff League. How long such a scandal can continue we do not know, but we feei sure that it is a part of a formidable indictment that the Republican party will have to face next year. PROF. BRIGGS AND OTHERS. One of our "oldest readers," devoted man! asks us to say what we think about Prof. Briggs's views of the Bible and their bearing on the threatened con- troversy over his admission to priest's orders in the Episcopal Church. We might refuse to answer at all, in obedi- ence to the apostolic injunction to "avoid foolish questions." For that, in a word, is what we do think of the whole affair. It is to us an instance not so much of the odium theologicum as of that far com- moner thing, slultitia theologica. The folly of it is what strikes us most, and it may be that the best answer to our cor- respondent would be simply to send him the couplet: But if he will have us, after the man- ner described by the Psalmist, give him his request but send leanness into his souj, we say in the first place that it is a great mistake to speak of Prof. Briggs's teachings about the Bible as if they were anything peculiar or at all personal to himself. He is simply a Biblical scholar. Being the real thing, and not a bat blinking in a cavern, he naturally associates himself with the la- bors of other masters of Biblical learn- ing, living and dead. Biblical studies are now as well and definitely organized as studies in the department of Greek his- tory or Roman law. In the one field, as in the others, there is a recognized body of authorities, with whom you agree, not because they are dignitaries of the church (some of them are) or professors in universities, but because their meth- ods are sound and scientific and their results the best that are to be had. We never ask whether a man is "orthodox" in his views of the political constitution of Athens, or of the origin of the patria potestas; we only ask if he is abreast of the latest researches touching those sub- jects. Precisely that is the test which we should apply to the Biblical scholar, qua Biblical scholar. Is he in general agree- ment with the masters of them that know in his specialty? If he is not, he may be as orthodox as you please, but he is either belated or eccentric to the point of making his opinions of no weight. How this new wine of Biblical learning can be contained in the old skins of a seventeenth-century creed, elaborated and rigid, we frankly confess that we do not know. But it is not for us to decide. What we do know is that honorable and godly men are in all the churches who receive and defend the new natural his- tory of the Bible, as we may call it. That is their affair. But, as Dr. Hunt- ington wrote in his rebuke of the oppo- nents of Prof. Briggs, the fact that such Biblical scholars — Canon Driver and Prof. Cheyne, in some respects more radical in their views than Prof. Briggs — are already in the church, and that they are not only tolerated, but honored, marks the monstrous absurdity of try- ing to keep out a like-minded man. Moreover, whatever the legal tests of the Episcopal Church may be — and we be- lieve there is good authority for saying that its priests are obliged only to de- clare their belief that the books of the Bible are "canonical" — it is certain that, in practice, the largest liberty has been allowed. In fact, Episcopalians have long boasted of their freedom in these questions. They have quite a literature of tracts and pamphlets intended for dis- tribution among clergymen of other de- nominations, all arguing the superior "roominess" and tolerance of the Epis- copal Church in these very matters. Nor is there a particle of doubt that some of its most influential clergy have been drawn to it from other communions precisely because it did not lay theologi- cal burdens on the back as other church- es do, or are thought to do. We have heard ex-Presbyterian and ex-Methodist and ex-Baptist clergymen dilate upon their new-found theological liberty as Episcopalians. The facts being so, why all this pother about Prof. Briggs? Again our answer is, theological folly. Sudden zeal for purity of doctrine is one of its most

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350 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 acute forms. The psychology of it has not been written, but it is closely allied to the psychology of the crowd. A mania for being more orthodox than the Pope gets going in a denomination, and soon all the clergy take to looking severe and pining for a heretic to burn. The very men whom you have heard, in some relaxed and unguarded moment, confess and even boast of their own theological irregularity and indepen- dence, will unblushingly lead the pack when one of these cries is started. We venture to say that not one of the clergy- men who have come out in protest against Prof. Briggs could stand a literal cross-examination on all the Articles. The simple truth is that, except for pur- poses of heresy hunting, the great theo- logical creeds are never revived as a living whole. They are not now vital in the consciousness of those who are supposed to be bound by them. Any longer to apply their minute and wire- drawn tests to a clergyman is always an anachronism, and sometimes a cru- elty. It is not a question of laxity. It is a question of letting scholars live within the church. Let the burden of subscrip- tion be thrown on them. If they can conscientiously find a way of subscrib- ing to the creeds, either by taking them in "the historic sense," or by aid of some "declaration," in Heaven's name let them do it. They do not need to be told of the moral perils of their situation; they know them better than any other can. If they see their way to surmount these, and to do good work for Christian scho- larship and to proclaim pure religion by lip and life, who will put obstacles in their path? All this questioning of mo- tive and exacerbation of controversies about words remind us of Lessing's cry. "Lass mich, giitiger Gott," he wrote in his controversy with a raging orthodox divine — "let me never be so orthodox if it means being so presumptuous!" MICROMANIACS AND MEGALOMANIACS. Florence, April 20, 1899. A lecture by Francesco Crispi on Sicily and her Revolutions drew the largest audience of the year to the Luca Giordano hall in the Palace of the Prefecture yesterday, and the cordial welcome accorded to the old states- man by the elite of the Tuscan capital must have been a balsam to his heart wrung by many sorrows, to his spirit wounded by many real or Imaginary wrongs. That the last four years have aged him as twenty previous ones had failed to do, is undeniable. In 1895 you would have said that he looked young for a man of seventy, so alert was his bearing, so powerful his voice, so luminous the flashes of his dark, magnificent eyes. But now the bowed form, the tremulous, hesitating voice, the dull sadness of the eyes, bring home to you the fact that he will be eighty next October, that he is the last left of the old guard who, for better, for worse, have made Italy one. The first part of the lecture, devoted to the ancient history of Sicily, was dull for all but I natives and lovers of the neglected isle. Its purport was to show how "this Sicily of ours, broken off by a violent convulsion of nature from the European Continent, and distant a few paces from Africa," was adapted, by its singular conformation, its sea-girt position and) past history, to a "superb autonomy." He showed how the islanders defended that au- tonomy for seven centuries, safeguarding their independence even when their rulers were afar, nor ever, in the haughtiest days of papal Rome, yielding to the Pope's su- premacy when it threatened their royal house. Sicily, he said, and quite truly, was monarchical always, monarchical to the mar- row of its bones; our very priests, friars, and monks were royalists, and not Pope's men; they fought with us for our liberty and independence, and loyal they remained until 1871— "let future statesmen note that date." Only a Bourbon could have worn out Sicilian patience. Twice the speaker dwelt bitterly on the suppression of the newspapers, the arrest of publishers and printers; and after a graphic description of 1848-9, "during which years the islanders clung to their autonomy," narrating the atro- cities committed by the Bourbon authorities, police, and soldiery, he said significantly, "But shootings, and hangings, and arbi- trary arrests, imprisonment, and torture could not stifle, nay, as is always the case, they fanned, the (lame of revolutionary propaganda." "So, to the surprise of the world and especially of her torturers, Sicily, who would not bow to a King that reigned over Naples, who in '49 had stipulated that her King should be King of Sicily alone, now talked of nothing but 'Italian life,' of fusion with the whole of Italy." The history of the final struggle was well and briefly told; never oticc did the speaker claim for himself the merit of having been one of the chief actors in the daily, hourly struggle; the once so prominent Ego seemed to have vanished from his memory, though not from that of his audience, who remem- bered that as conspirator, rebel, revolution- ary chief, leader of the Opposition, and three times pilot in stormy waters, the narrator had valiantly, if not always wisely, borne his part. Had he closed his speech with the downfall of the temporal power and the proclamation of Rome as capital of a United Italy, be would have carried his immense audience (which the large hall could not contain, and which had in part to be accom- modated on the landing and the stairs lead- ing to it) with him thoroughly, to the last; but then he would not have been Francesco Crispi, the believer in Dante's supreme Em- pire, in Gioberti's Primato, and, in a very different sense, in Mazzini's theory of Italy's world-wide mission. That Crispi revealed himself in the peroration, when the old heat returned, the bent frame rose up erect, some of the old fire flashed from his eyes, and his hand crashed on the table as he said: "Alas, the Unity of Italy is undermined by the micromaniacs who aim at shutting Italy in her shell, at isolating her from the great nations, forbidding her to share the active initiatives on whose development her glorious destinies depend— menaced also by anarchists and clericals, subversive both both renegade to the fatherland. Unity is use- less if it fail to assure our force and gran- deur. At times I ask myself with a shudder of despair whether it was worth while to have moulded seven states into one, if we decline to place this nation, created so la- boriously, in the lofty place which morally and materially belongs to her. My calumnia- tors, truly a numerous stalwart phalanx, call me megalomaniac, and their accusations reach my heart as sweetest praise. Only those who have wrought nothing for their country during the last sixty years of na- tional life, who have suffered nothing for her, nothing sacrificed, can thus fling away the noble, holy ambitions which form the common patrimony of every Italian born. Watch, therefore; let all sincere patriots unite and toil to avert the dangers that threaten the unity of our country; let them warn the plebs against wily seductions and vile flatteries; let them set Italy on the path that leads to greatness, without which she has no raison d'etre, without which she will cease to be." As he sank exhausted in his chair, the au- dience gave him one warm, genuine round of applause. Many waited for him in the court, feeling possibly that this might be their last adieu to the man who, in deadly peril, had twice traversed Sicily to give the last touch to the organized revolution that was to se- cure a triumphal entry In the "city of the initiatives" for the Duce of the Thousand; to one of that Thousand who had held the island as the basis of operations for the passage to the Continent; to the republican who had sacrificed his preference because "monarchy could unite, a republic would divide, Italy"; to the statesman who, during his first mi- nistry, had grasped the helm with firm and skilful hand, secured the peaceful election of the successor of Pio Nono, removed all diffi- culties from the path of Humbert the First (that number insisted on to show that Italy was not annexed to Piedmont, but that Pied- mont was absorbed in United Italy). That genuine, heartfelt farewell was given also to the Crispi of the second ministry (1888-1891), who did carry out most of the reforms which were promised in the programme of the party of action in opposition, and who, but for a coalition of malignants, would have carried out all those beneficent measures which must yet be enacted before the moral unification of Italy can be completed. But in that cour- teous, cultured throng I doubt whether one- fifth felt sympathy with the megalomaniac ideals paraded before their eyes. That mi- rage faded at Abba Carima; since then the nation has sat down to count its dead, to be- moan the 400 millions squandered in Afri- ca, which signify unsupportable taxation, its next to impossible reduction, squalor, dis- content, rebellion at home, the emigration of the sturdiest, ablest, and most needed ci- tizens from a country that denies them work or bread. This last year of the century — tranquil so far if we except the incessant, unanimous agitation for amnesty, the triumphant elec- tions of Turati, De Andreis, and other politi- cal prisoners, in colleges where no competi- tors dare present themselves — shows a quite other Italy from that of 1895, when home po- litics were non-existent, when, if we except the republicans and socialists, the entire na- tion lived in expectancy of news from Africa, not a few anticipating the hour when King Humbert should be, by a second Beaconsfield, created "Emperor of Abyssinia." Now a change indeed has come over the spirit of their dream; the public, the press, with rare exceptions, ask impatiently, "Why are we still spending twelve millions and probably more annually, for the barren title of a de- sert colony?" It is clear, says a clever writer in the Nuova Antologia, that since, for the last ten years, England, France, and Italy have vied with each other in furnishing a Menelek with arms and ammunition, we shall become his target; really, we ought to combine and rescind the permits granted for

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May ii, 1899] The Nation 351 the transit of arms through our respective territories, and even then Russia will come to the rescue; so we had better leave Africa to the Africans and come out from among them. We took the chestnuts out of the fire for England at Kassala: why burn our fingers further? Naturally, the King and the Court are not of this opinion, and a few Jingoes clamor for vendetta; but the one hold which the present ministry has on the country, de- spite the military tribunals and their vic- tims who fill the prisons still, and still popu- late the "enforced domiciles" by thousands, is the conviction that no new taxes will be imposed, that not a single unnecessary item of expenditure will be admitted to the bud- get, and that if a cent can be squeezed out of the treasury, it will be applied to the re- duction of the tax on grain and of the abo- minable octroi, the tax on the necessaries of life at the gates of towns and cities. We wonder what may have been the thoughts of Sydney Sonnino as he listened attentively to his old chief's harangue; of Sonnino, who, nolens volens, furnished the funds for the African folly, and who now, in. his gloomy "Financial Notes," affirms, and I fear proves, that the budget of the present financial minister is that of an optimist. He foresees a deficit of seven millions in the present, and twenty millions in 1899-1900; this without calculating the burdens which the proposed agrarian and commercial credit loans, the redemption of morasses and hither- to uncultivated lands, subventions to rail- roads, etc., will entail on the future. No- thing finds favor in his sight. The pensions to veterans, the succor of poor families whose able-bodied sons are carried off by conscrip- tion, the increase of the wretched salaries of schoolmasters and professors in the technical schools, the equalization of the land-tax, which will reduce its proceeds by ten millions; the protection of home-produced sugar from beetroot, costing another ten by diminishing the custom-house duties on imported sugar- are all "errors"; the proposed abolition of some taxes on food, of some reduction of the tax on minimum incomes, are more than er- rors, "follies." He dwells on the necessary increase in the army and naval budgets, for the transformation of the antiquated artil- lery, for new naval constructions, and asks where is the money to come from, and clas- sifies loans to provinces, aids to industry, old-age pensions, etc., as "so many holes dug to hide debts." This excess of pessimism is not shared by the majority, who affirm that the income tax, even if all the minimum incomes be ex- empted, would produce double if properly assessed, as at present it is not; profession- al men not paying in just proportion, while holders of rente can transmit it free to their heirs, who pay no succession tax at all. Giolitti and his followers in the House promise their support to the Government on condition of a progressive income tax. Se no, no! The budget was presented in No- vember, and it is not yet known whether that or the political measures for the restric- tion of the rights of the press, of association and public meetings will take precedence in the chambers, which reopen next week, Easter holidays having been prolonged, as several ministers and a large number of Deputies have accompanied their Majesties In their very popular tour through the ne- glected loyal patriotic island of Sardinia. The bright spot on the horizon is the renew- al of the commercial treaty with France, which, expiring in 1893, had been de- nounced by Robilant, who knew that France would have done so with the intention of of- fering its renewal in exchange for the breaking off of the Triple Alliance, to which he was a devoted adherent. And in fact France did offer to Crispi a highly advanta- geous treaty and many commercial facili- ties if he would abandon all understanding with England anent Egypt and Morocco, and at least slow down the Triple Alliance. Crispi refused point blank; he never forgot or forgave the capture of Tunis, or the con- duct of Republican France towards the Vati- can. The rupture at once reduced the com- merce between the two countries from 300 millions to less than half that sum, and the market for Sicilian grapes, wines, lemons, oil, etc., was suddenly closed. Now, after six years of patient negotiations, the French see that by cutting off Italy's nose they have spited their own face, and offer the "favored-nation tariff" for wine, etc. This is beneficial for the agriculturists, as the ex- ports to Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland do not amount to the former exports to France. Poor Spain will be the loser, as she has served as a stopgap during the interven- ing years. The manufacturers grumble, but unreasonably, for they have never attained to the perfection of French production of articles of elegance and luxury, which have been obtained from England and Germany during the rupture, so the renewed treaty is a boon whose full benefits will be felt in the years to come more than immediately. On the whole, therefore, the outlook is not un- hopeful, and before the megalomaniacs again get the upper band of the micromaniacs many waters will have reached the ocean. The question of the Bay of San Mun either is treated with indifference, or is deprecated. Competent writers demonstrate its useless- ness from a commercial, political, and mi- litary point of view; the radicals ask, haven't you had enough of Abyssinia? "Not a man, nor a cent for foreign colonies, but as much as you can spare for the redemp- tion of our bays and waste land," say the home reformers, and I see that all the papers report the advice said to have been given by the Duke of Connaught, who is very popu- lar in Florence (full of foreigners to its heart's content this year). Said Duke is of opinion that only many years hence, and af- ter the expenditure of many millions, can the bay be rendered of utility to foreigners, and that the Italians, if they take possession, would soon be assailed by the Chinese, and that thus discomfiture would redound to their discredit. Not a remarkable prophecy assuredly, nor can one see why the Minis- ter for Foreign Affairs should so insist on the question. If Italy is to colonize, say the more moderate politicians, let her by all means assist her large Italian population in South America, protect their interests and rights, secure a real asylum for her surplus population, a solid market for her produce. A tame matter-of-fact state of mind, in- deed; but such is the mental condition of Italy to-day, and, after all, is she not at last doing Garibaldi's behest, and trying to "cut her coat according to her cloth"? J. W. M. GERMANY AND THE ARMENIANS. West Bournemouth, England, April 16, 1899. The last item in "The Week" of the Nation for April 6, on the German Emperor and his influence on Turkish affairs, leads me (as I happen to have been in a position to know the true inwardness of the Armenian ques- tion as well as the present condition of things in the Balkans, which is the subject of comment in that article) to think that a plain statement of the facts may not be un- worthy putting on record in your pages. When Lord Salisbury determined, in ac- cordance with the public opinion of Eng- land, to put an end to the malfeasance of the Sultan, he called on Austria-Hungary and Italy, under the terms of a convention es- tablished in 1887, shortly after Crispi became Prime Minister of Italy, to join England in a demonstration before Constantinople, with the alternative of deposing the Sultan or compelling effectual and immediate reform in the government of the Asiatic provinces. Crispi inquired at Berlin, the Emperor be- ing at the head of the Triple Alliance, if Italy should take up the role to which she was called, and the reply of the Emperor was, "Yes, and on my imperial word of ho- nor, I will support you to the last man." Crispi replied with alacrity by sending the fleet to Smyrna, and mobilizing a corps d'armee for operations in Asia Minor. Aus- tria-Hungary, reluctant but compelled, made her preparations to support England and Italy, unwilling to run the risk of war for the sake of the Armenians, and a little irri- tated that Salisbury should have taken the initiative in a matter which concerned Aus- tria-Hungary much more closely than Eng- land, as being at her doors and remote from those of England. Nevertheless, the accord was made, and if action had been taken in- stantly, there would have been no difficulty or danger of war, for the Dardanelles were not in a condition to resist the immediate entry of the fleets, not a gun being in posi- tion to fire. At this moment the United States Government brought forward the Ve- nezuela question, and the Jingoes in the States put on their light gloves for a fight. The position of Lord Salisbury was one of the greatest difficulty. To suppose that the English Government feared a war with the United States from purely military reasons is not to know the country and its resources, or our own as the Spanish-American war developed them; but a war between England and America could be carried on only by devastating our coasts, destroying our com- merce, and preventing our farmers from exporting their grain, at the same time strengthening the defences of Canada. The bombardment and destruction of our coast cities and suppression of our trade were, in fact, the only measures which the military position permitted, and they would have been, therefore, imperative. But there is a large and influential element of the English people resolutely opposed to the aggravation of difficulties between their country and ours, not from fear of the results, but be- cause they consider the establishment of permanently amicable relations between the two countries necessary to the advance of civilization, and a war between them com- parable to murder in the family. Lord Salis- bury had these (who form an important part of his support) to consider; and though the Jingo element in England would probably have met the defiance in the manner the whole nation would meet a similar attitude on the part of any European Power, the horror of an internecine war and the revivification of the antipathies of the generations gone

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352 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 by was heavier than the indignation at the childish and inconsistent provocations of the United States. The possibility, therefore, of a war with us, made probable by the fact that England might be in a moment engaged with one or more of the European Powers, com- pelled Lord Salisbury to settle our question before entering into any other. It was not the "baseness and heathenism" of the Em- peror of Germany, but those of the Presi- dent of the United States, which "dried up the fountain of European pity for the Ar- menians," and compelled England to desist from one of the most humanitarian efforts her foreign policy has ever proposed. I can- not, without a protest, permit this attempt to deprive our Jingoes of their greatest lau- rel to pass unnoticed. Before Lord Salisbury had got the Vene- zuela difficulty arranged, the Dardanelles were in a state to offer effective resistance to the united fleets and make probable a loss in men and ships which would have teen worse than the sufferings of the Arme- nians; and it must be remembered that the movement for the relief of Armenia was purely humanitarian, and would have given England no exclusive advantage or any profit to justify any loss of life or property. It was a project which did the highest honor to the hearts of Lord Salisbury and the English prople, and the grief in England at its abortion was great. But the position in which this failure placed the German Emperor was very diffi- cult. His guarantee of immunity to the new Triple Alliance in their action at Constanti- nople put him practically in an attitude of hostility to Russia, which Power has the highest interest in neutralizing British in- fluence at Constantinople. It was, in fact, forbidding Russia to support the Sultan by war, and paralyzed the Franco-Russian alli- ance for near Eastern matters, while allow- ing England to employ the entire military force of the Triple Alliance to carry out her plan. To reestablish himself in the confi- dence of the Czar was no easy matter for the Kaiser, and it was necessary to remain prac- tically neutral in the questions arising in the Balkan provinces and in Greece, and allow Russia to arrange them to her satisfaction as long as the vital interests of Austria- Hungary in Turkey were not assailed, these being guaranteed by the terms of the Triple Alliance. The result was that a convention was made between Russia and Austria-Hun- gary, binding both Powers to abstain from assisting either of the provinces or countries in the Balkans, including Greece, in case they attempted to provoke a war of emancipation with Turkey, and to maintain, while the con- vention is in force, the present status. The policy of Austria-Hungary is to prevent the breaking out of any war between Turkey and the Balkan States, but to encourage their de- velopment by degrees to effective political independence, not only of. Russia, but of Austria, forming in this way a buffer chain of little states between the two great em- pires, and preventing for the future the ac- quisition by either of them of any more ter- ritory in the Balkans, including Constantino- ple. The Bulgarians are now assured, as the Greeks were when their agitation began, that they will not be supported in any ag- gression or assisted in any war for which they make themselves responsible, and no doubt Russia will adhere to this conven- tion till she is ready to move on Constanti- nople; the hope of Austria-Hungary being that, before that moment arrives, the states which are now forming will understand their true policy, and be ready to defend the in- terests they have in common with the dual Empire against any aggression. The defection of England from the under- standing with Italy and Austria, supported as it was by Germany — i. e., from the Triple Alliance — naturally provoked great irritation in the mind of the Emperor, who, one will readily conceive, held her to account for the scarcely veiled defeat which Germany suf- fered, and for the more positive failure to establish a concert of action between Eng- land and the Triple Alliance which would have paralyzed the Dual Alliance and made a war in Europe impossible. England would have been the President of the Quadruple Alliance, and, Germany commanding the po- sition by land and England by sea, there would have been no resisting this pacific combination. When Greece broke out in 1897, she had been fully and officially in- formed that she could count on no European Power for any intervention in any case, but that she must take the consequences of her initiative; but the fatuity of Delyannis and the King in refusing to believe the assur- ances of diplomacy that they would be left to themselves to fight it out, and that the spread of the conflagration they counted on would be forcibly prevented, if necessary, forced the position and led to the disasters of the war. Germany was in neither the mood nor the situation to support the action or influence of England in the Greek ques- tion, owing to the retreat of Lord Salisbury, for which we must accept the responsibility, and not the "base and heathen" German Em- peror. Our foolish stone on the English track has had the effect of throwing the en- tire European .train off the line, with im- measurable loss to humanity. The same conditions obtain for the Balkan principalities that held for Greece. It is im- possible to permit a war to break out which will endanger the peace of Europe, for the parties are now so nearly equally divided that interference becomes most probable if fighting begins. It was possible to abstain in Greece, which is after a manner separat- ed from the other states, but in Bulgaria it may be impossible, and a war could not be assured to benefit humanity unless England and Germany, f. e., the Triple Alliance, co- operated, as they would have done but for us in the Armenian question. W. J. Stillman. AMERICANS AT THE UNIVERSITY OP PARIS. Paris, April 20, 1899. The Nation has already given information regarding the new Doctorate established last year by the University of Paris. Since that time, a further new provision has been made for recognizing the work done at the Uni- versity by foreign students. As the number of Americans pursuing literary and scientific studies in Paris is increasing, and as the attention paid to the study of modern lan- guages in America is equally on the increase, it may not be amiss to give anew some facts regarding the opportunities for advanced study offered by the University of Paris. The name "University of Paris" includes six of the institutions especially charged with higher education— namely, the five "Faculties" (Protestant Theology, Law, Me- dicine, Science, Letters), and the Ecole Su- perieure de Pharmacie. Closely akin are a number of other institutions of learning which are attached to the Ministry of Public Instruction: the College de France, the Mu- seum d'Histoire Naturelle, the Ecole des Hautes fitudes, the ficole des Beaux-Arts, the ficole des Chartes, the ficole du Louvre, the Ecole des Langues Orientales, the Ecole des Sciences Politiques, and certain others. All these, under various conditions, are open to foreigners, to whom degrees and certi- ficates of various sorts are granted under the same conditions as to natives. Each, as a rule, has its separate special library, and, if need be, laboratory. Without discussing the obvious necessity of a sojourn in France for the student or in- tending teacher of the French language, li- terature, or history, and without discussing the point, sometimes disputed, of the su- periority of Paris over other French cities as a place for acquiring a practical command of modern French, the subject will here be limited to the nature and amount of actual academic instruction offered in some of these various faculties and schools. The auditor is likely to find himself pursuing courses in several of them at the same time, inasmuch as the same subjects, or portions of them, are treated not only in that faculty of the University to which they are assignable, but also in one or more of the special schools. For instance, a student interested in the his- tory of the French language would find courses related to this subject in the Faculty of Letters, the College de France, the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, and the Ecole des Chartes. Of these, the first is the only place where he would pay a fee for the privilege of attending. Three of the four, in the pre- sent case, are in different parts of the same great building, the famous Sorbonne; the College de France is just across the street. The requirements of admission vary from school to school. The ficole des Beaux-Arts, which comprises the most noted school of architecture in the world, is a case apart. Admission is by a severe competitive ex- amination, and the number of foreign stu- dents is limited to a certain fraction of the whole. Each foreigner, moreover, must have obtained a certain rank in the competition; the foreign students are not allowed to form the lower end of the list. The College de France, which confines its activity to lec- tures, and grants no degrees, is at the other extreme, and opens its doors daily to whoso chooses to enter. The lectures are in many cases of the most advanced and technical nature, by no means always of the "popular" description. Here one may hear some of the most distinguished of French scholars treat- ing of the subjects in which they have made themselves famous; such men as MM. Ribot, Levasseur, Maspero, Deschanel, Gaston Paris, and others. Mo6t of the other schools mentioned are entered by the simple for- mality of filling out a blank application with one's name, age, birthplace, and address. One or more courses may be taken at pleasure. In the University proper, it is possible for the foreigner to be on any one of several different footings. To begin with, many lec- ture courses are open to the public without discrimination, like those in the College de France, with no formality of any kind. Se- condly, teachers of foreign nationality may, upon application, obtain cards entitling them to free entry to all classes in modern lan- guages and literatures, and in the science and art of teaching. Thirdly, on presenta-

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May ii, 1899] The Nation 353 tion of a satisfactory diploma (which the candidate must not forget to bring with him), and payment of thirty francs for the year's tuition and library fee, the American may matriculate and become a properly con- stituted student, free to follow what courses he pleases in his faculty. Finally, if candi- date for a degree, he must pay in addition a series of fees for registration, examination, and diploma, and must be diligent in sign- ing attendance records. For these details and others, one should consult the official Livret de I'Etudiant de Paris, published by MM. Delalain Freres, 115 Boulevard Saint- Germain, and obtainable of any Paris book- seller. In this pamphlet should be sought also the subjects of courses for each year. It appears annually, a few days before the opening of the courses. The foreign stu- dent or intending student who needs still further explanation, may call on or corre- spond with the ComitS de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers (address, the Sor- bonne), which offers him its services daily throughout the year. The courses are, as a rule, of one hour a week each. As each professor gives only three, or at most four, he is amply able to bestow on them that perfection of form which French taste demands. Nothing could be more finished or elegant than the "form" of a French university lecture. In other courses class-room work is demanded of the student, in the way of demonstrations, es- says, or translations. In the courses lead- ing to the title of "Agrege," the class is conducted, under the direction of the pro- fessor, by the different students in turn. The academic year begins in November and ends on the first of July, with interruptions of a week at Christmas and a fortnight at The degrees and titles granted may be taken by foreigners as well as by natives, and by men and women without discrimi- nation. The "baccalaureat," the "licence," and the "agregation" are less likely to be sought by the American graduate students than the doctor's degree. The first, which is the lowest in rank, corresponds roughly to the first two years of the American B.A. course. The degree is granted only by the University, but the studies may be taken in the "colleges" instead, if the student prefer. The second requires at least four additional terms, and is required by the State of persons intending to teach in the secondary schools. As the "Licencie"' is entitled to dispensation from the second and third years of military service, many men take this means of spending two years in the University instead of in the army. The practical result is that a great number of the youth of the well-to-do classes spend two more years in study than they might otherwise have done, with a beneficial ef- fect upon the professions which they after- wards enter. The title of "Agrege," the next in order, confers upon its holders the right to 1,500 francs additional salary as teachers, and irremovability from their of- fice except on complaint accepted by a coun- cil of fellow-Agreges. The degrees of Doc- teur es Lettres and Docteur es Sciences, re- quired by the State as a qualification for University professorships, stand at the sum- mit of the system. The requirements are extremely severe and the expense con- siderable. The candidate must write and publish two theses, one in French and one in Latin, which involves an expense of several thousand francs, and must under- go a searching public examination in which all the members of the faculty may take part. And the theses are not the thin pam- phlets on narrowly limited topics which some of us associate with the word, but exhaustive works of several hundred pages, which often have taken years to write, and which often long remain as authorities- such works as Renan's 'Averroes,' Brunot's 'Malherbe,' Fustel de Coulanges's 'La Cit6 Antique,' Bedier's 'Les Fabliaux,' Beljame's 'Le Public et les Hommes de Lettres en An- gleterre au XVIIIme Siecle,' etc., etc. The new Doctorate (Doctorat de l'Univer- site de Paris) requires at least two years of graduate study, part of which may be done away from Paris, elsewhere in France, or even in a different country. The accompany- ing fees have not yet been determined. The candidate must write and defend a thesis (French or Latin), and undergo an oral ex- amination on questions chosen by himself and accepted by the Faculty. While it is expressly stated that this degree is not equivalent to the State Doctorate and does not confer the same privileges, it is to be assumed that the standard will be equally high, and that the absence of the Latin thesis and the accompanying expense will con- stitute the sole difference. Several foreign students in Paris have already set their eyes upon this degree, but so far no one has of- fered himself for the ordeal. The chance is open for an enterprising Yankee to become the first Doctor of the University of Paris. The latest provision is one intended for foreigners planning to teach French in their own countries. These the University intends furnishing with a certificate of competence, after a satisfactory test. The certificate is to he called "Certiflcat d'Etudes Franchises." Candidates must present a diploma repre- senting the bachelor's degree, but women may be accepted on presentation of a letter of introduction from the head of a college or school. The candidate must matriculate in the Faculte des Lettres (fee, 30 francs), and must attend three lectures a week for one year — one in French literature or philo- logy, one in French history or geography, and the third according to his preferences. The examination will be written and oral. The former part will be based on the lec- tures, the latter will comprise the transla- tion into French of a passage in the candi- date's native language, and the summary in French of a passage from a French book read aloud to the candidate. At first sight the conditions do not seem formidable, but, to judge from the excellence of the English written and spoken by the students who take that study in the University, it may be ex- pected that the pronunciation and syntax which will pass muster with the professors of modern languages in the Sorbonne will be good indeed. The University will be prepar- ed to accept candidates for this certificate this autumn. It may be added that foreign students plan- ning to spend some time in Paris may ob- tain a good many useful hints, addresses, and other information from a little German pamphlet, 'Ein Studienaufenthalt in Paris,' by Ph. Rossmann, published by Elwert, Mar- burg. For thirty years a steady stream of Ame- rican students has been flowing to the Ger- man universities. These students have re- turned with knowledge and ideas which have exerted a continuous and generally beneficial effect on higher education in America. But there are other fields in which scholarship may find a harvest. If the example of pa- tient industry, of unwearying thoroughness and attention to detail offered in Germany has been of lasting value, American scholar- ship may also find an inspiration in the keen analysis, the clearness, the brilliancy, and the originality of French studies. W. S. Correspondence. IF NOT. WHY NOT? To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In the American Revolution we were unquestionably rebels in fighting Great Bri- tain; and so were the Filipinos in fighting Spain in 1897 and 1898. France was at war with Great Britain at the time of our Re- volution and aided us in our rebellion; we were at war with Spain in 1898 and aided the Filipinos in their rebellion. Now the Major calls the Filipinos "rebels" against our authority. Suppose that in 1781, when Great Britain had practically lost her thirteen colonies, she and France had made peace and she had quitclaimed us to France for say £4,- 000,000. And suppose France had imme- diately turned against us what troops she then had on this side of the Atlantic, and had sent a large army over, giving us the choice between immediate unconditional sub- mission and destruction; and suppose we, "misguided" like these wretched "niggers" of Luzon, had perversely preferred to rule ourselves, should we in such an event have been "rebels" against French authority? If not, why not? I read a McKinley Syndicate organ (the Boston Journal) pretty regularly, but find nothing in it on this question — or, indeed, on any other political matter— beyond con- stant assurances of the good Major's In- fallibility, and the sinfulness of questioning the same. I dare not sign my name, as the horrid fate which is impending over Ed- ward Atkinson is a great terror here nowa- days, and doubtless an exodus like the French emigration of 1787-1790 will soon begin in this vicinity. A. Mugwump. Boston, May 6, 1899. SOUTHERN LYNCHINGS. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I have long been a subscriber to your paper and an attentive reader of its con- tents, as, though sometimes mistaken, and often unjust, it has the quality of perfect honesty and the "courage of its convic- tions." It is a fine teacher of morals, and I should like to see it a power in the land, act- ing as a counterbalance against those frothy and time-serving journals which minister to the taste of the unthinking multitude and, while perhaps despised, help to form public opinion. Though I and many of my friends quiet- ly accept the animadversions of the Nation, no matter how unjust, for the sake of its sterling character and many excellen- cies, there is a large portion of our commu- nity which must infallibly become alienated by the implacable dislike and injustice of its editorial remarks concerning them. I allude to the wholesale denunciation of the South in which the Nation never fails.

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354 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 In regard to the horrible crime of lynch- ing, the accounts of which make the reader ashamed of his countrymen, there is always on the part of the Nation, an assumption that this crime belongs wholly to the South. This is by no means correct. There are more lynchings at the South than elsewhere, be- cause there are more ignorant negroes there, and because the crimes which especially in- furiate the mob are those more usual among uneducated negroes than among white peo- ple or cultivated black ones. When a negro is educated he is apt to seek city life; the more populous the city, the better suited to his tastes and favorite occupations, and as a rule the larger cities of the Northern States and their large watering-places re- ceive the greater number of decently cul- tured or gently nurtured negroes. The vast numbers left in the midst of the rural popu- lation of the South are the most degraded of the race, and although many of these are peaceful and industrious, there are also many infinitely worse than beasts. In the Northern and Western States, as the Nation may learn if it will take the trouble to inquire, negroes are lynched from time to time, and white men also. This does not make the crime less heinous, but it is one shared by the whole country. Booker T. Washington, in his admirable remarks re- cently in Baltimore, says education is alone the remedy — education of both black and white. This is true, but we need something in the meantime to put a stop to these hor- rors, lest, as the Nation suggests, what with unjust, unequal, and ferocious war abroad, and bloody crimes and vengeances at home, our young men become a bloodthirsty race, delighting in cruelty and despising the arts of peace; sons of the dragon's teeth now be- ing sown. If the Nation, instead of confin- ing itself to denunciations of the evil, would calmly study the subject, it might be able to suggest a remedy. The whole country should act. What is to be done? Cease these unjust accusations! Help us to do better. A Virginian. \Y \s111\1. TON, May 7. 1809. [We will begin by counselling the South to remove from its statute-books every law which implies that black men are something less than human beings; to mete out justice to them in every re- lation, from the ballot-box to the gal- lows or even to the fire-stake — the same measure for white offences against bhuks, for black offences against whites. This may seem to our correspondent a counsel of perfection, and we will there- fore forestall a request for something more concrete. There is at Atlanta a university for the blacks named after the city, founded by Northern philan- thropy, and now wholly maintained by it. In line with the methods adopted by General Armstrong at Hampton and afterwards by Booker Washington at Tuskegee, it so commended itself that the Legislature voted it an annual sub- vention. In a perfectly natural manner the privileges of the institution were sought by whites and not denied; and because they were not denied, and the university would not pledge itself to be exclusive, the subvention was withdrawn from it, and it has ever since been in heavy straits. Now we affirm a logical connection between the late awful lynch- ing in Georgia and this action of Geor- gia's Legislature; and the unconditional restoration of State aid to Atlanta Uni- versity would, in our judgment, be both an act of expiation and a signal step to- wards that even-handed justice without which there will never be an end to the inherited cruelty of slavery. — Ed. Na- tion.] AT EASE IN METHODISM. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your Issue of May 4, you remark, in the course of a brief comment on the proper attitude of Episcopalians towards Prof. Briggs: "We feel bound to say, also, that these nice points of doctrine are most unsuit- able for discussion within the Episcopal fold. Its strength does not lie that way. The Presbyterians and Methodists can beat it hollow at that." I suppose one who knew nothing of Me- thodist doctrine might be led by this last sentence to suppose that the attitude of Presbyterians and of Methodists toward the so-called "higher criticism" was essential- ly one, and that a Methodist clergyman who ventured to hold substantially the same views as are advocated by Prof. Briggs would be in imminent danger of being tried for heresy. I say nothing of the Presbyterian body, for it has been sufficiently in evi- dence for the past few years; but I venture to think that a somewhat wider acquaint- ance with the doctrines of the Methodist Church and the views held by many of its most representative clergymen would lead you to somewhat greater caution in the sweep of your implications. The articles of -religion as officially pro- mulgated for the Methodist Church are ex- ceedingly few and simple, and they afford very small basis for heresy-hunters to pro- ceed upon. The actual facts are that in Methodist theological schools, in Methodist pulpits, in Methodist colleges, and in the ranks of the laity is a large and rapidly growing body of men for whom the "high- er criticism" has no terrors. Some of these men are widely known, and their names are to be learned without special difficulty. I have no right to drag a list of names into this communication, but I know whereof I speak. I am ready to admit that there are many conservative men in the Methodist Church, some of whom cannot be expected to re- verse the conclusions of years of convic- tion; but these men are not so represen- tative as to be ready to begin heresy trials for such of their brethren as have adopted the newer views. What Is the date of the last trial for heresy that you recall among the thousands upon thousands of Methodist clergymen? So far from accepting the implication of your remark, I venture to think that there is no Evangelical church that on the whole offers more freedom in matters of doc- trinal belief than the Methodist. If there is one, which is it?— Yours very truly, A Methodist. May 6, 1899. THE ROMAN FOLK-SPEECH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your notes on Dr. Olcott's disserta- tion in the Nation of April 13, 1899, convey a mistaken impression as to the status of scientific investigation into the popular ver- nacular of the Romans. The proposition with which your review opens, "that scholar- ly study of the every-day Latin of the an- cient Romans ... is only just begin- ning," becomes true only by the addition of the words in America, where, indeed, so far as published results are concerned, your re- viewer is fairly correct in suggesting that it is confined to Columbia University and to the latter half of the present decade. In Europe, however, ever since the ap- pearance of Diez's scientific Grammar of the Romanic Languages, first in 1836-42, the scien- tific study of the Roman folk-speech has been rife, and so rich has been the yield for the seven years 1891-1897, to take a mere sample, that Dr. P. Geyer uses eighty-four pages of Bursian's Jahresoericht, vol. 98, pp. 33-117, to make his shorthand report of that interim. Even as early as 'Poggii Flo- rentini historia convivalis,' 1538, p. 32f. ; Morhof 'De Patavinitate Livii,' 1685; Pa- gendarm (alias Tiefensee), 'De Lingua Ro- mana rustica,' 1735, we mark the rise of scholarly interest in the fascinating subject — an interest, however, which, owing to the strong fetters of Ciceronianism, produced no sound or substantial fruit. But, for the nineteenth century, what shall we say of the august array of names— Raynouard, 'Gram- maire comparee,' etc., 1821; Diefenbach, 'Ue- ber die jetzigen Roman. Spr.,' etc., 1831; Winckelmann, 'Ueber die Umgangssprache der Romer' (in Jahn's Neues Jahrhuch, 1833, pp. 493-509); Diez, 'Grammatik der Ro- manischen Sprachen," 1836; Fuchs, 'Die Ro- man. Spr. in ihrem Verhalt. zum Lat.,' 1849; Pott, in HSfer's Zeitschr. fiir die Wissen- schaft der Spr., 1851, iii., pp. 113-165; Kuhn's Zeitschrift fiir Vergl. Spr., 1852, I. 309-350, and 385-412; Zeitschrift fiir Alter- thumsw., 1853, II. 481-499, and 1854, 12. 219- 231, and 233-238; Kuhn's Zeitschrift, 1863, 12. 161-206, and 1864, 13. 24ff., 81ff., 321ff.; Corssen, 'Ueber Ausspr., Vokal. und Bet.,' 1858; Schuchardt, 'Vokal. des Vulgarlatein,' 1866-69; and, after this epoch-making and monumental work, to mention only the more conspicuous contributors to the subject, Ronsch, Wolfflin, Rebling, Sittl, Grober, Meyer-Lubke, and Lindsay of Oxford? It should be noted, too, that the idea ex- pressed by your reviewer, "We are glad to observe that Dr. Olcott uses the term scrmo vulgaris in its proper sense, therein differing from most of his fellow- investigators," etc., would have been appropriate enough when Schuchardt wrote in 1866, Vokal., I. 45; but in 1899 is a rather belated sentiment. Surely, no serious scholar in the last quarter of a century has failed to discriminate between the sermo cotidianus of the Roman masses and "mere slang, or low, indecent language, or that which is 'vulgar' in the modern so- ciety sense of the word." Very truly yours, Thomas Fitz-Hugh. University of Texas, Austin, April 28, 1899. P. S.— In reply to your query, "Which of our universities will be first to establish a real University Press of its own, to print and publish the productions of its faculties and students?" attention should be called to the University of Chicago Press, which I have known to do such work for American universities at large. [We welcome Professor Fitz-Hugh'8

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May ii, 1899] The Nation 355 remarks if he and others were led to think that we meant to suggest that Columbia University or American scho- larship had been first in this field of in- vestigation. Such an idea was far from our meaning. Indeed, with the excep- tion of the writers before the present century (who, we think, gave evidence of "scholarly interest" rather than of scientific investigation), almost the whole of Prof. Fitz-Hugh's useful list of contributors is included in Dr. Olcott's bibliography or in his notes. Another reading of Geyer's introductory remarks in his Jahresbrricltt ought perhaps to show Professor Fitz-Hugh that our re- marks on the real nature of. the term srrnio Vulgaris were not wholly unneces- sary. Geyer's review, by the way, is not devoted solely to the vulgar, but covers the late Latin as well; in fact, for the whole seven years, he quotes but a small number of works devoted entirely to the former subject. As for university presses, if Chicago has really established one of its own, we rejoice to hear it. A volume of its "Studies in Classical Phi- lology," lying before us, does indeed bear on its title-page the words, "The Uni- versity of Chicago Press"; but the next page shows that the book was printed by a well-known firm in Massachusetts. — Ed. Nation.] Notes. The Postmaster- General should take notice of Benjamin H. Sanborn & Co.'s intention to publish immediately in Boston a new edition of Burke's Speech on Conciliation with America, so often quoted by the authors of the "incendiary literature" of the pre- sent hour. This looks like an act of de- fiance. The fact that the speech is edited by a woman will surely not be allowed to pre- vent its exclusion from the mails if it can- not be arrested in the press. The ninth volume of Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (Ginn & Co.) will em- brace memoirs and posthumous papers of Prof. George M. Lane and Prof. F. D. Allen, a paper on "Hidden Verses in Livy," by Prof. Morris H. Morgan, and other interest- ing matter, with the usual indexes. Mactnillan Co. publish directly 'Words- worth and the Coleridges, with Other Me- mories Literary and Political,' by Ellis Yarnall; 'Side Lights on American History,' by Henry W. Elson; and 'Tristram Lacy, or the Individualist,' a new novel by W. H. Mallock. We were guilty of two lapses last week, in misnaming the American house associated with J. M. Dent of London in publishing the delectable Temple Edition of Scott's Novels, to wit, Messrs. Scribner; and in omitting to mention that the abridged Life of Sir Rich- ard Burton bears the same American im- print. Shortly after the death of Alfred M. Wil- liams of Providence, R. I., his friends were favored with a memorial volume. It contained an admirable biographical sketch by Mr. Howland, some of Mr. Williams's last writ- ings from the West Indies, some verse, a portrait, and a few illustrations. This has now been given to the reading public (through Preston & Rounds Co.) with the general title, 'Under the Trade Winds.' The charms of West Indian scenery, and the sad strangeness of the social relations there prevailing, are vividly portrayed, and those not previously acquainted with Mr. Wil- liams's powers of description have now an opportunity of realizing them. The portrait shows the man of later years worn down by mental toil and the loss of a beloved wife. After having, in the civil war, participated unscathed in more than one forlorn hope, he met his death through a fall from mule-back on a mountain trail, in search of folk-lore. 'How Count L. N. Tolstoy Lives and Works,' by P. A. Sergyeenko, translated from the Russian by Isabel F. Hapgood (T. Y. Crowell & Co.), is one of the most charac- teristic and interesting works ever written on Tolstoy. The man is set before us in a most realistic presentment; his thoughts, his ha- bits, even his diet, are minutely described. Miss Hapgood deserves well of the great non-Russian-reading public for putting this portrait within their reach. We only wish that she had given a few footnotes. Many of the personal proper names are familiar enough to Russian students, but what do they mean to outsiders? Surely a note ought to have been given (p. 44) to the name of Count Araktcheeff (not Aratchkeeff), a man cor- dially detested in Russia as one of the ma- turunr.i, to use a convenient French term, of the Emperor Paul. When we know his story, we see the point of the anecdote told about him. The Hatzfeld 'Dictionnaire General de la Langue Franchise' (Paris: Ch. Delagrave) completes five-sixths of its total bulk in fas- cicule xxv., ending with ruilce on page 1984. In this instalment of an authoritative work, severely condensed, there is not much to re- mark beyond a few words borrowed from the English, like rob (robre), a rubber at whist, and rut-de-bif, roast-beef; or characteristic French compounds like remue-me'nage, risque- tout; or proverbial persouages like Roger- Bontemps. The Green Bag for April (Boston Book Co.) has a paper, by Bushrod C. Washing- ton, on the trial of John Brown, written in no forgiviug temper, and adding nothing of moment to what was already known of the raid or the trial. Those who wish to extra- illustrate Sanborn's Life of Brown, however, will thank the writer for a view of the court- house, with portraits of the judge (Richard Parker), the prosecuting attorney (Andrew Hunter), the Virginia counsel (Judge Green and Col. Botts) originally assigned for Brown's defence, and finally the Sheriff who executed sentence (James Campbell). The redwood forests of the Pacific Coast are described by Mr. Henry Gannett, in the May number of the National Geographic Ma- gazine (Washington), as occupying a narrow strip hugging the coast from the southern boundary of Oregon through northern Cali- fornia, with an area of 2,000 square miles, in which the standing timber is estimated at seventy-five thousand million feet. As mea- sured by the amount of merchantable timber per acre, this is probably the densest forest on earth. In the Southern States and in Minnesota, tracts containing from 5,000 to 10,- 000 feet per acre are regarded as heavily for- ested; but around Eureka, Cal., the lum- ber companies have realized "an average of between 75,000 and 100,000 feet per acre. . . . There is on record a single acre, near Gar- berville, which yielded in the mill 1,431,530 feet in lumber. There was sufficient lumber on this acre to have covered it with a solid block of frame dwellings ten stories high/' The reverse side of the picture is the fact that there is no young growth nor sign of re- production from seed. This indicates that, with the clearing away of the present forests, though the supply at the present rate of cut- ting will last three hundred years, the red- wood "as a source of lumber" will cease to exist. The progressive drying of the climate is suggested as the cause of the failure of the reproductive power, and this testimony of the forest is used by Mr. J. B. Leiberg, in a following article, to answer affirmatively the important question, "Is climatic aridity im- pending on the Pacific slope?" The Geographical Journal for April opens with an account, by Prof. N. Collie, of two explorations in 1897 and 1898 of an almost unknown part of the Rocky Mountains lying about eighty miles north of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. A special object was the search for Mounts Hooker and Brown, dis- covered some sixty years ago and believed to be the highest peaks in the range. The Century Atlas, for instance, gives Mount Hooker a height of 15,700 feet. When found, however, they proved to be only 9,000 feet, "not so high as thousands of others in the main chain." An interesting climb was that of "probably the only peak in North Ame- rica the snows of which, when melted, find their way into the Pacific, the Arctic, and the Atlantic Oceans; for its glaciers feed the Columbia, the Athabasca, and the Saskatche- wan Rivers." Dr. H. Schlichter endeavors to show, by an examination of the extensive ruins in Rhodesia, South Africa, that these territories were, "1,000 years before the com- mencement of the Christian era, a gold- producing country of a large extent, and colo- nized by the early Semitic races round the Red Sea, viz., by Jews, Phoenicians, and Western Arabians." The proofs are mainly the character of the buildings, their astrono- mical ornamentation, and a supposed Semitic inscription which has been found. In the discussion which follows, Mr. F. C. Selous maintains that the natives built stone walls as late as the beginning of this century, and extracted gold from quartz up to 1870. Baron Nordenskjold contributes a paper, with fac- similes, on "the influence of the 'Travels of Marco Polo' on Jacopo Gastaldi's maps of Asia," and Lord Curzon a note on the source of the Oxus. The Year-book of the Royal Geographical Society contains, among other things, an in- teresting list of more than 400 of the 4,009 fellows composing the Society, "who may be regarded as special authorities on particular subjects," together with supplementary lists of subjects and countries, with their "re- ferees." The illustrious roll of medallists closes with the name of Lieut. E. A. Peary, TJ. S. N., who received the Patron's Medal in 1898. Pitcrviann's Mitteilungen, number 3, begins with the first part of an account, by A. Gaedertz, of a recent journey made by him in the Chinese province of Shantung, in the interests of a German syndicate formed for mining and raihvay-building in the new German sphere of influence. It is accom- panied by an admirable map. New light is thrown by Dr. R. Gradmann on the obscure problem of the curious course of the frontier of the Roman Empire in southwestern Ger- many. He shows, with much historical and

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356 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 archaeological detail and with the aid of a map, that for nearly the whole distance of a hundred and thirty miles from the south- westernmost point to the Danube the boun- dary runs exactly parallel to the southern limit of the Frankish pine forests. Some in- teresting statistics illustrating the growth of the Siberian province of Tomsk in the last thirty years are given. Manufacturing establishments, for instance, have increased from 223 to 7,570, employing 12,914 workmen, while there are 68 yearly markets against 11 in 1857. The colleges and schools number 711, with 26,409 scholars, out of a population of about two millions, mostly Slavs. Mr. John Thomson's second Bulletin of the Free Library of Philadelphia is a Descriptive Catalogue of the works composing John Rus- sell Smith's "Library of Old Authors," begun in London in 1856. Thus, in addition to ana- lytic and bibliographical notes, it gives, un- der John Aubrey, an alphabetic list of his Miscellanies; under W. Carew Hazlitt a simi- lar list of the pieces in 'Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England.' An index com- pletes the assistance afforded by the cata- logue. The next Bulletin, it is announced, will consist of an index of first lines and of subjects of Herrick's Poems. The public reading and expounding of Dante instituted in Florence in 1373, with Boccaccio (then near his end) as the first to perform this function, lasted with numerous vicissitudes till 1859, when Giambattista Giu- liani had the final word. After forty years of silence, the Florentine executive commit- tee of the Italian Dante Society restored the good old custom en April 27 in the great hall of Or San Michele. Not one scholar, but a group of seven, explained, not the first se- venteen (as Boccaccio), but the first seven cantos of the "Inferno." The Mayor of the city presided, and the occasion was "solemn" in the Latin sense. The session was made the more enjoyable by Salvini's reading of the first canto. A melancholy interest attaches to the late Prof. Edward D. Cope's paper on "Verte- brate Remains from Port Kennedy Bone De- posit" in the current number of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, as it is the last of the brilliant series of contributions to science by that celebrated palaeontologist, and was prepared during his final illness. It treats of the extraordinary accumulation of organic forms of Pleisto- cene age found in the so-called "bone-hole" exposed in quarrying the Cambrian lime- stone at Port Kennedy, Upper Merion Town- ship, Montgomery Co., Pa. In a paper en- titled "The Bone Cave at Port Kennedy and its Partial Excavation in 1894, 1895, and 1896," Mr. Henry C. Mercer gives additional information concerning this fossil deposit, and describes phenomena indicating that one or two great inundations occurred in the Schuylkill Valley in Pleistocene times. The deposit is of great variety and unknown ex- tent, but thus far no traces of human re- mains have been discovered. In the same number Mr. Clarence B. Moore continues the account of his explorations among the abori- ginal mounds of the South. He describes two classes of mounds— those used for places of abode or refuge, and the low mounds used for burial purposes. Certain rises in the ground known as "mounds" by the inhabitants to be banks thmwn up by the action of the Savannah River, notably so in the cases of Little Patten ami Big Patten, which are given as mounds even on the government chart. Mr. Moore concludes that the swamps of the Savannah were not largely inhabited in prehistoric times, and, on the whole, South Carolina appears to have little of archaeolo- gical interest to offer. Half-tones and a co- lored plate illustrate Mr. Moore's memoir. — Mr. Julius F. Sachse has printed in a very handsome form his recent paper on Franklin's account with the Lodge of Masons. 1731-1737. The discovery of Franklin's daily ledger among the Philosophical Society's col- lections enables Mr. Sachse to tell a very in- teresting story, and to prove that Philadel- phia was the mother city of Freemasonry in America. Until Massachusetts is again heard from, the claim will hold, and, based as it is upon unquestionable evidence, the question may be regarded as settled. A number of photographic reproductions are given in this essay, among them being the pencil sketch of Franklin made by Benjamin West. Mr. Sachse believes that the "Mystery of Free- masonry," published in the Gazette of De- cember 3, 1730, was the work of Franklin, who was at that time not a Mason. In 1731 he was admitted, and made some amends Mention is made of Louis Timothee, who had aided Franklin In 1732 to print the Philadel- phia Zeitung, the first German newspaper in America. Timothee afterwards removed to Charleston, to take charge of a printing-of- fice equipped with a printer's outfit by Franklin. Was this Timothee the father of Peter Timothy, who did the printing for the patriots in the Revolution? Mr. Sachse has given us a very valuable fragment of history and personal information, made all the more so by his conscientious reproduction of his original material. —Mr. Edward Sherman Wallace has used his five years' experience .is United States Consul for Palestine to write a brief his- tory of ancient Jerusalem, and an account of the modern city and its conditions, po- litical, religious, and social, under the title, 'Jerusalem the Holy' (Fleming H. Revell Co.). The chapters which deal with the present conditions of Jerusalem and the character of its population, drawn, as they are, from Mr. Wallace's experience and per- sonal observation, are decidedly interest- ing. That portion of the book which deals with the ancient history of the city is of little value. The author's aim has been "to combine completeness with brevity, and thus to place in the hands of those who are in- terested in this ciiy of ancient memories and holy sites, a book of such facts as are ascertainable." His aim has not been at- tained, apparently because his critical know- ledge was not adequate; but with reference to the conditions of life in Jerusalem to- day, the visitor to the city will find the book an interesting and, in general, trust- worthy guide. Neither the Jews, Christians, nor Moslems who now inhabit the Holy City are attractive representatives of their re- spective races or religions. The first men- tioned, in particular, are pauperized by the contributions from without, on which many of them live in whole or in part. Christian missions, as conducted in Jerusalem, also come in for severe criticism; not that the missionaries individually are at fault, but that so many missionaries and so much mo- ney are expended in this one place, in vain nnd demoralizing rivalry. The holiness of hi the Holy is a thing of yesterday and to-morrow, not of to-day. Mr. Wal- lace looks forward to the reoccupation of Palestine by the Jews, his expectation be- ing based mainly on a very literal inter- pretation of the prophecies of the Old Testa- ment. It is as charming as meeting a real live dodo to read that it is generally con- ceded "that, in the millennial age, living waters shall go out from Jerusalem, half of them toward the former sea and half of them toward the hinder sea." As a mat- ter of fact the Jews are coming in rapid- ly, and to-day, in the Holy City itself, out- number all the other elements of population put together. The Turkish Government places obstacles in the way of this immi- gration, but a little money overcomes many obstacles. The book is carelessly written, with much repetition and unnecessary verbiage. % "Fifteen illustrations from pho- tographs" pleasantly illumine the text. —The article of greatest general interest in the April Quarterly Statement of the Pales- tine Exploration Fund is on woman in the East, by P. J. Baldensperger. The author was born in Jerusalem and brought up in the country, and as a child was often taken by his mother into their neighbors' women's quarters. His knowledge, therefore, of their secluded life is exceptional. He describes at this time women in the towns, known as Madanie in distinction from the Fellahin or country people, their appearance at home, conversation, amusements, marriage cus- toms, religious observances, superstitions, and care of the sick. His conclusion is that "woman in the harem is, relatively speaking, perhaps happier than the Occidental lady can imagine her to be." Dr. Conrad Schick con- tributes a catalogue of the "preparations made by the Turkish authorities for the visit of the German Emperor and Empress to the Holy Land in the autumn of 1898." This veneering extended to the building of a pier at Haifa, making roads passable, piercing a broad entrance to Jerusalem close to the Jaffa Gate, clearing the streets of booths and whitewashing houses, to say nothing of decorations and architectural restorations, more or less fantastic and barbarous. "The many beggars were gathered, before the ar- rival of their Majesties, and sent by escorts to villages some distance from Jerusalem; and it seems that even the dogs, which at night make so much noise, were diminished" — "catched and housed in cages," as another account runs. Constantinople was similarly sophisticated pro tern., as regards the edile- ship and the dogs. We may be sure that the German Emperor was not deceived, but one recalls the transformations effected in the Russian "military colonies" in advance of the first Alexander's inspection, to secure a smart and prosperous appearance; horses, cattle, and poultry being concentrated from roundabout, good cheer provided for "speci- men" peasants' tables, and hollow wheat- ricks stuffed out with straw and rubbish to simulate abundance. In Catharine's visit to the Crimea, too, her route was thronged with an imported population. — To M. Rene Doumic has been accorded the attention of translation by an American hand, as a return for his edifying lecture-tour of last year. A volume of studies on 'Con- temporary French Novelists' has been done into English by Mary D. Frost, and published by T. Y. Crowell & Co. It contains critical essays on the leaders of the several schools in modern French fiction, from Feuillet to Rosny, Hervieu, and Bazin, with the very noticeable omission of Anatole France. This

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May 1 1, 1899] The nSTation 357 selection seems to have been made with some idea of forcing into notice M. Doumic's well- known literary predilections (not to say pre- judices), for it places side by side the viru- lent "slating" of Zola and the glorification of Daudet. As with M. Brunetiere, novelists of anti-clerical, realistic, or non-mystical ten- dencies find here but very short shrift; unless, indeed, as in Maupassant's case, they gal- lantly leave all formulation of opinions and conclusions to critics more or less authorized. The article on Daudet contains a stereotyped defence of the French Academy, the spirit of which is sufficiently indicated In the as- sumption that the novelist "would have been greatly at a loss himself to give a motive or pretext for his attitude" in 'L'Immortel.' We must, therefore, correct our impression that precision of introspective power was one of the positive qualities of the author of 'Le Petit-Chose.' The translator's work succeeds in preserving the prevailingly gray tones of the original; but sticklers for accuracy, even where slang is at stake, may question the exact equivalent of "cad" and mufle (p. —The memoirs of Jan Kilinski are very much valued by the Poles on account of the simplicity and vigor of his style and the interesting period of history about which he wrote. He was a shoemaker of Warsaw. After the diet at Grodno in 1793, when Po- land was dismembered and the King Stanis- las had become a mere tool in the hands of a mercenary aristocracy, a Committee of Pa- triotic Citizens was formed at Warsaw, of which Kilinski was one; but the ruin of Po- land was accomplished, and Kilinski was carried prisoner to St. Petersburg. He was released when Paul came to the Russian throne, in one of that monarch's periodical fits of generosity, as capricious as his se- verities. There has recently been found in a private library a continuation of these memoirs of which little was known. It has been carefully edited by a learned historian who prefers to remain incognito under the simple initial A. This new volume, pub- lished at Cracow, is of surpassing interest. The National Committee made short work of the traitors — bishops, hetmans, and mag- nates—who had signed away the independ- ence of their country. Their trials before the National Court and speedy execution by hanging are narrated by an eye-witness. One of the most appalling stories is that of Prince Michael, the brother of the King, who was the Primate of the country. He actually entered into treasonable corre- spondence with the general in command of the Prussian troops then besieging the city, and pointed out a vulnerable part in the de- fences. This letter he intrusted to a ser- vant whose manner, as in the case of An- dre, made him suspected while crossing the lines. On his being arrested, the plan which the primate wished to communicate was found on him. The King sent his brother a powerful poison in a lozenge, which he told him he must take. The miserable ecclesias- tic obeyed, and in half an hour was no more. The only alternative was being publicly hanged as a traitor. The story, with many others, is naively and graphically told. Kilin- ski, on being released from captivity, re- turned to Warsaw and carried on his trade till his death in 1819. The editor of this bcok gives a picture of his house. — Mr. Louis Dyer's second Machiavelli Lec- ture at the Royal Institution in London dealt with his author's use of history, and opened with Mr. Lowell's definition of a university, 'a place where nothing useful is taught.' The ancient Romans were to Machiavelli, as to Dante in the second book of his 'De Monarchia,' a providential people predestined to universal sway. Machiavelli parted company with Dante when Caesar's usurpation came. For this the author of 'The Prince' had words of strenuous condemnation. Guicciardini, while occupying in general Machiavelli's point of view in regard to the perfections of Rome, warmly controverted his vigorous plea for the political preponderance in a well-organized state of a free and law- abiding people. Both Machiavelli and Guic- ciardini made of the Roman Republic some- thing very like the Florentine polity of their own day. The former's view was color- ed by his leanings toward the people, while the latter had the same instinctive predilec- tion for the nobles, his own order. Be what you are not, Machiavelli substantially said; and do what you cannot, and you shall be as the Romans were — free. Do what you cannot and be what you are, and you shall come under the sway of the Prince. Modern his- tory Machiavelli treated with a free hand, but was always on his good behavior with the ancients. His highly embroidered version of the abortive insurrection at Prato (1470), and his propagation of the foul slander against Catherine Sforza in connection with events after her first husband's murder, give us an example of our author's deviation into Yellow Journalism — what Guicciardini cen- sures as his predilection for extraordinary events. Machiavelli's reverence for antiquity was out of all proportion to his knowledge, but, judged by his best work, he was certain- ly more interested in understanding history than in using it for any purposes of his own. SOME LATE NOVELS. Colette. By Jeanne Schultz. T. Y. Crowell & Co. The Man Who Worked for Collister. By Mary Tracy Earle. Boston: Copeland & Day. Ay'ucin. By Theodore Watts-Dunton. Dodd, Mead & Co. An Angel in a Wei. By Julian Ralph. Har- per & Bros Poor Human Nature. By Elizabeth Godfrey. Henry Holt & Co. Niobe. By Jonas Lie. Translated from the Norwegian by H. L. Braekstad. Geo. H. Richmond & Son. Old Chester Tales. By Margaret Deland. Harper & Bros. Latitude 19". By Mrs. Schuyler Crownin- shield. D. Appleton & Co. The Battle of the Strong. By Gilbert Parker. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. A Hungarian Nabob. By Dr. Maurus Jokai. Translated by R. Nisbet Bain. Doubleday & McClure Co. The Wire Cutters. By M. E. M. Davis. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Cod's Prisoner. By John Oxenham. Henry Holt & Co. A Writer of Books. By George Paston. Ap- pletons. "I always did like that sermon," said the enthusiastic parishioner. The public always has liked Colette, the mischievous maiden who threw the image of her patron saint out of the window and brought down a mortal hus- band. If one may use the word "reappear- ance" of that which has never disappeared, she has reappeared. Her new red-and-gold raiment, her illustrations, her fresh transla- tion, more literal than the original one, are the badges of her enrolment in the "Faience Series," where she will doubtless win new admirers and secure rereading from old ones. It might be thought that there was nothing left to say in Creole or Southern speech of Creole life on the bayous, or life in the South among the negroes and the "mountain peo- ple." Yet of Miss Earle's fifteen stories there is not one which has not a decidedly origi- nal cast, scarcely one which does not contain some wholly unexpected turn or denoue- ment. Several are merely vehicles for a racy bit of dialect or a life-like portrait. Others are sketches of incident, episode, or character, made with marked local color, and often with an artist's touch. They are straightforwardly told, in a clear-cut style„ inviting to such readers as have risen unre- freshed from superfluities and preachments. In a sincere desire to learn, we inquire, Are the "you-all" and "you-uns" of the South applied to a single person, as we constantly find Miss Earle using them? 'Aylwin' stands the supreme test of the novel, the cathedral and the mountain. Its full dimensions do not overtake the vision till one is leaving it behind and can survey it as it recedes— its lights and shades, its plan, its scope, its unity, its relationships, and its loftiness. The beginning of 'Aylwin' is unusual, but gives promise of rarity hardly more than of mere queerness. The Cymric child enters, bringing the apprehensiveness of a novel of precocity; Welsh songs hint that a bilingual style may block the way; a drunken organist is unprepossessing; and when we reach the Moonlight Cross of the Gnostics, desire fails, for expectation is threatened with a novel of mysticism, learn- ed but dull. But, from this point, the main elements of the story having ranged them- selves in the laboratory, there is built up, or rather there grows up, as nobly beauti- ful a novel as the past year has produced. The mysticism, pervading but not intruding, plays a definitely appointed part in an inge- niously devised plot; the fantastic stands forth as the natural against a background of Welsh mountains peopled with Welsh gyp- sies; the air of Snowdon, rarefied though it is with visions and superstitions, breathes over no fabled land, but one made very real and living with its crags and waterfalls and its wandering Romany children. Briefly, themeg which might have become over-subtle on the one hand and sordid on the other, have been treated simply, sincerely, and with elevation. Gypsy horse-trading, fortune-telling and begging, and the squalor of London slums do not avail to vulgarize the book; nor the su- pernatural in creed, the preternatural in faith and constancy, to make it absurd. Ra- ther have we found it, although somewhat stiff reading in spots, a book to adopt, espe- cially in its almost affectionate portrayal of the ways of Romany folk, who "alone under- stand Nature's supreme charm and enjoy her largesse." Welsh Winifred, the lost love whom Ayl- win pursues throughout the story, is a fasci- nating creation, but Sinfi, the gypsy who helps to find her, is to her as Rebecca to Ro- wena, or Briinnhilde to Sieglinde, a superbly glowing figure, fierce and tender, rugged and soft, warrior and maiden. Studio life in Lon- don as we have it here at "the culmination of

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358 The ZNTation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 the neo-Romantic movement in Art," is but an- other phase of the spiritual and transcendental. Portraits or not portraits, sane or demented, they are interesting persons who paint in those studios and unfold their views on art and zoology, on this world and the next. "The Children of the Roof" and "The Chil- dren of the Air" have share and share alike in the book; but, for them all, the moral is the same — that to him who loves, material- ism is impossible. The very material spiritualism of Mr. Ralph's story offers a curious contrast to Mr. Watts-Dunton's imaginative isms. Colonel Lamont's dead-and-gone relatives— "Ethe- reals" they are called— meet about his death- bed to discuss and influence his last will and testament with a zeal which, if convincing, would be discouraging to the old woman who sighed for "sweet nothing for ever." They all follow the lines they had taken on earth as eagerly for their living descendants as they had once done for themselves; any vir- tues they may possess are obviously not the result of clarification in heaven. They suc- ceed in delivering the Angel out of her web of dangers and into her inheritance, leading her through the low-ways and side-ways of three kidnappings, a fire-escape rescue, and a chafing-dish supper in a slangy but moral Bohemia. The expected marriage with the rescuing hero had not occurred on the last page, so that it may fairly be called an un- love story; but its premature cutting-off brings its own healing. Although the title-page of 'Poor Human Nature' bears the added legend, "A Musical Novel," the reader need not be frightened by the prospect of technicalities. There is not much music in the story, though a deal about opera-singing and singers. It belongs to the school of fiction of 'The First Violin' and other Anglo-German alliances between song and story, where music is, as the psycholo- gists say, a marginal not a focal object, and In that school it takes creditable rank. Pre- liminary glimpses of rustic life in a Ger- man mill village, then the fussiness of ope- ratic management in a little German city, small talk, small cabals, small and large be- havior of the artists, sketches of the Haus- frau and the prima donna at home and on the stage, are all neatly and readably pre- sented, with flecks of humor relieving the sentiment. For sentiment is sure to pre- dominate when a blonde, broad-shouldered Teuton is singing tenor roles with a dark, plain, but fascinating English soprano. Mu- sic is treated from the manager's side of the curtain and the subject rather than from the audience's and the musician's. It is not so much a story of music itself as a gleaning of little facts pertaining to musical repre- sentations. Some conversations on acting are sensible, but when we read that the great tenor— the Bayreuth Ti -isluii— being too ill to sing the chief part in "Lohengrin," "just put in an appearance as dott fried," we feel free not to be oppressed by weight of specialized learning. The romance concerns the two singers and the tenor's uncongenial German wife, and is contrived to end ro- mantically without crime. Edmund Goese writes an interesting In- troduction to the English translation of Lie's 'Niobe,' speaking of the author as "locally the most popular of the Northern novelists," and of this as one of his most characteristic stories. "Without reaching the intellectual passion of Ibsen or the romantic tenderness of Bjornson," says Mr. Gosse, "Lie comes really closer than either of these more in- spired poets to the genuine life of the Nor- wegians of to-day," and he adds, "He is with Mrs. Gaskell or M. Ferdinand Fabre; he is not entirely without relation, in some of his books, to that old-fashioned favorite of the public, Fredrika Bremer." All this is certainly whetting to the appetite, and is justified by the story when allowance is made for the eternal spasmodic, the crudity, we did not quite say savagery, of the Scandi- navian novel, not diminished by the alien tongue, however well translated. That this is done into good English idiom is true; but did any English reader ever fail to find in a novel of Norway or Sweden a hint of the jumping-jack — a combination of semi-barba- rism with encyclopedic learning? The plan of 'Niobe' is no connected plot, but a family chronicle, which jerks along in shreds and threads, the warp and woof never getting together into a fabric — only knotted into a long dark, ever-darkening strand. It is the melancholy story of the conservative pa- rents of a family— excellently drawn, both- driven distracted by the spirit of modernity that takes possession of one child after an- other. They must be artists, singers, actors; they must emancipate, illuminate, reform; they must use psychic force and submit to magnetic influences. They must leave their country home for wider fields, and (according to temperament and sex) betroth themselves manifold, influence poets, inspire spiritu- alists, reorganize society, or work financial havoc. In short, they "think in squares," as one of the characters puts it; "but, as it happens, the world is round." "In my time," says the distraught doctor father, "they took to drink. Nowadays they are the victims of their ever-changing fixed ideas." The aspi- rations and temptations of the young people do not always appeal to the understanding, but the despair of the parents is burned deep into the reader's sense. When the coil be- gins, the domestic troubles seem capable of adjustment, and the reader can freely admire the insight into the struggle between the spi- rit of yesterday and the spirit of to-morrow. But matters go from natural bad to un- natural worse; pessimism carries the day; luridest tragedy writes the epilogue. There is no more suggestion of Gaskell, but of Maupassant, of Melpomene, of Kilkenny and its uxhaustive conflict. The sun that rose in Bremer goes under clouds of Ibsen, and sets invisibly to sound of dynamitic thunder. Mrs. Deland is at her best in village sto- ries; in the tales of Old Chester, at the best of her best. Many old friends arc met here, chiefly and most notably Dr. Lavendar, who figures, like Wotan in the Nibelung stories, as the real hero of the successive comedies and tragedies that go on in his parish. He is a lovable and admirable old rector, wise as a serpent and (when necessary) as sting- ing; irretrievably old-fogy in the adminis- tration of parish matters, unblushingly bold in freeing love matches that have caught on snags. Whether declining to institute girls' clubs, boys' debating societies, an altar and a cross, or whether cutting Gordian knots with the audacity of Alexander but with the sword of Gideon, Dr. Lavendar is a fine old figure, sturdy, human, real. There are many eccentrics in his flock, yet not more than any village fauna may show. A girl's mis- guided altruism lays small tax on credulity, while we must credit it to the author's skill that no improbability attaches to the sketch of a circus acrobat who turns summersaults in the village tavern, and afterwards preaches in the bar-room; nor to that other sketch, of Miss Mary Ferris, who, being jilted, re- tires to a sofa, "crushed," for thirty years, to the unspeakable satisfaction of her sister Clara, luxuriating in this proof of gentility; nor to the fact that on a day Miss Mary should "acquire her legs and some clothing" and live to doubt whether, after all, her heart had been broken, "whether her fine delicacy had existed," to sister Clara's cha- grin— Clara, who ever wallowed in delicacy, and who promptly fell ill of balked vica- rious refinement. These are but a few out of many characters that are called into life in Mrs. Deland's pages, each individuality the more marked for the pettiness of incident round which it revolves. It is interesting to note the difference be- tween these Pennsylvania stories and kin- dred ones of New England. With the vil- lage features common to both, the Middle State conscience seems a trifle less feverish of the two; life is more juicy, humor less coy; there is more about match-making, less about the turning of old black silk gowns. To the Bible, too, is added the Prayer-Book, and the village children have lessons on the collects, with apples or jumbles afterwards. But whether Pennsylvania or the Episcopal Church or Mrs. Deland is responsible for these variations, we cannot say. It is cer- tain that the author's comments on her village and on humanity at large are both penetrating and humorous to a high degree. In one only of the stories — that of the mis- understood little boy who, being bullied by his uncle, gets a cough and turns his face to the wall — is there a reminiscence of the morbid in situation which we have deplored in her novels. Mr. Pyle's illustrations may be classed among the happy few that really illustrate and adorn. 'Latitude 19°' begins with pirates off the coast of Hayti. It is the year 1820, during the reign of Christophe, self-styled "King Henry of the North." Like all good and proper pirate stories, this ends with rescue and a safe home-coming; but though other tales of castaways have been wild, wonder- ful, and anthropophagous, this exceeds them all. Possibly no other than the thorough- going pen, ink, and brush of woman could have furnished so ample an outfit of adven- ture, so strong a local color of hiky-poky- wiggery-wum. Othello would have forgotten to mention his own hairbreadth 'scapes had he read these. The Wandering Jew, read- ing, would have looked upon himself as old Caspar sitting in the sun. There is no necessity at this day to direct attention to the interest, dignity, and power of Mr. Gilbert Parker's romances. In 'The Battle of the Strong' there is a captivating story and a fascinating topography. Of the Island of Jersey a hundred years ago there is a description that describes; of history and the particular freebooting French in- vasion of the day among the many of the centuries, there is a lively suggestion— Mr. Parker disclaiming more; and of fine writing in the best sense of the phrase there is an ever-presence. The characters we find of more varying excellence. The delineation of several strong natures battling for their va- rious ends is done with force, but not al- ways with persuasion. Would the high- souled Guida have consented for five years to make herself an accessory, another high- souled woman a victim, to the crime of bigamy? Despisine the father, would she

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May 1 1, 1899] The Nation 359 have been so keen about the dukedom for the child? She clamors for it with far less re- straint than she has shown in waiting for the establishment of his legitimacy and her own good name. In fact, about Guida, pure and aspiring as she is, there is a muddle of motive that discredits all that is said of her strength. Philip commits bigamy to win a dukedom, child-stealing to reattract his de- serted wife; then, dying of a sword-wound, writes, in ink, alone and quite unassisted, a long and eloquently worded letter of con- fession and advice to his wife and son, with a quality of preaching that Mr. Day might have used in dying counsel to Sandford and Merton. On the other hand, the autobiogra- phic letter of the reformed Detricand, ro- mantically improbable, perhaps, is a fine bit of manly self-revelation, and carries its own justification. A little phrase — "when taking notice is supreme we call it genius"— is a good example of Mr. Parker's insight at its best. The ivory miniature of the little French chevalier, the deep-hued sketches of the fishermen and shipbuilders and under- takers of Jersey, are delightful achievements in portraiture. It is with a jar rather than a sense of contrast that one perceives, even in Jersey, the awful finality of title. From lowly kitchen interiors and breezy coasts and sea-swept rocks one finds one's self with a painful start in a world where kind hearts are not as much as coronets, nor simple faith a patch on Norman blood. 'A Hungarian Nabob,' its able translator tells us, was written nearly fifty years ago. "On its first appearance, Hungarian critics of every school at once hailed it as a mas- terpiece. It has maintained its popularity ever since," and "has reached the unassail- able position of a national classic." We can readily believe Mr. Bain that the work of translating it into English, never done till now, has been an enormous labor, from the "difficulty of contending with a strange and baffling non-Aryan language," and from the difference in national tastes which has prompted a certain amount of condensation. The Continental European has nothing to do but read novels of pitiless length, if we may judge of demand by supply. 'A Hun- garian Nabob' contains more than 350 pages, and has been shorn of a good third of its bulk to make it attractive to English read- ers. While agreeing with the translator in thinking this an improvement, we are less in accord with his estimate of the book. "No- ble" is an adjective it would not have oc- curred to us to apply. Vivacious it is, with an almost Gallic swiftness, so that the pages slip fleetly by under the eye; but this is all that makes endurable the still remaining overplus of incident, often as coarse as it is irrelevant. If the descriptions are light, airy, elegant, the things described are heavy, crude, preposterous. The vices are gross, the virtues almost as much so; the horse- play, buffoonery, and riot, even the con- version of sinners, read on an alien plane of civilization, taste, and morals. To find them convincing, one must be either an enthu- siastic translator or a non-Aryan of 1822. In the early eighties the public lands of Texas, hitherto free to roaming cattle, were offered for sale, and wire fences began to be built to enclose vast tracts of land; some- times lawfully, sometimes not, the water supply was cut off by the prohibiting wires, and the cattle perished by thousands. To cut the fences by midnight raids became a popular movement, and the excitement reached the pitch of a wire-fence war. All Western Texas was involved, and Anally, after wrongs on both sides, State legislation restored harmony. This period makes a picturesque setting for a story of adventure and love. To these the author of 'The Wire Cutters' has added some remarkable studies in heredity from one's mother's first hus- band, and a tangled chain of death-bed mis- apprehensions which lead to results fre- quently observed in romance, but in real life avoidable by the free and candid use of postal cards. The book is interesting read- ing and able writing. Mr. Oxenham has treated the murderer topic originally, in letting his man success- fully evade discovery. For once the crimi- nal covers every trace of his deed, is en- abled to disappear from the haunts of his acquaintance and begin a new life. The new life proves to be a story of shipwreck and venture, with hot and cold water and the usual piratical and devil-fish attach- ments. It is not often that a novel is so commodious. The unexposed irregularities sit uneasily on the reader of the good old murder tale; the crimes fester into incon- veniences; the modern improvement does not improve, we venture to think. To be sure, there Is conventional balm in hacking the devil-fish to bits and in finding the hidden treasure; but the thought will in- trude of the loved ones in the home office and the undiscovered victim buried in a rented garden, while the slayer is living a life of perfect chivalry in Pacific islands. The sea voyages are well done, with, na- turally, much present-day "sliddering" and "squattering," and there is no denying to the story a vast and ingenious mechanism. 'A Writer of Books' opens attractively and proceeds brilliantly. Reluctantly does the reader at last admit that it must be num- bered with cross-patch novels written by women for the emancipation of their sex and the disparagement of man. The interest is indeed maintained to the end, and the cleverness persists. The touch, too, is lighter and more reasonable than in many books of the malcontent class. Nevertheless, it is writ- ten with such definite partisanship, in a quarrel where at least one of the com- batants is Nature, that it leaves a disap- pointing impression as a story and an un- pleasant one as a sermon. All women are wronged; all men are rakes (ex- cepting one specially provided for the heroine to fall in love with); all marriages are unhappy save now and then one between fools; all legislation is of men, therefore against women and not to be obeyed by them; woman is "kept rigorously in her 'proper sphere' by society's chief Bumble, the average man" — such are the lessons of the book, stamping it as what has been called "the novel of, by, and for the club-woman." Be it quickly added that it soars superior to its species in its style, which is excellent, its wit and humor, which are delicious, its temper, which is sharp but not shrieking, its length, which is comfortable and com- forting. We must perforce think that, quite aside from the woman question, our author has not sounded human nature to its depths, from her saying, "Intelligent, imaginative children prefer true stories to fairy tales," but that she is re-creating nature as her theories would have it, in the loveless light of what the Tennessee moonshiner called "improving like hell." BRADFORD'S LESSON OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT.— II. The Lesson of Popular Government. By Gamaliel Bradford. The Macmillan Co. 2 vols. Pp. 520, 590. The pride of organization which resents intrusion and feels antagonism at the sug- gestion of outside control or guidance in what it regards as its own province, is not altogether a vice on the part of the Legis- lature. The innate gregariousness of man which makes us flock together, makes us also more or less hostile to everything that opposes or tends to disintegrate the flock. We personify the organization itself, and identify ourselves with its welfare; and though this impulse has its origin in the humble tendencies which we share with the sheep and cattle, it is, after all, the condition on which human society is built, and without which social progress would have been im- possible. Every private club resents any meddling with its special functions, as real- ly as a Parliament or a Congress shows jea- lousy of dictation or too paternal advice from King or President. In criticising the abuse of this spirit of independence, we should be careful to acknowledge the normal value of it. Congress is a constitutional corporate body, which must do its own work according to the laws of its own organization, even though the result fall far short of perfect work. It may be helped or checked by cri- ticism and discussion in the press, in reform clubs, or in partisan political clubs, but it could not be tolerated that Tammany /or the Civil-Service Club should claim a share in its organized deliberations. Its responsi- ble work must be done by its own members, in due order under parliamentary law, or it ceases to be a self-controlled organization. The speeches of its own members may be wise or foolish, solid or windy, but they are part of the process by which the body to which they belong reaches its conclusions — a part, so to speak, of its functional acti- vity. Speeches from outsiders are foreign to its proper processes, are interruptions to its organic life and action, and inevitably rouse in the members a subtle repellent force, as if they implied an assumption that the body itself is not capable of doing its own work. Criticise this as we may, it is a natural phenomenon of all similar societies of men, and is not peculiar to legislative assemblies. Testing the matter in its application to Congress and the President, we can see how it is likely to work (or fail to work) in two examples which Mr. Bradford gives: one, the effort of Washington to get the advice and consent of the Senate as a sort of privy council in negotiations prior to the conclu- sion of a treaty with Indians (ii, 405); the other, a supposed case to illustrate the au- thor's scheme (ii, 352): "Washington entered the chamber and took the Vice-President's chair. He inform- ed the Senate that he had called for their advice and consent to some propositions re- specting the treaty with the Southern In- dians, and had brought the Secretary of War with him to explain the business. Gen. Knox produced some papers which were read. Washington's presence embarrassed the Sen- ate. Finally, a motion was made to refer the papers to a committee." Maclay of Pennsylvania, who made the motion, tells the story: "As I sat down, the President of the Unit- ed States started up in a violent fret. 'This defeats ev«»ry purpose of my coming here,'

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360 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 were the first words that he said. He then went on, that he had brought his Secretary with him to give every necessary infor- mation; that the Secretary knew all about the business, and yet he was delayed and could not go on with the matter." Finally, the President said that he would have no objection to postponing further con- sideration until the ensuing Monday, but he did not understand the matter of commit- ments. There was an awkward pause. "We waited for him to withdraw," says the diar- ist. "He did so with a discontented air." The example shows very well, when ana- lyzed from the legislator's point of view, the impracticability of such viva-voce inter- course between the Executive and the House. The President was not a Senator, and what he might properly say was to give them information on which he asked their advice. He must give it to the organized body from without, and, when received, the Senate must act upon it according to parliamentary me- thods of procedure within. If Mr. Maclay was not satisfied with the information given, did not feel ready to act, thought investi- gation might tend to conclusions different from the President's or General Knox's, the respectful as well as the parliamentary way was to refer, as he moved. The Presi- dent desired haste, and was naturally dis- turbed by what seemed to him unnecessary delay. Could the Senate consent that he should be judge of the propriety of such delay? Could he properly debate with them the right and sincerity of motions which were in order under their rules? As the story is told, he was visibly disturbed, and his manner implied condemnation of their pro- cedure. Suppose Mr. Maclay had felt it due to himself to repel this implication, would a tart, unpleasant debate have been seemly or profitable? If the President had no right to debate (as was the fact), he was out of order in objecting to the motion; and, if out of order, could the Vice-President call him to order? The embarrassed silence which is described as lasting till he withdrew, is the proof that the Senate saw opening before it practical difficulties, which revealed as by a flash the mistake of thinking that the inter- course between it and the Administration could be carried on in that way. It was an experimentum cruris, and was enough. The case supposed by Mr. Bradford is after the cabinet shall have been admitted to the floor of Congress. He assumes that the bill passed gives the cabinet the pri- vileges, "verbatim el literatim, with neither more nor less," contained in the Senate report (ii, 336). They are, the "right to participate in debate," and "to give in- formation asked by resolution or in reply to questions" (ii, 325). In stating his sup- posed case, Mr. Bradford recognizes the fact that the cabinet officer would not be a member of the House (ii, H51). The case, then, is this: The Secretary of the Treasury, at the meeting of Con- gress, appears and takes a seat near the Speaker's desk in the House of Represen- tatives. "He is simply an agent of the Ad- ministration, having no vote, but present- ing the wants of the Treasury and the effect of the existing tariff upon the finan- cial interests of the country" (ibid.). He rises, and, being recognized by the Speaker, "does not embark upon a radical reform of the tariff, but proposes a few changes of detail— among others, for example, free wool— and makes these a pretext for the discussion of the whole subject. If a pri- vate member had made the same proposal it would be referred with a hundred others to the appropriate committee. . . . But he is a very different individual. In the course of his speech he would insist, re- spectfully but earnestly, upon the impor- tance of immediate public discussion, and would close with submitting a resolution to that effect" (id. 352). After commenting on the probability that this would result in the Secretary's becom- ing the leader of the House in financial matters, pitted against a leader of the Opposition elected in caucus, Mr, Brad- ford asks, "Is it not evident how the 'ad- vice and suggestions' of the Pendleton re- port might develop into something vastly more important, and that such are the 'obvious advantages' which the author of that report pointed to, but did not see fit to discuss?" (id. 353). It is indeed quite evident that when mat- ters had progressed as far as the case supposed, the plan of the bill would al- ready have "developed into something vast- ly more important," and something which could have become possible only when the legislative body had wholly put away that "inherent jealousy of the executive" which the author finds innate in it. It is sup- posed to follow from the provision of the proposed bill that the President's Secre- taries should have "the right to participate in debate on matters relating to the busi- ness of their respective departments," with- out becoming members of either house. Let us suppose Mr. Reed in the chair, and Mr. Carlisle as Secretary rising at the opening of the session to "propose a few changes of detail" in the "existing tariff." Mr. Speaker, with his bland but discon- certing smile, would politely suggest that no subject relating to the business of the Treasury was then before the House for debate, and that Mr. Secretary was out of order. If Mr. Carlisle then produced a biil to amend the tariff so as to put wool on the free list, and should say that he proposed to introduce it and to open de- bate upon it on its first reading, the Speak- er, with increasing geniality of ironical de- ference, would call the Secretary's attention to the fact that bills or resolutions could be introduced only by members of the House, that his bill must be adopted and intro- duced by some actual member, be referred in usual course, and, when it was duly reported by the committee and before the House for debate, he would most gladly recognize the Secretary to discuss it. The difficulty in imagining this scene is chiefly in supposing that a veteran parliamentarian like Mr. Carlisle would take the role as- signed him, or that he and the Speaker would not reenact the parts of the Roman augurs and laugh in each other's faces at the thought of the bill for free wool be- ing reported back from Mr. McKinley's committee. The truth is, that Mr. Bradford's sup- posed case implies that the initial velocity of the Pendleton bill had already made cabinet ministers members of Congress, and given them an effective initiative in le- gislation, if not an exclusive one. He and we agree that this cannot be done with- out amending the Constitution, which says that "no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in of- fice" (art. i, sec. G). Voting is not the [ only distinctive mark of membership of a political body. To take part in its proper I , to shape it by introducing mea- sures and by amending others, to seek to guide or control it by the motions which affect its progress and continue or inter- rupt the sessions, are quite as necessary marks of membership as voting. The more one thinks about it, the more he may well doubt whether participation in debate can be extended to any but members, for there are times when the right to hold the floor may, of itself, defeat a measure. At least, the right to speak without efficient part in the business is apt to prove a vain show, and, after the first curiosity had worn off, would be only adding an- other speech to the superabundance of talk, when the measure under discussion could rarely be kept in the form selected by its draughtsman, or remain such that an ad- ministration would choose to be responsible for it. In short, we find ourselves coming back to the conclusion that any efficient parliamentary leadership is impossible without full membership of the body. Nor is this unreasonable. Transaction of business is out of the question if an orga- nized body is subject to intrusion and cannot keep full control of its own procedure. Its presiding officer refuses to recognize stran- gers by a rule which is a necessary condition of its existence, from Congress to a college debating society. Suppose Mr. Bryan had risen in the gallery of the St. Louis conven- tion and moved that bimetallism, sixteen to one, be added to Mr. Hanna's chef d'eeuvre on the currency. The cries of "Hustle him out!" would have been only a rough popular assertion of a rule, quite right in itself, that only the members of the convention can shape its course or be responsible for its ac- tion. Mr. Bryan would have made a ringing speech, if permitted; the sensational incident would have attracted no end of public com- ment; popular interest would have been at the boiling-point; the educational effect might be said to be enormous; but, just the same, it would not work for common use. Mr. Bradford does not escape the common tendency in debate to exaggerate the things which make for his contention. The asserted inefficiency of writing as the means of com- munication between the President and Con- gress is one of these. Experience seems to prove the contrary. Information on the state of the country is in its nature an assemblage of very numerous and multifarious facts, tending to the statistical, and demanding ex- actness of detail and often elaborate tabula- tion. Blue-books are as common and as ne- cessary under the English system as under our own. A minister, on the floor of Parlia- ment, is as dependent on them for the mate- rial of legislation and for the support of pro- posed measures, as any chairman of commit- tee on the floor of Congress. The trouble is not In conveying information In writing, nor argument in favor of a measure; it is only in the give-and-take of rapid debate and the prompt exposure of specious objections that oral readiness is demanded. There is great room for improvement in the character of some of our executive communications to the Legislature. We, no doubt, tend too much to orating on all sorts of subjects. A study of terse statement of business and a clear and telling marshalling of dominant facts is, we may admit, a neglected branch of public education. If Inaugural addresses were abolished and annual messages reduced to a bare statement of really important facts and recommendations in tersest business style, or broken into several, with a single

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May 1 1, 1899] The N* a t i o 11 3(31 important topic for each, we should hear less of the hiding of ideas in voluminous disqui- sitions that people have not time to read. If the short summary rests upon extensive proofs, these can make blue-books for refer- ence and study, without being embodied in a message for popular reading. Our author very frequently speaks of the absorption by the Legislature of executive powers, but we miss a clear definition of what those powers are, and a discriminating state- ment of the encroachments. The law-mak- ing body certainly has, under the Constitu- tion, the right to make laws— all the laws. These include not only the great and perma- nent rules which establish freedom and main- tain essential rights, but the complete sys- tem of the business organization and conduct of affairs, the levying of taxes and the ap- propriation of the revenue, the fixing of the number of subordinate officials, their du- ties, and their salaries. The administration of these laws in the daily progress of busi- ness, the personal supervision of subordi- nates, the receipt and disbursement of mo- neys, the arrest of wrongdoers, the preserva- tion of the peace, the movements of army and navy, the official intercourse with foreign na- tions—these are the executive duties, and which of them does the Legislature attempt to perform in fact? Is the debate not rather upon the extent to which the executive may go beyond administration proper — the faith- ful execution of the laws that are made — and have power in the law-making? What else is all the talk of debating the bills be- fore Congress, of leading either house or the parties in either house, or of having the ini- tiative in introducing public bills? Our sys- tem gives already to the executive a very important share in law-making, as it gives to the Senate apart from Congress (i. e., the official union of Representatives and Senate) two executive duties which it performs in executive session. Aside from these, what additional powers has either department ob- tained by encroachment? It is, of course, a perfectly legitimate aim to secure a recast- ing of the distribution of powers by amend- ment of our Constitution, if such shall seem wise, but if the odium of encroachment is used as an argument, the conquests gained should be accurately described. The examples of executive commissions for administering certain classes of laws, the number of which in Massachusetts Mr. Bradford criticises with apparent reason, are the creation of subordinate offices for the performance of executive work, and may be unwise; but unless the Legislature ap- points the persons who are made commis- sioners, the making of the law cannot be properly described as an assumption of ex- ecutive powers. A multiple executive is very open to criticism as an institution, but if it be permitted by the Constitution of the State, the question is one of legislative wisdom and discretion, and not of power. In the inte- rest of intelligent reform we owe it to our- selves to preserve the distinction clearly. In dealing with the veto power, Mr. Brad- ford says that "it involves an absurdity. What sort of executive government," he asks, "is that which has no power to say what shall be, but only what shall not be done?" (i, 49). As the subject is that of law-making, is it not clear that the execu- tive government which has power to say what laws shall be made as well as what shall not be made, is a pure and simple au- tocracy? The author cannot mean that. Our executive has now the power to say what laws are, in his opinion, necessary or desirable, and constantly exercises it. If he chose, he could accompany his recommenda- tion with the draft of any bill. If he does not do so, it is because there is never any difficulty in getting a party friend to intro- duce the bill to carry out the recommenda- tion. The trouble is not in saying what bills shall be introduced. Mr. Bradford's idea of initiative in the executive is that he should also say what bills shall not be introduced. Instead of showing the ab- surdity of the veto power, this is a proposal for a very great extension of it. But in treating the subject generally we must not forget that there is never a time in any civilized state when a body of laws is not existing and in force. All practical legislation may be divided into acts to pro- vide means for carrying on the established system and acts to change that system. The power to say with the barons, Nolumus leges Angliw mutari, is no vain or futile prerogative. Under our Constitution it counts not only for a complete suspension of the act, but for a final adverse vote against it equal to sixteen per cent, of the members of each house of Congress. This preservative force against new laws made by "new lords," and in favor of the laws as they stand, is the signal guarantee of de- liberation and of progress in accord with matured opinion. If Mr. Bradford's suggestion of a reform in our government by his definite plan seems to us open to sound criticism, no one can fail to agree heartily with him in regard to the need of pointing out clearly and mea- suring accurately the abuses of our methods and practices. Greatest of these is the per- version of party spirit and discipline into a machine run by unscrupulous men with a single eye to the power and profit of con- trolling the Government and its offices. The boss and his organized body of "workers" constitute a business organization as definite and complete as any railway or manufactur- ing corporation. The dividends in place, in money, or in both, are the stimulus to activity in the stockholders and to their de- votion to the manager whose craft secures the "profit, and whose cunning dupes the innocent voters of a great party into think- ing that they are working for the success of important principles when in fact they are laboring only to enrich their masters. The greatest present question for the American people is not whether the executive should have a greater share in the legislation of the republic, but whether a close organization, unknown to Constitution or laws, shall con- tinue a plainly despotic rule over us, while we are amused with going through the forms of electing presidents and congresses that are the puppets worked by the boss and his tools behind the scenes. Through the whole of Mr. Bradford's book there is a clear re- cognition and a strong presentation of the vital need of our awaking to the burning question whether we are to preserve any- thing worthy the name of freedom. His chapters are a great accumulation of evi- dences of the perils to which popular insti- tutions are exposed, and he does not ne- glect to make the history bear both directly and indirectly upon our own condition. Fur and Feather Tales. By Hamblen Sears. Harper & Brothers. 1899. Mr. Sears, in his first paper ("Henry's Birds"), describes a method for luring wild- fowl within gun-shot so novel that it cannot fail lo attract the attention even of sports- men long since divorced from a'.l illusions. Application would be a better word than method, the point being the mechanical ma- nipulation of live decoys to lure black ducks. To those familiar with the wariness of that species, particularly when it is closely shot day and night for months in succession, the operation will excite astonishment. Where live ducks are employed as decoys, a con- ventional method of tethering them is ge- nerally resorted to. No training is necessary lo make them effective as lures. They are commonly slightly wounded birds that have been retrieved, or the offspring of captive wild parents. "Henry's Birds," it would appear, were of the domestic barnyard sort, coached by that ideal gunner by a system too long to describe, but which develops in ducks phenomenal intelligence. "Henry's Birds" not only were mentally gifted, but possessed remarkably robust constitutions, as the treatment to which they were sub- jected will discover. On a frosty night in January, on Cape Cod, Mr. Sears and Henry, with a crate of thirty of the "Birds," proceed to a pond, evidently unfreezable, the resort of black ducks. What follows had better be described in the words of the author: "And in this bitterly cold water, which froze on the duck's feathers as soon as it touched them, we tied those unoffending creatures by the leg to a cord which ran out on the water and disappeared in the dark- ness. It appeared that this glacial cord was a 'runner,' and that it extended out into the pond four hundred feet to a pulley on the end of a long pole, which was anchored in such a manner as to be held just under the surface. The line running through this re- turned to the stand, passed through a small hole to the inside, and out again through another, until, at the end of its eight-hun- dred-foot journey, it joined itself and formed a circuit. To this the ducks were tied by a leather noose. As one bird was fastened and dropped into the icy water, I pulled in on the other part of the rope and gently forced Mistress Duck three or four feet out on the black water. Thus in a few moments we had what to any wild duck, to say nothing of any tame man, would appear to be a flock of birds swimming about at random and raising a horrible racket in all this silence of the night. The thing was re- peated with more ducks, on another and similar endless runner which ran to another spot on the pond. This done, Henry di- rected me to pull first one, then the other flock out to the pulleys." This was rather a bad quarter of an hour for "Henry's Birds." However, they sur- vived it, as did some of their companions that were tethered in the water alongshore. At intervals others of the "Birds" held in reserve were tossed in the air to flutter over their mates and then re- turn to the blind. What this action had to do with the luring of the wariest of wild- fowl is not clearly explained. The dawn of day in January, on Cape Cod, is tardy and morose. With its arrival on that par- ticular morning a flock of ten black ducks drifted in among the live decoys. Of these the concealed gunners killed eight when they had drawn together and while they were alight upon the surface of the water, the ninth when wounded and swimming off, and the tenth and last as it rose in flight. That Mr. Sears has a suspicion that his proceedings on this occasion were unsportsmanlike is evident in a quasi-apology which he offers in these words: "If you are a sportsman you are saying at

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362 The ]STation [Vol. 68, No. 1767 this moment, 'That is no sport; it is slaughter.' In a measure, judged by the highest standards, that is true: but you de- ceived the duck while you crawled up on him, and I deceived him when I made him crawl up on me. It is not in the strictest sense the ideal of sport; but, on the other hand, it is neither mean nor unworthy of a good sportsman. And the study, prepara- tion, time, money [the italics are ours], and excitement of it all surpass the practice of crawling up on the bird or of shooting over wooden 'coys.' " "Qui s'excuse, s'accuse." A record of this character is read, mainly, by youths, who, by reason of its form and imprint, ac- cept it as authoritative. It is not surpris- ing, therefore, that the methods of the pot- hunter are superseding rapidly those of the conservative sportsman of other days. The remainder of the papers which com- prise Mr. Sears's volume relate to stag-hunt- ing in France; the shooting of moose in Maine, of reindeer in Norway, and over the preserves of Robins Island. There is nothing in them that calls for special notice; they are on a level with the higher average of this sort of literature. Mr. Frost's illus- trations, as usual, from a pictorial point of view, leave nothing to be desired. In some of this artist's drawings of sports of the field, he is careless in maintaining the correct relative size between the game and the gunner whose weapon is directed towards it. This is indicated in the illustration oppo- site page 36 in the book under notice. The flying duck in this instance cannot be less than 300 yards from the gun that is being discharged at it. Discussions in Education. By Francis A. Walker. Henry Holt & Co. 1899. Mr. T. P. Munroe has here gathered to- gether the addresses and essays of the late Gen. Walker which deal with educational problems. The writer's interest in special questions of education does not appear to have been marked until, in 1881, he assumed the Presidency of the Instituteof Technology. The present volume, however, shows that he had very definite convictions on the subject of technical education. About a third of the 333 pages before us consists of addresses on such topics as the relation of professional and technical to general education— topics, that is to say, closely connected with Presi- dent Walker's immediate interests In the In- stitute. His contention that the study of che- mistry and physics exercises a moral and in- tellectual influence which "stands in strong contrast with the dangerous tendencies to plausibility, sophistry, casuistry, and self- delusion which so insidiously beset the pur- suit of metaphysics, dialectics, and rhetoric, according to the tradition of the schools" (p. 22), is somewhat out of date In these days, when students in the faculty of arts are no longer trained to make the worse appear the better reason. We have fallen on times when special pleading for the retention of the classics in education would be more to the point. On the question whether a technical school should be under the wing of a university, President Walker comes to the conclusion that it is more to the advantago of students of technology to be detached "in schools devoted to their own purposes, than In schools where snobbish- ness makes odious comparisons, and where fashions are set in respect to student life, conduct, and dress, which they have neither the means nor the inclination to imitate" (p. 60). In the group of addresses on col- lege problems, the author expresses some- what optimistic views on the relation of col- lege athletics to the life of the community: "Who shall say that the remarkable en- thusiasm for physical training and the in- tense interest in athletic contests which have been so suddenly developed in our country, may not be clearly seen, a genera- tion hence, to have accompanied, and that through no accidental association, the ele- vation of art to a far higher and nobler place than it had before occupied in the thoughts and affections of our people? . . . The vision of the Apollo may yet rise to the view of thousands out and up from the arena at Springfield, as erst it rose before the- thronging multitudes of Olympia" (p. 285). There is a paragraph on p. 270 which has a touch of Sophoclean irony in the light of recent events: "As the United States have grown more powerful," wrote. Gen. Walker in 1893, "they have grown more peaceful. To-day, Canada and Mexico repose under the shadow of our irresistible power. ... It is even difficult to secure from an over-lavish Congress ap- propriations sufficient to enable us to make a decent show of naval power in the great harbors of the world. It is true, we have recently suffered an apparent brief access of Jingoism, ... but the readiness with which the affair with Chile was adjusted, and the general applause with which our flag was hauled down from the Government House at Hawaii, showed how superficial and how partial was the infection." The volume is an interesting contribution to the history of American education, and forms a sort of supplement to the lately published addresses of Presidents Eliot and Gilman. Fields. Factories, and Workshops. By P. Kropotkin. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1899. That formerly well-known economist, Hen- ry C. Carey, would have taken delight in this book. Its brilliant author, who, perhaps, never heard of Carey, has managed to lay hold of his most absurd fallacies, and to found an ideal society upon them which surpasses the conception of Edward Bellamy. Carey, it will be remembered, detested trans- portation, and its necessary concomitant, trade. He held that the products of the earth should be consumed where they were produc- ed, and that the factory and the farm should be side by side. The idea of carrying goods across the ocean revolted him, and it is doubtful if he could have reconciled himself to the growth of our exports of manufac- tures. The author of this book, at all events, believes that commerce is doomed. Every nation is learning to supply its own wants, and the consequence will be that as no for- eign market for manufactures will exist, the laborers now engaged in supplying this mar- ket will have to take to agriculture. That they can do so with infinite profit is the burden of this book. The author nar- rates, not without eloquence, the wonderful achievements of some modern agriculturists, and concludes that all agriculture should show like results. It Is not only better, but cheaper, according to him, to raise the fa- bulous crops which are produced in the re- ports of bureaus of agriculture. The charac- ter of the soil is immaterial; if it is infe- rior, it is easy to transform it. In fact, he observes, the reputed richness of the West- ern prairie lands does not exist; the land of the Eastern States is better than that of Iowa. As for one reason Carey would have de- lighted in this book, so for another reason would Bastiat have rejoiced over it. The French writer showed the wonderful gains to many industries that would arise from shutting out the rays of the sun, and Kro- potkin ingenuously asserts that it is eco- nomically more advantageous to raise tropi- cal fruits under glass in the temperate zone than to import them. Every re- gion is to become its own producer and its own consumer of manufactured goods, and also of agricultural products. Even now grapes are grown "at less expense of human labor, both for capital outlay and yearly work," in the vineries of the London suburbs than in the vineyards of the Rhine, or on Lake Leman; and "home-grown fruit is always preferable to the half-ripe produce which is imported from abroad." We are also told that the high cost of grow- ing wheat in England is a consequence of the high rents which prevail in that country, and that it is not the soil of America which causes our abundant crops, but the stimulus given to farmers by our agricultural bureaus and their distribution of seeds. By "nationaliz- ing" the land, and by "associated labor," two or three inhabitants to the acre can be main- tained, so that the most densely peopled countries of Europe could easily support twice their present population. Altogether, we have here a really remark- able collection of exploded theories, visionary speculations, and interesting misinformation, set forth in an engaging style, and issued by the publishers in a most attractive form. From Reefer to Rear-Admiral. By Benjamin F. Sands, Rear-Admiral U. S. N. F. A. Stokes Co. This modest volume contains the autobio- graphy of the late Rear- Admiral B. F. Sands, prefaced by an excellent portrait and an In- troduction by his son, Mr. F. P. B. Sands, a well-known member of the Washington bar. Admiral Benjamin Sands was the younger Admiral of that name; the elder one, the patriarchal Joshua R. Sands, antedating him in the naval service and exceeding him in the length of his life and naval career. Our author entered the service from Kentucky over seventy years ago, in the period be- tween the second war with Great Britain and the war with Mexico. In this era, duel- ling was prevalent, and the author relates the occurrence of a number of encounters which came within his own observation. In one of these affairs the elder Sands was en- gaged, and when this duel was brought to the attention of President Jackson, he re- marked that he was determined to stop duel- ling between officers and civilians, but, so far as affairs between officers were con- cerned, he would not interfere, since their profession was fighting and their training that of arms. In those days the youngsters of the navy were as ready to marry as to fight a duel, and the author mentions a case of a midshipman on $19 a month who sought the hand of the daughter of an old officer, with no dread of the future provided he found shelter under his father-in-law's roof. Admiral Sands served with the Coast Sur- vey in Its early days under the eccentric Superintendent, F. R. Hassler, a Swiss by birth and education. The time favored the development of individuality in and out of the service, and there was no more striking figure than Hassler. Sands's service dates back to the discovery of Gedney's Channel into New York Bay, which demonstrated to the merchants of New York the commer- cial value of this survey of the coast. After >

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May ii, 1899] The N"ation 363 extensive service of other nature, which in- cluded cruising for slaves on the coast of Africa, and during the Mexican war, our author became connected with the depot of charts and instruments at Washington, which afterwards developed into the Naval Observatory at that place. Serving during the civil war with credit and distinction on blockade and at Fort Fisher, he afterwards became Superintendent of the Observatory with which he had been formerly connected. This position he retained for seven years, during which period the great equatorial was installed, and the solar eclipses of 1869 and 1870 and the transit of Venus of 1874 observed under his auspices. The parties sent out for the observation of the transit of Venus, especially those carried out in the Swatara for the southern hemisphere, as the pre- sent writer can testify, were fitted out in a manner most creditable to the commission of which Admiral Sands was chairman. 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I ranees W. Those Dale Girls. Chicago: McClnr? & Co. $1.25. Co. $1.50. Dewolf, D. F. Character, Not Creeds. Cincinnati: Kohcrt Clark.- Co. $1.25. Donnelly. J. G. Jesus Delaney. Macmillan. $1.50. Duiton, s. T. Social Phases of Education. Mac- millan. $1.25. Hiuerson, R. W. Nature, and Compensation. [Ri- verside Series.] Houghton, MilHin & Co. 15c. H. S. Shots at Random. J. S Ogilvie Publishing Co. $1. Ferris, A. J. Pauperizing the Rich. Philadelphia: T. S. Leach \- Co. $1.25. Ford. J. D. M. Moratin's El SI de las Ninas. Boston: Ginn & Co. 55c. Foreman, John. The Philippine Islands. 2d ed., revised and enlarged. Scrlbners. $5. Fuller, Caroline M. Across the Campus. Scrlb- ners. $1.50. Gardiner, C. A. Our Right to Acquire and Hold Foreign Territory. Putnams. 50c. Gibier, Dr. Paul. Psychism. I'.ssavs. New York: Bulletin Publishing Co. Glenn, T. A. Some Colonial Mansions and Those Who Lived in Them. Philadelphia: H. T. Coates & Co. S5. Halpin, W. R. Juan Pico. New York: R. L. Weed Co. $1.50. Handbook of Constitutional Law. I Home Law School Series. J Conneaut, O. : Home Study Pub- lishing Co. 50c. Harnack. Prof. Adolf. Thoughts on the Present Position of Protestantism. London: A. & C. Black; New York: Macmillan. $1. Ilarraden. Beatrice. The Fowler. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Herford, Prof. C. H. The Works of Shakspere. vol. in. Macmillan. $1.50. Hoenig. Fritz. Inquiries concerning the Tactics of the Future. Longmans. Green & Co. $5. Jennings. N. A. A Texas Ranger. Scribners. $1.25. Julleville, Prof. L. P. de. Histoire de la Langue et de la Literature Franchise. Tome vii. 1800- 1850. Paris: Colin & Cle. Knapp, Prof. W. I. Life, Writings, and Corre- spondence of George Borrow. 2 vols. Putnams. $6.00. Ladd, Prof. G. T. A Theory of Reality. Scrlb- ners. $4. Lang, Andrew. Myth. Ritual and Religion. 2 vols. Longmans, (in; n & Co. $2.60. ii-nan. Applet on.s Ma. Donagli, .Michael. Irish Lite and V Co. $1 26. Negri, Ada. late. Boston: Copeland & Day. Page, D. 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364: The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1767 The Speed Escapement lENSMORE TYPEWRITER of the D places it at the head of the type- writer world in this important par- ticular. By its use the action is rendered so rapid that it is impos- sible for even the most expert op- erator to equal the speed of the machine. This device, while of • great simplicity, is quite wonder- ful in its results. Densmore Typewriter Company, 316 Broadway, New York City Swiftest, Strongest Saves Most and Lasts Longest IS emington Standard Typewriter WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL -AND SPECIALLY USEFUL DURING THE SUMMER — PRESENT FOR A LADY, 17-70, WILL FIND THE BETHLEHEM j» ^ SHOULDER-SHAWL ;i most appropriate and stylish Birthday or Wed- .liiiK Gift. They air entirely hamhvovpn (about 40 inches square, with 6-inch fringe) at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool ami silk— warp silk and woof wool— in rich light green, deli- cate pink, recherche red, pure white, or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. (Appetizing Morai las Bugar Cake— German Kaffee Kuchen -recipe sent with even shawl; or recipe alone for stamp.) Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7.50— check, draft, or money order— to The Susacuac Weaving Co. 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send/or Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. Registered Trad* Mark. SPECIAL SALE OF HIGH=CLASS Washable Dress Fabrics AT "THE LINEN STORE," At About Half Price 25c. Fancy Linen and Cotton Duck Suiting for Golfing and Cycling wear, reduced from 50 and 60c Printed Piques, colored } and white grounds, reduc- \ ^5C< ed from 40 and 50c J Bayadere Tucked and 1 Printed Muslins, reduced \ ^5C. from 40c J Woven Colored Piques, | AZf reduced from 65 and 75c . . I T'*'*'" Fancy Scotch Ging- 1 hams, reduced from 25 j- 1 Ac and 35c J ' Fancy Scotch and En- -, glish Crepou Corded Bou- rette and Silk Ginghams, j 2 ^C reduced from 40, 50, 60, and 75c JAMES McCUTCH EON & CO. 14 West 23d St., New York. The Commercial Directory of the World. 1797. = io2d Year. - 1899. (ANNUAIRE DU COMMERCE DIDOTBOTTIN). Published by the D1DOT-BOTT1N CO., Ltd., of Paris. Paid-up Capital, 7,300,000 francs. N. Y. OFFICE, - ■ 81 TIMES BUILDINd. Is the most comprehensive Trade Register ever pub- lished. Contains over I 0,0 r.f-jnil :!.iniii.oi)ii (three million) nddresse i of ^Business Houses under their ap- propriate headings. In the world. \dvertistng rates, pi ire of Sul.srripl ton, ami eaivfiillv ( oMl'll.l II LISTS of FOKKK.N MAN l/KACTT REUS and DEALERS throughout the world can he obtained J. CHENARD, (ien. Agent and Manager for the U. S. and North America, 81 Times Building, New York City. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, Full-of-Matter, Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. AN ABRIDGMENT OF Funk & Wagnalls' Standard Dictionary Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1,225 Pictorial Illustrations. Sent postpaid, on receipt of the price, by The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 & 7 East Sixteenth St., New York. c/btnou) Cotton Dress Fabrics. Stripe Batistes, Printed Dimities, Embroidered Mulls and Nainsooks, White and Colored Piques. And erson s Zephy rs, Cheviots and Madras Cloths, Galatea Cloths. NEW YORK. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00. Complete set. 1888 to 1808, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK.

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The Na^ktn VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 768. THURSDAY, MAY 18, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS. "For more than thirty years Mr. Bradford has been an earnest student of our democratic institutions, both in themselves and in comparison with other examples of popular government. This important work is ... a. most valuable book, inspired by a noble faith in the capacity of man for self-government." — The Nation. The Lesson of Popular Government. By GAMALIEL BRADFORD, A.B. (Harvard). - In Two Volumes. Cloth, 8vo, $4.00 "An exceedingly valuable contribution to the subject; a subject which, fortunately, is so remarkably enlisting the earnest thought of so many of the best men and women of the time." — The Tribune, Chicago. " Mr. Bradford, in pamphlets and monographs, has taken up this special object for many years. The mature fruit of half a lifetime, however, is embodied in a. more ambitious work — a thorough examination of the foundations and tenden- cies of popular government in America . . . in a spirit of hopefulness but of warning criticism." — The Sun, Baltimore. A work that places every student of the subject under ol ligations to the author "The work is strong in grasp of the subject, able in treatment, and in contents it is a mine of ideas and infor- mation. In character it is not a history, but a commen- tary. " — The Chronicle Tele- graph, Pittsburg. a mine of information . . . so admirably classified that it is invaluable for reference, besides being of very great general interest. ''—Book Reviei SOME NEW and EXCELLENT BOOKS for the STUDENT of HISTORY and POLITICS VEBLEN. BRYCE. The American Commonwealth. By James Bryce. Revised and Enlarged. In Two Vols. : Vol. I., $1.75; Vol. II., 12.25. Abridged Edition. SI. 75. "Invaluable ... to the American citizen who wishes something more than a superficial knowledge of the political system under which he lives and of the differences between it and those of Other countries."— The 'Tribune, New York. EATON. The Government of Municipalities. The Great Municipal Problems Stated and Practical Methods Sug- gested in Aid of Their Solution. By the Hon. Dorman B. Eaton, for- merly Commissioner of the United States Civil Service. Nearly Ready. FORD. The Rise and Growth of American Politics. A Sketch of Constitutional Development. By Henry Jones Ford. Cloth, 12m o, $1.50. "A valuable text-book for every thoughtful citizen. It is a concise account of American de- mocracy."— The Outlook. HALLE. Trusts: or Industrial Combinations and Coalitions in the United States. By Ernest von Halle. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25. "Historical, descriptive, analytic, but not con- troversial."— The Tribune, New York. PATTEN. The Development of English Thought. A Study in the Economic Interpre- tation op History. By Simon N. Patten, University of Pennsylvania. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00. riginality, and power."— McCRADY. The History of South Carolina. By Edward McCrady, President of the Historical Society of South Carolina. Vol. I. Under the Proprietary Government. Clotb, 8vo, $3.50 net. "Thorough and useful."— New York Sun. Vol. II. Under the Royal Government. Cloth, 8vo, $3.50 net. Nearly ready. The Theory of the Leisure Class. An Economic Study in the Evolution op Institutions. By Thorstein B. Veblen, Ph.D., of the University of Chicago. Cloth, $2.00. "One of the most interesting books that have fallen in my way."— From the first of two leading articles by W. D. Howells, in Literature. WILLOUGHBY. An Examination of the Nature of the State. A Study in Political Philo- sophy. By W. W. Willoughby, Johns Hopkins University. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00. " It is not often that we have to notice a work . . . which, in penetrative analysis or in recon- structive generalization, will compare with this." — The Independent. WISE. Life of Henry A. Wise. By His Grand- son, the late Barton H. Wise, of the Richmond, Virginia, Bar. With Por- trait, etc. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, $3.00. Full of interest and value — the life of a well- known statesman, the famous war governor of Virginia. The Statesman's Year Book, 1899 American Edition $3-oo Just Ready. 36th Annual Publication STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ANNUAL OF THE STATES OF THE WORLD FOR THE YEAR I808. Editor for the United States, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, U. S. Commissioner of Labor. For the British Empire, etc., J. SCOTT KELT1E, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, London. "Has very properly come to be recognized as one of the " It is emphatically without a peer in its range of statis- most indispensable of handbooks." tical work, and is conceded to be absolutely authentic. —Boston Daily Advertiser. —Buffalo Commercial. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, 66 Fifth Ave., New York.

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11 Tlie ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 The Nation. A WEEKLY JO URNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 365 Editorial Articles: Possibilities at The Hague 368 Imperiuui et Libertas 368 Tbe Marriage Scandal 369 Taxation of Corporations 370 Americanizing the English Press 370 Special Correspondence: Tbe Diplomatic and Consular Service of Great Britain 371 At Honolulu 372 Christina of Sweden 374 Correspondence: The United States in Samoa 375 Wood Engraving vs. "Process" 375 Galileo's Reasoning 876 Notes 376 Book Reviews: Greek and Latin Syntax 880 The Art of Writing 381 The Journal of Jacob Fowler 382 On the South African Frontier 383 Early Chapters in Science 383 Books of the Week 384 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. 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Time— 4 insertions 5 percent. ,° „ 10 20 " ::::::::::::::: \%* " »• :: :::::::::::::::::: 20 ■• 52 25 Amotot— *100 within a year 10 percent. SuO ' if* 750 " " ." 20 1,000 " •■ 25 " 1,500 " " . in 2.000 » •■ .........:::::::::::::::: |s« « Tlie NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens, 7 Trafalgar Square, Ame- rican Newspaper Agency, 15 King William Street, Strand, W. C. London agent for advertisements, H. A. Delille, Langham Hotel. Educational. District of Columbia (Cbevy Chase P. O., Md.). r^IIEVY CHASE O French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Washington. French the language of Uk' house. Mile. L. M. BotJLiSNT, Pri Miss C. Pettiokew, Assist. Pnn. Maryland. Baltimore, 122 and 12-1 W.Franklin St. T?DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y ±2, School for Girls. —37th year will begin September 2K, issiy. Mrs. II. P. Lefkbvkk. I'rineipal. . MissE. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. CT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- O opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads .if School, Miss M. C. Carter, MissS. R. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. LJ Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. T Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Stree HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts, Duxbury. PO WDER POINT SCHOOL —Prepares JL for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual leaching. Elementary classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. iM.I.T.) Massachusetts, East Hampton. JJ/ILLISTON SEMINARY Prepares W boysforany collegeorscientitic school. Library. Physical, chemical, biological laboi dories; g\ innasiuiu, etc. New athletic field with W-inile track. Opens Sep- tember, 1899. Joseph H. Sawyer, M.A., Principal. M\ New York, Utlca. RS. PIATT S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG Y'SAND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Opens October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. Rhode Island, Providence. T7RIENDS SCHOOL 1 FOR BOTH SEXES. Founded in 1784. Excellent home. Students from is States. All denominations. Thorough work in English, Science, Classics, Music, and Art. Address Augustine Jones, LL.B. ft/TISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day lvl school for Girls. Established in ls-is. circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 13.it) Pine S1 ., Pliila,, Pa. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUn OF FINE ARTS, Copley Square, Boston The Third Term now open. structlon In drawing from the cai F. \V. Benson, E. ('. Tarbell, and and Painting), Mrs. \\ illiam Stop Ii. I,. Pratt (Modelling), E. W. En K. Cross (Perspective). Pupil Mass. 23d Year. 1 llulc- (Drawing •orative Design) 1 (Anatomy), and allowed the free or circulars glv- i-c oi the galleries of the Mi ng detailed information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded In 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advau' lages. Kenned hone' in the "Admiral Winslow House.' JAMES DE NOKMAMHE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM, Koxl.ury, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR OIRLS, BRYN MAYVR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight Sears more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn [awr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. °f> acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. Rogers Hall School Educational. SUMMER COURSES AT THE Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Instruefftn will be given during June and July by members 1' the regular instructing staff of the Insti- tute, in Architecture (Including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEGE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing in September. They alao afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persona cnKiiged In professional work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed information will be mailed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street. Boston, Mass. HARVARD UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION Will be held in New York, in the Lecture-Room of the Y. M. C. A. Building, 23d St.. cor. 4th Ave., June 27, 29, 30, July 1. The terms of admission, fees, ex- penses, and privileges in any or all Departments of tin- rnnorsity may be learned from DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS which mat/ oV had on application to the Corresponding Secretary, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION And other women who wish to take the Harvard Examinations will be examined in New York at the same time as the candidates for admission to Harvard University. All information with regard to these examinations maybe had on application to the Sec'y of Kadoliffe College. ( 'ambridge, Mass. HARVARD SUMMER SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY. JULY 5-21. 1899. Courses in Old Testament, Church History, aud Theology, by professors in Harvard University and by Professors A. V. G. Allen, W. N. Clarke, A. C. McGrFPERT, II. G. Mitchell, G. F. Moore, and Pros. W. 1>e\V. Hyde. Fee, $15.00. Circulars on application to R. S. Morison, Sec'y Harvard Divinity School. Cambridge, Mass. The Sauveur Summer School of Languages AT AMHERST COLLEGE, MASS., July io=August 18. For descriptive pamphlet apply to the Rev. David Si>r..un'K. Amherst, Mass. For particulars aud circulars of L. Sauveur'B Works, address Dr. L. SAUVEUR, 263 Dearborn Av., Chicago, III. HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. Summer Course in Experimental Physiology. For information address The Dean, 688 Boylston St., Boston. Mass. QUINCY riANSION SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. "Location Indescribably beautiful aud hvuli-nlc. Willi the bay (.11 one side and park surrounil- : .. i ■ ■ ■ . ous, handsome, and conve- nient." Illustrated circular soul mi application. BORACE MANX WU.1 \i;n. se ,n .. vvollaston, Mass. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Acailemv. I'-'th Session ..pens July 1 2. For circulars, address Uev. I,. C. KOl'X, M.A., or Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxtou's liivcr, near bellows [.'alls, VI. Geneva University. HOLIDAY LECTURES OF MODERN FRENCH. July 18— August 30, 1890. For terms of admission and detailed programme, please address SECRETARIAT DE L'UNIVERSITE, Geneve, Switzerland.

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation 111 Educational. Summer Law School, THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH. Opens June 15. On the Cumberland Plateau, 2,000 feet above sea-level. Cool and absolutely free from malaria. Full corps of lecturers. Address B. J. Ramage, Dean, Sewanee, Tenn. Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDU CA- ST, tlon and culture, at present a teacher, wislirs to devote herself to the care of three or four children In her own h ainln iem In the m fold require- ments of modern life and in some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. Z7 S. COX, Litt.D., LECTURER ON £2\ . English. The usage of the masters of I all periods fully illustrated. Will make engagements with colleges, summer schools, women's clubs, and any literary organizations. Kven'ing addresses on great English and American writers. Highest references given. Address care Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- /T. ence in preparing for Harvard. Yale, and Prince- ton In Latin, Greek, and German, wains a position in col- lege or first-class college-preparatory school. Has re- ■ntly studied In German}. Address Phil. Dr.. care Nation. J IBRARIAN-FOUR YEARS' EX- I „ perience in one of largest American libraries— u ill statu or take charge of town or college libra- lenees as to scholarship and efficiency tar- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Notion. T7LECTRICITY. University Professor /L will tutor one or two hoys in any branches per- taining to electrical engineering. Location for the summer the Adiroudacks or White Mountains. Address E., care of the Nation. rpOUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL IT Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private Instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wit. Weber, Belleville, 111. A YOUNG MAN TRAINED B Y COL- 4~L lege, university, and travel, and experienced In -. and writing, wishes to teach Litem tore or to direct a priv ' school. Address C. F., Nation. JJ/ANTED— POSITION AS TUTOR VV during Summer. Refer to Dean of Tale College. Curtis H. Walker, Class of 1899, 97 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Conn. A HARVARD M.A. would like position to feach Classics In Preparatory School, or as pri- utor. Address "B," care Notion. CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. ^THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett O. Fisk ke Cable Transfers of money on Europe, OF Australia, and South Africa j also make /•Korw-T, collections and issue Commercial and CKKD1T. Travellers' Credits, available in all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW TORK. Summer Resorts. M.a.IOja beginning , „ „„ „ of June till to its guests OBERENQADIN end 0f the greatest Switzerland). September. ££™fFamll°y Home, besides highland residence, with fust lass hishland excursions, as well as easy, even prome- nanes. Height above sea. I'M* in feet; :;.>n beds: mag- nificent drawing-rooms; music and theatre hall; Milanese S.-ala Orchestra every day. Entertain- ments: Snort in open air: Golf, Cricket, Lawn-ten- nis. ( ippoi- unities for horseback and carriage rides. The most i ctensive speeding course. Lake sport: Naphtha boat on the splendid Maloja Lake, as well asoarand sailing boats; photographic studio; baths and best hygienic arrangements; English and Catho- lic services in own churches; post and tel offices; physician in hotel. Is highly recommended to families as a quiet residence in the early sea- son. Average temperature 10 degrees Centigrade. Room and board from $3.00 to $5.00, service, light, and heating (when cold weather) included. Further particulars given through the European travelling lunik " Maloja," at all book dealers', and by the Manager, I. F. WALTHER-DENZ, Maloja Palace, Engadin, Switzerland. Grounds and Villas to rent and Mills for sale. The most beautiful and largest glaciers in the world. Wonder of Nature. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES, FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fall] furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and ati Plumbing anil drainage sua. tl\ sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on application. Wm Dpofpi' being a town resident need- Y OU Jrreier, inK ., ,.eai change, a retired place supplying your home comforts. TERRY HOMESTEAD furnishes these; city appointments, gravity water works, plumbing, drainage, finest spring water, farm and dairy products, beautiful mountains. Address A. W. TERRY, Stamford, N. Y. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best, re- ferences. Illusinilcil pamphlets on application. Carl Landsee, Proprietor. SWll^fcKLAIND HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake anil moiunains. Lift, baths, electric light in every room. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pens' * Tariff and pamphlets sent free on application. MT. DESERT.— Furnished houses at $150, $250, $350, and $450. Perfect water supply; slate tubs; fireplaces. W: M. Griswold, Cambridge, Mass. /^OOPERSTO WN— "OTSEGO HALL,' TO RENT AT SIASCONSET, NAN- J. tucket Island— Fully furnished cottage of nine rooms. Address for particulars, 4100 Pine St., Philada. Best Kpowp Known as the Best emington Standard Typewriter WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. Travel. Yellowstone Park Alaska GATES' TOURS. SIXTH YEAR. A Grand Tour, leaving June 30, return- ing August I. doing via Northern 8. H line or rail to lliilnlh. and Nor, 1'aclti. K. i;. Pi-turning via Can. Pac. K. K and the (.real Lakes. 1 iptional routi via Sail bake anil Denver. Tickets In eluding every expense. Semi fur pro gram. (HAS. II. (I ATKS, Toledo, l). EUROPE. BOSTON EUROPEAN TOURING CLUB. 1- Morris, Mac Waiters, and Dean Buell (with Mrs. Buell) of Hoston Univ. School of Theol., and others alread] h.,oked for summer tour. Good Introductions necessary. F1IANK It. ( :i: AYVFOP.D, A.M., H10 Tremont Building, Boston. PARIS in 1900. A word to the wise. Make sure of steamship and ho- tel accommodations '">'", at fair rales, in personally conducted parties. THE CKAWFOKD TOURS, old Tre- mont Building, Boston; :!2« Broadway, New York; Kill Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. DROFESSOR OF ART in an Eastern two hours daily in the galleries and museums. Dates and arrangements should be fixed early. Address Akt, care of Nation. abroad, will take not more titan three young men ces eiv Address H. CM., 1417 K St., N.W., Washington, reterences gh en and 1 days. Ninth Tour. Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 0th Annual Class Touue Ladies' Foreign Tour. Restricted; highest re- ferences. Address nil-; MiiiiKIM,-, Lock Haven, Pa. PI1DOPP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. bUl^OrC Norway and Central Europe. Small party conducted by Prof. CAMILLE THUKWAS- GER. 31 Pierce Building, Boston. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. DOOR'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, D Standard and Rare. Books bought. Catalogue issued. E. W. Johns. »-, 2 E. 42d St., N. 1 . tAoxmdd CcmStaMe Ca3Go. Upholstery Fabrics for Country Houses. Net and Muslin Ruffled Curtains. Irish Point, Cluny, and Madras Curtains. India Silks for Light Draperies. Cretonnes. Linen Stripes and Damasks for Slip Covers. Beds and Bedding. NEW YORK

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IV Tlie USTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 GINN AND COMPANY'S NEWEST BOOKS PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By WILLIAM M. DAVIS Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard University ASSISTED BY WILLIAM H. SNYDER Master in Science in Worcester Academy, Worcester, Mass. Cloth. ' 428 pages. Illustrated. $1.25. ^KHIS NEWEST text-book on Physical Geogra- ^^ phy presents the leading principles of this branch of science in a form admirably adapted to the needs of pupils in secondary schools. The subject is treated as dealing with " the physical environment of man." Especial care has been taken to adapt the descrip- tions and explanations to the capacity of pupils in our higher schools. WENTWORTH'S PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY By G. A. Wentworth. Revised Edition. WENTWORTH AND HILL'S TEXT=BOOK OF PHYSICS By G. A. Wentworth and G. A. Hill. 440 pages. Illustrated. $1.15. HASTINGS AND BEACH'S GENERAL PHYSICS By Professors Hastings and Beach of Yale University. 768 pages. Illus- trated. $2.75. BYRD'S LABORATORY MANUAL IN ASTRONOITY By Mart E. Byrd, Director of the Observatory, Smith College. 273 pages. $1.25. HOYT'S WORLD'S PAINTERS AND THEIR PICTURES By Deristhe L. Hoyt, of the Massachusetts Normal Art School. 272 pages. Fully illustrated. $1.25. SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY PAPERS From " The Spectator." Edited by Mary E. Litchfield. 178 pages. 40 cents. Standard English Classics. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME Edited b y M. Grant Daniell. 145 pages. 35 cents. Standard English CATHERWOOD'S HEROES OF THE MIDDLE WEST By Mary Hartwell Catherwood. 141 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents. BOSTON. Descriptive Circulars of all our books sent, postpaid, on application. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK. CHICAGO. LONDON. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.'S NEW BOOKS JUST READY. The Book of Golf and Golfers. By HORACE Q. HUTCHINSON With Contributions by Hiss AMY PASCOE, H. H. HILTON, J. H. TAYLOR, H. J. WHIGHAM, and Messrs. SUTTON & SONS With 77 Portraits, Etc. Medium 8vo, $5.00 net. Through the Storm. Pictures of Life in Armenia. By Avetis Nazarbek, Editor of the Huntchak. Translated by Mrs. L. M. Elton. Crown 8 vo. $2.00. " . . . He writes frankly from the Armenian point of view, but Ins stories are none the less based upon fact. He has known personally most of the characters he draws; the opinions they express and those they actually held ; the adventures they go through are real experiences of his friends and kinsfolk."— Extract from Preface by F. York Powell. NEW EDITION. Myth, Ritual, and Religion. By Andrew Lang. Revised and Reset for reissue in the Silver Library. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, $2.50. Wood and Garden. Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur. By GERTRUDE JEKYLL. With seventy-one Illustrations from Photographs by the Author. 8vo, $3.50. "Of all the books on gardening which have appeared in such abundance during the last few years, this is at once one of the prettiest, most interesting, and most practical. "—Guardian. " This is a good and true book, full of observation of things of interest for all who love gardens, clearly written, fertile in suggestion, and showing artis- tic effects in the garden and pleasure ground."— Garden. y Probable Tales. Edited by W. Stebbing. Crown 8vo. $1.25. A History of French Art, 1100=1899. By Rose G. Kingsley, Officier de 1' Instruction Publique. 8vo. $5.00. Inquiries Concerning the Tactics of the Future. Evolved from Recent Military History. Fourth Edition of " Two Brigades. " Revised and entirely rewritten. By Fritz Hoenig. With Maps. 8vo, $5.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation XEW YORK, THURSDAY. MAY 18, 1899. The Week. The subjects to be brought before the Peace Conference at The Hague are mul- tiplying in number. A few days ago the announcement was made that the Finns in the United States had secured from President McKinley a promise that the cause of the Finns in their own country should be brought before the Confer- ence by the delegates of the United States. This statement must be very wide of the mark. However keenly our sympathies may be enlisted for the Finns, we have no more right to bring that subject before the Conference than the Russian delegates would have to in- troduce resolutions deprecating the prac- tice of lynching negroes in the United States. The Poles of the United States have sent out a pamphlet entitled, 'The Cause of Poland and its Relation to the International Peace Conference.' It presents in a pathetic manner the truths of history touching the subjugation and dismemberment of Poland by Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and it maintains that the peace of the world cannot be considered secure until those wrongs are righted, but it does not seek to have the cause of Poland brought to the attention of the Conference by the representatives of our Government. It is a temperate, well-considered, and well-composed me- morial addressed to the consciences of all nations, and not to those of any one in particular. It is an appeal for na- tionality such as the Filipinos might ad- dress to the same tribunal. In fact, the whole argument of the Poles, except so far as it is based upon history, would be equally appropriate if sent out by Aguinaldo and his Congress. But the only Power competent to bring the mat- ter formally before the Conference at The Hague would be one of the three which are guilty of the crime against Poland. Of these it happens that one (Austria-Hungary) has its foreign af- fairs directed by a Pole (Goluchowski), while the last Premier was also a Pole (Badeni). The pamphlet informs us further that the present Czar was moved to call the Peace Conference by reading the works of the Polish economist Bloch. So it seems that honors and influence are not wanting to Poland, although her nationality has departed. It is gratifying to learn that our rep- resentatives at the Disarmament Con- ference at The Hague are instructed to advocate the exemption of private prop- erty from capture at sea under all cir- cumstances; that is, the application of the same rule which governs on land. In time of war, private property is ex- empt from capture on land, and there is no reason why a different principle should prevail on the water. When the United States was invited in 1856 to join in the Declaration of Paris abo- lishing privateering, Mr. Marcy replied that the Government of the United States would gladly do so on condition that the private property of belligerents on the water, except contraband of war, should be placed on the same footing as private property on land. This proposal was not agreed to. The anomalous con- dition remains that, when war is de- clared between two nations, all the prop- erty of their citizens which is afloat on the common highway of nations becomes liable to plunder, while none of their property can be seized or molested on land, even though the territory where it is situated has been overrun by the enemy. Our recent war with Spain sup- plied many illustrations, some of them painful and humiliating, of this bar- barous rule. Spanish vessels carrying lumber from the port of Mobile, their officers being ignorant of the existence of war, were seized and brought into Key West and held as prizes of war. The cupidity of our sailors was natural- ly excited, and the captures became nu- merous as the war progressed. If this rule had been applicable on land, we should have been entitled to sell the whole city of Santiago after it was cap- tured, and divide the proceeds among the soldiers. This would have been a transaction too monstrous to contem- plate, yet, in a moral point of view, it would have been in no wise different from what was actually done in respect of the Spanish ships in pursuance of and in strict accord with the laws of war then and now in force. Let us hope that our representatives at The Hague will spare no effort to bring about a change in this barbarous custom. It was rumored a few days ago that the Anglo-American Commission would not resume its sessions at the ap- pointed time next August, there being no reason to suppose that the two coun- tries would be any nearer to an agree- ment then than they were when they separated last February. This rumor is now contradicted at Washington, where it is affirmed, apparently by authority, that very liberal views are entertained respecting trade relations with Canada and everything else except, perhaps, the question of the Alaska boundary. It is unfortunate that the latter question was not referred to arbi- tration. It is peculiarly suited to arbi- tration, especially in view of the fact that the last boundary dispute which we had on the Pacific Coast was so referred, and that the decision was in our favor. It is unfortunate that the two Powers should enter the Peace Conference at The Hague with the declared purpose to promote international arbitration when they were unable to settle this trifling dispute in the way which both of them approve. And here we must admit that our position was not the more defensible of the two, if we refused the offer of arbitration unless the arbitrator were chosen from one of the countries of South America; the Canadians object- ing, that since we claim a kind of suze- rainty over South America, under the Monroe Doctrine, this was only an offer to refer the question to a prejudiced judge. There was ground for this criti- cism, although it might have been found in practice that the prejudice was the other way. The Spanish-American re- publics are not a little piqued by our claim of suzerainty, which looks to them like an impairment of their own inde- pendence, and it is not improbable that an umpire chosen from among them would have leaned against us. On the other hand, there is no reason to suppose that an arbitrator chosen by Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, Russia, or France would be under prejudices in favor of England. The immediate result and direct con- sequence of the Postmaster-General's order to take Mr. Edward Atkinson's pamphlets from the mails destined for Manila, has been to create an enormous demand for those documents in the Unit- ed States. This demand has risen to 1,000 per day, and is far beyond Mr. Atkin- son's present ability to supply them. His mail has grown to such proportions that he has been obliged to employ a private secretary to open and answer letters. Some of his correspondents want to know what were the treasonable utter- ances which led to the extraordinary action of the Postmaster-General, and, after reading the documents and finding nothing in them but the usual arguments against the policy of foreign annexation and conquest, are moved by the spirit of American liberty to aid as much as pos- sible in the circulation of the pamphlets. It is altogether likely that this demand for Atkinsonian literature will increase, and that in the next political campaign it will be found in the hands of many stump-speakers, who will be asking what it was that led the Postmaster-Ge- neral to issue his order requiring that the pamphlets be removed from the mail-bags going to Manila. The reason alleged was that they tended to promote desertion or to discourage the reenlistment of soldiers. Yet the only pamphlets sent were addressed to Ad- miral Dewey, to three generals, and to three civilians. Now, no Cabinet offi-

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366 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 cer, in his most hysterical moments, could imagine that one of Atkinson's pamphlets, or any pamphlet for that matter, could shake the loyalty of Ad- miral Dewey, or lead Gen. Otis, Gen. Law- ton, or Gen. Miller to desert. Of course, no such consequences could flow from the perusal of the documents by Presi- dent Schurman, Prof. Worcester, or Mr. Bass. Therefore, the whole seizure ef- fected at San Francisco was a "dead- water haul." Moreover, word was given out at Washington that the order of seizure did not apply to letters, but only to pamphlets and other printed matter. It follows that if Mr. Atkinson had put his pamphlets under seal and paid let- ter postage on" them, he could have sent them to every private soldier in the army. We have examined them with some care, and we can say with a clear conscience that the most censurable paragraph in them (the most censurable according to Charles Emory Smith's theory) is a passage quoted from Ad- miral Dewey himself in these words: "These people, the Filipinos, are far supe- rior in their intelligence and more capable of self-government, than the natives of Cuba, and I am familiar with both races." Mr. H. H. Van Meter of Chicago re- cently sent an inquiry to the General Manager of the Associated Press as to the character of the censorship exer- cised by our Government in the Philip- pines, and received this reply: "There is a very strict censorship at Manila." Thereupon Mr. Van Meter addressed an open letter on the subject to President McKinley, "as an American citizen who loves his country and vaiues his birth- right of liberty above all other earthly blessings; as a Republican who voted for you for Congress in your old home dis- trict of Ohio when you were defeated there; as a man who believes in you as a Christian, a patriot, and a statesman, and who voted for you for President." He points out that the war which Con- gress declared against Spain to free Cuba was over before this trouble be- gan, and that Congress has declared no other; "so we cannot call this war, but Weylerism"; and he proceeds to ask such searching questions as these: "Is it not possible that, but for this mili- tary censorship, it would not be? Had our home Government and the American people known all, would it have been? Is not this the kind of strife we went to war with Spain to put a stop to? Have we not simply sup- planted the standard of Spain with the star- spangled banner? Are not Americans now doing what they fought Spaniards for doing before? Have we not slain many times more Filipinos in a few months than Spain has slain in centuries? Have we not destroyed more homes and left far more desolation than the Spaniards? Are these the reasons for the military censorship being so very strict in Manila?" "A Captain in the Union Army" writes an interesting letter to the Boston Ad- vertiser "in regard to the new policy of a strict censorship, so rigorous and so paternal that it withholds mails in pa- pers and parcels and telegram messages from the soldiers of this day." He him- self enlisted in the autumn of 1863, and was in the army during the Presidential campaign of 1864, when the soldiers were allowed to vote, and did vote by the thousands, for McClellan on the plat- form that the war was a failure, and that there should be an immediate cessation of hostilities. He says: "I recall distinctly that nothing was with- held from the soldiers of that most bitter and critical period, 1861-1865. I remember the newsboy on his pony with papers of every sort before him piled up to his chin. He furnished whatever paper was called for until the supply was exhausted. I remember, in skirmishing in the Valley campaign, 1864, the scenes of the picket line. 'When our lines were near together and there were periods of lull in the firing, we exchanged our coffee for the 'reb' tobacco. The 'rebs' cheered for McClellan, the Democratic can- didate for the Presidency, and we responded for Lincoln. We exchanged our papers, whatever was called for, if we had it, for the papers of rebeldom. We were men who had minds of our own, who liked to know all that was being done and said, and could draw our own conclusions." That imperialist demonstration out at Chicago on Sunday week proves, on the evidence of the local papers, to have been a very different sort of thing from what it was represented to be in dispatches sent from that city to East- ern organs of the expansion policy. Great preparations had been made for immense crowds, the First Methodist Church having been engaged for the ex- pected overflow meeting, in addition to the Auditorium and the Central Music Hall. But the Times-Herald, the special champion of the McKinley Administra- tion, admits that the Auditorium was not filled, and that "twice as many peo- ple could have been comfortably seated at the Central Music Hall," while the meeting at the church had to be aban- doned because only fourteen persons en- tered the audience-room. The imperi- alist newspapers try to "blame it on the weather," because it rained. The Times- Herald excuses the lack of interest on the curious theory that the Chicago peo- ple are so enthusiastic in their support of imperialism that they feel no ne- cessity of showing their sentiments; "perhaps, even despite the rain, there would have been people enough for all three halls and for a big open-air meet- ing too, had it not been that everybody was so sure that everybody else would attend"! The demonstration was as lacking in moral force as in physical impressive- ness. The chairman of the Auditorium meeting laid stress upon the necessity of abolishing free speech if the nation pursues the expansion policy. He ad- mitted, to be sure, that "every man has a right to his convictions upon public questions," but he insisted that he must keep such convictions to himself if they do not agree with those of the McKinley Administration. "No man ought to pub- licly utter sentiments which tend to hu- miliate or discourage the country's de- fenders in the field, or to lessen his coun- try's influence in the family of nations." It was not a long step from the position of this ex-judge to that of an active clergyman of the Lyman Abbott and Wayland Hoyt school, who "pitched into" the antiquated Declaration of In- dependence as "played out" in this pro- gressive era. Said the Rev. Dr. P. S. Henson: "And so to-day there are those that wave the Declaration of Independence in our faces, and tell us that the thing to do is to deliver over those islands of the archi- pelago in the East to the people who are their rightful masters, for 'all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.' So wrote Thomas Jefferson. Do you remember that the Lord said to Joshua, ' My servant is dead' ? And so is Thomas Jefferson. Let the dead bury the dead. As to that hallowed document that declares that all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the govern- ed, if that is to be literally construed, there never was a greater falsehood palmed off by the devil upon a credulous world." It having been asserted by our ardent Imperialists that all missionaries and missionary societies are with them, the Rev. Dr. Barton, one of the Secretaries of the American Board in Boston, wrote a letter to the Herald, in which he de- clared: "I know the opinion of a large number of the missionaries of our board and of others, and I do not know one who is in favor of an imperialistic policy; and, more than this, I have never heard this policy advocated by the officers of our board or of any other. . . . On the other hand, I have constantly heard the officers and missionaries of the American Board express regret that the po- licy of imperialism was likely to prevail." The publication of this letter had a very practical sequel. It brought a gift of $10,000 into the Board's treasury. The donor remained anonymous, simply congratulating Dr. Barton on his letter as "reflecting the true attitude of the church," saying that it had "strength- ened the value of your Board as an agency for the use of missionary funds," and offering his gift as a substantial "token of this feeling." But a still more remarkable sequel came later. The Con- gregationalist had been a hot champion of conversions by killing, and the atten- tion of its editor was called to this gift for missions and the reasons for it. But he simply informed his readers that the donation was no doubt the result of "the special season of prayer" in behalf of the American Board. An editor whom Satan hath so evidently desired that he might sift him like wheat, is himself the fit- test subject we know of for special prayer. The Manila correspondent of the Eve- ning Post states that the volunteers who have fought so bravely in Luzon were sent into battle with short-range Spring- field rifles, and black, smoky powder, against an enemy armed with long-range Mausers and smokeless powder. What is the explanation of the fact, also re-

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation 367 ported by this writer, that the Krag- Jorgensen rifles which reached the vol- unteers after the hardest fighting was over, have been lying unused since 1897, as was disclosed by the date on their cases? Why were they left unpacked during the entire war with Spain? Our correspondent says of the volunteers: "These soldiers have, hour after hour and day after day, marched up against intrench- ments from which fire was being poured upon them at a range of 2,000 yards, and could not reply because their guns were in- ferior in range to those of the enemy. They have been fired upon by a concealed foe with deadly effect, the smokeless powder making It Impossible to tell where their assailants were, and yet every time they fired their Springfields a great cloud of smoke arose to disclose their exact position to the enemy, and to obscure their own vision and prevent accurate shooting." Is Secretary Alger the man who is re- sponsible for this needless slaughter of our soldiers? If not, who can be held re- sponsible? It is interesting to observe that the section from which a soldier went to the Philippines has nothing to do with his sentiments regarding the work which he is compelled to do there. Many letters have been published from members of various "Western and Southern regiments protesting against the war which our forces are now waging, as one which fills them with a sense of shame. The Pitts- burgh Dispatch, also a Republican news- paper, prints a striking letter from a captain in the Pennsylvania regiment, who says, in so many words, that he thinks "it is a burning shame" that he and his comrades have been forced, by "so-called statesmen, that should at this particular time be in our places," to fight in order to "take from a people what the American forefathers fought for — inde- pendence." It becomes every day more plain that it is a great mistake for the American Government to try carrying out an imperial policy with volunteers who think, and who are not afraid to say what they think. The sudden death of ex-Governor Ros- well P. Flower recalls his part in the last Presidential campaign, when he surprised his critics by the independent, manly, and very able speeches which he made against the nominee and platform of his party and in favor of sound mo- ney. His argumentation had a telling effect by reason of its intrinsic merits and of his prominence in the former councils of his party. Very few such ex- amples are found. They betoken high moral courage. Ex-Governor Flower's course in this behalf was so bold and outspoken, so free from cant and self- seeking, that even the Bryanites were compelled to respect him. Although Cleveland and Carlisle, Palmer and Buckner, and even David B.Hill (who did not distinguish himself in that cam- paign) came in for volleys of abuse, Governor Flower was treated with cour- tesy, which was by no means the silence of contempt, since all the accounts re- ceived of his speech-making tour agreed that it was very effective, especially among the farmers of the West. We are glad to see that the Bar Asso- ciation has taken up the question of campaign contributions from judicial candidates, already passed upon by the City Club and the Chamber of Com- merce. The Association proposes the appointment of a committee to draft the necessary legislation forbidding all such contributions, either in the form of "assessments" or voluntary. It is most fitting that the legal profession should take the lead in this reform, for they have most reason for wishing to put an end to the present practice of selling ju- dicial nominations to the highest bidder for the benefit of the Tammany boss. Not only does Croker decide who shall be the favored bidder, but he claims the right to control the conduct of the judges after they get upon the bench. If the members of the bar did not revolt against this scandal upon their profes- sion, it would be difficult to imagine any provocation which would cause them to revolt. All candidates for the bench should be prohibited from contributing a penny in any way, either in return for a nomination or an election, on penalty of losing their seats after election. A bill containing such prohibition should be drawn and presented to the next Le- gislature, and should be passed in spite of all opposition, secret or open. Bishop Potter's quiet statement of his reasons for ordaining Prof. Briggs is as creditable to him as it is mouth-stopping to the clerical objectors. The Bishop shows that he has complete technical right on his side, and, moreover, that his head and heart go with his action. What he thinks of the leaders of the outcry against Prof. Briggs he freely in- dicates in his direct assertion that they have betrayed "lamentable ignorance," and that some of their perversions of Prof. Briggs's words are "as malignant as they are unscrupulous." This is offi- cial. It comes from the "Right Reverend Father in God" of the protesting clergy- men, and carries apostolic authority. If anything was needed to complete the ex- posure of the agitation as a silly busi- ness— largely blown up into its frothy proportions by the press, never so happy as when it is scoring a theological "scoop" or flattering the vanity of a foolish cleric — it would be this judicial utterance of the spiritual ruler of the diocese of New York. testant churches is that of treating their creeds as legal ordinances. As Prof. Harnack says, the fact is that "no one is any longer expected to take over the old Protestant teaching in its hard en- tirety." In truth, it is a common ex- perience to find that "church newspa- pers and men who consider themselves orthodox are guilty of gross offences against the old doctrines." Yet, strange- ly enough, at the same time "the de- mand that the creed should be authori- tative is advanced all the more loudly and sans phrase." The creed, that is, may no longer be believed, but it must be obeyed. To question any part of it is to be hostile to the church. Now this, as Harnack says, is to Catholicize the Protestant Church. It is to make dogma a rule of obedience, not a rule of faith. And the moment the Protestants set about this, that moment the Catholics will beat them off the field. When it comes to imposing doctrine as a dose to be swallowed, whether you like it or not, the Catholic church has an experience and facility which no Protestant can hope to rival. If he cannot stand reso- lutely for free inquiry, and be ready to "follow the argument" wherever it may lead him, he has no real place in the spiritual economy. For the real and larger significance of this Briggs controversy, one need only read Prof. Adolf Harnack's little book, 'Thoughts on Protestantism.' One of the greatest dangers now besetting Pro- A good deal of sophistical reasoning about the English Conventions with the Transvaal is coming from those who want Mr. Chamberlain to step in and make President Kruger redress Outland- er grievances. The Pretoria Convention of 1881 declared an English "suzerainty" over the Transvaal. But in the succeed- ing London Convention of 1884 the word suzerainty was omitted. Those English- men who want to do as they please with the Transvaal say, nevertheless, that suzerainty was not renounced. What was not expressly given up may still be asserted. If 21,000 British subjects in the Transvaal appeal, as they have ap- pealed, to the English Government to interfere with the Boer Government, why may it not? What is the good of being a suzerain, even by implication, unless you can order somebody about? Well, as a matter of right and law, say- ing nothing of policy or force, the de- bate is illusory. There is an official de- claration of the sense in which England understood the London Convention. It was given by Lord Derby to the Boer delegates in 1884, and, of course, Eng- land cannot now retreat from it without disgrace. Lord Derby wrote specifically: "By the omission of those articles of the convention of Pretoria which assigned to her Majesty and to the British Resident certain specific powers and functions connected with the internal government and the foreign re- lations of the Transvaal state, your govern- ment will be left free to govern the country without interference, and to conduct its dip- lomatic intercourse and shape its foreign po- licy subject only to the requirement em- bodied in the fourth article of the new draft, that any treaty with a foreign state shall not have effect without the approval of the Queen."

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368 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 POSSIBILITIES AT TUB HAGUE. "Who is this Hyder Ali of whom I hear so much?" asked Frederick the Great, in his old age, of Sir Hugh Elliot. "Sire," was the reply, "he is an old man who, after spending his life in the pillage of his neighbors, is in- dulging in goody-goody talk." Similar retorts are being pretty thickly flung at the Czar's head on the eve of his Disarmament Conference at The Hague. Que messieurs les assassins commencent. Why does Russia push on her own arma- ment so feverishly? Is it in order to make her call to an arrest of arming an open hypocrisy? "One of the most ela- borate shams" of the century, Mr. Sid- ney Low calls it, and the German pro- fessors are not far behind in sneers. Mr. Goschen offered to curtail England's ship-building programme if the Czar would strike off three or four ships from his schedule; why was not the pro- posal closed with if Russia is sincere? This is what the cynics and sceptics and apologists for war are more and more openly saying as the day for the meet- ing at The Hague draws near. They are trying to make out the whole movement to be simply "The Truce of the Bear." Yet even the bitterest of them do not venture to question the Czar's own sin- cerity. They represent him as an amia- ble enthusiast surrounded by wily and unscrupulous ministers. Even the out- raged Finns are persuaded that if they could only get the ear of the Czar, their wrongs would be at once righted. It is his counsellors who have ridden over the sacred rights of Finland, and con- cealed all knowledge of it from Nicholas. A story is circulating in Europe which pathetically illustrates this view of the real source of government in Russia. We quote it from the National Review: "In the course of a recent conversation with one of the leading foreign Ambassadors at St. Petersburg— not, by the way, the Brit- ish Ambassador— the Czar referred to an article in the Russian newspaper V0VO1 Vremya, to which the Imperial attention had been particularly called. He recommended his visitor to read it, and, as the latter was about to withdraw, the Czar considerately said: 'You may as well take my copy in case you have mislaid yours.' The much delighted diplomatist retired with his prize and naturally commenced reading the article that had so impressed the Emperor. Though a regular reader of the Novoe Vremya, the Ambassador was immediately struck by the freshness of this particular article, so on re- turning home he turned up his own copy of the paper, and was not a little astonished to find that his Novoe Vremya, of the same the Czar's, did not contain this im- portant article. He then realized that this enterprising organ of the Russian reaction- ary party publishes on emergencies two dis- tind issues— a regular edition for the gene- ral public and for foreign quotation, and a special edition consisting of one copy for the private and particular consumption and mys- tification of the Czar." As against the extremists in cynicism who are predicting that the Conference at The Hague will turn out a farce, and also as against the extreme enthusiasts who expect it to inaugurate the mil- lennium, some remarks by Mr. Leonard Courtney in the Contemporary are well worth taking into consideration. He writes with the soberness and weight of long public experience and study, not allowing himself to indulge in extrava- gant hopes, but not permitting himself, either, to shut his eyes to the opportuni- ty offered by the Conference to mark one step more in human progress. What Mr. Courtney most insists upon is the validity and power of an international sanction. Once clearly set forth, it en- forces itself. It erects a sort of moral tribunal before which no civilized nation can bear to be dragged as an offender. No armed power is necessary to enforce the Geneva Convention. To observe its requirements is often a crippling thing in military operations, yet no command- er of a civilized army would now dare to disregard them. The same law holds of other international agreements. Nei- ther Spain nor the United States was a party to the Declaration of Paris of 1856, affirming the principle that free ships make free goods. Yet both countries voluntarily accepted the principle in their late war. No one compelled them, but they could not put themselves out- side the family of nations. It has been said that even if some sort of agreement is reached at The Hague, there is no guarantee that the partici- pating Powers will live up to it. They may say they will not increase their armament, but who can make them true to their word? They may assent to a system of international arbitration, but what constraint can be brought to bear if they refuse to arbitrate in a given case? These doubts, so far as they are sincere, Mr. Courtney does much to dis- sipate by his historical examples. Where there is real moral force behind interna- tional agreements, they stand without the need of physical force. Under the Treaty of Ghent, the United States and England agreed not to maintain war- vessels on the great lakes. Not only has that disarmament convention been re- ligiously observed, it has even been ex- tended, so that the long Canadian fron- tier is practically unfortified. Mr. Court- ney also specifies the international agreements neutralizing certain states, as Switzerland, Belgium, and the Duchy of Luxembourg. It is not fortress or army which preserves these countries from spoliation, but simply the silent moral power of an international sanc- tion. There is such a thing as an in- ternational conscience. The question is if this conscience can be effectually brought to bear on any of the great problems which are to be discussed at The Hague. As to many of them there is no doubt that it can be. Some proposed extensions of the Ge- neva Convention, new rules against bom- barding unfortified seaports, the exemp- tion of private property from capture at sea — these and other measures to make war more humane can unquestionably be agreed upon. We think they will be. And more may be done. Some added countries of Europe might be neutraliz- ed, and so delivered from the nightmare of dread of attack and the burden of preparing to resist it. It is a significant fact that, immediately after the Czar's rescript was issued, the Norwegian Storthing petitioned the King to take steps to have Norway neutralized at the Conference. Other nations might have this international guarantee thrown about them — if not now, later. There is no doubt that if Denmark and Spain and Portugal and even Italy were to be relieved of all need of supporting an army, as Switzerland is, it would be an unspeakable blessing to them. And the international sanction which would be automatic in enforcing their privileges and immunities would be equally effec- tive and self-executing in respect to an agreement to check the growth of navies and armies, and to submit international quarrels to international tribunals. The thing for the delegates to ask them- selves is, not if the Czar is sincere, but if they themselves are sincere. If he is a dreamer, let them show themselves capable and practicable men, able to snatch from this happy chance some advantage for mankind, and to further, if only a little, a humane movement whose ultimate fruits of righteousness and peace can be garnered only in the fulness of time. IMPERWM ET LIBERTAS. It is curious and interesting to note that, though our republican soil seems to be the one most unfavorable to the growth of any form of government not based on popular discussion, it is in reality that one in which it is easiest, in an emergency, to get rid of popular dis- cussion; and that it is the most ardent supporters of the Government who are most earnest in favor of the change. There has recently been a very striking illustration of this at a meeting in Chi- cago. We have remarked already how soon, when war breaks out, no matter how dis- tant, or how trifling a drain on our resources, an "incendiary literature" springs up — that is, a literature danger- ous to the state and needing suppression or discouragement. We have that al- ready. There is now a literature among us which needs to be taken out of the mails, as in Russia, and is accordingly taken out without any authority of law. But it may be said that this is due to the fact that this literature is being sent to the troops in the field on purpose to discourage them. The continued mental and moral connection of the troops in the field with the people at home, and their continued participation in home discussions of public affairs, were un- doubtedly presumed when the law pro- vided for a continuance of the franchise of the volunteers when they took the field for active service at a distance from home. The power of voting means

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation 369 liberty to hear what is said on both sides to the voter, as a preparation for voting. This liberty is, in fact, one of the foun- dations of the state "under popular gov- ernment. But already, in the second war waged under the law, this liberty has been abolished. The soldiers in the Phi- lippines who will vote at the Presidential election next year are not to be allowed to hear anything against the fitness of William McKinley for a second term, though probably some millions doubt his fitness and are able to give reasons for doubting it. All these voters are, there- fore, excluded from hearing all discus- sions on this most important matter. But the thing goes farther, and we com- mend its progress to those clergymen and others who favored the Cuban war as a "war of humanity," and thought »it would end with the liberation of Cuba. They will see now that, under our sys- tem of government, if the Executive is permitted to go to war for any purpose, the purpose cannot be strictly defined. It is always, in practice, whatever it may be in theory, a license to carry on war against anybody or for any purpose that I seems good to him. There are now strong symptoms of a disposition not to permit the discussion of any important branch of public af- fairs, even at home, provided it has any relation to war. The Imperialists are unwilling to have voters allowed to dis- cuss the conduct of the war, or its cost, or the policy of its continuance, or the terms of peace. All these are to be handed over to a one-man power. The theory that any one who criticises the war is responsible for the death of the men who die in it, and not the persons who started it, has already made its ap- pearance. Hear Gen. John McNulta at Chicago: "If, by the acts of men living among us in peace and under the protection of our gov- ernment, this war is prolonged so that my boy, fighting in the front rank there with Law ton, is killed, they have murdered him. Men like those who spoke at the anti-impe- rialist meeting at Central Music Hall should be held responsible for the death of every soldier who falls there by reason of their encouragement, and every man who thus encourages an enemy in time of war is a traitor." You see you are a traitor and a mur- derer if you speak against the war; not so William McKinley, who set it on foot. It is for him to say how long it should last and what should be its ob- jects. If you say anything that can pos- sibly cheer the enemy, you make your- selves liable to the penalties of treason, in spite of the constitutional definition of treason. All this is the more extraordinary con- sidering the example set us by England, although a monarchical country with a restricted suffrage. She waged two im- portant wars, which excited the keenest interest at home, without any attempt to restrict or punish discussion. One was the war of the American Revolution, in which Burke and Fox and Chatham and so many other eminent Englishmen encouraged the "rebels" in their re- sistance by every legal device within their reach. The other was the Crimean war, fifty years ago. This was marked, as our war has been, by hideous adminis- trative blunders and want of preparation. But the press never ceased for one hour to encourage the Russians by pointing these blunders out, and abusing the Gov- ernment which' committed them, so that it finally got turned out of office. The principal exposer of them, Russell, actu- ally rose to eminence on his work. There never was any talk of banging him for murder or treason. No father threw on him responsibility for his son's death, and nobody proposed to burn the Times office. On the contrary, the nation wept and prayed and sentimentalized, but it kept its head, remembered its liberties and its government, and went to work through its tears, reforming its army and searching for better men to carry on the war. Nothing was remitted to any one's "discretion." No one attracted re- verence simply by carrying on a war. What was said to many was, "Imbecile, how have you carried on the war? You are only fit to care for sick mules. Be- gone." THE MARRIAGE SCANDAL. The public has been more than usual- ly moved of late by a marriage scandal which happens to be conspicuous be- cause the parties are rich, not because their conduct was unusually bad. Simi- lar things take place among poor- er people every week; but, as the culprits generally have but little money, they get little or no atten- tion from the newspapers. Consequent- ly, it seems as if it were only the rich and idle who were in the habit of violating the law. The rich probably furnish the larger proportion of the of- fenders, for we believe it could be proved by statistics, or very nearly proved, that money and idleness are the two greatest external stimulants to conjugal unfaith- fulness. Money creates in our day al- most the only "class" (properly so call- ed) left, and men and women with money are more than usually in need of excitement, and are more than usually able to procure it. When they get vi- cious, their wealth makes their offences more than usually interesting to that immense body of the public whose means are small. When a wife runs away from a husband who has five mil- lions, to join a paramour who has only three millions, it sets the readers of the Sunday papers nearly wild with excite- ment and curiosity, which are naturally increased if the husband be a decent man and the paramour a little cad, and rises to boiling-point if the cad is aban- doning a wife of his own. Every detail of the wretched business is worth a round sum. But you will not find the morality of the matter much debated. What rouses the gossips more than expansion, or the Briggs case, is the question why the wife left a man with five millions for a man with only three. That the matter has a moral side has ceased to interest people. It is the business side which occupies them. They are not concerned about the wife's morality, but about her apparent want of business sagacity, especially if it can be shown that she is not such a fool after all, since the cad, besides his three millions, has plenty of diamonds of his mother's. As7 the cases in which these details are presented are of course rare, there is but little discussion of the general condition of our marriage laws, but that condition is well known to be such that the institution of mar- riage can hardly be said to exist among us, any more than in the fifth cen- tury at Rome, when twenty wives in succession was not an extraordinary al- lowance even for a Christian deacon. When you see a couple living together happily or unhappily in "God's holy ordinance," you may feel pretty sure that it is not the law of the land that is causing it, but pure inclination or strong sense of loyalty, truth, and honor. Ministers, and even judges who admin- ister the law, have no hesitation in mak- ing the law on this point a mockery, without taking the trouble to offer any excuse but personal taste or conve- nience. Men and women both act as if we were dwelling on a desert island, where sense of individual duty had to do the work of lawgivers and jurists. The reason of this is plain. We allow persons who have broken their mar- riage vows, or wish to break them, to use the law to enable them to break them with impunity— that is, to give what is really a state of concubinage the appearance of a real marriage, and thus to escape the social stigma which is the law's best support. Any one who is tired of his wife, any wife who is tired of her husband, finds in the law an arrangement by which the veriest strum- pet can put herself on a level with the purest, bravest, most constant wife. This is the literal consequence of allowing every State to have its own marriage law; and the only remedy for it is a na- tional divorce law. Moreover, the pub- lic, with the aid of the newspapers, is rapidly getting accustomed to this state of things, so that persons who pass their lives in lawful wedlock begin to have the air of prudes, or "fossils," or "old fogies." This makes preaching vain. It is not a wild supposition that, in an- other generation, we shall be in enjoy- ment of the advantages, in point of expense, of the regime of free love. Re- marriage "across the line" is already be- coming a formality; it will not take very long for it to become a useless formality. This condition is one of those which make us feel that our activity in spread- ing civilization by "killing niggers" is

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370 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 768 somewhat misplaced. Marriage, loyal and faithful as human nature will per- mit, is one of the foundations of human society. The men who make a great figure in the work of civilization have to go forth from pure homes, and have to feel sure who are their fathers. A nation which does not possess this in- stitution, or is allowing it to vanish, seems to us but ill fitted for the great work of evangelization. Here is an- other field, besides the care and educa- tion of "niggers," in which it seems to us the missionary character sits badly on us. If charges of cavalry and the as- saulting of redoubts made happy homes, the "great to-morrow" would surely be ours. But here is the rift in our lute. We once again affirm that as it is good institutions and well-administered laws which make a conquering nation, so also it is homes which legislation makes permanent that qualify people to spread their civilization. TAXATION OF CORPORATIONS. Tn the current number of the Political Science Quarterly Prof. F. W. Taussig considers the subject of the taxation of securities, i. e., of stocks, bonds, and other paper evidences of ownership in or claims against corporations. This is a very complex question and by no means a novel one. It is perpetually coming up for solution and is never solved. On the one hand, it is argued that this kind of property ought to be taxed just as much as real estate. On the other, it is said that it is practically impossible to tax such property because the assessors can- not find it unless the owner voluntarily exhibits it. But the owner, as a general rule, will not do this. If he makes a full disclosure of say 3100,000 of stocks and bonds, he is taxed on that amount, and more than that if the market value is above par, while real estate is com- monly valued, for purposes of taxation, at not more than 60 per cent, of its value. All the States of the Union have tried to reach securities as a part of the gene- ral-property tax, and most of them keep trying in spite of repeated failures. This is a case where experience, long con- tinued and unvarying, counts for no- thing as against popular prejudice and catchwords. Equality of taxation is a most alluring phrase. If it could be re- duced to practice, all good men would rejoice. But if our nearest approach to it in actual practice is the taxation of a few very honest persons, who make true returns, and a few very helpless ones, such as widows and orphans whose hold- ings are going through the probate court, then the phrase equality of taxa- tion is a lie and a sham. That does not prevent it, however, from carrying the day in a popular election, or in a State Legislature, as it usually do< s. The State of New York does not re- quire citizens to make lists of their per- sonal property, but it aims to tax such property in other ways. The Tax Com- missioner or Assessor makes his own estimate of the amount of such property owned by a citizen, notifies him of it, and invites him to call and swear that it is an over-estimate, which he general- ly does. If, after the swearing, there is still a residuum of taxable personal prop- erty assessable against the person, the amount remains at that figure on the assessor's rolls for two or three years. Then the assessor moves it up a few thousands, by way of experiment, and watches the effect. If the taxpayer does not come around and "swear it off," he waits two or three years longer and then "gives him another hitch," and keeps doing it till the taxpayer comes in and makes remonstrance under oath. In short, the payment of taxes in New York on personal property that is not visible to the eye of the assessor is a matter of conscience altogether. Illogical as this system is, the practice in New York is better than in the States where the tax- payer is required to make out a yearly list of his possessions and hand it to the assessor — a system which does not yield any larger revenue, on the whole, but which does lead to greater perjury and demoralization. As regards securities issued by cor- porations, Prof Taussig, recognizing the impossibility of taxing them in the hands of the owner, would strike them out of the list of taxables altogether, and tax the corporations themselves — that is. secure the revenue at its source. "No one," he says, "who watches the trend of our public affairs can fail to observe the growing strength of the movement by which public-service corporations are called on both to exhibit openly what is the outcome of their operations, and to share with the community the profits due to granted franchises. No doubt the movement is often headed by dema- gogues, and often has the marks of an unreasonable onslaught on a particular kind of property. But at bottom it is sound and healthy and is sure to con- tinue." He then refers to and commends the franchise-tax law of Massachusetts, which provides that street-railway com- panies, when their dividends exceed 8 per cent, on the capital invested, shall pay, over and above the ordinary taxes on corporations, a tax corresponding to such excess, so that the increased earn- ings shall be shared by the public. The system requires careful public super- vision over the issue of the securities, but this is by no means an impossible task. Prof. Taussig's article does not touch the franchise-tax bill now in Gov. Roose- velt's hands, but such inferences as may be drawn from his argument are fa- vorable to it. He holds that a franchise tax over and above the tax on corpora- tions using public streets is just, and that the only question is as to the mode of levying it. He would abolish the tax on shares in the hands of shareholders and recoup the Treasury by taxing the source of the dividends. The State of New York, by the way, does not tax such shares in the hands of the holder if the corporation issuing the same has paid the corporation tax of this State. It does not tax the shares of foreign corpora- tions held by citizens of New York, the presumption being that such corpora- tions are taxed at home. The principle being conceded that a franchise tax is just, how should it be levied? The Ford bill makes the franchise a part of the real estate, and the people who oppose this feature contend that the tax ought to be upon gross earnings, and they urge the Governor to veto the bill because it puts a dangerous power in the hands of local assessors in fixing the value of the franchise. No doubt there is a dan- ger here, but Prof. Taussig considers this a danger which confronts us at all times — one which calls for the better- ment of our civil service, rather than for a modification of our tax laws. Upon this point he says: "Just as the method of taxing shares and bonds gives opportunity for evasions by the holder and favoritism by the assessor, so taxes on corporations give opportunity for corruption by the corporation and blackmail by the tax commissioner. No doubt an hon- est and capable official finds his task more manageable under the latter plan than under the former; but honest and capable officials you must have in any case. The examples, unfortunately, are many where the taxation of corporations has led to corruption, or blackmail, or both, the root of the evil be- ing in either case a debauched public ser- vice. In whatever direction we seek reform in our public life, this same imperative need confronts us." AMERICANIZING THE ENGLISH PRESS. The excitement and discussions in Eng- land over the Sunday editions of the Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph pro- duce a curiously reminiscent effect upon those who have been connected for any time with American newspapers. We went through all that twenty-five years ago. All the arguments for or against the Sunday paper which the English are now bringing forward as novel discover- ies, were threshed to dust here in the '70's. Mr. Balfour solemnly reminds the House of Commons that the work on a Sunday newspaper is actually done on Saturday, and that it is the Monday paper which is really wicked; and all the other dear old platitudes are hurled about with vigor and enthusiasm. Any American newspaper file of a quarter of a century since would show the English that their reasoning was anticipated in this country at every point. The English have for years had Sun- day papers of a certain kind, just as we had before the war. Theirs, like ours, were not newspapers in the strict sense of the word. The news element was red-uced to the minimum. What passed for the Sunday paper was a collection of

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May 1 8, 1899] Th.e ZN~ation. 371 stories or gossip, or chat about sports and society — just the empty stuff for a vacant laborer to nod over as he sipped his Sunday ale. It was, in fact, only among.the working classes and un- intellectual folk that these papers circu- lated at all. They were rubbishy affairs, quite without influence on men of influ- ence, though they undoubtedly played a certain part in the social economy. A member of Parliament tells a story that illustrates what we mean. He was in a remote part of the country the other day, and was rejoiced to find that there was no public-house within a radius of some miles. "No," said the countryman, with whom he was talking, "and no church or chapel, neither." This was less pleas- ing to the member. "Then," said he, in a tone of deep commiseration, "what do you do for the means of grace?" "Means of grace!" replied his friend, indignant at this disparagement of the local re- sources, "haven't we the Dispatch?" From such unpretentious means of grace to a regular or even enlarged Sun- day issue of the Mail or the Telegraph was a great transition; yet England finds herself making it almost unawares. It came as it were by stealth, and was an accomplished fact before the public clearly understood what was happening. We do not know what will be the imme- diate outcome of the experiment — whe- ther the outcry and the threatened boy- cott will lead either the Mail or the Telegraph, or both, to suspend a Sunday edition for the present. We do know, however, that if either or both persist, the rest of the newspapers will sooner or later be compelled to follow suit. Ame- rican experience is conclusive on that point. It needs but some exciting event, some great piece of news— a war, a huge calamity— and the Sunday newspaper, glorying over its six-day rivals, will speedily see them take up the challenge and likewise publish, seven days in the week. It was so here and it will be so in England. There will be protests; all sorts of shifts and subterfuges will be attempted— special summaries of "the Sunday news" for tender consciences that disapprove the Sunday newspaper, and that sort of thing— but in the end we shall see our experience reproduced across the Atlantic, and the Sunday newspaper take its place as an estab- lished institution. We shall see it, we mean, if its beginnings are allowed. When the press says A in this matter, it soon says B, and presently fetches up at Z. What makes us fear that the begin- nings of Sunday journalism will not be successfully withstood in England is the fact that the steps which have led up to it have gone without effective rebuke. There has been a steady Americaniza- tion of the English press during the past decade. The Sunday edition is only one and the last symptom of a disease now deep seated. No one familiar with Eng- lish newspapers can have failed to note their growing assimilation to our models. With a few honorable excep- tions, they have acquired more and more of the American newspaper man- ner and tone. They have become hyste- rically sensational, shrieking in big headlines over a disaster or particularly grewsome murder; they give more and more space and importance to the seamy side of life, making a specialty of "racy" divorce trials and all kinds of nameless immorality; they grow more and more credulous and silly in printing irrespon- sible rumors and gossip as "news," and, in short, are faithfully copying Ameri- can "breeziness" and "enterprise." To us, the natural end of such a rake's pro- gress seems a Sunday newspaper, rather more vapid and disgusting than the week-day issue. The best view which can be taken of our own Sunday newspapers must admit that they are a nuisance. They are twice cursed: they curse him that prints them and him that reads them. They add new terrors to Sunday. On purely hu- manitarian grounds, and without allow- ing theological reasons to have any weight whatever, we could wish them all away. They cause unnecessary labor to those who must produce them, and carry intellectual and moral corruption throughout the community, making a rational, to say nothing of a religious, use of Sunday harder if not impossible for thousands of their victims. If there is any sadder sight in nature than a man deliberately sitting down to wal- low in a "sextuple" Sunday newspaper, we do not know what it is. The Puri- tans devised no such tortures for their Sabbath. THE DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SER- VICE OP GREAT BRITAIN. Brunswick, Me., April 19, 1899. Although the need of radical reform in our diplomatic and consular service is not a wholly new subject, the discussion of the political and commercial advantages that may possibly accrue to the United States from the adoption of a new foreign policy has given the matter the character of ur- gency. If we are to enter into delicate po- litical relations with the governments of Europe and Asia, and push our commer- cial interests abroad in directions and ways hitherto unknown, the necessity of admi- nistering our foreign service, in both its branches, on some more rational plan than now prevails is imperative. Of the abun- dant experience available for our guidance, that of Great Britain is most often cited; but it is to be feared that the knowledge of English administrative methods in this direction, even among many public men themselves disposed to favor reform, is ge- neral rather than specific. The recently published "Foreign Office List," an annual official publication, for 1899, exhibits some of the workings of a system having close practical interest for us. The series of orders in council organizing the civil service of Great Britain, on the basis of examinations designed to test the fitness of candidates, began with the order of May 21, 1855, establishing a limited sys- tem of competition for persons nominated for so-called junior positions. In 1870 the examinations were thrown open to free com- petition, upon payment of prescribed fees; certain positions, maiDly such as were to be filled by promotion or by direct ap- pointment by the Crown, being specifical- ly exempted. An order of the following year fixed the probationary period at six months, during which time the conduct and business capacity of the candidate were to be subjected to tests determined by the chief of the department whose service the can- didate intended to enter. Subsequent or- ders of 1876, 1890, 1896, and 1898 created a lower or second division of clerks, provid- ed for their promotion and progressive com- pensation, and required vacancies to be filled by promotion from lower grades'. By an order of 1896, retirement on a pension at the age of seventy, for persons then in the service, and of sixty-five, for those thereafter appointed, was made compulsory; reserving to the Secretary of State the right to extend the period, where public interest dictated, for five years at most. For appointment to a clerkship in the Foreign Office, or to the position of attache in the diplomatic service, the candidate is required to pass an examination in arith- metic, handwriting and orthography, Eng- lish composition, precis writing, French, German, geography, and European history, with related topics in American and Asiatic history, from 1789 to 1871. As optional subjects, two of the following languages, viz., Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, modern Greek, and Arabic, are in- dicated. The precis examination consists in making abstracts or schedules of papers containing official correspondence, and draw- . ing up a memorandum, in narrative form, of their contents. There is also a test of general intelligence, "as evinced by the manner in which the candidates acquit themselves under examination, and specifi- cally by the quickness they may show in seizing the points in papers read by them, or read over to them, once or twice." An inspection of the specimen papers printed in the "Foreign Office List" seems to show that the examinations are longer (the time allowed for each varied from two and one- half to three and one-half hours) and more exacting than those in our own civil ser- vice with which they can fairly be com- pared. The service of an attache dates from the issuance of the certificate by the Civil Service Commissioners. The first two years, six months of which are spent in the Foreign Office, and the remainder either there or at some foreign embassy or mission, are re- garded as probationary. On the satisfac- tory completion of the two years, the at- tache, if he can speak fluently French and one other foreign language, is commissioned as Third Secretary, with a salary of £150. For such as show, upon examination, a com- petent knowledge of public international law, an extra allowance of £100 a year is pro- vided. A Second Secretary receives an ini- tial salary of £300, increased by £15 annu- ally until the maximum of £450 is reached. The minimum salary of a Secretary of Le- gation is £500. Members of each of the three classes just named are further granted, in addition to any other salary or allowance, an annual allowance of £100 for a competent

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372 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 knowledge, colloquial or otherwise, of either Russian, Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Japanese, or Chinese, while serving in any country where such language is vernacular. They are also allowed actual travelling expenses on first appointment, and on removal incident to promotion, and also subsistence money, when subsistence is not included in the pass- age money. All members of the diplomatic service, whatever their rank, are, in the language of the regulations, "expected to take their turn in whatever part of the world their services may be required"; and secretaries and attaches, whether married or unmarried, must be prepared to go to the post to which they may be appointed. Se- cond and Third Secretaries and attaches are not, as a rule, kept more than two years at the same mission, and the appointments of heads of missions are for a term not ex- ceeding five years; but the Secretary of State may lengthen the term, for special public reasons. Provision is further made for an allowance to such officials, not be- low the rank of secretary, as may, on ac- count of war or interruption of diplomatic relations, be temporarily withdrawn from ac- tive service. The conditions of entrance to the British consular service are, naturally, less elaborate than those for the diplomatic arm, but the aim — a competent service of permanent offi- cials— is the same. The examinations, re- quired of all candidates either resident in England at the time of their appointment, or passing through England on their way to their first station, include English composi- tion, French (speaking and writing), British mercantile and commercial law, commercial arithmetic, and a sufficient knowledge, for commercial purposes, of the language current in the place to which the person is assigned, to enable him to communicate directly with the Government and the natives. For north- ern Europe, the language regarded as satis- fying this latter requirement is German; for Spain, Portugal, Morocco, and South or Central America, Spanish or Portuguese, as the Secretary of State may determine; and for Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and places on the Black Sea and Mediterranean, except Morocco and Spain, Italian. A service of three months in the Foreign Office, for the purpose of acquaintance with the methods of business in use there, is required, as far as practicable, of all appointees to consul- ships on their first nomination. Consular clerks are examined in handwriting, ortho- graphy, arithmetic, and one foreign language. The provisions for pensioning officials in the diplomatic and consular services are somewhat elaborate, and involve, naturally, details of administration not necessarily ap- plicable to American conditions. The gene- ral outlines of the system, however, are sim- ple. In the diplomatic service, pensions are granted, on the recommendation of the Sec- retary of State, to such persons as have served at least fifteen years, ten of which must have been passed in actual service, either continuous or on different occasions! at some foreign post. There are four classes or grades of pensions, the maximum amounts of each being, respectively, £1,700, £1,300 £900, and £700; but the pension may 'not! in any case, exceed the amount of the salary enjoyed by the pensioner at the time of his retirement. Allowances, calculated on the term of previous service and the salary re- ceived, may also be granted to invalided sec- retaries, officials disabled by injuries received in discharge of their duties, and such as are withdrawn from active service on account of rupture cf diplomatic relations. The ac- ceptance of a salaried office under the Crown, however, works a suspension of the pension, if the income of the office be equal in amount to the pension; if the income be less than the pension, then the latter is diminished by the amount of such income. The pension or other allowance is free from taxes or duties, except the tax on incomes; and its accept- ance does not disqualify for membership in the House of Commons. Pensions for consular officers are provided for by the general laws regulating pensions for members of the civil service. The ordi- nary rate of superannuation allowance is ten- sixtieths of the annual salary and emolu- ments of the office for ten years of service, rising by an additional one-sixtieth for each additional year, until, upon the completion of forty years of service, the maximum of forty-sixtieths is reached. The allowance is, regularly, not granted to persons under sixty, except for disability; but, as in the diplomatic service, the right to grant allow- ances for short terms, and in certain spe- cial cases, is reserved. In the case of dis- abling injuries received in performance of duty, a gratuity not exceeding a year's sala- ry, or such an allowance as, together with any other allowances to which the official may be entitled, shall not exceed the salary, or £300 a year, whichever is greater, may be given; and in case of death from such in- jury, similar grants may be made to speci- fied dependents. For the purpose of the acts, finally, certain places or countries are, from time to time, declared to be "un- healthy," and, in computing the retiring al- lowance or gratuity, two years' service in such places is reckoned as three years. How does such a system work in practice? In particular, is there a reasonable proba- bility of rising from the bottom to the top of the ladder? Some one hundred and eighty double- column pages of the "Foreign Office List" for 1899 are taken up with a "statement of services" — a series of brief official biogra- phies of all persons living who have served or are now serving under the Foreign Office, either at home or abroad. As an instance •of a distinguished public career which has compassed all the stages from attache to Ambassador, I select the biography of Sir Edmund Monson, the present British Am- bassador to France. Omitting items of per- sonal rather than official distinction, this is the record. A graduate of Oxford, Sir Ed- mund was nominated attache in March, 1856, passed an examination, and was appointed to Paris. In 1858 he was transferred to Flo- rence, next retransferred temporarily to Paris, and thence, in the same year, to Washington, where he remained as secre- tary to Lord Lyons, the British Minister, until 1863. In that year, having previously passed a second examination, he was trans- ferred to Hanover, still as attache. Promot- ed to be Third Secretary, he was sent to Brussels, and in 1S65 resigned, to contest, unsuccessfully, a seat in Parliament. In 1869 he was appointed Consul at the Azores, and in 1871 promoted to be Consul-General for Hungary. He was Second Secretary to the Embassy at Vienna in 1874, and employ- ed on special service in Dalmatia and Monte- negro during parts of 1876-77. In 1879 he be- came Minister Resident and Consul-General to Uruguay, and in 1884 Minister to Para- guay and the Argentine Republic; in the lat- ter year he was transferred to the Danish mission, thence, in 1888, to Greece, and, in 1892, to Belgium. In 1893 he was made an Ambassador, serving first at Vienna, and, finally, was transferred to Paris in 1896. Details aside, the English system rests upon four principles: first, appointment only after a suitable civil-service examination, and with no regard to political "influence"; se- cond, a short preliminary training in the Government Office at home, before entering upon service at a foreign station; third, re- gulated promotion from lower to higher grades, with corresponding increase of com- pensation; and, lastly, a retiring allowance or pension, proportioned to the term of ser- vice and the compensation previously re- ceived. It creates, avowedly and of set purpose, an office-holding class, not for the benefit of politicians, nor yet with encroach- ment upon popular rights, but solely for the reason, enforced by long experience, that in no other way can the public business be well done. Not all who enter the service attain distinction, distinction being a reward for merit and demonstrated ability; but there is assured tenure during competency, and a chance to rise according to the mea- sure of personal worth. The system, doubt- less, is not perfect, and, in any case, could hardly be copied in every detail by the United States or any other country; never- theless, it is the most effective system of diplomatic and consular administration known to the modern world. William MacDonald. AT HONOLULU. Hong Kong, April 6, 1899. The Pacific is hardly to be called a sea of desolation, but it is surely one of desolate- ness. A three weeks' voyage from San Fran- cisco to Yokohama showed but one sail, more literally one smokestack, besides our own, if we except small coasting craft along the Hawaiian shores. The vastness and the loneliness of the ocean that oppress the At- lantic voyager are magnified and intensified for the transpacific traveller. Eight days from California, and dawn shows the ranges of Oahu purpling in the morning light. The steamer, with the sun, enters the straight gap in the barrier reef, upon whose coral summit lies a newly -wrecked sailing vessel, and, threading the contracted harbor, reaches the excellent wharf of Honolulu. As eveiy one knows, the capital of the re- cently acquired possession is an American- ized town, through which unfamiliar sub- tropical vegetation flings out its banners. The trading is obviously in the hands of whites, and, to those who know the history of the missions, it is clear that the de- scendants of those pioneers have applied their inherited intelligence, in part at least, to the material improvement of the country, and, as far as casual observation goes, not unworthily. "Missionary" has become an epithet, not alone for those to whom it prop- erly belongs, but fcr an element that, inde- pendently of active religious work, attends church and upholds outward morality in a community where circumstances make lax- ness of living easy; and for a political party as well. The distinctively American element is the most conspicuous, but the broadened speech, the rising inflection, and in the shops the recurring decoration of the Union Jack, testify to the frequent Briton. Fortu-

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May 1 8, 1899] The IsTation 373 nately, the conquering Irish have not yet reached this outpost, so that the municipal and the higher governments are free from their controlling touch. The native race gives the predominating Hawaiian hue, in varying degrees of dilution, to the street population that is not white. The counte- nance is pleasant rather than otherwise, the hair straight, the complexion fairly clear, and varies .in tone from the quadroon to the gingerbread tints of our own streets. The upper lip, as has been expressed, "seems as though the skin were a little too short," and thus upturned is ever ready to break into a smile. There is a considerable Portuguese colony; the Chinese laborers are very nu- merous, with a few in trade; and the Ja- panese subjects are so many as to give color to the suggestion that the empire of Nip- pon may have encouraged this expatriation with the ultimate view of laying claim for control, if not for possession, by virtue of mere force of numbers. Many of the lower races use the term "men" in designating themselves to foreigners, and "Kanaka" applied to the Ha- waiian means "man." The Kanakas, like so many weaker peoples, seem doomed to go down before alien vices and diseases and exotic modes of life. Fresh air and fresh earth are sanitary advantages often aban- doned when "civilized" houses and fixed ha- bitations, with a gradually increasing soil pollution, come in vogue. The census marks a steady downward curve in the native blood, although the next enumeration may possibly show that recently imposed hygienic con- ditions and increasing public care have checked the decline. But remembering that leprosy has laid its unrelenting hand on one in every thirty, and that the combination of ignorance and carelessness is in league against child life, it is more likely that the vanishing point will finally be reached than that the Kanakas, using the word respectfully, will come into their own again. But whatever the physical retrogression, there has been a constant upward trend in other directions, so that at this date more than ninety-six per cent, of the children of school age (six to fifteen years) actually attend school, and, of the Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian popu- lation above the age of six, more than eighty- five per cent, read and write. This is al- most exactly identical with the rate among the American and European population here, excluding the Portuguese. At Ho- nolulu the Kamehameha schools, which are domestic and manual as well as mental in their training, make a superb monument to the intelligent and patriotic beneficence of their founder, the late Mrs. Bishop, of the royal family. It is not to be supposed that any conside- rable proportion of the native population, certainly that of unmixed blood, desired an- nexation, or indeed that the royal govern- ment should be overthrown, weak and per- sonally objectionable in some respects as it may have been. Nevertheless, men who would not have disturbed the Queen upon her throne frankly admit now that material prosperity, a veritable boom that seems to be substantial, has followed the change. Visi- tors, if not permanent new settlers, are much more numerous, so that, as one resident frankly remarked, the citizens "are over- whelmed with letters of introduction." Capi- tal is growing. The national debt of $4,000,- 000 is assured of liquidation by the United States. The volume of general trade is in- creasing, and sugar culture has attained im- mense proportions. The growth of the sugar interest depends upon the duties, upon effi- cient labor, and upon water. First reci- procity and then annexation removed the obstacle of a tariff. Asiatic immigration af- forded a perfectly trustworthy and constant service. Driven wells have brought large otherwise useless tracts under cultivation through irrigation from reservoirs. These wells are not truly artesian, as they are called, but they reach a water-bearing level, and pumps complete the work. Some of this water is too brackish for domestic use, but it answers perfectly for the crops, and by it vast new areas have been set in cane. This acquisition of water is doing for the islands what it does for Arizona and the higher table-land of our interior: it brings into ser- vice the natural fertility of the soil. But the water-supply is necessarily not exhaust- less, and it is probable that each new well will diminish the flow of the older ones. Still, the sugar output is enormous now, with all the conditions for continued production and with an assured market; so that shares in the great companies mean fortunes, and active plantations are better than mines of gold. The coupled incidents of the Spanish war and of annexation led to a show of defensive force near Honolulu by the general Govern- ment, in the form of certain volunteer orga- nizations. A part of these have been re- called, leaving neither a fragrant nor a blessed memory. A battalion of volunteer engineers, who seem very creditable extem- porized soldiers, remain; but their former uniformed compatriots do not appear, either in discipline or in personal carriage, to have impressed our newly matriculated citizens or their alien associates as guardians ac- ceptable in efficiency or in morals. In addi- tion to these defects of manner, to put it lightly, the blight of ill-health appears to have fallen upon their camps as upon so many nearer home, and to have added another object-lesson in the matter of military sani- tation impressed by a high and unnatural death-rate. A new and better-situated hos- pital, a more experienced officer at the head of medical affairs, and the withdrawal of the peccant regiment have changed the situa- tion. Pearl Harbor, so long and so much before the public, is only a few miles further along the coast. When Its mouth and approaches are properly opened (not a difficult undertak- ing), it seems likely to be not merely a valua- ble and necessary naval and military sta- tion, but the natural harbor for commerce as well as for war. It is not simply a single sheltered basin, but it embraces several deep- water bays reached through a common de- fensible entrance. It would not be unrea- sonable to find the future commercial metro- polis of the islands ranged around that land- locked haven, while the political capital con- tinues from its present slope to look out upon the roads and minor refuge that now make up Honolulu harbor. To recur to Honolulu, water systemati- cally introduced has transformed an occa- sionally dry and dusty plain, and made per- petual verdure possible. Frequent hydrants assure against fire as well as drought, and indicate pipe-lines for domestic service. In reliance on a porous subsoil, as is not new in sanitary history, there is no artificial method to carry away the waste, and cess- pools down to this substratum receive the domestic sewage. Appropriations have now been made for town sewers, and this summer will see their introduction, with the out- flow entering tho sea far beyond low ii cording to the plans of a distin- guished New York engineer. At the time of these observations, very sincere distress oppressed the Hawaiian po- pulation, with whom the white residents thoroughly sympathized. Upon the deposi- tion and the subsequent abdication of Liliuo- kalani, the theoretical succession devolved upon the Princess Kaiulani, a young wo- man of mixed blood, of cultivation and of attractiveness. She was the offspring of the marriage of the Queen's sister, Princess Li-ke-li-ke, with a Scotch resident; and Vic- toria Kaiulani Cleghorn, after the revolu- tion, hardly represented the royalists' hopes as much as she impersonated their senti- ment. Of pleasing aspect and gracious man- ners, accomplished in European tongues, as well as educated in the serious courses of an English school, she returned home too late to serve as a rallying-point, when af- fairs were yet unsettled, even if it were pos- sible that the monarchy could be revived. But she was popular among the foreigners of the capital and beloved by her mother's race. Living quietly at her own place in the country with her father, she was necessarily an important but not an obtrusive person- age, and she accepted her ill fortune with fortitude and without public repining. The remains of this interesting young woman, with whose life had expired the last breath that connected the old regime with the pre- sent, lay in state at her residence, where a mourning and respectful concourse paid constant homage. The last of the royal line, there was, for many, more than the grief of personal bereavement — there was the sad assurance that the chief of their race had fallen, with no possibility of re- vival. No one could cry, "The king is dead; long live the king!" whether the sentiment looked forward to the head of the state or merely to a representative of Hawaii. The graceful body, in its white robes and royal trappings, represented not rest, but extinc- tion. With equal taste and judgment the Gov- ernment recognized this as a public occa- sion, and extended official assistance. The public band played dirge music in the grounds; the police arranged for not order, for there was no disorder, but system in the throng; uniformed officers represented at this bier of the past the respect of the present; and on the public buildings the flag of the republic was at half-staff for the princess in death. There was. a purple velvet pall over the couch, with the royal cipher em- broidered thereon in gold; officers who seem- ed to be of the native troops, or possibly representing the local administration, stood at the head; and the guard of honor on each side was four officials wearing certain insig- nia and bearing imposing feathered staves or wands of ceremony, which they lowered together midway over the body, and raised again, slowly and solemnly, in time with the strains of music. It is singular and interesting that the distinctive decorations of the royal cloaks and helmets and staves of office in the barbaric days, when the throne was founded on conquest and main- tained by force, should be of delicate feath- ers, naturally associated with more gentle thoughts than those of war, and that these ornaments in their final office should have a

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374= fPlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 peculiar fitness in doing honor to the youth- ful Kaiulanl. In the respectful procession that passed with reverence were manifest transient tourists, white residents, who by public policy may have been committed to the republic and to annexation, Hawaiian youth too inexperienced to have well-con- sidered opinions, and mature and aged na- tives, who may have seen before them a picture of their country and their race. All were serious, and the natives were solemn and sad, with trembling faces and weeping eyes. The apartments through which the proces- sion moved were those lately occupied by the Princess, and were furnished with taste- ful simplicity, although containing oc- casional signs that her birth rank had not been forgotten. In the rooms were Hawaiian and other ladies, peculiar decorations upon whom seemed to indicate hereditary or con- ferred right of attendance. Two large regis- ters were opened on a veranda, where those who had paid this mark of respect were de- sired to inscribe their names— an interesting commentary upon the literacy of the public, to whom the ceremony was freely open, and, indeed, whose peculiar function it was. The body, after lying in state for a week, on the succeeding Sunday was to receive a state funeral from the Kawaiahao church, the oldest and apparently the largest in Ho- nolulu, one always associated with distinc- tively Hawaiian religious exercises, and ori- ginally built, if tradition is correct, by na- tive offering of labor and the contribution of individual stones. As the grizzled sexton, superintending certain preparations, later in the evening remarked with some pathos: "No more kings; no more queens. Now, all Amelicans." The building most closely as- sociated with the beginning of civilized life in the Hawaiian rulers was that which should see their literal exit, as Kaiulani was borne from its doors. D. Q. CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN. PARIS, April 20, 1899. Baron de Bildt, the present Minister of Sweden and Norway in Rome, has taken ad- vantage of his situation to study the letters written by Queen Christina of Sweden to Cardinal Azzolino, and has just published this correspondence, together with an his- torical study of an extraordinary person (Paris: Plon, Nourrit & Cie. ; New York: Dyr- sen & Pfeiffer). Christina has generally been rather severely treated by historians. Protes- tants have not forgiven her conversion to Ca- tholicism, and Catholics have been scandal- ized by the behavior of the royal convert. She has offended the Swedes by her want of pa- triotism; she may be said to have surprised everybody by her cosmopolitan life, her end- less agitation. In France, the drama of Fontainebleau is all that is remembered of her. The documents concerning Christina are imperfect. Before her death she ordered that all her papers should be destroyed, and the greater part of her extensive correspond- ence has thus been lost to us. M. de Bildt offers to the public a series of letters writ- ten by her during her second journey through the north of Europe, from 1666 to 1668. "She is found in it," he says, "speaking with an en- tire frankness and complete confidence. We shall see her in turn proud, vain, humble, and simple; sometimes hard and wicked, more often generous and indulgent; always witty, sometimes gay; always conscious of her greatness and full of herself, but also faith- fully and tenderly attached to her friend, and in this affection showing herself the true woman." There must have been similar se- ries of letters written during the two jour- neys which the Queen made from 1656 to 1658 and from 1660 to 1662; but they have dis- appeared, and were probably destroyed im- mediately after her death. Her will was opened on the very day she died, and Cardi- nal Azzolino entered immediately into pos- session of everything there was in her palace. Azzolino was ill himself, and died in the fol- lowing June. The work of destruction which he began during the last days of his life was left unfinished. There remained about 10,000 letters or papers of various kinds; how 4,000 of them entered into the collections of the Albani family, M. de Bildt has not been able to find out. The Albani collection was used by the Swedish historian Arckenholtz, who published four hundred letters in 1759 and 1760 in the volumes iii. and iv. of his 'Memoirs for the History of Christina.' The documents in question are now, curious- ly enough, in the library of the School of Medicine at Montpellier, France (where they arrived as a consequence of the occupation of Rome by the French in 1798). Some other papers of Queen Christina and Cardinal Az- zolino are still in possession of the Cardi- nal's family, and M. de Bildt has been able to consult them in the archives of the present Marquis Azzolino. In 1620, when Gustavus Adolphus had to take a wife, he felt some desire to marry a handsome girl, belonging to the best no- bility of the country; but, says M. de Bildt in a very Darwinian style, "this tendency to natural selection was immediately checked by the authority of his mother, who was strongly imbued with the necessity of the document." By the word document, M. de Bildt means the inscription of certain names in certain genealogical books, parchments, or papers, without regard to the physical or moral condition of the bearers of the names. "If," he says, "the document is right, though the individual may have in himself the germ of the most dangerous maladies for his suc- cessors, he is 'well born,' and seems desirable for those who wish to maintain the race." This is said in disparagement of the mar- riage of Gustavus Adolphus with the Prin- cess Mary Eleanor of Brandenburg. This union left nothing to be desired from an aristocratic point of view, but the young bride had only an Insignificant beauty, a more than mediocre intellect, and her nervous system was weak and diseased. She adored her husband, but inspired him only with an af- fection "which did not rise above the senses." It is clear that M. de Bildt wishes to invoke the laws of descent, so as to throw on the unfortunate Princess of Bran- denburg the responsibility for all the defects and the vices of Queen Christina. Christina was born in December, 1626. She was six years old when she became an or- phan. She has herself given an account of her education, in a manuscript published by Arckenholtz. She showed great intelli- gence at a very early age. She pretends in her Memoir to have been precocious in entertain- ing religious doubts. Her governess was her aunt, Princess Catherine, sister of Gustavus Adolphus, the wife of the Palatine Count of Deux-Ponts. "I had much esteem," she says, "only for my preceptor and my governor." The former was a Dr. John Mathiae, who be- came Bishop of Strangnas; the governor was Axel Baner, an intimate friend of Gustavus Adolphus. At the age of eighteen, she as- sumed the royal authority, and showed, her- self at once the true daughter of Gustavus Adolphus. Her activity, her moderation, her application were much admired, and she be- came rapidly popular; she was compared to Minerva and was called Pallas Nordica. She concluded two treaties of peace — one with Denmark, the other with Westphalia— both favorable to Sweden. She chose a favorite at the age of twenty. Count Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie. She made him colonel, general, ambassador, grand marshal of the court. Was It love, was it friendship? Nobody ever knew ex- actly. Christina speaks of herself in these terms in her Memoir: "My ardent and im- petuous disposition has given me as much inclination towards love as towards ambi- tion, . . . but my ambition, my pride (which was incapable of submitting to any- body), my contemptuous character have been marvellous preservatives." This memoir we speak of was modestly dedicated to the Al- mighty. She adds: "However near I have been to the precipice, your powerful hand has drawn me from it. You know, what- ever envy and malice may have said, that I am innocent of all the faults with which my enemies have blackened my life. I confess that if I had not been born a woman, my natural disposition would perhaps have led me into terrible disorders, but you have al- ways made me love glory and honor more than any pleasure." This extraordinary Life, dedicated to God, Mas written in Rome, at a time when peo- ple were' talking much about the relations of the Queen with Cardinal Azzolino; it was designed to cover the Cardinal as much as herself. M. de Bildt does not take the Queen implicitly at her word; he gives us the list of her favorites (people nowadays would per- haps call them flirts) ; the French Doctor Bourdelot, called for a time to Stockholm (Bourdelot was among the intimate friends of the famous Prince de Conde), young Count Tott, Stoinbergh, the diplomat Dohna, and others. One of them deserves special men- tion, namely, Pimentel, envoy of the King of Spain, who arrived at the Court of Sweden in 1652. The Queen treated him, as soon as he came, with particular favor, and to Pi- mentel was confided the desire which Chris- tina felt to join the Catholic Church. This desire, which was long kept a secret, may explain their great intimacy. Christina was not a Messalina on the throne, nor even a Catherine II. "She was a young woman," says M. de Bildt, "of delicate health, regulating her life without regard to the laws of hygiene, over- exciting her brain and her nerves, looking for every possible satisfaction of pride and vanity, fond of flattery and applause, enjoy- ing her intellectual superiority, . . . rest- less, and conducting with the same diaboli- cal ardor study and pleasure, ... in short, an acute neuropath." The history of her reign is well known; the two most interesting points are her conver- sion and her abdication, the beginning of a second life. Christina never was a believing Lutheran. "I believed nothing," she says in her Life, "of the religion in which I was brought up." She made the acquaintance of the great philosopher Descartes, author of the 'Discours sur la mSthode'; but Descartes died four months after his arrival at Stock- holm (February 11, 1650). She had been struck by the fact that though he was a

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May 1 8, 1899] Tlie JSfation. 375 philosopher, he was also a fervent Catholic. The first Catholic priest with whom she came in contact was the Jesuit Macedo, confessor of the Portuguese embassy. She entered through him into negotiation with the General of the Je- suits and with Cardinal FabioChigi.one of the negotiators of the Congress of Munster. She wished to know if the Pope would allow her to make herself Catholic in secret and to re- main a Lutheran to her people. The answer was negative. "Then," said she immediate- ly, "I must abdicate." She abdicated in June, 1654, leaving the sceptre to her cousin Charles Gustavus, and left Sweden immediately for Flanders, having placed herself under the protection of Philip IV. of Spain. Before leaving Sweden, she made an arrangement with her successor and the Chambers where- by she was to receive the revenue of several provinces, which she would continue to ad- minister through agents of her own choosing. No sum was fixed; but these revenues had an annual value of about 200,000 rigsdalers of Sweden (a million francs), quite a consider- able sum for Sweden; but the style in which Christina lived, and her disorder, threw her into perpetual financial difficulties, which at times became almost inextricable. Christina made her formal conversion with great solemnity before a Legate of the Pope on the 3d of November, 1655, in the Cathe- dral of Innsbruck, and left that city for Italy. Her journey was very theatrical, and was a continual festival. She travelled through Trent, Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, Rimini, Pesaro, Ancona, Loreto, Foligno, Assisi, and arrived in Rome on the 20lh of December, 1655, with an enormous suite. A cavalcata solenne took place in her honor. On Christmas Day, the Queen received the Communion from the hands of the Pope. A new life was beginning for her, but she could not be contented with feasts, operas, ceremonies. Her mind was too restless, and her ambition too great. She entered into all sorts of schemes, and made plans for the conquest of Naples by the French. She was drawn from the Spanish faction chiefly by Cardinal Azzolino, who had become her fa- vorite, if not her lover. Azzolino was a trim- mer, and went from the French side to the Spanish side, and from the Spanish side to the French. In 1656, Christina made a journey to France, with Monaldeschi, her grand tcuyer, and Santanelli, her grand chamberlain. The details of this journey are well known through the Memoirs of Madame de Motte- ville and those of Mile, de Montpensier. Some letters of the Queen to Azzolino given by M. de Bildt furnish us new details. The drama of Fontainebleau, where Monaldeschi was murdered in the great gallery by the Queen's order, is an event which has ex- cited the imagination of many writers— Alex- ander Dumas the elder and Browning among them. Of Browning, M. de Bildt says: "I confess that I have not much understood the poem of the latter poet, except that he knew nothing of the historical character of the personages of whom he spoke." Love had nothing to do with the death of Monaldeschi. Christina's action can be explained, but can- not be justified, and will always remain a terrible blot on her memory. Monaldeschi was certainly not a sympathetic character, but Santanelli, his adversary, protected by the Queen, was even less so, and it is not the least reproach that can be made against the Queen that she sacrificed a victim to such a mean personage. We must refer to M. de Bildt for all the details of the drama, and for the attitude she took after it. His voluminous work is a document of permanent value. To the end of her life, in Rome or on her journeys, in her relations with Sweden, with France, with the Church of Rome, she continued to be the same restless, clever but irra- tional person. Christina died at the Riario Palace, leaving Azzolino her universal heir. She was buried in the vaults of Saint Peter. Azzolino died the 8th of June in the same year. Correspondence. THE UNITED STATES IN SAMOA. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Please, allow me, in your columns, at this critical time, to speak a word for the Samoans. I have lived in Samoa; I know the people. I also know how hard it is for those who have not lived there to think of these brown, half- clad natives other than as negroes or sa- vages. They are neither. They are as un- like negroes as negroes are unlike the white population of America. Neither are they savages, nor have been, within the memory of man; but they are a civilized and Chris- tian people. All the world knows in what high esteem they were held by Mr. R. L. Stevenson. Lord Pembroke pronounced them the noblest and most lovable race of people he had ever known. They are naturally inde- pendent and self-respecting. They are law- abiding and love peace. There can be no better proof of this than the fact that when Mataafa, the great hero of Samoa, their rightful ruler by birth and choice of the peo- ple, was brought back from exile during the late King's lifetime, they sought not by a single act to overthrow the existing govern- ment. They had never forgotten their right- ful King in captivity, and welcomed him back with such joyful demonstrations as have never before been seen in Samoa. But it was as their loved hero they welcomed him, while they continued their allegiance to the King the whites had put over them. It was not until Malietoa Laupepa died that they crowned Mataafa King. Then was brought forward this miserable seventeen- year-old boy, Tanu, by the missionaries and Chief Justice Chambers. I doubt even if he Is a true son of old Malietoa Laupepa, as I never heard of him in all the time I lived in Samoa, and I knew the King and his family. Tanu had no native adherents but those of his own clan, who, by the ancient customs of Samoans, had no choice but to stand by him. They were the same who fought by Mataafa's side in the war of 1888. Our own native fa- mily of Vailima were of this clan, and I know their hearts were with Mataafa; and even after the conflict of the forces of Ma- taafa and Tanu on January 1 of this year, a duel in which the honor of the clan was satisfied, I know how peaceably they would have returned to their smoking villages and rebuilt their houses and replanted their fields. Mr. Chambers is a Southerner. His atti- tude towards the Samoans was always that of a master towards negroes. He openly said once, when Land Commissioner in Sa- moa after the last war, "that three acres of land was enough for any native." I am glad to say that he was promptly told, and that by an American citizen, "that he was not sent to determine how much land was enough for a native, but to whom the land belonged." I was in Samoa when he received his ap- pointment as Chief Justice, and know with what disfavor it was received by the best whites in Samoa. His decision in regard to the kingship was based on a mere quibble and not on basic right -and wrong. He found- ed it upon a protocol to the treaty that Ger- many had demanded in the Berlin Conven- tion and later, through her consul-general, had withdrawn; a protocol never made known to the Samoans when they accepted the treaty, and about which there has ever been a question of legality. When Admiral Kautz arrived upon the scene, there was a provisional government, with Mataafa at its head, which the three consuls had agreed to recognize until they could consult with their home governments. Within two days of his arrival, this would- be Dewey overthrew the provisional govern- ment, began shelling defenceless villages, and sending troops against the Mataafa in the bush where they had been driven. The blood of every native and white shed after his arrival, meant to keep peace and protect the interest of foreigners, is as much on his head as if he had murdered each one with his own hands. America and England are in the same po- sition now that Germany was in 1888-'9, when, with arms, we demanded she desist trying to force upon the Samoans a King they did not want. As Germany was wrong and America right in 1888-'9, so are America and England wrong now and Germany right. Vailele, where the Samoans withstood the attack of the English and American forces on April 1, is the same battlefield where they repulsed the Germans in 1888. The battle of April 1 was the Lexington of Samoa. "You know the rest. In the books you have read How the British Regulars flred and fled— How the farmers gave them ball for ball, How behind each fence and farmyard wall, Chasing the red-coats down the laile, Then crossing the fields to emerge again Under the trees at the turn of the road, And only pausing to fire and load." But, to our lasting shame and dishonor, we were red-coats in that fight. I am, very respectfully yours, Katharine Osbourne. Madeira, April 24, 1899. WOOD ENGRAVING VS. "PROCESS." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I am glad to see, in the illustrations of the Century, at least, evidence of a re- turning sense of the value of the pure line in wood-cut illustrations, and dissatisfaction with the process reproduction of drawings in tint, which has been debasing our book il- lustration so long. Cheapness does not stand for everything in any direction except the alimentary, and not always there, and I doubt if what has been gained in certain qualities of fidelity in reproduction will ever compensate us for the discouraging effect produced on the wood-cutting craft by its so large adoption. Of course this was in a measure inevitable, since there are so many cases in which the cheapness of production is the necessary condition of the illustra- tion being produced; but wherever the artis- tic quality of the reproduction, especially of works of art, is important, it seems to me that every degree of utilization of "process" is accompanied by a corresponding deterio- ration in quality.

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376 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 Taking the Century for April, which is the last I have, and which represents all, or nearly all, the stages of assisted work, it is impossible not to recognize the sterling va- lue of process in such reproductions as the portrait of Admiral Montojo and that of Gen. Greene, but nothing outside of bare necessity makes the portraits of Merritt and Chadwick permissible; while if we take the best of the mixed plates, that of the portrait of Dewey, and compare it, simply as render- ing of flesh, and luminous tint, suggesting at least the luminousness of the flesh, with the head by Cole in a previous number, the "Parson's Daughter" after Romney, it will be seen that the difference is radical. The luminousness of the pure line, pure black in immediate contact with pure white, is not to be attained by any graduation of tint which does not give it. The only question, and this is one which only the engraver himself can fully answer, is how far the process basis could be made use of in the production of line work like that of the Cole block. If the process gradation appear at all in the finished work, it seems to me to mean so much loss of quality; if it does not appear, It is hard to see what advantage the use of process has over the former method of working on a photographic reproduction on the block, which is that of the Cole cutting. To my taste, the "Parson's Daughter" is the most exquisite example of pure line in a head that I know of in contemporary work, and if process is going to make such engraving un- attainable by lowering the technical educa- tion of our future engravers, it will be a misfortune with no adequate compensation. And, by the way, it is a matter of interest to inquire how the mixed style is going to affect the absurd decision of our Treasury which classes wood blocks as carved wood at 30 per cent, duty, while it permits a stereo- type plate, which the engraved process plate is, to come into the United States free of duty. According to the sapient logic of our Treasury, if Mr. Cole can manage to do all his work on a process plate, he can escape the duty which now prevents his sending his large blocks to be printed in America. As he still holds to his purpose of bringing out the large engravings from the old Italian mas- ters of which there was mention In the Nation several years ago, this question may be important to him and us. — Yours truly, W. J. Stillman. : 1 M, W. IiOVKXEMOU I'M, KXUI.AM). GALILEO'S REASONING. To the Editor op The Nation: Sin: Galileo endeavored to show by a priori reasoning that the velocity of a fall- ing body cannot be proportional to the dis- tance fallen. In my 'History of Physics' I adopt the view that Galileo's argument on this point is illogical. Your reviewer of my history tries to show (p. 317) that Galileo's reasoning is sound, but I cannot accept his position. Galileo says: "If the velocity with which a body over- comes four yards is double the velocity with which it passed over the first two yards, then the times necessary for these processes must be equal; but four yards can be over- come in the same time as two yards only if there is an instantaneous motion." To test these assertions, we express Gali- leo's assumption by the formula: da it ~ where a is some finite constant (not zero). If it is possible for s to attain a finite value, then we see from this formula that the velocity is finite. Therefore, having a finite velocity, the body cannot pass from two yards to four yards Instantaneously. Hence, Galileo's conclusion does not follow. The reason why the reviewer finds the time for this passage to be zero is because (con- trary to Galileo's hypothesis) he assumes lliis time to be zero. As a matter of fact, the distance s can never attain a finite value. The correct con- clusion to be drawn from Galileo's assump- tion is that the body can never begin to move. Since Galileo concludes that in- stantaneous motion is the result when really there can be no motion at all, his reasoning is fallacious. Florian Cajori. [Galileo's reasoning (which, by the way, is not, properly speaking, a priori) was intended to refute the hypothesis that the velocities of a falling body at different times are proportional to the spaces described from a state of rest. This it did by showing that that hypo- thesis, conjoined with the indisputable facts that neither the time occupied in falling a finite distance nor the velocity acquired is infinite, constitutes an ab- surdity— that is to say, leads logically to contradictory results. We gave a con- jectural restoration of the complete ar- gument of the youthful Galileo, which in his extreme old age he but imperfectly indicated (Opere, 1842-56, vol. xiii., p. 161), and remarked that, so understood, it involved no logical flaw. It is this assertion that Prof. Cajori disputes. When a disputant says an op- ponent's argument involves a fault of logic, it is his duty to point out clearly just wherein that fault consists. Prof. Cajori does not do this when he says that the reason we find the time to be zero is because we assume the time to be zero, for we made no such initial as- sumption, but only proved it must be so according to the hypothesis, if the whole time of fall is not infinite. In that proof Prof. Cajori, it seems, can find no flaw. But he offers two argu- ments to show that such flaw there must be. The first of these consists in show- ing that the hypothesis leads to a con- clusion contrary to that which Galileo deduces from it. This, however, would prove Galileo's reasoning wrong only on the assumption that the hypothesis is not one of those from which contradic- tory conclusions can be correctly de- duced; that is, it shows that Galileo's reasoning is wrong only in case Galileo's GoncVu&Um that the hypothesis is absurd is wrong. Thus, Prof. Cajori's first ar- gument is a pctitio principii. His other argument is, that Galileo's reasoning must be fallacious because quite a different absurdity can be de- duced from the hypothesis. This would be good reasoning only if an absurd hy- pothesis could lead to but a single ab- surd consequence. Now, this is never the case. Every mathematician knows that the solution of the differential equation ds — = as at is s = Ce"'. In order that s and t should both be zero together, C must be infinitesimal. Then, for a finite value of s, either o or t must be infinite. That is, either the acquired velocity or the time of fall must be infinite. Gali- leo's argument first adduces the fact that the time is finite, and on that assump- tion concludes that the hypothesis would involve an infinite acquired velocity, which is absurd. Prof. Cajori says this argument is illogical, because the true logical procedure is first *to adduce the fact that the acquired velocity is finite, and on that assumption to show that the time of fall is infinite, which is ab- surd. The truth is, that these two ar- guments entirely agree and support one another, and must stand or fall to- gether; so that Prof. Cajori's second ar- gument only goes to show that Galileo's reasoning is correct, while his first ar- gument in no degree impugns it. We must not be understood as ac- knowledging the logical accuracy of Prof. Cajori's remarks in points which, for brevity's sake, we leave unnoticed.— Ed. Nation.] Notes. Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, an- nounce that Mr. Dunne's new book, 'Mr. Dooley: In the Hearts of his Countrymen,' wiil be published by them next September, and 'The Dreyfus Case,' compactly presented by Richard W. Hale, a lawyer of Boston. Lee & Shepard, Boston, announce for the early fall 'For Love's Sweet Sake: Selected Poems of Love in All Moods," edited by G. Hembert Westley; and 'Camping on the St. Lawrence; or, On the Trail of the Early Discoverers,' a boy's book, by Everett T. Tomlinson. Drexel Biddle, Philadelphia, has in press Ouida's 'La Strega'; a translation of Maupas- sant's 'Strong as Death,' by Teofilo E. Comba; 'An Atlantic Tragedy,' by W. Clark Russell; and 'Arctic Romances,' by Albert White Vorse, a member of Lieut. Peary's expedition in 1892. Additional announcements from D. Apple- ton & Co. are 'A History of the American Nation,' by Prof. A. C. McLaughlin— the first volume in the new "Twentieth Century Se- ries"; 'A History of Bohemian Literature,' by Count Liitzow, in the "Literature of the World Series"; and 'Idylls of the Sea,' by F. T. Bullen. 'A Princess of Vascovy,' by John Oxenham, will be published by G. W. Dillingham Co. Mr. J. C. L. Clark's 'Two Summer Isl- and Papers,' in preparation by C. de Has- brouck, Boston, will contain sixteen pictures from photographs and old prints, and an his- torical map. Lawrence & Bullen, London, who recently published 'From Cromwell to Wellington,' are about to issue a companion vol- ume, 'From Howard to Nelson: Twelve Sail- ors.' The general editor is Prof. J. Knox Laughton, assisted by Vice-Admiral Sir

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation. 377 Frederick G. D. Bedford, K.C.B., Captain Montagu Burrows, R. N., Admiral Sir Ed- ward Fremantle, K.C.B., Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton, G.C.B., and other com- manders of long and varied experience. What the procession of alumni — plus the invisible spectrum of the absent and depart- ed— is to a college at its commencement, the file of authors is to a publishing-house of long standing and a just pride in its func- tion and history. To show this file is worth a book, has been the thought of a Boston house, and the result is one of the most at- tractive products of the Riverside Press — 'A Catalogue of Authors whose Works are Pub- lished by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Prefaced by a sketch of the firm, and followed by lists of the several libraries, series, and periodi- cals. With some account of the origin and character of these literary enterprises.' This full title-page leaves room for little further description of the contents; but it should be said that a brief biographical sketch of each author precedes the list of his works and edi- tions emanating from the firm in question, so that the catalogue has on this side the value of a book of reference for foreign as well as American writers. There is, besides, an index to the publications; and Hawthorne and the five contemporary poets whose works are exclusively controlled by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (and who yet await their peers in succession) are well portrayed in an etched frontispiece. On April 23 Geheimer Commerzienrath Adolf Kroener of Stuttgart, Germany, com- pleted the fortieth year of his activity as publisher in connection with the Union Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, and as the present head of the famous house of Cotta. The liv- ing authors whose works have been issued by him — Hermann Sudermann, Ludwig Ful- da, Adolf Wilbrandt, Paul Heyse, Hermann Lingg, Wilhelm Hertz, Otto Braun, E. P. Evans, F. Jodl, Sigmund Riezler, Richard Weltrich, and many others — celebrated this anniversary by presenting him with a "Ge- denkbuch," consisting of sheets of heavy paper of uniform size and superior quality, on which each author wrote the expression of his personal sentiments in a manner suita- ble to the occasion, and usually in poetic form. The folio volume, composed of these autographic productions elegantly bound, possesses a unique and highly interest- ing character, inasmuch as it contains con- tributions by many of the most distinguished literary men and scholars of Germany. It is also a memorial which Herr Kroener, who for two-score years has been the warm friend and wise counsellor of German writers and an efficient promoter of German letters, rich- ly deserves. In 1659 J. G. Cotta, whose ancestors were Italian, and had migrated to Germany early in the fourteenth century, married the widow of the academic bookseller, Philip Brunn of Tubingen. The bookstore which his wife brought in dower now became the "J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung," which, however, did not begin to rank high as a publishing house until 1787, under th'e direction of his great-grandson, Johann Friedrich Cotta, who stood in intimate relations of friendship to Herder, Goethe, Schiller, Jean Paul Richter, Wieland, Tieck, Voss, Zschokke, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt, and nearly all the most illustrious Germans of his time. This enlightened and genial spirit became traditional in the Cotta establishment, and has always characterized its intercourse with the authors whose works it has published, and who arc marly all rep- ii s, nialive men in literature, art, politics, finance, political economy, history, biogra- phy, poetry, philosophy, and theology. It has issued numerous periodicals devoted, for the most part, to belles-lettres or to special departments of science. On the death of Karl Cotta, in 1888, the business, with the right of retaining the name of the firm, was purchased by Kroener, who had, in fact, held it by lease since 1879.. Under his direction it has preserved its reputation, and even en- larged its sphere, and will doubtless exert as beneficent an influence in the twentieth as it has exerted in the nineteenth century. A monumental labor in the cause of peace, authorized by Congress three years ago, is concluded, with good omen, on the eve of the Czar's Disarmament Congress. We refer to the 'History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a party,' in six stout volumes, paged continuously, of which the fifth is composed of appendices and an index, and the sixth wholly of maps, though maps are inter- spersed in volumes i.-iv. This task was con- fided to Prof. John Bassett Moore of Co- lumbia University, late Assistant Secretary of State, who may take a just satisfaction in it, from any point of view. The ap- pendices give the text of the treaties relat- ing to the respective arbitrations, together with "historical and legal notes on other international arbitrations, ancient and mo- dern, and on the domestic commissions of the United States for the adjustment of interna- tional claims." The French indemnity, the Danish, Neapolitan, Peruvian, Brazilian, and Chinese, the Florida claims and the Alabama claims, are some of the heads of this por- tion; and the last section is "Plans for Per- manent Arbitration." This invaluable work of reference is certain to play a useful part in promoting the federation of the world. 'The War of the Future' is the title of the much discussed work of Bloch which is ge- nerally credited with having exercised such marked and potent influence on the Czar in his propaganda for the Peace Conference. The work in question is such a complete the- saurus of data and discussion of the neces- sary character and consequences of the fu- ture war, in view of the phenomenal devel- opment in war equipments and technic, that European critics who contest Bloch's proposals fully acknowledge the exceptional value of his collection of materials. A Ger- man translation of the series is now in progress, under the title of 'Der Krieg,' to appear in six volumes, of which the first, second, and last have been issued. As these proportions will prevent the general circula- tion of the work, the Munich committee or- ganized to agitate in favor of the Peace Conference has prepared a brief summary, covering seventy pages, and sold at the no- minal price of sixty pfennigs. It is published by the house of Vita. The preface declares that this abstract is published "to enable every one intelligently and on the basis of the leading facts to understand the prob- lem involved." With its thirty-sixth annual issue the 'Statesman's Year-book' (Macmillan) makes an irresistible bid for this market by pre- fixing a special section for the United States prepared by Carroll D. Wright. The matter here most intelligently condensed and ar- ranged and indexed is a statistical exhibition of the government of our country, in all its branches; of the natural industry and growth, finances, education, labor conditions and lc- i. parties and elections; of muulci- with a novel and valuable table Of city population, revenue, debt, valuation, tax-rate, names of mayors and city clerks. The personnel of the Federal Administration and of the consular service is also recorded, and in many more ways than we can enume- rate this compilation will prove a remark- ably convenient handbook. Hawaii and Por- to Rico, Cuba and the Philippines not less, are similarly described as American terri- tory, with maps. In the foreign portion of the 'Year-book' are timely maps of New- foundland (with reference to the fisheries dispute with France); Africa, with Rhodes'a wedge betwixt east and west Continental colonies or "spheres"; and Hong Kong, with its recent aggrandizement on the mainland. The French Revolution has been studied chiefly as a grand political tragedy. Its so- cial aspects have not received their share of scholarly attention, and so it is practically an uuworked field which M. Andre Lichten- berger has investigated in his 'Le Socialisme et la Revolution franchise' (Paris: Alcan). Last year M. Espinas published certain se- lected lectures, delivered at the University of Paris, on the same subject, but they were merely an argument against socialism, based upon a misconception of the Revolution as one long scene of disorder and ruin, a hor- rible example of the pass to which socialistic theories may hurry a great state. M. Lich- tenberger has approached his task under the auspices of a better historical method. His previous work, on 'Le Socialisme au XVIIIe Siecle,' had been favorably criticised. In his new volume he finds that the Revolution (particularly the latter part of 1793) is an epoch in the development of socialism, whose theories, which had usually been put forth by the philosophers, then first found their way into the speeches of politicians. More- over, the line of social cleavage ran no long- er between the privileged and the unprivileg- ed, but between the rich and the poor. This is all that socialism owes to the Revolution, thinks M. Lichtenberger, for the people in 178'J, judging from their oahiers, had no so- cialistic aspirations, and even the Jacobin leaders took enly the most timid steps to- wards social reorganization, although their oratory glowed with a philosophic hatred of inequality. The Boston Book Co. has put out as its sixth "Bulletin of Bibliography Pamphets" the 'Children's Reading-List on Animals,' compiled by the Pratt Institute Free Library of Brooklyn, with the chief mammals in view. Alice's "Walrus and the Carpenter" finds a place with Wordsworth's dog poem, "Fidelity," Harris's Bre'r Rabbit, Don Quix- ote's Rosinante, Byron's Mazeppa, Kipling's "How the Camel got his Hump," and much genuine natural history, from Darwin to Hornaday. Two bulletins just issued from the office of the Register of Copyrights at Washing- ton possess a wide interest. The first is the present Copyright Law of the United States, annotated and indexed by Mr. Solberg, to- gether with lists of countries with which we have copyright relations and of Congres- sional acts regarding copyright from 1790 to 1897 inclusive. The second is "Directions for Securing Copyrights," with a useful list of articles not subject to copyright protec- tion. A note states that the weekly cata- logue of copyright entries is distributed by

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378 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 the Treasury Department, and may be sub- scribed for at five dollars a year, through the nearest collector of customs. The April issue of the Pennsylvania Maga- zine of History and Biography is noticeably rich in Frankliniana. The opening paper, by John W. Jordan, exhibits Franklin improv- ing his opportunities in England in 1758, as a family genealogist, and is illustrated by numerous highly interesting facsimiles. Much information is here given supplemen- tary to that contained in the Autobiography, and which deserves a place in any new edi- tion of that classic. There is a true Frank- linian flavor in a letter from a cousin, Mary Fisher, who died a few months later. The Folger pedigree is recorded among the rest. The frontispiece to this number is a valuable pen-portrait of Franklin, by Ben- jamin West. John J. Boyle's seated statue of Franklin for the front of the Philadelphia post-office is the most interesting plate in the Artist for April (New York: Truslove, Hanson & Comba). The view selected, though said not to be the best, implies a genuine work of art. The puzzling question how far difference of race or nationality may affect the com- petency of the literary critic is discussed by Dr. Marcou in his essay, "Are French Poets Poetic?" in the last number of Publications of the Modern Language Association of Ame- rica; and now M. de Wyzewa raises it in his critique of the works of Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (in the Revue des Deux Mondes for April 15), which is surprisingly at variance with the well-nigh unanimous judgment of German readers and critics. On some points he is doubtless in error, as when, in speaking of C. F. Meyer's style, he considers the use of the pleonastic negation a barbarism due to French influence; but some other, more important, criticisms are just, from the French point of view, and valuable, as lead- ing to a less biassed appreciation of the emi- nent Swiss poet and novelist. It cannot be said of M. de Wyzewa that he lacks what Mr. Saintsbury calls the essence of criticism, viz., the ability "to appreciate what you don't like." Byron, Heine, Emerson, Tenny- son, we learn from Mr. Marcou, did lack this faculty, at least in respect of French poetry— but they were only dilettanti in criti- cism. Dokumente der Frauen is the title of a new monthly published at Vienna (Magdalenen- strasse 12), whose purpose is to make known the actual facts pertaining to the life con- ditions of the various groups of wage-earn- ing women, more especially in Austria. It appears from the census of 1890 that of nine million women above the age of ten, in that country, six and one-quarter millions were earning an independent livelihood; the proportion of women to men of the wage- earning class being 79 per cent., against 39 in Germany, 26 in England, and 15 in this country. It is no wonder that under such circumstances the idea should have arisen among the more fortunate of the sex to seek the relief of misery by giving greater pub- licity to its existence. The Imperial expansion of Great Britain is having one unexpected and undesirable result. It is depleting the country of a valuable and energetic section of its man- hood, while it leaves large numbers of wo- men unprovided for. In twenty years the surplus of women over men in the United Kingdom has increased from a quarter of a million to a million and a quarter. The natural remedy for this evil is suggest- ed by the fact that women are greatly need- ed in the newly settled districts of the Em- pire. These sons of poor clergymen, law- yers, doctors, military and naval officers, who are going in increasing numbers every year, need women of their own class to make homes for them. But hitherto it has been held to be practically impossible for ladies to face successfully the conditions which prevail in the outskirts of civiliza- tion. To meet this difficulty, it is pro- posed in the London Times, presumably by its colonial editor, Miss Flora L. Shaw, to establish a "training-home for lady colo- nists," in connection with one of the Gov- ernment experimental farms In the prairies of the Northwest Territories of Canada. "Dairying, gardening, poultry-rearing, bee- keeping, breadmaking, cooking, washing, and other household arts would form part of the course." While it is possible that in some instances women thus instructed may purchase and work land for themselves, it is believed that in the majority of cases "they will, in the first instance, work in cooperation with their farmer brothers on a system of mutual profit." It is hoped that the Canadian Government will favor the scheme, which, if successful, will prob- ably be aided by .private subscriptions and endowments. Senor Navarro Reverter, who, as Minister of Finance, framed the budgets of 1896 and 1897, comes forward as critic, and gives a forecast of what is essential to restore the credit of Spain. The most weighty circum- stance is the extraordinary increase in the interest charge on the debt. Before the war, a nominal capital of 6,033,000,000 pe- setas paid interest to the amount of 311,- 500,000 pesetas. The debts contracted during the war and the assumed debts of the co- lonies were 5,000,000,000 pesetas, but draw an annual interest of 334,340,000 pesetas. Nearly three-fourths of the entire annual in- come of Spain is swallowed up by this in- terest, leaving nothing for reducing the capital of the debt, and an insufficient sum to meet the running expenses of a costly and not over-honest administration. The remedy suggested by Sefior Reverter is cha- racteristic: the bond-holder must be mulct- ed. As the debt cannot be paid, it must be scaled, and as the rate of interest is usu- rious, it must be reduced. The taxpayer must be squeezed and his charges increased. At Oxford a public lecture has just been delivered by Professor Earle on Alfred's jewel preserved there in Ashmole's Museum, and found in Somersetshire near the eyot of Athelney, where Alfred "burnt the cakes" and subsequently founded a monastery. This jewel consists in the archaic figure of a saint done in colored enamel. This enamel, the lecturer said, was not of Saxon workman- ship, and he opined that the figure might be one of the gifts sent from Rome or Con- stantinople to Alfred. The figure is seated on a sort of throne and holds two palms. It is encased In a setting of gold filigree- work which ends downward in a carefully wrought boar's head. A disc of crystal fronts the seated saint. The whole is about two inches in height. The setting bears witness to the skill in the goldsmith's craft encouraged by Alfred in Wessex. The mouth 1 f the boar's head at the bottom of the whole jewel evidently implies some dowel by which it was attached. Various suppositions have been made as to the use of the Jewel and its appendages. Prof. Earle mention- ed several, and inclined finally to dwell upon the notion that the jewel formed the central decoration, rising up just at the middle of the forehead, in the rim of Alfred's helmet, used, not in battle, but as a crown on state occasions. The boar's head figures frequently as the characteristic decoration of the helmet (cf. Beowulf vv. 303, 1112, 1286, and 1454). The lecturer then spoke of two other Saxon Jewels familiar to Alfred's age and still preserved, the ring of Ealstan, Bishop of Sherborne, through the reigns of Alfred's grandfather, father, and two elder brothers, and the ring of Elswitha, Alfred's Queen, now in the British Museum. It has all along been supposed that the Codex Vaticanus, the leading Biblical manu- script extant, was of Egyptian origin, but practically conclusive evidence of it has not been furnished until recently. This is found in a thoroughly scholarly study by Alfred Rahlfs, printed in the Nachrichten of the Gottingen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (1899, Heft I.), and entitled "Alter und Heimath der vaticanischen Bibelhand- schrift." The mode of investigation is by comparison with the famous Festival Let- ter, No. 39, of Athanasius, which, in the or- der in which the Old Testament books are given, presents features found in common only in the Vaticanus and not shared by the Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, or other leading Bible manuscripts. This is true both of the Canonical and the Apocryphal books. Only in one respect is there a disagreement be- tween the Codex and the letter of Athana- sius; but for this Rahlfs offers a satisfac- tory explanation, the point at issue being the position assigned to Judith next to Esther. In the case of the New Testament, too, this same agreement is found — all the more noteworthy in the case of Hebrews, which is here placed ahead of the Pauline writings. Rahlfs is convinced that the Vati- canus is dependent on Athanasius, and not vice versa; and as the letter in question was written in 367, the Codex itself must be younger. These are the first data at hand for settling the age of the latter work, al- though it has generally been assigned to the fourth century. — The Atlantic for May contains the seventh instalment of Prince Kropotkin's "Autobiography of a Revolutionist." In this he gives an account of Nihilism, saying that "the movement is wholly misunderstood in Western Europe." It had nothing to do with terrorism, or republicanism, or assassination, but should be regarded as a philosophical movement directed against "the conventional lies of civilized mankind." The Nihilist broke with the superstitions of his fathers, and was a positivist, an agnostic, a Spen- cerian evolutionist, or a scientific materialist; while never attacking genuine religious be- lief, he fought against hypocrisy. He ob- jected, especially, to all social hypocrisies. A Nihilist, when he met a person in the street who was indifferent to him, remained outwardly indifferent; he smiled only on meeting those whose approach made him glad. "All those forms of outward politeness which are mere hypocrisy were equally re- pugnant to him, and he assumed a certain external roughness as a protest against the smooth amiability of his fathers." He ob- jected to sentimentality, and also to domestic tyranny; so that sons became Nihilists while fathers remained of the old faith. Carlyle

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation 379 and Thoreau in their respective spheres led movements which Russian Nihilists might have approved in some respects, though ap- parently they had never Heard of either philosopher. Among the things that the Nihilist disliked was "continual talk about beauty, the Ideal, art for art's sake, aesthe- tics"; one of his assertions being that "a pair of boots is more important than all your refined talk about Shakspere." This leads us back to politics through the door of socialism, for the reason why the Nihilist so disliked aesthetics seems to have been because art and literature were among the pleasures of the luxurious classes who lived on the labor of those who went bare- foot. —In Scribner's the "Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson," edited by Sidney Colvin, grow more interesting than heretofore. The current instalment carries Mr. Stevenson to California and gives a vivid picture of the man. The American lady whom he was af- terwards to marry returned with her children to California in the autumn of 1878. He de- termined to follow. Asking for no supplies from home, but resolved to test his power of self-support by means of literature, he made the voyage in the steerage, and afterwards crossed the continent in an emigrant-train. He arrived at his destination with his health shaken, and later on broke down altoge- ther. His life was saved by his future wife and the physician to whom a characteristic letter of thanks is here printed. Until his strength gave out, he led a life of great fru- gality, "amounting to self-imposed penury," and his letters reflect the misery and pover- ty which he suffered. But they reflect also the indomitable courage and determination of a man who throughout the greater part o£ his life faced a rapidly approaching fate with a smiling front. Almost every one remem- bers some book of Stevenson's (his writ- ing was more multifarious than that of most men) the reading of which marked an epoch in his life. To one, 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' is a most Illuminating allegory; to an- other, the 'New Arabian Nights' is a me- morable imaginative feat; to others, 'David Balfour' and 'Treasure Island' are never-to- be-forgotten stories of adventure. But to a critic in search of the original, singular, in- dividual thing in his writing, the curious do- minant note of death in life must constantly recur — not the memento mori of the moral- ist, but the ever-present shadow of the grave, ready to open and welcome him to an eter- nal rest, from which, with all his love of life, he does not flinch. -To enjoy life as keenly as Stevenson did, with death at one's elbow, and yet to think of death as one's friend, may give a sense of romantic exalta- tion, such as certainly seems to show itself in these letters. "But death is no bad friend: a few aches and gasps, and we are done; like the truant-child, I am beginning to grow weary and timid in this big jostling city, and could run to my nurse, even though she should have to whip me before putting me to bed." This is the voice of the man whose strange face is preserved for posterity in Sargent's portrait, and whose writing, to our mind, is at its best when it deals with topics that to most of us are only to be shun- ned. —The Century for May makes the unex- pected announcement that it is getting to the end of its Spanish war series. In the current number it felicitates itself on being able to offer to its readers "The Climax" of it— In other words, some sixty-eight pages called "The Story of the Captains" — personal narratives of the naval engage- ment near Santiago July 3, 1898, by nine offi- cers of the American fleet. To these should be added "A Note on Cervera's Strategy," by Capt. Clark of the Oregon, in which the latter maintains the opinion that, assuming that the Spanish Admiral "had to come out," he would have done better to come out of a dark night than by day. This opinion is, we believe, widely shared by naval experts. The editor of the magazine promises an absolute- ly final bonne louche in "a few papers, of a special character." And so this great war series passes out of sight, carrying with it into the belly of devouring time the cap- tains and the shouting. Was it overdone? Did it verge on comic opera? Were there too many photographs and personal narra- tives in proportion to the casualties on the victorious side? "Intercivic Humor," by Tudor Jenks, is an account of that species of newspaper humor which flourished twen- ty-five years ago much more than it does now, and which consisted of gibes invented in one city, say Chicago, at the expense of another, say St. Louis. The motive of it might be rivalry or mere malice, or a fit- ting editorial pride, but it always seemed very American, though no doubt jokes of this sort were made before Columbus was born. Like all jokes involving a sense of personal superiority on the side of the in- ventor or teller, they are often less amusing in print than when repeated by word of mouth. We miss one or two invented at the expense of Boston — as that "Boston is not a place, but a state of mind," and the story of the Bostonian over whose admission to Heaven St. Peter hesitates, finally saying, "Well, you may go in— but you won't like it." Mrs. James T. Fields's illustrated arti- cle on Charles and Mary Cowden Clarke ("Two Lovers of Literature and Art") should not be overlooked. — In Harper's, Henry Cabot Lodge's "Spa- nish-American War" holds the place of honor. What seems to have attracted most general attention in this chapter is his phi- losophical reflections on the causes of what he refers to as "a vast crop of delays, blun- ders, and, what was far worse, of needless suffering, disease, and death, to the brave men in the field." The common way of ex- plaining these is to attribute them to Alger, McKinley, Eagan, Corbin, and Shatter; but, in the eyes of the Massachusetts historian, only superficial people such as edit newspa- pers will be satisfied with an explanation so shallow. He plunges to the bottom— behind the "shows of things," as Bacon would have said— and brings up the following great thought: "The fudamental fact was, that the chief, predominant cause of all the fail- ures, blunders, and needless suffering was a thoroughly bad system of military admin- istration." Two other propositions follow which are also noticeable: "An inferior man can do well with a good system, better than a superior man with a bad system," and "The men of genius, the Pitts, the Carnots, and the Stantons, . . . are very rare." Finally, "To-day the system stands guilty of the blunders, delays, and needless suffer- ings and deaths of the war," and, oh, shame! "Reforms are resisted by patriots who have so little faith in the republic that they think an army of 100,000 men puts it in dan- ger." These pregnant sentences dispose of the matter, and dispense us from the stupid and profitless inquiry, in which so many are engaged, into the question of human respon- sibility for the things complained of — blun- ders, disease, and needless deaths. Who was to blame for the bad beef? The system. How did McKinley happen to appoint Alger? It was owing to the system. How do you ac- count for Shatter, Corbin, and Eagan? The system stands convicted of them. This view is all the fashion with latter-day historians, but Mr. Lodge outdoes his predecessors, and may claim a place to-day at the head of the school. Curiously enough, his Massachusetts critics say that the system stands guilty, too, of Lodge; that is to say, that, so far as hu- man will and the desire of the electorate go, Massachusetts is opposed to Lodge, but the system, working with the blind force of a machine, keeps him firmly on top of them. No wonder he is a fatalist. Julian Ralph has a readable illustrated article on "Keeping House in London," in which he discusses the question of the comparative cost of life there and here. Service and rent are admitted by everybody to be higher here, and the general verdict would probably be that "mo- ney goes further" to-day in England than in America — at least we have never heard of people coming to live in New York for the sake of economy. But when we go into the details of the cost of housekeeping, so much depends on the individual standard and ha- bits of the housekeeper that there is room for much argument. — Volumes iv. and v. of the Oxford English Dictionary (New York: Henry Frowde) ad- vance together in the April quarterly double issue; Mr. Bradley carrying his G to Grass- doth, and Dr. Murray his H to Horizontal. In the one case, get, with seven or eight pages, and give, with eight or nine, are the weightiest items, both being words of Scandi- navian origin or influence. Noticeable here is that while the perfect have got for 'have,' 'possess,' is as old as Shakspere in the "Merchant of Venice," have got to in the sense of 'to have to,' 'to be obliged to,' is of recent use, in literature at least, and the earliest citation is from Ruskin in 'Fors Clavigera.' Our get there has found a foot- hold in England. ' Under get over, only tran- sitive uses are cited, but lovers of Bewick will recall his vignette of a tombstone with the cheerful inscription, "Good times, and bad times, and all times get over." The Gallicism give on (as, a window upon a park) was adventured by Theodore Hook in 1840. While the rubric giveable retains the e of the verb, the only quotation is of givable, and usage in analogous cases appears likely to remain fluctuating. So with gibber, in which soft g is given precedence of hard, while gibberish is allowed the hard only— the latter word being of earlier occurrence, and the former perhaps uniting two parallel forma- tions. Our gerrymander is often erroneously spelt "jerrymander" in England, and perhaps even more commonly thus mispronounced. Caxton gave us the h in ghost, which be- came the established spelling in 1590. "Gipsy" is now the prevalent spelling of this protean word. The first vowel of glacial is preferably long, with c sounding sh in either case, however; in glacier the short a pre- dominates, when c sounds s. Obscure is the derivation of ghetto (perhaps borghetto), and of girl, in connection with which Mr. Bradley remarks that "boy, lad, lass, and the nume- rous synonyms in the modern Scandinavian languages, are all of difficult etymology;

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380 Tlie 3STatiori. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 probably most of them arose as jocular transferred uses of words that had originally a different meaning." Glamour, introduced into the literary language by Scott, is a cor- rupt form of grammar, as will be explained hereafter. Carlyle invented gigmam, the type of respectability, referring to testimony given at Thurtell's trial. Mr. Bradley goes to the Times for its contemporary report, which differs a little, but not materially. —By humorous-historic or honorary com- mercial association, Gladstone denotes a portmanteau, a carriage, and a cheap French claret. The citations under Glad- stonian show no bias on the part of the associate editor, and Dr. Murray is equally undemonstrative in defining Home Rule. But he cannot refrain, in the note pre- faced to his portion, from this "little dig" in another field of controversy: "The article honorificabilitudinity *may be usefully con- sulted by Baconmaniacs, who have 'discover- ed' that the long word (which was coaxed many centuries earlier into a Latin dactylic hexameter, 'Plenus honorificabilitudinitatibus esto!') was invented by Bacon and inserted in Love's Labour's Lost (v. i., 44) as an ela- borate anagram recording his authorship of Shakspere's plays!" Hold is Dr. Murray's longest article. One of the most curious is h nihil 11, a coarse woollen handmade cloth, of any color. Ramsay, in 1724, clad his shep- herds in grey hodden, or, by poetic inversion, "hodden grey." Burns imitated him, and the combination became a stock phrase. Scott hyphened it, and the ignorant world at large inferred that hodden qualified grey, and that the compound meant color only. Longfellow, Whittier, and Christina Rossetti fell into the pit. Hogmanay, the Scotch designation of the last day of the" year ("Cake-day"), its oatmeal-cake gift, and the begging cry for it, apparently came from the highly analo- gous French word and custom called aguil- lanneuf. Why hogshead was so compounded is uncertain, but in passing over into Scan- dinavia and Germany the hog suffered a transmigration into ox; hoguette is the Old French adaptation of our English word. Hog, English slang for a shilling, is attri- buted to the United States in the sense of a dime, but without an indication that it is cbsolete if not beyond living memory. There is a suggestion that to go the whole hog remounts to Cowper, but Gait in 1830, and Haliburton in 1837-40, first firmly led the way. Our plain honor is encountered be- side honour abundantly till the seventeenth century, and is twice as frequent as honour in the Shakspere Folio of 1623. Honor bright is traceable to Tom Moore in 1819. Dr. Mur- ray does not overlook, under hollow, Lowell's "A marciful Providunce fashioned us h Her." The dialectic adjective Jwldy, "in good health and spirits," recalls the Sea Island negro buddy, a form of greeting which purists pronounced howdy (as if how-do?), perhaps by a false etymology. "Tell my Jesus huddy O," "Bro' Quash sen' heap o' howdy," are two examples recorded by the late Prof. W. F. Allen in 'Slave Songs of the United States.' GREEK AND LATIN SYNTAX. Grammaire Comparie !j<rii- on of which a popular Greek Com- position is greatly guilty; but elwov with the infinitive is, after all, exceptional, and a sensitive Hellenist would not have used it in a paradigm, just as he would prefer fciv to XpVai with Demosthenes rather than xpi"<" to Stlv with Thucydides. There is too much of the obsolete ellipsis business, ellipsis of 8<k, ellipsis of Seivov, ellipsis of a verb of hindering. We go back to the days of Lambertus Bos. Siiaui is set down in one place as a possible aorist sub- junctive, but, as a prominent Grecian re- cently professed faith in ^f»i^uiiiai, one must lie indulgent. ™Av is said to be used sometimes instead of jtoAAw. It is a very formidable rival, as might have been learned from Joost. The equivalence of su with accusative and Sid with genitive is supported by a traditional example, which, rightly in- terpreted, fails to sustain the point. The Latin reflexive is treated in conformity with

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May 1 8, 1899] The Nation 381 Riemann's studies in Livy, which, according to Goelzer, show "the results that may be reached by grammatical method applied with rigor as well as delicacy"; but Dyroff's elaborate monograph on the Greek reflexive, though contained in Schanz's series and cited in Goelzer's Introduction, has not been used to the same extent as Riemann's treatise. The latest sweet thing on licet, which we owe to the industry of a young American scholar, finds a place in the 'Syntaxe Com- pare^,' while important German studies in Greek are neglected. French authorities are quoted freely, and It is well; but perhaps too much reverence has been shown to the teachings of Charles Thurot and his 'Notes autographiees.' The no- menclature employed by Thurot, his genitif iptthite and ginitif attributif, seems to be purely arbitrary, and some of his recalci- trancies are amusing. Thus he maintained that the difference in the so-called kind of time, the status actionis, is not rigorously ap- plicable to the infinitive. Imperfect and aorist indicative might be used with exact- ness, but the Greek author had occasion to use the infinitive so frequently that he did not take time to consider which tense he ought rightly to use. This "just observa- tion," which was anticipated by Baumlein, is applauded by Riemann and Goelzer. In fact, Riemann wrote a paper about it. The cu- rious fallacy, of which this is an illustration, that the Greeks and the Romans were puz- zled by our puzzles, haunts all grammars, but seems to be peculiarly conspicuous in this 'Comparative Syntax.' Prof. Lawton's cry of despair, in a recent number of the Nation, as to the future infinitive passive in Latin, comes out of the same thick darkness that shrouds for us the workings of Cicero's mind when he encountered a verb that did not form the future participle active. It is true that the Romans had to grapple with problems similar to those which confront us, for much of their literary work consisted in translating Greek into Latin; but they solved these problems in an airy way, gave the thing another turn, and did not feel the same moral responsibility that rests upon some of our modern grammarians who insist on exact English equivalents for every phase of Latin thought. We shall never know how a Roman would have rendered modern Eng- lish slang any more than we shall ever know how deft Ovid solved the linguistic problems that he encountered at Tomi. We must not lose heart because we cannot be certain how Cicero would have inflected the plural of cot; or mourn because of the rarity of heathen supines as we mourn because of the rarity of Christian charity. Whitney's end was not hastened because a German hates to form a plural to Mund. That the examples in Riemann and Goelzer lack freshness, except when we get on ground that the authors have made their own, is not to be wondered at in a grammar that is made up out of other grammars. The good examples have not all been preoccupied, but there is a certain sacredness about the stand- bys, and to the end of time PaHus will make a present to Cicero of the books that his (Pffitus's) brother .has left him (Paetus). When Lane retains the old example, it is to give it a fresh rendering, and to delight us by some idiomatic or quaint English turn, but there are few Latin grammars, or Greek either, that minister to literary enjoyment. When a solitary example recurs in every grammar, one becomes suspicious, and it is pleasant to note that some hoary sinners which have lived for generations on the cor- ruption of manuscripts have disappeared from Riemann and Goelzer. Of course, it is not to be expected that there should be any sys- tematic effort to record the proportion in the occurrence of the parallel phenomena in the two languages. Matching two pennies does not prove that the matchers have the same bank behind them. Occasionally a note of warning is sounded, but that is all. And yet without something of the sort the survey is necessarily imperfect. Alphonse Karr, the florist, has, in his 'Autour de mon jardin,' a jest at the botanists who leave size out of account in giving the botanical names of two plants of the same family, and he who studies a language from the artistic point of view cannot help sympathizing with Al- phonse Karr. One wishes to know the rela- tive bulk of the phenomena. "It is useless to multiply examples" is not a comforting phrase to one who has spent hour after hour in hunting after such and such a phenome- non in such and such authors. But enough of fault-finding that must seem petty in comparison with the magnitude of the undertaking. The book is full of information, full of suggestion from beginning to end. It is a most valuable re- pertory of facts. It bristles with sharp points to prod the sleepy student. It is a book to be owned by every one who has a professional interest in Greek and Latin, and its imperfections are those which are incident to every living sphere of human knowledge. THE ART OF WRITING. Elements of Rhetoric: A Course in Plain Prose Composition. By Alphonso G. New- comer, Associate Professor of English in the Leland Stanford Junior University. Henry Holt & Co. 1898. L'Art d'Ecrirc enseigne en vingt lecons. Par Antoine Albalat. Paris: Armand Colin et Cie. 1899. The Arte or Crafte of Rhcthoryke. By Leo- nard Cox. A Reprint, edited, with an intro- duction, notes, and glossarial index, by Frederic Ives Carpenter, Ph.D. [Univer- sity of Chicago, English Studies, No. V.] Chicago. 1899. These three works have in common the quality of readability not often associated with their class, and the first two are notice- ably unconventional in their mode of de- veloping their subject. Cox's treatise is at- tractive both as a literary curiosity and as a good sample of the classic tradition. It is "the first Rhetoric published in the English language; ... is one of the earliest English schoolbooks, and is significant for the history of English prose in the first half of the sixteenth century. It is, moreover, a work connected in many interesting ways with the humanistic movement and the re- vival of learning in England, and with Erasmus, Melanchthon, and their asso- ciates." Melanchthon was, in fact, Cox's main dependence, partly in direct transla- tion from his "Institutiones Rhetorical and from his 'De Rhetorica,' so that Dr. Carpen- ter appends Mosellanus's digest of that por- tion of the former treatise which relates to Invention, for purposes of comparison and as a serviceable analytical table of contents for Cox. Cicero is next most largely drawn upon, with many other Greek and Latin authors, and Erasmus (Cox's friend and correspondent) freely, with one or two other contemporaries. These illustrations are the good reading of which we spoke above, but Dr. Carpenter is far from dry in his learned account of the author and his book, for Cox resided much on the Continent, where he had a wide reputation as a scholar, and his life in England was marked by not a littlo vicissitude. We will quote only an instance of the use of Narration in an oration, after Livy. Hannibal is addressing Scipio: "It had been beste for bothe parties if it had pleased the goddes to haue sent our fore faders that mynde that you of Rome wolde haue ben content with the Empyre of Italy & we Caraginoys with Affryke. For neyther Sisil nor Sardynya can be any suf- fycient amendes to eyther of vs for so many naueis so many armies so many and so excellent capitaines loste in our warres betwene vs, but thynges passed may soner be blamed than mended, we of Cartagene (as touching our parte) haue so coueted other dominions that at lengthe we had busines ynough to defende our possessions." Prof. Newcomer discards the order usual in text-books of rhetoric and composition. He begins with Invention, "with the determi- nation of a subject and the selection and organization of material," and works down through the paragraph, the sentence and its clauses, words and phrases, to mechanical processes. Three appendices deal with dis- puted and faulty diction, and present select examples of defective and of good compo- sition. Prof. Newcomer's style is, if not vivacious, free from dulness, and he often effectively stops to criticise by revision a careless sentence hot from his own pen. From dogmatism he keeps refreshingly aloof. A characteristic remark is (p. 255) : "There is much more that might be said upon this subject, but satisfactory working rules can- not be deduced, and so we must be con- tent to let the matter rest." And this con- clusion on the lax positioning of only is commendably liberal: "If the adjustment [of sense on the part of hearer and reader] is made unconsciously, we can hardly ask for more. The sentences are not obscure; and the rule, usually valid in rhetoric, that everything should be not only finally clear but immediately clear, can hardly be in- sisted upon in this case, . . . yet . . . the word will always bear watching." Fluency (Prof. Newcomer's "so easy") lies at the bottom of the general misplacing of only, and this (together with euphony and stress) at the bottom of the split infinitive, which Prof. Newcomer tolerates for the sake of clearness alone. His "personal equation" naturally asserts itself in the catalogue of faulty diction, and in his incidental "don'ts," e. g. (p. 211): "Do not write, 'He lives in the lower portion of the city.' Portion im- plies division, allotment. Do not write, 'He was hit by a ball.' Write struck, for hit im- plies aim." These prohibitions read like the street-car advertisements of a certain po- pular dictionary. ("Es ist ein armer Stadt- theil," say our German cousins, though Theil "implies division, allotment.") The section on shall and will is on the whole inade- quate. For the benefit of teachers espe- cially, a reference to Sir Edmund Head's unrivalled treatise on the subject should never be omitted. The rarity of this work, of which the second edition is more than forty years old, warrants citing the author's testimony that Shakspere is a safe guide to the proper use of the future auxiliaries. "Very few passages," says Sir Edmund, "in that writer are really at variance with mo-

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382 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1768 dern usage in the employment of 'shall' and 'will.' I think that it would be difficult to select half-a-dozen such in the whole of the plays." Prof. Newcomer's examples are too meagre, and we miss an enumeration or suggestion of verbs which are essentially non-volitional, and which therefore cannot be coupled with will in the first person. Finally, we should like to rewrite the sec- tion on Restriction (pp. 163 seq.), touching the use of that, wlUch, and who. And after all we find this book a very welcome addi- tion to those already in use for practical instruction. If the art of writing is to be taught in twenty lessons, one must expect a swift movement in the teacher conscious of his task. With M. Albalat there is, in fact, no lagging, and the reader soon catches his pace. His own literary product consists of at least two novels, and two works in line with the present 'L'Art d'Ecrire,' both cri- tical studies of the workmanship of French writers of the present century, living and dead. What he now undertakes is a "de- monstration of the art of writing from the artists' side," and he maintains that writing is as natural as speaking, and that any one who can wTite a letter can learn to write a piece for print. Let it be said at once that his doctrine is not exclusively or mainly for the benefit of those whose native language is French, though his examples are confined to the literature of his own country, so that, for instance, he recommends reading Homer in a translation (preferably Leconte de Lisle's), as quite sufficient for insight into the Greek poet's processes. His insistence upon the avoidance of repetitions of a given word may be French in its extremity; he is necessarily French when recommending the formation of a style upon the classic French tradition, while expecting originality to show itself in modifying the mould. But, in ge- neral, any novice' writing in any language is capable of profiting by M. Albalat's guid- ance and encouragement. Reading, he says, stimulates one to write, and is a wise preparation for writing, but choose the authors you can assimilate, and whose processes you can observe. Such are Homer, as above, Montaigne, Guez de Balzac, St. Evremond (but not too much), Bossuet, Rdusseau, who is very assimilable (but with an amusing moral caution that warns against the Savoyard Vicar's profession of faith in 'Smile,' while opening the gates, by impli- cation, to the 'Confessions'), and Chateau- briand, our author's special admiration. Next, read with notes and note-books, and abandon those "banalites d'appreciation," called analyses, exacted of schoolboys. It is good discipline to translate verse into prose, and prose into verse. In judging of style, do not say the substance is good but the form defective; "that means nothing. Say rather, the substance might be excellent if the form were good, for it is the form that lends value to the substance." Avoid ready-made ex- pressions, such as we deprecate in Merimge, whose work is "a triumph of stereotype," in George Sand, Feuillet, and others; and the commonplace phraseology censurable in B6- ranger— M. Albalat gives a piquant list of "expressions banales," sometimes a little forcing the critical note. Yet do not fall into deadly periphrase and circumlocution: "Acquaintance with Shakspere," he re- marks, "and especially the Romantic revolu- tion inaugurated by Victor Hugo, have all but rid our literature of the self-imposed obli- gation not to call things by their right names. Men hesitated to translate 'Othello' for the stage for fear of employing the word handkerchief (mouchoir), and Alfred de VI- gny had cause to repent of having risked it in spite of Ducis. Jean Aicard alone dared to write a good translation of 'Othello.' " Naturalness is the result of effort, witness Lafontaine recasting each fable ten or a dozen times. Originality, by the same token, Is incessant effort. "It consists in saying better, in saying forcibly, in seeking the fit word, in finding the new image. If you have that quality, though you write like the devil, as did Saint-Simon, you will be a writer, in defiance of courses in literature, grammar, and orthography." For conciseness go to Racine only for pro- lixity to be shunned, but study Pascal, La Bruyere, and Flaubert. Seek harmony, and test what you have written by reading aloud. Here your models are Chateaubriand, Bos- suet, Buffon, and Flaubert. For aid in re- vising the first draught, numerous standard texts are examined and criticised by texts proposed. Description receives a chapter, and while Chateaubriand is honored as the father of description in our century, Zola (who "has only a very brutal gift for writ- ing, without elaboration") is held up as a specialist in the abuse of description. Fi- nally we examine dialogue, literary and real- istic. "Nothing," says our author, "is more difficult than the art of balancing these two extremes. Novelists like Flaubert, Daudet, and Goncourt, who have rendered very well the sound of the spoken word, have never succeeded on the stage, the scene of the tri- umphs of Scribe, Feuillet, Sardou, the younger Dumas, and Augier." And again: "It is very true that the dialogue of our contemporary dramatic authors is often only a stage dialogue, in which the reply Is cal- culated for the effect; in which the retort is begotten by the last word of the interlo- cutor, and not by the veridicity of the per- sonage and the logic of emotion. It is a dia- logue whose concatenation lies solely in esprit, and has regard only to esprit. This kind of pyrotechnic dialogue comes to us straight from Beaumarchais. It scintillates in the plays of Dumas the younger and Sar- dou." We have merely skimmed this lively and informal, but not unmethodical treatise, which we recommend without reserve, as well as (by anticipation) two others an- nounced as in preparation by the same au- thor, 'La Formation du Style par l'assimila- tion des auteurs' and 'Guide critique a tra- vers la litterature francaise.' The Journal of Jacob Fowler, Narrating an Adventure from Arkansas through the In- dian Territory, . . . Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, to the Sources of the Rio Grande del Norte, 1821-22. Edited with notes by Elliott Coues. Francis P. Harper. 1898. Dr. Coues's tireless roundup of original sources relating to the "American" pioneer- ing of our Far West— the literary tatters of those trappers and traders who pene- trated every corner of that unprecedented wilderness in the first third of this century, thousands of miles ahead of the outposts of the civilization whose scouts and path- makers they were— shows no sign of flag- ging. Such competence and such momentum, honorable in any line of research, are here of the keenest value; for here, as with the ethnography of our aborigines, most of what needs doing must be done quickly or never. In both cases the human documents are dis- appearing with a rapidity which to the stu- dent is nothing short of appalling. Even when not destroyed, the living parchment is so overwritten with civilization that the palimpsest has little worth in either sort. As to the scant records of the white plains- men of our old frontier, they are every day in greater danger; while the atmosphere of their day and circumstance — without some actual breath of which not even written jour- nals can properly be elucidated — is already so far behind us as to be growing unreal. A little more, and tbe whole epoch will have receded into the Bad Lands, and we shall see it only in mirages. Luckily, Dr. Coues is himself a veteran of that frontier — in a later generation, it is true, but still before the great change came. He is familiar with the scenes, the modes of thought and action of that vast stage upon which the lonely actors played that rude, mean, heroic drama of the opening West. Probably no one has a better understanding, too, of the players themselves, all and seve- ral. His translation of this half-forgotten idiom of a nation's youth is as unlike the paraphrasing of those who have only the documentary tools, as a translation by a man born to both tongues is unlike that by the novice who has to plough every line with a lexicon. With a hearty appetite, a keen eye for the trail, large patience, and a generous humor, Dr. Coues rides the rang© to good purpose. It is a dry rodeo in which he does not run <iown, "rope," and bring in some sterling unforeseen maverick of the old broadhorns, and give it the brand of print and permanence. Amid the curb- stone history and myths-in-idleness which grow already in the West as the facts draw back to the horizon of fifty years, his genuineness, patience, and impulse, his sharp eye for shams — and as sharp for mis- laid and buried truths— have set enduring monuments from which we can determine many a datum plane that else were lost in the sand- drift of general carelessness. Not the most important of Dr. Coues's manuscript finds, but none the less one of distinct value (and, perhaps, most piquant of them all), is this Journal of a man hither- to unknown, but always hereafter to be reckoned with. Major Fowler was a sur- veyor, born in Virginia in 1765, early trans- planted to Kentucky, and of service on that border. He died in Covington, Ky., in 1850. His "voige" in 1821-22 compels us to recast several formulas of Western history. From our present data we must give him the credit of building the first habitation where Pueblo now stands; of being the first Ameri- can to traverse the later famous trail to Santa Fe, and to approximate the sources of the Rio Grande. His whole itinerary was, as the editor justly observes, unique; and there can be no disputing the claim that his remarkable journey had direct and potent effect in launching that picturesque and epochal traffic which soon after him began to stream along the Santa F6 Trail. With that wilful humor which so often stands him in good stead, the editor, after deciphering Major Fowler's impossible MS., bas given it to us en bruto. It Is fairly safe to presume that no book has heretofore been printed with spelling -quite so egregious as the gallant surveyor and trapper marks his trail withal. Since his eye is good for di- rection and distance, as well in his narra- tive as upon the plains, his positive genius for cacography does not obscure the story.

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May 1 8, 1899] The ISTation 383 but rather gives it a certain, homely humani- ty of him, thereby lending a quaint side in- terest to a book already of substantial worth. An example of the Major's straight story and uncurving words may be taken from his account— perhaps the earliest by an Ameri- can— of a fatal encounter with a grizzly bear: "It Sprung up and Caught Lewis doson and Pulled Him down In an Instent Conl glanns [Col. Glenn's] gun mised fyer or He Wold Have Releved the man But a large Slut Which belongs to the Party atacted the Bare With such fury that it left the man and persued Her a few steps in Which time the man got up and Run a few steps but Was overtaken by the bare When the Conl maid a second atempt to shoot but His [gun] mised fyer again and the Slut as before Re- leved the man Who Run as before — but Was Son again in the grasp of the Bare . . . the Conl again Run Close up and as before His gun Wold not go off . . . the Conl . . . Run up Stooping tree — and after Him the Wounded man and Was followed by the Bare . . . but a tree standing in Rich [reach] the Conl steped on that and let the Man and Bare pass till the Bare Caught Him [Dawson] by one leg and drew Him back-wards down the tree While this Was doing the Conl Sharpened His flint Primed His gun and Shot the Bare down." Dawson heard his own skull crack in the bear's jaws, and so told his comrades, who thought his injuries less serious. He died on the third day and was buried there on the "Picketwire" River (Purgatoire) Nov. 16, 1821, probably the first American to find a grave in Colorado. Dr. Coues's notes are of his usual crispness and authority, and leave little to be desired as to topographical identification and his- toric comment. Two unnecessary misprints — "Tenaja" for Tinaja, and "Una de Gato" for Ufia de Gato — occur in footnotes to pp. 146, 147, and are repeated in the useful index. "By and large," however, Fowler's 'Journal' Is a distinct contribution; and Dr. Coues's services renew our long debt to him. On the South African Frontier: The Adven- tures and Observations of an American in Mashonaland and Matabeleland. By Wil- liam Harvey Brown. With illustrations and Maps. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1899. 8vo. Pp. xxii, 430. A problem of surpassing importance at the present time is, how to deal with the savage or half-civilized peoples who stand in the way of our eager search for new sources of wealth. Its solution affects us all, not mere- ly, as in our heedlessness we are tempted to believe, the persons actively concerned. The moral stamina of the whole nation is Increased or diminished according as right- eous dealing or selfish greed characterizes its representatives In Africa or Asia. Viewed from this standpoint only, the value of the book before us depends entirely upon the aid which it gives us towards the solution of this great problem. Some aid the author is well fitted to give. One of the pioneers who laid the foundations of a white state in the country of the most independent of South African races, he shared its fortunes for seven years as miner, farmer, sportsman, and soldier-scout. These occupations gave him a large and varied experience with the natives, and hence his observations upon the treat- ment best fitted to raise them from sa- vagery are entitled to careful considera- tion. Their value, even though we may dissent from his conclusions, is heightened by the fact that he went to Africa, not drawn by the thirst for gold, but in the interest of science. Mr. Brown served as naturalist to the eclipse expedition sent out by our Govern- ment to Portuguese West Africa in 1889. On the return voyage the vessel touched at Cape Town, where the Chartered Company was recruiting an expedition for opening up the "fabulous gold-fields" of Matabele- land. With one of his companions he ob- tained permission to join these "Pioneers" in order to make collections in zoology and ethnology for the Smithsonian Institution. After the settlement of Salisbury, he hunt- ed, prospected, tried his fortune at mining, and worked for two years on a farm, which was allotted to him In part payment for his services as pioneer. This latter occupation was interrupted by the rising, first of the Matabeles, and afterwards of the Mashonas, during which he was actively employed as a scout. After a number of exciting encounters with the savages, he was wounded, and with his removal to the hospital at Salisbury in the summer of 1896, his narrative ends. His hunting adventures naturally occupy a large part of the book — too large for a sustained interest in them. It is to be feared that the legitimate desire to collect specimens gradually became a passion for killing. He acknowledges in one place that "fresh trophies accumulated so rapidly that it was actually impossible to preserve them all" (page 127). At another time he, with two companions, killed one hundred and fifty head of big game in a six weeks' hunting trip. Mr. Brown writes excellent English, and if the sketches of pioneer life are not always edifying, they are graphic. His descriptive power is well illustrated by this scene in Mashonaland, perhaps the most favorable picture of native life in the book: "As I proceeded, the path wound through fields of mealies, Kafir corn, rukwaza (a sort of millet), sweet potatoes, pumpkins, peanuts, and then across rice-beds in the marshes. The people working in the fields greeted me with 'Molla, Inyamazona,' ('Good day, Inyamazona'). Inyamazona, which means 'game' or 'wild animal,' was the name which they had given me because I had killed much game. Others were already on their way to the villages, which were at some distance, and from all about came the plaintive melodies which they sang as they trudged homeward. The men were armed with guns or assegais swung across theit- shoulders; while the women, each with a babe on her back, and upon her head a bun- dle of fire-wood or a basket of produce, car- ried over one shoulder a large-bladed hoe with a short curved handle. Small boys were driving homeward herds of little Mashona goats and cattle which they had been mind- ing during the day in the meadows between the fields of grain. As we approached the vil- lages, groups of girls and women, bearing on their heads black earthen pots, passed us on their way to the spring for water" (p. 191). Another interesting incident is a visit to Free Town, where the Pensacola was "surrounded by boats filled with men and women, shouting, jabbering, laughing, quar- relling, and even fighting. . . . Without exception it was the most confusedly ex- cited and noisy lot of humanity I have ever seen. Not even the soft strains of music from our Italian band seemed in the least to soothe the pandemonium until 'God Save the Queen' was heard, when, like magic, the noise ceased; those who wore hats lifted them, and silence reigned until the tune was finished; then the hubbub recommenced greater than before. I said to Jack Robinson, 'Why do you lift your hats? Do you consider yourselves Englishmen?' He replied, 'Sierra Leone peoples, black English- men!' " (p. 3). It is evident that Mr. Brown holds no brief for the Chartered Company, as he joins heartily in the criticisms upon its policy towards both the natives and the white set- tlers of Rhcdesia. It is with some surprise, therefore, that in respect to the treatment of the natives we find him saying "that there has been gross mismanagement is perfectly true; but the mistakes in dealing with the Mashonas, as well as with the Matabeles, have been in the line of too great leniency and too little severity" (p. 383); and he proceeds to prove his case by an appeal to facts. During the occupation of Mashona- land the murder of whites by natives was promptly and severely punished. But, in consequence of the pressure of public senti- ment in England, this treatment was changed so radically that, though there were several murders, "up to the time of the outbreak of the rebellion not a single Mashona had been sentenced for the murder of a white man! As a natural result of such lame modes of procedure, murder and robbery increased in frequency, and finally culminated in the awful massacres of 1896." In the district of Victoria alone was rigid discipline main- tained for any considerable length of time, and there only were the natives loyal to the whites. There is undoubted truth in his conviction that for the government of these savages "there can be but one maxim, and that is rigorous justice. They must learn two important lessons. The first is obedi- ence to law, and the second, the dignity of labor." To teach the latter, imperatively necessary for their development, he does not hesitate, for fear of the charge of advocating a kind of slavery, to say that he would exact forced labor — with punctually paid wages— from those who will not work voluntarily. He goes farther than this in upholding the "dignity of labor," for in view of the evil effects of the refusal of many whites to work with blacks as degrading, he would prohibit by law "the employment of black labor of any sort except in regions unhealthful to white men." To make room for the white laborers whom such a policy would bring, he would remove the natives to the Zambesi valley, where there are "immense areas of unoccupied and extremely fertile land, too unhealthful for European habitation, but where the native African can live and thrive." In closing, he contrasts the condi- tion of the land, which in 1890 was "pos- sessed solely by wild beasts and menacing savages," with the Rhodesia of to-day, where, "in substantial towns, which form the cen- tres of large agricultural and mining dis- tricts, we find churches, schools, libraries, clubs, the Salvation Army, daily and weekly newspapers, courts of justice, jails — in short, all the components of modern civilization." He could add now also that it is a practi- cally self-governing colony with a constitu- tion and suffrage for every man, English- man or Kafir, who works for his living and is able to write his name. There are some interesting illustrations, two useful maps, and an excellent index. Early Chapters in Science. By Mrs. W. Awdry, edited by Prof. W. F. Barrett. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1899. xviii, 348 pp. 8vo. Illustrated. This book has been written by the wife of the English Bishop of Japan, and has had the careful editorial supervision of the Pro- fessor of Experimental Physics in the Royal

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SS4= Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 College of Science for Ireland. Its object is to provide young people— especially the junior classes in schools — with an introduc- tion to natural and physical science. The first part is intended to lead the boy or girl to observe, the second to question nature. While her intention has been to bring the reader merely to the threshold of scientific knowledge, the author has aimed to make her work accurate as far as it gees, so that the student, however much there may remain for him to learn, will not in his further pro- gress find much to unlearn. She hopes to awaken a desire to know more of the proces- sion of life and unfolding of phenomena in the world in which we live, which it is the business cf science to arrange in compre- hensible order. Eight chapters are given to the animal and two to the vegetab'.e kingdom in the first di- vision of the work, and eleven chapters in the second to the forces of nature. The illus- trations are original, and, though their ar- tistic merit is but moderate, they are clear and comprehensible. As in any similar ma- nual, it would be easy to point out cases in which the desire for simplicity of diction has led to statements whose exactitude, from a scientific standpoint, is open to question. The English used is also occasionally liable to criticism; but, on the whole, the author and editor have produced a useful little \olume, well calculated to attain its object, and free from serious errors in matters of fact. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Anstey, F. Love Among the Lions. Appletons. *1. Aubin, Eugene. I.es A 1 1 s ! : 1 i .s mux littles et en l&gypte. Paris: Colin A. Uie. Iteesl.v, A. T. Life of Jiiinion. l.on-m;ins, Gi'een & Co. Blaisaell, Etta A. and Man- F. Child Life. A Fust Header. Ma.-mill;. 11. Brown, Alice. Tiverton Tales. Boston: Houghton, MiM.n & Co. *l.:,n Cathei-wood. Mrs. Mary II. The Queen of the Swamp, and Other Aiiier.cans. Boston: Hough- ton. Mifflin & Co. $1.25. Chadwick. J. W. A Life for Liberty. Anli Sla- very ami Other Letters of Salle Hoiley. Fut- uauis. $1.50. Chubb. 1'ercival. Dryderfs Palamon and Arcite. Muemillan. 25c. Cobban, .1. M. Pursued by the Law. Appletons. Colby. Prof. C. W. Soloeiions from the Sources of English History. Longmans, Green & Co. Crane. Stephen. War is Kind. F. A. Stokes Co. $2.50. Dexter. T. F. G., and Uarlick, A. H. Psychology in the Schoolroom. Longmans, tirecii & Co. SI ..">>. Dickinson. Martha G. Within the Hedge: Poems. Doubleday & McClure Co. $1. Dodd. Anna R. In and out of Three Normandy Inns. Boston: Little. Broun & Co. Dodd, Anna B. Cathedral Days. A Tour in South- ern England. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $1.50. Fowler, Ellen T. A Double Thread. Appletons. Eraser, W. A. The Eve ot a God. and Other Tales of East anil West. Douhb-dav & McClure Co. $1.26 Frederic, Harold. The Market-Place. F. A. Stokes Co. 11.50. Fruit, Prof. J. P. Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. Boston: I!. II. Sanborn & Co. ciiitliilis. Maior Arthur. A Girl of Grit. K. F. Fenno & Co. 75c. Hastings, Uev. .lames. A Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. II. Feign-Kinsinan. S01 timers. Hutchinson, Horace (J. The Book of Coif and Golfers. Longmans. Green & (Jo. Jackson. F. G. A Thousand Days in the Arctic. Harpers. $0. Johnson, Jesse. Testimony of the Sonnets as to the Authorship of the Shakesperian Plays and Poems. Putnains. $1. Jusserand, J. J. Shakespeare in Fiance under the Ancien Uegime. Loudon: Uuwiu; New York: Pin trains. $6. Kin-slcy. Rose G. A History of French Art. 1100- lS'JIJ. Longmans. Green & Co. $5. Kipling, Kudyard. American Notes. Boston: Brown & Co. .$1. Keren, John. Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem. Boston: Houghton. Mifflin & Co. SI. 50. Mcintosh. Burr. The Little I Saw of Cuba. F. T. Miel! Iter. C. F. B. A Soul's Pilgrimage. Phila- dolphin: G. W. Jacobs & Co. Moulton, Prof. It. G. Bible Stories (New Testa- ment 1. Macmillan. 50c Mum ford, G. S. An Island God. Boston: Brown & Co. Munro. John. The Story of the British Race. Ap- pletons. 40c. Nccly's Panorama of Our New Possessions. F. T. Neely. Parker. Gilbert. The Liar. Boston: Brown & Co. Recollections of Lincoln and Douglass Forty Years Ago. New York: F. P. Harper. Rirchic, Frank. Easy Latin Pas-ages for Transla- tion. Longmans. Green >V Co. r>oc. Russell, W. C. An Atlantic Tragedy. Philadelphia: Drexel Piddle; New York: Truslove & Comha. Salmon. David. The Art of Teaching. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.25. Step. Edward. Bv Seashore, Wood, and Moor- land. Whittaker Svuiington. Prof. Stuart. Augier and Sandeau's Le Cendre de M. Poirier. Henry Holt & Co. 30c. Todd. Prof. D. P. Stars and Telescopes. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $2. Vachha, I). A. Key to Algebraical Factors. 3d ed. Longmans, Green & Co. 75c. Wilkins, Mary E. The Jamesons. Doubleday 6 McClure c,,." SI, Yarnall, Ellis. Wordsworth and the Coleridges, with Other Memories. Macmillan. $3. HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. BA VE JUST PUBLISHED : WOODHULL & VAN ARSDALE'5 CHEfllCAL EXPERiriENTS. By Prof. John F. WOODHUIX, author of a "First Course in Science," and Miss May It. Van Arsdalb, Instructor, both of the Teachers' College, New- York. Lib pages. I2mo, 60c. net. This elementary manual should lie supplemented bv hemic and i|iiiz work. II is the outgrowth I \cars; experience and deals with general fundanicnlal principles. Problems and queries ace, >Bnv the ex- It deals with thechemlstrj of every-day life air, water, combustion, bleaching, acids and alkalies, soaps, etc. Hie equipment need not cost over S-' pur pupil. Apparatus, cbem, cat-, cic. arc noted in Ibcap- pi-ndlx. There arc blank pages for notes. AUGIER ET SANDEAU LE GENDRE DE M. POIRIER Coiuedle en Quatre Actes. Edited by Prof. Sinn Symington of Amherst, xvlii + 05 pp. 121110, Boards, 30c. net. -Brander The introduction givee an interesting account of Au- gier and his works. The notes arc brict and to the point. HAKLUYT SOCIETY (President. Sir Ci.emkms Markham, K.C.B. 1.— The second volume feu- I s'l.s AZURARA'S CHRONICLE OF THE DISCOVE- RY AND CONQUEST OF OUiNEA, Part II. translated and edited by (.'. Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage, is now being distributed to members by Mr. Quaritch. The annual subscription is So. which may be remitted through Messrs. Morion. Bliss & Co. of New York. A new series coiiii.ionces with the present year. WILLIAM FOSTER, Honorary Secretary. BoRDEAR, Holly Road, Wanstead (England). FOR SALE. A GENERAL GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION, .0, paining several thousand specimens collected niosllv Inthe upper Miss. Vallej In Minn . low,,, and 111. Also 1,1 relics. Must, be sold on ace- t of the death ol nn husband. Address Mrs. .1. II. 1SKEESE, Lyons, Iowa GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL -AND SPECIALLY USEFUL DURING THE SUMMER- PRESENT FOR A LADY, 17-70, WILL FIND THE BETHLEHEM ^ j> SHOULDER-SHAWL amost appropriate and stylish Birthday or Wed- ding Gift. They are entirely ham'"- ven (about -10 inches square, with fi-inch fringe) at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk — warp silk and woof wool— in rich light green, deli- cate pink, recherche red, pure white, or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. (Appetizing Moravian Sugar Cake-German Kaffee K lichen re, M„ :,,i ... or recipe alone for stamp.) The Susacuac Weaving Co. 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. New Novel by the author of " Derelicts." Id0lS. By W.J. LOCKE. Crown 8vo. $1.50. A new volume of poems. THE WIND AHONG THE REEDS BY W. B. YEATS. $1.25. JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Ave., N.Y. B OOKS.—All Out-of-print Books supplied, 'eet. Acknowledged the It hook tinders extant. is the n Please state wants. U-lii John Bright Str Ready June 1. 44 Mary Cameron :" A ROMANCE OF FISHERMAN'S ISLAND. About 250 pages, illustrated and attractively bound in cloth. A new novel, "bright, entertaining, good: For sale by all booksellers, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, $1.00. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers, Boston. A Delightful Book DR. E. E. HALE'S James Russell Lowell And His Friends 48 full-page Portraits and other Illustrations. 8 v o, $3.00. Second Impression. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & 00. Story of the Nations. New members. Fully illustrated. Large 12mo, each $1 50; half leather, each $1.75. 53. The West Indies. A History of the Islands ot the West Indian Archipelago, to- gether with an Account of their Physical Characteristics, Natural Resources, and Present Condition. ByAmos Kidder Fiske, A.M. Nor. 54 and 55. The Story of the People of England in the 19th Century. By Justin McCarthy, M. P. In two volumes. No. 56. The Story of Austria. The Home of the Hep-burg Dynasty, from 12S2 to the Present Day. By Sydney Whitman. Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 & 29 W. 23d St., New York. ATTT'T-JY'MPQ For all business I U 1 HOKb Author and Pu between Publisher, address EDITORIAL BUREAU. 120 Liber- ty St., New York. Mention Nation,

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May 1 8, 1899] The ISTation. A Series of Brief Memoirs of Eminent Americans THE BEACON BIOGRAPHIES M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE, Editor Messrs. Small, Mavnard and Company beg to announce that they have published the first five volumes of THE BEACON BIOGRAPHIES, as follows: PHILLIPS BROOKS, by the Editor DAVID G. FARRAGUT, by JAMES BARNES ROBERT E. LEE, by W. P. TRENT JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, by EDWARD E. HALE, JR. DANIEL WEBSTER, by NORMAN HAPGOOD They are also able to announce the following volumes as in preparation : — JOHN TAMES AUDUBON, by JOHN BURROUGHS EDWIN BOOTH, by CHARLES TOWNSEND COPELAND AARON BURR, by HENRY CHILDS MERWIN JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, by W. B. SHUBRICK CLYMER BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by LINDSAY SWIFT The reasons which have persuaded the Editor and the Publishers to believe that The Beacon Biogra- phies make their appeal to a fairly general public are these: — The Beacon Biographies, it is thought, are the most beautiful small books ever issued in this country. The cover (in blind and gold on blue cloth) is by Mr. Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, who has done also the standing title-page for the series, which has been engraved on copper. The size is 24010 (3^ by 5^ inches), with an average of 140 pages to the volume. The frontispiece portrait which accompanies each is in photogravure. The paper has been selected with great care, and the type used is a new face specially cut. The subjects of the various Biographies as they appear are to be men of the most various significance in American life, so that the series as completed will give biographically the history of American life and character in all its important phases. The normal extent of a Beacon Biography is around 20,000 words. Sixty or seventy years ago books of American biography thus briefly expressed could be obtained generally throughout the country, but they have since been crowded out by the longer Memoirs and formal Lives. From these, now, and from the wealth of related material which has been accumulated in the research of a generation, it is proposed to condense once more the brief statement of essential facts which alone can appeal to the busy American interested in his country's history. The writers who have consented to contribute to the. Series are uniformly men who have the point of view of the present generation. With full critical and historical knowledge of the subjects of which they treat, ihey have not found it necessary to produce dull books, or books without the proper popular appeal. Those who care for biography will find in The Beacon Biographies, it is hoped, the solution of a real want — books at once entertaining, brief, and authentic. Each volume, moreover, is to include a bibliography for further reading, and a strict and full list of important dates in chronological order. Price, 75 cents each Circulars of information are now ready, and will be sent on application to the Publishers SMALL, MAYNARD AND COMPANY 6 Beacon Street, Boston

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VI The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1768 SOME NEW BOOKS. Field, Forest, and Wayside Flowers. With chapters on Sedges and Ferns. Untech- nical Studies for Unlearned Lovers of Na- ture. By Maud Going, author of "With the Wild Flowers." Crown 8vo, cloth, de- corated, illustrated with more than 100 half-tone and line engravings. $1.50. Written especially for people who, without time or possibly inclination to familiarize themselves with botanical nomenclature and technical terms, are yet true nature-lovers and enjoy the beauties and wonders of familiar plant life. George Miiller of Bristol and His Witness to a Prayer = Hearing God. By Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, D.D. With an introduction by James Wright, son-in-law and successor in the work of George Miil- ler. Crown 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. This work was largely prepared at Bristol, the home of Mr. MUller, and with the cooperation of his family. From the Child's Stand= point. Studies of Child-Nature. A Book for Pa- rents and Teachers. By Florence Hull Winterburn. 12mo, cloth, with a por- trait of the author. $1.25. This book is a collection of studies of child-na- ture and child-life, written with that sympathetic insight into the heart of childhood for which this author is so justly noted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of the price, by The Baker & Taylor Co. Publishers, 5 and 7 East Sixteenth St., N. Y. Monographs on Artists Richly illustrated and tastefully bound For the connoisseur as well as the art student JUST OUT RAPHAEL With 128 illustrations HOLBEIN With 151 illustrations $1.50 each Others in preparation LEMCKE & BUECHNER PUBLISHERS. 812 Broadway - - New York Old Books, Rare Books, Choice Books, Quaint Books, Typography, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, s, 8vo, with aril Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pases, post free, lis. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W. The Isles and Shrines of Greece. By Samuel J. Bakrows. With 19 plates. 8vo, $2.00. " Scholarly readers will be charmed with Mr. Barrows's hook. While il will ..■fresh the mind „,,„„ t|„. classical lessons ol long ..B.., the (Jr. e of the past, il |.!r,sii);l, connects them with the Greece of to-day. "- Chicago Inter Ocean. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. JUST PUBLISHED: BRITISH ANTHOLOGIES. I, The Dunbar Anthology. 1401-1508 a. d. Preparing. II. The Surrey & Wyatt Anthology. 1509-1547 A, d. Preparing. III. The Spenser Anthology. 1548-1591 A. D. Shortly. IV. The Shakespeare Anthology. 1592-1616 A. D. Now ready. V. The Jonson Anthology. 1617-1637 A. D. Now ready. VI. The Milton Anthology. VII. The Dryden Anthology. 1675-1700 A. D. VIII. The Pope Anthology. 1701-1744 A. D. IX. The Goldsmith Anthology. 1745-1774 A. D. X. The Cowper Anthology. 1775-1800 A. D. 1 ready. Shortly. Preparing. EDITED BY Professor EDWARD ARBER, f.s.a. ! I.LI.'iU ol' 1,1X1,: 12mo, cloth extra, 75c. per volume. Each volume is complete in itself and may be obtained separately. This is the first adequate attempt that has ever been made towards an historical national Anthology at popular prices. The Series will contain about 2,500 entire Poems and Songs, written by some Three Hundred Poets. It will include the largest collection ever printed of the most exquisite Love Lyrics in our language, some serious Poems, many notable Ballads, some Political Verse, a few Prison Songs ; also Naval and Military Songs, Drinking Songs, Mad Songs, Satires, etc., together with Poems in praise of the Country Life and its various pleasures. Hunting, Hawking, Fishing, etc. Nearly every form of English Versification will be represented in the Series. For sale, by all Booksellers. Send for descriptive circular. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, American Branch, 91 and 93 Fifth Avenue, New York. ZTbe Spectator. The Proprietors who ia 1861 purchased the Spectator have since that date conducted it themselves. They are therefore exempted from many Influences which press severely on the independence of journalism, and have from " ft r • the first made it their chi.-i object to say out what they belie be trul li in theolog\, politics, and social ques- mass of the very class they arc trying to renresent, and were finally acknowledged by them to have been in the right. The news of the current weel is compressed into an animated narrath e. which the laziest or buslcBt may read, without missing the lit" ' import of the events. The Spectator contains a lisi of all Hooks published during the week (not under one shilling in price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will grcarly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 283 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duane St.. New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Union Square. New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dev St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 35 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7. SO A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00. Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. ORANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. ORANT. Before buying hooks, wrile for quotations. An assor ment of catalogues and special slips of books at r< duccd prices sent for Id cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42dSt.. - NEW YORK (Mention thin advertisement and receive a discount F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books: Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; Tauchnitz's British Authors, Ten I, net's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed ccived from Paris and Lelp- ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Bcoks. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUHU NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Rare Early English Literature, K.arU Primed p.,„,ksln Black Letter. Ancient Am i i i, i ,„,., -| ,\ ,,,\ Ml _,„ ,-aro Prints and Autographs etc , lealtwitb 29 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. Publications in French By Prof. PAUL BERCY. CONTES ET NOUVELLES MODERNES (Paul Bercy's French Reader). 12mo, cloth, 328 pages, $1.00. SHORT SELECTIONS for translating English in- to French. 12mo, cloth, 75 cents. KEY TO "SHORT SELECTIONS," Etc. 12mo, cloth, 121 pages, net, 75 cents. SANS FAMILLE. By Hector Malot. Arranged and abridged by Paul Bercy. 12mo, cloth, 85 cents; paper, 00 cents. WILLIAMR.JENKIN5 851 and 853 6th Ave, (cor. 48th St.), New York. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. VOL. V., NO. I. MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM. • THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS.) Contents: Historical Introduction. Latin ami Greek- Texts, English Translation and Notes, Chronological Table, Bibliography. Paper, 00c; cloth, 80c. D. C. MUNRO, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Phllada.. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia Acarefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrain \an.lnation at college. Practice In conversa- tion and 1 ■ongh drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education. Huston : "A well-made series, leach- ,is and pupils will find the three books helpful and inte- resting.'

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The Nation VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 769. THURSDAY, MAY 25, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. SCfi/BNElFS NEPF BOOKS " As a part of history ', as well as a piece of excellent writing, his story is of permanent value.v — Boston Herald. A NOTABLE BOOK THE ROUGH RIDERS By Governor THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Col. 1st Volunteer Cavalry, U. S. A. With Forty Full-page Illustrations and Two Portraits (One in Photogravure) of Governor Roosevelt. Octavo, 298 pp., $2.00 Contents — /. Raising the Regiment. II. To Cuba. III. General Toung's Fight at Las Guasimas. IV. The Cavalry at Santiago. V. In the Trenches. VI. The Return Home. Appendices. Governor Roosevelt's account of the Rough Riders is naturally awaited with intense eagerness from one end of the country to the other. His book has already claimed everybody's attention as in all respects a national event. It has the distinction of being an authoritative narrative, personal and intensely vivid, of a unique fighting corps. The illustrations, from photographs by experts, are especially noteworthy. " A history of the doings of the First Volunteer Cavalry, by Col. Theodore Roosevelt, may be fittingly regarded as the last word on the sub- ject. . . . No one can get an adequate idea of how the regiment was formed and how it marched, bivouacked, and fought unless he reads Col. Roosevelt's book. His style is always free and animated. He is generous in his estimate of men and optimism lights up his pages." — New York Evening Sun. A SYSTEM OF ETHICS. By FRIEDRICH PAULSEN. 8vo, $3.00, net. Translated and edited by Frank Thilly, Professor of Phi- losophy in the University of Missouri. Professor Paulsen's work is a guide for all persons interested in ethics as a practical science of conduct. The first book surveys moral philosophies from Greek times to the present. The second reviews the fundamental questions of ethics, answering them in each case with soundness of judgment and common sense. The third defines virtues and duties. Modern pessim- ism, hedonism, and Nietzscheanism, suicide, temperance, and the lie of necessity are among the subjects discussed. A THEORY OF REALITY. By Prof. G. T. LADD of Yale 8vo, $4.00. An Essay in Metaphysical System upon the Basis of Human Cognitive Experience. This new volume by Prof. George Trumbull Ladd brings to its close the series of books in which the author has dealt with the general problem of reality — things and minds — and the possibility and the validity of knowledge. The former volumes were " Philosophy of Knowledge " and " Philosophy of Mind." THE LIFE OF DANTON. By HILAIRE BELLOC, B.A. Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. 8vo, 440 pp., $2.50. "Mr. Belloc has produced the first searching, exhaustive, and pro- found study of Danton's character and the reciprocal influence existing be- tween that character and its times and surroundings that has appeared in the English language. He has done more. He has written one of the most fascinating and at the same time well-rounded and masterful historical studies in existence — a monumental work that will be the last word and an au- thority for many years to come." — -Chicago Times-Herald. ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN FRONTIER. The Adventures and Observations of an American in Rhodesia. By WILLIAM HARVEY BROWN. With 32 illustrations and 2 folding maps. 8vo, $3.00. CECIL RHODES to tbc English publisher : — "Thank you for the book you forwarded me by William Harvey Brown called ' On the South African Frontier.' It is capital reading and is a truthful picture of Rhodesia and of the late rebellion. I can speak practically, as Mr. Brown went in with me in the force that went through to relieve Bulawayo. " A TEXAS RANGER. By N. A. JENNINGS. J2mo, $1.25. " Much has been written about the Texas Rangers, but perhaps the fullest account of their history and work during the troublous days that fol- lowed the civil war and lasted for nearly a generation is to be found in Mr. Jennings's book." — Springfield Republican. IN THE KLONDYKE. By FREDERICK PALMER. Illustrated, J2mo, $1.50. "Mr. Palmer ha; made a sensible and interesting book. His pictures of life on the trail, at Dawson, and in the diggings are obviously true to reality and infused with local color. . . . A lively and truthful picture of life on the Klondike."— The Nation. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 1 53- 57 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.

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11 JL iie JNation [Vol. 68, JNo. 1769 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.'] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. TnE Week 385 Editorial Articles: Suppression 388 Government 08M A Hundred Xears of Tracts 390 The Poison in Our Food 390 Special Correspondence: The American Library Association at At- Lanta 391 Farce or Tragedy '1 393 Chateaubriand 394 Correspondence: Benevolent Assimilation 395 No Escape from MeKinley 396 You-All 396 The Oldest Historical Societies 396 Notes 396 Book Reviews: A Popular History of France 399 Five Books on Music and Musicians 401 Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-'97 402 The (Jamming World, The History of Gam- bling in England 408 The Dawn of Reason 403 A Short History of the Saracens 404 The Redemption of Africa 404 Outlines of Industrial Chemistry 405 Books of the Week 405 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $f,.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the Address-Label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to "Publisher of the Na- tion." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses sliould be given. Address THE NATION, Box 79U, New York. Publication Office, '208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion, Ik lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page or top of column. Cuts are not inserted on the first page. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $2U. A page, $60 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Cypy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 percent ,g ;: 10 " ii •• ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: \l* " 8§ :; :::::2o •■ 52 25 $100 within a^ear 10 percent. 250 " ™ 12iS « 500 " " 15 ' School for Girls.— 37th year will begin September 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. Lefe'uvue. Principal. MissE. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. OT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- k_J opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads of School, Miss M. C. Carter, Miss S. R. Carter. B M \ss m uusetts, Boston. OS TON UNIVERSITY Law Schooi Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. 'THE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts. Duxbury. DOIVDER POINT SCHOOL —Prepares ± for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indl- idual teaching. Elementary classes for young boys. tdoorlife. F. B. K.napp, S.B. (M.I.T.) Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, M: New York, TJtlca. R S. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. Mi M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COMEG YSAND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIKLS Opens October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. Mi ISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 8chool for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila,, Pa. School oi Drawing and Painting. MUSEUn OF FINE ARTS, Copley Square, Boston, Mass. The Third Term now open. 23d Year. Instruction In drawing from the cast, and from life, in painting, modelling, and decorative design, and also in artistic anatomy and perspective. Principal instructors: 1-. W. Benson, K. ('. Tarbell, and Philip Hale illrauiiig and Painting 1, Mrs. William si one 1 Decorative 1 (Mo-1-"' — " ^ *= " 3(Pe . use of the galleries of the Museu lng detailed information, address MISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home in the ■• \.ln 1 ii a I y\ in slow House " JAMES DE NORMANDIE, D.D., . . . „ ., „ „„„ President, of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM, Koxliury, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered llrvn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given 'in both General and College Preparatory Courses Fine, fire-proof stone building;. 25 acre's 1. grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Academy. 12th Session opens July 12. For circulars, address Uey.L. C UOUX. M.A., or W L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellows Falls, Vt Educational. SUMMER COURSES AT THE Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Instruction will be given during June and July by members of the regular Instructing staff of the Insti- tute, In Architecture (Including elementary Design and Shades and Shadows), Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Biology, Bacteriology, Physiology, Phy- sics (lectures and laboratory), French, German, Mathematics, Mechanism, Descriptive Geometry, Mechanical Drawing, and Shopwork. These courses are of special advantage to COLLEGE STUDENTS or other persons planning to enter the Institute with advanced standing In September. They also afford opportunity to TEACHERS and persona engaged in professional -work to enjoy the advantages of the Institute laboratories. Circulars giving detailed information will be maUed free on application. H. W. TYLER, Ph.D., Secretary. 491 Boylston Street. Boston, Mass. HARVARD UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION Will be held in New York, in the Lecture-Room of the Y. M. C. A. Building, 23d St., cor. 4th Ave., June 27, 29, 30, July 1. The terms of admission, fees, ex- penses, and privileges in any or all Departments of the University may be learned from DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS which may be had on application to the Corresponding Secretary, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION And other women who wish to take the Harvard Examinations will be examined in New York at the same time as the candidates for admission to Harvard University. All information with regard to these examinations maybe had on application to the Sec'y of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. University of Michigan SUMMER SCHOOL, June 28=August 10. Courses will be offered in all leading Academic Studies, in Law, and in Engineering. For information and circulars address E. H. MENSEL, 721 Monroe St.. Ann Arbor, Mich. Summer Law School, THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH. Opens June 15. On the Cumberland Plateau, 2,000 feet above sea-level. Cool anil absolutely free from malaria. Pull corps of lecturers. Address B. J. Ramage, Dean, Sewanee, Tenn. HARVARD SUMMER SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY. JULY 5-21. I800- Courses in Old Testament, Church History, and Theology, by professors in Harvard University and by Professors A. V. G. Allen, W. N. Clarke, A. C. MoGiffeht, H. G. Mitchell, G. F. Moore, and Pics. \\\ I)eW. Hyde. Fee, $15.00. Circulars mi application to R. S. Morison, Sec'y Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, Mass. BRADFORD ACADEMY. Founded 1803. For the higher education of young women. Classical aud Scientific course of study ; also 1'ropara torv aud Optional. Year begins Sept 20, 1899. Miss Ida C. Allen, Prin., Bradford, Mass. QUINCY JIANSION SCHOOL FOR GIKLS. "Locution indescribably beautiful and .villi the bav on one side and park surround- ing it." "Buildings spacious, handsome, and conve- nient." Illustrated circular sent on application. HORACE MANN WILLAU1), Sc.D., YVollastun, Mass.

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May 25, 1899] The Nation. 111 Educational. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SUMMER MEETING, Oxford; England. Ninth Session will be held at Oxford, July 29-Aug. 23. Tickets for the whole meeting, $7. SO. Lectures on the History, Literature, Art, Science, etc., of Period 1837- 1871. Programme from Sous Nolkn, 111 S. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Clark University SUMMER SCHOOL, WORCESTER, MASS., July 13=26, 1899. MARTHA'S VINEYARD SUMMER INSTITUTE, Cottage City, Mass. Five hundred students. 40 Instructors. 64-page Circular sent free on application to WM. A. MOWRY, Hyde Park, Mass. Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDUCA- XJl tion and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of three or four children in her own home, training them in the manifold require- ments of modern life and in some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- /l ence In preparing for Harvard, Tale, and Prince- ton in Latin, Greek, and German, wants a position in col- lege or first-class college-preparatory school. Has re- cently studied In Germany. Address Phil. Dk., care Nation. J IBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- I - perience in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. LPOUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL J. Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Webek, Belleville, 111. A HARVARD M.A. would like position x~~L to teach Classics in Preparatory School, or as pri- CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1505 Pa. Ave. .Washington. 150 Fifth Ave., New Tork. 414 Cent. Bdg, Minneapolis. 7:m Ooper Bdg., Denver. 025 stin.s'n l:k, Los Angeles 378 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, J~l 24 State St., Albany, N. T.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Harlan P. Frenoh, Manager. OCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' kJ AGENCT. Oldest and best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. T. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr., 70 Fifth Ave., New York. An At^PnfV i8 va'h"t>le m proportion to its m- *"* **SV'11*'J' lluence. If it merely hears of va- you about them ommends you, that is more. Ours Da/^nm rn an A o C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse, NY-KcCOmmeilClS FOR SALE. A OENERAL (JEOLOGICAL COLLECTION, containing several thousand specimens collected mostly In the upper Miss. Valley in Minn., Iowa, and 111. Also other relics. Mu«t be sold on account of the death of my hUBband. Address Mrs. J. H. BREESE, Lyons, Iowa. KINDERGARTEN supplies IV at SCHERMERHORN'S.S East 14th St., N.Y. Summer Resorts. Hotel Kursaal MALOJA 2S SeQd for new Catalogue. September. Very first- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. E Position 6,000 feet above ^ , sea-level, in the most pictu- tirrnrlifia resque scenery of Upper II !/ /ill I IIC Kngadine. Divine service in II^UUIIIV the churches belonging to ====——^— the hotel. Golf 1J4 mile. lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- f SWIT7FRI ANTh eursions, carriage and coach pwiUCKLAnU) service. Many natural curi- osities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora. Please write or telegraph to the Manager, (Zaisisg) LF.WALTHER. Telegraph and Post-office, MALOJA KURSAAL. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES, FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on application. Vr»11 PtV»ff»f being a town resident need- 1 uu r 1 CIC1 ) jng a reai change, a retired Slace supplying your home comforts. TERRY lOMESTEAD furnishes these; city appointments, gravity water works, plumbing, drainage, finest d dairy products, beautiful A. W. TERRY, Stamford, N. Y. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- "" ' pamphlets on application. Iarl Lanusee, Proprietor. SWIT7FRI ANT) lausanne. J IT 116EI\LitllV HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake and mountains. Lift, bath-, electric light in everyroom. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamphlets sent free on applicatio MT. DESERT.— Furnished houses at $150, $250, $350, and $450. Perfect water supply; slate tubs; fireplaces. W: M. Griswold, Cambridge, Mass. r^OOPERSTOWN— "OTSEGO HALL," 7^0 RENT AT SLASCONSET, NAN- 1 tucket Island— Fully furnished cottage of nine rooms. Address for particulars, 4100 Pine St., Philada. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00 Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND 9 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. Study Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St. , Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. l'ne-ti, >■ in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education. Boston: "A well 1 - ies. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and inte- resting." FRENCH BOOKS at WM. R. JENKINS' Publisher, 851 Six 111 Avenue, NEW YORK. Complete Catalogue on application. Travel. OATES" TOURS. SIXTH YEAR. Vpllnu/sfnnp A Grand Tour, leaving June 30,return- iciiuwsiuiic jnK AugiiHt I. Going \ la N.o-n ■ ' -or rail to iJ'ilnili. and Nor 1'acilie Park Alaska. and the Great Lakes. Optional via Salt Lake and linncr. Tickets in- cluding every expense. Send for pro- gram, ijiias. H. GATES, Toledo, 0. EUROPE. BOSTON EUROPEAN TOURINO CLUB. Professors Morris, Mac- Wallers, and Dean Buell (With Mrs.Buell) of Boston Univ. School of Tlieol., and others already I. ookeil lor summer tour. Good introductions necessary. FRANK li. CRAWFORD, A.M., (110 Treinont Building, Boston. PARIS in 1900. A word to the wise. Make sure of steamship and ho- tel accommodations now. at fair rates, in personally conducted parlies TliK CI; \H FORI! TO 1 : US, 111 II Trc niout Building, Boston; 220 Broadway, New York; Kill Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. DROFESSOR OF ART in an Eastern JT College expecting to spend the summer in Lo"-1"" and Paris Is willing to lecture to small parties 1 tour of eight weeks. Highest references given and re- quired. Address H. C. M., 1417 K St., N.W., Washington, PI TDflDP Small, select party of Ladies— LUI^UrL 95 days Nmth Tour. Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladies' Foreign Tour. Restricted; highest re- ferences. Address THE MOORINGS, Lock Haven, Pa. PI IDrtPP ANNUAL SUMMER TOURS. CUKUrC Norway and Central Europe. Small party c GER. 31 Pierce Building", Boston. 13 Prof. CAMILLE Till BWi THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. 1 PTTBBt make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, UCIIC*3 Australia and Smith Africa ■ also maVo BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET. NEW YORK. Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with Tlie Nation stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents. F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. zig as soon as issued. ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Bcoks. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUni- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Rare Early English Literature, Early Printed Books In BlackLettcr, Ancient Artistic Bookbindings, rare Prints and Autographs, etc. Only flue specimens are d. 29 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. IV OOA'S. — All Out-of-print Books supplied, -illi'ie hat subject. Acknowledged the Id over as the most expert book tinders extant. Please state wants. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKM1U1'. 14-10 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England.

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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 The Macmillan Company's New Books. IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THEOLOGICAL INTEREST JUST READY. Ethics and Revelation. By HENRY S. NASH, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Author of " Genesis of the Social Conscience." Cloth, "One of the most helpful and valuable treatises in the lan- $1.50. guage." —The Tribune, N. Y. "The highest thought wedded to the noblest utterance, clear and strong and telling." The Churchman. From Comte to Benjamin Kidd. THE APPEAL TO BIOLOGY OR EVOLUTION FOR HUMAN GUIDANCE. By ROBERT MACINTOSH, D.D., Cloth, Author of " Christ and the Jewish Law." $1.50. Historical and critical— a sketch of the growth of the evolution- ary systems of ethics, and a study of their claims to authority. The Sermon Delivered at the Ordination of Dr. Briggs. By the Rev. GEORGE W. DOUGLAS, D.D., with an Introduction by the Rt. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER. Bishop of New York. Paper, 8vo, 25 cents. The hot discussion preceding Dr. Briggs' ordination has shown it to be of interest to such numbers as to call for a wider circulation of the timely sermon by Dr. Douglas from the text : Bi/ what authority doest thou these things, and who gave thee this authority? The pamphlet will also contain a noteworthy introduction by Bishop Potter, who says of Dr. Briggs: " The Christian student is incomparably richer for his labor." REMINISCENCES AND REFLECTIONS, LITERARY, POLITICAL, ETC Wordsworth and the Coleridges, By WITH OTHER MEHORIES, LITERARY AND POLITICAL. doth, 8vo. EIIlS Yarnall. Memories of life-long friendships with Sir John Taylor Coleridge and Lord Coleridge, talks with Price, $2.50. prominent men of letters and public affairs, churchmen, etc. ; a volume of unusual breadth of interest. " Contains many things that are new and much tliat is important." Old Cambridge. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Cloth, $1.25 " Pleasant gossip . . . most enjoyable and valuable."— Evening Telegraph. The first of a series of National Studies in American Letters, edited by George E. Woodberry, and designed to give to our literature, as a national expression, a more just importance and truer perspective than it yet presents in popular knowledge. Elizabeth " A charming book."— Literature. and Her "A German Garden emits a flower-like aroma of German freshness and purity."— Kate Sanborn. Garden. cioth, $1.75 By the author of Elizabeth and her German Garden. \ Solitary "Delicate, sympathetic observations," the Outlook Slimmer says of the book to which this is a companion— a view of German life seen through the half-smiling, half-cynical Cloth, $1.50. eyes of a cultivated Englishwoman. Just ready. The Life of Henrv A. Wise. The Famous By His Orandson, the Late BARTON H. WISE of Richmond, Va. Just Ready. 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Just Ready 36th Annual Publication The Statesman's Year Book, 1899. STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ANNUAL OF THE STATES OF THE WORLD FOR 1 898. American Editor, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, U. S. Commissioner of Labor ; General Editor, for the British Empire, etc., J. Scott Keltie, Scc'y Royal Ucog. Society. "Stands easily first among the statistical annuals published in the English language."— Review of Reviews. American Edition, 1899. $3.00. SEND FOR A CIRCULAR OF THE NEW POPULAR NOVELS. Each is bound in Cloth, with special cover design, price $1.50. "Places Its author with the first American novelists." Richard Carvel. By Winston Chi'rchill, author of "The Cele- brity." With eight full page illustrations by Malcolm Eraser. Tristram Lacy : OI\,The iKKivim-ALiST. By W. H. Mallock, author of " Is Life Worth Living f" etc. " Keen and clever. Full of characteristic humor." The Short Line War. Merwin-Webster. Second Edition. -Eve'g Tele- Men's Tragedies. By r. v. rbley. 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The Nation. XEW YORK, TUURSUA F, J/.l )' The Week. The Conference at The Hague opened a week ago in a curious atmosphere of aspiration tempered by insincerity and cynicism. Every individual delegate professes himself heartily in favor of peace, of checking the terrible cost of national armaments, of meeting half- way the efforts of the most powerful ruler on earth to stay the ravages of militarism. Then why cannot something be done? Well, this is a wicked world. You wouldn't have the millennium come too suddenly, would you? But the dele- gates are good men in a wicked world. They may not be able to make the lion and the lamb lie down with sides actual- ly touching, but is that any reason for their giving up trying to induce them to live peaceably in adjoining fields? If not absolutely perfect, why should we not try to make the world as good as possible? Ah, comes the hypocritical sigh, in which many of the delegates to the Conference furtively join, that is entirely impracticable! Individually, we all favor every plan for peace; but col- lectively, you know, the thing is im- possible. More significant, perhaps, than any- thing said in the first meeting of the Conference, was the Emperor William's birthday toast to the Czar at Wiesbaden. He took occasion to express the hope that the German delegates, acting with the Russian, on "identical instructions," might help to bring out of the Confer- ence results that would "satisfy the Czar." This is of more value than many sneers. The truth is, that the ends aimed at by the Conference are so hu- mane and enlightened that no responsi- ble ruler dares pose before his people or the world as opposing them. They com- pel, like virtue, the hypocritical pre- tence of admiration and approval even from those who in their hearts rage against them. It has always been so. War as such has never had a frank and open defender. Even Napoleon had to protest from St. Helena that he had de- luged Europe in blood reluctantly, and only in order to establish "the beautiful ideal of civilization" — peace. So stout a warrior as Moltke, before age had hardened him against his youthful ideals and hopes, expressed his belief in "the idea of a general European peace," and declared that an agreement to disarm might be reached after a few decades. So that Nicholas, just past thirty-one, commander of more troops than any other sovereign could put into the field, in turning away from war's "gloire san- glaute"to urge upon the nations a peace- ful ideal, is but doing his best to bring about what the greatest military heroes have admitted to be the true end of war itself. The one thing which everybody will believe, in Mr. McKinley's renewed and more conciliatory offers to the Filipinos, is the statement that "the President earnestly desires that bloodshed cease." In this, if in no other part of his Philip- pine policy, it is certain that the Presi- dent faithfully represents the sentiment of Americans. In whatever else we may differ, we are a united people in the amazement, indignation, and horror with which this long-drawn torture in the Philippines has come to be regarded by all. Even the Irishman who professed his readiness to do a certain thing "even if I have to go to my grave without a single fight," would be willing to forego every unnecessary hour of such a war- fare. As for the plan of government which the President now proposes, it is on its face but a stop-gap. But if it proves to be also a stop-slaughter, we shall not quarrel with its terms. Final decision must in any case rest with Congress. We might remark that the reservation to the President of the right to appoint all the judges is precisely the feature in the Spanish offer of autonomy to Cuba which called out our finest scorn two years ago; but why open old sores? We are all wiser if sadder now. Let us have peace! It appears that the censorship which is practised by the Administration in re- gard to the war in the Philippines does not stop with the refusal of the authori- ties at Manila to send to the United States, or to deliver in the Philippines, dispatches of which they disapprove, nor with the refusal of the Post-Office Department to allow printed matter of which it disapproves to be sent by mail from this country to the Philippines. While no attempt has y^t been made to prevent the transmission by mail from the Philippines to the United States of letters written by soldiers who express their disgust with the war which they have been forced to wage, there is al- ready evidence that the volunteers have been warned not to make public any views which do not suit the Government. Mr. H. H. Van Meter, whose character is vouched for by the Chicago Record, pub- lishes in that paper an open letter to President McKinley in which he quotes the protest of more than one old soldier against the publication of his letter, for these reasons: # "Some of the boys are getting into all kinds of trouble over their letters, and I hope no one will publish any of mine." "The letters I write are for the ones to whom they are addressed, and not for the entire public." "Wait until we get back, and I will tell you all. Why in the world do the people publish our letters?" "Remember that all the letters I write are for you and the folks at home only, and are not written to be published. Some of my letters to friends were published, and one of them cost me a great deal of trouble." Such virtual censorship over the mails as this is without a precedent in the his- tory of the United States. As Mr. Van Meter says, "It amounts to a virtual suppression of free speech among Ame- ricans." Even newspapers which sup- port expansion feel constrained to con- demn this policy. Thus, the Detroit Tri- bune remarks that "it has been more than suspected for months that the cen- sorship of cable dispatches was being conducted in accordance with a foolish and short-sighted policy which aimed to deceive the public as to the true state of affairs," and says that now, through the communications quoted, "it is revealed that the commanding officers in the isl- ands exercise a sort of terrorism by which it is sought to prevent soldiers from writing the truth about the cam- paigns and the manner of their con- duct." The Tribune is a journal which has justified the war upon the Filipinos, but it cannot defend the suppression of the truth about the war. It says: "The Government can gain nothing by at- tempting to conceal the facts. Censorship of cables and mails, and punishment of soldiers who tell the truth, will not avail when the volunteers come home and are mustered out. The truth will be made public, and even from the narrow view-point of the Adminis- tration it were wiser to have it known now than that it should come later, and nearer to the approaching campaign, which is ever uppermost in the Administration mind. That sudden and superficial sympathy which de- clares itself first and thinks afterward, if at all, would have time to spend itself if the facts were before the public to-day, while the very fact that strenuous endeavors have been made to curb freedom of speech, writ- ing, and publication will, when the truth is finally known, increase its sinister signi- ficance many fold. The world is no longer wide enough to furnish a safe sepulture for facts, and the disinterred remains will smell worse and look more horrible than the fresh body, however gory." A large proportion of the journals which advocated expansion have pro- nounced the stories of no quarter in the Philippine campaign "incredible," the soldiers who tell them "liars," and the Evening Post "treasonable" for giving circulation to what the Chicago Times- Herald, as recently as last Thursday, called "roorbacks," declaring that "no orders to shoot prisoners or non-re- sistants have been issued by American commanders in the Philippines." But this policy of denouncing as liars Kan- sas soldiers who have been known all their lives as truthful men, is coming to be bitterly resented by the Kansas press. The Topeka Capital, the leading Repub-

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386 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 lican newspaper in the State, says that, "so far as the Kansas boys are concern- ed, the Capital is not prepared to admit that they exaggerate or misstate what they testify to seeing with their own eyes"; that "in stating that Capt. Bishop ordered certain Filipinos to be shot rather than to remain as prisoners dur- ing the battle of Caloocan, Private Bren- ner reported from personal observation"; that the testimony of Corporal Maxwell of the Topeka company, that "this led to an order to take no prisoners, but to shoot all," must be accepted as equally true; and that, therefore, "it would ap- pear that during or before this engage- ment, owing to the treacherous conduct of Filipino prisoners, as described by Corporal Maxwell, costly experience hav- ing taught the General commanding that these insurgents could not be trusted, he gave an order to shoot all prisoners." The Capital justifies such orders to Ame- rican troops under such circumstances. We have received the original manu- script of a soldier's letter, forwarded to us for use from the town in Colorado where it was received. It is one of the most interesting and significant in the long series from which we have quoted. Written without a thought that it would ever appear in print, it gives a vivid pic- ture of the frame of mind in which a patriotic American finds himself who en- listed to give a suffering people freedom from the supremacy of Spain, and who has been forced to fight in order to deny other former subjects of Spain the in- dependence for which they also have long been struggling. This Colorado sol- dier feels the same way as the soldiers from Kansas, Nebraska, and other States, and nobody has > put more forcibly the un-American character of the present war than this "thinking bayonet," who pronounces it "wrong from start to fin- ish," says that "my heart is not in this war as it was in the one I enlisted to fight in, and I go into it simply because I have to," and concludes: "To be a soldier in such a cause as we are now engaged in, is nothing to be proud of. I am chagrined and ashamed to think of it as it is." One thing which the censor at Manila ought to keep from reaching the Fili- pinos is the call just issued by Congress- man Hull of Iowa, the Republican from the Des Moines district, for an examina- tion of candidates for appointment to the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The proclamation issued by the President's Commission "guarantees an honest mid efficient civil service, in which, to the fullest extent practicable, natives shall be employed." Of course, the only way that the natives have of judging what civil service we should give them is by the sort of civil service we have at home. Mr. Hull was chairman of the commit- tee on military affairs in the last House, and must be considered an authority as to the principles which ought to govern the selection of young men as cadets. He announces that candidates for the vacancy at Annapolis must be between sixteen and twenty-one years of age, and bona-fide residents of the district; and, "in addition to this," each comer "must present credentials of his parents belonging to the Republican party." The Des Moines statesman explains that "I have limited the contest to Republi- cans for the reason that in all sections of the United States represented by a De- mocrat a Democrat is appointed, and I believe in this district the party is en- titled to representation from here in the Academy." But of course the Hulls will see that non-partisanship is made the rule of the civil service in "our new The modest, self-contained man who destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila last year is now on his way home. The newspapers which are using his back as an advertising board for themselves, the politicians who are seeking office on his merits, and the vendors of goods and wares who are using his name on their signboards, are getting themselves in readiness for all kinds of hysterics on his arrival. One man, who manufactures tandem kites, proposes to send up the highest kite that ever was flown, with a flag mounted upon it, so that the first thing Dewey sees when he approaches the shore of his native land shall be the stars and stripes. The rival newspapers which are toiling and moiling to get sub- scriptions for a house for Dewey in Washington, report the large sum of $3,000 already raised by their joint and several efforts. Meanwhile, nobody knows whether Dewey wants a house, or whether he prefers Washington as a place of residence, or whether he would accept anything as a gift in any event. In such a state of dubiety, we suggest that the house-buyers, if they must make a present to Dewey, make it to him in money. In that case he can dispose of it as he chooses. If he wants a house he can buy or build with the proceeds, or he can invest it, or give it away, as suits him best. All the ac- counts which reach us through his most intimate friends signify that he Is averse to the personal display and lion- izing of which he is the subject; but that fact will not deter the kite-flyers and self-advertising classes from playing the pranks they have laid out for them- selves. They can make themselves ridi- culous, but they cannot make Dewey so. A dozen years ago we said of the Grand Army of the Republic that "it is no longer a benevolent institution work- ing for unselfish ends; it has become a machine for the procuring of pensions and offices." The truth of this charac- terization has become more clear during the interval, and is now put beyond the possibility of dispute by the raid which this machine has organized upon a thor- oughly efficient Commissioner of Pen- sions, simply because he has enforced the laws. The New York department of the organization held its annual encamp- ment at Syracuse last week, and on Thursday adopted a resolution declaring that "it is the sense of this department that the administration of the Pension Department by H. Clay Evans meets the emphatic disapprobation of this depart- ment and of every veteran who is en- titled to a pension under the law; and we ask that he be removed and the office filled by a man who will administer the pension law according to the intent of the framers of the law, the Congress that passed it, and the President who signed it." There is absolutely no excuse for this assault. Commissioner Evans is warmly in sympathy with all just claims of the old soldiers, and he has adminis- tered the pension law with fairness alike to the deserving applicant and to the Government. But such fairness has of course compelled him often to reject claims which were neither meritorious nor justified by the law. The conse- quence is that he has incurred the en- mity of the pension attorneys, who have grown rich upon the laxity of adminis- tration which has prevailed in the Pen- sion Bureau in the past. These attor- neys have organized a "combine" to se- cure the removal of Mr. Evans, and they are going to "work the Grand Army for all it is worth." It begins to look as if Secretary Alger had been made the victim of a Heathen- Chinee trick in the Michigan Sena- torial controversy. If the whole thing turns out a bit of Ohio intrigue to get him out of the Cabinet by a side wind, it would not surprise those who know the school of "smooth" politics in which the President's trusted advisers have been trained. That Mr. McKinley has been consumedly anxious to get rid of Alger in some quiet way has long been clear. Reversing Burke's maxim, he has borne with crimes till they festered into inconveniences, and that Alger is now a positive political inconvenience to the President is obvious to the wayfaring man though an office-seeker. So, it seems, the Secretary was lured out to Detroit, fooled with banquets and adula- tion into thinking himself the favorite son of Michigan, and flattered into an- nouncing that he would be a candidate for the United States Senate. Then snap went the trap. Senator McMillan, whom Alger understood to wish to retire, sud- denly declared himself a candidate, and cruelly added that he was the McKinley candidate. Hence Alger's dreadful pre- dicament. He is too far committed to the Senatorial contest to withdraw ex- cept ignominiously. But, of course, Mc-

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May 25, 1899] The ISTation. 387 Millan will have all the patronage, and pose as the President's friend, and if Alger tries to pull a single wire, or use his department for his own ends, the im- propriety of his remaining in the Cabinet will be brought forcibly to his attention. Already, in fact, Republican organs are telling him that the rules of the game now require him to resign. The Evening Post published on Friday some extremely interesting correspond- ence which has passed between Mr. J. L. Brower of this city and the Treasury Department upon the subject of duties upon personal clothing. Mr. Brower en- deavored, quite unsuccessfully, to get from the Department an exact ruling as to what, in the language of the law, ad valorem means. It was interpreted in various ways by the Assistant Secre- tary, Mr. Spaulding, and by Collector Bid well. One said it meant cost price; the other said there would be a re- duction in case the clothing showed signs of wear, and that if it were not suitable to the season, it would be duti- able at rates not specified. Mr. Brower insisted that ad valorem meant market value; — that is, value as second-hand clothing — and that the various state- ments made to him by the minor officials of the Department had no authority in law, and demanded a final ruling from the Secretary himself. To this demand he received no reply whatever. Why? Surely he, as an American citizen, had a right to make the demand, for no one can read the correspondence and escape the conclusion that his contention is the only tenable one. Thousands of Ame- ricans are interested in this matter, and the Secretary of the Treasury should be impressed with the necessity of giving them a plain and intelligible answer — something his subordinates seem inca- pable of doing. A Washington dispatch says that the caucus committee on the currency that has been holding sessions at Atlantic City has agreed upon a measure which provides for the redemption of all ob- ligations of the Government in gold; also that greenbacks when once redeem- ed in gold shall be reissued only for gold; that national banks may issue notes to the par value of the bonds deposited by them in the Treasury, and that na- tional banks may be established in small towns with a capital of $25,000, the legal minimum at present being $50,000. This is a more contracted programme than former reports from the same quarter had led us to expect, since it does not include Secretary Gage's recommenda- tion that the currency functions of the Treasury be separated by law from its other functions. While we shall be thankful for the measure of reform now promised, it will be a cause for regret if the Secretary's recommendation has not been followed. He recommended that an Issue and Redemption Depart- ment be established in the Treasury, to which certain funds should be trans- ferred, and that these funds should be applied solely to the purpose of keeping the currency of all kinds at par with gold. Now if Congress is to commit itself to the principle that all the obli- gations of the Government are payable in gold, why should it not take the step which the Secretary deems most useful for giving effect to that principle? It may be, as Dr. Parkhurst says, that the public conscience has not been deep- ly stirred by the revelations thus far made by the Mazet inquiry, but some- thing scarcely less potential has been not only stirred but startled, and that is Piatt's sense of security as a political power. He is so alarmed that he is mak- ing overtures to the independents, and is quite ready to yield to them in regard to nominations for office this fall. Part of this panic is undoubtedly due to the harm which the franchise-tax bill has done to his contribution business, but a great deal of it is due to a realization of the loss of moral standing caused by the Ma- zet revelations. These two influences working together are so powerful that they are likely to break him down as a political leader, and thus rid us of him and his machine. The Mazet committee and the Governor seem to be cooperat- ing for this end, and if they succeed, they will confer a priceless boon upon the city and State. We can dispose of Croker and Tammany at the next muni- cipal election if we can break for ever the combination between them and a corrupt Republican machine. The sudden demise of the Sunday edi- tion of the London Daily Mail, after only six weeks of unlovely existence, is a great triumph for decent public opinion in England. It shows what the British matron and the Philistine Nonconform- ist can do when thoroughly roused. When Mr. Harmsworth announces that he suspends his Sunday newspaper as a "frank concession to the religious feeling of the public," he means, of course, that he has found the experiment a losing venture. All the solemn talk, in Eng- land and this country, about the law of demand and supply being responsible for the Sunday newspaper, is solemn nonsense. The Sunday paper is printed simply and solely to make money for its proprietor, and if the public shows him, as the English public has so speedily shown Mr. Harmsworth, that he will, on the contrary, lose money by the operation, he will become as enamoured of a day of rest as the next man. The Telegraph has not been slow to follow suit in with- drawing. It is an older paper than the Mail, presumably with more capital be- hind it; and its owner is not exposed to so many flank attacks as Mr. Harms- worth was through his other publishing interests. It had cautiously announced that it would "bow to public opinion" (i. e., pounds, shillings, and pence), and it appears to have got public opinion in such large and fatal doses that it sud- denly discovered unsuspected dregs of conscience in its bosom, and abandoned the expensive experiment of a seven-day paper. A novel suit was brought against an author by a firm of London publishers a few days ago. They had employed him to write a sort of gazetteer of Great Britain, had printed it, and then the critics had exposed so many errors in it that the sale had been practically ruined. Accordingly, they brought suit against the compiler for his manifold inaccuracy. The defendant admitted the blunders, though he ingeniously ac- counted for them by saying that he had read so many authorities that he had got mixed up. He confessed that there was really no valid excuse for setting down Pretoria as the capital of British Zam- besia, for suppressing the Isle of Man entirely, for classing earthworms among "reptiles," and soda, arsenic, and Epsom salts among "building-stones." But his legal defence was, practically, caveat emptor. The publishers had taken his work, errors and all, and had printed it without any real "reading." If they had read his book they were responsible for its mistakes; if not, what right had they to complain? This view prevailed with the court, and the author got off with one shilling damages, while being awarded £25 as his due on final pay- ment. It certainly would be a danger- ous thing for historians and ready writ- ers of dictionaries if they were to be held pecuniarily liable for their blunders. The "British officers" arrested in Pre- toria for treasonable plotting against the Transvaal Government are shown not to hold present commissions in the Bri- tish army, as was asserted. But it is not at all strange that British subjects should be caught plotting the overthrow of Kruger. The thing has been in the air for a long time. There has never been any genuine repentance for the Jameson raid, except that it failed. Look at the rapid recovery of his position by Cecil Rhodes. He was the real backer of the Jameson raid, yet he is to-day nego- tiating with the Kaiser on equal terms, and with the City of London at his feet. Why should not this example encourage roving and reckless Englishmen in the Transvaal to believe that all they have to do to win fame and fortune is to get up an assault oil the Boer Government which, this time, shall not fail? Filibus- tering and secret scheming against governments with which you are nomi- nally friendly, are the natural accom- paniments of Manifest Destiny and Im- perialism. ,

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388 The ZNTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1769 SUPPRESSION. One of the most interesting occur- rences of late is the excitement created by the publication of soldiers' letters from the Philippines and by Mr. Atkin- son's pamphlets. The hostility to both has its origin- in the same source, and it is one of the oldest sources in his- tory. The wonder about it is, not that it exists, but that it exists among us, as it is one of the political agencies of the Old World of which we supposed we were for ever rid. No matter how far we go back, we find that the keeping of the knowledge of certain things from the public was considered one of the most important aids to a proper manage- ment of the people. But the construc- tion put on this reluctance to have things known, has apparently never va- ried among decent people. The most familiar form of this pre- caution is, of course, the "censorship," which still prevails in certain despotic countries like Russia and Turkey, and which we are trying to imitate in our "conquered territories-"; one of the "re- sponsibilities" which we are apparent- ly so eager to assume being responsi- bility for what our "subjects" read. An- other form of the same thing was what, in the old days before the Reform Bill, used to be called in England the "taxes on knowledge" — that is, taxes avowedly intended to make the publication of cheap literature or newspapers difficult. Another with which every one is fa- miliar is the Papal Index. The object of all these is essentially the same. The difference between them is simply one of degree. They are all intended to pre- vent people from knowing certain things which, if left to themselves, they would seek to know and would think they had a right to know. There lies under it all the assumption that the ruler who im- poses these restrictions, is a better judge of what a man ought to read than the man himself. This is perfectly, compre- hensible in the Old World. All the Old World governments which still retain the censorship, are based on the hypo- thesis that the Government can decide better than any one who lives under it by what rules and regulations his life should be shaped. Our Government, on the contrary, is based on the hypothesis that each man is as good a judge as any other man of what our legislation and administration should be. It is from this theory that universal suffrage de- rives its moral authority to make war or peace, or to put the revered McKinley in the chief executive office. When, in face of this theory, either McKinley or Charles Emory Smith makes his appear- ance and tells large bodies of voters that he finds that they are reading a good mauy things which are bad for them, and, therefore, bad for the State— that he stands, pro hac vice, in the place of the Czar and the Pope— you can no more argue with him than with the Rev. Mr. Jasper of Richmond, who happened to know that the sun went round the earth. Joker for joker, however, we must admit that we enjoy Smith more than McKin- ley. "Oh, but," it will be said, "the emi- nent Smith only undertakes to proscribe the reading of soldiers in the field which advises them not to reenlist." It may be proper to withhold such literature from soldiers, but what we must point out to the learned Smith is that, advisable as this may be, our law — and we live by law — makes no provision for it, as long as the soldiers are voters. The Romans had a provision in their Constitution which enabled them, when pressed hard in war, to create a dictatorship by the simple passage of a resolution, "that the Consuls must take care that the Repub- lic suffers no damage." McKinley and Smith evidently have the idea that there is a similar provision in our Constitu- tion, something like this: "Smith will give notice when the country is in dan- ger, and will act accordingly." But we have made diligent inquiry, and can find nothing of the kind. On the other hand, we find that the very first amendment made to the Constitution was that "Con-- gress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press." In spite of this, Smith says it is his solemn duty to abridge Atkinson's freedom, by taking his pamphlets out of the mails; and without mails there can be no free- dom, either of the press or of speech. In fact, the Imperialists aie, through the learned Smith, introducing into the American government two perfectly new doctrines. One is thai even in a gov- ernment which assumes the voter's free- dom of speech, there can be no discus- sion of the expediency of a war once be- gun, or of the manner in which it is or has been conducted; that the condi- tions and time of peace have to be set- tled exclusively by Smith or some per- son of whom he shall approve; and that all persons doubting Smith's competency shall be held guilty of treason without trial by jury. No more important change has been introduced into any government since the French Revolu- tion. But we shall maintain, neverthe- less, until such time as Smith puts us in jail, that the existing provisions of our Constitution are such as to unfit us ut- terly for the work of conquest, that our Constitution was framed for an entirely different purpose, and that the need of getting Smith to help us in our first war of subjugation proves that we can continue on our new road only by per- mitting Smith to burn us or pinch us with red-hot irons. We admit, however, that the Govern- ment is powerfully aided and stimulated in the policy of silence by the press. There is a popular impression that the best services rendered either to the Ad- ministration or to the Opposition, by a partisan press, are rendered by an open advocacy of its views. There cannot be a greater mistake. The open articles in a partisan press rarely produce much ef- fect. People all know in advance what a partisan newspaper will say about any question or event of the day, and thick- and-thin advocacy is a kind of work which writers of some value can rarely be induced to undertake. In fact, pure- ly partisan writing is probably the fee- blest and most ineffective writing the country produces. It generally furnishes even the party it serves with amusement, rather than instruction or justification. The reader will then ask why so much importance is attached by poli- ticians to party newspapers, why they give them advertising, why they distri- bute them widely, why they make much of the editors, why they give them offi- ces, for which as a general rule they are totally unfit, and why they sometimes lend them money? Well, the reason Is very plain, and well known to everybody connected with the press. This reason as applied to a newspaper seems a little grotesque, but it is nevertheless true. The reason why partisan newspapers are valued is for their silence. Nobody cares much for their able articles about either home or foreign policy. Nobody cares twopence what they think or say about war, or about Aguinaldo, or about peace, or about the Emperor of Russia, or about England. Their "views" generally ema- nate from a gentleman who would just as soon maintain the opposite if it were made worth his while. The service they render is mainly one of suppression. That is, they refrain with care from publishing news which seems to reflect discredit on the party or man that they serve. In other words, it is their silence which makes them valuable. It is not because something is to be found in their columns, but be- cause it is not found. Herein lies their importance. But the importance would not be so great if it were not that few Americans read more than one news- paper, so that if you succeed in shutting facts out of one newspaper even, you probably conceal them from all its read- ers. The chances are a hundred to one that the facts will never reach them, no matter how grave may be their bearing on some serious public question. Their appearance in other papers will make no difference, because what appears in the journals of the other side makes no impression on a good party man. He feels quite sure it is not true, even if he sees it, or his own paper would have published it. This credulity, too, is so deep-seated that it has become heredi- tary, and goes from father to son for generations. There are great numbers of men and women who believe every- thing they see in the Tribune to-day, for instance, simply because their fathers or grandfathers believed everything in it in the days of Horace Greeley, and for like reasons disbelieve everything which has not appeared in the Tribune.

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May 25, 1899] Th.e Nation. 389 It is this difficulty of getting at the American public with facts which makes it so hard to overthrow a party in power. No matter how rascally or ignorant it may be, it will take about fifty years to reach the public with the things which make this folly or ignorance manifest. In like manner, suppression favors the seizure by any Administration of powers, legal or illegal, of any kind which call for immediate exercise. The mat- ter in hand, in such a case, might be a war with England, like the Vene- zuela affair, or a war with the Filipinos, calling in both cases for prompt action. There would be — there was — in neither of these cases time or opportunity to reach the people of either party through their favorite papers. In other words, there was no time to discuss the question of the day in the slow American fash- ion; the easiest thing, then, was to hand it over to the first man who seemed to understand it — that is, either Cleveland or McKinley. Neither of them did under- stand it, but it would have taken two years to prove it, and the party papers maintained that they were the only men to lead us, so we got ready to fight, or fought, without the slightest opportunity of finding out whether we were making fools of ourselves or acting wisely. All the facts which tended to show that these two Presidents were just the men for the crisis, were laid before the party In power by its newspapers every day, while the facts which proved the con- trary were carefully withheld. It will be easily seen how important suppression is. In fact, the larger part of a partisan editor's activity and useful- ness to his employers consists in keep- ing things out of his sheet. Smith of the Post-Office Department is the editor of a newspaper of exactly this type, and it is not surprising that he was shocked at Atkinson's indiscretion, and instantly bethought him of using on his lucubra- tions the art which he himself has been practising for forty years. A man who put such things into the Philadelphia Press would be promptly "fired." At- kinson could not be "fired." The next best thing was to prevent his documents from reaching those for whom they were intended. But this does not look as if we were not afraid of "responsibilities" or were seeking them. On the contrary, all suppression looks as if somebody was afraid to be called to account. GOVERNMENT. It is greatly to be desired that the reports of the present investigation of the way in which our municipal gov- ernment is administered should have a wide circulation and a wide reading. Nothing more instructive could be im- agined. There is no text-book on popu- lar government in existence which can for a moment be compared with the re- port of a single day's session as a source of exact information as to what the science of government has become in a great city. We had on May 16 the Mayor and several of his most important subor- dinates on the witness-stand, and they gave us personal expositions of their methods and principles which were sim- ply invaluable. The Mayor showed us himself freely, as he always does, but he showed us also much of the hidden machinery of government at the same time. Quite incidentally he betrayed how close the connection was between our two bosses, Croker and Piatt, im- mediately after the memorable election of 1897, when Piatt helped Croker to carry the city. How did he happen to think of Mr. Abell for Police Commis- sioner? "Mr. Lauterbach told me that Mr. Piatt would like to have him ap- pointed." Why did he look upon Mr. Piatt as the man whose wishes should control in the matter? "I thought he was the boss of the Republican party. Whatever he said they all agreed to; when he took snuff they sneezed. I do not mean that as anything offensive. I have a very high regard for Mr. Piatt." Again: "I appointed Mr. Murray, and what is the name of this Alderman that I made an Aqueduct Commissioner? — those two gentlemen were appointed be- cause Mr. Quigg recommended them." These selections were all made soon after Mr. Van Wyck became Mayor, and they were justly regarded at the time as made in payment of a debt which Croker owed to Piatt for the candidacy of Tracy. After the Mayor came other witnesses scarcely less useful as instructors. We had two Tammany Police Commission- ers who revealed with perfect clearness their methods of administration. Al- leging ignorance of the existence of the gambling industry in the city, they manifested a callous indifference to its suppression. They admitted, in one way or another, that police officers and men who had presumed of their own accord to meddle with favored gambling-places had been "transferred" to other fields of activity. They admitted that they had deposed one man as Chief of Police and put another in his place because the latter was a Tammany man. A valu- able witness was the deposed Chief of Police, Mr. McCullagh, who con- firmed the reluctant admissions of the two Police Commissioners as to their conduct in protecting gamblers and other lawbreakers, and who gave us subsequently the first complete and adequate picture we have had of the extraordinary Police Commissioner, Parker, whom Mayor Strong, under the advice of Jimmy O'Brien, inflicted upon us for several years. Ex-Chief McCul- lagh swore that Parker had asked him to "go into a corrupt scheme with him to hold up the department, as he [Parker] had held it up for two years and three months"; and that he refused, having looked upon Parker as "an or- dinary criminal" to be "caught by a re- sort to all the police methods" used to- wards such persons. The illustrations of our system of gov- ernment given at the session of May 17 were no less valuable than those which had preceded them. Mr. Moss's most inte- resting witness was Jake Hess, probably the best living specimen of the famous old type of Republican Boy. Jake was one of the most conspicuous and effi- cient of that band of Republican leaders who were created by Chester A. Arthur, and whom we were wont to speak of as the Mikes, Jakes, and Barneys of politics. Mr. Arthur was the inventor of the species, having conceived and put in operation the idea of taking from the ranks of the Democratic party men who had learned the business of "prac- tical politics" there, and making them pioneers in the same business in the Republican party. He succeeded so well with it that within a few years he had a Republican organization which was capable of fighting Tammany with its own weapons, and with such efficiency that Tammany was frequently compelled to "deal" with it in order to save itself from harm. "Dealing" was, in fact, the chief busi- ness of the Boys. The old open-ballot system gave them wonderful opportuni- ties, for they controlled all the ballots and could "bunch" them" in the interest of a "deal" so effectively as to make it succeed in nearly all cases. The exploits of the Boys on election day occupied large space in our political annals for many years. Everybody familiar with those times recalls how the late Mike Cregan "took the money," $5,000 in cash, of the editor of the North American Re- view, who was a candidate for office, un- der promise of working for him at the polls, and then "bunched the ballots" against him by leaving out his tickets and putting in those of his Tammany opponent. That was a famous stroke of Boy business, and added greatly to Mike's reputation. Then there was the case of the very first of all the Boys, the late Johnny O'Brien, who took Jay Gould's check for $50,000 to be used in getting votes for. Blaine in the election of 1884, and, instead of doing that, put the money into his own pocket. These were typical instances of what, in the past, we denominated the Mikery and Jakery of politics. Most of the Boys have passed away, and we miss them sadly. An almost solitary survivor is Jake Hess, now Police Commissioner, who was on the witness-stand last week. His testimony shows that the old Boy instinct survives with him. He was selected by Mayor Van Wyck as an old- time Republican who filled completely the bi-partisan idea of a Republican of- ficial. His first act as Police Commis- sioner was to vote to put out a Republi- can Chief of Police and replace him

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390 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1769 with a Tammany Democrat. When he was asked by Mr. Moss why he did this, he replied frankly that he needed the $5,- 000 salary attached to the position of Police Commissioner, and knew that the way to secure and retain it was to vote as the Mayor wished him to. That is the traditional Boy view of public duty. Jake was formerly a butcher, and he did not leave that business and go into politics "for his health." He went into politics for what there was in it for him, and he has been acting on that principle ever since. Nothing could be more logical or regular than Jake's course. Every true bi-partisan Republican that we have ever had in the Police Board has acted in precisely the same way. The other parts of the lesson in gov- ernment on the same day were also in accordance with long-established usage. Mr. Moss produced a great volume of testimony, to which the Chief of Police listened in person, establishing beyond dispute the existence of 117 pool-rooms and gambling-houses in the city, all run- ning at full blast under the eyes and noses of the police. It did not "faze" the Chief a particle, though he had testi- fied only a few days before that he had no knowledge of the existence of such places. Why should he have "know- ledge" of such things? Why should any of his subordinates have it? They are not on duty for such purposes as that, and every one knows they are not. If there is any well-established, gene- ral knowledge in this community, it is that under Tammany government vice and crime are not suppressed, but are fostered for purposes of revenue. This was perfectly well understood when Tammany was put back into power in ' 1897, and nobody was surprised to have it proved to be the fact by Mr. Moss now. It may be of some advantage to have the proof set forth so clearly that denial of it will be impossible, but what will come of the demonstration? Will Devery be deposed as Chief, and will the police be reformed? Will this old established form of government by ras- cals for the benefit of rascals be. sup- planted by real government by honest men? If so, when will the transforma- tion be made? Certainly not till Croker and Piatt and their kind pass out of our politics. .1 HUNDRED YEARB OF TRACT*. The centenary of the English Tract Society was celebrated in Exeter Hall on May 5, and statistics covering the hundred years' activity were read. A total circulation reaching the giddy fig- ure of more than 3,000,000,000 was re- ported. Before such a stupendous whole the ablest affiants of newspaper cir- culation must pale their ineffectual lies. As a specimen, take that well-known tract, "The Swearer's Prayer." first is- sued in 1806, it has attained the neat cir- culation of 4,649,000 copies. Where's your Wully Shakspere now? Even in these times which are not for the tracts, the Society goes on printing 80,000,000 copies annually. But the imagination simply rebels at such meaningless mag- nitudes, just as it does at the ingenious calculations how many years it would take a cannon-ball express train to reach Alpha Cygni. The end and aim of tract-distribution was never more clearly defined than in the very first tract issued by the Society. This was a tract to advocate tracts. Said the author : "Every one has not the talent of talking to others on subjects of religion. Some have a diffidence which they cannot over- come. But it is not so hard to take a tract and say, 'My friend, read that, and tell me what you think of it.' It is a cheap way of diffusing the knowledge of religion; it is not so likely to give offence as some other methods of doing good; it is more ex- tensive in its use than any other method, and it forms an excellent accompaniment to other methods of doing good." The idea was taken .from the admira- ble Hannah More. Some of her minor religious publications fell like good seed in an age barren of literature. This "most powerful versificatrix in the Eng- lish language," as Dr. Johnson called her, was not more proud of her for- gotten poems — "Sir Eldred of the Bower," and the rest — than of her "Moral Sketches," in each of which, she boasted, there was to be found the de- lineation of "an exemplary parish priest." But where her "Cheap Reposi- tory Tracts" circulated by the thousand, the Society's publications have been scattered abroad by the million; and it remains for Leslie Stephen, who is not exactly a person one would expect to meet at a May Anniversary, to give the excellent Hannah the credit due her as the originator of the modern tract. No one can question the benevolent in- tentions of the founders and supporters of the Tract Society, and many of its publications are far from contemptible intellectually. Wholesale sneers are usually sneers of ignorance, and before sneering at the writings issued by the Tract Society one should pause to note the names of able scholars — including some not especially identified with re- ligious activities, like Prof. Mahaffy and the Marquis of Lome— whose pens have been enlisted in its service. Yet. when all is said, one cannot help a feeling as of standing in the presence of an an- achronism, when one contemplates presses turning out 80,000,000 of tracts every year. The conditions of all lite- rature and the habits of reading have been so revolutionized during the past hundred years, that the industrious manufacture of tracts in this age seems very like a huge factory whose only out- put should be a thousand stage-coaches a week. At the same time we are not at all prepared to deny that there are strata of society and sections or all countries where the tract may still find readers and do good, in its way. Some minds, even in the midst of civilization, retain a sort of heathen, or Arab, reverence for the printed page. Anything, they think, considered worthy of print, must be of great importance; and so it is that in remote and bookless cabins, in mining camps, and along mountain trails, the colporteur finds people willing not only to "take one free," but to pon- der over a tract containing solemn warn- ings against the corruption of the fash- ionable and luxurious world. We sus- pect, however, that there is a good deal of fallacy lurking in the Tract Society's colossal figures. In the first place, their enormous circulation is practically a free circulation. Now, the passion for getting something for nothing is one of the most fundamental of human pas- sions, but it is not strictly religious. Certainly it is not limited to orthodox religious literature. Dr. Channing's works have been extensively circulated as a free gift, and so have Swedenborg's. We are not sure that one of Ingersoll's lec- tures, if issued and distributed free by a great society, might not run the "Swear- er's Prayer" hard. Ready acceptance of literature gratis does not necessarily im- ply a fondness for the particular thing given away. And the second ground for fearing that the Tract Society would do well to rejoice with trembling over the immense distribution of its publications, is that to accept a tract is one thing and to read it quite another. If a tract can be offered without offence.it can also be taken to avoid the offence of a refusal and then quietly thrown away as soon as the giver's back is turned. Thus the gratulations of a successful tract-writer may be only on a par with the boasts of a soldier who knows he has killed ioV of the enemy because he has fired 150 rounds. It may be doubted if as high a proportion of tracts as of Mauser bullets reach their billets. THE POISON IN OUR FOOD. An eminent French chemist wrote a book not long ago in which he made a forecast of the time when human beings would cease eating meat or vegetables, and would take all their food in the shape of compact chemical tablets of di- verse flavors. It is possible that the day may come when chemists will be able to manufacture nutritious and wholesome food out of the elements; but if we are to judge the future by the present, it is to be hoped that the era of chemical food may be postponed inde- finitely. It has long been known that a very large percentage of our food is more or less adulterated with substances that can be made to resemble it in ap- pearance and flavor, and which are often harmless. If they were all innocuous, the question would be merely one of commercial honesty, competition, and price. But many of them are injurious

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May 25. 1899] The Nation 391 to health, and therefore call for more vigorous measures. As early as 1820, attention was called in England to the dangers from adul- terated food through Accum's treatise. 'Death in the Pot.' In 1851 the Lancet declared war against dishonest manu- facturers, printing every week a list of culprits, with chemical analyses of their products, and continuing this for three years. Repeated legislative enactments since that time have given the English considerable protection, but that it is still far from complete may be inferred from an article in the Lancet of April 22, on "Meat Extract of Vile Origin," which shows that such extracts are oc- casionally made of putrid liver and offal. "It might be thought impossible," it re- marks, "that such filthy material could be fabricated into a toothsome paste, but so it is, the use of deodorizers and subtle flavoring materials having been placed at the disposal of offal-mongers by the advances (alas, that it must be so con- fessed) of chemical knowledge. . . . Of course, cooking would destroy most noxious germs, but their products, the poisonous ptomaines, would remain. . . . Their presence in an extract would cause very serious symptoms of poisoning." In this country many State legisla- tures have enacted laws making injuri- ous food adulterations illegal, and Con- gress has set aside an annual appropria- tion for use in investigating such adul- terations, partly for the sake of protect- ing honest producers. The proceedings of the War-Investigating Committee have resulted in a fiasco for the Govern ment, but they have at least done good in calling the nation's attention in a sen- sational way to this subject of "Death in the Pot." By a fortunate coincidence, official reports regarding the alarming extent of food adulteration and poisoning have been recently prepared in several States, and the result is that the press all over the country is discussing this matter. In Pennsylvania the Food and Dairy Commissioner, Levi Wells, has ascer- tained that chemical companies have had agents travelling regularly in the State to sell to butchers chemicals for preserving meats, the favorite being ap- parently boracic acid, which "is certain- ly deleterious to health." The packages are labelled, telling how the chemicals are to be used on meat. In Connecticut the Agricultural Experiment Station is- sued on May 1 its annual report on the adulteration of foods. It gives a sum- mary of the extent to which frauds are practised on consumers, thanks to Yan- kee ingenuity combined with modern ad- vances in chemistry. Of sixty-three sam- ples of fruit jellies, two-thirds were adul- terated, not only with starch and glu- cose, but with aniline dye and poison- ous salicylic acid. Out of forty samples of marmalades and jams only three were pure. Of forty-seven samples of beer and aie, twelve contained salicylic acid, and nineteen samples of sausages and oysters were found "embalmed" by boric acid. "The use of antiseptics as preserva- tives of food is becoming alarmingly great," says Prof. Mitchell, analytical chemist of the Wisconsin Dairy and Food Commission. Farmers mix them with milk and butter, and they act dis- astrously on the tissues of the stomach. Nearly every butcher in Illinois, he says, makes use, especially in the preparation of "Hamburger steak," of preserving chemicals, including sulphide of soda, a compound which checks fermentation and therefore makes it difficult to di- gest the meat. A Government expert has testified that this chemical had been used by medical students to preserve cadavers, and by physicians to disinfect houses where there had been smallpox. At the recent sessions of the United States Pure-Food Investigating Commit- tee in Chicago, the testimony of several other experts was taken, ail of whom agreed that the antiseptic chemicals so freely used in the preservation of food and drink are deleterious, and in many cases poisonous. Dr. Wiley, chemist to the National Agricultural Department, declared, among other things, that no food which contains preservatives is fit to eat, and that probably the one most commonly used, because of its cheap- ness, is salicylic acid, which should be forbidden because it is very bad for the health, especially in the case of weak stomachs. A pamphlet published by the Department of Agriculture at Washing- ton states that "the use of salicylic acid as a food preservative has been forbid- den by several European governments." Here it is used to a large extent, both by native canners and by foreigners who take advantage of our situation. The Department found it in fifteen out of twenty samples of string beans, in ten out of twelve samples of baked beans, in twenty-four out of forty-one cases of corn, and so on. This testimony, from so many expert and unbiassed sources, fully justifies the heading given to our article. The che- micals used to preserve our food and drink have become a serious menace to health. There are thousands of inva- lids whose chances of recovery and life depend on their getting the purest drugs and food, and there can be no doubt that some of these are killed every day by the poisons in milk, butter, and meat, put there by farmers, grocers, and butchers to save trouble or avoid the risk of goods spoiling on their hands. To perfectly robust individuals these chemicals may be comparatively harmless, but Ameri- cans are a nation of dyspeptics, and sali- cylic acid, the favorite preservative used here, has been pronounced by the Paris Academy of Medicine especially injuri- ous to dyspeptics. Their life is made ivretched by the systematic food poison- ing for the profit of dishonest dealers; salts of zinc or copper in a dish of can- ned peas, for example (put there to give them a pretty green color!), may result in a sleepless night, colic, head- ache, loss of a day's work, and general misery; and this may go on indefinite- ly, rendering life a burden, without any suspicion in the victim of the real cause. Last summer a Western hotel lost hun- dreds of guests, who left, one after the other, because they all became ill for some mysterious reason. The water and ice were held responsible, but careful ex- periment showed that the illness was due to the use in the kitchen of cheap coal-tar flavoring extracts. In saving $10 by buying this stuff the proprietor of the hotel lost $10,000. These coal-tar extracts are used to a very great extent in confectionery, ice-cream, soda-water, etc., and to many persons they are poi- sonous. They deserve a, special investi- gation. To remedy this state of affairs it has been suggested that a national food com- mission should be organized with powers to examine manufactured products and testify as to their quality. The most im- portant thing to remember, if this is done, is that fines are of little use, im- prisonment of the real culprits being the only effective deterrent. This was prov- ed in Munich, where the law that only hops and malt must be used in the manu- facture of beer was ineffectual as long as the brewers were simply fined, for they found that it was more profitable to make poor beer and pay a fine than to make good beer and pay no fine. But when the Government began to imprison the rich brewers, they began to make honest beer. Pending the enactment of similar laws in this country, covering drink and food, there is a method which can be applied at once by honest manu- facturers and dealers. Let them print the contents of their cans on the labels, offer rewards for discovery of adultera- tions, and advertise on a large scale in the newspapers, and they will become as prosperous as the Munich brewers. THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIA- TION AT ATLANTA. Atlanta, May 15, 1899. After holding twenty meetings in succes- sive years in various places in the North, tbis Association last year selected Atlanta as its place 01 meeting for 1899. Two sub- sequent events tended to give singular in- terest to this gathering: first, the estab- lishment by the Legislature of Georgia last winter of a State Library Commission, the first in the South; and second, the recent gift of $100,000 to Atlanta by Andrew Car- negie for a library building. Mr. Carnegie's gift was made in recognition of the intention of the Young Men's Library Association to present its entire property, valued at $100, 0C0, to the city for a free library, and was con- d on the city's accepting the pro- position, furnishing a site, guaranteeing

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392 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 municipal support to the extent of $5,000 annually, and maintaining the institution as a free public library. All these conditions having been met, the meeting held in the Grand Opera-house on Tuesday evening, May 9, to extend a welcome to the American Library Association, was made the occasion for the formal passing of the deeds, and for felicitous speechmaking in recognition of the importance and promise of the transac- tion, not only to Atlanta, but to the entire South; such a movement here foreshadowing quite clearly similar efforts in the whole tier of States. The attendance at the sessions of the As- sociation, May 8 to 13, was a truly national one, among the places represented being Bangor and Brunswick, Me.; Lincoln, Neb.; Minneapolis (six delegates from its public library), San Francisco, Los Angeles, Den- ver; Austin, Texas; and New Orleans, as well as the whole intermediate country. An interesting paper on "Libraries in the Gulf States" was presented by Mr. William Beer, librarian of the Howard Memorial and Fiske Free Libraries of New Orleans. Briefly sum- marized, its facts are as follows: Free Oircu- Librarles. Volumes, libraries, lation. Florida 21 48,000 1 4,188 Alabama 47 126,000 0 0 ippi 61 180,000 0 0 Louisiana 41 220,000 1 100,000 Texas 00 158,000 0 0 Totals 260 732,000 2 104,188 By free libraries Is meant those actually free for circulation. Others reported as free are free for reference only. The State libraries are nearly all in a neglected condition and of little use. The above statement does not include school and college libraries, the list being made up mainly of small subscription libraries having an average of 3,800 volumes. Only about one-half possess over 1,000 vol- umes each. The percentage of books in li- braries to population in the group of States Is about ten; in Massachusetts it is two hundred and four, counting only free public libraries. Such a statement shows that, in the Southern States, public libraries, using the term in a true sense, are practically non- existent. Not only were they out of harmony with the institutions and conditions of life in the old South, but they could naturally gain ground but slowly in the new South. This is essentially a new country, hardly distin- guishable in its modes of life from the re- moter West; the population is scattered; vil- lage life, so characteristic of New England, is almost unknown; and the wealth which, through endowments, has been the mainstay of the library movement in the North, does not exist here. Hence that movement, in order to take root and have a natural growth in this soil, must adapt itself to entirely new conditions. It is quite within bounds to say that, at this meeting of the American Library Associ- ation, it has been made apparent that such adaptation is taking place, and that already the public-library movement has made a real start in the South, in a conformity to exist- ing conditions which augurs well for its fu- ture. It is through the women's clubs main- ly that this is being done. It is not within my province to make a study of the develop- ment of the woman's-club movement in this part of the country. It is certain that it is "here, and here to stay," as the saying Is; and these clubs have been led to take up as almost the first "cause" to be advanced by them that of the free library. Here in At- lanta it was largely by the work of the wo- man's club, well directed by Miss Anne Wal- lace, the energetic librarian of the Young Men's Library, that the subscription library has been made free and has attracted Mr. Carnegie's handsome gift. By the same in- fluence an act was carried through the Legis- lature of Georgia last winter etsablishing a State Library Commission. Very recently the women's clubs of South Carolina have been federated, and their first united action was the preparation of a similar law for that State, which it is hoped will be passed the coming winter. These commissions are like- ly to prepare and secure the passage of bills permitting towns to establish and maintain free libraries by taxation, and encouraging such action by State aid. The legislation common to the Northern States must be mo- dified to suit Southern conditions, and these commissions represent the first effort to study those conditions and meet them. But the women's clubs are not limiting their library work to the procurement of pro- per legislation. They are actively promoting the beginnings of libraries in many towns and the use of travelling libraries for the scattered population. One of the most inte- resting papers read at the convention was that of Mrs. Eugenie Heard, of Middle- ton, Ga., describing the work she has been carrying on, on behalf of the federation of women's clubs, in sending travelling libra- ries to stations on the Seaboard Air Line. Nine of these libraries are now out, being moved from place to place once in two months. Each contains about fifty good books, selected with special reference to the population to be reached, and they are al- ready arousing, in the section traversed, a great interest, which will speedily be turned to the formation of local libraries for the free use of the public. Within four years just that number of free libraries have been es- tablished in South Carolina, and they are in close touch with the women's-club move- ment. In Texas, too, as Mr. Beer said in his paper, "the wave of library creation, under the inspiration of the State federation of wo- men's clubs, has struck Waco, Dallas, Sher- man, Abilene, Victoria, Belton, Tyler, an,d Denison." I have thought it worth while to give space to this resume of library matters in the South as preliminary to what is to be said about the meeting itself, which will doubtless give an immense stimulus to all these efforts, by bringing earnest Southern workers into acquaintance and fellowship with those from other parts of the country. The presiding officer was Mr. William C. Lane, librarian of Harvard University, to whose intelligent efforts, on behalf of the Association, was largely due the recent ap- pointment as Librarian of Congress of Mr. Herbert Putnam. The Association passed a vote recording its gratitude that, in such an appointment, eminent fitness had been made the chief qualification, and its sense that librarianship had thus been distinctly ho- nored. Dr. Cyrus Adler, librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, gave to the Asso- ciation a summary of his report, soon to be published m Scietice, on the second interna- tional conference on the cataloguing of sci- entific literature, held in London in 1898. It appears that this matter has now been car- ried so far that it is hoped that the work contemplated, i. c, the furnishing of com- plete current catalogues of all scientific books and papers, through the medium of an international bureau, to be supported by the Governments of the cooperating nations, may be begun with the twentieth century, in 1901. If prepared in the form of a card cata- logue, it is estimated that 160,000 cards an- nually would be issued. This enormous addi- tion to the card catalogues would, even in the largest libraries, be too great to be con- templated otherwise than with dismay, and it seems likely that the card form may be found acceptable only to those (and it is sup- posed there will be many such) who desire to collect the titles in some particular branch of science. Annual (possibly semi-annual, or quarterly) volumes will probably be is- sued as the form most acceptable to libra- ries. It is estimated that the book form may cost about $80 per year, the card form (complete) over $200. The question of classification is still undetermined by the international committee, but they are re- ported to have agreed upon the safe princi- ple that no one scheme of classification shall be imposed on the whole field of science, but that each department shall be arranged with reference to its own natural categories. Meantime, the place of the proposed inter- national catalogue is being fairly well filled in a general way by the cards furnished by the publishing board of the American Li- brary Association, which are cooperatively prepared by five of the largest American li- braries. No remark is more commonly made about library work than that its methods are con- stantly changing, and in the nature of the case it is very natural that this should be so, for it is quite evident that the library system of this country is as yet in its in- fancy, and but just escaping from its swad- dling-clothes. Nothing could better illus- trate this than the result of the discussion at the Atlanta meeting of the question of free access of the readers in a public li- brary to the shelves. This result, which cer- tainly deserves to be called astonishing, was that of the 150 librarians present, represent- ing the entire country, not one voted, when a show of hands was called, against the principle of "safeguarded open access" (as our English cousins have dubbed it) to at least a very considerable share of the library. The rather singular fact was also brought out that in the large cities where the system has been applied to nearly all the books in the library, e. g., in Phila- delphia, Buffalo, and Cleveland, while the annual loss of books runs up to 200 or 300, their value is saved several times over in the reduced number of attendants required to serve the public. But the most important bearing of this new principle of public library administra- tion, which has wholly come to the front within the last fifteen years, is upon the much-mooted question of library architec- ture. The vaunted "stack" system for the close "storage" of books is by no means adapted to the access of the public. Espe- cially as applied in the new building of the Library, it renders such access im- except for a small minority of the books. Such stacks as those of the Library of Congress could possibly meet the new re- quirement, but it will be much better met by a return to open halls and alcoves. Nothing seems clearer than that the public library building of the future must provide space enough (and a large library can do it by a succession of floors, with elevators) for most of its books to be displayed where readers can freely handle them, and make their own

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May 25, 1899] The Nation 393 selections, only a minority of the volumes, those of special value and calculated to tempt the book-thief, being "stored" away and subject to use only on special call. Even these exceptional books will be more and more collected in "special libraries" (one fine feature of the Boston building), where even they can be made quite freely accessible under supervision to those ad- mitted as scholars to their use. Library building committees and architects must have their attention called to this new de- velopment, which makes all "model" build- ings yet erected a delusion and a snare if copied in working for the future. I cannot bring this already too long letter to a close without a few words about one peculiar aspect of library work in the South. Undoubtedly the establishment of free libraries in which all citizens are to have equal rights has been, and will still be, greatly hindered by the race difficulty. But a somewhat careful inquiry as to the way things are going in several Southern States gives me a good deal of confidence that this difficulty is a bugbear rather than a real hindrance. As a bugbear it will hinder, but it seems bound to yield to the logic of events. Southern people say, when asked about it, that the whites will not use the same books that are taken by the negroes, and that therefore the negroes cannot be admitted on equal terms. There is force in this view, and it will have to be recognized, and to some extent met by the establish- ment of branch libraries in those wards or those villages and hamlets where the negroes most congregate. But the better class of negroes will expect to use, for a higher kind of reading than these branches will afford, the best facilities offered by the larger and the central libraries. In some libraries in this section, where the population is about equally divided, the question seems to be set- tling itself along these lines. The presence of negroes in the central library excites no remark, as negro servants are constantly sent for books. Hence any difficulty that might be raised would have to turn on the question, "Are you here as messenger or on your own account?" As to the reading of the same books by the two races, there can be no real difficulty. White people whose food is prepared, and whose children are nursed, fondled, and kissed by negro ser- vants, cannot long maintain so artificial a race separation as this of the books. As in the North, so here (and with more or less of distinction based on race), the books freely taken from the library by the "low-down" classes, and rapidly acquiring the marks of such use, will not be drawn by the more fastidious. This is very largely provided for by the natural division between classes of readers as to the authors read and the sub- jects on which books are consulted. With the further provision of branches and of special collections of books for use in the schools for colored children, it may be hoped and expected that any trepidation as to dif- ficulties arising from the race problem as affecting the free-library movement will dis- appear in the light of common sense and en- lightened public spirit. W. I. Fletcher, Librarian of Amherst College. FARCE OR TRAGEDY? London, April 29, 1899. The conditions are changing so rapidly in London that I have come away from the Royal Academy and the New Gallery asking myself how much longer even the conserva- tive British public can be made to believe that these are the two great art exhibitions of the year. In the old days there was a de- finite reason for the existence of the New Gal- lery. It inherited the traditions of the older Grosvenor as the haven of refuge, the head- quarters, the temple of all those artists who were distinguished, not humiliated, by the neglect of the Academy. To its managers and directors the distinguished artists meant chiefly Burne-Jones, together with all his followers and imitators and admirers. Buine- Jones had sufficient individuality to give the gallery a very decided character, and suffi- cient fame or notoriety to insure its popular and financial success. But now that, unfor- tunately, with Burne-Jones it has lost its chief attraction, its chief support, what is there left? It is not worth while to depend upon Mr. Watts and Mr. Holman Hunt, two of the Gallery's other principal upholders. Both exhibit this year, but cf their contribu- tions I shall say nothing. They are men who, in their time, have done great things or played an important part in historic move- ments, but they are no longer young, and it is better to remember their accomplishments in the past than to consider seriously their mere echo of them to-day. To turn from them and from the sham primitives is to find the collection made up of the sentimental banali- ties of one of the managers— canvases which, the chances are, would not be accepted else- where; the work of an occasional stray for- eigner of no great note; and the overflow from the Academy. This is, absolutely and without exaggeration, all. For really great work, even for strange or striking experi- ment, you will search in vain. The one canvas which appears to me worthy to be mentioned specially is Mr. Sargent's portrait of Col. Ian Hamilton, and it really is not so much a finished portrait as a good, vigorous study. In a show de- voted solely to Mr. Sargent it would not call for any particular attention; it would be easily surpassed. In the New Gallery it stands out too prominently to be passed over. Where so many things are dull and lifeless, this tall, spare figure, with the gaunt, keen, bony face, and the sensitive hands, seems all alert and alive, all energy and force and character, though it seems, too, cut out of the cold, uninteresting gray background in- stead of forming a part of it. It is an ad- mirable study; the picture has yet to be painted. But one Sargent, and that not a very remarkable Sargent, will not make a good or representative exhibition. If the New Gallery can do no better, it would be wiser and more dignified to bring its career to an end and rest on its laurels. The Royal Academy, within my knowledge of that institution, has never seemed so con- scious of its inefficiency. To begin with, for the first time in many years it is beginning to listen to criticism and to make at least an appearance of concession. For long, the rule regulating the sending in of work to the yearly exhibition has been found fault with. This rule is that members of the Academy can exhibit eight works of art, and outsiders submit eight. The increase in the number of contributors has also increased the task of the selecting committee — a more powerful argument than public dissatisfaction — and, by way of helping themselves, under a show of generosity, it has been suggested that, 'henceforward, Academicians and Associates should exhibit six works and outsiders sub- mit four. But though outsiders, with cheer- ful blindness to the fact that the new rule is a trifle more unjust than the old, have been rejoicing, I do not think the concession amounts to very much, one way or the other, but for the interpretation artists have given to it. Far more noteworthy are the signs of discouragement, of fear, or hesitation— I hardly know what— within the Academical ranks. For weeks before the opening of the Academy, one heard of the various misfor- tunes and accidents that would prevent Aca- demicians from finishing their important pictures in time. Now the Academy has opened, one finds that, on the one hand, men, like Mr. Dicksee and Mr. Fildes, who, in the old days, sent what were politely called the pictures of the year — pictures that drew the crowd as surely as Mr. Frith's "Derby Day" — are apparently afraid to venture upon any- thing more compromising than a portrait; that, on the other hand, men, like Mr. Abbey and Mr. Herkomer, who still try to rise to the occasion, either betray their own art- lessness in the effort, or else show so la- mentable a falling off from a once high standard that it would be better if they did not exhibit at all. The failure of Mr. Herkomer need not, perhaps, be taken very seriously. His work in any medium — and he has tried many — has never been distinguished for its refinement or its feeling for beauty; but this year one simply stands amazed before his huge metal shield, in form not unlike a tea-tray, cover- ed, hardly adorned, with enamels, that in some quarters is being spoken of with bated breath as literally and in truth, "The Triumph of the Hour," which Mr. Herkomer calls it. In this, he is supposed to have car- ried the art of enamel farther than ever it has been carried before, and, if to do some- thing that has never been done because it should not be done, is a merit, then Mr. Her- komer deserves all possible credit — or dis- credit. Elaborate pictures in strident and many colors, but quite guiltless of good drawing, each with a little text below it, are scattered over the shield, fitted into the space much as editors of illustrated papers sometimes fit in a number of drawings on the same page, without any special thought for the design or effect of the collection as a whole. For the sake of a novelty, Mr. Her- komer has disregarded all the artistic limits of an art which is lovely only within these limits. But, remembering a succession of novelties by him in the past, this last de- parture is, after all, not so much of a sur- prise. It is when we come to Mr. Abbey that we have more genuine cause for regret. Mr. Abbey's distinction as an illustrator has led us to expect only great things from him. Whether it is, however, that the necessity of turning out a huge canvas every season has become too much of a burden, or whether he, like so many others, is not strong enough to resist the benumbing, the deadening influ- ence of the Academy, it is not easy to say; but certainly, year by year, his painting seems more and more perfunctory, more and more a mere exercise in studio properties. In the two pictures he now shows, "Who is Sylvia?" and "O Mistress Mine, Where Are You Roaming?" figures and costumes we re- member in his very beautiful pastels and drawings reappear in canvases far too large for them, telling the story they have to tell

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394: Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1769 with a grace that will probably appeal to the public taste, but with none of the quali- ties that would delight the painter. As for the other Academicians and As- sociates, they exhibit nothing of the slightest interest if I except the portraits by Mr. Orchardson and Mr. Sargent; and, while Mr. Orchardson varies his pleasant color scheme and general treatment so little that what you say of his work one year, need only be said again the next, Mr. Sargent is not par- ticularly good, that is, for him. In his "Lady Faudel-Phillips" he has added to his ra- pidly increasing gallery of Jews, the type seeming to fascinate him as it did some of the old masters; but he has scarcely repeated his success of last summer. The new por- trait is not marked by the wonderful realiza- tion of character that simply appalled one in the Mr. Wertheimer, nor has it the flam- boyant gayety of the Mrs. Carl Meyer. You can see that it amused him to paint this large, smiling, prosperous woman, in her gorgeous gown and jewels; but the dog with pink tongue sitting in her lap only reminds one of the finer opportunity found in Mr. Wertheimer. Mr. Sargent, for the moment, succeeds better in a very different type — the type, of the elderly schoolmistress in his Miss Jane Evans, whose severe black tailor dress has given him small chance for au- dacious cleverness of handling and inter- pretation, but who herself has a dignity and sober charm he has expressed very ad- mirably. However, I think the best portrait is not this one by Mr. Sargent, but rather Mr. Mc- Lure Hamilton's much smaller and more unpretending presentment of Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse. It is insignificant enough in size to have been hung in the gallery de- voted to the small canvases, but it is so full of character, so harmonious in its beautiful silvery grays, that it is actually the most striking portrait in the exhibition. And so it is with the landscapes. There are, it is true, two or three large, rather stately com- positions by Mr. Alfred East, the new As- sociate, who has improyed enormously with- in the last twelvemonth; but by far the most accomplished, by far the loveliest is a quiet little canvas by Mr. Mark Fisher that hangs in the same gallery with Mr. Hamil- ton's portrait — a simple stretch of green country, devoid of incident, but -transfigured in the golden glow of the summer afternoon. Mr. Fisher's sunlight sometimes is too harsh in its glitter, his pastorals sometimes are too restless with many details, but this picture has a serenity, a calmness, a repose that re- call the triumphs of Barbizon. If the New Gallery contains nothing of note but a vigorous study by Mr. Sargent, the successes of the Royal Academy, it is seen, must be reduced to two small pictures, a portrait and a landscape— both, it should be remarked in passing, the work of Ame- ricans and outsiders. Of course there may possibly be other good things; the hanging is so atrocious that there is never any telling what may be hidden up under the ceiling or down by the floor, or else overshadowed by unsympathetic surroundings. But I can speak only of what is visible on the walls, and I have by no means overstated or understated the case. All the fashionable world crowds to the Academy's private view, Royalty eats its dinner, and the Prime Minister, in fireworks of rhetoric, sings the praise of the horrors in its galleries as if he really believed them to rival the Sir Joshuas and Gainsboroughs they have replaced. It would be farcical if it were not so tragic for the artist. But cu- riously, though the public faith continues unshaken, doubt seems to have sprung up within the Academy itself. As I have said, Academicians no longer have the old cheer- ful confidence in their own popularity that permitted them to expose, without a tremor, the vulgarity or banality of what they were pleased to call their art. There is that re- cent concession — concession in name at all events— to exhibitors which is significant; but more significant still is the fact that the universal condemnation of the decora- tions now in progress at St. Paul's has call- ed forth the protest of the President of the Royal Academy of Arts against one of its members, Sir William B. Richmond, the de- corator appointed by the Dean and Chapter. This looks as if all were not well at Burling- ton House, and I can understand the dismay the President's action has created among Academicians. N. N. CHATEAUBRIAND. Paris, May 4, 1899. Nobody has made a deeper mark on French literature in our century than Chateaubriand. He first may be said to have broken with the dry and conventional literature of the Empire and to have been the founder of the Romantic school. He was a poet in prose. The richness of his imagination, the ardor and violence of his passions, his in- curable sadness and melancholy, gave him something of the character of a prophet. His account of his youth in the stern castle of Combourg will always be among the most impressive pages of our modern literature; his 'Memoires d'Outre-Tombc,' in which these pages appear, are becoming more and more admired as they grow older. The present generation has become indifferent to the political quarrels of the Restoration; it reads in the 'Memoires' only the parts which Chauteaubriand devotes to his youth, to his life during the emigration and dur- ing the Empire, which he refused to serve after the execution of the Duke d'Enghien. M. Edmond Bire has just published in three volumes a new edition of the 'Memoires d'Outre-Tombe,' with an introduction, notes, and commentaries. It may be considered as definitive, for M. Edmond Bire has made for himself a sort of specialty, which consists in the most minute and elaborate study of all the original documents and manuscripts. No- body is better informed, more careful, more painstaking. He has published most inte- resting and documentary works on Victor Hugo, on Honore de Balzac. He can be com- pared, for minuteness and exactitude, careful analysis of memoirs, letters, articles in old reviews or even old papers, only with M. de Spoelberch de Lovenjoul. The text of Cha- teaubriand's Memoirs, like that of Saint-Si- mon, has great need of a perpetual com- mentary. So many people are mentioned in them, so many figures appear simply in the background, so many events are merely al- luded to, that the modern reader often needs to be instructed. M. Bire's commentary is very complete and very precise, and has been written with the care which M. de Boislisle shows in his magnificent edition of Saint-Si- mon now appearing, volume by volume, too slowly for our curiosity. Chateaubriand began his Memoirs in 1809, on his. return from his journey in the East. He often afterwards retouched them, made changes, additions, not always for the better — according to the passion of the moment. The work may be said to have been written in fragments, and unfortunately we do not possess the original manuscripts of these fragments. In 1826 the first part of the Memoirs was finished, and Madame R6- camier, so devoted to Chateaubriand, made a copy of the first three books from the manuscript; this copy has, in consequence, great value, and M. Bire shows by extracts that it is sometimes a little different from the text which was printed in 1848. This copy was published only in 1874, under the title, 'Remembrances of the Infancy and Youth of Chateaubriand: Manuscript of 1826.' Chateaubriand retired from active politics in 1831, after the Revolution, and could devote more time to his Memoirs; in 1834 seven volumes were already com- pleted, and it became his habit to read parts of them to a chosen few at the Abbaye-aux- Bois, in the salon of Madame Recamier. The scene has often .been described: Chateau- briand seated in a chair, like an old lion; Madame Recamier watching every move- ment of his eyes, every emotion in his face; M. Ampere and sometimes M. de Lomenie reading. Sundry fragments were, at the time, given to reviews and to newspapers. They were put together in a volume, now very rare, entitled 'Readings from the Memoirs of M. de Chateaubriand.' Our National Li- brary possesses some manuscript fragments of Chateaubriand which were in the posses- sion of one of his secretaries and left by him to a friend, who made a copy of them. Both manuscripts and copies are in the Li- brary's department of manuscripts. "It was in Rome," says Chateaubriand, "{hat I conceived for the first time the 'Memoirs of My Life.' " In a letter addressed to Joubert in 1813, he explains himself on the subject in these terms: "My only happiness is to snatch a few hours during which I can occupy myself with a work that alone can bring solace to my pain— the 'Memoirs of My Life.' ... Be easy; there will be no confessions painful to my friends. If I am to be something here- after, my friends will have a name as fine and respectable. I will not speak to pos- terity of my weaknesses in detail; I will only say of myself what is suitable to my dignity as a man, and (I dare to say) to my elevation of spirit. One should present to the world only what is beautiful; and it is not being false to God to show in our life only what may incite others to noble and generous sentiments. It is not that I have really anything to conceal; I have not caused a servant to be discharged for a stolen rib- bon, nor abandoned a dying friend in the street, nor dishonored the woman who had sheltered me, nor sent my natural children to the Foundling Asylum." You recognize the allusions to Jean Jacques Rousseau. It is clear that Chateau- briand often had him in mind when compos- ing his Memoirs. One of the reasons why he was anxious to paint his own portrait was that he was afraid it would be painted by others in a less flattering way. In the Preface to the edition of 1834, he says on this subject: "I consider that, as my life belongs on one side to the public, I could not have escaped all the composers of memoirs, all the venal biographers who in the evening put in the papers what in the morning they have heard in the ante-rooms. . . . Every man who has played a part in the society of his time owes to the defence of his memory a monu- ment by which he may be judged." It was idle for Chateaubriand to give us

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May 25, 1899] The Nation 395 his reasons for writing his Memoirs. He was, above all, an artist, with extraordinary powers of imagination and description. The book was in him, it was his own life — he could no more help writing it than an apple- tree can help bearing apples; especially as his was a very tormented, agitated, pessi- mistic mind, and he had to seek in him- self the cause of his perpetual melancholy. It is this pessimism, finding such varied and eloquent expression, which gave to Cha- teaubriand a new place in literature. The literature of the grand sivrlc is optimistic; the literature of the eighteenth is gay and frivolous. After the great drama of the Re- volution, the great epic poem of the Empire, France needed a Chateaubriand; she found in him the expression of her own emotion, her own regrets, her own fears, her own ad- mirations. The great and in many senses magnificent movement of the Romantic school was a de- parture from all conventions; it was, so to speak, a leap in the dark, just as the Re- volution and the Empire had been. The Memoirs may be considered a poem in prose. They have not the dryness, the precision of ordinary memoirs. Every event, every in- cident of life becomes the subject of or pre- text for a lyrical effusion. Chateaubriand says truly, "My solitary, dreamy, poetical life went on through a world of realities or catastrophes, of tumult, of noise, with the sons of my dreams," Choctaws, Rene.Eudore, etc., "with the daughters of my chimaeras," Atala, Ainelie, etc. The work is so personal that George Sand calls it, in a letter to Sainte-Beuve, a work devoid of morality. But lyric poetry is perforce personal, and it is because the Memoirs are so personal that Chateaubriand preferred them to all his oth- er works. He spoke of them as "this poor orphan who will remain after me in the world." He never ceased to amend them, to add, to suppress; and M. de Lomenie tells us that, during the last months of his life, he gave himself the melancholy pleasure of having them read to him once more from beginning to end. The history of Chateaubriand's reputation as a writer is instructive. It was founded at first on the 'Genius of Christianity,' a work which prepared and accompanied the revival of the Catholic religion after the impious days of the French Revolution. This work served the purposes of Bonaparte and was a sort of support for the Concordat. Though it contains some fine pages, it has no value from a theological and argumentative point of view; nevertheless, it had an immense success, as it corresponded with the state of mind of those in France (and they formed the immense majority) who regretted the excesses of the Revolution, and wished to see the churches reopened. As a work of art. its arrangement leaves much to be desired, ayid the Classicists of 1802 criticised it not without reason. It proved a tie between young Chateaubriand and Napoleon: the neo- Christian ambassadorial secretary was sent to Rome. We know how the tie was sudden- ly severed when Chateaubriand learned of the execution of the Duke d'Enghien. Chateaubriand's first novels were as suc- cessful as the 'Genius of Christianity.' They gave to the French the first vision of the wild West, of the red Indians; they opened, also, new vistas in the land of sentiment, very different from those to which the eigh- teenth century had been accustomed. Cha- teaubriand's reputation as a writer came to its apogee during the Restoration, not only because he was one of those for wl Restoration was a sort of personal triumph, and because he became one of the chief po- litical leaders of the time — minister, ambas- sador—and was thus brought into the focus of popular admiration; but also because he became, if not the most important, one of the most important promoters of the great lite- rary revolution which goes under the name of Romanticism. The Revolution of 1830 was a great blow to Chateaubriand. He had at various times been driven into the opposition under the Restoration, but his opposition was always constitutional. When the edifice which he had helped to build was overthrown, his natural sadness and melancholy became a sort of dark and aggressive misanthropy. His literary reputation could but suffer from the violenceof this misanthropy; he made a great number of enemies by his diatribes, by the expression of a contempt which be- came almost universal. The men of 1830 whom he disliked and despised, took their revenge by trying to ignore him, or by at- tacking his style, his manner; they found the weak spot in the man, and denounced him as an egotist, as a charlatan of sensi- bility, as a comedian. All that can be said against Chateaubriand has found the clever- est expression in a work of Sainte-Beuve's. Sainte-Beuve the critic is unsparing, but Sainte-Beuve was too much of an artist also not to feel the greatness, the loftiness of the genius of Chateaubriand. We are now so far from the passions which divided the generation of the Restoration and that of 1830, the followers of the Bourbon and the followers of the Citizen King, that Chateau- briand's reputation is having a sort of re- vival. I will, as a proof of it, allude only to the very remarkable, sympathetic, one might almost say, enthusiastic articles writ- ten of late years on Chateaubriand by the Viscount Melchoir de Vogue, and to the publication of the new and very conscien- tious edition of the 'Memoires d'Outre- Tombe' by M. Edmond Bire. Correspondence. BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: With an area of 2,500,000 square miles acquired in the last ninety-five years, we, in quest of additional territory, are butchering on their native islands in tropical seas the Filipinos, who have nearly fifteen times as many people to the square mile as we have in said area. Even with the pre- sent population of the region constituting the original thirteen States thrown in, the in- habitants of the Philippines are more than three times as many to the square mile as those of the United States. In other words, we must have 250,000,000 of people before our country will be as thickly settled as Luzon, and 500,000,000 before it is as populous as Cebu. This alone should deter us from pur- suing further the course marked' out by the present Administration, to say nothing of the self-evident fallacy of thinking that people of the temperate zones could long thrive in the deadly tropics of an Oriental, sea-level country— unless, indeed, it is the deliberate purpose of our Administration to exploit Asiatic labor by compulsion. For its relevance to this point, I append the following letter just received from a Hol- lander. It is the third communication of similar tenor that I have received from na- tives of that country: "Your pamphlet, 'Imperial Democracy,' has attracted a great deal of attention. The United States certainly will have a great task before it to develop the Philippines as Hol- land developed Java, and your question as to how this can be accomplished by annexa- tion and bringing the islands under United States laws is one that cannot be easily answered. The labor question will, I think, be the hardest problem for the government of the Philippines to solve. "I have worked in the tropics of Africa, Surinam, and British Honduras, and conduct- ed the most productive and valuable sugar estates in Surinam. After the emancipation of laborers to freedom in the tropics, agri- cultural enterprises were ruined. Calcutta and Madras labor imported into the British West Indies has brought relief to England's possessions there, but bring even negroes from Barbados and Jamaica to the mainland, Guiana, and one will see the failure. While in Surinam, we tried to get consent from tho European Powers to import negroes from Africa under the same conditions as coolies are imported from Calcutta and Madras, to save our large agricultural interests there. Our petitions were endorsed by. the most prominent public men in England and Hol- land, but we failed, and we had to see our sugar estates go to ruin. We also tried white labor from Holland, Belgium, France, and Portugal, but met with such disastrous sickness among our men that our labor ac- counts were more than tripled. The contract labor for Surinam under Government super- vision brought some relief, especially to the small coffee and cocoa-planters, but sugar suffered, and how the United States will make the Philippines produce regular labor under American laws is a question which will take some time before it is answered. I do not think that the Americans who may embark upon agricultural enterprises in the Philippines will have the natural patience of the Hollander, which is always essential in dealing with the laboring classes of the tropics to make a success there. "As you justly say in your paper, tropical climates, no matter where, are demoralizing. I remember well the first day I set foot in the tropics, being then very young, and how much I deplored the lack of wisdom display- ed by my family in sending me to such a zone. It is not only what a man suffers physically in the tropics, but the severe moral deterioration which is sustained, and how disgusted he feels in his surroundings. Any one who has not been there and whose higher feelings are not developed cannot understand it. All the tropics are described as luxuriant as a paradise, but I wish many times I had never been in such paradises — they are a real hell on earth." Upon this question of labor, Special Com- missioner E. W. Harden says in his report on the 'Financial and Industrial Conditions of the Philippine Islands': "The question of labor is a serious one. The natives are not to he depended upon as laborers. They work only when they see fit, and their work is far from being satis- factory. The best workers in the Philippine Islands are the Chinese coolies: most of them, however, are in and around Manila. The Spanish Government had a law in force under which Chinese coolies were allowed to land on the payment of a tax of $50 a head. Under the military occupation of Manila no more Chinese have been allowed to land at that port. Planters and business men be- lieve »he Chinese should be allowed to come in, under proper restrictions, as they make the best servants and in many ways the best laborers that can be obtained in the islands." The Chinese are, in fact, the best la- borers that can be obtained in the Orient, but are the masses of the American people ready to invite race troubles by an influx of Asiatics— either by unrestricted immigra- tion or as citizens of the United States un- der the annexation of the Philippines? As lo retaining these islands, the whole

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396 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 scheme is one of forcible annexation, dic- tated by commercial greed. Commissioner Denby, who is popularly supposed to domi- nate the commission now in the Philippines (and doubtless does), after stating the pro- position as a purely "business" one, has said: "The cold, hard, practical question alone remains: Will the possession of these isl- ands benefit us as a nation? If it will not, set them free to-morrow, and let their peo- ple, if they wish, cut each other's throats or play what pranks they please. To this complexion we must come at last, that, un- less it is beneficial for us to hold these isl- ands, we should turn them loose." If this does not dispose of the last sem- blance of altruism, the last vestige of bene- volence, I do not know what further evi- dence is needed. We cannot assimilate alien races, and the invitation, however present- ed, to bring Oriental peoples under the gov- ernment of the United States, with freedom to come and go as citizens, means more just such happenings as have disgraced this coun- try in the brutal murders of Chinese on the Pacific Coast and of negroes in the Western and Southern States. John J. Vi«>entine. San Francisco, May 16, 1899. NO ESCAPE FROM McKINLEY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Having lately stated my firm belief that Mr. McKinley will be renominated next year without much If any opposition, let me give some arguments, drawn mainly from ex- perience of the past, for my assertion. Nineteen men have been elected to the Pre- sidency before McKinley, only sixteen of whom lived out the first term. Three of these (Polk, Buchanan, Hayes) declined an- other term; of the other thirteen, twelve were renominated; the thirteenth (Franklin Pierce) got a majority of votes in the Cin- cinnati convention, and failed only through the working of the two-thirds rule — a rule which cannot be invoked against a Republican can- didate. The reason why the Incumbent was nearly always put up by his party for reelec- tion, was not alone nor mainly his power to reward friends and to punish enemies com- pelling the action of the old Congressional caucus or of the modern convention in his favor, for John Quincy Adams was renomi- nated without lifting a finger in the use or abuse of patronage; Van Buren, in 1844, when out of power, secured more than one-half of the delegates, and Cleveland in 1892, when out of power, was renominated by two-thirds of the delegates and elected. No, the main reason was this, that, by not putting up the last President of its choice for reelection, a party would admit not only his failure in of- fice, but to a great extent its own error and its own failure. Passing from the sixteen elected Presidents to the four Vice-Presidents who succeeded to power on the death of their chiefs, I admit that none was renominated; but two of the four, Tyler and Johnson, having left their old friends, put themselves out of the range of possibility. Fillmore and Arthur alone re- main to be considered. The former drew on himself by one distinct act, that of signing the Fugitive Slave bill, the hatred of all the. Northern Whigs, excepting a few "Silver Grays"; in one word, he was objected to not on personal but on political grounds— not for weakness, or unfitness, or dishonesty, or In- efficiency, but simply because the majority of the Whig party disagreed with him on a fundamental question. Mr. McKinley can- not be beaten on any such ground, for the great majority of his party is with him on the only new question that has come to the front during his term. Mr. Arthur, who was on all public measures in full accord with an undivided party, was beaten in convention, but he was beaten by a man who for eight years had been the overshadowing figure in his party. Mr. Blaine had really been the choice of the majority of the delegates in 1876, and it took great skill and much ma- noeuvring to down him in 1880. At present there is no such figure as that of the Man from Maine threatening to thwart Mr. Mc- Kinley's ambition. There lives another and better "man from Maine," but he has volun- tarily taken himself out of the path of his old successful rival. Thus I cannot see how McKinley's enemies in the next convention (if there should be any) will find a candidate willing to sacrifice himself by a futile show of opposition. As to the faction fight in Ohio, it will result in the end in nothing more than a struggle between two or three sets of delegates, all of whom alike will claim to be original McKinley men. I have watched political play too long to as- cribe any Importance to the squabble between Hanna and McKisson. D. Louisville, Kt., May 14, 1899. I do not, however, say it is not heard back in the "cracker" regions.— Respectfully, Matthew F. Steele. St. Paul, May 20, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your issue of May 11, a short re- view of Miss Earle's stories closes with this question, "Are the 'you-all' and 'you-uns' of the South applied to a singlo person, as we constantly find Miss Earle using them?" I have not seen Miss Earle's stories, and I do not know what part of the country, or, indeed, of the world, Miss Earle hails from; but I venture to say that, if she makes use of "you-all" as the reviewer says she does, she is not a Southerner by birth. It may be stated without fear of success- ful contradiction, that the Southerner never says "you-all" unless he has two or more persons in mind. It is a very common mis- take of the Northerner to suppose that he does, and the Northerner is not entirely without grounds for his mistake. The South- erner meets him alone and greets him: "Good morning! How are you all this morn- ing?" The Northerner supposes the South- erner means himself alone, and he smiles; whereas the Southerner means: "How are you and your wife and children — your house- hold?" And in every other case, when the Southerner says "you-all" to a single person, he means to include some other persons or persons associated in his mind with the one he addresses. This is a fact the Northerner never seems to learn, no matter how long he may be with Southerners; and it is so natural to the Southerner that he seems never to suspect that he is misunderstood by the Northerner. The most curious use of the expression is in its possessive form, "you-all's"; and this I have heard cultured Southerners say. "You- all" is used by the educated as well as by the illiterate; not so "you-uns," if it is used at all at the South. I was bred and born at the South, and have lived most of my life there; yet I cannot recall that I have ever heard "you-uns" used by any one, white or black. THE OLDEST HISTORICAL SOCIETIES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: At the suggestion of Mr. Charles Francis Adams, I repeat to you, as of possi- ble interest to your readers, two or three facts which I was led to mention to him by a recent query in your pages. In his recent presidential address at the opening of the new building of the Massachusetts His- torical Society, Mr. Adams suggested that the Society, besides being the oldest such organization in the United States, was per- haps also the oldest in the world. He tells me that his suggestion was based upon the following passage in some remarks made by his predecessor, the late Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, at the Society's centennial cele- bration in January, 1891: "Until this Society was organized a hun- dred years ago to-day, by our eminent and revered founder, Dr. Jeremy Belknap — prompted, as we may not forget, by Mr. John Pintard, of the St. Tammany Society of New York — no historical society existed in Ame- rica. I am not sure that there was such a society in any part of the world." (Proceed- ings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Second Series, vi., 273.) The facts which your query brought to remembrance were, that the Royal Academy of Portuguese History was founded in 1720, the Royal Academy of History at Madrid in 1738, the Royal Society of History and Dan- ih Language at Copenhagen In 1744. Very respectfully yours, J. F. Jameson. Providence, May 22, 1899. Notes. G. P. Putnam's Sons will publish immedi- ately 'Vassar Studies,' by Julia A. Schwartz, A.M. ('96)— impressions of college life; also, 'Miss Cayley's Adventures,' by Grant Allen, 'Nature Studies in Berkshire,' by John Cole- man Adams, with illustrations, 'Ornamental Shrubs,' by Lucius D. Davis, and 'Our Insect Friends and Foes,' by Miss Belle S. Cragin. 'The Solitary Summer,' by the author of 'Elizabeth and her German Garden,' and 'From Comte to Benjamin Kidd: the Appeal to Biology or Evolution for Human Guid- ance,' are in the press of Macmillan Co. Harper & Bros, will shortly bring out 'Ja- pan in Transition,' by J. Stafford Ransome, special correspondent in this country of the London Morning Post. Prof. N. P. Gilman, author of 'Profit-Shar- ing' and 'Socialism and the American Spirit,.' is preparing a volume on employers' institu- tions for the benefit of workingmen, which will be issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. in the fall, under the title 'A Dividend to La- bor.' Among the Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History published by the University of Pennsylvania and set down for 1899, are 'The Early Ger- mans,' by Arthur C. Howland, Ph.D., and 'Laws of Charles the Great,' edited by Dana Carleton Munro, M.A. The beginning of wisdom, historically, po- litically, geographically, and commercially, about the Philippine Islands had been (be-

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May 25, 1899] The Nation. 397 fore Dewey's exploit) the work of John Fore- man, F.R.G.S. In his own language, it "is not a History, nor a Geography, nor an Ac- count of Travels, in the strict sense of the word; it is a concise review of all that may interest the reader who seeks for a general idea of the condition of affairs in this Colony in the past and in the present." His authority caused his services to be avail- ed of by the American Peace Commission, and he gladly joined in what he took to be "the noble efforts of a free people [pace Charles Emory Smith] to raise the weight of monastic oppression from millions of their fellow-creatures." His minutely descriptive and statistical chapters, already bulky, have now been swelled by about one-fourth, tak- ing up the parable at the Tagalog rebellion of 189G--98, and bringing the narrative of a change of oppressors down to date, with a map of the revolted province of Cavite and another of Dewey's engagement. This second edition bears the imprint of Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. It has a number of excellent photographic and other illustrations, and It is in large measure readable, as relating the author's experiences. We have already acquainted our readers with the contents of M. Jusserand's 'Shak- spere in France under the Ancien Regime,' which now comes to us in a handsome dress In English (London: Unwin; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons). The translation is anonymous, a little stiff, and questionably not extended to the notes when corrobora- tive citations are given— though this will not seem a fault to readers who know French. There is an index and an annotated list of the valuable and curious illustrations, among which none is more interesting than Roubillac's statue of Shakspere, ordered by Garrick, and the second one ever made. Eight years ago we welcomed the first report of the Free Public Library Commis- sion of Massachusetts, and now its ninth appears, a volume of nearly 500 pages. The Commission can announce a wonderful ex- pansion to 687 secular libraries, possessing more than 6,500,000 books and pamphlet*. Less than one-half of one per cent, of the population are denied free-library privi- leges, but there are travelling libraries even for this minority, with circulatory photo- graphs of the world's great sights for exhi- bition. The report tells in alphabetic order the history of each library, and oftener than not (we should judge) gives a photographic view of the building; and this series of prints offers an extraordinary interest. For the most part the structures are permanent, carefully and often beautifully designed, but no type is evolved. A town hall or other public building is not seldom arranged to include the library. Of the many libraries which are the fruit of private benevolence, the sentiment for one's birthplace and the desire to commemorate relatives are the dominant motives in the founding. We commend the report to all would-be bene- factors of this order in other States — for hints as to building models, for the text of the Massachusetts library laws, for the de- scriptive letter-press, and for the list of founders whose names here go down to posterity in just honor. A limited edition has been printed, in this city, of 'General Orders of 1757, issued by the Earl of Loudoun and Phineas Lyman in the Campaign against the French.' The or- derly book, here produced faithfully under the supervision of Mr. Worthington C. Ford, was that of General Lyman of Connecticut, now in the possession of William Seward Webb, at whose expense this dainty book has issued. Dr. Webb's interest in it ap- parently connects itself with an ancestor, Major-Gen. Daniel Webb, who figures in it to some extent. For the rest, we have the customary mirror of camp life and disci- pline, with glimpses of the hell that war is. Corporal "Henry Dorman" and private "Luelen Rice" were fortunate in being sen- tenced, September 3, 1757, to suffer death for desertion, in comparison with "Frances [sic] Fleming" and four other privates, guilty of the same offence, and John Anderson, guilty of mutiny, who were "to receive 1,000 Lash- es Each with a Cat of nine tails." Private John Rider got 500 for sleeping on his post. A book has just been published on the •Story of our Flag' in which Mrs. Weaver, the writer, again tells the old story of Wash- ington's visit to Mrs. Ross, a "known ex- pert at needlework," and the consequent evolution of the flag of the United States. Of course witnesses are produced, and they are eminently respectable — Robert Morris and George Ross, an uncle of the sewer. She is, as naturally, young and beautiful, a widow, and lives in a little house. When it came to the number of points on the stars, Washington preferred the number on the stars of his coat-of-arms, and much more is related and published by a patriotic publishing company, for consumption among the patriotic societies of the land. Le- gend is thus converted into history. On the other hand, Sir George Otto Trevelyan discredits the boast on Washington's part of his pleasure at the whistling of the bul- lets in his first encounter. "Of course," says the author, "there was nothing of the sort in the dispatch, which, in its business- like simplicity, might have been written by Wellington at six and forty." Wnfor- tunately for this statement, the boast was actually written in a letter to his brother, and this letter, travelling across the ocean, was printed in the English magazines. It is, therefore, an authentic utterance, though never intended to be part of an official dispatch. A rather severe reviewer of Trevelyan's book in Blackwood's asserts that Washington used a eipher in writing to his friends because of the insecurity of the post-office. It would be impossible to name or point out a single instance in which he resorted to a cipher, except in some communications to the French allies, a pre- caution justified by war. The Renger'sche Buchhandlung in Leipzig has just issued the first part of a 'Bis- marck Lexikon,' by A. von Schleiden, in which the utterances of Bismarck on va- rious topics of public interest and his opin- ions of prominent persons are arranged in alphabetical order. In connection with each subject are given the sources of information, among which his conversations with Lothar Bucher, hitherto unpublished, are of special interest. The 'Lexikon' will be completed in six parts, each averaging about 125 pages and costing two marks (fifty cents). A modest venture in the way of its lite- rary features, but one deserving of much commendation for its illustrations, is Dixie, a new member of the class of magazines which are to be had at ten cents for the single copy. It starts up at the same time with the Conservative Review, and is an interesting indication of the intellectual activity of two Southern cities. The portraits of Clinton Peters, most of them works of remarkable fidelity and artistic charm, with the taking sketches of the city of Charleston, make the April number the best that has yet appeared. The May number of the Berea (Ky.) Quar- terly is notable for a large number of "Hymns of the Slave and the Freedman," amassed by William E. Barton, D.D., in continuance of a similar collection contri- buted to the New England Magazine for De- cember, 1898; and a third is yet to come. We infer that Dr. Barton may not have met with the pioneer (and still unsurpassed) col- lection entitled 'Slave Songs of the United States.' That eminent authority on games, Mr. Stewart Culin, Director of the Museum of Archaeology and Palaeontology, University of Pennsylvania, addresses himself to Ha- waiian Games in the April number of the American Anthropologist. Among those still persisting, he says, is cock-fighting, which we have suppressed in our new Spanish ter- ritory, and which the sons of the missiona- ries should be glad to have our assistance in putting down in Hawaii. Discussion of the origin and ethnological relation of the games in general is deferred. Both Asia and the American continent have, of course, con- tributed largely. Mr. Culin singles out the guessing game of pu-he-ne-he-ne for its resemblance to "certain [North American] Indian games in which a stone or other ob- ject is hidden in one of four places." In the Geographical Journal for May Col. Sir T. Holdich makes an earnest plea for the more thorough study of geography, demon- strating its practical use from his own expe- rience in determining the boundaries of In- dia. He states his belief that the great part of the political difficulties which have arisen in connection with boundary de- marcation, during the past twenty years, "have been due to a want of appreciation of (he necessity for a sound geographical basis to the text of treaties and agreements." Dr. Thoroddsen gives a brief survey of the geology and geography of Iceland, together with a description of some of its remarkable physical phenomena, as, for instance, the "petrified" lava fall, consisting of "four cur- tains hanging one beside the other, 820 feet high, at Selvogur." This is accompanied by some illustrations and an admirable map. Under the title, "The Eastern Gateway of the United States," Prof. A. P. Brigham of Col- gate University gives a physiographical de- scription of the Mohawk Valley, together with the principal facts of its commercial development through canal and railways. There is also a note upon the recent Anglo- French agreement, with a useful map, show- ing approximately the line of delimitation of British and French spheres in Central Africa. The first number for the year of the Bulle- tin de ■ la Sociitt de Geographie contains a detailed review of the progress of geographi- cal research during 1898, accompanied by fourteen useful sketch maps, showing the most important explorations, and a descrip- tion of some valuable geographical antiqui- ties, globes, and maps, in Zurich and Basle. Of more general interest is M. Loicq de Lobel's lively account of a journey to the Klondike last summer by way of the Chil- koot Pass. He confirms the testimony of other travellers as to the order which pre- vails on this route through the admirable service of the mounted police. In this region, he says, "there is more security than in

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398 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 some districts of Seine-et-Oise." But of Ma- nook, a town of 1,500 inhabitants on the Yukon in Alaska, he makes this surprising statement: "It has a church, a hospital, some stores; but there is neither police nor au- thorities. The miners govern themselves. A man condemned for murder or theft is put on a raft in the middle of the river, which is equivalent to a sentence of death, for the un- fortunate wretch can but perish of hunger or otherwise." It is evident that he found few, if any, of his countrymen in the gold fields, for he exhorts them not to neglect their opportunities, as they did in the Trans- vaal, to make their fortunes and at the same time to extend the commerce of France. We may add that he says he preferred to land in Montreal "in order to avoid the annoy- ances of the American custom-house." Prof. Angioletti, Director of the Observa- tory at Naples, has recently shown, by mi- nute and careful computations, that the as- tronomical conditions described by Dante as prevailing at the time of his imaginary journey through the three worlds beyond the grave, correspond perfectly with those which existed on March 25, 1301, and, fur- ther, that in no other month than March either of the year 1301 or of the years im- mediately preceding or following, could these conditions have been fulfilled. The rapidity with which the comparatively new ideas of university extension and sum- mer sessions in higher institutions of learn- ing are gaining ground, on both sides of the Atlantic, may well engage the thought or the sociologist as well as of the educator. Both these movements are the outgrowth of the modern tendency to lessen the inequalities of social conditions by bringing the advantages of higher education within the reach of the largest possible number. More and more European and American universities are making the midsummer session a regular feature of their annual programmes, extend- ing thereby the use of their plants and costly educational outfits to many whose circumstances debar them from following courses during the established academic year. In Germany, university extension 1 olkstiimlii In Hochschulkurse — are of more recent origin than in England and America, but several have for some years iccessfully carried on; and, during the Easter vacation, representatives of all the universities met at Berlin and unanimously recognized the new institution as a necessity Another meeting for the furtherance of the movement will be held at Easter, 1900. —A correspondent writes: ''The volumes which have thus far been jT^SLtVE Temple Classk's s^es"" J. M. Dent & Co. are so uniformly pleasine and attractive, that it is especially uTfar tunate that they should offend Tn, my one particular. But the marginalia with which they are provided do seem to furnish this one particular, for on a small 12mo page Where the print is necessarily fine and close it canno prove otherwise than tiring for the eye to have constantly before it three or four marginal words in very black a very definite aid, but surely thev Esmond .°fTPlaec hl SUCh a b00k as 'Henry Esmond. In a novel where we follow the Kr?£ °ftlthe her° fr°m ear* boyhood tS his Prime, there must be very many pages Which record the merest trivialities of daily ife and tor which marginalia seem entire- y superfluous even when of the best charac- ter. How much more so, then, must they seldom pat and often very rite-as, for Instance, -The m, ■J" when Lady Caatiewood Word to Henry Esmond 'thai on this side of the grave she will sec him no more'; and again, when his lady reproves him, 'Better dead.' " —It is stated in Science that money has been secured for a second expedition by Mr. J. E. S. Moore to Lake Tanganyika. Some ten years ago a true medusa, similar to some of the marine jelly-fishes, was dis- covered in the waters of this lake, and na- turalists were thus led to believe that it might contain other evidences of a former connection with the ocean. The result of Mr. Moore's first expedition is to show that, in fact, this vast and remote inland sea holds, side by side with an ordinary fresh- water lake fauna, a second fauna of purely marine character. Moreover, the molluscs of this fauna show an extraordinary re- semblance to forms occurring in the fossil condition in the inferior oolites of Europe. Twenty-six of the fishes brought home by Mr. Moore were wholly new to science. One is led to believe that an expedition more thoroughly equipped, and provided especially with a steamer (which Mr. Moore had not the chance to obtain), will yie'.d results of proportionally increased importance. In particular, it is expected that light will be thrown on the great geological problems of the history of this lake basin, and of its connection possibly with the Nile or a northward sea, and possibly with an estua- rine -Congo. —'Danish Fairy and Folk Tales' (Harpers) is a translation, by J. Christian Bay, of sto- ries from the collections of Svend Grundtvig. Tang-Kristensen, Ingvor Bondeson, Molbech, and others, with here and there, the author says, a personal memory. With but one or two exceptions, this is a thoroughly repre- sentative selection from a singularly rich store. It is always one of the ing phases of the comparative study of folk- lore to trace the specific national embodi- ment if material which fundamentally is common to the Indo-Germanic people. Most of these tales, from the inherent nature of the case, are but old friends with new faces: "Greyfoot," for instance, is the "Konig Drosselbart" of Grimm; "Brave against his Will" is "Das tapfere Schneiderlein" ; "Saucy Jesper" is "Die goldene Gans" ; the "Coffee- mill which Grinds Salt" is King Frodi's mill Grotti of the Edda, which, it is interesting to note, also localizes the story in Denmark; and there are many others of more or less strik- ing similarity to the well-known stories of other nations. One and all they have taken on in Denmark, however, their own dis- tinctive shape, that is born of the soil in which they have grown and flouri: they have come down from generation to generation. It would not be possible, it may be, to reconstruct along very close lini tual Danish life at any single period of its history from "this train of Danish kings and queens, wise men and tools, princes and beggars, peasants and burghers, soldiers, fairies, and trolls," as the translator de- scribes his dramatis person® in his preface; but there is here such an undeniable record of the nation's stage of culture as a whole that he who runs may read it. "What the Christmas Star Sees," although a good story well told, does not belong in this collection of folk-tales, where it is a disturbing ele- ment. The book makes no scientific pre- tensions as a contribution to folk-lore, but is intended solely for the rational amuse- ment of children, and at least one copy that we know of has already admirably fulfilled its mission. The translation, be it said, is well done, and the numerous illustrations are spirited. — A brief sojourn, say in the Cerrillos min- ing district, may enable but can hardly en- title one to put forth another book on New Mexico — particularly one which claims to be "a true picture of life among the Pueblos." R. B. Townshend's 'Lone Pine' (Putnams) hinges on a "lost silver mine" secreted by the Indians. There are precisely as many lost mines or hidden mines among the Pue- blos as diamond diggings in the Oneida Com- munity. After this, it is not surprising to learn from Mr. Townshend that "Cortez slaughtered Montezuma," and that Cabeza de Vaca was "a comrade of Ponce de Leon." The American prospector, "Stephens," is not a bad type; "Backus," the Indian trader, and logical villain, is still truer. The Mexi- can characters are drawn with creditable to- lerance if scant intimacy. It is when he comes to the Indians, upon whom his book is built, that the author becomes hopelessly in- volved. Not one of his aboriginal types, Na- vajo or Pueblo, is real; most of them are congenital absurdities, like the cacique anx- ious to make his "term" popular, and the Pueblo boy and girl who elope. Certain verisimilitudes encourage the belief that Mr. Townshend has read— sometimes wisely and sometimes too well — and that he has also become somewhat acclimated in some part of New Mexico remote from Indians. That he has ever been among the Pueblos is denied by his own pages all unconsciously. That he has ever set eyes on them is made most un- likely by the statement (p. 39) that the wo- men "cut their hair short," because, if it were not trimmed, "the care of it would take too long from household duties." Fray Marcos did not see in 1539, nor has any one since seen, a Pueblo woman with her hair cut. The story, not altogether ill -conceived, and in general run interesting, is told in stark journalese. —Prof. G. H. Palmer's rendering of the 'Odyssey,' while it cannot be said to rival tfiat of Messrs. Butcher and Lang, secured him a respectful hearing as a translator. In his 'Antigone of Sophocles' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) he has repeated the experi- ment which he made with his 'Odyssey.' i. < ., the employment of iambic rhythm in a "prose" translation. His aim is "to suggest to the ear that we are traversing a region of poetry and not of prose." We confess to a strong prejudice against his "rhythmic chant." In reading this version of the "An- tigene" we arc reminded more than once of Longinus's objection to an over-rhythmical styli — that it does not communicate the feel- ing of the words, but rather the feeling of the rhythm. The introduction of verse rhythm into prose was a favorite rhetorical device of the later Greek sophists, who chanted ra- ther than spoke their flowery declamations. Their excuse was that in their displays the subject -matter was of the least importance— the form and the setting being nicely calcu- lated to divert the attention of the audi- ence from the inanity of the theme. Prof. s version is not addressed to sc lars, who will remain faithful to Prof. Jebb's simple and accurate translation into plain prose, with no attempt, in Prof. Palmer's phrase, to "thin out Sophocles." The pre- . 'lit version, from the un-English order of the wi rds, due in part to the necessities of bic rhythm, reminds the reader at every turn that it is a translation. A bet-

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May 25. [899] T li © IN" ation 399 ter effect might have been obtained if, here and there, the long Greek periods had been broken up. For instance, the sentence, "For to my thinking he who ordering a great State catches at plans not through their be- ing best, and then through fear holds his lips locked, appears and ever has appeared most base" (p. 35), has little rhythm to lose, and in its present shape is precisely as it would be construed by a schoolboy into translation English. It is impossible to translate Sophocles. His love of allusion, his psychology, his complexity, when trans- ferred from the subtle medium that he used, inevitably give a bald or stilted effect. Prof. Jebb, in his versions, wisely made no at- tempt to reproduce the pcetic effect of the plays of Sophocles. Let those, therefore, who wish to appreciate the Greek master- pieces realize that, though they may gain some grasp of Plato's philosophy (not of his exquisite prose) in Jowett, or of Homer's imaginative powers (not of his poetry) in Butcher and Lang, for Sophocles and ^Eschy- lus, as for Pindar, they must go to the ori- ginals. Those, however, who are content with knowing something of the characters of the "Antigone" and of the action and structure of the play, will find in Prof. Palmer a useful and sympathetic interpreter. —The fourth series cf M. Adolphe Bris- son's 'Portraits Intimes' (Paris: Armand Colin) offers its readers a glimpse into the private lives of several persons of divers ranks and pursuits obliging enough to grant an interview to the editor of the Annates Politiques <t Littcrairts. In the search for "copy," the author's range is wide — from princes of royal blocd down to bull-fighters and soothsayers of various kinds — and much is doubtless of merely passing interest; but M. Brisson's information obtained in per- son frcrn such distinguished contemporaries as Henri Lavedan, Mme. Michelet, Joris- Karl Huysmans, and several sociita both sexes, of the Comedie-Franoaise, will have permanent value for future biographers. The portraiture possesses the further ad- vantage of being presented in light and chat- ty form, with here and there touches of characterization that show the practised hand of the journalist. For example, at the con- clusion of his visit to Huysmans, M. Bris- son exclaims: "D'une part, ce qui rappelle les bas-fonds du vice, et tout a cote1 les en- volees de la vie spirituelle. . . . Ce sont bien la. en effet — etroitement unis l'un a l'autre— les deux Huysmans"; and readers of the Annates can certainly see the ethical lacuna for themselves. In addition to these sketches cf persons, are pictures of German and other travel, and one noteworthy excur- sion into a well-trodden field of literary re- search, where an enthusiastic Molieriste glories in finding what he believes to be the veritable human original of 'Tartufe.' Le sieur Charpy de Sainte-Croix, says M. Bonnet, was the celebrated model of seventeenth- cen- tury hypjerisy; ingenuously adding, however, that moral proofs alone are forthcoming, but these are sometimes sufficient to clinch a question. M. Brisson cautiously recom- mends the demonstration of their validity to the exercise of professional critics, and charitably omits reminding M. Charles Bon- net that his great Swiss namesake would probably have called for evidence of another order. —Mr. Louis Dyer's third and last lecture at the Royal Institution on Machiavelli dealt with that author's idea of Morals. Corre- spondence with his son Guido and his ne- phew Vernaccia was cited and contrasted with Machiavelli's letters to Vettori and Guicciardini. In the former there is a some- what simple-minded conformity to the ave- rage workaday morals of the Florentine peo- ple of that time; in the latter a some- what uneasv and rather unconvincing as- sumption of the rakishness of the grandee. The first was more characteristic, but neither of these moods was in any close relation to the idea of morals implied and expressed in Machiavelli's writings. He was not in his own opinion a person of sufficient con- sequence to dream of being aggressively vi- cious. A more constant and energetic inte- rest on his part might perhaps have made his family concerns more complicated and also more successful, but it is probably un- fair to hold him responsible for the violent and unsavory careers of his two oldest sons. As he conceived them, Machiavelli's family concerns left him exceptionally untram- melled, and his chief energies were concen- trated upon the study of his new Science of State. Such attention as he there gave to morals was closely allied to a medical metaphor of which he is everywhere inordi- nately fond. He never tires of considering what he calls the corruption of the body politic, conceived of as a disease, to cure which cautery and the knife must be used by the Prince. In Mr. Chauperknowne's skilfully wrought and workmanlike parody on the 'Prince,' entitled "The Boss," we chiefly discover that the Boss in American politics is not the analogue of the Prince, but personifies rather that corrupting disease which the Prince was predestined to cure. The eighteenth chapter of the first book of Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy contains a passage strikingly applicable to the prob- lem of American municipal government. Our author maintained that there was political soundness in Germany, Switzerland, and England; but France, Italy, and Spain, he said, were the "dry rot of the world" — la corrutela del mondo. Religion of the right sort for strengthening political power was a cornerstone in Machiavelli's Science of State. For good reasons given, he ob- jected to Savonarola's political behavior, but was nevertheless more influenced by the friar than he knew. His picture of the Duke of Athens shows the Prince as an avenger of the moral law, and implies a vague semi- religious mysticism. Like Dante, Machia- velli and Guicciardini denied that the meek could inherit the earth. Our author's "pa- ganism" has, however, been overstated. We of the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood must heed Machiavelli's express warning that the 'Prince' does not specifically concern us. Our debt to Machiavelfi, as the founder and framer of the modern Science of State, can hardly be overestimated, but we must re- member, most especially in these millenary years, that King Alfred, the father and founder of the body politic of our Saxon race, lived 500 years before Machiavelli's 'Prince' was written. A POPULAR HISTORY OF FRANCE. The Story of France: From the Earliest Times to the Consulate of Napoleon Bona- parte. By Thomas E. Watson. 2 vols. Vol. I. To the End of the Reign of Louis the Fifteenth. The Macmillan Co. 1899. There is a well-known but instructive story of Oxford and Cambridge combination-rooms which runs as follows: Some years ago, a 1 and voluble Englishman began publicly to prove certain paradoxes in argu- ith mathematicians and students of physical science. Among his theses were several cf the old friends which Mr. Fiske fust catalogued in Harvard Library under the head of "Insane Literature," and then under the gentler title of "Eccentric Litera- ture," r. <;., perpetual motion, the flatness of the earth, and the possibility of squaring the circle. By dint of plausible and copious words the English apostle of these views succeeded in convincing several large au- diences, despite the protest of his scientific opponents. Finally he reached Cambridge, challenged the dons to a contest, and found his antagonist in William Garnett. On pre- vious occasions the champions of correct ideas had neglected to analyze the proposi- tions of the debater with sufficient care. They knew, of course, that his results in esch case were wrong, but they could not lay finger on the precise flaw in his reason- ing. Garnett proceeded in a different man- ner. He stipulated that point by point should be discussed and settled in due sequence; the circle-squarer consented, and the argu- ment began. Very soon Garnett disputed an assumption in the catena of syllogisms, and drove the challenger into a corner on it. "Well, after all, that's quite immaterial," said the circle-squarer. "Then you don't mind, I suppose," rejoined Garnett, "if I write on the blackboard opposite the point. 'Given up.' " "Not in the least," said the challenger, and the result was duly register- ed. At each step Garnett succeeded in confut- ing the heretic until a long table of entries, "Ghen up," appeared in full view. After a while Garnett asked the stranger if he didn't feel checkmated. "Oh, no," he said cheer- fully, "there is much more to be urged," and he at once resumed the line which' he had originally taken. "But," exclaimed Garnett, "you have given that up once," and he eventually downed his man by dint of point- ing to the propositions which had been one after another surrendered. The processes of historical and mathemati- cal demonstration are so different that the il- lustrious De Morgan has placed them in direct contrast, yet we have been strongly reminded of the above story in reading Mr. Watson's book on France. If, for instance, the author were to engage in public debate with those French scholars who have con- tributed articles on their national past to the ■Histoire Generate' (c. </., MM. Langlois, Lu- chaire, Giry, Coville, and Pingaud), we ima- gine that "Given up" would be written after many of his facts, and therefore that his inferences might suffer. Unfortunately, in history, one cannot, as a rule, prove a fallacy to the public by ocular or other equally cogent test, but professional students can quickly distinguish what is well grounded from what may be termed, in scholastic language, flatus vocis. Tried by the standard of solid erudition, Mr. Watson's work is decidedly lacking, and this we shall now try to show by several examples, leaving aside for the moment one or two other important matters which must be noted before we close. P. 20. Lactantius, "the Christian Cicero," author of the 'Institutiones Divinse,' and a universally celebrated writer on apologetics, lived in the reigns of Diocletian and Con- stantine, but that does not prevent Mr. Wat- son from making him a contemporary of Au-

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400 The USTation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 gustus. P. 21. Nero is styled "the last of the twelve Roman emperors called 'the Cae- sars.* " P. 25. "After a while, some Goth, like Odoacer, will tire of the farce; and he will take the crown off the head of the worth- less Roman, and put it on his own." We waive the question which might arise here over the statement concerning Odoacer's ori- gin, to point out the notorious fact that, when Romulus Augustulus abdicated, the im- perial crown was sent to Constantinople. Odoacer never assumed it. P. 96. Charles Martel did not turn back the onset of Mo- hammedanism "for all time," as the careers of John Hunniades and Scanderbeg, the battle of Lepanto, and the sieges of Vienna testify. P. 104, ct scq. Mr. Watson calls Charlemagne's son and successor "Louis the Handsome," as though the common English term "Pious" were not the equivalent of the French "De- bonnaire" and the German "Fromm." P. 110. The statement that Charles the Bald got his kingdom only at the cost of "a million of men butchered in battle," is utterly extrava- gant. Mr. Watson places a maximum esti- mate on the losses at Fontenay (p. 109) when he numbers the dead at 100,000, and were there ten Fontenays or their equivalent? P. 110. The Northmen did not "pillage Paris" during the Frankish civil wars prior to 843. P. 118. "The long period of time stretching from the death of Charlemagne to the reign of Louis the Fat is known in history as the 'Dark Ages.' " We imagine that there are few historians who begin the Dark Ages so late as 814. Certainly Maitland, the author of the most celebrated book in English on the Dark Ages, runs back to at least the period of Dagobert. P. 180. Jacques du Molay sum- moned Clement V. to meet him "before the judgment-bar of God" within forty days, not within a year (Ferretus Vicentinus). P. 199. Referring to the way in which the Salic law affected the claims of Robert of Artois, Phi- lip of Valois, and Edward III., Mr. Watson observes: "If the law applied to the case of Robert of Artois was good, then Isa- bella's son was rightful heir to his grand- father's throne." On the contrary, Edward III. had no right to the French crown what- ever. Louis X., Philip the Long, and Charles the Fair had all left daughters, and, even as- suming that females might transmit where they could not succeed, Jane of Navarre's son came before Edward III. P. 204. Mr. Watson assigns the origin of the Flagellants to the period of the Black Death. Here he is not far from a century astray in his com- putation. P. 234, et seq. The account of Joan of Arc contains at least five striking mistakes, of which we may mention two. P. 247. "The man who took her carried her to his master, a noble called the 'Bastard of Vendome.' " Here the Bastard of Wandonne (a very dif- ferent matter) should be written; and, be- sides, Joan was not carried to him by her captor. A Picard archer seized the Maid and pulled her from her horse; Wandonne him- self secured her. P. 248. Mr. Watson says that John of Luxembourg sold Joan to the English for "two thousand dollars." He re- ceived £10,000, a sum which then represent- ed anything but $2,000. P. 318. Mr. Watson thus alludes to the claims of Louis XII. on Milan: "However, Louis thought that he had at least as good a title as that of Ludovico Sforza, who had usurped the duchy after poi- soning a nephew who had usurped it pre- viously." Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Ludovico's nephew, was a usurper only In the general sense that every Italian despot ruled unjust- ly. His father and grandfather had reigned before him. P. 372. Savonarola was not a priest, but a Dominican friar. P. 373. Albert of Brandenburg was Elector of Mainz, not Metz. P. 392. William III. of England was not a grandson of William the Silent, nor, p. 503, was Louis XIII. the "great-great-grand- father" of Louis XVI. Such errors as these seem to us charac- teristic and not to be mistaken for slips of the pen. Of the latter, too, we could draw up a fairly long list: e. g., P- 4, Hannibal's passage of the Alps In 278; p. 300, the as- cription of independence to Brittany in 1580; p. 325, the location of Leo IX. in the six- teenth century; p. 369, the date of 1438 for Wyclif; p. 373, the arrangement between Al- bert of Brandenburg and "Pope Julius" to share the proceeds of Tetzel's indulgence; p. 387, the statement that William the Si- lent gained his title by keeping quiet when Henry III. of France by accident disclosed the plot against the Protestants. Verbal slips count for little unless their number becomes unreasonable, but mistakes of the kind which we first registered prove, in the aggregate, a want of sound historical infor- mation. Now we should not have been at the pains to discover so many shortcomings in point of accurate statement as we have done (for we have by no means exhausted our list in the foregoing recital), were Mr. Watson less cocksure and declamatory in style than he is. What shall be said of the writer who, at this time of day, declares that he stands against the world in maintaining the greatness of Louis XI.? P. 288: "Historians have denied that Louis was a great man. With one ac- cord they decry him as a beast unclean. I judge this monarch by the work he did. and I dare to say that I find him great." Is not Commines a historian? And he credits Louis with having possessed more of good and less of evil than any prince of his age. Martin calls him "ce redoutable genie," and M. Pingaud (in recently recapitulating the opi- nion which has been held of him at dif- ferent periods), says that while the moralists have uniformly attacked him, "les poli- tiques, plus indulgeuts, depuis Commines jusqu'a Duclos.ont dit de Louis sous diverses formes, sans oser ni l'estimer ni le hair, que c'etait vraiment un roi." Mr. Watson has made no discovery and has vindicated no paradox. He simply indulges himself in what to a large majority of modern historians will seem a noisy platitude. Louis XI. was confessedly a cruel and perfidious man, but he did much to unify France. If Mr. Wat- son were really seeking for novelty, he might defend the morals of this sovereign. Elsewhere there is no chance of working out fresh conclusions. An author who is by no means sure of his own footing should not be gratuitously anxious to set his predecessors right. We have cited one passage wherein Mr. Watson discovers a mare's nest. Other examples of the same tone towards former historians might be easily brought together. For in- stance, apropos of the battle of Crecy, p. 202: "Those writers who fight battles in their libraries tell us that Philip should have surrounded Edward and starved him out. They tell us that in two days the English would have been so reduced by fam- ine that they would have sued for peace. The present writer does not know so well about that." We are less concerned with the par- ticular view advocated in each passage of this sort than with the attitude of mind which such a tone implies. It would appear as though Mr. Watson were quite dissatis- fied with our present conception of French history, and is bent on dispelling the night of ignorance. One cannot, however, afford to be jaunty unless he is very secure of his own position. Mr. Watson's obvious aim is the quicken- ing of popular interest in history, and a praiseworthy one it must seem in the eyes of all, but there surely must be more effec- tive as well as more artistic ways of reach- ing this end than through the use of intense language varied by satire and colloquialisms. Here is a comment on Jean Bart's presenta- tion at court, p. 545: "How my Lord of Frogwallow and the Duke of Battercakes must have winked to the Marquis of Poodle- Doodle as they noted the appalling fact that Jean Bart did not wear the proper thing in laces, nor the latest elegance in wigs, nor the choicest tint in ribbons!" The toilet of Louis XIV. evokes the following observa- tion: "The Duke of Duck-puddle contended eagerly with the Marquis of Bootlick, and the Baron of Bosh for the precious privilege of holding the candle while some other proud scions of the nobility pulled off the imperial breeches." We are far from defending Louis XIV. or "the dignity of history" when we withhold our praise from such history of the hustings. The essence of a narrative which is bent on being "popular" must al- ways be exaggeration. No true friend of historical studies can let pass uncensured such attempts to be graphic at the cost of moderation. Up to the present point we have been passing rather severe judgment on Mr. Wat- son's book without describing its scope or outline. It begins at the earliest period and ends with the death of Louis XV. Accord- ing to the preface, it represents "enormous labor," and among other acknowledged mo- tives it seeks "to illustrate once more the blighting effects of superstition, ignorance, blind obedience, unjust laws, confiscation under the disguise of unequal taxes, and the systematic plunder, year Dy year, of the weaker classes by the stronger." The Mero- vingian period illustrates some of these sombre features admirably, and so the pro- geny of Clovis, plus their wives and families, from 561 forward, get forty-two pages of notice, while the reign of Louis XIII. gets only sixteen — a singular proportion, consider- ing the relative importance of Brunhilda et al. on the one hand,' and of Richelieu on the other. The survey is almost entirely politi- cal, with a few glimpses of social and com- mercial conditions interspersed here and there. For literature and art Mr. Watson has no space, and of historical geography he thinks so little that, p. 109, He can define Lothar's portion after the Treaty of Verdun as "Italy and the Low Countries." There is no denying the fact that the his- tory of France abounds with object-lessons of cruelty, wretchedness, and systematic op- pression, but these are not the only things which a writer in telling the story of the country should accentuate. Mr. Watson finds his "music centred In a doleful song Steaming up, a lamentation and an ancient tale of wrong, Chanted from an Ill-used race of men that cleave the soil, Sow the seed, and reap the harvest with enduring toll." But, even under the feudal system and dynastic despotism, the French people had a

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May 25, 1899] The ]STation. 401 great deal of liveliness and spontaneity. Mr. Watson, by keeping this consideration in the background and harping constantly on the sins, vices, and follies of the ruling classes, makes his work seem (to quote the line omit- ted above) "like a tale of little meaning tho' the words are strong." At rare in- tervals he presents a hero or heroine who is struggling valiantly for righteousness or progress amid baffling obstacles, and of such he does not stint his praise, but the impres- sion which he leaves is one of extreme misery, broken at times by an act of bravery or sacrifice. One would think that, under the conditions which he describes, the French must have come to hate life, yet Renan was probably right when he said: "La France n'est, par son caractere es- sentiel, ni pofitique ni mystique; l'essence de la poesie et de la mysticite consiste a d6- passer le monde; or l'esprit frangais est de tous le plus parfaitement en harmonie avec les proportions de notre planete; il en a mesure les dimensions d'un coup d'ceil, et ne va pas au dela." There are few traces of this elastic, mundane spirit in Mr. Watson's "story." We are prevented by our limits from say- ing more, although several striking points still remain unnoticed. We shall endeavor, in conclusion, to give a brief account of the chief impressions which we retain after a careful revision of the book before us. Mr. Watson is not an accomplished historian, his lights and shadows are too sharp, his style is too declamatory on the one hand and too "racy" on the other, he is too much bent on emphasizing a single aspect of his vast subject, and he is over-anxious to establish new conclusions. Nevertheless, he has read widely, and infuses a vigorous personality throughout his pages. He is an enthusiastic friend of liberal ideas and humane actions, he has a considerable share of that valuable quali- ty, the historical imagination, and he knows his own mind. Perhaps we should show less an- tagonism towards some of his palpable man- nerisms if we did not feel the presence of personal power behind them. At any rate, we have followed his narrative with greater interest than has been awakened in us by more solid and more sober volumes. FIVE BOOKS ON MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. The Perfect Wagnerite. By Bernard Shaw. Chicago: H. S. Stone & Co. La Musique a Paris. Par Gustave Robert. Paris: Ch. Delagrave. The Orcliestra and Orchestral Music. By W. J. Henderson. Scribners. Music and Musicians. By Albert Lavignac. Henry Holt & Co. Voice and Violin. By T. L. Phipson. Lon- don: Chatto & Windus. A reader unfamiliar with Mr. Shaw's per- sonality and record might suspect here and there that his 'Perfect Wagnerite' is to be taken as a jeu d'esprit. But from a man who has been for fifteen years or more a political pamphleteer and active socialist agitator, it is natural enough to expect a book the thesis of which is that Wagner's "Ring of the Nibelung," "with all its gods and giants and dwarfs, its water maidens and Valkyries, its wishing-cap, magic ring, enchanted sword, and miraculous treasure, is a drama of to- day, and not of a remote and fabulous an- tiquity." The Rhine Gold is an allegory, as the author illustrates with reference to the Klondike. Such dwarfs as Alberich, he de- clares, are common in London. His story is frightfully real, frightfully present, fright- fully modern. "You can see the process for yourself in every civilized country to-day, where millions of people toil in want and disease to heap up more wealth for our Alberichs." The dwarf's cave need not be a mine; "it might just as well be a match- factory, with yellow phosphorus, phossy jaw, a large dividend, and plenty of clergymen shareholders." As for the magic helmet, it is a very common article in our streets, where it generally takes the form of a tall hat. "It makes a man invisible as a share- holder, and changes him into various shapes, such as a pious Christian, a sub- scriber to hospitals, a benefactor of the poor, a model husband and father, a shrewd, prac- tical, independent Englishman, and what not, when he is really a pitiful parasite on the commonwealth," etc. To those, who demur to this theory of the "Ring," Mr. Shaw responds by pointing to the fact that Wagner was a socialist agita- tor, "a politically dangerous person," as he was officially stigmatized, and that he wrote a number of pamphlets and manifestoes on social evolution, religion, life, art, and the influence of riches. All this is true, and Mr. Shaw might have added that Wagner's own unfortunate tendency to find allegorical or mystical meanings in his plots and cha- racters justified the present attempt. Lucki- ly, Wagner was too great a dramatist to al- low much of this sort of thing to creep into his dramatic poems themselves. Mr. Shaw, as he proceeds with the "Walkiire," "Sieg- fried," and "Gotterdammerung," finds fewer and fewer props for his fancies, and in the last-named he collapses entirely, though he takes his revenge by declaring that work to be an opera pure and simple, having been begun before Wagner had become an agita- tor, and ended after he had ceased to be one. There is much that is ingenious and enter- taining in Mr. Shaw's little book, and per- haps it will help his commercial and Philis- tine countrymen to an appreciation of the great Tetralogy if they look at it as a modern allegory. Apart from that, Mr. Shaw illumines some of the dark corners of the plot, and many of his incidental obser- vations are excellent, as, for example, on page 155, where he shows how impersonal were Wagner's attacks on Meyerbeer, and on p. 159, where he estimates Brahms as a man "whose absolute musical endowment was as extraordinary as his thought was commonplace. Wagner had for him the con- tempt of the original thinker for the man of second-hand ideas." It may be added that Mr. Shaw thinks Shelley's "Prometheus Un- bound" is an English attempt at a "Ring o£ the Nibelung." M. Gustave Robert's 'La Musique a Paris' is a very useful little annual for those who wish to keep informed regarding the musical movement in the French capita), but have no opportunity to read the journals. The volume now before us is the fourth, and it comprises no less than 360 pages, including a good index, a bibliography of new musi- cal books and pamphlets, and complete sets of programmes of the principal societies. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about the present volume is the large amount of attention and space given to orchestral con- ductors. This is due partly to the fact that the conductor has taken the prima donna's place, partly to the large number of visiting musicians. Richard Strauss, Mottl, Wein- gartner, and Hans Richter in succession gave Parisians a chance to judge their In- terpretative genius. Without manifesting any chauvinism, our author nevertheless subjects these Germans — or rather Austro- Hungarians — to a thorough scrutiny, and does not hesitate to express his occasional disapproval. He does not indulge in tho mere "I like this" and "I don't like that," to which so many critics resort, but gives the reasons for his censure, displaying at the same time a thorough knowledge of the scores under discussion. While granting supremacy to the other side of the Rhine in this field, M. Robert is con- vinced that Paris is quite able to hold its own as far as conductors are concerned. Lamou- reux, unfortunately, gave up his orchestra, partly, it seems, because of troublesome criti- cisms, partly because he wanted to devote all his energies to the furtherance of his pet project, the production of Wagner's Tetralogy and "Parsifal" in the Exhibition year. The orchestra, luckily, did not dis- band, but chose for its leader M. Camille Chevillard, of whom our author has a high opinion. The new conductor has aimed at greater variety in the programmes, and has paid more attention to the new French school and the Russians. As for Colonne, he made it a point to put in each pro- gramme specimens of Beethoven, Schumann, and Wagner; nor did he neglect the Rus- sians. M. Robert devotes considerable at- tention to Rimsky-Korsakoff, analyzing two of his symphonies, "Sadko" and "Antar," in detail, with musical type. It seems that another Russian — the youngest of them, Rachmaninoff— has captured Paris as well as London and "New York with his "Pre- lude" and other works. M. Robert notes, in two places, the surprise expressed in the Nation that he does not like Tchaikovsky's "Pathetic Symphony," but he confesses that he is still sceptical after hearing it as interpreted by Winodgradsky, Lamoureux, and Richter. For Brahms, he has no sym- pathy at all. He finds d'enormes banalites in his songs, and, as regards his symphonies, he agrees with Weingartner that they "pro- duce the same impression as a man who says the simplest things in the world with an air of great importance"; they are learned but artificial, and do not move our feelings. Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, who have for some years made a specialty of musical publications, announced some time ago their plsn of issuing a "Music Lover's Library," comprising works by W. J. Henderson on the orchestra, H. E. Krehbiel on the piano, W. F. Apthorp on the opera, H. T. Finck on songs and song-writers, and Arthur Mees on choirs and choral singing. The first of these has appeared, a volume of 238 pages. The author says that all other books on the orchestra which he has seen are for the professional musician, while his is for the amateur. As a matter of fact, there are pages in the book which an amateur will find difficult to comprehend unless he knows at least as much about the subject as Mr. Henderson does. On the whole, however, he has succeeded in his attempt, his clear style being an important factor in his favor. He has studied his Berlioz, Gevaert, and Corder faithfully, and has industriously gathered together many interesting facts not known to ninety-nine per cent, of con- cert-goers. The last chapters contain a number of dry details, which will hardly in- terest amateurs. In the opening chapters the

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4=02 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 instruments constituting the orchestra are treated separately. Our author seems to have a special predilection for the viola, concerning which he writes with enthusiasm. He thinks that "it may be fairly said that first-rate writing for the strings, which is the foundation of orchestration, depends largely upon the treatment of the viola part." When he says (71) that Mehul used the viola so much that Gretry exclaimed, "I'd give a guinea to hear a fiddle-string" (not first string, as a printer's error makes it), he is evidently quoting from an English writer who forgot to add that it was only in one of his operas, 'Uthal,' that Mehul used the violas so much, excluding the violins entirely. The French school is duly appreciated from the point of view of orchestration, not only in the case of Berlioz, but of Gounod and of Saint-Saens, who is pronounced "at once the model and the despair of young com- posers." Of Brahms we read that "he is one of the moderns who did not master the technic of orchestration. He wrote heavy parts low in the bass in his piano music, and he carried this practice into his orches- tration, with the result that his scoring is almost always thick and heavy in the mid- dle voices. Wagner, on the other hand, knew how to write deep and sonorous bass- es without disturbing the clarity of his work." The author thinks that while Wag- ner is the great model as regards writing for numerous voices in the strings, etc., he occasionally abused the practice. "In the ac- companiment to Brangane's song of warn- ing in the second act of 'Tristan und Isolde,' he divides the strings into fifteen parts, but I am quite sure that no human ear can hear all of them." This remark shows a queer lack of insight into the very essentials of orchestral ion. What is aimed at (and se- cured) in such a case is a general emotion- al atmosphere. It is no more necessary for a hearer to distinguish all the separate voices than it is for him to know just what colors Turner mixed on his palette to pro- duce the air or sea tints in his pictures. For the chapter on the "Evolution of the Conductor" Mr. Henderson has culled a number of interesting facts from various sources. We cannot agree with him, how- ever, in the opinion that there is a tendency to exaggerate the conductor's function as in- 1. It cannot be exaggerated, any more than the actor's. Time-beaters have 1 Ir day. Nor is it true that the con- ductor "works entirely on the technics of the perforn aves the temperament and enthusiasm of his men to do the rest." No matter how much or how little may have been done at rehearsal, the success of an or- chestral concert depends on the conductor's ism, or power to sway his players, which varies with his mood. To leave the performance at the mercy of the "tempera- ""'"' •''"' enthusiasm" of the mere mecha- nics who constitute the bulk of every or- would be to invite sure disaster. M. Albert Lavignac, whose book on the music dramas of Wagner was reviewed in these columns a few months ago, has again been made accessible to English readers in a translation, by William Marchant, of his 'Music and Musicians.' The title is compre- hensive, but so is the book, which aims at being practically a condensed cyclopedia of every branch of music, including even 66 on acoustics— the production, trans- mission, and perception of sound, tonality, acoustfc qualities of halls, relations be- tween acoustics and rhythm, etc. Under the head of "The Materials of Sound" he de- scribes the voice and all the orchestral in- struments, from the violin to the triangle and castanets. Orchestration is then dis- cussed, and about 200 pages are devoted" to harmony, counterpoint, fugue, composition, and improvisation. That this work is cor- rectly done (in spite of a few slips) need not be said, for M. Lavignac is professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire and a well-known expert. The last hundred pages of his book discuss the music of ancient nations and the com- posers to the present day, with very brief biographic sketches of the more im- portant ones. An appendix contains a dis- quisition, with brief biographies, of the lead- ing American composers, by Mr. H. E. Kreh- biel. The value of the book is much in- creased by 94 illustrations and 510 examples in musical type. For students of music who want to know something about all branches of the art and can afford to buy only one book, this is the thing. While M. Lavignac's book is thoroughly up to date, the final one on our list would arouse the suspicion of having been brought out forty years ago were it not for the date attached to the title-page and the preface. Dr. Phipson must have been keeping com- pany with Rip Van Winkle, or Briinnhilde, or the Sleeping Beauty. He gravely in- forms the inhabitants of London, who, in these degenerate Wagnerian days, do not have a chance to hear three of Rossini's, Bellini's, or Donizetti's operas a year, that the best way for young people to acquire a good style is to attend these operas as often as possible. "La Sonnambula," he declares, is "the most beautiful by far of all lyric- dramas," which it would be as foolish to eu- logize as Shakspere. Its popularity, he says — and here he transgresses the rules of morali- ty— "is greater than that of any other lyric composition," and "the greatest singers never fail to make choice of it when they are anxious to produce an extraordinary sensation." Fortunately, not all of Dr. Phip- son's book is as antediluvian and unreliable as these specimens. He writes entertaining- ly, though naively, of a multitude of mat- ters of interest to violin-players particu- larly, for he is the author of a book on 'Fa- mous Violinists and Fine Violins'; indeed, the present volume contains, chiefly, epi- sodes and reminiscences for which he had not space in that book. Of the jokes inter- spersed, the best is Rossini's remark to a violinist who persisted in playing F sharp instead of F: "I should prefer to hear the P there, my friend. Your F sharp, it is true, is also very beautiful, and no doubt we can find a place for it elsewhere in the opera." Excavations at Jerusalem, t894-'97. By Fre- derick Jones Bliss, Ph.D. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dr. Bliss's scientific work at Tell el-Hcsy, and his admirable publication of the results of that work, under the title, 'A Mound of Many Cities,' rendered it morally certain that he would make the most possible out of the dry and unpromising material at his disposal in excavating for the south wall of the city of Jerusalem. That was practically the work of these three years— to trace the old wall or rather walls of Jerusalem from the Protes- tant Cemetery, south of the southwestern extremity of the city, around almost to the Haram enclosure at the southeastern corner. It was a laborious and uninteresting task, pursued with scientific conscientiousness. Beyond a wall and its towers, a couple of streets, aqueducts, and sewers, the Pool of Siloam, a church or two, and some rock- cut chambers, it may be said that nothing was found. There was no statuary, practi- cally no inscribed objects, and of pottery and tools very little. It is amazing with what success out of this barren-seeming material Dr. Bliss has contrived to re- construct the southern walls of the city and to trace their history through many destructions, reconstructions, and changes of position. By careful comparison of historical notices of the walls and their vicissitudes with the remains found in Situ, he has been able to fix period after period, beginning with the prehistoric Jebu- site city and its rock-cut dwellings, and to determine the position of the walls and the limits of the city southward in each of these periods so conclusively that it will probably never be necessary to do the work again. Incidentally, and in a most modest and civil manner, he has upset not a few pet theories. Thus, in regard to the determination of date by masonry, he shows that backsetting, which had been considered an indication of very high antiquity, is actually found in somt of the late Turkish work; that while "boss and margin work may have been used in ear- ly Jewish times," they were certainly used in "Roman times and afterwards"; that "comb-pick margin with pick-centred dress- ing was certainly used contemporarily with the boss and margin, and may have been used before," etc. His conclusion is that "dressing is an indication; combined with particulars of setting or joining, its evidence becomes most valuable; but unless backed by some such auxiliary as inscriptions, pot- tery, or the like, simple masonry is a frail basis on which to found archaeological de- ductions in Jerusalem." It was probably necessary that this par- ticular work of excavation should be done at some time, and yet whoever reads the book and sees how much money and labor have been spent here for very small returns, while much more important ones might have been obtained elsewhere in the way of in- scriptions, pottery remains, and other objects capable of throwing light on the early life and history of Palestine, cannot but feel a sense of disappointment and regret. But Dr. Bliss is not to blame because the Palestine Exploration Fund decided to devote itself to determining the exact boundaries of Je- rusalem on the southward at different pe- riods of its history, and he certainly ac- complished the work assigned him, both in excavating and in interpreting and publish- ing his results, in an exemplary manner. It is, nevertheless, a pity that the Fund did not choose a site more interesting and a work of larger scope. One criticism on Dr. Bliss's excavations has been made, and apparently justly, by Clermont-Ganneau, namely, that he failed to search in the most probable locality for the ancient tombs of the kings. The dis- covery of those tombs would have been so vastly more important than anything actually accomplished that one cannot but criticise Dr. Bliss for not having devoted more time and effort to the search. What he did in that direction was insignificant, and he did

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May Sqq] The nSTation. 403 not excavate at all at the spot which such an archaeologist as Clermont-Ganneau had suggested as the most likely one. The maps and drawings executed by Mr. Dickie, Dr. Bliss's companion in the excava- tions, are numerous and illustrate admir- ably the work done. The Gambling World. By Rouge et Noir. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1898. 8vo, pp. 373. The History of Gamblimj in England. By John Ash ton. London: Duckworth & Co.; Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. 1899. 8vo, pp. 286. Good for their kind are the several chap- ters of 'The Gambling World,' and that on the London Stock Exchange may even bring some persons to their senses. But, at the best, books that, without being works of art, have no higher aim than to amuse, al- most regardless of the exact truth, are dreary things, especially when they address them- selves to a class of readers who are not fond of reading. "Rouge et Noir" may imagine that he aims to instruct; and indeed he de- clares that gamblers are morally certain to lose in the long run. But when an author stuffs a volume with stories that verge on the incredible, without vouchsafing any au- thority whatever — not even his own name — the reader is driven to judge of his serious- ness by such of his statements as he is him- self in a situation to test. Now, exclusive of facts that might be culled from any good encyclopaedia and of facts that have been thoroughly ventilated in the newspapers, we have found other assertions here so fre- quently erroneous as to indicate a very jaun- ty attitude towards accuracy. The number 1,592,814,947,068,800 is given as "the number of combinations possible by the distribution of fifty-two cards." That it is not the num- ber of arrangements of a full pack any person acquainted with probabilities will in- stantly see, from the short row of figures and because that number ends with twelve zeros. In order to find out whether it is the true answer to any problem, we have separated it into its factors, and can testify that it is the scrupulously exact number of distribu- tions of a piquet pack among the two hands and the two parts of the talon; but it has nothing to do with fifty-two cards. The innate simplicity of the gamester ap- pears in the statement that Government lot- teries and great gambling casinos are honest- ly conducted. Will any man of sound judg- ment who knows how affairs connected with Government go on in Spain and Italy, hold their lotteries to be materially more trust- worthy than if Croker or Quay or Piatt ma- naged them? Or will any expert in legerde- main say that it is impossible by a combina- tion of interests to secure the drawings of predetermined numbers? As for keepers of roulettes, they are not intelligent enough to be honest; for they have themselves risen from the ranks of gamesters, and no game- sters are sound reasoners. A private gen- tleman who ordered a roulette from a house in New York whose business it is to make such things, found that, without special di- rections to the contrary, it would be furnish- ed, as a matter of course, with a contrivance for correcting the luck. A man who was, and had for many years been, employed in a well-known gambling-house near Madison Square, confessed that in all his experience he had never known a player to carry away ?200 of winnings. The limit which is every- where put upon the martingale shows the stupidity of the management. A compara- tively low limit upon initial bets may be set down to extreme conservative caution, if this seems compatible with the gambler's nature. But a limit upon the continuation of martin- gales is simply ridiculous, since the bank is perfectly secured against any heavy loss, and the higher the martingale is pressed the greater the proportionate winning of the bank. At an ordinary roulette-table with a double zero, against a player whose fortune is 1,023 times his initial bet, and who doubles his bet whenever he loses, the bank wins 411 francs for every 613 francs risked: while if the player's fortune is 1,048,575 times his ini- tial bet, the bank will in the long run make a profit of 672,676 francs on every 375,900 francs risked. The banker ought, therefore, to encourage martingales as much as possi- ble; for at ordinary betting the bank's profits amount only to one franc on every eighteen risked. Yet even if the player bets the same amount every time on a simple chance, which is his most advantageous course if he will play, it is unlikely that he will ever be able to net a gain of seven times that amount, though he have the fortune of Rothschild at his back. Even if there is but a single zero, he is not likely ever to net a gain of thir- teen times his bet; so that should he lose thirteen times his bet, he had better give up all hope of regaining it. The most advantageous course of all is not to play at all, and the next to that is to make but a single bet. Thus, for every hun- dred players who should each make a single bet of 100 francs on a color at single zero roulette, 48.65 would gain 4,865 francs in all, while 51.35 would lose 5,135 francs. If, how- ever, each player were to make one-franc bets until he had either won 12 francs or lost 100 francs, 52.15 players would win their 12 francs, making 626 francs, while 47.85 would lose their hundred francs, putting 4,785 francs to the other side of the account. We need hardly say that "Rouge et Noir" falls into most of the usual pitfalls which the doctrine of chances has prepared for those who have but a slight acquaintance with it. The book is very prettily got up, and does not weigh a kilo, which ought to be the limit for a book to be read continuously. Mr. Ashton's 'History of Gambling in Eng- land' is a beautifully printed volume and a work of sufficient research. Of its host of anecdotes, almost all are supported by con- temporary testimony and the majority by good testimony. This is the only branch of history that is in an entirely satisfactory condition or about which we know all that a reasonable curiosity could, for the present, desire to know. But there is no other so blank for those who seek in history some consolatory or elevating aspects of human nature. Of the two classes that walk its stage, the sharpers are engaged in a business a good deal like other sorts of business in which great fortunes are amassed, and some readers may accord them some measure of esteem for not founding hospitals and uni- versities or otherwise advertising their com- passionate hearts. But there can be no doubt they would do so if it could in any way fur- ther their interests. They are really as un- estimable and uninteresting a class of bank- ers as can be found. On the other hand, the pigeon is a simpleton so intent upon gaining some inequitable advantage that his small stock of good sense completely deserts him — a creature who seems put into the world by a beneficent Providence in order to serve as prey for business men, without of- fering any handle for benevolent regard. The book will divert us all with its pic- tures of the manners and morals of worlds not too remote from our own, and by con- trast brings into view the greater self-con- trol to which modern conditions of middle- class life are training men. One regrets that the history should break off at the year 1845; but Mr. Ashton has rightly judged that it would be "inexpedient to give any modern instances." It would, indeed, be exceedingly inconvenient to publish an unvarnished pic- ture of life in a high gambling circle. The Daicn of Reason, or Mental Traits in the Lower Animals. By James Weir, jr., M.D. Macmillan. 1899. 12mo, pp. xiv, 234. This is a modest little book which will in- terest many persons besides professional na- turalists, and may instruct some of the lat- ter. The title raised in our mind some vague fears that we might find physiology and psychology mixed up inexpertly with meta- physics; but we see in the writer a close ob- server, who takes his stand on firm ground, and goes into the objective world of animals for his facts. The "lower animals" are all animals except man; but how "low" some of them are in the scale of organization is fully appreciated by few persons. Insects and worms are lowly creatures in comparison with man, but vastly complex organisms in view of such animated simplicities as infusorians or pro- tozoans. Mind is regarded by Dr. Weir as a resultant of nerve action, or neuroplasmic action, "through which and by which animal life in all its phases is consciously and un- consciously, directly and indirectly, main- tained, sustained, governed, and directed" (p. 1). No one denies an amceba the sense of touch at least, and it would be rash to deny this animalcule a kind of conscious volition, as in the choice of food. If we accept Dr. Coues's definition of nerve in the widest sense as "a line of least resistance to molecu- lar motion in any organism," an amceba has some sort of a nervous system, apparently what Dr. Wei.- calls neuroplasmic, and thus a mind. True nerve tissue is demonstrable in all metazoa, from ccelenterates upward, and the author is inclined to believe that it is present in some animals below the hydro- zoans, having verified H. James Clark's ob- servations ('Mind in Nature,' p. 64) regard- ing the protozoan Stentor polyphemus, and seen "unquestionable acts of conscious de- termination" on the part of this little creature (p. 41). However the case may be in the border land of nascent nerve, no doubt of mind enters the regions, however lowly, where a nervous system, however simple, is an accomplished fact; and Dr. Weir's book proceeds to explore this whole region to dis- cover, if possible, what sort of minds are possessed and utilized by animals lower than man. This distinctly raises the question of in- stinct versus reason, and Dr. Weir's strongly supported contention is, that the two facul- ties differ only in degree, not in kind. We say strongly supported, for the author ad- duces an array of facts, derived from actual observation, which are alike indisputable and astonishing. Just possibly, here and theie, he reads into the actions of some in- sect or other humble fellow-creature some- thing that such an animal never thought of and could not understand; but the evidences

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404r The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1769 of dawning reason are clearly, concisely, and forcibly presented, so that the reader may evaluate them for himself. The chapter on the senses in jellyfishes, mollusks, insects, etc., gives some curious facts not generally known. "Conscious determination" is de- fined, its evolution from sensory impressions illustrated, and it is attributed even to pro- tozoans. Memory is discussed under four heads of recollection cf locality, of friends, of strangers or enemies, and of events; it is attributed to almost all animals. The emo- tions are as recognizable and identifiable in insects as in monkeys or men. A chapter on aestheticism shows us spiders susceptible to music, and many another curious case of like significance. Reason itself is discussed in connection with insects. Once more, our lowly fellow-beings have some faculties we have lost, such as one which Dr. Weir rather queerly calls "tinctumutation," or the fa- culty of adapting one's coloration to sur- roundings, like the chameleon; and another term he seems to have coined is "letisimula- tion," or the feigning of death, which he finds not confined to well-known casas, but extending even to rhizopods. The homing sense is another faculty but feebly retained by man, few individuals being able to orient themselves satisfactorily. The author's main conclusion may be stated in his own words (p. 215): "Judging wholly from the evidence, I think thin it can be safely asserted and successful- ly maintained that mind in the lower animals is the same in kind as in man; that, though instinct undoubtedly controls and directs many of the psychical and physical manifes- tations which are to be observed in the iower animals, intelligent ratiocination also per- forms an important role in the drama of their lives." We advise those who may differ with Dr. Weir in this conclusion to read his book carefully; and we are sure that any one who cares to recognize our "poor relations" will be interested in the stories Dr. Weir tells in support of his views, whether they agree with him or not. He writes iii ad- mirable temper, and his writing is extremely suggestive. .1 Short History of thr Saracens. By Ameer AH. Macmillan. 1899. Pp. xix, 627. Nowadays we hear much of the other sides of things, and many very queer other sides are asserting themselves. The patient East is shaking off its lethargy and deep disdain, and the supposedly self-righteous West is becoming introspective and developing a con- science. The Oriental Congresses have brought to us apologies written by reverend Muslim Shaykhs— some of them amusing enough— for Islam and its institutions. Mr. Kipling's "demnition products" of the edu- cational system of the English government in India are learning that there are people in the West eager to hear any new thing and ready to pay for it. Not long ago we were told by Prof. Arnold in several hundred pages that Islam was a religion relying on peaceful missionaries, and that it had spread by their efforts only. Now "Syed" Ameer Ali, M.A., CLE., Judge of her Majesty's High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, has written 'A Short History of the Saracens' to eulogize the conquests, civili- zation, and science of the Arabs. His book is most curious and interesting; but as a scientific contribution to history it is worth- less. Regarded even as a popular compila- tion, it is misleading to a dangerous degree. The "Syed" holds a brief for the Arabs, and he easily outdoes in partisanship the early European books on Muslim history— which is saying a good deal. He has read Dozy, Von Kremer, and others of the modern school who strive after facts and objectivity, but they have had slight influence on his methods. Indeed, his naive onesidedness af- fords a curious commentary on the success of European education as applied to the Oriental mind. A very few examples -will suffice: 'All did his best to protect ' Uthman against his as- sassins; the constitution of 'Umar was based on solicitude for agriculture; the Mu'tazilite Test Act of al-Ma'mun and its consequences for Ahmad ibn Hanbal are passed over; the Fatimids were certainly descended from 'All; it was only the Tartar invasion which pre- vented the ultimate success of Rationalism in Islam; all the science and civilization of Islam is Arabian (yet the great majority of its scientific men were not of Arab blood) ; if the Saracen conquest had included Europe, civilization would have appeared there eight centuries earlier than it did. These are some- what dubious propositions to set before the English-reading pcpulation of India, for which the book is principally intended. Eu- ropean readers will take them at more nearly their true value. Nevertheless, to the stu- dent of the East, the book is exceedingly interesting. It is not only an apology for Islam; it is an apology also for the House of Muhammad. The author is a "Syed," a de- scendant of Muhammad, and thus a Shilte; and that dictates his attitude throughout. The twelve "Apostolical Imams" were saints and philosophers and the true lights of their times. This is all in most curious contrast with the views reached by modern European historians. To them the greatest influence for evil in Muslim history lay in the unend- ing endless revolts got up by the 'Alids or by others in their name. This spirit, then, is the real kernel of the book, and the only thing that gives it a claim to any notice. But if we are to have a defence of the House of Muhammad, under the guise of a history of Islam, why should the thing not go further? Will not some educated descendant of the old Kharijitee in the M/.aii or In Oman hurl back the asper- sions of the "Syed," and write for us a his- tory from the point of view of the Puritans and Republicans of the Muslim world? We would listen to such a one gladly. Then we might also hear from some member of the community descended from the Assassins, which still survives in India. A history writ- ten from their point of view could not fail to be interesting; the history of the Assas- sins generally is still very imperfectly known, and perhaps they could be white- washed. All this would afford, at the least, lively reading. But it may be that after all the European historians are on a better path. The Redemption of Africa: A Story of Civili- zation. With maps, statistical tables, and select bibliography of the literature of African missions. By Frederic Perry Noble. In two volumes. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1899. Portraits. Pp. xxv, 856, 8vo. The debt which the Christian world owes to Africa is incalculable by any human me- thods of computation. It is a debt incurred by centuries of the slave-trade and the liquor traffic, and is still added to daily by the greed of the European nations and of multi- tudes of traders for territory and for gold Is the Christian world which owes so much also of its material wealth and well-being to the negro doing anything to pay off its indebtedness? An answer can be found in this volume with its hopeful title. Mr. Noble has here brought together, in a com- pact form, the material facts in regard to modern missions in that continent, so that his work is at once a chronological history and an encyclopaedia. In introducing his main theme, he describes the influence of Africa on the ancient world, and gives a brief sketch of the early and media;val Chris- tian history of North Africa, and of the ad- vent and progress of Mohammedanism. Then follows a condensed account, bristling with statistics, dates, names, and incidents, of modern missions, grouped, not according to nationality, "but by kinship in creed or polity." Separate chapters are devoted to the missions of Anglicans, Baptists, Congre- gationalists, Lutherans, Methodists, Presby- terians, Roman Catholics, Moravians, and undenominational societies. Our author sums up the entire work in the following state- ment: "Over two hundred agencies are carrying on African missions; neither China nor India, though each have a vaster population, re- ceiving more attention. Some of these or- ganizations work only in one quarter of Africa, but most of them in two and a few in all. Their forces consist of twenty-five hundred Protestant missionaries, including ordained ministers, laymen, wives, and other women, with ten thousand native helpers; and of seven hundred and fifty Romish priests, with a number of other papal mis- sioners whose statistics are not given." In addition to these particulars we are told briefly of the work among negroes in the United States, and have enumerated the principal obstacles (especially from climate and disease) with which the missionary must contend. The founding of a station is illustrated by Mackay's experience in Ugan- da, and there are graphic pen portraits of representative men, such as Robert Moffat and Cardinal Lavigerie, and devoted women like Mary Livingstone. Not the least valuable part of Mr. Noble's work — evidently a true labor of love — is the appendixes, containing educational, literary, medical, philanthropic, and cultural statis- tics. Among the most cheering of these are the lists of versions of the Scriptures in more than a hundred African languages and dialects, and of the one hundred and thirteen industrial schools in all parts of the con- tinent, in addition to the still more nume- rous colleges and training-schools. There can be no question of the author's painstak- ing and untiring efforts to obtain accurate information, and, so far as it has been pos- sible to verify his statements, we have done so without finding him in error. We do not always agree with his conclusions, as, for instance, in the encouragement which he derives from Abyssinian Christianity. He takes, in our opinion, a too roseate view of the condition of the Uganda church, and is too confident of the speedy downfall of Mo- hammedanism, as indeed in regard to the civilization of all Africa. We fear that evil days are yet in store for the black continent at the hands of Christian peoples. With Mr. Noble's criticisms of Roman Catholic me- thods, especially as illustrated by the mis- sion to Uganda, we heartily agree. The spelling of African proper names in this book — the scientific accuracy of which

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May 25, 1899] The Nation 4=05 we do not question — is simply irritating and confusing to one accustomed to the popular spelling. Who would recognize, for instance, Bechuana under Chwana, especially without any cross-reference in the index, or Hotten- tot under Khoi-Khoin? It is unwise also to use the coined word Ibea to designate Bri- tish East Africa, as the chartered company from which the word is derived ceased to ex- ist several years ago. There are some useful indexes; maps showing political, religious, and linguistic divisions, the mission stations, and the distribution of disease; portraits of noted workers, and a few illustrations of native life and of the industrial school at Lovedale. Outlines of Industrial Chemistry. By Frank Hall Thorp. Macmillan Co. 1898. 8vo, pp. 541. Dr. Thorp is instructor in the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology— a fact which we mention to avoid confusion with other Thorps and Thorpes in the chemical world. A treatise on industrial chemistry in a single volume, and that by no means a huge one, for it would contain only about 250,000 words If its pages were filled with solid text, is clearly not a book for general readers, and yet cannot contain as much as every chemist, whatever his specialty, ought to know about this branch of the science. It may, however, be as much as it is judicious to require as a condition of graduation. It is not a hand- book, but a text-book, of a subject the whole soul of which resides in its details. Evident- ly, great judgment is needed to draw up such a survey usefully. The volume is equally divided between in- organic and organic industries, with about two dozen chapters under each head. What shall we demand in such a volume? That serious flaws could not be picked would be too much to expect. It is rare to find a manual of a single industry of which that can be said. That it should explain the ge- neral principles upon which the economy of each industry depends, if not showing where the shoe most pinches, would be highly de- sirable. But these general principles are of- ten the last thing that long experience in a particular branch discloses. If we will con- tent ourselves with a general picture of the present state of the externals of industrial chemistry — with what is done, not with why it is done — especially in this country, so much Mr. Thorp has undoubtedly been very suc- cessful in presenting, though we will not say that he is not a year or two behind the times here and there. If such a vast subject as that of pigments has to be compressed into 25 pages, fermentation into 33, bleaching into 11, artificial dyestuffs (the mere list of which would fill the volume) into 9, the chlorine industry into 18, soda into 24, sulphuric acid into 14, we must not expect much more. Let us look out in the index some subject that is neither large nor very small, say charcoal. We find two lines about its use as a pigment on p. 214, and the only other refer- ence is to p. 26, where less than a page is given to the subject. There is nothing about the use of different kinds of wood, nothing about the economical effects of carrying the process further or not so far, and the space is mostly devoted to the barbarous charcoal pits, which certainly no intelligent chemist would em- ploy. There is a reference to p. 257, where we find about seven pages devoted to the destructive distillation of wood. But this and charcoal -burning are, or ought to be, all one industry. At the end we find references I to half-a-dozen manuals (which are not bad., if the student does not content himself with what they contain) and to a few memoirs, not the leading or classical ones. Industries which are more scientifically carried on in this country are certainly better treated. The book will answer its purpose very well. anthologies. The Sbakspcre Ant !i. .i.,^y . 'I in' Milii.n An 1 ii'il'.'_'v Tin- JoiiNon Anthology. Oxford: University I'ross; New York: Henry Prowde. Burt, Mary E . and I lable Story IN ml;. Scnlineis, Campbell-Praed, Mrs. Mai Story. Appletons. $3. i 11 l".i f Linden. A It" John Li 11 1 BO ('In >p in. K in,- 'I'll,- Awakening. Chicago: Stone & Co, \ tin. Oliver Iverson. lone Co. Luey i,. -| be 1 able me Izun. A Tourist Shein. A Story of the Captivity. F '!'. Neely. I "riirlniiiii. Iir. II. A. The College Warden. Whit taker. $1. "orguson, W. S. The Athenian Arehons of the 1 1 ornell Studies in Third anil Second Centuries I slcal Philology.] Macmillan. The Story of Nuroninorg. don: Dent; New York: Macmillan. $1.50. Headlam Cecil. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Appleton, Amelia. That Other Woman. F. T. Neely. Arnold, Matthew. Soli rub and Rustum. and Other Poems. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 15c. A/.urara, Gomes Eannes de. The Chronicle of tin- Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. Vol. II. London: Hakluyt Society. Hanks, Uev. L. A. My Young Man. Funk & Wag- nails Co. 75c. Old Cambridge. Macmillan the Jewish Peo ory of Nuronilx-rg. Lon Higginson, T $1.25. Hirseli, S. Ii. The Nineteen Letters of Hen Uriel funk \ W.i.-, i. ills i'.i $1 Holmes, Kdlnond. The Silence of Love. John Lane $1.26. .lames. Henry. The Awkward Age. Harpers $1.50. Jenkins, II. M. The Family of William Peun Philadelphia: The Author. Jones. Augustine. The Life and Work of Thomas Dudley, Second Governor of Massachusetts ton: Hoiight. hi. Mi 111 in & Co. $5. A History of pie. Scriluiers. $1.25. Lawrence, |-'. yv. Local Variations In Wages Longmans, Green & Co. Lee, J. W. The Making of a Man. New ed ]'. II. lievell Co. $1.25. .1. Idols, John Lane. $1.50. Mullock. W. H. Tristram Lacy; or, The Indi viduulist. Macmillan. $1.50. Maupassant. Guv de. Pierre and Jean. Trans- lated by Hugh Craig. Brentanos. $1.25. Mel.uuirlilin. Prof. A. C. A History of the Ameri can Nation. Appletons. Merrinian. II. S. Dross. Chicago: H. S. Stone ,v Co. Moses. Prof. A. J. The Characters of Crystals. I). Van Nostrand Co. $2. Myers. Lev. Cortland. Why Men do not Go to Church. Funk & Wagnalls Co. (50c. Ni id linger. C. F. Masques and Mummers. Essays mi the Theatre. New York: He Witt Publishing Peters. Rev. M. C. Justice to the Jew. F. T. Neely. Rostand, Edmond. Cyrano de Bergerac. Translated I'roui ike French. F. A. Stokes Co. Sunders. Prof. F. K., and Kent, Prof. C. F. The Messages of the Earlier Prophets. 2d ed. Scriluiers. $1.25. Shakspcre, \y. Julius Ciesar. Cassell & Co. Shipuian, Louis E. D'Arov of the Guards. Chi- cago: II. S. Stone & Co. The Annual Cyclopaedia. 18U8. Appletons. The Solitary Summer. Macmillan. $1.50. Thompson, Helen S. Windy Creek. Scriluiers $1.25. Trumbull, H. C. Border Lines in the Field of Doubtful Practices. F. H. Revell Oo. $1. Viallate, Achille. J. Chamberlain. Paris: Felix A lean. Vivian. T. J., and Smith. R. P. Everything about Our New Possessions. It. F. Feimo & Co. 60c. Waterloo, Stanley. The Launching of a Man. Rand, M< Nally & Co. $1.25. " If one had to restrict his musical library to a single volume, we doubt if he could do better than select this work." — The Dial. " One of the most important books on music that have ever been published." — W. ]. Hender- son, Musical Critic of the New York Times. MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. By Albert Lavignac, edited by H. E. Krbhbiel. With numerous illustrations. 8vo, $3.00. (De- scriptive circular free.) , HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. By Ernest Renan. HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL, S Vols. THE FUTURE OF SCIENCE, 1 Vol. LIFE OF JESUS, l Vol. THE APOSTLES, i Vol. ANTICHRIST, i Vol. Price, $2.'i0 per volume. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. fUST PUBLISHED. Selections from the Sources of English History. Being Supplement to Text-books of English History, B.C. 55-A.D. 1832. Arranged and Edited by Charles W. Colbt, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of History in McGill University. Crown 8vo, |1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., New York. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. For class use or private students of history. French Revolution Volume, $1.25. Including 5 Numbers, aggregating 163 pages. Circulars ) D. C. MUNRO, on application. \ Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philada., Pa. Ready June 1. "Mary Cameron:" A ROMANCE OF FISHERMAN'S ISLAND. About 360 pages, illustrated and attractively bound in cloth. A new novel, " bright, entertaining, good. For sale by all booksellers, or sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, $1%00. BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO., Publishers, Boston. New Novel by the author of " Derelicts." Idols. *y W. J. LOCKE. Crown 8vo. $1.50. A new volume of poems. THE WIND AriONQ THE REEDS BY W. B. YEATS. $1.25. JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Ave., N.Y. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. ORANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. GRANT. Before buying hooks, write for quotations. An assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices scut for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 2:! W. 42d St.. - - NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. $2.00. " As a piece of historical biography It Is a noble success."— Am. Historical Review. HOUQHTON, MIFFLIN &. CO.

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4=OG The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1769 1 New Books. fVassar Studies I By JULIA A. SCHWARTZ, A.M. % With U Illustrations. J2mo, $1.25. x Miss Schwartz's collection of stu- |k dies has been planned to reproduce, by if$ means of emphasizing in each paper # a characteristic element or quality of W ® student life, a faithful impression of || T the spirit and the personality of mo- 3K ^ dern Vassar. The author states her ^ taim thus: "To embody in literary ^ form for the alumna? memories and # ^ impressions of their college days, and W % to present before the public a truth- W i ful picture of the life in such a com- m ^ munity." She has treated of character ^>^^> $ v^an6iavie CAJv^o. Ladies' Furnishings. Cotton Underwear. Paris Made Batiste Night Robes, Lace and Embroidered Jupons, Corset Covers. Imported Golf Petticoats. Dotted Swiss Matinees, Fancy Mull Wrappers, Allover Embroidered Shirt Waists. Jotoadwoiii c& \ 9t& ot. Swiftest, Strongest Saves Most and Lasts Longest m emington Standard Typewriter WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. Old Books, Rare Books, Choice Books, Quaint Books, Typography, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. " FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOQUE, pronounced to be the most original anil interesting list issued, SWpages, 8vo, with 3711 lr pt l\ and clieanlv. I Is <mr specialty. \\ ,. , ,..,, ,,, , ,L, ,„„ h,„,ks „-,. Mi ml Id v I. nil. i in of all tin- pulilishers' new, notcw ,,i I In and popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. DOOA'S, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, LJ Standard and Rare. Hooks bought. Catalogue Issued. E. W. Johnso.v, 2 E 42d St., N. f . The Commercial Directory of the World. 1797. - io2d Year. - 1899. (ANNUAIRE DU COMMERCE DIDOT-BOTTIN). Published by the DIDOT=BOTTIN CO., Ltd., of Paris. Paid-up Capital, 7, 5 00, 000 francs. N. Y. OFFICE, - ■ 81 TIMES BUILDING. rcnl.iMim is guaranteed larger than any ten other imminent place it is to occupy at the Paris Expo- if I in 111 will make it the Ik-si advertising medium world. and DEALERS throughout the world can be obtained J. CHENARD, den. Agent and Manager for the U. S. and North America, 81 Times Building, New York City. GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL -AND SPECIALLY USEFUL DURING THE SUMMER -PRESENT FOR A LADY, 17-70, WILL FIND THE BETHLEHEM * * SHOULDER-SHAWL ,1 nn.st appropriate and stylish Birthday or Wed- ding ("lift. Tliey are entirely handwoven (about 40 inches square, with ti-iuc-h fringe) at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and silk — warp silk and woof wool— in rich light green, deli- cate pink, recherche red, pure white, or black color. When ordering, state color wanted. (Appetizing Moravian Sugar Cake— German Kaffee Kitchen— recipe sent with every shawl; or recipe alone for stamp.) Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7. so- check, draft, or money order— to The Susacuac Weaving Co. 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale '»// ofl boofcsi Hers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1 American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York.

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The JN atK>n VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1770. THURSDAY, JUNE i, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. THE North American Review EDITED BY GEORGE B. M. HARVEY June, 1899, Now Ready Condition and Prospects of the Treasury, LYMAN J. GAGE, Secretary of the United Stales Treasury . MAX NORDAU WILLIAM J. BRYAN . HENRY C. IDE, Formerly Chief Justice of Samoa Commercial Education, The Rt. Hon. JAMES BRYCE, M.P. Israel Among the Nations, Jeffersonian Principles, The Imbroglio in Samoa, The Industrial Commiss:on, The Reverses of Britomar S. N. D. NORTH, A Member of the Commission . EDMUND GOSSE Taxation of Public Franchises, State Senator JOHN FORD, Author of the Franchise-Tax Bill The Outlook for Carlism, The Hon. JAMES ROCHE, M.P. The War with Spain— II., Major-Gen. NELSON A. MILES, Commanding the United States Army Present Aspects of the Dreyfus Case, JOStPH REINACH The Peace Conference: Ls Possible Practical Results, A DIPLOMATIST AT THE HAGUE PRESS COMMENTS With the May number George B. M. Harvey assumes editorial charge of The North American Review. The issue gives evidence that this veteran monthly does not propose to rest upon past achieve- ments, but has plans for the future which will more than ever make it a representative American publication. The number of pages has been increased and there are certain other evidences of energy and push in the management.— Brooklyn Eagle. It may quite safely and certainly be said that such an aggrega- tion of articles that are "striking," whether by their intrinsical impor- tance, by the standing of the writers with reference to their subjects, or by their timeliness, has very seldom been brought together in an American magazine, — New York Times. The May number of The North American Review contains many articles of unusual interest to Englishmen. The contribution by Lord Charles Beresford on "China and the Powers" is certain to attract above all others public attention in this country.— London Times. Not only is the list of contributors to the May number a notable one, but the topics discussed are important and timely. Here is a pulpit worth entering for the important men of our time.— Spring- field Republican. A special interest attaches to The North American Review for May, as being the first issue of that magazine under the management of its new editor, and the diversity and interest of its contents pro- mise well for the future. — New York Commercial Advertiser. Seldom, if ever, has a more varied and attractive table of con- tents been offered the readers of The North American Review than that contained in the number for May. The contents illustrates the purpose of the new editor to conduct The Review on the lines of its highest and best traditions.— Jersey City News. The May North American Review shows the "new blood" in vigorous quality and abounding quantity. The corps of writers is one of remarkable strength, and places the North American Review at the very first in the front rank of the monthlies which devote their attention to the serious and significant things of life. — Brooklyn Standard- Union. The North American Review for May comes out under the direction of a new editor, who, in this first number, demonstrates his knowledge of what constitutes work worthy of a magazine with the Review's reputation. — Troy Record. One glance at the list of contributors to The North American Review for May is sufficient to convince the reader that this is an ex- traordinary number of a high- class periodical.— Chicago Times- Herald. Single Number, 50c Published Monthly. Per Annum, $5.00. FOR SALE ON ALL NEWS STANDS No. 1 1 Warren Street, New York.

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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics. Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. \ Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 407 Editorial Articles: Arbitratinn and Disarmament 410 Civilization vs. Barbarism , 410 A Gold Currency 411 More Anti-Trust Laws 412 Special Correspondence: The Archaeological Institute of America 413 The Merit System in the British Colonies 414 Correspondence: "Piazza" 416 Notes 416 Book Reviews: Hale's Lowell 420 More Fiction 421 ( Vsaresco's Cavour 422 The Philippines 423 The Alcestis of Euripides 424 The Letters of Thomas Carlyle to his Young- est Sister 424 The History of Yiddish Literature in the Nineteenth Century 425 Francis Turner Palgrave 426 A Prisoner of France 426 Books of the Week 426 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. The date when the subscription expires is on the Address-Label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent dale becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber, unless made by registered letter, or by check, expiress order, or Postal Order, payable to "Publisher of the Na- tion." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 79/,, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion, 14 tines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page or top of column. Cuts are not inserted on the first page. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $2U. A page, $60 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Time— 4 Insertions 5 per cent, 8 " .10 " 1 : • T~ 52 " .'.'.'.' 25 AMOUNT— $100 within a year 10 percent. 250 " « 12u « 500 " " .; it™ « 750 •• ■• ::::::: 20 « 1,000 " " 25 1.500 " " ho •' 2.000 •• " :.:::33^ » Tlie NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens, 7 Trafalgar Square, Ame- rican Newspaper Agency, 15 King William Street, Strand, W. C. London agent for advertisements, H. A. Delille, Langham Hotel. Educational. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin St. 'pjffE MISSES HEBB'S J. Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for College. District of Columbia (Chevy Chase P. O., Md.). r*HEVY CHASE K^ French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Washington. French the language of the house. Mile. L. M. Bouligny, Principal. Miss C. Pettigrew, Assist. I'lin. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin Si . PfDGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y ^lissE. D. Huntley. Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsvllle. OT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- O opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads of School, Miss M. C. Carter, Miss S. R. Carter. B Massachusetts, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Boston, Cfi Marlborough St. CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Boarding and Dav School. Certificate accepted bv Smith, Vassar, and Welleslev. S. Alice Brown and Amelia L. Owen, Principals. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. "PHE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. -I Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts. Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL —Prepares 1 for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. Elementary classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (MIT > Massachusetts, East Hampton. J/f/ILLISTON SEMINARY Prepares V V boys for any college or scientific school. Library. Physical, chemical, biological laboratories; gymnasium etc. New athletic field with 14-mile track. Opens Sep- tember, 1899. Joseph H. Sawyer, M.A., Principal. D New York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOK'S SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 P. M. Mi New York, TTtlca. RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. Ohio, Cincinnati. ft/flSS ARMSTRONG'S SCHOOL FOR 1 VI Girls, Llddesdale Place, Avondale. Family limit- ed. Circulars sent on application. Rhode Island, Providence. rpRIENDS SCHOOL 1 FOR BOTH SEXES. Founded In 1784. Excellent home. Students from 18 States. All denominations Thorough work In English, Science, Classics, Music, and Art- Address Augustine Jones, LL.B. ftjfISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1 M school for Girls. Established in Isi's, circulars cut application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., P i„ I'a. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, MASS. 24th Year Opens October 2, 1899. Instructors— F. C. TARBELL, F. C. BENSON PHILIP HALE, Drawing and Painting; B. L PRATT, Modelling; Mrs. WM. STONE? Decora- tlve Design; E. W. EMERSON, Anatomy; A. K. CROSS, Perspective. Free use of Museum Galle- ries. Paige Foreign Scholarship for Men and Wo men. Helen Hamblen Scholarship. Ten Free Scholarships. Six prizes in money. For circulars and terms address Miss ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home In the '•Admiral IVi,.*,,, iim.se" JAMES 1>K Ni,,],„„a -neii'm both General and College-Preparatory Courses Fine, fireproof stone budding. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary Educational. HARVARD UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR ADMISSION Will be held in New York, in the Lecture-Room of the Y. M. C. A. Building, 23d St., cor. 4th Ave., June 27, 29, 30, July 1. The terms of admission, fees, ex- penses, and privileges in any or all Departments of the University may be learned from DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLETS which may be hod on application to the Corresponding Secretary, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. RADCLIFFE COLLEGE" CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION And other women who wish to take the Harvard Examinations will be examined in New York at the same time as the candidates for admission to Harvard University. All information with regard to these examinations maybe had on application to the Sec'y of Radcliff 0 College, Cambridge, Mass. Summer Law School, THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH. Opens June 15. On th9 Cumberland Plateau, 2,000 feet above sea-level. Cool and absolutely free from malaria. Full corps of lecturers. Address B. J. Ramage, Dean, Sewanee, Term. HARVARD SUMMER SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY. JULY s-ai, 1890. Courses in Old Testament, Church History, and Theology, by professors in Harvard University and by Professors A. V. G. Allen, W. N. Clarke, A. C. McGifpert, H. G. Mitchell, G. F. Moore, and Pres. W. DeW. Hyde. Fee, $15.00. Circulars on application to R. S. Morison, Sec'y Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, Mass. Clark University SUMMER SCHOOL, WORCESTER, MASS., July 13=26, 1899. Manual Training. FREE COURSES for TEACHERS, fitting for both Grammar and High-School Work at the SLOYD TRAINING SCHOOL, established by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. Time for each course October 1 to June 1. Address GUSTAF LARSSON, Principal, 39 North Bennet St., - - Boston, Mass. HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. Summer Course in Experimental Physiology. For information address The Dean, 688 Boylston St., Boston. Mass. MARTHA'S VINEYARD SUMMER INSTITUTE, Cottage City, Mass. Five hundred students. 40 instructors. 64-page Circular sent free on application to WM. A. MOWRY, Hyde Park, Mass. QU1NCY HANSION SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. " Location indescribably beautiful and hygienic, willi the hay on one side ami park surround- ing It." " Poindings spacious, handsome, and eonve- Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows Will reopen Iheir Hoarding and Day School for Girls at 115 Beacon street, Boston, October 4, 1899. Certificate of Principals admits to Smith and Wcllesley Colleges. Rogers Hall School For Olrls. Certificate admits to College. Apply to Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL, Lowell, Mass.

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June i, 1899] The Nation. 111 Educational. THE ALSTEAD SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY Alstead Centre, New Hampshire Offers instruction in Ornithology, Phanero- gamic Botany, Mycology, Fundamental Bi- ology, and Physiography to men and women who desire to extend their acquaintance with nature hy five weeks of serious study, largely out-of-doors. No previous preparation is re- quired, and there are no examinations; but it is expected that candidates will tie suitably introduced. The session will open on Thurs- day, July sixth. For further particulars address the SEC- RETARY, at MILTON, MASSACHUSETTS, before June fifteenth. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SUMMER MEETING, Oxford, England. Ninth Session will be held at Oxford, July 29-Aug. 28. Tickets for the whole meeting, 17.50. Lectures on the History, Literature, Art, Science, etc., of Period 1837- 1871. Programme from John Nolen, 111 S. 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. FORESTRY SCHOOL, At Biltmore, N. C. For circular and Information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Academy. 12th Session opens July 12. For circulars, address Rev. L. C. liOUX, M.A., or "Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellows Falls, Vt. Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDUCA- Jx Hon and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of three or four children In her own home, training them in the manifold require- ments of modern life and in some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- :ge or first-class college-prcparaton school. Has re- ently studied In Germany. Address Phll. De., care Nation. T IBRARIAN—FOUR YEARS' EX- JUf perience in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. R OUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL , reduced Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, to less than one year by private instruction Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber, Belleville, 111. W\ ANTED.— A POSITION AS SEC- rctary or Companion for the Bummer months, by a young woman with college education. References ex- changed. Address C. H. G., 152? Pine St., Philadelphia. CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 08 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. H^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1505 Pa. \\ o ..Washington. 150 Filth Ave., New York. 4 14 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis 7: out what, they believe to be truth in theology, polities, and social ques- '-'—iof their own supporters. Their object American War they fought against the edged by them to have been in the right. an animated narrative, which the laziest or busiest may read, The news of the current week without missing the life or import of the event; The Spectator contains a list of all Books puhlished during I lie week (not under one shilling in price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly increase its value to booksellers, librarians, literary institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 283 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duaue St., New York; Messrs. Brentano's, Uniou Square, New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 35 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St. , Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for ination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From £dwcf/i/o«, Boston : "A well-made scries. Teach ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and inte resting n KINDERGARTEN supplies at SCHERMERHORN'S, S East 14th St., N. X. Send for new Catalogue. DOOKS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, Old Books, Rare Books, Choice Books, Quaint Books, Typography, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 361 pages, 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Port rails, and Title-pages, post free, lis. t which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W.

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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 t* ******** ***** **** ***}« 1 Dodd,Mead& Company's NEW BOOKS Just Published, By MAX PEMBERTON. The Garden of Swords. By the author of " Kronstadt," etc., etc. Illustrated, I2mo, cloth, $1.50. This story is filled with dramatic and exciting scenes and incidents, and is the strongest work that Mr. Pem- berton has yet done. The heroine is a young English girl who marries a French officer, and the time is in the seventies during the Franco-Prussian war. The story is a record of life un- der tragic and historic circumstances, and the sound and fury of battles form its accompaniment. By PRESIDENT DWIGHT. Thoughts of and for the Inner Life. By Timothy Dwight, D.D., President of Yale University. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. President Dwight has here gathered up a selection from his sermons preach- ed in the college chapel during the long period of his presidency of Yale Uni- versity. It seems fitting that his retire- ment should be signalized by the publi- cation of these discourses, which will have a peculiar interest to the thousands who have graduated from that venera- ble institution during the time of his presidency. AT ALL BOOKSTORES. Dodd,Mead& Company, Publishers, 5th Ave. & 2lst St. NEW YORK. *9 ** ****** ****** ****¥****» H«**«««««*««««««««««« »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»&; By Beatrice Harraden A New and Important Work of Fiction By the Author of "Ships that Passjn theNight" "THE FOWLER." A New Novel by BEATRICE HARRADEN, Author of "Ships that Pass in the Night." Now ready, and for sale everywhere. Cloth, durably bound, 12mo, $1.50. This is the longest novel which Miss Harraden has yet written. It was begun soon after " Ships that Pass in the Night," and she has been engaged upon it ever since. It was supposed that it would be published two years ago, but on account of ill-health and other interruptions she has been unable until now to complete it to her satisfaction. The work which she has done in the meantime has been incidental and altogether subordinate to this, which she regards as by far her most important achievement. The story was to be called " I, Too, Have Passed Through Wintry Terrors," but this was objected to as long and involved, and the title of "The Fowler" was substituted. The book is an important contribution to the fiction of the day. AT ALL BOOKSTORES. Dodd, MeadS Company, Publishers — 5th Ave. and 2 1st St., Ne<w York. A f :c««««*x««««c*««c«<«« »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»)•»»»:.: EVERY READER NEEDS The International Yearbook A compendium of the world's progress in every department of human knowledge for the year 1 898. The newspapers, magazines, current literature, are full of references to the events of last year. Here is a volume of nearly 1,000 pages faithfully recording these events— just what every man needs to keep him in touch with the times. Delivered, charges paid, on receipt of price. Cloth, $3; Sheep, $4; Half- Morocco, $5. DODD, MEAD & CO., Publishers, 149=151 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation. XEW YOBK, THURSDAY, JUNE The Week. The worst blow administered to the cause of reform in the Federal civil ser- vice since the enactment of the law of 1883 was dealt by President McKinley on Monday, when he issued the long-talk- ed-of amendments to the civil-service rules. That some places which might wise- ly have remained outside the classified ser- vice were brought under the operation of the rules by the sweeping order issued by Mr. Cleveland in 1896, has been frank- ly admitted by the Civil-Service Com- missioners and other candid students of the subject. There would have been no ground for criticism if Mr. McKinley, after careful canvassing of all the ques- tions involved with the Commissioners, had withdrawn the comparatively small number of such positions from the scope of the competitive system. But he has gone very much further than this. He has released from the operation of the rules more than 4,000 places, and, in far the greater proportion of cases, no de- fence whatever is possible. Especially reprehensible is the amendment of rule ten, so that transfers may be made with- out any limitation, and a harness-maker be given a position as physician, or a la- borer the salary of a high-grade clerk. The only restriction is the requirement that a man shall pass a non-competitive examination, which will be no obstacle to the change. Thus, instead of only 4,000 places being exempted, the way is opened for putting several times as many outside the operation of the rules. The most shameful feature of this or- der is the fact that Mr. McKinley issued it without any conference whatever with the Civil-Service Commissioners. "In June last." said President Proctor on Monday, "the Civil-Service Commission recommended to President McKinley that certain exceptions be made to the classified service and certain amend- ments to the rules. Since that recom- mendation was made, the Commission have not been called into consultation, and the Executive order made to-day was without previous reference to the Commission." President McKinley has violated the most solemn pledges given by his party and himself. The platform upon which he was elected declared that "the civil-service law was placed on the statute-book by the Republican party, which has always sustained it, and we renew our repeated declarations that it shall be thoroughly and honestly enfor- ced and extended wherever practicable." His own letter of acceptance quoted this engagement, declared that it "will be faithfully observed," and announced that "the Republican party will take no backward step upon this question. It will seek to improve, but never degrade the public service." The whole performance is disheartening. At the very time that we are taking in "new possessions," and attempting to carry the blessings of ci- vilization to "inferior races" abroad, we remove safeguards from an inferior race at home, we turn over the government of Alaska entirely to the spoilsmen, and we make the proclamation of the Philip- pine Commission, which "guarantees an honest and effective civil service," a laughing-stock. The determination of a committee of importers to bring suit against the Trea- sury Department, in order to test the legality of the removal of Mr. Shurtleff from the office of General Appraiser, is a patriotic and most commendable pro- ceeding. It is precisely the same in principle as the proceedings which have been carried on successively in our city courts against the illegal efforts of Tam- many heads of municipal departments to get possession of places which are under civil-service-law control. Presi- dent McKinley's course in regard to Mr. Shurtleff is not one whit better in morals than that of the Tammany Commis- sioners of Accounts, or that of the Tam- many Fire Commissioner, Scannell, in relation to their objectionable subordi- nates. He removed Mr. Shurtleff with- out cause, without giving a reason even, in the same way that these Tammany officials removed employees. He wanted the "place" for Piatt to fill; they wanted the "places" for Croker to fill. The courts have condemned them for their conduct and have ordered the reinstate- ment of the removed employees. It re- mains to be seen whether the President's course has any more legal justification than that of the Tammany officials, but it certainly has no more moral justifica- tion. The only difference between the two is that the President pretends to be a friend of civil-service reform, and con- sequently an upholder of good govern- ment; whereas no Tammany man ever pretends anything of the kind. Mr. Shurtleff was put out because he in- sisted upon doing his duty without re- gard to the wishes of Piatt, and because, in the performance of his duty, he ran counter to the doings of Appraiser Wakeman. If this fact can be estab- lished in court, thus showing the true nature of the President's conduct in the matter, an object-lesson of much value will be afforded to the country. The report of the Commission of Spe- cial Treasury Agents on the conduct of Appraiser Wakeman towards the import- ers of Swiss embroideries convicts him on all the charges brought against him. The report says that he acted honestly. It was never charged that he had acted dishonestly, but merely that he had act- ed oppressively, illegally, and wantonly, causing heavy losses to merchants, with- out any justifiable excuse. It was char- ged that he had taken as a basis of the appraisement of embroideries the selling price of such goods in the United States, whereas the law requires him to take either the selling price abroad or the cost of production abroad. On this count he was found guilty. He was charged with unjust discrimination, and he was found guilty on that count also. He was charged with unreasonable delay in com- ing to a decision upon certain invoices, and was found guilty upon that point also. It was proved that the invoices of one importer had been exposed to an- other importer by an assistant appraiser, and that business secrets had been re- vealed, in violation of the rules of the department. In short, the Appraiser's office had been perverted to an instru- ment of tyranny and oppression against citizens who are engaged in a lawful calling, and who contribute largely to the support of the government. In any other civilized country such a report would be followed by the removal from office of the person who had committed the offences. But since Wakeman rep- resents the Protective Tariff League, which holds the act of importing to be little short of criminal, even when con- forming strictly to law, he will prob- ably bej'vindicated" by retention in of- fice, if not promoted to a higher position. Every now and then the censorship at Manila lifts the veil a little and lets us see the disagreeable facts. Just when all seemed fairest, and the fraudulent peace jubilee at Washington was but well over, came the dispatch saying that "a much larger army" was needed; that the Filipinos were fighting, in their way, with as much spirit as ever, in spite of their heavy losses, and in spite of the fact that a majority of their wounded die through lack of medical care. All this is but confirmatory of what those best informed about the situation have told us from the first. Gen. Lawton has said that it would take 100,000 men to conquer the islands. We happen to know that officers of the Raleiyh declared in this city that 150,000 soldiers would be needed to subjugate and hold the Phi- lippines. But we can do it! Of course we can — we can make fools of ourselves if we want to. But what a delightful preparation for Mr. McKinley's cam- paign in Ohio this fall it would be for him to be obliged to call out 35,000 vol- unteers to fill more Filipino giaves. In

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408 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1770 no other way, however, can the Presi- dent get his "much larger army." Every regiment of regulars which can be spared from this country and Cuba is now en route or under orders for the Philippines. Just one other alternative is open to the President. Let him pro- mise to treat the Filipinos as we have promised to treat the Cubans, and in- stead of having to double his army he could at once reduce it one-half. He pro- fesses to be anxious for Congressional guidance. Let him recall that the Ba- con resolution, guaranteeing the Fili- pinos parity of treatment with the Cu- bans, was defeated in the Senate only by the casting vote of the Vice-President. There is the guidance, not only of Con- gress, but of common sense. Mr. Mc- Kinley has been gradually sliding down from the conqueror's throne which he mounted last December. He has grown more conciliatory as he has grown more anxious. Now let him get off of that throne altogether, stand on his feet like a man and a brother, tell the natives that they may have their independence as soon as they show they can maintain it, and offer to help them to maintain it. Even the Washington Mark Tapleys no longer find the Philippine situation so extremely jolly. Newspaper correspon- dents in the confidence of the Adminis- tration admit that the President is not so cock-sure of speedy peace as he was a few days ago. He is hopeful that Agui- naldo's delegates will soon come back for more banquets and palavering, but it be- gins to look now as if those gentlemen meant to stick to the jungle. But Mr. McKinley is in no slight jungle of his own. He wants results, but is unwilling to use the necessary means. "Push things," he orders Gen. Otis, but Otis re- plies, "Give me troops enough and I will." This brings the President square- ly up to the need of calling for volun- teers, but he tells his friends that he is most averse to issuing such a call. In the first place, there is the "pang" involved of ordering more graves to be decorated; then there is the cost; finally, there are "political reasons." Yet, more troops there must be if more fighting there must be. Every military authority as- serts that. There is reason to think that Otis let the statement that a much larger army is urgently needed pass the censor at Manila, in order to force the President to act one way or another. Senator Davis of Minnesota has taken an early stand in favor of perpetual re- tention of the Philippines. In a speech at St. Paul week before last, he said that he considered it the duty of the United States towards the Philippine archipela- go "to retain sovereignty over there permanently and not provisionally." This sentiment he qualified by saying: "I would give to the Philippines, just as I would any other people, as complete autonomy as, from time to time, they show themselves capable of exercising." This plan leaves no place or room for the Filipinos to become American citizens. It offers them no opportunity for becom- ing a part of the American republic, or for forming a republic of tbeirown. How- ever much they may rise in the social scale under our guidance, they are to be held permanently and not provisionally. That Mr. Davis's proposal does not con- template their escape from our control at any future time is plain from the context, in which he says that we must have our share in the commerce of China, and that "the nation which hopes to be a factor in China has no right to relinquish possession of the Philippines." That is, we must hold them because there is money to be made by doing so. We have expected to see the pretences which have hitherto masked our policy in the Philippines dropped after the next election, but hardly before. The chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is to be commended for his frankness. It leaves no room for skulking or for half measures. We ap- prehend that it leaves no room for the revered McKinley. Any policy which is clear-cut and decisive will have terrors for him till after the next election. What he wants to play continuously is the waiting game. He ought not to be al- lowed to play it longer. He ought to be compelled to show his hand, and we are glad that Senator Davis means to force his hand. The greatest political need of the Jay is a sharp division between Im- perialism and its opposite. The great- est danger is the undefined policy and the fatalistic tendency of the Republican party, coupled with the silverism and the Bryanism of the Democratic party. Per- haps Senator Davis's speech may help to bring both parties to their bearings on the main question of the day, and save us from going into the next campaign on dead issues. Judge Gray, in his reluctant defence of the Philippine policy in Philadelphia last Thursday, spoke contemptuously of the political aspirations of the Filipinos, and sneered at the idea of applying the doc- trine of the consent of the governed in their case. Government, he said, is a practical affair, and "not a thing of phrases." No mistake could be greater. A phrase which embodies the dearest traditions and sentiments of a nation is mightier than laws or constitutions. Is Judge Gray, is President McKinley, will- ing to turn over all the watchwords of liberty to Mr. Bryan? Shall he, or some other agitator with a great popular fol- lowing, be permitted to traverse the country next year, declaring that the Administration has forsaken the Ame- rican principle of government, and that the rough riding down of the Fili- pinos is only the preliminary to the shooting down of American laboring men? The Filipino delegate who said in Manila, on the day of Judge Gray's de- liverance, that McKinley's offers were all very fine, but were, after all, in the teeth of all boasted American doctrine, used an argument which it is easy to sneer at in his mouth, but which, heard on the stump in every American State next year, and made an instrument in the hands of political passion and poli- tical ambition, is capable of shaking this nation, and of leaving the bewilder- ed McKinley at the bottom of a gorgeous wreck. Senator Piatt praises Mr. McKinley's "wonderful foresight," and gives it as one of the reasons why he is "the only possible Republican candidate for the Presidency in 1900." We commend the saying to the prominent New York mer- chants who recently visited the White House to protest against a Piatt ap- pointee as General Appraiser. The Presi- dent said he was very anxious to con- sult their wishes, but, of course, "fore- sight" would not allow him to do so. He clearly foresaw that Mr. Piatt would have the seventy-two delegates from New York in the hollow of. his hand, and what were seventy-two, or seventy-two hundred, merchants in comparison? So the merchants got the fine words and Piatt got the appointment. His pro- claiming that McKinley is certain to be renominated and reelected is only com- mon gratitude for favors received, into which an extra amount of fervor is thrown as a reminder that he also ex- pects favors to come. A Piatt Speaker of the House and a lot more of Piatt postmasters and appraisers would be uncommonly handy to the boss just now when he is getting such ugly blows at Albany and in New York. President Mc- Kinley's wonderful foresight will teach him, no doubt, that this Piatt interview will have to be paid for with more pa- tronage. Disraeli said of Peel that his whole political life had been "one vast appropriation clause"; but that is a feeble phrase for describing the way in which Piatt appropriates every office in sight. The more evident it is to him that McKinley is the only possible candidate, the more clear he must make it to his machine, by his control of Federal patronage, that he is the only possible boss. Mr. Bryan is quoted, in an interview at St. Louis on Thursday, as saying that silver must be kept in the forefront of the battle next year, yet in his public speech he distinctly put it in the back- ground. He gave the first place to the anti-Trust doctrine, and he brought in the silver question as one variation of the Trust, which he designated the "Mo- ney Trust." What he said on this branch of the subject was very meagre and very

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June i, 1899] The Nation. 4:09 unsubstantial. It shows plainly that sil- ver will not be the paramount issue of the next campaign. The only comment needful to be made upon Mr. Bryan's definition of the "standard money Trust," which he declares to be the pa- rent Trust, is to point out that, in his estimation, "it is in the hands of for- eigners." If that is true, how are we go- ing to hit it? We can reach all other Trusts with one kind of club or another, because they are subject to the jurisdic- tion of our courts and legislatures. But we cannot reach a Trust that is in the hands of foreigners except by con- quering the foreign countries where the "parent Trust" has its domicile and lurk- ing-place. The State of Texas is now at- tacking Trusts by prohibiting the sale of goods manufactured or produced by Trusts; but nobody, not even Mr. Bryan, would think of prohibiting the introduc- tion of money into this country from abroad, however hateful may be the Trust which controls it. Gov. Pingree of Michigan is not only the author of sensations himself, but the cause of sensations on the part of others. Last week he took action which led to the refusal by the legislative department of the Government to receive a message from the Executive. There had been an investigation by a committee of the House into the expenditure of the State's war funds, and majority and minority reports were submitted from the com- mittee a few days ago. Gov. Pingree was disgusted with the findings of the minority, and sent a special message to the House to express his feelings. After the clerk had finished reading it, the Speaker ruled the message out of order, and directed that it be returned to the Governor. He pointed out that the Con- stitution provides that the Governor "shall give to the Legislature informa- tion by message of the condition of the State, and recommend such measures to them as he shall deem expedient," but declared that this message did not pre- tend to set forth the condition of the State, or to make any recommendation, and consequently maintained that the document had no proper standing, and ought not to be received. "Parliamentary authorities" are quoted as supporting the Speaker's contention. of oath to be taken by local assessors, making them swear more solemnly than before that they have assessed the real estate in their respective districts "at the full value thereof, according to our best judgment and belief." The intent of this probably is to jog the consciences of the assessors, and intimate to them that the practice of assessing real estate at 50 or 60 per cent, of its value must now come to an end. This will be neces- sary unless grave injustice is to be done to the corporations subject to the fran- chise tax. Since the franchises are now to be taxed as real estate, and the valua- tion of them is to be put as nearly as possible at their actual value, all other real estate should be assessed at its ac- tual value. The amount of tax to be paid by the owner will be no greater by reason of the raising of the valuation. It ought to be less by reason of the new law and of the swelling of the general list. The new Franchise-Tax bill has passed the New York Legislature and will be- come law on the 1st of October next. The amendments made since its introduction are few and slight. One of these exempts from taxation the property of municipal corporations. As a municipal corpora- tion is a minor part of the State govern- ment, it is not to be supposed that the franchise tax would have been levied upon such corporations in any event, but it is as well that the exemption should be made in express terms. An- other amendment prescribes a new form By a process of natural selection, Prof. Arthur T. Hadley has come to the top of the candidates to the succession of Yale's presidency. His age and health hold out every promise that, at forty- three, he may look forward to an ad- ministration of a quarter of a century. He has had twenty years' expe- rience as tutor, lecturer, and professor. He has won recognition, both in this country and abroad, in his specialty of political economy; but he has an inherit- ed breadth of knowledge and of view consonant with the whole range of learn- ing in a great modern university. He combines with the scholar's tastes much of the equipment for a successful man of affairs. He supplements his other quali- fications with that most valuable of all, the ability to interest young men in se- rious work. Finally, he understands that the highest obligation laid upon the educated man is to serve the republic, and that the best tribute which can be paid to an educational institution is the fact that its graduates are good citizens. Yale University is to be congratulated upon what we believe to have been the best possible solution of a grave problem. The New England Free-Trade League some time ago offered prizes of $100 and $50 each to the competition of students in our educational institutions, for es- says on the subject, "If all foreign pro- ducts should be admitted into this coun- try free of duty, what proportion of per- sons would suffer direct injury?" When announcement of the awards was made the other day, it came out that a first prize and a second prize had gone to students in the University of Pennsyl- vania. This news has caused a shock in Philadelphia, and the press of the city is beginning to protest. The Inquirer, the chief supporter of Quay, "doubts the economic and moral honesty of the offer of such a prize," and it also "doubts whether university authorities should permit the name of their institu- tion to be brought in in this way for the booming of a dead issue, which should never have been a political issue, and never would have been, since the death of slavery, but for the importunities of the importers." It excuses the offending young men, on the ground that "the stu- dent will hardly stop to consider that this particular prize is in the nature of a business bribe, and that the offer has a shady appearance," but it holds that "there is evidently a point where the col- lege authorities should step in to say whether such an offer can properly be considered." The truth is, that alto- gether too much freedom of thought has been allowed students in the past, and it is time to put on the screws. The next thing we know, somebody will be offer- ing them prizes for esays*'On the Im- portance of Maintaining the Principles of the Republic," and getting them to write stuff which Charles Emory Smith will have to keep out of the mails be- cause of its "incendiary" nature. Reluctance, amounting to dread lest it get another "case" on its hands, is what most strikes one in the Presbyterian General Assembly's treatment of Prof. McGiffert, Prof. Briggs's colleague. The whole procedure has been most hesitant and gingerly. Last year the Assembly besought Prof. McGiffert either to re- vise his theological opinions or with- draw from the church. The Professor, in a very manly letter to the Assembly, intimated that its method was entirely irregular (as it certainly was), but said that his brethren must have gravely misunderstood his views, and that he had no intention of withdrawing from a church in which he was born and bred and to the interests of which he is de- voted. Of course, the only way in which a man's theology can be decided to be heretical is by a formal trial. Opinions of other clergymen, however dogmati- cally proclaimed, are only their opinions and have not the slightest effect in ecclesiastical law. This seems to have dawned on the Assembly, which last week ordered the New York Presbytery to take up Prof. McGiffert's case. But many voices are saying that there will be no heresy trial. Prof. McGiffert, they aver, is too much of a gentleman to stay where he is not wanted. He will peace- ably withdraw. But that depends. He maintains that his views are consistent with the Presbyterian standards. Why, then, should he withdraw? Why is he not wanted? He may also feel it a duty to make a test of the question whether there is room in the church for men of progressive liberality and scholarship like his own. Altogether, therefore, we think that the New York Presbytery will either have a heresy trial on its hands, or else will have to go on tolerating Prof. McGiffert and other suspected heretics among its membership.

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410 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 ARBITRATION AND DISARMAMENT. A decided advance towards an inter- national agreement of some sort in favor of international arbitration was made at The Hague Conference on Friday, when Sir Julian Pauncefote laid before the delegates a proposal for the formal es- tablishment of a permanent arbitration tribunal. The suggestion is not a new one, writers on international law having discussed it before now; its chief recom- mendation is that it seems at first sight easier to introduce arbitration in this way than by a general treaty. Critics of the plan, however, dispute this. When the attempt is made to establish a general system of arbitration by treaty, the difficulty must arise, as we found two years ago, (1) that every coun- try is reluctant to agree in advance to arbitrate all#disputes, and (2) that no line of division can be found to separate those which seem fit for arbitration from those which do not seem bo. Each country imagines that there are some things which must be fought for, but what they are, no man can precisely de- fine in advance. They are usually said to be questions involving the national honor and the integrity of the national territory; but any boundary dispute in- volves the national integrity, and any dispute whatever involves "honor," if those who have the decision of peace or war happen to think so or to be will- ing to say so. Down to the year 1898, it never occurred to any one that an in- jury to the vessel of one nation in the harbor of another with whom it was at peace, by persons unknown, was a ground for war between the two nations. Yet it became a casus belli with Spain last year, in spite of an offer by the Spanish Government to arbitrate the question of responsibility, which the President in his message on the sub- ject admitted "remained to be fixed." Two generations ago, a large party in this country wanted to go to war with England over the Northwest boundary; to-day most people see no objection to arbitrating the Alaska boundary. No means of settling what a question of "honor and integrity" is, exists, and con- sequently an "honor and integrity" clause inserted in an arbitration treaty would be nugatory. To us it seems ob- vious that such a clause is of no sort of use, because it means nothing more than that there are always cases in which, no matter how nations bind themselves, they will fight, and this will be true whether it is put in a treaty or not. But, for some reason which is not very intel- ligible, it seems to be thought in many quarters that an agreement of two or more countries to settle all their differences amicably would involve the dreadful risk that it might lead to a peaceful settlement of some contro- versy which, for the credit of one side or the other, required a war, .Demon- strate as you will that treaties, by the score have been torn up for the sake of war, there seems to be still a lurking suspicion that it would be really danger- ous to agree to arbitrate everything. Yet no one can point out in advance what should not be arbitrated. To get over these and other difl&culties, it is suggested that two or more nations establish a permanent Court of Arbi- tration, to which any nations may refer disputes. The court would derive its authority from the repute of its mem- bers, who would be judges or legal writ- ers of high rank; and it would be always ready for any business which might be referred to it. The first criticism of this suggestion that occurs is, that the plan meets and overcomes a difficulty which does not exist. No two countries which wanted to arbitrate ever had much difficulty in forming a court. The great difficulty is in agreeing to refer the question in dispute to arbitrators, not in finding the arbitrators. No doubt the conferees at The Hague might take steps which would lead to the creation of such a court, and, if good salaries were given, no difficulty would be found in getting judges. Indeed, it would be easy to get them, because they would, until some- thing was referred to them, which might not be for some time, have nothing to do. But the obstacles in the way of referring to this court any new international ques- tion which might arise, would be very much what they are now. The mere existence of a court does not remove them. Again, admitting that the plan of cre- ating a permanent international court is good, as far as it goes, its existence alone does not give it power. Its powers it can derive only from an international agreement to submit questions to it, and the creation of the court must, there- fore, either be supplemented, after its creation, by an agreement of two or more nations to submit disputes to it, or reinforced by such an agreement among two or more nations in advance. Those who take this view of the mat- ter contend that if The Hague Con- ference results in the establishment of an arbitral tribunal alone, the real dif- ficulties surrounding arbitration will be masked rather than removed. But they, as well as all interested in the matter! admit that if it results in the establish- ment of an arbitral tribunal, reinforced by an international agreement, signed by even two leading Powers, it will have accomplished the most beneficent work of the age. The question of disarmament is more closely connected with that of arbitra- tion than many people suppose. The in- troduction of a really effective system of arbitration would do more to make dis- armament permanently feasible than even a present reduction of land and naval forces. A reduction of these di- minishes the number pf persons to whom war may be profitable; an arbi- tration treaty removes the main causes which lead to armament, i. e., the con- stant expectation of war as the usual means of settling international differ- ences. When two or more nations have provided a peaceful means of settling all quarrels, there must seem less and less reason for keeping themselves armed to the teeth in order to settle them by vio- lent means. With every new arbitration, the reasons for disarming would grow. Historically, arbitration and disarma- ment have gone hand in hand. Some sixty instances of arbitration have oc- curred since the close of the Napoleonic wars, and to more than half of these the United States has been a party, Great Britain coming next with twenty cases. Now, the United States and Great Britain happen to be the two countries in the world which have refrained from aiming their entire male population. We are not among those who are sceptical as to good coming of The Hague Conference. But we trust to see it go much further than the mere crea- tion of an arbitral tribunal, ready for business which might never come to it. We hope to see this reinforced by a determined effort at an international agreement to make use of the tribunal as constituted. It is on such an agree- ment that the introduction of arbitration will hinge at The Hague in 1899, exactly as it did at Washington in 1897. The suggestion has been made that, besides the arbitral tribunal and the agreement to use it (binding on any nations which choose to make themselves parties to it), there should be a third feature — that of compulsion. This was the idea advanced by Mr. D. D. Field in his proposals for an international code in 1872. He would have had dot only a permanent arbitra- tion agreement, but a provision that if any nation, which was a party to it, should fail to arbitrate, all the other nations should at once make war upon it. In theory there is, perhaps, no ob- jection to this, but practical reasons for not endeavoring to go so far will readily suggest themselves. CIVILIZATION VS. BARBARISM. There was one passage in the serene and sane and thoroughly wise speech of Admiral Sampson last week, at the celebration of Queen Victoria's eightieth birthday, which we commend to the thoughtful consideration of Gov. Roose- velt. In paying a personal tribute to Admiral Dewey, he said: "But does sea power or any other power promote a fraternal bond? I think not. Sea power suggests a fight, the exercise of de- structive force. It is naturally in order to question whether exercise of power of any kind promotes brotherly love. It may be for the well-being of the naughty small boy to be whipped by his larger brother. It may be for the good of the bullying senior to get a drubbing at the hands of his little but valiant junior; but it is not brotherly love that is built upon this fight, though I do not deny that brotherly love may result from the bet'

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June i, The nSTation 4:11 ter state of mind engendered thereby. The boys become men, their points of view alter with their growth. Respect and faith once established, they can afford to forget small differences of earlier days; their mutual good • depends upon their being on the best of terms. And I believe the day is fast coming when England and America— no longer boys, but grown-up men— shall lead the voice of peace, of grown-up experience, to the opi- nion now being represented by the Peace Conference at The Hague. Not fighting, but peace among nations, is to bring the world on fastest toward the millennium of pros- perity and true living which we all long for." Let us contrast this with some of the many passages in Gov. Roosevelt's re- cent speech in Chicago, in which, as is his wont, he glorified war and fighting as the only remedies of a nation against what he is fond of calling on all occa- sions "ignoble peace." This phrase is repeated again and again with tiresome iteration, which shows the hold it has upon his mind and the deep contempt that he feels for all opponents of war as war. We quote a few samples: "I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ig- noble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life." "A life of ignoble ease, a life of that peace which springs merely from lack either of desire or of power to strive after great things, is as little worthy of a nation as of an individual." "We cannot sit huddled within our borders and avow ourselves merely an assemblage of well-to-do hucksters, who care nothing for what happens beyond." "A war, too [the present one in the Philip- pines], in which our brave men who follow the flag must pay with their blood for the silly mock-humanitarianism of the prattlers who sit at home in peace." "I preach to you, then, my countrymen, that our country calls not for the life of ease, but for the life of strenuous endeavor. The twentieth century looms before us big with the fate of many nations. If we stand idly by, if we seek merely swollen, slothful ease and ignoble peace, if we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at hazard of their lives, and at the risk of all they hold dear, then the bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by, and will win for themselves the domination of the world." This is the gospel of war for the sake of war, of fighting, not merely or ne- cessarily for a just and righteous and in- evitable cause, but for the effect upon your own virility. Whatever you do, you must fight. The worst thing that can happen to a man or a nation is to remain long in peace. That is to be- come "despicable," "ignoble," "slothful," an object of contempt to yourself and to the world. This is the view of the sav- age, the barbarian. If Governor Roose- velt had lived seven centuries ago, Rich- ard the Lion-hearted and his associate Crusaders would have had an effective and congenial ally. His sentiments about war and peace are precisely those which Richard and his contemporaries had, and one wonders every time our belli- cose Governor makes his now so fa- miliar speech on the subject, how it happens that he was born so late in the world's progress, how it happens- that he is so belated a "left-over." One searches in vain through his utterances for any recognition of despised peace as the pro- moter of civilization. Peace is well enough in his eyes if it be not too long • med. A world in permanent peace, to his mind, is a world peopled with cowards, sloths, weaklings, and sil- ly prattlers. As against a view of life like this, the calm utterances of a professional and veteran warrior — a man of high courage and valiant deeds — such as we quote from Admiral Sampson, are timely and reassuring. No nation ever needed such words more than we need them now. We have passed through a thoroughly childish war, and have been in a condi- tion of childish exultation over it since its close. The time has come when, as the Admiral says, we should be, as a na- tion, "no longer boys, but grown-up men," should "lead the voice of peace, of grown-up experience." The Roosevelt view of life is essentially a boy's view, and if it were to become the permanent basis of a national policy, would make us the most turbulent people the world has ever seen. Our national life would become one perpetual Donnybrook Fair, with "rows" with every Power that got within range of us, for no other purpose than the development of our "virile strength," lest we become a nation of sloths. Happily there is no danger of such a future for us. Our Governor is not taken seriously by anybody except himself when he talks "war." He has so many useful qualities as a political force that people condone the barbarian side of him, and try to keep faith in him as an effective agent for the reform of politi- cal abuses. It is, nevertheless, a great pity that he is so constructed mentally as to be unable to see the harm which this boyish glorification of war does to his own reputation as a sane and safe pub- lic leader and administrator. Already it may be said that he has a political fu- ture of great promise, perhaps greater than his ambition. But will the people of this country ever trust him in a sta- tion in which he can carry out his views of war as the great instrument of human progress? A GOLD CURRENCY. There has been a shortage of paper currency in the United States for more than a year, and the question how the deficiency should be made good has en- gaged a great deal of discussion. The reason why the shortage exists is that there has been an increase of business, which has called for a larger number of instruments of exchange. These instru- ments are of various kinds, but mainly two, bank checks and circulating notes. The latter consist of national banknotes and several kinds of Government notes. There is no limit to the amount of bank checks except the amount of bank de- posits and bank credits. Consequently, any increased demand for this kind of instruments of exchange is immediately and automatically supplied. Not so with the other Kind of circulating n This is rigid and unchangeable. Govern- ment notes cannot be issued in any larg- er amount than now exists, nor is it de- sirable that they should be. Banknotes might be issued in larger amounts, but evidently there is no profit in such is- sues. If there were, the bankers would put them out. The only remaining re- source is gold. This is always available and we have plenty of it in stock. We have imported $217,000,000 within three years, and have produced at least $100,- 000,000 more. But we are not fond of carrying gold in our pockets or in belts strapped around our waists. Its weight is an inconvenience. The need of a paper medium to take its place is strongly felt. Leaving aside for the present the larger and more scientific plan of the Indianapolis Currency Commission, which has the approval of the leading economists of the country ,we invite at- tention to a mode of relief already avail- able, which can be put in force without new legislation and at a moment's no- tice. It is embraced in section 12 of the act of July 12, 1882, in these words: "That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to receive deposits of gold coin with the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurers of the United States in sums not less than twenty dollars, and to issue cer- tificates therefor, corresponding with the de- nominations of United States notes. . . . Provided, that the Secretary of the Trea- sury shall suspend the issue of such gold certificates whenever the amount of gold coin and gold bullion in the Treasury reserved for the redemption of United States notes falls below $100,000,000." The first clause of this law was enacted in 1863, and was in continuous opera- tion until April, 1893. The second clause (the proviso requiring its suspension whenever the gold reserve should fall below $100,000,000) was enacted in 1882 and was put in practical operation for the first time in 1893, under Secretary Carlisle, when the gold reserve in the Treasury did fall below the sum named. Previously any holder of gold could take it to the Treasury, deposit it, and re- ceive gold certificates in denominations not less than twenty dollars. The Bank of England is under the same require- ment to receive gold in any amount and at any time, and issue its notes therefor in denominations not less than £5. Secretary Carlisle suspended the ope- ration of the law when the gold reserve fell below $100,000,000, but he did not resume it when the reserve rose above that sum. During the greater part of his term of office, being engaged in an almost daily struggle "to keep his head above water," he might have been ex- cused for construing the word "suspend" as though it were the equivalent of "dis- continue" or "cease." As a matter of fact, he did so construe it. He made an order that the issue of gold certifi- cates of deposit should not be resumed, no matter how high the gold reserve should rise. His successor, Mr. Gage, finding that order in Jgrgg, lias giro*

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412 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1770 ply left it in force, although he might change it if he should see fit to do so. If Congress had intended that the is- sue of gold certificates should, in the contingency named, cease and deter- mine, it would doubtless have said so. The word "suspend" does not convey such meaning. The Century Dictionary defines it, "To cause to cease for a time." This is the common acceptation of it. The time during which it should cease was clearly fixed, i. e., until the gold re- serve should again be above $100,000,000. Anybody who will take the trouble to read the debate in the Senate (June 21, 1882) when the proviso in question was adopted, will find not a word implying that the suspension of the issue of gold certificates was to be continuous and final. If citizens have a legal right to de- posit gold in the Treasury and to receive certificates therefor in certain denomi- nations, endowed with certain attributes, and if this right has been taken from them without the authority of law, there is not much more to be said. It will be well, however, to glance at the matter in its financial and economical aspects. The Treasury Department, like all other departments of the government, exists for the benefit of the people. Its first duty is to conform to the law. Its second is to construe the law in any case of doubt for the benefit of the people. It would be a great public advantage if there were some way of converting our superfluous gold into a more convenient medium of exchange. The goodness of the gold certificates is not in question. Indeed, one of the arguments advanced against them is that they will be con- sidered better than greenbacks, and that there will be a tendency to draw gold from the Treasury by means of green- backs and to redeposit it in exchange for gold certificates, the latter being considered a preferred claim upon the Treasury. This view savors of timidity. It bears the contagion of panic and is calculated to create the very distrust which it apprehends. All experience teaches that the banker or financier who shows perfect readiness to redeem his paper, is the one least likely to be called upon to do so. On the other hand, the one who betrays any doubt as to his own solvency, breeds distrust instead of allaying it. It. took a long time to edu- cate the American people and their rulers to the knowledge that all kinds of currency, including silver certificates, stand on the same broad, infallible basis, and must be maintained at par with gold, but that fact is now so well understood that no discrimination is made between them in the minds of the people. Everybody is glad to get the certificates because everybody knows they will be kept at par. It is impos- sible that any form of- Government is- sues should be better than any other form, except in case of complete national bankruptcy and financial ruin. It is im- possible that gold certificates should be better than greenbacks or any other kind of circulating medium unless the Government itself encourages the opinion that they are so. At the present time the amount of gold in the Treasury ($228,398,312) is so enormous that no- body can imagine any preference being given to gold certificates over green- backs in the estimation of depositors, or of bankers, or of the public generally. It may be said that if we relieve the pinching of the shoe now by reopen- ing the door for gold certificates, we shall postpone the time for a thorough reform of the currency like that propos- ed by the Indianapolis Commission. We believe in the Indianapolis plan, but we see other dangers to arise from the pinching of the shoe. Public impatience may take the form of a demand for a worse kind of currency instead of a better — for more greenbacks, or the free coinage of silver, or the "sub-treasury plan," or any other specious folly. Gold certificates are always as good as gold. There is no danger of having too many of them. They are not an element of inflation or of distrust. They can never create a panic. Of all forms of paper currency they are the least open to cri- ticism. General reform of the currency will take place when all shoe-pinching has been eased and forgotten, and prob- ably not before. MORE ANTI-TRUST LAWS. As thorough-going an anti-Trust law as any that we have seen since the le- gislative anti-property craze set in, is that passed by the Texas Legislature, by an overwhelming vote, and just signed by the Governor. The following are some of its provisions: Section 1 provides that any corporation which becomes a member of a pool or Trust designed to regulate or even to fix and maintain the prices of anything whatever, including insurance premiums, shall be deemed guilty of a conspiracy. Section 2 de- fines a "monopoly" as any "union" of anything, including "acts" by anybody, whereby the "results described are cal- culated to be produced"; any one "en- gaged in" a monopoly is to be deemed guilty of a conspiracy to defraud. By sections 3 and 4 any manufacturer who sells at less than cost, or gives away, for the purpose of driving out competi- tors, is to be deemed guilty of a con- spiracy to form a monopoly or Trust. Section 5 fixes the penalty for violating the act at not less than $200, and not more than $5,000, for any such offence, and for every day of its continuance. By section 6, if two or more merchants agree to limit trade or competition by refusing to buy from or sell to any per- son or corporation because corporations are not members of the "combination," they are subject to the penalties of the act. Section 7 provides for the forfeiture of the charter of any concern violating the act. Other sections provide that any corporation which, owning a manufac- turing patent, shall use it and at the same time fail to put it on the market for sale, "shall be adjudged a mono- poly." Section 12 provides that the sale of anything in violation of the act shall be void, and the purchasers shall not be liable for payment. Section 13 makes any business such as that carried on by the Associated Press a monopoly. The act goes into effect on January 31, 1900. This is far more drastic than the Don nelly bill, just passed by our Legislature, and signed by the Governor, which merely makes agreements creating a mo- nopoly or restraining competition ille- gal, and provides machinery to secure evidence. The Texas law is no doubt all the more relished in Texas because an Ar- kansas statute, based on similar princi- ples, has just broken down in the courts. The Arkansas statute provided — so the Attorney-General maintained — that any foreign insurance company doing busi- ness in Arkansas which became, any- where in the wide world, a member of a pool or Trust to fix the price of insur- ance, should be subject to a penalty of $5,000. This act promised well, for on the day it was signed sixty-three insur- ance companies in Arkansas suspended business. But the Supreme Court has now handed down a decision to the ef- fect that the Legislature could not have intended that an agreement made by an English or German Insurance Company in Hong Kong to fix the rate of insur- ance in that locality should create a liability to pay $5,000, as a penalty for the act, in Little Rock. This deci- sion may be right, and was followed by the immediate resumption of business by the sixty-three insurance companies; while the Attorney-General is led by it to a gloomy view of the future, and to declare that he will at once — if costs are paid — dismiss all pending suits, and will not in future prosecute a Trust, "if it should organize in front of the State- house with a brass band." It remains to be seen whether the Texas law, which also includes a provision against crimes committed by insurance companies, will fare any better. One section of the Texas anti-Trust law is aimed at the Roller Baling Ma- chine. This is one of the most impor- tant inventions of recent years. Instead of taking a great mass of cotton and squeezing it, and the air contained in it, into a small but very elastic cubical bale, and then binding it with iron or steel hoops, the machine draws the fibre between rollers, which squeeze all the air out of it, and then delivers the cot- ton itself in the form of a tight roll, with no more elasticity than a roll of calico, and requiring no iron clamps to

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June i. The ISTation 413 hold it. The chief advantage of this me- thod of handling cotton is that the lia- bility to fire is greatly reduced. The owners of the Roller patent seek to make their profit out of the invention by leas- ing machines, or by rolling the cotton themselves, instead of selling the ma- chines. In other words, they "sell ter- ritory." The Texas Legislature wants them to sell machines, and accordingly puts the following section into the anti- Trust law: "Every corporation, copartnership, firm, or individual who may be the owner or lessee of a patent to any machinery, intended, used, or designed for manufacturing any raw ma- terials or preparing the same for market by any wrapping, baling, or other process, who shall lease, rent, or operate the same in their own name and refuse or fail to put the same on the market for sale, shall be ad- judged a monopoly and subject to all the pains and penalties provided in this act." It is scarcely necessary to say that no State can override or alter in any man- ner the patent laws of Congress, or limit or curtail their operation. The subject of patents was committed to Congress by the Constitution in Article I., section 8, clause 8, which says that "Congress shall have power to . . . promote the progress of science and the useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- coveries." Congress has legislated on this subject. It has not restricted the rights of patentees to the sale of the machines invented by them. It has not required them to put machines on the market. That would not be an exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. The only restriction im- posed by Congress is that a patent shall not continue in force more than seven- teen years. While it is in force, the hold- ers of the patent can use it in whatever way they please in New York or Texas, and no State Government can molest them or make them afraid. Moreover, the law of Congress says that the courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction of patent cases. So the courts of Texas could not be invoked to pass judgment on any case arising under the section quoted above. Thus far, the campaign against the Trusts in the State courts cannot be said to have been marked by much success. Nor has it triumphed, except in a barren way, in "the Federal courts. The recent decisions of the United State Supreme Court to the effect that railway combina- tions to maintain rates are illegal, as in "restraint of trade," were made under a Federal anti-Trust statute, and the judges went as far as they could in latitudina- rian construction to bring cases affect- ing railway rates under it at all. But the decisions have been almost without practical effect. They did indeed break up the existing agreements, but this simply made some new means of fixing and maintaining railway rates more neces- sary than ever; and consequently a new era of railway consolidation has set in. which promises to end in a dozen "com- binations" owning the whole railway system of the country. It is also a fact worth noticing that never in the history of the country have such stupendous combinations of industrial capital been made as in the present heyday of anti- Trust legislation. Such facts as these ought to be care- fully considered by those who imagine that "anti-Trust" can be made an ef- fective battle-cry in a Presidential cam- paign. Hitherto the anti-Trust legisla- tion has been, in great measure, non- partisan— even the Donnelly act, though a Tammany measure, was passed by a Republican Legislature, and signed by a Republican Governor — and has generally proved futile. It would be difficult to di- vide the country over an issue in which each party seems anxious to outbid the other. And it will probably be still more difficult to arouse enthusiasm over it, unless you can show that legislation, where laws have been passed, has been effective. As we have often pointed out, some Trusts are bolstered up by the Tariff; but those who are managing the present campaign against Trusts seem always disposed to avoid this question. Their idea, so far as they have one, seems to be that "combinations" of capital exist only for purposes of oppression, and, therefore, ought to be broken up. The economic ideas of a Populist agitator and legislator are not very different from those of the mob he dupes with plat- forms and laws. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. New York, May 25, 1899. About two years ago it was arranged that the Council of the Archaeological Institute and the Managing Committees of the Ameri- can Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and in Rome should hold their annual meet- ings at the same time. The two committees, while de jure features of the Institute, were not such dc facto, and it was felt that all the organizations would be more closely drawn together and would receive mutual benefit if their officers could meet together at stated intervals for the interchange of ideas. The plan has proved a success, and now, each year, the three last days of the second week in May witness the gathering of a goodly number of persons from different quarters to discuss the condition of the Institute and to provide for the needs of the coming season, The meetings of the present year were held on May 11, 12, and 13, in the rooms of the Department of Architecture, Columbia Uni- versity, and I venture to hope that some account of the proceedings will be of general interest to those who care for the study of antiquity. The session held on Thursday, May 11, was that of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome, and Prof. Hale of Chicago, the chairman, presided over the deliberations. The most serious difficulties for those who have had this school in charge since it was founded in 1895 have been of a financial na- ture. Enough money was gathered through a general subscription to start work and to keep the School in operation for three years, but the hope that before this time had pass- ed a permanent fund might be established has not been realized, and it has become ne- cessary to raise the annual income by sub- scription. Another year of prosperous life has indeed been assured the School under this system, but of course no such method of gathering resources can give that feeling of permanence which is necessary to a last- ing success. The officers of the School are seeking, with characteristic enthusiasm and energy, to raise the needed funds, and vari- ous colleges and universities are beginning to lend aid by making small annual sub- scriptions, as they have done in the case of the School at Athens. Such support through the cooperation of various colleges is truly an admirable thing from many points of view, for it establishes very close relations between the foreign school and the educa- tional system at home, and it at the same time brings the colleges together to work for a common end; but, as the experience of the School at Athens has proved, it is perma- nently valuable more as an auxiliary than as a main source of income. The subscrip- tions are not always easy to raise, and few boards of trustees feel justified in assuming responsibility for the annual contribution. But, even if the Roman School is forced for the moment to depend on faith as its banker rather more than is Quite com- fortable, this has not deterred its active managers from taking the much-needed step of establishing a more permanent direc- torate, and they have wisely elected Prof. Richard Norton Director of the School for five years. Prof. Norton has already been for two years a professor in the School; he has studied at the Athenian School for as long a period, and, besides this, he has pass- ed some time at the University of Munich in archaeological work. In this country he has had experience in teaching at the Har- vard Summer School and at Bryn Mawr Col- lege. Certainly the Roman School is for- tunate that he is so situated as to be able to accept its directorship. It is, however, very desirable that the School should be kept closely in touch with the colleges and universities at home, and to this end an annually appointed professor will be sent out as heretofore. For 1899-1900 the com- mittee elected Prof. Platner of Western Reserve University; for 1900-1901, Prof. Kelsey of the University of Michigan; and for 1901-1902, Prof. Abbott of Chicago. After providing for the archaeological and educational work of the School, the committee proceeded to the no less impor- tant duty of electing a Chairman of the Managing Committee. Prof. Hale has occu- pied this responsible position since the foundation of the School, and has expended time and energy without stint in responding to its exacting demands upon him. For a year or more past, however, he has felt that he could not carry the burden much longer, and he therefore presented his for- mal resignation. To succeed him the com- mittee chose Prof. Minton Warren, former- ly cf Johns Hopkins, now of Harvard, and as acting Chairman and Secretary, Prof. E. T. Merrill of Wesleyan. Both of these gentlemen have been actively engaged in the conduct of the School from its begin- ning, and both have had a term of service in Rome. The resignation of the Treasurer of the School, Mr. C. C. Cuyler, was referred to a committee, and the hope *as most ear-

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4=14= The Ration [Vol. 68, No. 1770 nestly expressed that he might consent to reconsider it. Mr. Cuyler's energy and un- flagging interest have already placed the friends of the School under great obliga- tions to him, but that only makes them the more loath to dispense with his generous services at this critical period. In the case of the meeting of the Ma- naging Committee of the School at Athens, which took place on Friday, the second day of the sessions, there is perhaps less of im- mediate importance to chronicle. This school is now nearly twenty years old, its Director, Professor R. B. Richardson, is completing his sixth year of continuous residence, and tradition, therefore, tends to regulate the deliberations of its officers. Prof. Seymour of Yale, the chairman, was able to report a very successful year of work. The num- ber of students has been larger than ever before, and the evidence of their better preparation for work in Athens is becoming increasingly apparent. Smith College has joined the league of supporting colleges dur- ing the past year, and the Agnes Hoppin Fellowship for women, which was recently established for a period of three years by Mrs. Courtland Hoppin, Miss Sarah Hoppin, and Dr. J. C. Hoppin, has been continued during the lifetime of the donors. The School may therefore hope for the present to award the fellowships annually, a School fellowship of $600, one maintained by the Archaeological Institute of the same value, and the Hoppin fellowship of $1,000. The chairman also reported another successful season at the excavations in Corinth, where the location of the chief centres for topo- graphical research seems established with certainty. It is greatly to be hoped that, with this much accomplished, the work may not be brought 'to a standstill through lack of money. Prof. B. I. Wheeler of Cornell, as chair- man of the committee on fellowships, an- nounced that the fellowships for the en- suing year had been awarded to Mr. Benja- min Powell (Cornell, 1896), Mr. James Tucker, jr. (Brown, 1897), and the Agnes Hoppin fellowship to Miss H. A. Boyd (Smith, 1892), who has previously held one of the other fellowships. Miss Leach, pro- fessor of Greek at Vassar, succeeds Prof. Wheeler as the head of the committee on fellowships. As annually appointed profes- sors, Prof. Smyth of Bryn Mawr will go out next year.^and in 1900-1901 Prof. E. D. Perry of Columbia. The financial condition of the School at Athens, even though this school is older and more firmly established than the sister insti- tution in Rome, is still a source of some solicitude to its managers. Its current in- come is very largely derived from the con- tribution of the various supporting universi- ties and colleges, and, as such contributions are to a great extent made up of small sub- scriptions by individuals, the permanence of the revenue may at any time be put in jeo- pardy. Through economy and careful financ- ing, and by the readiness of many to work for the School without remuneration, it has been possible to begin gathering a permanent fund, but the increase of this fund is each year becoming a more pressing necessity to the School. Surely these two American in- stitutions in foreign lands may reasonably appeal to the many benefactors of learning in our country for help in raising the com- paratively small endowments which are needful to their success. They have become really a part of our educational system, and they have already markedly affected the stu- dy of classical antiquity in the colleges; they are about the only educational under- takings which have called forth a real co- operation between different institutions, thus helping to counteract the unfortunate ten- dency of our colleges and universities to let local interests and prejudices interfere with that which is for the benefit of all; they often lend a hand also to the chance travel- ler, and give him the little guidance in two of the world's great centres of civilization which makes to him all the difference be- tween the profitable employment of his time and mere aimless sightseeing. As a possi- ble form of endowment it might perhaps be suggested that the two School libraries, or either one of them, could for no very large sum be made to perpetuate the name of some friend of sound learning. Saturday morning, the final day of the ses- sions, witnessed the assembling of the Coun- cil of the Archaeological Institute, under the presidency of Prof. John Williams White of Harvard. Some thirty members were pre- sent, and ten more were represented by proxies. The President opened the meet- ing by giving an account of his management of the affairs of the Institute during the last year. This was followed by the regular re- ports of the chairmen of the two School committees, and by the interesting report of Prof. Seymour, as chairman of the com- mittee which has in charge the publication of the results of the excavations at the Argive Heraeum. This promises to be much the most important publication which the Insti- tute and the Athenian School have yet is- sued. For the general oversight of the work, Prof. Charles Waldstein, under whose direction the excavations in Argos were con- ducted, is responsible, but he is to have a company of worthy helpers associated with him. The different topics will be distributed as follows: Mr. Tilton, Topography and Ar- chitecture; Prof. Waldstein, Sculpture; Mr. Chase, Terracottas ; Mr. De Cou, Bronzes ; Prof. Richardson, Inscriptions; Dr. Hoppin, Vases, Prof. R.Norton, Gems; Mr. Lythgoe, Scarabs. There will be, in all, more than a hundred plates, and between three and four hundred illustrations in the text. A pleasant event of the morning session was^the graceful speech of Prof. Waldstein, proposing, that this Heraeum publication should be dedicated to Prof. C. E. Norton, as the founder and first President of the Archaeological Institute. Prof. Norton made an appreciative and sym- pathetic reply. It had been hoped that this year would see the establishment of a school in Palestine by the Society of Biblical Literature and Exe- gesis, under the auspices of the Institute, but the necessary preparations are not yet complete, and final action awaits the return of Prof. J. H. Thayer, who has the matter much at heart, but who is now absent in Europe. The report on this plan was made by the Rev. Dr. John P. Peters. There is also another direction in which the Institute desires to extend its activity, this time not to seek "fresh woods and pas- tures new," but to resume a temporarily neglected line of work— that of the archaeo- logical study of this continent. Since the publication of the series of investigations by Mr. Bandelier, nothing, or almost nothing, of this kind has been done, and when Presi- dent White came into office two years ago he rightly felt that it was a great mistake for the Institute to be turning its attention so exclusively to classic work. A committee was therefore appointed to consider the ques- tion, and its first step was to recommend that the board of editors of the Journal of Archaeology be increased by the addition of an editor who should represent the study of American antiquity. Prof. Henry W. Haynes of Boston was accordingly chosen to this office. The committee next recommended the election of a councillor whose special in- terest was in the archaeology of America. The Executive Committee of the Council at once adopted the recommendation and elect- ed Mr. Charles P. Bowditch of Boston as a Vice-President of the Institute to succeed the late Dr. Pepper of Philadelphia. No one who knows of the work that Mr. Bowditch has done in Honduras — his own work and that which he has made it possible for others to do — can doubt the wisdom of the com- mittee's selection. Mr. Bowditch made a vigorous speech before the Council, urging the revival of interest in American work, and it was voted that a special committee on this subject be appointed by the President in con- sultation with Mr. Bowditch. Mr. Edward Robinson of Boston also spoke urging the essential unity of the study of prehistoric antiquity in all countries, and pointing out its value to classical archaeology in throwing light upon the Mycenaean and pre- Mycenaean periods. The report of Prof. Wright as editor-in- chief of the American Journal of Archaeology showed that publication to be in a pros- perous condition. When he took charge of it the issue was much behindhand; now, however, the first number for 1899 has ap- peared, and by the end of the year there is every prospect that all numbers will be is- sued on time. President White asked that he be authorized to arrange in the name of the Institute for the reproduction in fac- simile of the Codex Ravcnnas of Aristo- phanes. The work, he said, was likely to pay for itself, as the facsimiles of the Lau- rentian Sophocles and Aeschylus published respectively by the English and Italians had done, and in any case he was him- self willing to assume the financial risk. The authorization was, of course, promptly given, and we may now expect that the Insti- tute will add another noteworthy publication to its lengthening list. The old officers were re- elected for the ensuing year, with one or two slight changes in the roll of Vice-Pre- sidents, which now reads as follows: Pre- sident Gilman of Baltimore, Mr. C. P. Bow- ditch of Boston, Mr. M. A. Ryerson of Chi- cago, Prof. Seymour of New Haven, Mr. Talcott Williams of Philadelphia. The day was now far spent, and the ses- sion was appropriately brought to a close by the passage of a resolution that the Archaeological Institute should make ar- rangements to hold, during the next Christ- mas recess, its first meeting for scientific discussion and for the reading of papers. J. R. Wheeler. THE MERIT SYSTEM IN THE BRITISH COLONIES. Brunswick, Me., May 9, 1899. In a former letter to the Nation, I called attention to some of the characteristics of the merit system as exemplified in the consu- lar and diplomatic service of Great Britain. The details of the system there noted have application, of course, mainly to so much of

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June I, 1899] The Nation 415 the foreign service as is conducted by offi- cials sent from England and holding direct relations with the Colonial Department. In the purely internal affairs of the respective colonies, however, the primary conditions are different. Most of the colonies have a preponderant native population of but a moderate degree of civilization, while the diversity of situation, interests, and natural resources is very great. On the surface, the British possessions might seem to promise a rich harvest for the spoilsmen. How far the promise is fulfilled may be seen from an examination of the 'Colonial Office List,' an annual official publication similar to the 'Foreign Office List,' and of which the volume for 1899 is just to hand. The portion of the colonial empire of Great Britain under the immediate supervision of the Secretary of State for the Colonies (In- dia has a separate administration, and is not considered here) comprises forty dis- tinct and independent governments. Eleven of these have elective assemblies and re- sponsible governments; sixteen have a legislative council nominated by the Crown, with the power reserved to the Crown, save in British Honduras, of legis- lating by orders in council; nine have legis- lative councils partly elected and partly ap- pointed; and four have no legislative council, the law-making power being delegated to the officer administering the government. In the responsible or self-governing colonies, the concurrence of the home Government in appointments is not necessary, administra- tive control being vested in officials depend- ent upon the support of representative as- semblies. There is an executive council, ap- pointed by the Governor, with whose approv- al appointments are made. This form of ad- ministration, familiar in our own country, calls for no further comment. The governor of a British colony— known also as governor-in- chief or governor-gene- ral if his jurisdiction embraces several dis- tinct colonies— is appointed during the plea- sure of the Crown, but the term of office is usually six years. Besides general execu- tive functions, the Governor has such pow- ers and duties, and is subject to such re- strictions, as are laid down in rules emanat- ing from England, or in the laws of the colo- ny which he serves. Where there is no rep- resentative assembly, the initiation of laws belongs in general to him, and in all cases his veto power is absolute. The appointing power of the Governor is modified by the local circumstances of the colony and by the nature of the office. In the self-governing colonies, as has been said, appointments to public office are made by the Governor with the advice of the executive council, and are neither authorized nor con- firmed by commission or warrant from the Queen. Elsewhere, offices are generally be- stowed in the name and during the pleasure of the Crown; but in some cases local law . confers the appointing power upon the Gov- ernor, with or without the concurrence of the council, while a few places are held during good behavior. As a general rule, however, all public offices "of considerable rank, trust, and emoluments" are granted, either pro- visionally or absolutely, under royal com- mission. For the purpose of determining what are and what are not places "of con- siderable rank, trust, and emoluments," of- fices are divided into three classes. The first includes those whose emoluments do not exceed £100 per annum; the second. those in excess of £100 but not over £200; and the third, those worth more than £200. Places in the first or lowest class are usu- ally at the disposal of the Governor, who must, however, make report of the appoint- ment at the earliest opportunity. Vacancies in the second class are filled by the Colonial Secretary on the recommendation of the Governor, the recommendation being almost uniformly followed. In the case of a va- cancy in the third class, the Governor may, as in the second, make a provisional ap- pointment and a recommendation; but the latter has less weight with the Secretary than in cases of the second class. While no attempt is made to state in ad- vance the precise circumstances under which the recommendations of the Governor will or will not be followed, certain principles are, nevertheless, observed. In general, recom- mendations in the way of promotion are more favorably regarded than suggestions of per- sons new to the service; but appointments to new offices are likely to be made directly from England. Appointments of relatives of the Governor, and even of private secretaries and other intimate associates, are rarely con- firmed. In all matters of appointment each colony is considered by itself; and while the filling of vacancies by promotion is the rule observed wherever practicable, only the high- er officials are likely to be transferred from one colony to another. Further, regard is had to the general state of the colony— its population, wealth, and political condition- as affecting the probable number of persons from whom the local authorities may make selection. Especial importance is attached to local qualifications and experience; and in order that the Colonial Office may have pro- per knowledge in the premises, the Governor is required to make annually a confidential report on the claims of candidates, whether in the service or not. An exception to the rule of local preference occurs in the cases of chief judicial and financial officers, where "local connection with the colony by birth, family ties, or otherwise, will be considered, generally speaking, to render a candidate in- eligible." In practice, therefore, the patronage of the Colonial Secretary is very small. Minor of- fices are filled by the appointment of local candidates, where such can be found, and higher offices by promotion, so far as prac- ticable. Only in the case of new offices, high positions, or positions demanding technical or professional qualifications not to be found in the colony, are appointments likely to be made from England. While persons already in the service, accordingly, have a chance to rise, those who wish to enter must commonly do so by way of a minor place. In Ceylon, Hong Kong, and the Straits Settlements, in- cluding the Malay States, cadetships have been established, with competitive examina- tions, for the training of officials for the higher posts; subordinate positions being filled by local appointment, as in the other colonies. There are a few cadetships — non- competitive, but with preference given to graduates of the universities — in the Gold Coast colony, and a few in Fiji; these, with an occasional clerkship in the customs ser- vice on the west coast of Africa, complete the list of so-called "junior" clerical posi- tions open to candidates in England. Occa- sional educational appointments, if of lower grade, are made by advertising for appli- cants, or through a teachers' agency; higher positions are filled by promotion. Higher medical places, also, are usually filled by transfer or promotion, save in the case of positions calling for administrative as well as professional ability, when selections from outside the service are sometimes made. It is announced that eventually all candidates for medical places will be required to under- go a course of training at the School of Tro- pical Medicine, now in process of establish- ment in England. The power of dismissal is not quite co- extensive with the power of appointment. In the self-governing colonies, the power, like that of appointment, is vested in the Governor and executive council, if the office be held, as nearly all are, at the pleasure of the Crown. The executive council itself, in these colonies, holds office at the plea- sure of the Governor; but it is "understood that councillors who have lost the confidence of the local Legislature will tender their re- signation to the Governor, or discontinue the practical exercise of their functions, in analogy with the usage prevailing in the United Kingdom." In the Crown colonies, the power of dismissal is much restricted, although temporary suspension is allowed, pending inquiry and decision by the Colonial Office. Dismissals of officials receiving £100 or less a year, however, do not require the approval of the Colonial Secretary; but the official is, in every case, entitled to a writ- ten statement of the charges against him, and an opportunity to clear himself; and there is also a right of appeal. A few general provisions, designed to in- sure honest and effective administration, should also be noted. All salaried public of- ficers are forbidden to engage in trade or commerce without permission from the Gov- ernor and the approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. In cases where the salary or emoluments of the office are fixed on the assumption that the official gives his entire time to the Government service, the prohibition is usually absolute. Further, no public officer, may act as private agent in any matter connected with his official duties. He may not be the editor of a newspaper, nor actively concerned in its management. He is at liberty to discuss in print, over his own signature, matters of general inte- rest, but he must avoid political topics, and refrain from criticising either the Govern- ment or its agents. No official may receive gifts or presents from the natives of the col- ony in which he is serving, save where a re- fusal would give offence, in which case the present is to be turned over to the Govern- ment. Ceremonial presents from natives, whether chiefs or others, become the prop- erty of the Government, and return presents are at Government expense. Even this brief sketch is, I think, suffi- cient to show the general principles gov- erning British colonial administration. So far as the civil service is concerned, each colony is treated as a unit, and its adminis- trative service is organized to meet its spe- cial needs. Wherever possible, offices are filled by the appointment of local candidates, who, though holding nominally at the- plea- sure of the Crown, enjoy in practice a per- manent tenure during good behavior, and are advanced to higher stations as vacancies occur. With rare exceptions, only such offi- cials as are charged with duties touching broad lines of policy, or whose positions de- mand a training which the colony cannot provide, are sent from England; and, even here, transfers from other colonies are fre-

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4=±e Tlie USTation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 quent. Where a system of competitive ex- aminations has been introduced, as in Cey- lon, Hong Kong, and the Straits Settlements, the tests are the same as in England, and are under the charge of the Civil-Service Commissioners. Finally, the use of official position as a means to private gain is abso- lutely prohibited. It is because the colonial service aims at an intelligent, judicious, and stable conduct of affairs, and not because of its novelty or its "spoils," that it has be- come, for English subjects, an attractive and worthy career. William MacDonald. Correspondence. "PIAZZA." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In a letter written August 20, 1867, J. L. Motley said to a friend that "he has put a broad verandah (what we so comically call a piazza) all around the house." Our use of the word is certainly singular, and the present is the first attempt that has been made to account for it. The word piazza has, by English-speaking people, been used in three senses. First, for over three centuries, it has been employed by writers and travellers in the sense of a square or open place. To the examples of this, its proper Italian meaning, given in the Stan- ford Dictionary, could be added other early ones from J. Florio (1598), T. Coryat (1G11). and Sir D. Carleton (1616). Secondly, in England the word has for over two centuries been used to mean an ar- cade or portico. The explanation of this usage is as follows: Between 1631 and 1634, Inigo Jones laid out Covent Garden for the Earl of Bedford in the form of a square, with an arcade running along the north and the east sides. The square was called Covent Garden Piazza, a term which first occurs in 1634. Writing from Leghorn under date of October 21, 1644, J. Evelyn said: "The piazza is, very fair and commodious, and, with the church, . . . gave the first hint to the building both of the church and piazza in Covent Garden with us, though very imper- fectly pursued" (Diary, 1889, i., 96). If this is correct, it doubtless explains why a square in London came to be called by an Italian name. But the word piazza, at first a desig- nation of the square, was soon applied to the arcades; that on the north side being called the Great Piazza, and that on the east side the Little Piazza. Hence the word came to mean any arcade or portico under which one could walk, and has long been a well-recognized term in English architecture. This change in meaning was accompanied by a change in pronunciation, and piazza was corrupted into piache, pronounced like the letters p + h. The following examples illustrate this parti- cular usage. "Piazza (Ital.) a Market-place or chief street; such as that in Coven t-Garden, which the vulgar corruptly call the PH. The close Walks are not so properly the Piazza, as the ground inclosed within the Rail." 1061, T. Blount, Glossoaravhia (2ded.). "Well, Madam, I'll take one turn here i' th' Piazza's. 1667, J. Dryden, Sir Martin Mar-all, Act i., Comedies, Tragedies, <!• Operas (1701), i. 191. " I have quitted my old lodging, and desire you to direct your letter to be left for me with Mr.Smi- bert, painter, next door to the King's Arms t:t- vern, in the little piazza, Covent Garden." 1726, G.Berkeley, Life A Letters, Works (1871), iv. 188. . "London is really dangerous at this season; the pickpockets, formerly content with mere filching, make no scruple to knock people down with bludgeons in Fleet-street and the Strand, and that at no later hour than eight o'clock at night; but in the Piazzas, Covent-garden, they come in large bodies, armed with couteaus, and attack whole parties." 1743, W. Shenstone, Letters, Works (1769), iii. 83. "He [C. G. Cibber] carved most of the statues of kings round the Royal-exchange, as far as king Charles, and that of Sir Thomas Gresham in the piazza beneath." 17&3, H. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting in England (1782), iii. 147. " Elgin has what in England are called piazzas, that run in many places on each side of the street. It must have been a much better place formerly. Probably it had piazzas all along the town, as I have seen at Bologna. I approve much of such structures in a town, on account of their con- veniency in wet weather." 1785, J. Boswell, Tour to the Hebrides (2d ed.), 122. " Piache, s. for a piazza, or more properly, an ar- cade. Though this is now a mere vulgarism of the lowest order, it seems to have been formerly deemed more respectable, since Coles has admitted it into his Dictionary [1722] . Those who now use it pronounce it like p and ft." 1822, R. Nares, Glos- sary, 375. " We proceeded by the magnificent aqueduct bridge of the Ellsmere Canal, along which Sir W. and I walked,— I think the greatest human edifice I have seen,— and so to Chester, in which ancient city we had barely time to stare a little at the gal- leries and piazzas of which we have all heard or read." 1825, J. G. Lockhart, in Sir W. Scott's Fa- miliar Letters (1894), ii. 335. In the same sense the word was also em- ployed by J. Macky (1724), J. Ralph (1734), D. Defoe (1753), H. Fielding (1754), B. Franklin (1770), R. Southey (1795), and others. It may be added that St. James's Square, planned about 1663 by the Earl of St. Albans, was alluded to in 1676 as "the Piaz- za" (H. B. Wheatley's 'Round about Picca- dilly,' 1870, p. 356); but it soon lost this name. It has also been stated (in Notes and Querits, 7th Sen, i. 463) that to Soho Square, built in 1681, was originally applied the term Piazza; but of this I find no confirmation. Thirdly, in this country the word piazza has undergone another change, both in mean- ing and In pronunciation. It was introduced here two centuries ago, and was at first em- ployed in its English architectural sense. It soon, however, was used to designate any gallery on the exterior of a building, and so a veranda, either with or without an over- head covering. Exactly when our common pronunciation of the word came into vogue it is impossible to say; but the examples which follow show the history of the term in this country before 1800. First used in the Southern colonies, it apparently did not reach New England until late in the eigh- teenth century. "And be it further enacted . . . That the said building shall be made in this form, and figure H, . . . That the two parts of the building shall be joined by a cross gallery of thirty foot long, and fifteen foot wide each way, according to the figure herein before specified, raised upon piazzas, and built as high as the other parts of the building; and in the middle thereof, a cupola to surmount the rest of the building." 1099, Virginia Statutes at Large (1823), iii. 420-421. " And for the further encouragement of the own- ers of the front lots, Be it also enacted, That every owner that hath or shall hereafter build a brick house at least two stories high, are hereby permit- ted and impowered to buil.l piazzas, not exceeding six foot, in the said wharff or front lots, with steps in the said piazzas up to the said house." 1700, South Carolina Statutes at Large (1840), vii. 17. " [The College of William and Mary] is a lofty Pile of Brick Building adorn'd with a Cupola. At the, North End runs back a large Wing, which is a handsome Hall, answerable to which the Chapel is to be built ; and there is a spacious Piazza on the West Side, from one Wing to the other." 1724, H. Jones, Present State of Virginia, 26. "It [an Orphanage in Georgia] is now weather- boarded and shingled, and a piazza of ten feet wide built all around it: which will be wonderfully con- venient in the heat of summer." 1741, G. White- field, Works (1771), iii. 433. "The publick Works in this Town [Savannah] are 1st, A Court-house, being one handsome Room with a Piache on three Sides : This likewise serves for a Church for divine Service, none having ever been built." 1741, P. Tailfer, &c, True <& Hist. Narrative of the Colony of Georgia, 104. "There are also on the Premises a neat hand- some Brick House, a large Frame Kitchen, Piazza, &c, with a fine Avenue of English Cherry Trees, leading to the Road." 1761, Pennsylvania Gazette, 24 Sept., p. 1-3. "There are about eleven hundred dwelling- houses in the town [Charleston], built with wood or brick ; many of them have a genteel appear- ance, though generally incumbered with balco- nies or piazzas ; and are always decently, and often elegantly, furnished." 1763, Short Description of the Province of S. Carolina, in B. R. Carroll's Hist. Colls, of S. Carolina (1836,), ii. 484. " [Indians] can also distinguish the different ways of making camps and fires ; for instance ; ... a Chactaw makes his camp in travelling in form of a sugar loaf ; a Chickasaw makes it in form of our arbours ; a Creek like to our sheds, or piazzas, to a timber house." 1775, B. Romans, Natural History of Florida, 65. "From the back piazza of our habitation, we command a truly picturesque view into several fertile counties." 1776, W. Eddis, Letters from America (1792), 334. "The tavern . . . stands on the bank of the Delaware, and has a most delightful piazza on the side next the river, which extends the whole length of the house, and is entirely over the water, afford- ing a most beautiful prospect up and down the majestic river." 1787, M. Cutler, in Life, Journals & Corr. (1888), i. 251. " I was in the forenoon busy in my apartment in the council-house, drawing some curious flowers ; when, on a sudden, my attention was taken off by a tumult without, at the Indian camp ; I stepped to the door opening to the piazza, where I met my friend the old interpreter." 1791, W. Bartram, Travels through North & South Carolina, &c, 260. In its American sense, the word is un- known in England, while its English mean- ing apparently long ago became obsolete in this country. Finally, attention may be called to two instances of the use of the term in a figurative sense. In 1644 Milton spoke of "the Piatza of one Title page" (Stanford Dictionary); while about 1862 Thoreau wrote: "This was a part of the furniture of Cape Cod. We had for days walked up and down the long and bleak piazza which runs along her Atlantic side, then over the sanded floors of her halls, and now we were being intro- duced into her boudoir" (Cape Cod, 1894, p. 233). Albert Matthews. Boston, May 9, 1899. Notes. 'A Short History of Freethought,' by John M. Robertson, will be published immediately by Macmillan Co., along with 'The Develop- ment of the English Novel,' by Prof. W. L. Cross, of Yale. Also, a new edition of the 'Handbook of British, Continental and Cana- dian Universities, with special mention of the courses open to Women,' compiled for the Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College by Dr. Isabel Maddison. The object of this book is to give in brief form all the information necessary to assist men or women students intending to study abroad, in the choice of a university or college.

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June i, 1899] The USTation. 4:17 G. P. Putnam's Sons have nearly ready 'How to Swim,' by Capt. Davis Dalton, chief inspector of the United States Volunteer Life-saving Corps. Brentano's announce 'A Silent Singer,' by Clara Morris, the actress. J. B. Lippincott Co. have in press a "His- tory of America before Columbus,' by P. De Roo, in two volumes; a Life of Bismarck, by Frank Preston Stearns; and 'Lessons in Graphic Shorthand (Gabelsberger),' pre- pared for the American public by C. R. Lipp- man. A new edition of De Morgan's 'Elementary Illustrations of the Differential and Integral Calculus' will be issued by the Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago. Lawrence & Bullen, London, are about to publish 'Bearers of the Burden: Being Sto- ries of Land and Sea,' by Major W. P. Drury of the Royal Marines. 'Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia' for 1898 will long be a volume set apart for refer- ence. In it, under the rubric United States, is to be found a succinct account of the war with Spain, and an alphabetic-numerical statement of the "progress and participa- tion of every regiment, battery, and vessel." Cuba has no long article to itself, but Porto Rico and the Philippines are treated by themselves, with maps and illustrations. The larger portraits of the volume are of Dewey, Gladstone, and Bismarck— the two latter in connection with their obituaries. The Omaha Exposition is another article of importance; and, finally, there is an index to the volumes 1896-1898. The thirty-second volume of Wilhelm Miiller's 'Politische Geschichte der Gegen- warf (Berlin: Springer) gives a clear, con- cise, and thoroughly impartial survey of the political history of 1898. Considerable space is devoted to an account of the origin and conduct of the Spanish-American war, end- ing with the peace negotiations at Paris and the purchase of the Philippines. This admirable annual was founded by Wilhelm Muller in 1867, and since his death has been continued by Dr. Karl Wippermann. It is a very useful record of contemporary events, and will be a valuable source of information to future historians. Our judgment of the 'Dictionary of the Bible' edited by James Hastings, M.A., D.D., and published in this country by Charles Scribner's Sons, has already been carefully given at considerable length, on the appear- ance of the first volume. It is enough, therefore, to say of the second that it ex- tends from Feign to Kinsman, and contains one map in connection with the article on Jerusalem by C. R. Conder— one of the longest, 18 pages. That on Jesus fills 51; that on John, his Gospel and Epistles, 62. 'On the Edge of the Empire' (Charles Scribner's Sons) is a fair specimen of much of the Kiplingese literature now current. It consists of stories of British military life in native regiments on the Indian frontier. There is not much in it to attract, but the book is not without its lesson to us, as Il- lustrating the complications and moral de- cadence involved in taking upon us "the white man's burden" in the Philippines and elsewhere. If we believed the spirit of con- tempt displayed in this volume for all but the military natives were general among the British in India, our wonder at the success of British rule would be greater than it is. We light upon such passages as: "The na- tive of India, like the ape, is at his best in childhood, and deteriorates as he grows older"; "In Bengal, where the blethering of crazy ideas is the valor of as abject a race of cowards as ever walked abroad in the guise of men," etc. Now that the "su- perior races" command weapons that place the "subject" entirely at their mercy, to what may not their hauteur, uncurbed as it was of old by an uneasy half-held belief in possible reprisal, yet lead? And what will be the end of it all? The Doubleday & McClure Co. publish a translation of Cottin's compilation of the 'Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne,' illustrat- ed. The original is an authentic narrative of a soldier's personal experience in the burning of Moscow and Napoleon's ruinous retreat. Bourgogne was a non-commission- ed officer in the Velites attached to the Guard, who were selected from men of some pro- perty and education. His intelligence and his natural literary capacity made his recol- lections and his narrative of them much more trustworthy than those of an ordinary enlisted soldier. His story corroborates the opinion that the grande armce lost cohesion from its own weight, and was from the first hardly manageable under Napoleon's system of living on the country. Discipline was already broken and the army half fam- ished when Moscow was reached, and the Sergeant's own conduct, as he tells it, is conclusive proof that even the corps d'Slite had degenerated into uncontrolled maraud- ers. The horrors of the retreat were in no small degree traceable to this loss of dis- cipline and the helpless disorganization con- sequent upon it. For continuous and blood- curdling details of prolonged agony, and for variety of incident in the hell of war sur- passing fiction, the story of Bourgogne goes beyond what had been told by others of that astounding chapter in the history of Im- perial ambition. ' "1812," Napoleon in Russia,' by Vassili Verestchagin, the Russian artist (Charles Scribner's Sons), is a study from original sources of the whole campaign of 1812, and of the military and diplomatic policy on both sides. It has enough of the Russian point of view to impart freshness to the treat- ment of the subject, and though it has been written to accompany the view of Verestchagin's series of paintings based on the campaign, it shows historical research and grasp, both of larger features and of picturesque details, which give the book a good right to stand on its own merits as a literary production. An introduction by Mr. R. Whiteing sketches the career of the well-known artist, and we may as- sume that the good English dress of the whole has been assured by the same editing. Essays by the author on the Progress of Art and on Realism give us his artistic ideals and principles before he displays his graphic tableaux of war. The illustrations are half- tone reproductions from his own paintings, with spirited little marginal sketches in the text. A good photogravure portrait of the author in national costume is the frontis- piece. It may fairly be doubted whether any other so brief treatment of the Moscow campaign makes, for the general reader, a more satisfactory and intelligible presenta- tion of the subject. 'J. Chamberlain,' by Achille Viallate (Paris: Colin & Cie.), is the subject of a re- cent biographical study, to which Emile Boutmy contributes a preface. "Is he a statesman, or only a politician?" is, accord- ing to M. Boutmy, the question which na- turally arises in one's mind after a survey of Mr. Chamberlain's varied career. The answer given by Boutmy is that the Colo- nial Secretary deserves to be called a states- man, though not, he hastens to add, in the French sense of a public man whose opinions are based on principles which are for him the object of a "glowing and tenacious wor- ship." Dr. George Polonsky has made a German translation of a work on the economy of Rus- sia since the emancipation of the serfs, but has incorporated in it some of the most ex- traordinary passages of English it has been our misfortune to meet. Thus, Col. Wright is made to say: "The thole industry has now become greetly specialiced separate factories bring engaged esclusively in the manufacture of bond and her cut stock and uppers also in making of slittenings, heels insodes, linings, tips clasps, strings staples and variopus other articles "(p. 112). Even this is eclipsed by the note printed on p. 449: "It may, and if it lat long enough it will surley produce a fundamnntal agrarian revolution. J mean a revolution in the condition of landed pro- perty-wtich will and both the pomestschik and the mutschik and replace them," etc. One might reasonably expect at this day that the large publishing-houses in Germany would pay more attention to the correct printing of English than to permit such un- necessary errors as New Gampshir, Massasu- sets, Rod Anland, and Yermont — all in two lines (p. 146); while the "manufacture cleese in beinpridegated more and more" is intended for a quotation from an official re- port that any library of size would possess. The book bears the imprint of a Munich firm, and is entitled 'Die Volkswirtschaft in Russland nach der Bauern-Emancipation.' The author is Nicolai-on. In McClure's Magazine for June, Mr. Cleveland Moffett describes the latest mira- cle in science, Marconi's wireless telegraphy, with the aid of numerous illustrations of ap- paratus and stations, a portrait of the in- ventor, etc. Dispatches were transmitted and received by the writer himself, as here" recorded. The world-thrill occasioned by the first messages sent over the luckless cable of 1858 was not repeated when, in July, 1898, the Dublin Daily Express published bulle- tins of the Kingstown regatta from its ob- servation steamer while the yachts were beyond the range of the telescope. Yet the new prospect is far more marvellous than the old, and the medium of communication, the Hertzian rays, even more "psychic" than the electric or the X-rays. Mr. Moffett re- ports some of the speculations he heard from one of Marconi's staff, including possible te- legraphy from on shipboard through a sub- marine cable terminating seaward in a re- ceiver. Marconi's "coherer" is the pivot of his system; by it the gentle ether impulse is made to call into play the power of the home battery, very much as, in automatic regula- tion of steam-heating, the feeble electric cur- rent determined by the set thermometer re- leases compressed air to operate the steam- valves. M. Loewy, director of the Paris Observa- tory, in a timely and sympathetic sketch of Prof. Newcomb, in Nature for May 4, where a most excellent portrait appears in the galaxy of "Scientific Worthies," says of him, in view of his mathematical researches of the last forty years: "Newcomb must be considered, without contradiction, as one

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418 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1770 of the most celebrated astronomers of our time, both on account of the immensity of his work and the unity of view which makes the choice of the subjects treated by him. All is linked together in our solar system. . . . Not only has he given a great scope to the intellectual movement of his coun- try, but he has also contributed in a very successful manner to elevate the level of the civilization of our age, enriching the domain of science with beautiful and durable con- quests." From the New York agency of Boussod, Manzi, Joyant & Cie. we receive the cus- tomary annual issue (Part I.) of Figaro- Salon, the illustrated folio of the current Salons, edited by Arsene Alexandre. A por- trait of Paul Deschanel, President of the Deputies, is among the full-page plates. The colored print (double-size) is Benoit-Levy's "Morning of July 14, 1789." Among the very varied contents of the Consular Reports for May, those of most ge- neral interest are reports upon the dairy product of Canada (from which it appears that 196,703,323 pounds of cheese, valued at $17,572,763, were exported in 1898, and of but- ter 11,252,787, valued at $2,046,686) and upon the commerce and industry of Brazil, and information in regard to the collection of debts in several countries, including Ger- many and England. An article upon rubber plantations in Guatemala gives figures as to the original cost of land and preparation of the crop. These show that "one crop, after ten years, will produce double the amount expended during that time." The consul at Tuxpan, Mexico, gives an interesting de- scription of the modes of cultivating the va- nilla bean in that country. The difference between China and Japan In foreign trade is becoming more marked each year. The returns for 1898 have just been published for each country, and are suggestive when brought into contrast. China's imports gave an increase over 1897 of about 7,000,000 Haikwan taels, due to opium, coal, raw cotton, kerosene oil, flour, and sugar, certainly necessary articles except opium. The exports decreased 4,500,000 taels, mainly in tea and silk. Japan increased its imports by more than one-fifth, or by 57,- 700,000 yen, owing to the partial failure of the home rice crop, and to larger imports of sugar, raw cotton, and alcohol. The exports increased only 1.5 per cent., but, on separat- ing the raw materials from the manufac- tures, it is seen that the movement of raw products fell from 117,771,632 yen in 1897 to 106,197,206 yen in 1898, while that of ma- nufactures rose from 45,363,445 yen to 59,- 465,038 yen. Cotton yarns, now the most important of the manufactures exported, silk goods, and straw braid, are the leading items of increase, and the movement shows no tendency to diminish in volume. As to the future of the raw materials, the Japan Week- ly Mail says: "Tea, rice, and camphor may be set aside at once; tea, because the market for it is limited, and shows no sign of grow- ing; rice, because the domestic demand will probably keep the quotation at such a point that profitable export will be impossible- and camphor, because, whatever Japan's produce might become under careful hus- banding, it tends at present, and has for many years tended, to diminish rather than increase." Silk is being injured by the com- petition of the newly established filatures and originally better product of China Whatever expectations might be based on the coal exports must be modified as the demand of the domestic factories grows, and the seams- are neither large nor widely dis- tributed. The same condition applies to cop- per. It would seem that Japan aims to be a great manufacturing nation, possibly draw- ing the raw material from China. While the statement recently made that the cable connection between Denmark and Iceland had been determined on is not true, there is reason to believe that the con- summation is not far distant. The Great Northern Telegraph Company of Copenhagen is willing to undertake the enterprise in case at least fourteen meteorological in- stitutes in Europe and America agree to sub- scribe for daily weather reports. As the advantages to be gained by such informa- tion are very great, and the charges will be put at the lowest possible figure, there should be no difficulty in reaching a satis- factory agreement. The proposed cable will pass over the Faroe Islands, from which reports will also be received. It is believ- ed that the plan will specially commend itself to countries engaged in the Icelandic fisheries, which will be made much safer by this extension of weather observations. According to the Berlingske Tidende of Copenhagen, a new hospital for the use of French fishermen was opened in April on the east coast of Iceland. During the past two years, medical and surgical aid has been given to the 5,000 French fishermen who spend the fishing season, from April to Oc- tober, along this coast by two hospital ships, with a physician on each. Expe- rience, however, proved that the incessant motion of the boats interfered with the comfort even of sailors when sick or dis- abled. These boats will be retained, but will hereafter be used only to bring patients from different points to the building on Faskrudsfjord. The whole enterprise is under the direction of the French Govern- ment, although the hospital attendants are Danish. April was a propitious month for German women striving after the higher education. In the Empire, obstacles in the way of the admission of women to the examinations for physicians, dentists, and pharmaceutists were removed; in Prussia, the entrance con- ditions for female "hearers" in the univer- sities were simplified; and at Hanover and Stuttgart two new Madchengymna&icn were opened. If we add to these the slap given by the university authorities at Halle to the youngsters who tried to shut their sisters out from the clinic, we have five distinct steps in advance in a single month. Who will say that Germany is not bestirring her- self? At the first conference of Latin teachers of Vermont and adjoining States, held at Middlebury College a year ago, under the auspices of the department of Latin, a Roman chorus was presented with marked success by the class in Horace. At the se- cond conference, May 19 and 20, 1*899, the crowning feature was a Roman drama, a presentation of certain scenes in the life of Cicero centring about the conspiracy of Catiline. As in the chorus, fidelity to fact was the prime consideration in every detail of costume, scenery, and stage appoint- ments. The scenery, by Mr. Charles Witham of New York, was of exceptional beauty; the temple of Jupiter Stator, the Forum, and the house of Quintus Cicero be- ing given especial praise. The cur- tains closed on a chorus of youths and maidens singing in the Forum a hymn to Diana of Catullus. Prof. Myron R. San- ford of the Latin chair was the author of the drama, compiled largely from the texts of Cicero, Sallust, and Plutarch, ingeniously interwoven. The ninth summer meeting of the Oxford Universily Extension will be held at Ox- ford from July 29 to August 23. Among those who have promised to take part In the meeting are Sir W. Anson, Bart.; Hon. George Brodrick, Lord Strathcona, Lord Farrer, Sir Alfred Lyall, Sir William Rich- mond, Canon Sanday, Professors Dicey, Jebb, York Powell, Sayce, Percy Gardner, Messrs. Arthur Sidgwick, Frederick Myers, Geoffrey Drage, M.P., Churton Collins, Est- liu Carpenter, and many others. There will be lectures on the history, literature, art, science, and economics of the period 1837- 1871. An outline of the programme may be had gratis of Mr. John Nolen, No. Ill South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia; tickets and all information from J. A. R. Marriott, M.A., University of Oxford. The Chautauqua Assembly announce- ments for 1899 include a number of courses in literature. Among the most notable is that to be given by Mr. Walter H. Page, editor of the Atlantic Mouthy, whose five lectures will deal with "The Practical As- pects of Literature." The Harvard Summer School of Theology will hold its first session from July 5 to July 21, at Cambridge, Mass., offering courses in the Old Testament, church his- tory, and theology, with occasional evening lectures of a more general character, e. g., "Diirer's Biblical Illustrations," by Prof. Francke; "The Anti-Slavery Preachers," by the Rev. J. W. Chadwick; "The Abbey of Cluny," by Prof. Norton, etc. Both sexea may attend. Inquiries may be addressed to the Rev. Robert S. Morison, at the Divinity Library. The Marine Biological Laboratory will hold its twelfth session at Wood's Holl, Mass., beginning June 1, and the announce- ments show that it will be of more than usual interest and importance. Besides the courses hitherto offered, others will be given this year on cytology, physiology, and psy- chology. The extent of the work now carried on may be inferred from the fact that there are thirty names on the list of officers of in- struction, and fifty-four on the list of lec- turers. Among them are the names of two women. Prof. Clapp of Mt. Holyoke Col- lege and Prof. Cummings of Wellesley. The evening lectures on matters of general bio- logical interest are a marked feature of in- terest, and the annual volume which is made up out of them presents the recent trend of biological opinion in a form as fascinat- ing as It is accessible. The Twelfth International Congress of Ori- entalists will meet at Rome on October 12, 1899. Cards of membership ($4) may be ob- tained from Mr. Cyrus Adler, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. A committee has been formed for the pur- pose of presenting Dr. Richard Garnett With his portrait upon his retirement from the post of Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum. During the forty-eight years that he has held office at the Museum he has won the regard of thousands of stu- dents by his unfailing courtesy and devotion to their interests. At the same time he has made a wide reputation as a man of letters,

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June i, 1899] The Nation. 4.19 and has taken an active part in promoting the efficiency of public libraries throughout the country- All who are acquainted with him and his varied work, will, it is believ- ed, welcome an opportunity of giving some practical expression of the esteem in which they hold him. Subscriptions will be receiv- ed by the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Huth, Bolney House, Ennismore Gardens, London, S. W., or by Mr. W. C. Lane, Librarian of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. The committee desire to learn as early as possi- ble what subscriptions they may depend up- on, in order that they may be able to give a commission for the portrait without delay. The amounts subscribed will not be publish- ed, but a list of the names of the sub- scribers will be presented to Dr. Garnett. The death of Eduard von Simson on May 2 at Berlin removes another of the men who took a leading part in the Revolution of 1848 and in the subsequent political evo- lution and consolidation of Germany. Sim- son was born November 10, 1810, at Kbnigs- berg, studied law and political economy, and habilitated as privat docent in 1831 in the university of his native city. Three years later he was appointed to the position of judge in the royal tribunals of Prussia, and gave up his academical career. His political activity began in 1848, when he was sent as a delegate to the Frankfort Parliament, of which he was soon chosen president. In- deed, it is a conclusive proof of his eminent ability in this direction that he always be- came the presiding officer of the several le- gislative bodies to which he belonged, such as the Prussian House of Deputies, the Par- liament of the North-German Bund, and the Imperial Diet. He was the head of the de- putation which offered the imperial crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV. at Berlin, in 1849, as well as of tbe deputation which made the same offer with better success to Wil- helm I. at Versailles in 1870. He presided over the German Imperial Diet till 1874, when he declined a reelection on the ground 'of ill health. He withdrew entirely from public life in 1891, when an hereditary order of nobility was conferred upon him by the Emperor Friedrich III. — Perhaps the most interesting pages of the last number of the Psychological Review are those which fall under the head of dis- cussions. Prof. Hyslop deals some keen blows at Prof. Miinsterberg's recent ut- terances on the subject of psychical research; for a man who is himself so devoted an "idealist" as to believe that as subjects of will we are immortal— that, to the philosophi- cal mind, which sees the difference between reality and psychological transformation, im- mortality is certain, the denial of immor- tality is even meaningless— it would seem as If that form of the non-materialistic which is embodied in the phenomena of mysticism would also have its attractions. But Prof. Munsterberg will have nothing of it. As Prof. Hyslop points out, the wonderful tri- umphs of invention and discovery in the field of science have destroyed the ordinary cri- teria of the limits of human knowledge, and have deprived us of our moorings, so that we are rapidly coming to think that hardly any- thing is impossible. Mr. Hiram M. Stanley discusses Mr. Marshall's theory of religion. Mr. Kirkpatrick brings out an interesting Instance in support of his thesis that volun- tary action arises not so much out of chance Impulsive action which is seen to be effica- cious, as upon the actual physiological de- velopment of the cells in which it has its seat. Mr. Judd advances our comprehension of certain geometrical illusions by pointing out that the eye has a tendency to follow lines, that distances seem shorter when the eye is thus allured in a certain direction, and that the over-estimation of acute angles and the under-estimation of obtuse angles is a case of actual triangulation which is exposed to error from this allurement of the eye. — Under the title, 'Volkerpsychologisches in der Philippinenfrage,' Ferdinand Blumen- tritt, in the Deutsche Rundschau for May, throws a welcome ray of light on the real significance of the desperation with which the Filipinos are resisting a professedly be- nevolent conquest. The Malays of these isl- ands, says this eminent authority, are very intelligent, and bear a striking resemblance to the Japanese. So eager for education are they that their percentage of illiterates is two-fifths that of Spain. Not only this, but they have artistic capabilities of no mean order — witness the gold and silver-smiths and wood-carvers of Manila, and the dis- tinguished performances of such painters as F. Resurreccion Hidalgo and Don Juan Luna (a pure Ilocano), brother of the insurgent general, whose picture "Spoliarium" was crowned in Paris, and who decorated the Hall of the Spanish Senate in Madrid. In engineering, too, natural science, and lite- rature they have gained distinction. General Luna himself was a pupil of Pasteur, and, under the pseudonym "Taga-ilog," has pub- lished stories and sketches of European life which, from their subtle irony and deftness of workmanship, deserve comparison with the work of Maupassant. In Manila the pro- fessions of law and medicine are crowded with natives. — Under the Spanish rule, such men, how- ever able or cultivated, felt the sting of the contempt of their rulers, whose cruel mock- ery sometimes denominated them "Anthro- poids." No high political career was open to them. Their resentment at this assump- tion of white superiority deepened as travel and reading dispelled their illusions and dis- closed the reverse side of the boasted white civilization. They learned, too, that wher- ever white men are in control, a dark skin is an insuperable barrier to equality of rights and opportunities. Consequently, however alluring the promises of American control, these leaders and their educated followers are resisting it with heroic desperation. It is not only a political control which they repel, but also the hopeless lot of the "in- ferior race," a maddening prospect for men of culture and ambition. In brief, the fact is, as Blumentritt says in conclusion, "dass die Herrschaft des amerikanischen Angel- sachsen, der schon die Creolen als eine Art Nigger betrachtet, von den gebildeten Fili- pinos aller Kasten als eine capitis deminutio maxima angesehen werden wiirde." The tragic pathos of this situation must appeal to every humane American whose eyes have not been dazzled by the imperialistic vision, and who realizes the pitiful condition of the educated colored man in our own country. — The first translation of Miss Austen's 'Northanger Abbey' into French dates from 1824; M. Felix Feneon now supplies another under the auspices of the Revue Blanche Publishing Company. English readers who remember the purpose of this novel and the conditions of English sensational fiction against which it was directed in a spirit of gentle, and essentially feminine, satire, may doubt whether either of the translators fully perceived the feline coups de patte thus aimed by Jane Austen at more than one of her rivals, living or dead. In any case, the effect of the work in French is singular, al- most disconcerting; for ironical satire, in whatever shape, is one of the least readily transferable — and consequently translatable — of literary forms; the less so when pre- sented in definite pictures of social condi- tions foreign to the translator's country. Ne- vertheless, M. Fengon, while taking but few liberties with the text, has produced a trans- lation that is French in expression, if in no- thing else. As might have been expected, certain peculiarities in Jane Austen's dic- tion, admitting of no adequate reproduction, are entirely missed. In chapter xi. we read that Catherine Morland "meditated by turns on broken promises and broken arches, phae- tons and false hangings, Tilneys and trap- doors." Here the translator, not content with evading the difficulty of humorous antithesis conveyed in the alliteration, offers a substi- tute both tame and inexact: "Elle pensait tour a tour a des promesses rompues et a des voutes croulantes, a des phaetons et de mys- terieux huis, aux Tilney et a des oubliettes." When Henry Tilney sarcastically banters Catherine (ch. xiv.) on her use of the word "nice" (then considered as slang), it will hardly be maintained that "joli" meets the situation. But slips of this nature are rare in M. Feneon's version. So well equipped a translator might wisely turn his attention to the more carefully elaborated pictures of English life in its peaceful days, which give to Jane Austen her undisputed place in Eng- lish fiction. We venture, however, charily to note that in 'Northanger Abbey' we have on this occasion detected what resembles the inaccuracy which, as a biographer tells us, long vexed the soul of the late James Sped- ding. Emma, it seems, ate strawberries in Mr. Knightley's garden "under apple-trees in blossom," and the editor of the "Instau- ratio Magna' relaxed his philosophical toil in truly Baconian quest of the possibility of such coincidence. But, in Jane Austen's no- vels, seasons are not forced by fruits alone, since Eleanor Tilney is reported to have been seen promenading the Bath Crescent, at the end of February, "in a very pretty spotted muslin." —Prof. Alberto Magnaghi, in 1897, brought to the notice of readers of the Rivista Oeo- grafica Italiana an interesting map of the European world drawn in 1530 by Angellinus de Dalorco. This map has now been issued in an admirably legible photozincographic reproduction, through the generosity of its owner, Prince Tommaso Corsini of Florence, who presented it to the Third Italian Geo- graphical Congress as an offering to the me- mory of Toscanelli and Vespuccius. The fac- simile is accompanied by a thoroughly ade- quate study— a model of what a cartographic essay should be — by Prof. Magnaghi. Fur- ther examination of the inscription on the original parchment map has shown that the date should be 1525, and that the author's name should apparently be read Dalorto. The latter correction is especially interest- ing, in that it seems to connect the carto- grapher with the Genoese family of Dall' Or- to or Dalorto, several of whose members tcok a prominent part in the establishment of Italian commercial colonies in the East, especially at Caffa. The map itself is of the

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420 The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1770 utmost value for the study of geographical history, because it is one of the very earliest which represent a serious effort to record the actual facts as far as they were known at the centre of the medieval world. Sur- prisingly few of the fantasies of the earlier cartographers appear on this map, and those which Dalorto retained serve only to em- phasize the absence of more exact informa- tion. Beyond the familiar borders of the Mediterranean countries, which are very ac- curately laid down, the limits of the com- mercial trade routes can be easily traced by the relative correctness of the seacoasts and river courses. In connection with this last, it is worth noting that Dalorto's map is, per- haps, the earliest real attempt to represent the facts regarding the configuration of the interior of the "various countries with the same truthfulness which the necessities of navigation had some time before demanded of cartographers in the drawing of coast lines. The information derived from the ra- pidly extending intercourse with the regions beyond the Straits of Dover is visibly repre- sented here, also for the first time, perhaps, so far as can be learned from the surviving maps. The Low Countries are, of course, shown with much fulness of detail in names, etc., and the coast seems to have been well known as far as Denmark. Beyond that point, the second-hand reports of returning traders and shipmasters apparently gave Dalorto some trouble, but he succeeded fairly well in harmonizing the doubtless conflicting and disproportionate accounts of Scandinavia and the Baltic gulfs. Ireland was much bet- ter known than its larger neighbor, for even the accessible English coasts opposite Picardy and Normandy are not as thickly studded with names as the Irish coast from Belfast to Cork, and even around to Galway. Scotland, Norway, and Iceland were not to be really known until the Continental fish markets demanded supplies from the farther north. HALE'S LOWELL. James Russell Lowell and his Friends. By Edward Everett Hale. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1899. The agreeable personal qualities of Dr. Hale, his easy and familiar style, and his abundant opportunities of acquaintance with Lowell's personal circle, will secure many readers for this well-printed and well-illus- trated book. On the other hand, its colloquial air will repel some readers, whose further confidence in its methods will scarcely be secured by the occasional intimation that it was partly written at railway stations (p. 63), or while actually travelling in the cars (p. 61). As a whole, it presents a combination of qualities readily recalling to memory the biographical work of the late James Parton, whose popularity in this respect was im- mense but rather short-lived. He, like Dr. Hale, was always readable, was ardent and undiscriminating in loyalty to his friends, and sharply criticised his opponents; but it could be said of neither of them, as was said of Edward Everett by Emerson, that "for a man who threw out so many facts he was seldom convicted of a blunder" (p. fifl). The mere comparison of this book Willi its successive chapters as they were published in the Outlook will show how much it has already gained by revision; and future editions will be likely to gain yet more. It may, of course, be urged on the other side that the author writes mainly to express his own feeling about Lowell himself; yet so far as "his friends" were concerned, the range filled is a very large one, and includes a good many collateral disquisitions, sometimes leading on quite in- secure ground. It is a curious survival of youthful train- ing that Dr. Hale, who can never quite for- get the early traditions of the Daily Ad- vertiser, must have his hit, even in writing of Lowell, against the early abolitionists. He says (p. 51) that Lowell's class poem had a "bitter invective against abolitionists who talked and did nothing," whereas Lowell did not at all object to them for doing nothing, since the time had not yet come when they could do anything but talk. Afterwards Dr. Hale says of Dr. Palfrey's emancipation of his slaves: "He had op- posed the 'abolitionists' with all his might, with pen and with voice. But he knew how to do the duty next his hand better than some men who had talked more about theirs" (p. 60). This doing of his duty con- sisted in emancipating slaves which he had inherited; and inasmuch as most of the abolitionists had never inherited any, it is difficult to see how they could have set them free. All this suggests not the Dr. Hale who worked for liberty in Kansas, but rather him who once described George Thompson and Harriet Martineau as "for- eign carpet-baggers," because, after com- ing to America, they ventured to speak their minds about the institution of slavery. It must always be remembered, however, in justice to Dr. Hale, that it is a part of his free-and-easy method to satirize himself and his own particular friends as impulsive- ly as he does everything else. Thus, in this volume he jeers at "namby-pamby philan- thropists attendant on international con- ventions" (p. 251), while himself laboring to organize universal peace; and he ridicules "the madness . . . which forms a 'so- ciety' to do the work of an individual" (p. 57), as if he himself had not established more such societies than any man now liv- ing. One who spares himself so little can- not be expected to spare other reformers a great deal. - There could hardly be a more curious instance of Dr. Hale's untrustworthy way of treating historical facts than his deli- neation of the alleged revival of Boston bookselling by Phillips & Sampson "about the year 1843." As he says: "All of a sud- den, as a wave of water might sweep over a thick, rotten ice-floe in one of Nansen's summers, a marvellous inundation swept over this decorous imbecility [of the pub- lishers!. That is to say, two young men formed a 'publishing firm' " (p. 153). He then proceeds to tell you what enormous re- sults these young men were accomplishing in 1852, and does not tell you that in that very year John P. Jewett & Co. were issuing 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' in Boston, of which they sold in five years nearly half a million co- pies—a sale such as Phillips & Sampson had never dreamed of. Moreover, he gives the full account of the launch of the Atlantic Monthly by Phillips & Sampson in 1857 with- out the slightest reference to the fact that the magazine was fully planned four years before, and its contributors engaged, by Mr. F. H. Underwood in concurrence with Jewett & Co. It was postponed, not because the Jewett house was too inert, but because it was too enterprising, having been tempted into too many risks by its own success. Undoubtedly Phillips & Sampson saved the project from destruction, although they also handed it over in a few years to still another house. But the fact that eight pages of Dr. Hale's book are devoted to the laudation of Phillips & Sampson, as the projectors of the Atlantic, while the name of Jewett does not appear at all, and Mr. Underwood appears only once as "our literary man," is a curious illustra- tion of the uncertainty of fame. A few minor errors may be pointed out. Dr. Holmes has certainly not described in print (p. 13) the school of Mr. Wells, where Lowell was fitted for college, as the school was not established till 1827, when Holmes was half-way through his Harvard course. The school which Holmes described was a more juvenile one, at Cambridgeport, which he and Margaret Fuller attended. Mr. Wells was not chiefly known by his edition of Taci- tus (p. 13), but by his more elaborate edi- tion of Cicero in twenty volumes. The Har- vard College Library did not consist of "about 50,000 volumes" in Lowell's time (p. 16), but, as stated by the College Catalogue in Lowell's senior year, of 38,000. Of the "Brothers and Sisters," White, as well as Story and Lowell, had been at Mr. Wells's school (p. 70). Dr. Hale says (p. 180) that Lowell "had five young relatives who died in the service" during the civil war, where- as Lowell himself, in the privately printed edition of his "Commemoration Ode" (p 7), mentions eight. To say that there was no exaggeration in the dialect of the 'Big- low Papers' (p. 98) is what Lowell himself would not have ventured, since he reproach- ed himself with having begun with too much misspelling (Letters, I. 119). The definition of a proper lecture-fee — "F.A.M.E. — Fifty And My Expenses" — has been more commonly attributed to Dr. Chapin than to Starr King (p. 107). President Sparks can hardly be included among the rep- resentatives of larger views at Harvard, inasmuch as it was he who secured the abolition of the temporary elective system established in 1839-'40 (p. 129). Nathaniel P. Rogers was not the first editor of the Anti- slavery Standard (pp. 173, 174), nor did he ever edit it. He declined the editorship and was simply an editorial contributor. It is quite impossible to imagine Mr. Lowell as writing, "I used to know some about Pennsylvania Dutch," unless in refer- ence to some antecedent here omitted (p. 272). It would have inspired in him the same emotions created by "I don't know as," so vividly recorded by him in one of his letters. In conclusion, it may be said that the main merit of this work consists in its being a loving picture of Lowell in early life, viewed as he appeared to a man a few years younger, and encircled by that halo with which youth endows its elder brother's friends. The great demerit of the book is in the utter absence of all real delineation of the extremely composite and interesting man that the actual Lowell was. There are rarely two men less alike than Lowell and Long- fellow, and yet most of what Dr. Hale says of the one's character would be equally ap- plicable to the other, and sometimes much more so. When he says (p. 5), "If to this loving-kindness you add an extraordinary self-control, you have the leading character- istics of his nature as it appears to those who knew him earliest and best," you have an excellent characterization of Longfellow, but no portraiture at all of the variable and

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June i, 1899] Tlie Nation. 4=21 impetuous Lowell, "the incurable child" (p. 263) — the man who would walk the streets with tears in his eyes because the people he met did not love him, and then go home to impale Percival or Thoreau on the point of his pen. This child of a Puritan father and a Norse mother, in Dr. Hale's phrase, had a mingling of qualities of which the least visible of all was "an extraordinary self-control." Again, there is hardly a more characteristic contradiction in this book than where the author says of his subject (p. 274), "To the very end of his life, his conversation and his daily walk, indeed, were swayed by the extreme tenderness for the feelings of others which his sister noticed when he was a little boy. He would not give pain if he could help it." Then follows, on the opposite page, a description of the "fun" of a dinner party at which Lowell "tortured" a young man for pronouncing the word "clerk" in the English way as if it rhymed with "lark." "Lowell just pounced upon him as an eagle might pounce upon a lark, to ask why he did so" (p. 275); regarding it as an English affectation. And yet this youth's only offence appears to have been in pronouncing the word precisely as some of Lowell's own classmates did, who had been very little in England; as, for instance, the late Judge Devens, who, as Attorney-General to Presi- dent Hayes, was largely influential in send- ing Lowell himself to London. The man who "would take pleasure in snubbing" (p. 275) could hardly have been the man who "would not give pain if he could help it." The two qualities of temperament were easily com- bined in the actual Lowell, who was, as he once said of himself, "curiously compounded of two utterly distinct characters"; but they are not reconcilable in the man of calm and inexorable self-control whom Dr. Hale pro- claims to us. On the whole, the actual Low- ell was the more interesting, since, in the wise Goethe's phrase, it is a man's incon- sistencies which are apt to make him at- tractive. MORE FICTION. Roden's Corner. By Henry Seton Merriman. Harpers. "If I Were a Man": The Story of a New- Southerner. By Harrison Robertson. Charles Scribner's Sons. The Conjure Woman. By Charles W. Ches- nutt. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The Gospel Writ in Steel: A Story of the American Civil War. By Arthur Paterson. D. Appleton & Co. The Stolen Story, and Other Newspaper Stories. By Jesse Lynch Williams. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1899. Pp. 291. The Short-Line War. By Merwin-Webster. Macmillan Co. .1/cii's Tragedies. By R. V. Risley. Macmil- lan Co. Nothing is safer or apparently more pro- fitable than to satirize Society; the sharp- est barbs seem only to excite an agreeable tftillation in that thick-skinned animal. Mr. Merriman's cleverness, although directed against what might be conceded a vulnerable spot, will win him no enemies. When So- ciety dabbles in Charity, and both wear capi- tals, the result is fair game for anybody. Roden's Coiner was in Malgamite, a pro- duct which comes to have a convincing re- ality for the reader, and the book itself is a pleasantly pungent setting forth of what might happen in industrial circles if philan- thropy were to lay a blundering finger on the delicately poised scales of supply and demand. But philanthropy, as practised by Lord Ferriby, is already outdated — its flabbi- ness cowers before sociology, severe and scientific; and while Joan, with her Nuxine tabloids of disinfectant, of which it was fashionable in her world to smell, her Nuxine dentifrice and Nuxine cigar-holder for the sanitation of her lover, might claim a place under either regime, Lord Ferriby might as fairly be said to represent neither. The Hooley revelations have evidently com- plicated his character. A curious variant is effected by the manner of his taking off — dropping dead at the moment of his exposure — a climax for which the easy composure of his hypocrisy has not at all prepared one. The same inconsequence is exhibited in the career of the heavy villain, Von Holzen. This patient plotter of a lifetime, the be- guiler of others to their undoing without criminally complicating- himself, suddenly takes to the crudest stabbings and smother- ings. Flesh-and-blood realities are not, however, to be looked for in the book; the manipulation is too evident. The puppets are taken to pieces, explained and comment- ed on by the showman himself, who utters in his own person most of the good things. One is persistently interested in the show- man—one does not tire of his neat strokes; but such an atmosphere is fatal to illusion. "If I were a man," was the challenge flung by a girl to the lover she was not ready to wed. It roused him from inglorious ease and sent him into political life. Then fol- lows the struggle of the man against the machine, the individual thinker against the party boss. The fearful power of these two engines of oppression is well brought out in the story of the Senatorial contest, a fierce effort to make Spurlock cast his vote for the unprincipled party candidate and so break the legislative deadlock. It is a situation of genuine heroism, for which, it is well to remind ourselves, modern civic life affords opportunities. As a study in practical poli- tics, written with abundant dash and re- vealing shrewd insight into conditions which prevail, not in Kentucky alone, the book is good to read. There is nothing rosily opti- mistic in it all. Spurlock loses his office, loses his fortune in an attempt to found an independent newspaper, and the cause he champions goes down with a crash. But the note of despair is never struck; at the end the hero is full of fight, and one is left with the feeling that if, either in the New South or the New North, such ideals obtain, the republic will be justified of her chil- dren. The half-dozen tales of Aun' Peggy, the "cunjuh 'oman," told by an old plantation darky, are delightfully frank in their su- pernaturalism and lose in effectiveness only by the deep policy imputed to their relater. That the marvellous tale of the goophered grape-vine was concocted by Uncle Julius only to secure his own enjoyment of the vineyard, is a discovery which calls his own credulity in question. The thrill of the "Gray Wolf's Ha'nt" evaporates on finding the legend to be but the guardian of Uncle Julius's bee-tree. But in the current of the stories one has no thought of such a rude jar against the actual. The conjure woman "wuks" her roots, and Po' Sandy becomes a tree. Primus turns into a white mule, and Hot Foot Hannibal, by the agency of a doll- baby with red-pepper feet, is brought low. Uncle Julius's scepticism cannot rob one of the belief that this was the real religion of the old plantation; the goopher "mixtry," not the overseer's lash, the dreaded power. Were it not for the frankness of the sub- title, it would seem almost indiscreet in the reviewer to reveal the fact that the 'Gospel Writ in Steel' harks back to the re- mote period of the civil war, so exactly does the title indicate a description of pre- sent military undertakings. The book is, in fact, a reversion to a type popular in the early seventies. Less apropos at the present time is the relation, among other improba- bilities, of a horrid Confederate plot to blow up three hundred Yankee prisoners in the event of Sherman's attempt to rescue them. The Wisconsin hero, after surprising exploits, receives his reward in this world (truly a comfortable gospel), and Lincoln tells a story or two, without which no book of the sort would be complete; but there Is little to reconcile one to the spoiling of a title for the Filipino novelist. Young men with an ambition to enter life through the doorway of a newspaper office will do well to read Mr. Williams's little volume of newspaper stories. While the author treats his subject sympathetically, as becomes an ex-reporter, and is apparently ready to accept unreservedly the current opinion of our enterprising journals as to what constitutes "legitimate news," he is too conscientious a workman to paint his unlovely pictures in any but their true colors. "Billy" Woods, the hero of the two principal stories in the volume, represents the consum- mation of most newspaper virtues. Drunken- ness is his one failing, and when this un- fortunate weakness prevents him from pub- lishing information which he has wheedled out of an ingenuous girl at the cost of a series of lies, in order to ruin her father's busi- ness standing and make good "copy" for his own paper, the moral of it all is that drink is an evil which interferes dreadfully with one's duties; which is, of course, quite true. Not that Mr. Williams is a supporter of yellow journalism. He would bar the prurient as well as the prudish from the columns of an ideal American paper, but he would by no means disappoint the pleasant curiosity of the public by respecting the claim of a few private persons to the exclusive possession of private news. Mr. Williams sets forth the reporter as he is, friendly, versatile, proud of his paper, and of himself as its representative, entirely unscrupulous, with space-rates and a beat as the summit of his ambition. His life Is a hard one, and he grows old in middle age. His ambition weak- ens and his health declines. Even murder assignments cannot keep him young. As a story, the tale which gives its name to the volume is by far the hest in the col- lection. The absent-mindedness of a veteran reporter is made the basis of a rather unlike- ly incident, but the story becomes plausible as Mr. Williams surrounds it with realistic detail, and one follows the adventure to the end with lively interest. But, unfortunately, among the stories that follow are several so slight as to suggest the padding in a Monday morning's paper that has slipped by a city editor careless of space bills. The back- ground of the stories — newspaperdom — is given with capital effect, which is heighten- ed by the alert, reporter-like style of the de- scriptions. Mr. Williams evidently thinks

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4=22 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 the office of a daily paper a great training- school for life; but his measure for life is the unit of quantity. Mr. Merwin-Webster founds a romance upon the fight for the possession of a branch road connecting two great trunk lines. The opposing forces leave nothing un- tried to win their ends. They first use strategy, then bribery, then violence, and the difficulty culminates in a pitched bat- tle. There is a good story here, but un- fortunately the author does not perceive that the real possibilities of his subject lie in fitting his romance squarely within its realistic frame. The middle of the vol- ume is not past before he transgresses all legitimate bounds, and dashes off on a windy career straight towards the impossi- ble. One other error he makes. Anxious not to frighten the reader by unmitigated "bu- siness," he makes a frank concession to the conventional taste of the public, and drags in a love episode, which graces the story as naturallv as the pretty heroine might her father's railroad office. Mr. Merwin- Webster is familiar with the details of rail- roading, and his brisk style catches the at- tention and holds it. His romance will shorten a journey or a dull evening, but it scarcely deserves a permanent place on the bookshelf. Under the rather lurid title of 'Men's Tragedies' are grouped nine "fictional es- says," as the author chooses to call them. Cast in the mould of short stories, their real aim is to delineate men at moments of intcnsest excitement. In order to make the plot subordinate to the intellectual character of the story, the tragedies all benr a certain external resemblance. Their heroes are all Germans, as befits their psychological tendencies. They are general- ly men of mature age, and to each comes the poiticular catastrophe most sure to break the barriers of his moral being and unloose his wildest passions. Of their na- ture, these stories are quite divorced from life. They are psychological orgies in which the author revels in the dissection of brutal emotion. Man is not as you see him, he would argue; he must be hurt, wronged, stung where the soul is most sensitive, then you shall know him. The years that have gone before count for nothing; the moment of despair for everything. In that instant all that wp.s hid is brought to light— the man is as he is. If this thesis be true, these neurotic tragedies do not help one to believe it. One is everywhere sensible of the author's hypothesis, and the surcharged emotion of description leaves one cold. The passion is not human, but the calculated effect of what is meant to be art. This struggle for effect is never absent; it is manifest in the repetition of selected phrases, the frequent tableaux, the measur- ed pause before each climax. The tragedies are terrible, yet they do not terrify. CESARESCO'S CAVOUR. Carom: By the Countess Evelyn Martinengo Cesaresco. [Foreign Statesmen Series.] Macmillan. Pp. 222. Countess Cesaresco's sketch is extraordi- narily good. Into 220 not large pages she has distilled the essence of all that has been printed about Cavour. The reader who comes to her epltgme wijhout previous acquaintance with the subject, will find in it a lucid ami infailipgj; ' '■" i'.-. prrt fill I the course of the drama is foreshadowed. Coun- tess Cesaresco's interpretation of more puz- zling characters is worthy of attention. Thus, she explains Napoleon III.'s fast-and-loose policy, not on the assumption that he was deep and astute, but that he was funda- mentally irresolute, an ignoble Hamlet; thereby reducing him to a common level, from the bad preeminence of a first-class villain to which Kinglake and others have raised him. In no part of her treatment of personalities is she more skilful than when she deals with the relations of Cavour and Victor Emanuel. To imagine that the monarch was a mere fig- urehead, is wholly to misunderstand the share which Victor Emanuel took in re- deeming Italy. He felt himself every inch a king, and never consented to be merely a silent partner in the great enterprise which his minister directed. More than once, nota- bly after Solferino, his rugged common sense prevented Cavour's outburst of fury from damaging the cause they were both working for. No doubt it galled so haughty a king even to seem to be under the tutelage of a minister who never played the courtier; but Victor Emanuel regarded this as a sacrifice required of his patriotism. The magnitude of that sacrifice can be measured only when the facts hinted at by Countess Cesaresco on p. 125 are understood. About 1857, the King seemed determined to marry his mis- tress, Rosina Vercellani. Cavour, believing that such a marriage at that juncture would be not only a public scandal in Italy, but also the cause of alienating foreign goodwill, especially that of England, determined at all hazards to prevent it. Accordingly, he em- ployed detectives to convince Victor Emanuel that the woman was not faithful to him. The King raged, and swore that were he not King he would challenge Cavour to a duel; there was a ministerial crisis, but Cavour remained in the premiership, and Victor Emanuel did Hot marry Rosina until seven years after Cavour's death. A king less pa- triotic would never have suffered the min- ister to remain who had dared so personal an affront against him. Countess Cesaresco has given throughout what we believe to be the true description of Cavour's position with the King— a suf- ficient test of her insight into character. What is, perhaps, a higher achievement, she neither extenuates nor moralizes. As every one knows, there were passages in Cavour's diplomacy which can be defended only when we admit that the end justifies the means. Great as is her admiration for her hero, she wisely refrains from writing his apology; she states the facts and leaves the reader to pronounce judgment. This is, after all, the best course. Since moral standards, both public and private, vary from age to age, the aim of a biographer should be to provide the testimony by which each age can frame its own verdict. Until a few months ago, every American was taught to execrate the British red-coats who tried, at Concord and Bunker Hill, to deprive our ancestors of their liberty; now that the forces of the United States are engaged in depriving of liberty ten million Filipinos, who have been bought without their consent at two dollars apiece by the President, we must evidently revise our opinion of both George III. and our ancestors. To meddle as little as pos- sible with praise or blame, therefore, is the historian's prudence. Accordingly, Countess Cesaresco does not delay over the ethjes of

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June i, 1899] Tlie Nation. 4=23 such debatable matters as Cavour's coalition with Rattazzi, or his invasion of the Marches in 1860, or his disingenuous overtures to Francis II. of Naples. She states each posi- tion clearly, hints at the dilemma involved, and passes on. One does not expect novel disclosures in so brief a work; nevertheless, we could point out much that appears here for the first time— at least, in English; but the real ori- ginality of the book lies in the excellence with which it presents all the material at hand. We must not omit to say, however, that although Countess Cesaresco writes from the standpoint of the Cavourians, who represented the resultant of the antagonistic forces that were working to control Italy, she has too hearty a sympathy for Garibaldi and many of the Republicans to be narrowly partisan. Her candid account of Cavour's relations with the Church might be read without irritation in the Vatican; and she cer- tainly expresses an intelligent admiration for Mazzini. Napoleon III.'s admirers, if any still survive, might complain that she does him scant justice, but do not the facts warrant her conclusions? Palmerston, on the other hand, she draws in his ideal r61e of antago- nist of Continental despots. In certain re- spects, her running exposition of the influ- ence of English party politics on Italy's struggle for independence is among her most valuable contributions. More than once, we judge from internal evidence, she has had access to the private records of Sir James Hudson, the British Minister at Turin, than whom no other Englishman was more trust- ed by or helpful to Cavour. Like her coun- trywomen, Jessie White Mario and Linda White Villari, Countess Cesaresco has been placed in an exceptionally favorable posi- tion for interpreting Italian affairs in terms easily understood by English readers; and this fact explains why her opinions on the relations of the two countries have unusual weight. At a few points only have we had cause to question, not her accuracy, but her em- phasis. Would a stranger get from her ac- count of Cavour's "apprenticeship" an ade- quate idea of his wonderful versatility? By the time he entered public life he had been an agriculturist on a large scale, a manu- facturer, a banker — in other words, he had had practical training which made him in- vulnerable when he came to discuss finances in Parliament. But this was not all. He passed from months of seclusion among his Leri rice-fields to the salons and clubs of Paris, mixing in turn with equal ease with the literary, the political, the fashionable, and the fast sets; drawing from each that knowledge of human nature and of indi- viduals which he afterwards applied for the redemption of Italy. We doubt whether his love affair had quite as much influence on his development as is implied in Countess Cesaresco's statement, "It found him in despair, and it left him self-reliant and ma- tured." His infatuation for the Incognita seems to have culminated before their re- union at Turin. Cavour, by the way, was "ex- iled" to the fortress of Bard six weeks be- fore Charles Albert came to the throne, a fact which should absolve the King from di- rect responsibility in an episode which Ca- vour looked back upon as odious. Two other matters concerning Cavour's public acts may also be mentioned. First, the best evidence shows that he gave the Garibaldians more aid while flttipg out their Sicilian expedition than one might gather from Countess Cesaresco's report; and, se- condly, she seems to underrate the risk to which Cavour's policy was constantly expos- ed through Mazzinian conspiracies. Cavour did not fail to appreciate Mazzini, but he recognized that Mazzini could not be tolerat- ed if Italy was to be redeemed on a monar- chical basis. The great agitator, from this standpoint, could do little good; he might do irremediable harm. But to pursue such considerations further would give a false idea of the book, which is neither controversial nor dull. Countess Cesaresco has esprit, a quality rarely found outside of France. In her language she is swift, terse, and direct; in her thought, clear and judicious. She has to tell the most ro- mantic story which European politics in this century can furnish, and she tells it with the art of a born story-teller. She has made her biography what every biography ought to be — as readable as fiction. How rare a feat this is those will realize who have noted, not without misgiving, the ten- dency to set up the bulging theses of can- didates for the degree of Ph.D. as the stan- dard, in style and form, for historical com- position. We count it an important thing that Cavour's biography should thus be set forth so that it may be widely read. This is a time of reaction, similar to that in which Europe was plunged after the fall of Napo- leon. Germany and Bismarck have been the great reactionaries lately as Austria and Metternich were then. But Cavour stands out with Lincoln as the very incarnation of li- berty— which was the ideal of the last gene- ration—and the story of his genius and achievements cannot be too often told. We regret that the publishers do not pro. vide an index to the volumes of this series. Since foot-notes also are excluded, it would be well to insert in the text the dates of important events. The Philippines, and Roundabout. By Capt. G. J. Younghusband. Macmillan. This well-known English officer has a good deal to say on the burning question of the hour. In the opening chapters he sees to it that the islands are properly discovered and occupied by Spain; he speaks of their cap- ture by the British, of their cession again to Spain, and then, with a jump to the pre- sent day, touches upon the revolt of '96 which brought Aguinaldo into sudden promi- nence. He puts the causes of the revolt down to (1) the habitual extortion practised by the Spanish officials, (2) excessive and unequal taxation, and (3) extortion and in- terference in the affairs of state by the priests. His short accounts of the systems of pocket-lining adopted by the Governor- Generals, and of the monstrous iniquity of the priests of the Philippines, embody facts now pretty familiar, but do not concern us so much as the later portions of the book, in which he speaks from actual experience rather than from information culled out of John Foreman's writings. After Capt. Younghusband has helped us along through the attempts of the poorly fed Spanish troops, led by over-fed com- manders, to put down the revolt, ending in failure, and the subsequent buying off of the rebels for $800,000 by Primo de Rivera, who is supposed to have put an equal sum into his own pocket, we come to the battle of Manila Bay, thf> capture <?f Manila itself by our land forces, and the setting up of a native government by Aguinaldo. At this point the reader is suddenly brought up with a turn on finding that the author has not yet reached the Philippines, but is doing his best to get there, in a breezy chapter which describes the voyage to Manila from Singapore via Iloilo. This seems to be the natural beginning of the book, and what has gone before a rather lengthy historical pre- face. In a chapter on the Manila of to-day is a really clever description of this Eastern me- tropolis in the hands of our troops, most of whom had come to the tropics for the first time. Capt. Younghusband, being an Eng- lishman, dwells on the lack of bathing fa- cilities in Manila, and regards the "lick and a promise" method adopted by the Spaniards as a poor substitute for the "tub." He finds native hotels filthy, the drainage every- where abominable, and native servants worse than useless. "American newspapers recent- ly started," he adds, "have a very good ser- vice of foreign telegrams, and contain many useful and instructive articles on local and American topics." The advertisements in some of them are as remarkable as amus- ing. "Holy Gee!" exclaims one new organ, "200 new subscribers in one hour. Walk in, boys; beer ain't in it with newspapers." From which we are to judge that the pre- sent prosperity in the saloon business is the standard of success that all are striving after. Coming to Aguinaldo, the author speaks of him as a man who has, "in the face of every disadvantage, and at the early age of twenty- nine, placed himself in the ranks of great and acknowledged leaders of popular risings which, when unsuccessful, are stigmatized as rebellions, but which, when successful, bear the honored name of revolutions." In dis- cussing the capture of Manila he says that our troops were not such as would have been "fit," under the rapid conditions of mo- dern warfare, to meet an army highly orga- nized and highly trained and ready to take the initiative at a moment's notice. Of the 21,000 men . . . 18,000 were in training, tactical efficiency, and shooting power, . . . according to a European standard, raw or almost raw recruits." Speaking more personally, "the American soldier," says Capt. Younghusband, "as seen at Manila, must not be taken seriously. . . . They are men in most cases who have had no connection in the past with soldiering, and have no intention of having any future connection with the profession. . . . The greatest difficulty prevails in in- ducing these free lances to wear any clothes, . . . and nine-tenths of the men are to be seen . . . dining at hotels and res- taurants in their shirt-sleeves"— truly, a most horrifying spectacle to the Britisher, who is as punctilious about his evening dress in the tropics as in the Arctic Circle. Physically, however, he says, "the Ameri- can soldier as seen at Manila yields the palm to no one. . . . Taken all around, a more powerful and hardy set than are now to be found in a British line regiment." The pathetic story of the Philippine hero Rizal, who was tried and shot for treason, is given at length in chapter xi., and right af- ter it, in peculiar contrast, comes a discus- sion of the merits of the Manila cigar, which the author considers to "be most excellent and worthy of all acceptance in this country. Perhaps tjie most noteworthy chapter is that which .1. ire of the Philippines,

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4:24: The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 Prance, Germany, Russia, and England, the author contends, are the Powers most inte- rested in the Eastern question. France is probably not so seriously interested, howev- er, as the other three, and perhaps does not object to the entrance of America on the scene, except that, behind the veil of Ameri- ca's protectorate, lies an advantage to Great Britain. Capt. Younghusband believes Ger- many would have liked to annex the Philip- pines, but he thinks Russia was not inte- rested, except in raising a mild protest against any such change of status as might directly or indirectly strengthen the British power in the East. Japan, he adds, is friend- ly to both England and America, and proba- bly does not object to America's coming into the Pacific. "Army officers at the seat of war," continues our author, "appear to be almost unanimous in deprecating the annexa- tion of the Philippines on military grounds, while the naval opinion seems to be in favor of it on the ground that increasing commerce in Eastern Asia needs the fostering influence which the display of power in any quarter is supposed to bring." "Itmayperhaps ... be prophesied thatwhen the cold fit which will in due course follow the warmth of the present enthusiasm, falls on the nation, America will discover the true parting of the ways was not in the actual act of annexation, but in having allowed Admi- ral Dewey to do more than defeat the Spa- nish fleet and exact a heavy indemnity from the city before sailing away, thus leaving the Philippine problem for the Spaniards and their friends to solve. The new masters of the islands have, in fact, been faced by two separate and distinct problems, the one con- nected with the external bearings of annexa- tion and the other with the internal. The former problem has . . . been settled, but the latter still faces the American autho- rities, and will require the most careful han- dling, bound up as it indissolubly is with the attitude of the Philippine Islanders towards the new masters of their territory. . . . To an observer on the spot it was apparent that not only were the authorities in the distance hardly alive to the complication which existed, but those in actual touch with them took ... a very sanguine view of the situation." In regard to the "rebellion," Capt. Young- husband believes that if Aguinaldo could somehow be disposed of, the rebel army would melt away and the opposition collapse. He believes Aguinaldo has his price, as he had once before, but doubts "whether the Ame- ricans will care to pay it." Concluding his chapter on the future of the Philippines, the author remarks that prophecies are danger- ous, but he foresees that, if the accounts are called in within ten years, the experiment of taking the Philippines will in all probability be found to have been a very costly one. "Colonial enterprises," he adds, "often take generations and sometimes centuries to ma- ture into valuable assets." If a reaction in popular feeling should occur, it would then be a question of disposing of the islands to the best advantage, and England might have seriously to consider whether it would be advisable for her to work to the acquirement by purchase or exchange of this eastern archipelago. Finally, Capt. Younghusband believes that the exercise of any other than a despotic or semi-despotic government in the Philippines would not be subservient to the general welfare of the people, and thinks we might take lessons from the Dutch in Java, however much the Idea of forced labor and government monopolies would be repug- nant to Americans. The reader's interest in the book will prob- ably end with the chapters on the Philippines, although there is one on the French pro- vince of Saigon, and another on Java. There are seventeen illustrations and a map. The Alcestis of Euripides. By Herman Wadsworth Hayley, Ph.D. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1898. This is a very solid piece of work, and, in its way, a unique example of American scholarship. Prof. Earle's "Alcestis" con- tained much original labor and many valua- ble suggestions; but Dr. Hayley's is the first mainly critical edition of a Greek play that has appeared in this country- The rea- son of this is obvious enough: critical edi- tions must be finally based on manuscripts, and we have few if any important manu- scripts of the classics in our libraries. Nor is it likely that we shall acquire any except waifs from the flotsam and jetsam of Egyp- tian papyri and kindred sources. Hence the compiler of a critical text works by prefer- ence in the great European libraries, though the photographic facsimile is a valuable aid when accessible. There is, besides, a real pleasure in tackling an entirely new bit of Menander or of Hypereides, or in bringing within our ken the new planet of a Heron- das or a Bacchylides; but the appalling task of threshing out once more the twenty times threshed readings and questions of an "Alcestis" requires a stout heart and head for the undertaking. This is what Dr. Hayley has done. He has provided a satisfactory apparatus, he of- fers a selection from four thousand readings or emendations, and he has endeavored, as he says, "to bring Monk up to date," by in- corporating what is valuable in the labors of Nauck, Kirchhoff, and Priuz, and the discus- sions of scores of special dissertations. He asks modestly for the lenient consideration due to the tyro; but there is nothing imma- ture or amateurish about his work. It shows a sound and independent judgment, based on adequate learning and a nice literary instinct. As samples of his scholarship, acu- men, and independence we can refer only to such notes as those on lines 57, 132, 173, 261, 291, 520, 879 and 880, and 1050. Dr. Hayley follows the late Prof. F. D. Allen in the belief that the curious dialogue between Apollo and Thanatos, which offers so many puzzles and contradictions with the body of the play, is a later insertion not written by Euripides; or, possibly, as our editor sug- gests, foisted in by the poet himself, to- gether with the passages in which Heracles appears, in order to dish up hastily the frag- ments of a tragedy, and serve them up as a tragi-comedy in place of the regular saty- ric drama. No modern reader — least of all an Englishman or American — can reconcile himself to the sorry figure cut by the snivel- ling hero Admetus, as he accepts the sacri- fice of his wife. Browning throws a modern light on his interpretation of this and also on the character of Heracles. Hayley hits the mark more nearly when he says, "that Admetus cuts a contemptible figure, it would be vain to deny; but we must not for- get that (in spite of some brilliant excep- tions) the Greek sense of personal honor and personal responsibility was less keen than that of modern people. What person ever read the story of the typical hero Odys- seus without partly despising 'the man of many wiles ' ? Macaulay has pointed out that an Italian audience of Machiavelli's day would have felt more sympathy for Iago than for Othello. I will not say that an Athenian audience of the time of Euripides would have been in full sympathy with Admetus; but it would certainly have felt less repugnance for him than modern read- ers necessarily feel." An observation so illuminating is enough to show that Dr. Hayley has penetrated the world of ancient Greek thought and life. He shows, besides, the literary sense and feeling that are needed to inform and guide the mass of learning which must be steer- ed carefully through any critical edition of a poet. The rigid grammarian tends to give us, instead of the breathing Alcestis, that frigid form wrought by the cunning hand of artificers with which her husband pro- poses to console his longings and regrets; the flowers of poesy when restored and emended by the pedant become waxen and artificial. Euripides must mind his p's and q's and his re . . . . Te ; he must commit no anachronism; he must erect a mound over his heroine because a tombstone cannot be ready at a few hours' notice. As to this habit of judging things, our editor well remarks, apropos of a reading in line 197: "This constant effort to plane away all that seemed irregular and reduce everything to one 'dead level' of monotony, was one of the worst fail- ings of the Byzantine scholars, as it is of some modern critics"; and again: " Nauck would read nTpamoXei, as the trage- dians do not elsewhere use Terpopxia, and the mention of a rerpapxia in Thessaly in the heroic age is an anachronism. But I suspect Euripides did not think of this point. Does not Shakespeare make Hector quote Aristotle? It looks as if the use of the word 'tetrachy' for a political division of a country originated in Thessaly, and, if so, Euripides is probably using the technical ian word." In the coming century, perhaps, the spirits of the great departed may turn the tables on their redactors and critics; and we may have authenticated editions of the classics issued with the cooperation of learned "mediums," with no various readings and no conjectures. Then will ensue confusion of face, and many amusing and delightful revelations. We shall know the answer to such conundrums as "the third day of the month" (line 321), and the "heaven-high noose" (230). Meantime, Dr. Hayley's emendations in these passages are as good as any recorded. His work will furnish a very convenient manual for the use of special students in the so-called semina- ria; and indeed a useful introduction for any student of intelligence to the methods and the fascinating subject of textual criticism. The value of the book is enhanced by Dr. James M. Paton's thorough dissertation on the Myth of Alcestis in Ancient Art. The Letters of Thomas Carlyle to his Youngest sister. Edited by C. T. Copeland. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1899. "The world awakens in me either piety or else despair," said Carlyle. From the sombre journal intime in Froude's 'Life' we all know too well Carlyle's black moods of despair, when the malady of being, added to the tortures of indigestion, left him only the exhilarating hope of "getting honorably out of this heart-breaking affair pitied by the Eternal Powers." From the present volume it appears that, during these long intervals of genuine night, at least in his home letters to his Scotch kindred, Carlyle exercised the gentle art of savoir taire. His brothers and sisters on their barren farms were working for their daily oatmeal and bacon as only the Scotch peasant can work, and, in his comfortable house and improv-

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June i, 1899] The Nation 425 ing circumstances in Chelsea, Carlyle must have perceived the irony of recounting his dyspeptic troubles to the peasants of Scots- brig. Hence it is tha* the tone of these letters, especially of those addressed to his mother, is often almost optimistic, though the partition between the phases of grim serenity and grim despair is usually thin enough. His letters to his mother and sis- ters are necessarily those of a man who is leading a separate moral and social exist- ence. In 1842 he writes to the former: "To myself my poverty is really quite a suit- able, almost comfortable arrangement. . . . I am perhaps among the freest men in the British Empire at this moment. . . . Truly we have been mercifully dealt with, and much that looked like evil has turned out to be good" (p. 121). Writing to his sis- ter in Manchester— "that huge den of reek and cotton-fuz"— he exhorts her to "par- ticularly endeavor to keep a good heart and avoid all moping and musing, whatever takes away from cheerfulness. Sunshine in the inside of one is even more important than sunshine without" (p. 67). The letters here collected were for the most part addressed to Janet Carlyle Ham- ing, Carlyle's youngest sister, who emi- grated to Canada in 1851, and died there in 1897. This is the sister whom Emerson visited at Hamilton in 1865: "Mr. Emerson placed her in a chair near the window, so that he might the more readily examine her features, and, looking into her eyes, ex- claimed, 'And so this is Carlyle's little sis- ter!' " Mr. Copeland reproduces her por- trait at the age of eighty-two, and points out that Froude confused her with an older sis- ter, Jean. A few letters from other mem- bers of the Carlyle family, including Car- lyle's mother, are included; they range in date from 1832 to 1878, and so form a series almost continuous with those published in Professor Norton's volume, 'Early Letters of Thomas Carlyle' (1814-1826), which was published in 1886. Jeffrey once complained that Carlyle was "so dreadfully in earnest," a remark which gives point to the following: "I spent a forenoon with Jeffrey, who is very thin and fretful, I think. . . . Poor Jeffrey! he does not make a nice old man; he has too little real seriousness in him lor that" (p. 158). There are no revelations in these homely letters, but Carlyle's admirers will value them for the pleasing light they throw on the character of one who, for all his uncomfortable characteristics, was consist- ently, in Disraeli's phrase, "on the side of the angels." Mr. Copeland's introductory essay on Carlyle as a letter-writer is inte- resting; the illustrations of Ecclefechan, of the house in Cheyne Row, and of the Car- lyles themselves add much to the attractive- ness of the book. There is a pathetic con- trast, for one who should compare them, between the portrait of Jane Welsh Carlyle (1826), which forms the frontispiece of Pro- fessor Norton's volume, and that reproduced by Mr. Copeland from a "Talbottype" taken In 1851. The History of Yiddish Literature in the Nine- teenth Century. By Leo Wiener, Instruc- tor in the Slavic Languages at Harvard University. Charles Scribner's Sons. Mr. Wiener has performed a useful task in enlightening the English-speaking world as to the history and significance of "Yiddish Literature." Hitherto scholars have turned with disdain from that Judeo-German dia- lect, written almost exclusively in Hebrew characters, which is the only language of millions cf Jews in Russia, Galicia, and Ru- mania. Indeed, the very existence of such a literature, in the proper sense of the word, has been unsuspected by literary historians, those of the Jewish faith — with rare excep- tions— included. Mr. Wiener has endeavored to pierce the dense cloud cf ignorance and prejudice which has hitherto enveloped this subject, and he has brought to its elucidation a vast fund of curious, and in many ways interesting, information. He has ransacked the libraries and bookstores of Oxford, Lon- don, Amsterdam, Berlin, Jassy, Lemberg, Cracow, Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, and es- pecially St. Petersburg, where the assistant librarian of the Imperial Library, Prof. Har- kavy, presented him with one thousand Judeo-German volumes out of his own pri- vate library. Mr. Wiener estimates the num- ber of Judeo-German works published in this century at from 4,000 to 5,000 volumes, and he succeeds in impressing his readers with the intrinsic value of not a few of the more recent contributions to this literature. The Judeo-German dialect, or at least its perpetuation through centuries, is clearly the outcome of that intolerance which has pursued the Jews in so many lands. Wher- ever they were free to mingle with citizens of another faith and to share in their pur- suits, they contributed to the literature of their country, as witness Spain before the expulsion of the Jews. Judeo-German lite- rature may be said to date from the begin- ning of the sixteenth century, when a large number of Jews emigrated from the region of the Middle Rhine to Bohemia, Poland, and Russia. They were, and they and their descendants remained, German in their lan- guage and mode of life, having little in common with the Slavic-speaking Jews who had preceded them in these countries. Their first printed books dealt with the folk-lore of the German fatherland, and it was only later that the Rabbis prompted the publication of specifically Jewish legends and ethical trea- tises. The Jews who had remained in Ger- many, shut up in their ghettos and excluded from any share in the intellectual activity of their country, had to look to Slavic lands for their literary sustenance, and thus Judeo- German literature was introduced into Ger- many itself. With the advent of Mendelssohn began a new era in the history of German Judaism. It was the object of his reform to free the Jewish religion from the traditions of su- perstitious ages, and to bring the Jews back to the realities of modern life. Through his influence the Judeo-German dia- lect was discarded for pure German; but while the German Jews thenceforth took their place in the literary life of Germany, the Jews in the Slavic countries and else- where became completely estranged from them in language. Comparatively untouched, as a mass, by Polish, Russian, cr Human influences, on the one hand, and inaccessible, on the other, to the Mendelssohnian reform, the Jews in Galicia, Russia, and the Danu- bian principalities were thrown back on their Judeo-German; and this dialect, of which the Lithuanian variety of speech is closest to pure German, forms the body of what is known as "Yiddish Literature." Mr. Wiener sums up the main character- istics of Judeo-German as follows: "Its vocalism has undergone considerable varying from locality to locality; • iid final e has, as in Other dialects of German, disappeared; in onal forms, the genitive has almost entirely disappeared, while in the Lithuanian group the dative has a:so coincided with the tive; in the verb, Judeo-German has lost almost entirely the imperfect tense; the order of words is more like the English than the German. These are all develop- ments for which parallels can be adduced from the region of Frankfurt. Judeo-Ger- man is, consequently, not an anomaly, but a natural development." Now, while we believe that few philolo- gists will agree with Mr. Wiener in consid- ering Judeo-German as a "natural develop- ment" in the sense in which the numerous South and North German dialects are so considered, and while the admixture of wholly foreign (Hebrew and Slavic) words points to Pennsylvania Dutch as perhaps the closest analogue of Yiddish, Mr. Wiener might have cited from purely German sources instances of license in grammatical, orthographical, and syntactical construction curiously corresponding to those considered characteristic of Judeo-German. The disin- clination of Viennese, Styrians, Bavarians, and other South Germans to use the genitive is well known (the colloquial "dem Vater sein Kind" being preferred to "das Kind des Vaters"); and the vagaries of German pronunciation and orthography find expres- sion ia numberless old rhymes and inscrip- tions, in such "Yiddish" spellings as kiimt (for "kommt"), krenck (for "krank"), trimmer (for "frommer"), etc. Wann or ican, and als or alss (instead of "wenn"), are likewise frequent instances of a "Yiddish" turn in the German of the days of Hans Sachs, as in writers of the last century. As for the indiscriminate use of the dative and accusative, we find in a little volume of 'Deutsche Reime' before us examples like the following: "Den lieben Printzen woll Er geben" (a. d. 1649). "Wer Gott furchet und helt sein gebot, Den wirstwohl gehen hier and tort" (1677). "Ach Gott hilf mich erwerben" (1684). "1st sie in der hell, das hilfft sie nicht" (about 1700). Constructions like "So baldt ich das schwert auf duhe heben," "Bin ich bcy- g'standen dreyssig Jahr" (about 1720) are frequent parallels to the Yiddish inversion of the normal order of verb and object. As for the subject-matter of modern Yid- dish literature: satire, allegory, and fable have always had a peculiar fascination for the Jewish mind, and they have doubtless proved a safe and effective vehicle of dis- satisfaction with existing conditions in coun- tries where plainness of speech would have been dangerous. Naturally, much has been borrowed from German literature, Schiller and Lessing being especially popular, while even writers on science, like Bernstein and Brehm, are represented by creditable adapta- tions. Russian writers are very freely drawn upon, and Jewish cosmopolitanism is attested by numerous, translations from such authors as Scott, Thomas Hood, Jules Verne, Victor Hugo, Longfellow, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Mr. Wiener assigns a very high rank to several recent Yiddish writers, particularly to Spektor, Rabinowitsch, Dienesohn, and Perez. Of Perez he says: "With him Judeo- German letters enter into competition with what there is best in the world's literature, where he will some day occupy an honorable place," and one is disposed to agree with Mr. Wiener after reading the powerful sketch.

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4=2 6 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1770 "Bontsie Silent," in the highly interesting chrestomathy which forms part of the book. The profound pathos and delicate humor of this description of a departed soul uncon- scious cf its worth, and about to be rewarded for its sufferings on earth, remind one of Andersen at his best. Not a few talented Judeo-German writers have been driven from Russia to these shores, preeminent among them M. Rosenfeld, whose 'Songs from the Ghetto' Mr. Wiener had already previously introduced to the American public. It may be that Mr. Rosenfeld, who we believe is applying himself to the study of English, will justify the unstinted praise which Mr. Wiener bestows upon his literary ability. On the whole, however, in this country a Judeo-German literature, in all its various manifestations as journalism, the Bowery "drama," and crude socialistic agitation, is an anachronism, and Mr. Wiener considers it so. In fact, he hopes — speaking of Mr. Rosenfeld's verses — that "in another twenty- five years the language in which he has uttered his despair will be understood in America hut by few, used for literary pur- poses probably by none." In Europe, Yid- dish seems destined to survive as the only language of the downtrodden and ignorant of the Hebrew race. Some of the productions cf this literature will always appeal to the admirers of literary genius, whatever i t.= garb, and to the lover of his kind, regardless of creed. For this reason Mr. Wiener's book has an interest quite apart from its scholarly value, which is considerable. He has dealt successfully with the maze of Russian, Hebrew, Polish, and Yiddish spellings, and, with one or two exceptions, has been con- sistent in his transliterations. I'rancis Ttmicr Palgrarr: His Journals and Memories of his Life. By Gwenllian F. Palgrave. Longmans. The noble and beautiful face which fur- nishes a frontispiece to this attractive volume excites that double emotion inspired by so many memoirs of highly educated English- men, and sometimes even by their portraits. There is a sadness often suggested by their combination of high motive, superb outfit, and inadequate result. In the present case, the reader can discover little happiness in the intellectual career of one who sincere- ly holds that "art (despite a few reactions) has had one long downward career for 2,000 years" (p. 181), and who is always op- pressed with contemplation of "the curs- ed Reformation" (p. 203). One feels that Palgrave's brother, William, who was twice converted to the Catholic Church, who spent his life as a world-wanderer, and who wrote the interminable and unreadable Dantesque poem, 'A Vision of Life,' must have been really the happier of the two. Sir Francis Palgrave tried hard to retain his compre- hensiveness of taste and even his friendship with Mr. Gladstone, but his heart was with Cardinal Newman. His literary judgments were so extreme as to be almost whimsical. Thus, he found Tennyson to be "ten times the wider and deeper thinker as compared with Browning" (p. 103), and placed Scott's 'Bride of Lammermoor' above all other novels, "like a play of Shakspere above all other plays." "Indeed," he adds, "in aston- ishing truthfulness and variety in creation of character, in power and pathos, I cannot see how this, at least, is inferior to Shak- spere" (p. 131). This element of whim was felt at first, it may be remembered, in his "Golden Treasury," and especially in the se- cond series, which gave such extreme promi- nence to the poetry of O'Shaughnessy and of Barnes. He writes, curiously enough, while preparing this, to Mr. W. M. Rossetti, "Can you give me Swinburne's address? I want, of course, some of his work." When it is considered that he had already been occu- pied three or four years on this second volume, and had "gone over everything seve- ral times in the hope of doing justice to all" (p. 259), it does not seem at all strange that he should also have written, the year following, "I have been unable to persuade Swinburne to let me have any specimen of his work" (p. 260). It was certainly testing severely the presumed humility of Mr. Swin- burne when he was invited to send in his magnificent 'Song in Time of Order,' for instance, at the last moment, to fill a casual gap in a collection made up after an editor's four years' careful study of Barnes and O'Shaughnessy. Sir Francis Palgrave's own poems, as pub- lished here, give a slight sense of mediocrity, but there are many interesting letters from eminent men, and many pleasant suggestions. Gladstone, Tennyson, Browning, Lecky, Rus- kin, W. M. Rossetti, Newman, Temple, Mat- thew Arnold, and Lady Eastlake were among his correspondents. The one controlling and invariable charm cf the book is in his rela- tions to his own family. As a husband and father it is impossible to imagine any one more admirable and delightful than Pal- grave; but it is pathetic to notice, on the very last page of the book, that he never- theless, in his old age, "hated speculations on the after-life," and "particularly dis- liked the complete assurance of freedom from pain and sorrow after death which is express- ed in so many religious poems." A Prisoner of Franct : The Memoirs, Diary and Correspondence of Charles Boothby, dn Royal Engineers, during his last Campaign. London: Adam & Charles Black; New York: Macmillan. 12mo, pp. Captain Boothby was severely wounded in the leg at the battle of Talavera, in Spain, July 27, 1S09. He had to suffer amputation, and, being unable to endure the rough trans- portation, was left behind when, a few days later, Wellington marched back towards Por- tugal to meet Soult. He thus fell into the hands of the French. He remained a prison- er of war in Talavera till the middle of Oc- tober, when he was sent to Madrid. In the former place he was allowed to remain in a Spanish family on parole; but on reaching the capital he was put in a French military hospital and closely imprisoned. At the be- ginning of January, 1810, he was allowed to travel to the French boundary, on parole, but accompanying bodies of troops and being under control of the commandants. Cross- ing the border after twenty-five days of rough experience, he got fuller benefit of his parole, and journeyed to Paris as a private traveller. In midsummer he was exchanged and went home. The loss of his leg pre- vented his resuming service in his corps, and he retired from the army. He after- wards took orders and was Rector of Sut- terton in Lincolnshire till he died in 1846. He had unusual opportunities to learn the true spirit of the Spanish patriots in their great struggle with France, and to contrast their affectionate devotion to a wounded friend with the merciless guerilla warfare against the French. His observations of the French soldiery were keen, aui he draws the differences of classes among them with instructive clearness? Among the officers, he was fortunate in finding friends who were chivalric in their attention to him. though he also met some of the type cf vulgar fire-eaters who were cruel in war aud coarse tyrants over those in their power. The whole story becomes, unintentionally, a tri- bute to the noble and cultivated humanity of that stout soldier Marshal Mortier, Due de Trevise, into whose hands Boothby fell. From others he received passing attentions that were kind and graceful, but Mortier, having once interested himself in him, fol- lowed him up with his good offices, and thought no pains too great to take to soften the rigoio of captivity to the young English- man, or to help on his exchange when hun- dreds of miles away. The quaint style of the narrative and of the letters is well supplemented by little sketches fiom Captain Boothby's pencil, and the book is a welcome addition to the ori- ginal souices of history in a great epoch: the more so because English memoirs of the kind have been comparatively few. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Anna Ituina. London: David Nutt. l'.aunigarlnor, Andreas. William Wordsworth nach seiner Cemeinverstandlicneu Suite Darges- lellt. Zmicli: i . 11 Fussli. 1 \V. Stille Wasser. Erzahlungen. Bos- ton: Ji. - Christian, Key. .1. T. Baptist History Vindicated ■:■ Concern. SI ■■■ i" Periodicals. 1898. Cleve- land: Hi Imaii-'l avlor Co. ltev; .1. S. Christian Missions and Social n . Sermon I ' arles A. Brlggs. Macmillan. 25c. ■ ■'■ 'i ' li'Si hichten nun Miuchen fiir Au- i ' -or. ' - "■: i '. i'. Heath ..V Co. 4UC. '! ! ■ I. I ..rest and Wayside Flowers. Co. SI. 50. Hale, It. W. The Dreyfus Story. Bostou: Small. 50c. Harvard Sludii s iti Classical Philology. Vol. IX. . S. A. The Porcelain Painter's Son. A fantasy . Philadelphia: Boerieke & Tafel. $1. I.ove, n. ,1. Tom llii.iiiii's Transformation. F. T. Neely. I.iit/.ow, Francis. Count. A History of Bohemiau Literature. Appletons. $1.50. Markham, Edwin. The Man with the Hoe, and other Poems. Doubledav A: McClure Co. Massonneau. Feniand. Coin's Blesses. Tiece eu Trois Aetes. Meyer Freres & Cie. Nash. Prof. II. S. Ethics aud Revelation. Mac- si. 5(1. nner, Mary ' l>v her Novelists. Truslove, Hanson & Comba. andall. J. W. Poems of Nature aud Life. Bos- lon: 0, II. Ellis. Republic or Empire'' The Philippine Question. Chi- cago: Independence Co. lihoades. Prof. L. A. Freytag's Aus dein Jahr- huudert des grosseu Krieges. Bostou: D. C. Heath .V Co. 35c. S-hv.ntz. Julia A. Vassal- Studies. Putnams. $1.26. Shakspere. W. Othello. Cassell. 10c. Smith, it. 1>. Fate of the Black Eagle, and Other Stories. F. T. Neely. Spoir.ird, Harriet P. The Maid he Married. Chi- eago: II. S- Stone & Co. 75c. Stephens, It. N. A Gentleman Player. His Ad- veiiiines on a Secret Mission for Queen Eliza- beth Boston: J,. C. Page & Co. $1.50. Sterndale, K. A. The Afghan Knife. New ed. Breutanos. $1.25. Till.-. Alexander. Yule and Christmas: Their Place in the (iermanic Year. Loudon: David Nutt. \ emcr. Lieut. -Col. WlUougnby. A British Rifle- Man. The Journals of Major George Simmon* during the Peninsular War and Waterloo. Lon- don: A. & C. Black; New York: Macmlllau. £8.50. Walter. Dr. Robert. Vital Science. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippineott Co. $1.50. „ , _, Waterloo. Stanley. The Wolf's Long Howl. Chi- eagu: II. S. Stone A; Co. $1.50. Welch, L. S., and Camp. Walter. Yale. Her Cam- pus Class-Rooms, and Athletics. Boston: L. C. £age & <v $2.60. Wells. Prof. Webster. The Essentials of Geome- try. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. $1.25. Wells. Prof. B. W. Racine's Audromaque. Boston: 1 1. c. Heath .V C". .".tie. Whistler, .1. MeN. The Baronet and the Butterfly. R. H. Russell. Wilson. E. Dante Interpreted. Putnams. 50c. Wise. II. II. The Life of Henry A. Wise of Vir- ginia. Macmillall. $3. Woods. J. II. The Value of Religious Facts. E. Young.' Luclen. U. S. N. The Real Hawaii. Dou- ble.lay & Hectare Co.

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June i, 1899] The Nation JUNE EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Edited by Professor NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER. trilled), liv Kli/11 M. Mosher; The Defective Vision of School Children, by Walter B. Johns, ,11; \ - Experiment In I'roniorinj; Pupils, hv Julia Kichman; Keading In Sample, hv Henrv S I'm Educations ,1 New Vork stale, by D. E. Ainsworth, C. W. ISardcen. I- Jl HoMilon, I harlcs I- . Fitch, C. E. Franklin. A. L. Goodrich. Charles E Gorton. Albert I laid. Charles /.. Lincoln, \V. II. Maxwell, William . I. Milne. Charles R. Skinner, and T. Guilford Smith. Discussions.— Education and Individuality, by Hiram M. Stanley. Reviews. Editokials HENRY HOLT & CO., N.Y. FOR SALE. A GENERAL GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION, ntalninft several thousand specimens collected mostly my husband. Address Mrs. J. H. BREESE, Lyons, Iowa. Ready on the Tenth of June. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND LETTERS OF With Portraits. One volume, Cloth. Price, $3.50. This work will prove one of the most interesting narratives of a life of devotion to literature, and one that gives more side glimpses Into life and letters in the England of the past fifty years than have seen the light in recent years. Mrs. Oliphant was the author of 160 works of fiction, history and belles-lettres, and knew intimately the leading men and women of her time. Ready on the Wth of June. DODD, MEAD & CO., Publishers Fifth Ave. and 21st New York. NOW READY AMERICAN CITIZEN SERIES A Series of Books on the Practical Workings of the Functions of the State and of Society, with Special Reference to American Conditions and Experience. The Series appears under the editorship of Dr. Albert Bdshnell Hart of Harvard University, editor of "Epochs of American History," etc., etc. OUTLINE OF PRACTICAL SOCIOLOGY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AMERICAN CONDITIONS By CARROLL D. WRIGHT, LL.D. United States Commissioner of Labor; Author of " Industrial Evolution of the United States," " Statis- tics of the City of Boston," " Reports of the Chief of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statis- tics of Labor," " Reports of the United States Commissioner of Labor," etc. Large crown 8vo, with 12 maps and diagrams, 464 pages, $2.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Ave., N. Y. " To writers and thinkers on municipal problems the volume is almost indispensable." —Outlook. Municipal Monopolies By Edward W. Bemis, John R. Commons, Frank Parsons, M. N, Baker, F. A. C. Perrine, Max West. 12mo, cloth, Appen- dix, Index, 13.00. (Vol. XVI., Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics.) " Probably no more timely work has appeared in this generation. Tile facts and statistics gathered in these seven hundred pages are tics.' winch thousands are in- quiring for. They are exact, otlicial, and tmimpeaclia- ble."-.y. T. World. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York and Boston. THE SONS OF HAM. By Louis Pendleton. 12mo. 11.50. Merits a careful reading, not only for its literary merit as a novel, hut for its discussion of what is still a most vital question at the South that of race.— Boston Advertiser. LITTLE, BR9WN & CO., Boston. ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Bcoks. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUrll- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. 1'arc Early English Literal urc. Each Printed Hooks in Black Letter, Ancient Artistic lU.i.khlnding", rare Prints PUBLICATIONS IN FRENCH. Le Mariage de Gabrielle By Daniel Lesueur, Ouvrage couroune par l'Aca- demie Franchise. With English Notes by Benja- min Duryea Woodward, B.esL., Ph.D., of the De- partment of the Romance Languages and Litera- tures in Columbia University. No. 5, Romans i2mo, 264 pages, paper, 60 cents; cloth, 85 cents. Complete catalogue on application. For sale by all nook- sellers, or postpaid on receipt of price by the publisher. WILLIAMR.JENKIN5 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00 Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. Second Impression OF TIVERTON TALES BY ALICE BROWN. l2mo, $1.50. Miss Brown, in 'Tiverton Tales,' proves anew her uncommon gift for observing men and women and for describing their indi- vidual characteristics and their idiosyncra- sies of thought and speech. It is a book to be enjoyed while reading and to be gladly recalled afterward. TIVERTON TALES The Portland Press remarks : " Among the very best short stories of New England life and people are those by Alice Brown entitled ' Tiverton Tales. ' No reader who begins the stories will lay aside the volume until all have been read, and they will agree with Mrs. Harriet Prescott SpofFord in the Book Buyer ' that Miss Brown's work simply sweeps us along in the tide of pathos and humor and sweetness, yet we feel the absolute fidelity of the picture, where there is neither blur nor confusion, but every outline and detail given with a gracious precision that marks the hand of the master.' " Sold bv all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUQHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston, 11 East 17th Street, New York. Reading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with The Nation stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly adjusted. Sent postpaid, on receipt of 75 cents. A New Book on College Life Vassar Studies By JULIA A. SCHWARTZ, A.M. With \\ Illustrations. 12mo, 328 pages, $1.25. Miss Schwartzes collection of studies has been planned to reproduce, by means of emphasizing in each paper a characteristic element of quality of student life, a faithful impression of the spirit and the personality of modern Vassar. The author states her aim thus : " To embody in literary form for the alumnee, memories and impressions of their college days, and to present before the public a truthful picture of the life in such a communi- ty." She has treated of character rather than in- cident ; yet her stories are not lacking in action nor in the picturesque background of college pastime as well as that of college work. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, 27 & 29 W. 23d St., New York. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. English History. Vol. L.No.l. Early Reformation Period 15c. Vol. I., No. 6. Constitutional Documents 25c. Vol. IL.No.l. Towns ami Gilds 20c. Vol. II., No. 5. England in the Time ol W\elltlo. loc. Vol. III., No. 5. Manorial Documents 20c. Circulars ) D. C. 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VI The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1770 tADtwotd Suits and Wraps. Tailor Made Suits, French Gowns, Organdie, Grenadine, and Street Dresses. Pique and Duck Suits, Lace and Cloth Capes, Top Coats and Jackets, Eton Coats. Silk Waists. dotoddw&u caj) \ Jtfa 6L NEW YORK. GENTLEMEN, HUNTING A BEAUTIFUL -AND SPECIALLY USEFUL DURING THE SUMMER — PRESENT FOR A LADY, 17-70, WILL FIND THE BETHLEHEM * j» SHOULDER-SHAWL ;i most appropriate and stylish Birthday or Wed- ding (lift. They are entirely hatidwoven (about in inrhes saiiare, with 6-inch Cringe) at Bethlehem by expert Saxon weavers. Softest wool and sill; warp silk and woof wool -in rich light green. ,|,.]j. cate pink, recherche red, pure white, or black color. When ordering, stale color wanted. (Appetizing Moravian Sugar Cuke -German Kaffee Kuelien -recipe sent with every shawl; or recipe alone for stamp.) Postpaid and Registered on receipt of $7. so- check, draft, or money order— to The Susacuac Weaving Co. 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. New Novel by the author of " Derelicts." Idols* By W.J. LOCKE. Crown 8vo. $1.50. A new volume of poems. THE WIND AHONG THE REEDS BY W. B. YEATS. $1.25. JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Ave., N.Y. For Summer. Send for Illustrated Catalogue, XteUtertd Trad* Mark. Annual Clearing Sale Washable Dress Fabrics AT "THE LINEN STORE." Printed India Dimities \ and Fancy French Cottons, y \?\C\% reduced from 25c. and 35c. ) Printed French Organdie ") Raye and Gazes, reduced V \*\Qt from 35c, 40c, and 45c. ) French Printed Satin "1 Broche Shirtings (beautiful [^C- goods for waists), reduced **t/V» from 50c J Imported Madras Shirt- ) ings (a very large variety), >• \(SQ reduced from 35c ) Fancy "Swiss" spot ~\ Muslins, reduced from 40c. V / jQ, and 50c J Fancy Black and Fancy ] White Dress Cottons, re- I J5q# duced from. 25c. and 35c. ) Together with a quantity of Printed and Colored Piques, Linen and Cotton Ducks, and Fancy Zephyr Ginghams at about half former prices. James McCutcheon & Co., 14 West 23d Street, New York. BLICKENSDERFER TYPEWRITERS No. 5, $35. No. 7, $50. Are Guaranteed the Best. Ask for New Catalogue of Desks and Up-to-date Office Devices. Blickensderfer Mfg. Co. 325 BROADWAY, N. Y. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to»Date, Full of •Hatter, Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. AN ABRIDGMENT OF Funk & Wagnalls' Standard Dictionary Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1,225 Pictorial illustrations. Sent postpaid on receipt of price by The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 & 7 East.Sixteenth St., New York. Save Tour Eyes KEEP YOUR GLASSES CLEAN. Send for package of our prepared (absorbent) Polishing Paper for cleaning eye-glasses, etc. jo cents silver per package; 3 for 2jc. Calumet Chemical Co., Box A, Blue Island, III. CLARENDON PRE5S PUBLICATIONS. For stile by ail booksellers. Send for Catalogue* OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. BOOKS 1 When calling please ask for AT MR. (JRANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. QRANT. Rehire buying Ik inks, write fur quotations. An assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of hooks at re- duced pi ices sent for 10 cent Stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books. 23 W. 42D St.. - NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.)

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The - ±Ml fcion VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1771. THURSDAY, JUNE 8, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. NEW BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING STRONG HEARTS. By George W. Cable. «~ *<a it "PRESCRIPTIVE passages just as brimming with poetic charm as any that have flowed from his pen, can be found in ■*"^ each [of the three stories], and the picture of the storm on the Solitary's island, his self-appointed prison, has never been surpassed by Mr. Cable. "—Literature. H HpHEY must stand as among the most charming things he has written. Not even in « Old Creole Days ' is there "*" found more delicate work, and yet underneath it there is felt the grasp of the master." — Brooklyn Eagle. ACROSS THE CAMPUS A Story of College Life By CAROLINE M. FULLER l2mo, $1.50. succeeds in conveying a vivid sense of the atmosphere and feeling of the place."— Brooklyn Life. THE STOLEN STORY And other Newspaper Stories By JESSE LYNCH WILLIAMS 12mo, $1.25. 4* ]\?JR. WILLIAMS has had the good fortune— it really seems largely a •"A matter of luck in many cases— to treat his fresh material with a simplicity which imparts a sense of strong reality."— W. D. HOWELLS in Literature. ON THE EDGE OF THE EMPIRE By EDGAR JEPSON and CAPT. D. BEAMES l2mo,$1.50. U "pHE native and his primitive emotions hold the centre of the stage. •*• This, combined with the marked ability of Mr. Jepson and Capt. Beames, gives to the book exceptional interest and value. It provokes comparison, of course, with Mr. Kipling, . . . but bears the trial well. The style is good."— New York Tribune. WINDY CREEK By HELEN STUART THOMPSON 12mo, $1.25. THE GREATER INCLINATION By EDITH WHARTON 12mo, $1.50. tt'T'HE limitations of the field she has chosen are maintained with dis- * creet and delicate art. . . . Eight admirably written stories." —New York Times. THE AMATEUR CRACKSMAN By E. W. HORNUNG Fourth Thousand. 12mo, $1.25. 7 <«TT is difficult to imagine anything better in their way than the eight *■ stories of crime here delineated. Short and to the point, each is suggested with admirable art, and each is finished to perfection." — Lon- don World. THE CONFOUNDING OF CAMELIA By ANNE DOUGLAS SEDGWICK 12mo, $1.25. U /"• OOD, and more than good; it is fresh, delicately original, and finely VJ observed. . . . Camelia is such a heroine as many novelists dream of, but few can draw. Miss Sedgwick has a subtle and distin- guished imagination."— London Academy. A TEXAS RANGER By N. A. JENNINGS 12mO, $1.25. it THE fullest account of their history and work during the troublous A days that followed the Civil War. ... A valuable contribu- " -Springfield Bepub- STANDARD AND POPULAR NOVELS. RED ROCK By THOMAS NELSON PAGE Illustrated. Fiftieth thousand. 12mO, $1.50. "0NE cannot read this novel without being deeply impressed with *** its sterling literary beauties and its human interest. It is ten- der, mellow, and sweet, exhaling the flavor of all that is best in Ame- rican life."— London Daily Mail. TALES OF UNREST By JOSEPH CONRAD i2mo, $1.25. CROWNED " one of the three best books of 1898 by The Academy, which says: " It is Mr. Conrad's achievement to have brought the East-to our very doors, not only its people — others have done that con- spicuously well— but its feeling, its glamour, its beauty and wonder." ANTIGONE; AND OTHER PORTRAITS OF WOMEN By PAUL BOURGET 12mo, $1.50. " *T*HEY are full of charm, a simplicity that is consistent with perfect 1 grace. In their core they are as essentially sweet as Washington finished modern artist.' detail with the pictorial skill of -Boston Transcript. LIFE IS LIFE And Other Tales and Episodes By " ZACK " 12mo, $1.50. REMBRANDT: A Romance of Holland By WALTER CRANSTON LARNED Illustrated. 12mO, $1.50. U 'T'HIS is a charming romance, in which art and love and adventure A are interwoven with the great names of Art. The style of the story as a literary product is elegant, and the plot easy and simple."— Chicago Inter Ocean. KING NOANETT A Tale of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay By F. J. STIMSON Fourth Edition. Illustrated. Square 12mo, $2.00. it <IfING NOANETT' is a book designed for all ages."— New York. IV Tribune. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 153-157 Fifth Ave., New York.

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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1771 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. {Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 427 Editorial Articles: To Whom Does McKinley Appeal? 430 Good Men in Bad Business 430 The Niearaguan Canal Report 431 The Dreyfus Denouement 432 Special Correspondence: Professor Dicey on the Teaching of law at Harvard 433 The Duke Decazes 434 Correspondence: "You- All" 436 A Country Police 437 The Proof-Reader at Large 437 Notes 437 Book Reviews: New Light on Ruskln 440 Novels and Short Stories 441 A Life for Liberty 442 Women and Economics 443 Field, Forest, and Wayside Flowers 443 Explorations in the Far North 444 Throne-Makers , 444 Books of the Week 445 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in- advance, postpaid, to any partofthe United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.O0. 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ORWICH ART SCHOOL offers the idents of both sexes. l.ocalii v remarkable for it's beauty. School attached to Slater Museum. General education may be carried for- ward in classes of Free Academy. A limited number of students received in a home where every advantage is found. Two scholarships, defraying tuition, awarded on competition. Graduate scholarships in Art League, N.'i ., and School of Dra« - Boston. For full particulars, address Ozias Dodge, Director. Delaware, 'Wilmington, Franklin St. ^PHE MISSES HEBB'S prepared for College. District of Columbia (Chevy Chase P. 0., Md.). f^HEVY CHASE O French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Washington. French the language of the house. Mile. L. M. Bouligny, Principal. Miss C. Pettigrew. Assist. Prin. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 12-1 W. Franklin St. TJDGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y I * School for Girls.— 37th year will begin September 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre. Principal. MissE. D. Huntley, Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. OT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- tjj opens September 21, lsitti. Prepares for College. Heads of School. Miss Me:. Carter. Miss S. R. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. ID Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts. Boston, 00 Marlborough St. (CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. K^, Boarding and Day School. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley. S. Alice Brown and Amelia L. Owen, Principals. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Stree THE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. J. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts. Duxbury. HO WDER POINT SCHOOL —Prepares 1 for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indl- \ iilual teaching. Elementary classes lor young hoys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (MIT.) D New York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOK'S SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 P. M. M: New York, TJtica. RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. Mi M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG YS' AND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Will reopen October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 8chool for Girls. Established in 184ft. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phila,, Pa. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, MASS. 24th Year Opens October 2, 1899. Instructors-E. C. TARBELL, F. W. BENSON, PHILIP HALE, Drawing and Painting; B. L. PRATT, Modelling; Mrs. WM. STONE, Decora- tive Design; E. W. EMERSON, Anatomy; A. K. CROSS, Perspective. Free use of Museum Galle- ries. Paige Foreign Scholarship for Men and Wo- men. Helen Hamblen Scholarship. Ten Free Scholarships. Six prizes in money. For circulars and terms address Miss ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. Educational. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home In the '-Admiral Wlnslow House." JAMES DE NOHMANDIE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM, Roxbury, Mass. Summer Law School, THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH. Opens June 15. On the Cumberland Plateau, 2,000 feet above sea- level. Cool and absolutely free from malaria. Full corps of lecturers. Address B. J. Ram age, Dean, Sewanee, Term. Clark University SUMMER SCHOOL, WORCESTER, MASS., July 13=26, 1899. Manual Training. FREE COURSES for TEACHERS, fitting for both Grammar and High-School Work at the SLOYD TRAINING SCHOOL, established by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw. Time for each course October 1 to Juue 1. Address QUSTAF LARSSON, Principal, 30 North Bennet St., - - Boston, Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stoue building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. YOUNG WOMEN West Bridgewnter, Mass. 17th year opens Sent. 20. 1899. Terms $350 per year. Academic, College-Preparatory, and Special courses. Art, Mu- sic, and Elocution. Well-equipped Library and La- boratories, fine Gymnasium. Miss SAItAH E. LAUGHTON, Prin. Quincy Mansion School for Oirls. On the finest part of the historic estate of the Julncys. Several acres, beautifully diversified by he skill of the landscape gardener. Thoroughly LARD, Sc. D., Wollaston. Mass. FORESTRY SCHOOL, At Biltmore, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate. BRADFORD ACADEMY. Founded 1803. For the higher education of young women. Classical and Scientific course of study; alsoPrepara t.oryaml Optional. Year begins Sept 20, 1899. Miss Ida C. Allen, Prin., Bradford, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows will reopen their Boarding and Day School for Girls at 115 Beacon Street, Boston, October 4, 1899. Certificate of Principals admits 1,. Smith and Wellesley Colleges. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pension nat Francais KOUX, Saxton's Ulver! near Bellows Falls, Vt.

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June 8, 1899] The Nation 111 Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL ED OCA - ^~L tlon and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of three or four children in her own home, training them in the manifold require- ments of modern life and in some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Fh.IJ., care of the Nation. A TEACHER OF LARGE EXPERI- STl ence in preparing for Harvard, Tale, and Prince- ton in Latin. Giivk .an, I 1 ionium, wants a position In col- lege or first-class ,:,,!!, ■jc-prrparatory school. Has re- cently studied in Germany. Address Phil. Dr., care Nation. T^OUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL 1 Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber, Belleville, 111. CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- \^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. School Agencies. HTHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett 0. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston, loo.j Pa. Ave. .Washington. 156 Fifth Ave., New Tort. 414 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis 730 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 5^0 Stims'n Bk.,1 378 Wabash Ave., Chicago. h'i:> M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, J~l_ 24 State St., Albany, N. Y— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Harlan P. French, Manager. OCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' kJ AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the U.S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. T. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM. O. PRATT, Mgr., 70 Fifth Ave., New York. you about them Hid I recommend a teacher and rec- ommends von, that is more. Ours D ar*e\m m art r\ c C. W. BARDEEN. Syracuse. N.Y.KCLUIIlilieilUi) FOR SALE. A QENERAL QEOLOOICAL COLLECTION, containing several thousand specimens collected mostly In the upper Miss. Valley in Minn., Iowa, and 111. Also other relics. Mu«t be sold on account of the death of my husband. Address Mrs. J. H. BKEESE, Lyons, Iowa. LIBRARIES. and popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. O.RANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. ORANT. Before buying books, write for quotations. An assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St.. - NEW TORE. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New Tork. Importers of Foreign Books; Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; Tauehnitz's British Vniliors, Teubner's Greek and Latiu Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leip- zig as soon as issued. Study and Practice of French in School IN TBREE PARTS. By L. C. Bona me, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. rrom Education, Boston : "A well-made series. Teach- ers and jjuplls will And the three books helpful and inte- JDOOKS.—All Out-of-print Books supplied, -L* no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the most expert, book finders extant. Please state wants. BAKERS GREAT BOOKSHOP, 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England. NOW READY! And for sale at the Bookstores. The Autobiography of Mrs. Oliphant. With Portraits, One Volume, Cloth. Price, $3.50. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY have now ready the long-awaited Autobiogra- phy of Mrs. Oliphant. The book contains portraits, and it has been fully and carefully arranged by Mrs. Caghill.who was for a long time in the confidence of Mrs. Oliphant. Aside from being an interesting record of a lifelong devotion to literature, the book is important in that it throws a strong light on the literary masters and me- thods of the last fifty years in England. There was hardly a man or a woman pro- minent in English letters that Mrs. Oliphant did not know well. It is hardly known in this country what a remarkable woman she was, nor can we credit the list of her books given in the back of the Autobiography, so astounding does it seem that one woman could have written 160 books, and countless contributions to the maga- zines, in nearly all the branches of literature— fiction, history, biography, essays, and language. The book is full of strong passages and interesting reminiscences, but we can- not resist quoting the following paragraph from it, so admirably does it sum up the attitude which a literary master frequently holds toward his work, and so interesting is it as a revelation of Mrs. Oliphant's character : "When people comment upon the number of books I have written, and I say that I am so far from being proud of that fact that I should like at least half of them forgotten, they stare— and yet it is quite true ; and even here I could no more go solemnly into them, and tell why 1 had done this or that, than I could fly. They are my work, which I like in the doing, which is my natural way of occupying myself, though they are never so good as I meant them to be. And when I have said that, I have said all that is in me to say. " Freedom ! I have never known what it was. I have always had to think of other people, and to plan everything— for my own pleasure, it is true, very often, but always in subjection to the necessity which bound me to them. On the whole, I have had a great deal of my own way, and have insisted upon getting what I wished, but only at the cost of infinite labor, and of carrying a whole little world with me whenever 1 moved." FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. Dodd, Mead & Company, Publishers— 5th Ave. and 21st St., New York. ;««««««««««««««*«««: »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»)»»»»»; Old Books, Rare Books, Choice Books, Quaint Books, Typography, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 3«4 pages, 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. TWO NEW NOVELS. A Deliverance, By ALLAN MONKHOUSE. Crown 8vo, $1.25. The Repentance of a Private Secretary, By STEPHEN GWYNN. Crown 8vo, $1.25. JOHN LANE, MoFifthAvcN.Y. KINDERGARTEN supplies at SCHERMERHORN'S, S East 14th St., N. T. Send for new Catalogue. B OO KS, SECOND-HAND AND NE fV,

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IV The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1 771 The Macmillan Company's New Books. BIOGRAPHY, REMINISCENCES, ETC. THE LIFE and REMAINS OF THE REV. R. H. QUICK. By F. STORR, Editor of The Journal of Education (London). Cloth, $1.50, net. During a long and active life as one of England's foremost educators, the Rev. R. H. Quick made frequent entries in his journals upon the principles lucation, and the writer's varying experiences in his own work, and it is from these that the present narrative has been largely made up. Wordsworth and the Coleridges. Cloth, AND OTHER MEMORIES, LITERARY AND POLITICAL. $3.00. By ELLIS YARNALL. "A notable volume of reminiscences. No more interesting personal memories have been published in recent years."— The Public Ledger, Phila. Not " devoid of shrewd glimpses of faulty human nature, but, in the main, the spirit shown is of engaging generosity, appreciation, and admira- tion."— The Tribune, New York. Old Cambridge. By THOMAS WENTWORTH HIQQINSON. " Col. Higginson's delightful book . . . is altogether a most enjoyable and valuable one."— Evening Telegraph, Philada. The first of a series of National Studies in American Let- ters, edited by George E. Woodbebry, and designed to give to our literature, as a national expression, a more just importance and truer perspective than it yet presents in popular knowledge. Cloth, $1.25. The Life of Henry A. Wise. The Famous War Governor of Virginia. manhood, of whom both sections may well be proud."— The Herald, New York By His Grandson, the Late BARTON H. WISE of Richmond, Va. 'One of the most interesting figures of the civil war. . ._ ._ A splendid example of American Cloth extra, Crown 8vo, $3.00. NE W BOOKS ON AMERICAN HISTOR Y. Side Lights on American History. THE NATIONAL PERIOD BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR. By HENRY W. ELSON, A.M., Lecturer of the American Society for the Ex- tension of University Teaching. Author of " Historical Biographies for Children," " What to Read," etc. Cloth Extra, i6mo, 75 cents. A more detailed account of some of the chief events in our history than can be given in the usual manual, where detail is sacrificed to compactness. Source Book of American History. Edited for Schools and Readers by ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D., Professor of History, Harvard University. Cloth, 60 cents net. Brief extracts from original records with practical introductions, and a few illustrations such as a facsimile of part of the compact entered into by the Mayflower; an unpublished letter of Charles Carroll's about the slaves on his plantation, etc., etc. THE BEST BOOKS ON THE PHILIPPINES, ETC. The Trail of the Gold Seekers. Cloth By Hamlin Garland, Author of "Main . ' Traveled Roads," "Rose of Dutcher's *'-5o. coolly," etc. The literary result of the author's trip overland through British Columbia with a pack train. The Philippines and Round About. Cloth, By Maj. G. J. Younghusband, F.R.G.S., $2.50 Queen's Own Corps of Guides, etc., etc. A complement to Professor Worcester's book, as it treats chiefly of events of the past year. "Of striking and timely interest."— New York Herald. Cloth, $1.50. ESS A YS ON THE RELATIONS OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION, John Milton. A SHORT STUDY OF HIS LIFE AND WORKS. Cloth, By Prof. Wm. P. Trent, Author of "South- Ethics and Revelation. By Henry S. Nash, Professor in the Epis- copal Theological School, Cambridge. By the Author of the "Genesis of the Social Conscience," which the New York Tribune called "one of the most helpful treatises in the language." The Making of Hawaii. A STUDY IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION. Cloth, By Prof. William Fremont Blaceman, $2.00. Yale University. ON LITER A TURE, ETC. From Comte to Benjamin Kidd. 75 cts. ern Statesmen of the Old Regime," etc. A somewhat unusual grouping and proportioning of existing material, well calculated to arouse fresh Historical and critical— a sketch of the growth of the evolutionary systems of ethics, and a study of their claims to authority. REMINISCENCES AND OBSERVATIONS ON NATURE, BOOKS, AND SOCIAL LIFE. The Solitary Summer. Elizabeth and Her German Cloth, $1.50. "Perhaps more charming than the original work, and that is saying a good deal."— Glasgow Herald. " Will take rank with the best of this summer in a garden class of works."— Tribune, Chicago. Elizabeth and Her German Garden. "A charming book."— Literature. Cloth, $1.75. "'A German Garden ' emits a flower-like aroma of freshness and purity."— Kate Sanborn. Our Gardens. ds Hole, Author of lean Hole," etc. With eleven Illustrations in color, Photogravure, etc. Cloth extra, gilt top, $3.00. There is ever present that delightful humor which has distinguished the author's volumes of reminiscences. Second edition ready this day, third edition now on the press. cX'S.N Richard Carvel ^Stfe. "The book altogether is a delightful one, abounding in powerful scenes."— The Evening Telegraph, Phila remarkably workmanlike production."-^ Tribune, New York. » Wholesome, thrilling, and inspiring. "-Globe Democrat, St. Louis. Published June 1. "It has seldom if ever been surpassed by an American romai Chicago Tribune Cloth, $1.50. " A pure romance of the most captivating and alluring order." — Boston Herald. Send for a circular of the best new novels for summer reading. Price of each $1.50 The Short Line War By Merwin Webster. " A rattling good railroad story."— Evening Telegraph. Men's Tragedies. By R. V. Risley. Masterpieces in tragedy. Rose of Dutcher's Coolly. By Hamlin Garland. It has created a great sensation."— The New Age. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 8, The Week. A letter from Columbus to the Tri- bune brings the gratifying news that ab- solute harmony prevails in the Repub- lican ranks in Ohio, but the writer does not explain how it came to pass. The accounts received shortly before the late convention opened, and even after the delegates had begun to arrive, were to the effect that a bitter feud existed be- tween the Hanna and Foraker factions. The Tribune writer himself makes men- tion of this bitterness. "The condition," he says, "was chaotic in the extreme during the preliminary canvass and af- ter the larger part of the delegates had assembled in this city, but the evolutions of the factions resulted in the nomina- tion of a splendid ticket; there is not at this time the semblance of the old factional strife," etc. What could have happened in that brief interval? What magic word put an end to all that strife? Our advices are that the magic word was uttered by William McKinley, in the shape of an executive order taking 10,000 or more federal offices out of the com- petitive list of the civil service and mak- ing them loot for the politicians. As soon as this order was made known, George B. Cox, who had arrived with the Hamil- ton County delegates as trading mate- rial in his breeches' pocket, became a Hanna man, and harmony ensued as a matter of course. But for the civil-ser- vice order he would have remained a Foraker man, and harmony would have been more probable in the Philippines than in Columbus. The declaration of the Ohio Republi- can platform, "We commend the Pre- sident for the judicious modifications of the civil-service rules recently pro- mulgated," will, in all probability, be accepted as the keynote of the party in other States on the "backward step." It will be vain to look for anything like censure of his course in any party plat- form. The Republican press, as a whole, has either approved the "back- ward step" or has refrained from com- ment upon it. We are glad to see that the indiscreet utterances of Congressman Kerr in the Ohio convention have moved the Tribune to break silence upon the subject. Its assertion that "if Mr. Kerr and his Ohio friends have the correct view of the new rules, they are a politi- cal blunder and a moral wrong," puts the case in precisely the right light. Mr. Kerr unquestionably reflects the views of every Republican politician in the country in his explanation of what the changes mean. No matter what ex- cuses the President may make for his course, no matter how plausibly his de- fenders may seek to "explain it away," every intelligent person in the country knows that the politicians are accurate in their estimate of his conduct. He has delivered himself into their hands, and they will make the most of their vic- tory. The President's friends are "pained" again. His motives in eating his own words and devouring the party plat- form in this civil-service business are so cruelly misunderstood. It is only the faithful wounds of a friend which he has been dealing civil -service re- form. No warmer advocate of purity in the public service exists to-day than William McKinley. There stands his own confession of the fact, in his own speeches, to prove it. As for his deeds, we are to remember two things. One is that reform must go hand in hand with "common sense." That is, while serving the Lord, we must not wholly forget the Devil. The President is per- fectly orthodox on the doctrine of a personal devil, and believes thoroughly in giving him his due. In this case, his due was 10,000 offices, easily expansi- ble into 40,000. ^Then we must bear in mind the urgent need there was that Mr. McKinley execute a flank movement on the Republican spoilsmen in Ohio. They were ravening for the destruction of civil-service reform in toto. With true Napoleonic (little - Napoleonic) strategy the President prevents them from demanding all by granting them a part in advance. Thus he is really a great defender of the system. He has thrown only one child to the wolves, and is driving off as fast as he can to save the rest of the family. It is a well-known fact in natural history that wolves are always satisfied with a taste of blood. So there will be no more of their howling at the President's heels. Touching the real nature of the President's order, a correspondent who is in a position to know the facts, writes to us as follows: "The order, as I read It, seemed designed to cover up what had been already and illegally accomplished. In one case within my knowledge, an incumbent was removed and a successor was appointed as an emer- gency case. He was relieved or the examina- tion required by law, has been reappointed at intervals of ninety days, and now gains a clear record under the McKinley rule. There are a number of such, and, strange to say, nearly all under Gage — whom re- formers thought such a remarkably good appointment for McKinley to have made. Since the order has been issued, in one of the Auditor's bureaus twenty-five clerks have been dropped, and instead of begin- ning with the temporary clerks, the older force has been dropped, and the new ones (mainly from Chicago, and known as 'Van- derlip's corps'), drawing $720 under the temporary appointment, have been advan- ced, and without examination, as the new order permits this. In fact, the service is in for a good debauch, and I shall be very much surprised if Gage and Vanderlip have not been the prime movers, in spite of their loud protestations for reform." Along with very much that was irre- deemably bad in the President's re- trograde order was one change in the rules which is in the right direction. Two years ago Mr. McKinley encouraged the friends of reform by establishing a new rule, which provided that "no re- moval shall be made from any position subject to competitive examination ex- cept for just cause, and upon written charges filed with the head of the de- partment or other appointing officer, and of which the accused shall have full no- tice and an opportunity to make de- fence." The reformers had long urged the adoption of this principle, and were greatly pleased at its acceptance by the President. But in practical operation the new rule has proved to be a farce in the Government Printing-Office, where it was especially needed. The habit of the Public Printer has been to thrust a typewritten page of malicious charges at a person removed when he asked for the reasons, accept his indignant denial as conclusion of the case, and there- upon summarily make the removal with- out giving opportunity for an answer in writing and without any official re- cord of the answer. The amended rule provides not only that no removal shall be made except for just cause and for reasons given in writing, but also that the person sought to be removed shall have notice and be furnished a copy of such reasons, and be allowed a reason- able time for personally answering the same in writing; and that a copy of such reasons, notice, and answer, and of the order of removal, shall be made a part of the records of the proper department or office. It further provides that rea- sons for any change in rank or compen- sation within the competitive classified service shall also be made a part of the records of the proper department or of- fice. This is a distinct improvement, so far as the letter of the law goes, but it remains to be seen whether its spirit cannot be violated by cunning spoils- Gen. Otis's report, which the nervous- ness of the War Department leads it to give out, leaves little doubt that the Filipinos were the aggressors in the first fighting on February 4. What it does not satisfactorily answer, however, is the question why the previous negotia- tions for a peaceful settlement failed. We have not before been told so clearly of the nature and extent of the confer- ences between the Americans and the native representatives during January.

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4=23 T h. e IN a t i o n . [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 The sessions extended over three weeks. Both sides professed to desire to come to an amicable understanding, but Gen. Otis says he was compelled to break off because the proposals of the Filipinos were so vague. They wanted independ- ence under an American protectorate, but the nature and scope of such pro- tection they "could not explain." One would infer that the American counter- propositions were clear-cut as crystal. But we know, in fact, that they were vaguer than anything the most dreamy Oriental could have urged. What the Filipinos were told they must do was, in effect, to trust the good McKinley, trust the American Congress, and trust to luck. Vagueness for vagueness, we think they might have retorted on Gen. Otis with considerable asperity. As against the possibly prejudiced represen- tations of either side, we quote what an old English resident of Manila said on April 4 to the Philippine correspondent of the Paris Temps: "It the Americans had continued, as on the day when they were welcomed at Cavite as liberators, to treat the Filipinos as brothers in arms, this fatal conflict would have been avoided. Their protectorate would have been accepted enthusiastically, for it was both expected and desired." This is the fact which makes the world think the whole Philippine horror due to blun- dering diplomacy. Otis did the best he could; but his instructions from Wash- ington tied his hands, and left him help- less to prevent a war which all on the spot foresaw. The contest over the Speakership of the next House is settled about six months before the time for its meeting in the natural order of things, and with- in about six weeks after the announce- ment of Mr. Reed's probable withdrawal from Congress. There have been a number of cases where the reelection of a man who had held the office was assured half a year before the choice was made, but there is no precedent for so early a decision of a canvass for the place when it was open to competition. There is reason for satisfaction in the result of the contest. Gen. Henderson of Iowa is not by any means the ablest member of the House, or the one best qualified in all respects for the Speak- ership; there are men in the Massachu- setts delegation, to mention only a sin- gle State, who are clearly his superiors. But it is equally true that he is the best of those who entered the canvass with any prospect of success. It was not to be supposed that Western Rep- resentatives would take kindly to the idea of having one Speaker from New England succeeded by another, especial- ly by a member of comparatively brief service. Between Gen. Henderson and Messrs. Sherman and Payne of New York, and Mr. Hopkins of Illinois, the only men who have been seriously his rivals, there was no room for doubt as to the proper choice. The Iowa Repre- sentative is not a great man, and will not stand in the first rank among Speak- ers; but he is a man of good ability, high character, and uncommon inde- pendence for a partisan, whose instincts and tendencies are on the right side in the matters of a large standing army, wars of conquest, and the other new issues which have arisen during the past year. The Republicans of Delaware continue to suffer the just penalty for the favor which they have lent in the past to a rich vulgarian who offered to purchase the Legislature for their party. They were ready enough to let Addicks spend his money profusely in buying votes so that there might be a Republican Legis- lature, which he expected would give him the United States Senatorship that he wanted. But after they had got the Legislature in this way more than once, they refused to recognize any obligation on their side, and Addicks was thus re- peatedly cheated out of what he sup- posed he had fairly bought. This made him so indignant that he vowed that no other Republican should get a good of- fice, and he carried out the threat on Saturday by turning over the city gov- ernment of Wilmington to the Demo- crats, simply because he could not abide the idea of seeing a Republican succeed who is a man of high character, but has always refused to train with the Addicks crowd. This is hard on the people of Wilmington, but, so far as the Republi- can party is concerned, there is poetic justice in it. Pingree evidently thinks that the Gov- ernor, like the King, can do no wrong, if only he declares himself an anti- monopolist. The Michigan Executive is a member of a great shoe-manufacturing firm in Detroit. When the State troops for the war against Spain were equipped a year ago, their shoes were bought from Pingree & Smith. The shoes were very good, but the minority members of a legislative investigating committee hold that the principle of the State's purchas- ing goods from its Governor is very bad. "The committee cannot but condemn as a vicious precedent," says their report, "the selling of goods to the State by the Governor or the firm of which he is the senior member, at their own price, and without inviting bids from competing firms." They also point out that the law now prohibits members of the Board of State Institutions from being inte- rested in or selling to these institutions any supplies, and they recommend that a similar law, applicable to the Military Board and to all State officials, be enact- ed, and that employees in any depart- ment be debarred from traffic with that department. Pingree would doubtless agree that such oriticism would be all right in the case of a Governor who was not an anti-monopolist, but it struck him as insulting when directed against an Executive who is a friend of the peo- ple. The best immigration argument for the proposed hand-book advertising the resources of Georgia is the recent action of the community in the case of the out- rages at Griffin. It has become a com- mon thing in parts of the South for worthless white men to run industrious black men out of the town. Some roughs of the superior race recently set out to do this at Griffin, warning members of the inferior race who had offended them by working in the mills to leave, on penalty of losing their lives. Too fre- quently in such cases the white rowdies have their way, but the decent people of Griffin refused to sit still under this outrage. They have encouraged and sustained the authorities in enforcing the laws, with the result that eight of the toughs have already been lodged in jail and others are threatened with ar- rest. Georgia newspapers contrast this honorable action with the outrageous course pursued by the Governor of Illi- nois towards the colored miners from Alabama last fall, and they are entirely justified in thinking that the contrast is sadly to the discredit of Abraham Lin- coln's State. The inquiries which Mr. Moss made last Thursday about the methods pursued in the Tax Department led to a good many interesting revelations as to what goes on under the head of "equalizing taxes." Some taxes are "equalized up," and others are "equalized down," and, by a curious coincidence, the names of Tammany statesmen and their friends who own property appear quite regularly in the latter category. Quite incidental- ly, Mr. Moss showed what a beneficent thing Tammany government is to the members of the Feitner family. Mr. Feit- ner is the President of the Tax Depart- ment, and enjoys a salary of $8,000. His brother-in-law, Mr. Moore, is his Deputy Commissioner, and enjoys a salary of $3,000. His sister-in-law, Miss Moore, is his private secretary, and enjoys a salary of $1,700. Mr. Powell, who lately became his son-in-law, is Chief Clerk of the Borough of Queens, and enjoys a salary of $2,500. There may be other sons-in law and brothers-in-law quax*tered in other branches of the municipal service, but $15,200 a year makes a tidy family income as it stands. There seems to be no immediate danger that the Feitner family will suffer want so long as Tam- many holds the reins of government. Dispatches from The Hague affirm that the plan of the American delegates has been unanimously accepted by the Arbitration Committee, and that it will certainly be adopted, with, perhaps, some

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June 8, The Nation. 429 amendments in its working features. If this prove to be the case, it will be a great triumph for the United States, and a still greater one for the cause of peace. The plan provides for a permanent inter- national tribunal, to which any and all questions of disagreement may, by mu- tual consent, be submitted for decision, "but every such submission shall be ac- companied by an undertaking to accept the award." The number of judges shall be as many as the litigating nations agree upon, but not less than three in any case, no one of whom shall be a na- tive or a subject of the litigating nation. The plan is to become operative when ratified by nine sovereign Powers, four of whom shall have been signers of the Declaration of Paris. The British plan, ass reported, differs from the American in not requiring the parties litigant to agree beforehand to abide by the decision of the tribunal. According to this plan the tribunal would be merely a court for finding facts, and the law (international law) in the cases submitted. As to this point of difference, the American plan is much to be preferred. What is the use of taking so much pains to establish a court and submit a case if the decision is not to be binding? Inasmuch as the submitting of cases, in the first instance, is purely voluntary, it would seem that where any nation has gone so far as to appeal to the international court, it ought to agree to obey the decision. Italy would go a step further and would require that all disputes of a minor cha- racter (to be specified), which cannot be settled in the ordinary course ot di- plomacy, shall be referred to the court compulsorily. fending him. He was acquitted amid great popular enthusiasm and cries of Vive Vuniiie. It is an apt coincidence that Ester- hazy, on the very day when Du Paty de Clam was sent to prison, should have made a confession that he wrote the bor- dereau upon which Dreyfus was convict- ed. That he was the author of this docu- ment, and that he imitated the handwrit- ing of Dreyfus in order to convict the latter of a crime of which he was him- self guilty, has been known for a long time, but the villain has told such a great variety of lies about it that the public had ceased to give heed to anything further that proceeds from him. Nobody expect- ed that he would ever tell the truth about anything, yet he has actually done so. His statement, in the office of the London Chronicle last Friday, may be re- lied upon implicitly in so far as he ac- knowledges that he committed forgery. In so far as he implicates others, his un- supported testimony is not worth a rush, although there is a strong probability that his charges against the French general staff are true. Esterhazy, it should be remembered, was tried in 1897, at the instance of the brother of Dreyfus, before a council of war, on the charge that he was the author of the bordereau. Du Paty de Clam was very active in de- Now that the Dreyfus battle has been fought through, and we all complacently feel ourselves victors, we should not for- get those heroic men who in France flung themselves without apparent hope against the fury of a maddened nation. First among those we should place Col. Picquart, who, from the very ranks of the army, in the name of which such crimes had been committed, rose up to confront and expose forgers and lawless officials. From him the impulse passed to M. Scheurer-Kestner, President of the Senate, who became convinced that a ter- rible error had been made, and did all he could, first to clear himself from all complicity in it, and then to have it undone. But it took a sterner and more audacious challenge than his to really rouse the country, and this was blown on Zola's horn. His bold attack upon those guilty of a monstrous injustice must, in all fair minds, suffice to cover a multitude of novels. It was not long before men of light and leading — like M. Pressense of the Temps and Prof. Seigno- bos — came rallying in great numbers to the cause. It was then only a question of time when it should' be triumphant. But we who see the satisfying end of the long struggle, should not withhold out tribute from those who entered upon it with no reasonable prospect but scorn and failure. of Commons should have opposed on Monday the grant to Gen. Lord Kitch- ener, was obviously due to their feeling that national rewards to a man who had shocked national sentiment by his treatment of the Mahdi's remains at Khartum should be resisted. No other ground of objection was made by any- body, and even Mr. Balfour, while main- taining that the whole question was one of military merit, had to admit that he wished the thing had been done dif- ferently. It was left again for infidel John Morley to speak for the humane and Christian feeling of the country. He led in the House, as he had pre- viously done on the hustings, the pro- test against permitting English soldiers and civilians to be barbarized by "the savages they are sent out to kill or civil- ize." However politic Gen. Kitchener may have thought it to desecrate the Mahdi's tomb, so that it might not re- main a shrine of superstitious rever- ence, the deed was done with quite un- necessary brutality, outraging the feel- ings of the very officers and men de- tailed to do the work. Mr. Morley has recalled with much point and force the example of the English General in Spain, who ordered decently reinterred the corpse of a French officer which the Spaniards had dug up and decapitated. That was in 1812, and the question is if Imperialism has since coarsened the moral fibre. The ridiculous assault made upon Pre- sident Loubet seems to have had its origin and principal seat rather in the ranks of the anti-republican forces of France than among anti-revisionists or the anti-Semites. Of course, the pretext for it was the decision of the Court or- dering a new trial of Dreyfus, but the real animus of the titled rioters was their hatred of the republican govern- ment. The Republican party of France has been gradually coming around to the belief that Dreyfus was the victim of a villanous conspiracy, and is now prac- tically unanimous in that belief. The royalists have seized the present occa- sion for an cmeutc, because they can secure the cooperation of other groups calling themselves League of Patriots, Anti-Semites, etc., in the common pur- pose of overthrowing the present form of government. It is a rare coalition that finds Count Christiani and Roche- fort working together. There is no dan- ger to be apprehended, however. The republic is too strong for the coalition; and the cause of justice, after a period of doubt and danger, has won a victory which the motley horde of royalists, im- perialists, intransigeants, and common blackguards will not be able to disturb. That fifty-one members of the House Affairs in the Transvaal are evidently moving to a crisis. The correspondence between Mr Chamberlain and President Kriiger respecting the dynamite mono- poly has reached a deadlock, the former assuming that the monopoly is in con- flict with the London convention, and the latter contending that it is not. As neither of them is willing to yield, it would look as though force were the next remedy to be applied. The exclu- sive right to deal in dynamite was grant- ed by the Transvaal Government to a private person, or firm, many years ago, without any adequate compensation to the Government itself. It is of the same nature as the monopolies granted by the Stuarts in England two or three hun- dred years ago — monopolies to sell salt or soap, or to import some indispensable article. Since the mining of gold grew to be a great industry in the Transvaal, the dynamite monopoly has become an intolerable burden of the Outlanders, who are oppressed and overtaxed in oth- er ways, and not allowed to have a share in the government which their contri- butions chiefly support. If there should be a new collision between England and the Transvaal arising out of these griev- ances, we are assured that the Ameri- cans, large numbers of whom are en- gaged in gold-mining there, would be among the first to revolt. But negotia- tions between President Kriiger and Sir Alfred Milner are in progress.

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430 T h. e Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 771 TO WHOM DOES M'KINLEY APPEAL! That the President of the United States should be, by virtue of his position, con- stantly exposed to hostile criticism and attack, has come to be looked upon as quite a matter of course; and President McKinley has proved no exception to the rule. In one respect, however, the criti- cism to which he has been subjected has peculiar significance and force. Other Presidents, also, have had to endure the disparagements of an opposition party and an opposition press, the factious sneers and taunts of those bent on find- ing fault, and the personal denunciation of individuals whose selfish plans have been thwarted. But the criticism of President McKinley cuts deeper. He is charged, more or less openly, by influen- tial men of his own political household, with having broken his solemn pledges to his party and to the country; with having promised one thing and done an- other; with having deceived those who put their trust in him; and the charges are accompanied by the citation of chap- ter and verse in proof thereof. Other Presidents have been accused of politic dealing, of leniency towards the short- comings of their subordinates, and of concessions to strong opposition, but none within the present generation has called out, from the ranks of his own supporters, such a growing volume of protest and remonstrance directly im- pugning his honor as the chief magis- trate of the nation. Criticism of such a sort, striking straight at the foundations of personal truthfulness and integrity, raises a ques- tion as to the class of persons to whom President McKinley makes his appeal. It is difficult to believe that a man of ex- perience and personal uprightness, ele- vated to the Presidency under solemn obligations and responsibilities, can, as a result of argument and pressure, sur- render his convictions on critical points without first convincing himself that he is thereby getting an equivalent for what he gives up, and assuring himself of equal justification in the eyes of the world. In bending his course somewhat with a view to a second term, Mr. Mc- Kinley is only doing what his predeces- sors have done. But how is he doing it? Wherein do the successive steps in his timorous and deceptive policy — a policy at once the grief of his friends and the amazement of his enemies — make in that direction? Precisely how does he expect, doing as he has done, to make himself his own successor? To whom does he appeal? Tbe recent civil-service order may well raise this very pertinent question. If there was anything in regard to which the platform Mr. McKinley was elected on was definite and emphatic, it was the approval and support of civil-service reform; and the declaration of the party was reaffirmed in the personal pledge of Mr. McKinley himself. The attitude of the better element of both the great parties on the subject is so well known that it would be idle to restate it. Yet President McKinley was hardly warm in his chair before word was given out that considerable exemptions from the civil- service rules were shortly to be made. The instant rebuke from the press of his own party was stern enough, one would think, to have convinced most men that on that point at least good faith must be kept. But the rebuke was not enough. For nearly two years the proposed order has been imminent, and its immediate appearance several times announced; and, now that it has come, a single glance shows it to be the worst assault on administrative purity and ef- ficiency since the civil-service law went on to the statute-book. Whatever the motive, here at least is no haste, no sudden yielding to extraordinary pres- sure, but a long-considered and delibe- rately planned step. We cannot assume that the President has knowingly weak- ened his position, or is satisfied that the order will cost him support in the direc- tions in which he deems support most valuable. What are those directions? Upon whose support does President Mc- Kinley count? It is clear enough, we think, that the appeal is not to the so-called "better ele- ment"—to the voters of education, prop- erty, social position, and public spirit. With few exceptions, indeed, these are the men who have formed tne solid sup- port of the movement for civil-service reform, and who are the head and front of every forward movement, whether in politics, education, science, religion, or philanthropy, to be found in the United States at the present time. Without re- gard to party, and with no chance of personal reward, they have labored to bring about a clean political life and secure the adoption of business methods in the Government service. It is not to them, therefore, that President McKin- ley appeals; they had repudiated the ac- tion before it was taken. The late exe- cutive order can have but one effect in this direction, and that is to array against the Administration, in a solid column, the voters whose approval has always been, in the long run, best worth having, and to destroy what little con- fidence was left in the good faith of a President who deliberately undermines a structure he solemnly promised to maintain. On the other hand, we are persuaded that President McKinley has made a grave mistake if he thinks his latest ac- tion will strengthen his hold upon the masses of the people. There is one thing that the American people, without regard to party, creed, or social position, utter- ly abhor; and that is a moral coward. They have, indeed, ceased to expect that the President of the United States will always be a great constructive states- man, or a leader without a single selfish aim. But they are disposed to insist that he be a man of truthfulness, cou- rage, and "backbone." They demand that he shall lead, and not follow; that he shall sturdily resist pressure; that he shall show, in his public acts, the virtues of positive character; and that his political philosophy shall be arrived at by some more worthy process than keeping his ear to the ground. Presi- dent McKinley, we are confident, has made nothing but enemies among those of his supporters, thousands in num- ber, who claim no special knowledge of the merits of this particular matter, but who will see in the recent order one more proof of essential moral weakness, even where the finer honor of the nation is at stake. There is left the relatively small num- ber of men, many of them little in evi- dence ordinarily, whose business it is to bring political things to pass. They are the men who run the machine, raise campaign funds, dictate nominations, engineer elections, control appointments to office, and live upon the spoils. These are the men who make and unmake Pre- sidents; and it is to them that Mr. Mc- Kinley appeals. From the day when he put the patronage of the government into the hands of Piatt, and Hanna, and Quay, and all the rest, to the present time, no single public act of his has failed to show the trained hand of the political boss. It is the skilled manipu- lators of votes who are the determining factors in practical politics. They alone, from the President's standpoint, can give him what he wants — a second term; and he must pay the price. The "better ele- ment," mainly scholars and "dudes," can go; the "masses" can be hoodwinked, bought, or bullied; but to offend the boss is death. It is a melancholy spec- tacle, this opening the gates to the hun- gry crowd of spoilsmen. It must have caused the tender heart of the President a pang. But the men who placed him where he is, and who are willing to try to keep him there, must have their way; and it is to them that he appeals. GOOD MEN IN BAD BUSINESS. Secretary Gage's limping defence of the President's indefensible civil-ser- vice order, like his silent though shame- faced acquiescence in certain scandalous appointments and removals in the Trea- sury Department, shows that he is ra- pidly becoming what the sneering poli- tician called "a good man in the worst sense of the words." That is to say, he brings himself to lend his respecta- bility as so much sheep's clothing for wolves to wear. Of the details of Mr. Gage's feeble apology for McKinley we shall speak in a moment, but the pity of it is that he allowed himself to be seduced into making any apology at all. By consenting to come forward at this juncture as the President's whitewasher, he irreparably damages his own reputa-

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June 8, 1899] The 3ST a t i o n . 431 tion without sensibly helping his chief's. For the time being, it is true, he throws dust in the eyes of the credu- lous. "There, you see," silly people will say, "it can't be as bad as the reformers and the Civil-Service Commission think, for good Mr. Gage approves of it." The Secretary's omissions are fully as significant as any of the assertions in his statement. He has not a word to say of the fact that the principal changes were made without consultation with the Civil-Service Commissioners, who already, as in duty bound, have spoken out against the concession to the spoils- men. Mr. Gage does not mention the circumstance referred to in the con- demnatory resolutions of the Maryland Reform Association, that the President is deserving of the graver censure be- cause he persisted in his course "with full warning as to its consequences, and despite earnest remonstrances from pa- triotic citizens and from the press." Not a syllable, either, do we get from Mr. Gage about the President's tricky mani- pulation of the rule governing trans- fers, by means of which any boss can now put any heeler in any office. No- thing does he say about the suspicious exception of gaugers and storekeepers, who hereafter will keep store and gauge as in the good old times, with an eye single to delegates and the nomination which the boss orders. Silent about all these tricks and scandals is Secretary Gage, unless he may be covertly refer- ring to them when he drops into that old shibboleth of the spoilsmen, and says that the order is not "understood," and cannot, in fact, be comprehended "by persons not close to the administration of public affairs." Mr. Gage makes an elaborate argu- ment to show, from the standpoint of one close to the administration of public affairs, why deputy collectors of internal revenue should be exempt from the rules. Of this the best that can be said is that it is an amazing exhibition of political simplicity. The Secretary so- lemnly reasons that it is neither proper nor legal to take away from collectors, by means of civil-service rules, the right to choose their own deputies. Imagine Piatt and Quay and Hanna and McKin- ley chuckling over this! They know the kind of freedom they will leave their collectors in the matter of deputies. In what Nephelococcygia has Mr. Gage been living all this time? Does he not know that the appointment of every collector will hereafter necessarily carry with it a "slate" for all his subordinates, whom he will be bound in advance to choose as a condition precedent of getting the office? If it is undesirable to make a col- lector take his appointees from the eli- gible list, what will it be to compel him to take them on the dictation of a boss? Really, Secretary Gage's innocence in this business is too much for us. Yet we must say that in bucolic simplicity an- other part of his apology runs this part hard. He says that it was necessary to turn the Alaskan service over to the spoilsmen on account of "the great dis- tance from Washington." If spoils thus necessarily increase as the square of the distance, what becomes of that "hon- est and effective civil service" which the President has promised to give to the Philippines? The truth is that, in the long run, Mr. Gage will be found only to have hurt himself without helping the President. This thing has not been done in a cor- ner. Mr. McKinley knew what he was about. He petulantly remarked to a protesting reformer that he had done so much "for you" that it was really shameless to ask him not to do some- thing now for the politicians. The good of the public service? That may go hang. Don't you hear the roar of the Ohio convention, insulting President Harrison for his extensions of civil-ser- vice reform, and falling down before their own Nebuchadnezzar's image of a President because there was none of that nonsense about him? There is the true explanation of McKinley's spoils order, let Mr. Gage say what he may. But one good thing, we believe, will yet come of it. It will make it more difficult, if not flatly impossible, for people to talk long- er of the President's "good intentions." Even Mr. Gage cannot fool the public on that score. The image, all men can now see, not only has clay feet, but is clay in the hands of the potter all the way up. What we most deplore in the attitude of men like Mr. Gage and Secretary Long is that they throw away the only chance a good man in the cabinet has to make himself a power. We know perfectly well what they say. They want to accom- plish something. They believe in their party as a whole, and think they must be silent or apologetic about many things they do not like for the sake of the good they hope to do. The politicians ask nothing better. A good man who will not be ugly, who will not kick, who, like charity, suffereth long and never faileth, is the joy of their hearts, one of their most efficient tools. Suppose Mr. Gage had put his foot down in the Shurtleff removal— told the President that if it was made he would resign, and not only resign, but expose the whole scandal, who doubts that he could have blocked the scheme? So of the civil-service re- treat. Secretary Gage could have pre- vented that. A good man in the cabinet, ready to get out of it on the first sign of political villany, and ready to tell the public frankly why he goes out, could frighten a man like McKinley into all kinds of unintended virtue. That is the only use that we know of for a good man in public life. It is always Gam- betta's alternative over again — either to "soumettre" or "demettre." ' Secretary Gage, however, has succeeded in doing both: he has submitted to a bad policy and has demitted his own repute in apo- logizing for it. THE NICARAOUAN CANAL REPORT. The recent statement that the mem- bers of the Nicaragua Canal Commis- sion were still divided in judgment as to the cost of constructing a practicable canal, is now officially confirmed. Al- though they are agreed as to a route, the difference between the estimates of cost made by Rear-Admiral Walker and Prof. Haupt on the one hand and by Col. Hains on the other exceeds $16,- 500,000, or more than 13 per cent, of the average of the two estimates. This is a very wide disparity, and it will be noted that the higher estimate is made by an officer of the army whose rank and professional standing make him a formidable candidate for Chief of Engineers at the next vacancy. One fact which will strike the reader with force is the approximation of the figures given by Col. Hains to those given by Gen. Ludlow before a committee of Congress some years ago. Ludlow, though a high- ly accomplished engineer, was denoun- ced at that time by the promoters of the canal scheme as an ultra-conservative and an enemy of American progress. What will the same critics say of Col. Hains? So much of the Commission's report as is unanimous puts it out of the ques- tion for the Government to give further aid or comfort to the Maritime Canal Company. If Congress decides to build a canal through Nicaragua under ex- clusively American auspices, it may be willing to pay for such tangible assets as the company has on the ground, in- cluding tools, records, drawings, and a few borings which the official engineers would have been obliged to make if no private hand had made them. But the value of these things should be assessed only by disinterested experts, of such repute that the whole country will ac- cept their judgment without question. No account whatever should be taken of worn-out franchises or conditional con- cessions. After its fruitless struggle for Government aid, and with its manifold promises to the public still unfulfilled, the company may consider itself well off if it can sell for cost those things which it is actually able to deliver. It cannot lay claim to the discovery of a route, for the greater part of its survey had been anticipated by other prospectors, and the only remaining feature which it could fairly claim as its own seems to be regarded by the Commission with distrust. This is the proposed cut through the crest of the Eastern Divide, and the impounding of a mass of water with a surface of perhaps 90 or 100 square miles and a depth of some 70 feet between walls which in some places would have to be artificially constructed,

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432 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 and which are believed to be without a precedent in engineering. Of course, no scientific expert would venture to say that this plan could not be carried out, for nothing in it is essentially impos- sible. But the proposed experiment of walling in so large a lake, under condi- tions such that a weak point anywhere would mean ruin for the structure, and for all the canal route below it, has drawn no little criticism from engineers in private life, and thrown a veil of hazard over the whole plan of which it forms a part. The aim of the Commission to use nature's channel from Lake Nicaragua eastward to the sea, except for a few short cuts here and there to straighten a horseshoe bend or reach a natural wide water in the midst of a fairly level country, will commend itself to the un- professional reader who can apply to his study of the map only the tests of com- mon sense. If we grant at the outset the proposition that we must have an interoceanic canal, and that Nicaragua offers the best country through which to cut it, the Commission appears to have presented as good a plan as is likely to be devised, and one infinitely preferable to that of the Maritime Canal Company. But the main question is in the hypothetical stage still. When so competent an engineer as Gen. Abbot advocates the Panama route against the Nicaragua route, it is not surprising that Congress checks the whole under- taking until it can obtain the compara- tive data it needs. The Nicaragua Commission has not gone out of its way to suggest any con- trasts; but the President has decided to make the members of this Commis- sion also members of the larger Commis- sion which is to report on the relative advantages of the two routes. The Ni- caragua Commission appears to have made a pretty thorough inquiry into conditions in Nicaragua, for the short time it could devote to its task, and its fund of information .will be avail- able when the larger Commission reaches the Nicaragua branch of its work. Moreover, if first impressions count for anything, the larger Commis- sion will be fairly balanced, Admiral Walker and his colleagues having made their first study of Nicaragua, and the rest of the Commissioners making their first study of Panama. But, after all the engineering reports are in, there will still remain a phase of the general ques- tion for settlement by experts in diplo- macy. In Panama, apparently, our Gov- ernment would be less liable to interna- tional entanglements than in Nicaragua, where the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and the rights of Costa Rica would have to be considered, even if the local Govern- ment were ready to sell or lease a strip of its territory. THE DREYFUS DENOUEMENT. John Quincy Adams wrote in his Diary that the continued outward suc- cess of a tricky politician seemed to him "a slur upon the moral government of the world." If many have felt that the conviction and punishment of Drey- fus for crimes which he never committed tended in like manner to impair belief in divine justice, they must now confess that Providence has "done something" in his case, in striking and dramatic enough fashion to satisfy even Carlyle. Never was there a more notable de- monstration of the truth that there is a power in human society which makes for righteousness. Every circumstance conspires to make the righting of the great wrong impressive and solemn. The injustice was committed theatrically in the face of the whole world; the re- paration is now made with all mankind looking on. Power, passion, national pride, army, courts, newspapers, public opinion — all were in league against one insignificant victim; but he, catching at "the skirts of God" as his only re- source, sees them all fall- back ashamed and defeated. The Court of Cassation has followed the recommendations of its "reporteur" and the public prosecutor to set aside the Dreyfus verdict, and grant him a new trial; he will be sent before a new court-martial, which will not dare re- sort to the monstrous methods of its pre- decessor in 1894, and from which he will come off triumphantly acquitted. He is already acquitted in the judgment of the civilized world, and now, we may add happily, of passion-torn France herself. The precautions taken by Prime Minister Dupuy have not been in vain. His bill, irregular and suspicious as it seemed, for having both branches of the Court of Cassation sit in the hearing, is now seen to have had a valuable effect in conciliating public opinion and making anti-Dreyfusite charges ridiculous in ad- vance. "The Jews" might buy one judge, one court, but hardly all the judges of appeal in a lump. Then the calculated indiscretion of some one in authority, through which all the evidence taken by the Court in secret was laid before the grand jury of 40,000,000 Frenchmen, has had a most felicitous effect. It prepared and persuaded the general mind to ac- cept quietly the verdict of the Court. In- stead of mobs and shouts and a national panic and crisis, we see the Court of Cassation compelled to send out its of- ficers in order to get enough spectators present to comply with the terms of the law. It is late in the day to dwell upon the tangled web of perjury, forgery, con- spiracy, and credulity which made up the case against Dreyfus. The reporter of the Court cut his way through all this, and showed convincingly that there was before the judges an abundance of the "new facts" necessary to induce them to declare for revision. Ten such facts were specified, each notorious. It is not necessary to go into all this, but it may be worth while to dwell for a moment upon the documents of the "secret dos- sier" used against Dreyfus so illegally aud so fatally. A member of the original court-mar- tial has testified to the way in which these documents were laid before it. The evidence previously submitted — the now discredited bordereau and all — had left the members in doubt. Then Gen. Mercier secretly handed them seven documents from the War Office, which he said com- pletely established the guilt of the ac- cused man. The officers of the court turned pale at the illegality demanded of them — that is, condemnation of a man on evidence of which he was left in ignorance — but bowed to the supposed "necessity of state" and voted Dreyfus guilty. But the moment these docu- ments are brought to light and scruti- nized, they turn out to be only a mass of irrelevance, misinterpretation, mis- translation, and outright forgery. Document No. 1 was the letter contain- ing the famous phrase "ce canaille de D." This it has been conclusively shown could not possibly have referred to Drey- fus. The second document was an in- tercepted dispatch from the German at- tache, Col. Schwartzkoppen. But it used the German military term, "Patent," a title which could not be applied to Drey- fus. In order to make it apply, the Gen- eral Staff deliberately mistranslated it. Then there were two cipher dispatches involving the Italian attache, Panizzardi. One of these was used by the War Of- fice in a version which the Foreign Of- fice notified it was wholly mistaken; the other was given an absurd and impos- sible reference. Two other documents relating to military organization and plans had no necessary connection with Dreyfus at all. Seventh and last came the most damning evidence of all— no- thing less than alleged letters of Em- peror William himself to Dreyfus! The huge credulity which could be- lieve in the possibility of such letters is illustrated in a conversation which a witness swore to having heard between Gen. Boisdeffre and Princess Mathilde. The latter expressed doubts about Drey- fus's guilt. "Ah," said the General, "if you had seen what I have!" "What, pray?" "Well, I have seen with my own eyes a letter from the Emperor of Ger- many to Dreyfus." The Princess replied: "General, I am only a woman and a mere - princess, but I know enough about the practices of royalty to know some things that cannot be. You may, perhaps, have seen what you say, but what you saw could not have been authentic." So, of course, it turned out. The Foreign OrSce disavowed and repudiated the letters, and their authenticity was indignantly and categorically denied by the German Ambassador. They were probably only

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June 8, 1899] The Nation. 433 another wretched forgery of the wretch- ed Henry. So the long tragedy approaches its end. Dreyfus may not live to reach France; there may be long delays in the legal processes necessary to make him a free man. But for him and for the interested world the agony is over. Even slow and faltering human justice has at last caught up with the divine judgments which are true and righteous altogether. We cannot, of course, rest our faith in Providence upon such dra- matic retribution. We shall have to go on seeing truth upon the scaffold and wrong upon the throne, but it is a great help to our trust in a moral order of the world when we see so plain an instance of justice shining out like the sun. PROFESSOR DICEY ON THE TEACHING OF LAW AT HARVARD. Oxford, May 17, 1899. In the Hall of All Souls' College, the Vine- rian Professor of English Law has just de- livered a public lecture on the "Teaching of Law at Harvard." He began by reverting to his own inaugural lecture of sixteen years ago, in which he had affirmed that the prin- ciples of English law "could be taught by duly qualified teachers to duly intelligent students." This speculative contention that law, being a science, must be amenable to the same professorial methods of teaching used in the case of other sciences, had now been practically proved to be correct by the general experience of American universities, and, in particular, by the teaching of law at Harvard. The Harvard Law School went back to the days of Story, and was really of more ancient origin than the present teach- ing of law at Oxford. Dane, inspired by the spirit of Mr. Viner, who founded Blackstone's chair in Oxford, made a chair at Harvard which was first filled by Story, and in which Story was followed by other able men. Ne- vertheless, Prof. Langdell was the second founder, the restorer of law teaching at Harvard, and had found in such men as Thayer, Gray, and Ames indispensable and able coadjutors, men whose writings were familiar to every educated English lawyer. The Harvard Law School had won by tan- gible success the gifts of many benefactors, and formed a sort of university within the university. Here Prof. Dicey dwelt at some length on the Law Library at Harvard, "the most perfect collection of the records of the law of the English people to be found in any part of the English-speaking world." It was noteworthy as something which visibly typified the spirit of enthusiastic study that informs the great Law School. The students, the professors, and its most admirable teach- ing constituted the glory of the school it- self, as might be gathered from the increase in the numbers resorting to it, which had almost quadrupled, increasing under Pro- fessor Langdell's new regime from 120 to 550 or thereabouts. At present their real difficulty lay in the fact that the numbers of the pupils almost go beyond the possi- bility of teaching them. The greatest triumph of the Harvard law professors in fact was that they had finally dispelled the "deep-seated delusion" which regards law in the light of a "handicraft," to be learned only by apprenticeship in chambers. The lecturer quoted the testi- mony of Mr. James C. Carter, who had been convinced that the Common Law of England was a science resting on principles best ac- quired through the teaching of men who have mastered them, and announced his present purpose of setting forth the principles and character of the Harvard teaching so as to make comprehensible its success. The school was a professional one for the teaching of students whose aim was to be- come successful practising lawyers, and who had already received an adequate general training represented by the B.A. of Har- vard, Yale, or some other American uni- versity. These students were in the posi- tion of men beginning to read for the Ox- ford Jurisprudence School, so far as know- ledge of the law was concerned. Otherwise, they were in no way as Oxford undergradu- ates are. They were men of twenty-two or twenty- three, ready to join the Law School with the practical object of acquiring know- ledge of the law, and thus occupied the po- sition of young men here beginning to read in chambers. At the Law School three years were required to obtain the law degree. Fifteen courses had to be taken, and at the end of each year the student was examined in the topics of each of his lec- tures by the professor giving the course, who had to be satisfied before a further stage could begin. The lectures of the first year were fixed for all, but there was a free choice of subjects in the second and third years. The degree was obtained by success in each and all of the yearly examinations. Especial merit was recognized in something analogous to a class list. Still, the obtain- ing of a degree was not a student's primary object, but rather to learn English law and leave a high reputation among fellow- students and professors. The lecturer then gave, as a specimen, the fifteen courses taken by a very distinguished student, and remarked that one who had mastered the principles underlying the subjects enumerat- ed in that list began his professional life "with an amount of knowledge rarely pos- sessed by an able student from our universi- ties on his call to the bar." Young Americans were, he said, alive to the importance of actual success. How, then, comes it, he asked, that they are will- ing to spend the years from twenty-two or twenty-three to twenty-five or twenty-six in this preparatory professional study? As to this willingness, which must strike Eng- lishmen as "something of a paradox," he gave two points in partial explanation. First, the reputation gained at Harvard for know- ledge and dexterous argument promoted a young man's success, quite apart from the degree obtained. This helped him in a way in which no University reputation to be gained here could help a man. In America, where the distinction between barristers and solicitors was unknown, law business was often carried on by great law firms. A highly rated student easily gained admission into the office of one of these firms, and his fame, spread by fellow-students (often practically in the position of English coun- try solicitors), won business for the firm. The case of Lord Bowen, whose unique gifts were so slow in receiving recognition that it seemed at one time as if he would be drawn away from the law to literature, would not have been possible under American conditions. Thus the practical value of a re- putation gained in the Law School was one reason why Americans were willing to de- vote to it three of the best years of their The second reason was that the teaching they received exactly met their needs. This teaching, being strictly professional, was also definitely professorial. The lecturer quoted from Prof. Langdell's address on the Harvard Law School, given on the two hun- dred and fiftieth Founder's Day of Harvard College, and pointed out, as the fundamental conception of the Harvard professorial teaching of the law, the idea that "English Law is a science to be deduced from a limit- ed number of principles which are to be learnt from books." Strict adherence to these principles had given to the Harvard teaching a stamp which was at once scien- tific (logical) and practical, the whole aim being to explain the principles of English Law. At Harvard they rated low the good to be got by reading in chambers— perhaps they rated it too low — for law was partially a handicraft. The prominence lent by the masters of the Law School to the logical aspect of law could, however, only work for good, since the uses of legal apprentice- ship had been vastly overrated. Teaching might be logical and professorial without being in any degree abstract. From ab- stractness the Harvard professorate were preserved by their pupils' definite profession- al purpose and by their intense enthusiasm for the Common Law of England, or rather of the English people. Emphatically teach- ers of English law, they did not illiberally underrate the value of the comparisons be- tween it and other systems. Yet their suc- cessful insistence upon the fundamental principles of English Law gave a remarkable color alike to their mode of thought and manner of teaching, in which Roman Law played a subsidiary part only. Prof. Dicey referred to Holmes's 'Common Law,' Lang- dell's 'Law of Contracts,' Thayer's 'Intro- duction to the Law of Evidence,' and Prof. Ames's essays in the Harvard Law Review as exhibiting speculative powers of no common kind. Yet these writers had not, like some English writers of note, become interested in the theory of English Law from their interest in legal philosophy, but rather had become expounders of the philosophy of law through their intense interest in the Law of England. This he illustrated from Prof. Langdell's book on 'Contracts,' for which the author's immense logical power had been obviously trained and stimulated by study of the Com- mon Law. Upon this study he depended for teaching his pupils to think for themselves. Thayer's 'Introduction,' "the latest and most perfect production of legal speculation sent us from Harvard," was almost oppressive in the weight of its legal learning, and the captious reader might regret time and space given to citing, explaining, or criticising the dicta of judges and others, some of whom had not half the author's intellectual pow- ers, none of whom had explored, as he had, the foundations of the Law of Evidence. Prof. Thayer, had he affected new and unin- telligible terms like some philosophic Ger- mans, would be acknowledged to be a great jurist. But "he is immersed in the History of the Common Law," said the speaker, and his subtle power of analysis is likely to be underrated because of his clearly expressed conclusions. His thorough and lawyer-like mastery of the Common Law has forced him to become a master of legal philosophy.

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4=34= The IsTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 Some jurists, Sir Henry Maine, say, or Prof. Maitland, had begun with the study of phi- losophy or of historical problems, and were led on to study the principles of Common Law; but American lawyers, such as Lang- dell and Thayer, began with the Common Law and were led on till they became mas- ters of the philosophy and history of law. Attachment to the concrete existing law of England and America, of the English people in fact, determined, the lecturer went on to show, the peculiar form of law teaching at Harvard, which was at once scientific and professional. Actual legal facts as stated in the reports were never lost sight of. Thus generalizations gained a reality sometimes missed by the theories of eminent jurists, and the pupils— though they learned to think— achieved a know- ledge of cases "infinitely useful" to a practising lawyer. The grounding of the Harvard teaching on the study of cases was then dwelt upon as its peculiar mark, dis- tinguishing it from all other methods. After a detailed account of one of Prof. Ames's lectures had been given, the peculiar stimu- lus of the catechetical method employed was dwelt upon. "It is," said Prof. Dicey, "the Socratic method applied to law." The Law of Contracts and the Law of Torts were, he - said, obviously well adapted to this method, which had to alternate with dissertation, in a proportion regulated by the nature of the topic in hand. Yet at Harvard the method applied to all branches of the English Law was substantially the same, and a case- book was in every instance required. At this point the fifty volumes of case-books pre- sented by the Harvard faculty of law to the All Souls' Law Library were apprecia- tively dwelt upon. These books, as used at Harvard, forced students "to learn rather than to let themselves be taught," and gave them a stimulus like that afforded to the novice in chambers when law papers are first placed in his hands and he is re- quired to draft a claim or write an opinion. Moreover, the Harvard method roused and utilized the disputatious instincts of learn- ers. The art of contradiction played a great part in all education. The masters of the law at Harvard rea- lized, as competent teachers ever did, how a man's true education was bound up ra- ther in what he thought and talked of outside the class-room than in what he heard while in the class-room. Their me- thod absolutely required the pupil to be "perpetually engaged in the examination and discussion of cases." Hence had arisen their law clubs and their moot courts, the system of which was most minutely and vi- vidly described by the lecturer at some length, and to the great entertainment of his audience. Thence, also, the institution of the Harvard Law Review, which was in turn carefully and adequately set forth. Prof. Dicey then asked what lessons for America and for England could be learned from a comparison between the law schools in England and that of Harvard. He dis- sented from the conclusions of Dr. Birkbeck Hill, who deemed that Oxford should go and do likewise, and, by making changes that seemed slight to the outside observer, raise up an institution to rival the Harvard Law School in numbers and in prosperity. No lawyer either in England or America could share this view, if he examined from the inside the law schools of either country. Each could learn from the other, neither could adopt the other's methods directly. Scientific legal education was alike the aim of both; but while the aim of the Harvard Law School was also definitely professional, this was not true of the Oxford and Cam- bridge Law Schools, which were, and must be, in the main, educational. The stimulus to work at Harvard was professional success, whereas the stimulus to work in the other case was the desire to obtain a place in the class list— a perfectly legiti- mate aim for youths going through a course of university training. Essential dif- ferences such as these could not be over- looked, and necessarily determined the course of instruction pursued in each case. Oxford could as little copy Harvard, maintained Mr. Dicey, as Harvard could copy Oxford, yet the law school of each university might learn much from the other. As to what Harvard might learn from Ox- ford, he spoke with diffidence, being con- scious of better qualifications for admiring than for criticising the American system. What, however, an observer from abroad might properly remark was that, the edu- cational element of law being inevitably In the forefront of Oxford teaching— the edu- cational and the speculative element, that is_a leaf from the Oxford book might, per- haps, be taken 'in this regard with profit to the Harvard system, where the practical study of the law of England might also ally itself more intimately and concretely with that of Roman Law. In their comparative in- attention to the law of Rome, the Harvard teachers were following, no doubt, an Eng- lish tradition, but it was one of dubious excellence. Even in a professional school of law a greater encouragement of the compa- rative method would be appropriate. Fur- thermore, the tutorial and collegiate sys- tem of Oxford had merits not easily attain- able in a university without colleges. Also, the catechetical method in use at Harvard required for its fullest usefulness small classes and many professors of eminence. They are at Harvard embarrassed by their very success, and have to face the problem of multiplying their teachers without de- creasing their intellectual quality. Here the lecturer spoke feelingly of the welcome ex- tended to him at Harvard as a representa- tive of the English system of tuition, and then turned to consider what Oxford could learn from America. The first lesson was one of "immense en- couragement" to be derived from the de- monstration that English Law could be taught by university professors "with almost un- limited success." This teaching, "by a cu- rious paradox," was far older in America than in England, and the condition at Har- vard was what might have been in England if Blackstone had been followed by a line of succeeding professors as eminent as him- self. The merits of the Harvard catechetical system should also be taken to heart. The most that could be said in candid criticism of this system would be that its effect might be enhanced by supplemental lectures of the kind in use here. The eminent expositors of law and legal theories at Harvard were too admirable as teachers to make us easily submit to their somewhat exclusive practice of catechetics. But this practice was so ad- mirable that some effort should be made here to induce students to perform their part. The difficulties involved in this were des- canted upon by the speaker with inimitably telling humor, and then he added that the students themselves ought to find a way to create societies for the formal hearing of legal arguments, although such a scheme brought us close upon the line dividing a pro- fessional from an educational school. Another question, as to the possibility of creating at Oxford a school which should be at once professional and scientific, was then raised. Undergraduates going in for the Jurisprudence School were still in the educational stage, but B.A.'s reading for the B. C. L. examination were in the position of the students of the Harvard Law School entering upon the actual profession of the law. After a passing tribute to Profs. Hol- land and James Bryce, the able organizers of the admirable Oxford B. C. L. examina- tion, Prof. Dicey called attention to the fact that candidates for the B. C. L. rarely re- sided at Oxford, and did not form a class to whom post-graduate instruction could be given. He suggested possible changes which might keep in residence "a small but select body of earnest students to read for the B. C. L." Could this be achieved, we should, he declared, have laid the groundwork of a school which might combine with the excel- lencies of Harvard the special virtues of the Oxford method. In closing, the speaker dwelt upon the wonderful enthusiasm kindled in the stu- dents of the Harvard Law School. The School was greater than the method, and the teachers were greater than the School. Louis Dyer. THE DUKE DECAZES. Paris, May 18, 1899. M. Ernest Daudet, brother of Alphonse Daudet, devotes himself chiefly to historical labors, in the modern field. The family of the Duke Decazes, the minister of the Restoration, has allowed him to use the Duke's papers, and with the help of these inedited documents M. Daudet has been able to publish an interesting work, under the title of 'Louis XVIII. and the Duke Decazes —1815 to 1820.' The documents which he used are preserved at the Chateau de la Grave, near Libourne, where the first Duke Decazes began to assemble them after he had fallen from power. The great favorite of Louis XVIII. (for Decazes was a favorite as the first Duke de Luynes had been a fa- vorite of Louis XIII.) had intended to write his memoirs; he never realized this intention, and left the papers which he had collected during a period of twenty years to his son, the second Duke, whom we saw Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1873 to 1877. The jewel of the collection preserved at La Grave is the correspondence of Louis XVIII. with his minister from 1816 to 1822. There are no less than two thousand auto- graph letters of the King to his minister, which constitute truly a history of the reign, written from day to day, during that period. "Successively," says M. Daudet, "Minister of Police, Minister of the Interior, Presi- dent of the Council, Decazes, in order to gain the confidence of the King, thought to keep him acquainted every day with every affair, even the least important. He sent him every morning, in a portfolio of which each of them had a key, the letters and re- ports which reached him from all sides. Af- ter having taken cognizance of them, the King returned them to him, with a letter, sometimes long, sometimes short, In which he exercised his wit without reserve on men and things."

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June 8, 1899] The Nation. 435 This explains in a certain way the charac- ter of the affection which he felt for Decazes. He had discovered him to be a safe man, spoke to him as to himself, and found in him a very intelligent and sympathetic echo. He sometimes wrote to him three times a day. The King was excessively witty and mor- dant; he felt the necessity of a confidant to whom he could say without danger all the clever things that came across his mind. The character of Louis XVIII. is a very com- plex one. The part which he played in the years that preceded the Revolution is cer- tainly not to his credit. He was one of the enemies of Marie Antoinette; he was en- gaged, as Count de Provence, in many in- trigues—among others in the conspiracy of the Marquis de Foudras, the true object of which has remained a mystery to this time. When the Revolution broke out, he emi- grated. He left a short account of his flight, which was more fortunate than the flight of the unfortunate Louis XVI. to Varennes. The Count de Provence crossed the frontier with D'Avaray, who remained with him during the long years of the emi- gration, and whom he made Duke d'Avaray when he returned as King of France. On the death of the son of Louis XVI., the Count de Provence assumed the role of Pretender. He lived in exile, surrounded by a small court, without taking any part in the great events which changed the face of Europe. Decazes, who was to become his great fa- vorite, was oorn in Libourne and educated at VendOme; he became Secretary of Ma- dame, the mother of the Emperor Napoleon, a place which must have been a sinecure. Madame received every year 480,000 francs from her son, and young Decazes kept her accounts. He became Secretary to King Louis, the brother of Napoleon, when Louis became King of Holland. In 1810 he was named Councillor of the Court of Paris. His relation with the Bonaparte family contin- ued; he was very agreeable and very hand- some, and a great favorite of Queen Hor- tense and of Paulina Borghese. During the Hundred Days, he received an order to retire to La Grave. He returned to Paris when Louis XVIII. was on the point of entering the capital. The King was kept at Saint-Denis by Fouche, who wanted him to confide to him the two ministries of the Interior and of the Police. Decazes had an interview with Fouche, and accepted the post of Prefect of Police, whose functions were particularly grave and difficult at the time. The foreign armies occupied Paris, the allied sovereigns were expected, the King was coming back with only the remnant of his guard. The new Prefect of Police under- took to guarantee the security of the sove- reigns, to reinstate all the authorities which had been dispersed during the Hundred Days, to send the imperial troops across the Loire, to dissolve the Chambers, composed chiefly of Republicans and of Bonapartists. He had no other force at his command than the Na- tional Guard of Paris. He closed the doors of the Palais Bourbon, and succeeded in preserving order in the capital. The King made his entry on the 8th of July, through the Faubourg Saint-Denis. The enthusiasm was universal; the King posed as "a father happy to find himself again among his chil- dren." The cabinet which he chose was formed of Talleyrand, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Marshal Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Baron Louis, Pasquier, and Fouche in the Ministry of Po- lice. M. de Vitrolles was Secretary of the Council. Vitrolles and Fouche tried to pre- vent Decazes from working directly with the King and seeing him. They did not succeed, and as soon as Louis XVIII. saw the new Prefect of Police, he was charmed with his manners, his intelligence, and his modera- tion. The King was himself very moderate, in comparison with the Count dArtois, his brother, and the most prominent Legiti- mists, who had been greatly Infuriated by the return of Napoleon and the events which followed it during the Hundred Days. They breathed vengeance, and found a com- plaisant instrument in Fouche, who was al- ways ready for any sort of work. On the 24th of July, Decazes received from Fouche an order to arrest many people, among them La valet te, who had been Director- General of the Post-OflBce, Marshal Ney, Bertrand, Rovigo, LabSdoyere, Cambronne, Pajol, and many other officers of the im- perial army. The same letter of FoucWs ordered Decazes to expel from Paris fifty- five persons whose presence was supposed to be dangerous; among them were Mar- shal Soult, Exelmans, Bassano, Carnot, Da- voust, Benjamin Constant, Marbot, Real, Montalivet. These lists were made up by Fouchg, who had received full powers from the Council. Decazes, with the approbation of the King, did all that was in his power to help some of these persons to leave France so as not to be arrested. Montalivet was a personal friend of Decazes, who ask- ed the King to strike his name from the list. "If not for my feeble services of the day," said he, "let it be for my future ser- vices." "You are a good fellow," said the King; "embrace me," and, laying the minis- terial list upon his table, with his own hand he struck off the name of Montalivet. Decazes also obtained the pardon of Ben- jamin Constant, who was on the list for proscription. He was not so fortunate with those who were on the first list, and who were to be arrested. Lavalette, Ney, La- bedoyere might all have escaped from France: they had been advised on many sides that the order for their arrest had been given. They all remained in France. Ney was arrested in Auvergne. "When the news came to Paris, the emo- tion was great in the government. The King said to me, 'Unfortunate man, to allow him- self to be arrested. He will do us more harm than he did on the 13th of March by going over to Bonaparte.' This sentiment was shared by the Ministers, by all the enlight- ened friends of the dynasty and of the con- stitutional government. A sentiment in- spired by the desire of vengeance was domi- nant in the party which pretended to be the exclusive representative of the monarchy and which demanded scaffolds. I had," continues Decazes, "on my arrival at the Prefecture and the Conciergerie, a conversation with Ney, in which he spoke to me with a sort of effusion, saying with what a desire to do his duty he had left the King, and how af- terwards, fascinated by the memory of so much common glory, and carried away by his troops, he had forgotten his oath and the flag which, in too energetic terms, he had sworn to defend." Ney had said to Louis XVIII. that he would bring him back Napoleon in an iron cage. The King did not desire the death of Ney. Reminding Decazes of the words, "I will bring him back in an iron cage," he added: "He left my room faithful to me; he had the intention to be so to the end. But the situation was stronger than his soul." Ney's execution was a very great error. The pathetic drama of his trial before the House of Peers and of his death in the garden of the Luxembourg made an immense impres- sion not only in France, but in Europe. The ultra-royalist party felt triumphant and be- gan its campaign against the moderate royal- ist party. Fouche, who had never been liked or respected by the King, and had been im- posed on him by the Allies and by Talley- rand, was dismissed after the general elec- tions. After him, came Talleyrand's turn; he was replaced by the Duke de Richelieu, who, fortunately, was a man of noble cha- racter and of moderate views. Louis XVIII. pressed Decazes to accept the Ministry of Police in the Duke de Richelieu's cabinet. The fragments of the memoirs of De- cazes given by M. Daudet come, unfortunate- ly, to an end when Decazes entered the cabi- net. To follow him afterwards, Daudet found only notes, but these have much inte- rest. The Chamber of 1816 has been styled the Chambre introuvable; itwas ultra-royalist. Decazes was in constant fear of its impru- dence and its violence. "The ultras did con- stant violence to the generous intentions of Louis XVIII.; they obliged him to proscribe, notwithstanding the testament of Louis XVI., the judges of Louis XVI." Every incident became a weapon in their hands. When the Chamber heard of the escape of Lavalette, it fell into a great rage. "Louis XVIII. had predicted it. On the news of the escape, he said to me: 'You will see that they will say that we helped him.' " The ultra-royalist ma- jority of the Chamber had for its irresponsi- ble leader the King's own brother, the Count d'Artois, and the Count d'Artois had with him the Duchess d'Angouleme, the Duke d'Angouleme, and the Duke de Berry. The op- position which the King met in his own fami- ly and in the court was the great calamity of his reign and a source of perpetual dis- quietude to him. Decazes was his confidant. The King foresaw the dangers of the mo- narchy when the royal power should pass from his hands into those of his brother. By degrees, he succeeded in winning over to his views the Duke d'Angouleme, but the Duke was a very ordinary man and did not have much influence. M. Daudet's volume is a long account of the intrigues of the Count d'Artois and of his partisans, of the divisions of the monar- chical party, of the perpetual attempts made by the ultras against the liberties of the people and against the Constitution. The ul- tras stopped at nothing— they even tried to use the influence of the foreign sovereigns in favor of their views; but in this they never succeeded. Decazes advised the King to dis- solve the Chamber; the King took his advice, which was also that of the Duke de Riche- lieu. The Chambre introuvable was dissolved on the 5th of September, 1816, after having done as much harm as could be done in a short time. In the rest of his volume, M. Daudet gives a very interesting account of the struggles of Decazes with his political adversaries, with Chateaubriand, with Tal- leyrand, who could not console themselves for not being in the cabinet and in the King's favor. Decazes, who had become the daily adviser and friend of the King, re- mained in power till 1820, when the Duke de Berry was assassinated. This event gave his enemies an occasion for hurling him from power. Chateaubriand dared to write: "Les pleds lui ont glisse dans le sang." The cry of the extreme Royalists against him was so loud that, much to his regret, Louis XVIII. had to sacrifice him. A new cabinet was formed, and Decazes retired for a time to La Grave.

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436 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 177: Correspondence. "YOU-ALL." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your issue of May 25, I notice a letter from Matthew F. Steele of St. Paul, discussing the use of "you-all" and "you- uns" in the South. I had not seen the review which called out the letter, but, having read it now, I beg to answer the question with which it ends, and to question the answer given by Mr. Steele. It is an odd fact that different observers, in all good faith, so often reach different conclusions in regard to the same things, but I have studied the question of "you-all" and "you-uns" so carefully that I cannot help feeling sure of my own accuracy. Mr. Steele may never have heard an educated person use "you-all" in the singular, but I have heard it constantly in the every-day speech of cultivated people who would not have used It in formal conversation or in writing. Ex- ceptionally precise people might never use it in any case, but in the ordinary give-and- take of greeting and gossip it is as charac- teristic as the accent of the South. Mr. Steele states that when a Southerner says, "How are you-all this morning?" he means, "How are you and your wife and chil- dren?" But suppose there is only one of you? In my experience the greeting would still be the same, even among educated peo- ple, and, when it comes to the uneducated, I cannot see in what part of the South Mr. Steele has lived that he has not heard either "you-all" or "you-uns," in the singular, in constant use. "Go 'way, you-all's in my road," a cross cook will warn you when you go into her kitchen, even though you are not attended by your wife and family, and a negro or a poor white will scarcely speak a sentence without intensifying and broaden- ing the sweep of his "you's," when there can be no question that he is addressing one person alone. "You-all's hat" and "you- all's coat" are not usually common property. It is true that I was not born in the region where "you-all" is in use, but perhaps I have not been a worse observer on that account. The expression rang oddly in my ears when I first heard it; I expected to make use of it in writing, and I watched carefully in order to be accurate. As for "you-uns," I have been familiar with it always. It is seldom or never heard in that part of the South where "you-all" prevails, and, as Mr. Steele suggests, it is distinctively a "Crack- er" expression. It is never used by culti- vated people, no matter how carelessly they speak, but it may be heard among the "Crackers" and their brethren— that is, among the illiterate whites of almost pure English descent— all the way from Florida, through Georgia and the mountain regions of the Carolinas and Tennessee, to Kentucky, Southern Indiana, Southern Illinois, Mis- souri, and as much farther as the emigration of poor whites toward the Northwest, in the days of slavery, chanced to carry it. I have heard it in California, where it has been familiar since '49, and I would risk a good deal on the chance of hearing it to-day in the Klondike, after a little patient search. It is being educated out of use, though- ex- cept in isolated, primitive regions like the Tennessee and Carolina mountains where Miss Murfree heard it and recorded it for all time. And now there is a question which I should like to ask. Where do the two expressions come from? "You-uns," as I have already said, is heard among people of pure English descent who use many archaic expressions dating back to Shakspere and the earlier English writers; but has any one ever seen "you-uns" in early English? "You-all," I am inclined to think, has come in with the French influence spreading from New Or- leans and the Huguenot settlements in the Carolinas; but I am not certain, for it is used in Virginia, too, and I should like to know. — Respectfully yours, Mary Tract Earle. New York, May 29, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent, Mr. Matthews, is correct in regard to "you-all" and "we- all," and correct also in his surmise as to "you-uns." "We-uns" and "you-uns" are confined to the descendants of those English emigrants who drifted south from Pennsyl- vania, through the valley of the Cumber- land, to the western slope of the Blue Ridge. They are to be found in Miss Mur- free's mountain country, and in northern Alabama. On the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge and in the Piedmont region the locutions are seldom heard. But those who use them never make the mistake of apply- ing them to one person. All forms of real dialect are amenable to a grammatical con- struction of their own, from which there is no haphazard variation. I saw somewhere, not long ago, a discus- sion of "so long," the phrase of farewell, which, preserved by the negroes, has had a revival in all parts of the country. Is it not a survival of Shaksperr.'s : (sola" ? It certainly is, if "Sola" itself originated from "So? la!" as thus: "Well, I must be going." "So? la!" an expression combining regret, surprise, and farewell. J. C. H. Atlanta, Ga. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I think it may be said, without fear of contradiction, that no educated Southerner ever uses "you-all" as applied to one person. On the other hand, I think it is perfectly possible that the illiterate, particularly the negroes, may use "you-all" for both singular and plural. From Mrs. Louise- Clarke Pyr- nelle's charming and pathetic little story of 'Diddie, Dumps and Tot,' which, by the way, I would recommend to all our Northern friends who would like to know something of the old Southern plantation child-life, I think I can cite an instance of its use in the singular. Daddy Jake is telling the children how the peafowl came to have "eyes" on his tail: "Well, yer see, de owl one time wuz in his kitchen er cookin' uv his dinner, wen hyear come de peafowl er struttin' by." The owl wishes to "take him down," so he calls out: "Whooo cooks fur you-oo-a? Whooo cooks fur ynu-oo-a? I r:ooks fur my folks, But who cooks fur yall-11-1?" Daddy Jake continues: "Now he jes done dat out'n pyo' sass'ness, caze he knowed de pea- fowl felt hiss'f 'bove cookin'." The whole context here seems to indicate that "you-all" is intended to apply indi- vidually to the peafowl, and not to him and his "fo'ks." It may be of interest to state that, while in this neighborhood "you-all" is used by both the educated and the uneducated, the latter more commonly say "all-you," with the possessive adjective "all-your." So also "all-we"; but I don't remember to have ever heard "all-our." I well recollect how I was struck with the novelty of these expressions when, some years ago, I moved to this place from lower Maryland, where the negroes and "poor white trash" say "we-dem" and "you- dem." I am puzzled to know the origin of this en- clitic particle -dem; whether it is the third person plural dem for them, or whether it might not have been started by some strip- ling who, coming home from college and wishing to show off his Latin, began jocular- ly to tack on to his pronouns the strength- ening particle dem of idem (=is-dcm). This would, be probable only in case "we-dem" and "you-dem" should prove to be localisms. Whatever may be the origin of this dem, it is a curious illustration of what seems to be a psychological want felt by some peoples for a particle to strengthen the pronouns of the first and second persons plural. This may be seen in the Spanish nosotros and vosotros (literally, tee otliers and you others), and to some extent in French when nous and vous are followed by a noun in apposition. For instance: nous autres modernes, vous aatrcs Francois. I should like to hear from some of your correspondents as to whether "we-dem" and "you-dem" are current elsewhere in the South.— Respectfully, Samuel Garner. Annapolis, Md„ May 28, 1899. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The present writer is a diligent stu- dent of the mother tongue, both as "she is spoke and wrote," and looks into every new species of colloquialism, dialect, and patois that comes under his eye. Situated as he is, surrounded by darkies of high and low degree, and in occasional touch with the "Cracker," he is conversant with many of our linguistic oddities that charm or mad- den the ear. "You-all" is used by people of the utmost refinement. In truth, I venture there is not an infallible exception in our Sunny Land. As for myself, I contend for its recognition and establishment as good form, on the ground of its precision, distinguishing un- mistakably the "you" of an addressed indi- vidual and the "you" of addressed col- lectiveness. The suffixing of "all" saves separate inquiries after "his sisters, his cou- sins, and his aunts," while it takes suffi- cient cognizance of them. There is a novel called 'At You-All's House,' I think. This possessive use is confined to children, white and black, refined or otherwise. If used by adults with much frequency, I have not noticed it. I make an acknowledgment of guilt. My own rapidity of speech (and this is a com- mon failing with many of us, due, maybe, to our Gallic strain) leads me often into say- ing "yawl," or something near akin thereto. This is execrable, I know, and cannot be shrived away by even the editor of the Dic- tionary of Americanisms as confessor. As for "you-uns," it is in use only among the most isolated rural illiteracy, and with us scarcely heard. It is said to be extant in the mountain settlements of the Blue Ridge States. Very respectfully yours, John Milton Dabney.

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June 8, 1899] The Nation. 4=37 To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The answer to your question as to the strict meaning of "you-all" given in your issue of May 25 being the reverse of what I expected, and further, the expression "you- uns" being entirely repudiated, I send you illustrations of these peculiar forms which may be of service. While on duty with Burnside's Ninth Army Corps, in Bast Tennessee, in 1863, I found among the many peculiarities of native speech "you-uns" and "we-uns." Upon com- ing East and joining the Army of the Poto- mac, in service in Virginia, I heard instead of "you-uns" the vernacular "you-all." In a desperate charge against the field defences of the Fifth Corps, at Bethesda Church, the Confederate line crossed a broad, open clear- ing without firing a shot, arms at "right shoulder shift," in a style that compelled the applause of their enemies. Exhausted by the distance and pace, to say nothing of the adverse fire, they entered our lines only as prisoners. As one of their officers was hurried over the parapet with, "Come along, Johnny!" he burst out indignantly: "What you-alls call we-uns Johnny fo'?" This plu- ral would seem to imply a singular "you- all." While the Ninth Corps lay at Burkesville, after Lee's surrender, a delegation of neigh- boring farmers came to the headquarters of the Second Division, where the spokesman addressed General Griffin: "Giner'l, we jest come down, suh, to see if you'd be kyind enough to fu'nish us with a guyah'd, suh; you-all's men are treatin' we-uns ridik'lus, suh, ridik'lus!" Here is the possessive not- ed by your correspondent. Possibly this gen- tleman may rate the East Tennesseeans as "Crackers," in which case their use of "we- uns" proves nothing. S. W. A COUNTRY POLICE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The lawless condition of the outlying districts of our country, as exemplified not only in the Georgia lynchings and accom- panying atrocities, and the Idaho riots, but also in the daily life of most of the small villages and towns everywhere, seems to call for some more effective reprisal against the offenders than the existing laws of the vari- ous States now offer. With these offences in mind, one cannot help instinctively turning to the splendid material, some resting on their laurels, others actively engaged, regu- lating the conduct of the citizens of our new possessions. Through the testimony of eye-witnesses, we undoubtedly have in the volunteer in the Philippines and in Cuba as good a subject for a national police as any country can offer. His native common sense, intimate apprecia- tion and support of a system which he thinks he is perfecting by his cooperation, once he believes in the honest purpose and conduct of the system, make him too valuable a trained public servant, to allow his splendid force to dissipate through inactivity. Our various States, inasmuch as it cannot without consti- tutional changes be made national, should not lose the opportunity of turning a part at. least of this material into a means for a broader and more effective policing of thy country. The picture of two mounted police recruited from the kind of men who com- posed the "Rough-Riders" patrolling the un- protected districts of the country, is in itself suggestive of an air of security that would bring relief to every peaceful citizen, while the concentrated stand of a few determined men of this kind against a body of lynchers would awaken enthusiasm abroad and un- doubtedly act as a most effectual deterrent. Looking from the window of a house in New England, the writer has seen seven or eight lazy, unlicensed tramps lined up along a convenient fence, waiting for supper-time, in order more effectually to exploit the place for an evening meal. And what counter- force did the laws of the State offer? No- thing except the conditional services of a shiftless, cowardly sheriff or his drunken as- sistant. Naturally, having intimidated the inhabitants into supplying a good meal, the miscreants turned up at the lockup and were provided with a night's accommodation; the brave Falstaff pocketing his fee for each one. With a State police formed out of the very material which now forms, perhaps, part of its disreputable element, we might at least draw some tangible good for home defence and add a saving grace to our war of aggres- sion.— Yours truly, Edward Brooks. THE PROOF-READER AT LARGE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The errors in modern printed books are at times curiously like those that are to be met with in ancient written ones. Sup- pose that one has been worrying over a mul- tifariously garbled text of a Greek author, and takes up for diversion that most modern book, Mr. Kipling's 'The Day's Work.' It is with a certain melancholy pleasure that he notes at p. 323 the obvious error "We'll lay by till day" (for "wc lay," etc.), followed four lines below by "she'll be fillin' aft" with the " '11 " rightly placed. In the lines entitled "To the True Romance," as printed in the Messrs. Appleton's edition of 'Many Inventions,' and also in their edition of 'The Seven Seas,' the words "Beyond the bounds our staring rounds" are fairly meaningless to me. Has the form "starring" (meaning the solar system) been robbed of a "gemina- tion" and a hyphen? As I am on the subject of Mr. Kipling's text, I venture to call attention to a delec- table version of "The Last Chantey" in Mr. Stedman's 'Victorian Anthology.' "Ho, the ringer and right whale, And the fish were [for "we"] struck for sale" is, perhaps, not very serious. But what shall we say to "String- ing ringing spendthrift and the fulmar fly- ing free"? I am reminded of an edition of Shelley in which we read in "The Cloud"; "And wherever the heat of her unseen feet"; which a friend of mine capped from another edition with "may have broken the woof Of my tent's tin roof." I am, sir, very truly yours, Mortimer Lamson Earle. Babhabd College. June 3, 1899. Motes. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston, have taken over from the dissolved firm of Lamson, Wolffe & Co. four books of verse by Bliss Car- man, including 'Low Tide at Grandpre' and 'Behind the Arras,' which are now out of print, but will be immediately reissued. They announce further 'The Pedagogues,' a novel by a new writer, Arthur Stanwood Pier, who has found a subject for study in the Har- vard Summer School. G. P. Putnam's Sons will publish in the early autumn 'Famous Homes of Old England and their Stories,' edited by A. H. Malan, with nearly 200 illustrations (mostly full-page, royal octavo) for the twelve homes selected. Several of the writ- ers are women. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, will publish at once the second series of Dr. Edward Moore's 'Studies in Dante,' and ere long a large-type reprint of the 'Divina Corn- media' from Dr. Moore's "Oxford Dante." 'Landmarks in English Industrial History,' by George Townsend Warner; 'A Source- Book of American History,' by Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart of Harvard; and 'Man, Past and Present,' by Prof. A. H. Keene, are soon to appear with Macmillan's imprint. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, announce 'Kate Field: A Record,' by Miss Lilian Whiting. Among seasonable reprints are two volumes of travel by Mrs. Anna Bowman Dodd, 'Ca- thedral Days: A Tour in Southern England,' and 'In and Out of Three Normandy Inns,' both illustrated, and now published by Little, Brown & Co., Boston; the first being in its second decade of popularity. Mr. Andrew Lang's 'Myth, Ritual, and Religion' (Longmans) passes to a new edi- tion, in two volumes, that it may form part of the publishers' "Silver Library," and also because it has been long out of print. In the meantime has appeared the author's 'Making of Religion," to which, as embody- ing his maturer thought, the earlier work is made to conform by excision, and rewrit- ing; but his main thesis he still adheres to. Some controversial matter has been stricken out, but more has been introduced in the new preface, nearly half of which is given to a discussion of the God Ahone, as "evidence for an early pre-Christian belief in a primal Creator, held by the Indian tribes from Ply- mouth ... to Roanoake Island . . ." Here Mr. Lang stands by William Strachey, gent., though "a manifest plagiary" who made insertion in the wcrk of "a detected liar," to wit, Capt. John Smith. From Macrnillan we have volumes iii. and iv. of the commendable "Eversley Edition" of Shakspere presided over by Prof. C. H. Herford, with historical and critical intro- ductions and footnotes. The work of many hands is 'Republic or Empire? The Philippine Question' (Chicago: The Independence Co.). Mr. Bryan and Mr. Carnegie, ex-Senator Edmunds and Senator Hoar, President Jordan and Carl Schurz, Samuel Gompers and Charles Francis Adams, are some of the public characters whose expressions against throwing our pa- trimony to the dogs are here grouped, with portrait and other illustrations. Both the Bacon and the McEnery resolutions are printed in the publishers' preface; and the volume forms a very convenient repository of arguments which leave little to be said on the burning question of the hour. The honor of being represented here will, in time to come, make brighter not a few reputa- tions which have suffered in other connec- tions. A collaboration in the proper sense has produced the two-volume 'Life of Glad- stone,' edited by Sir Wemyss Reid (Lon- don: Cassell; New York; Putnams). The laboring oar has been assigned to Mr. F. W.

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4:38 The ISTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 Hirst, for the political narrative; Canon MacColl presents Gladstone the Theologian; his oratory is estimated by Mr. H. W. Lucy, and so on. There are numerous illustrations of varied quality; many curious. Here, for instance, is Leech's Lord John Russell chalking his No Popery on Wiseman's door and running away. For reference this work, which is continuously paged, is to be prized, especially as it is indexed. We have been slow to notice the sumptu- ous yet admirably refined and enjoyable edi- tion, in the original Spanish, of 'Don Quixote de la Mancha,' of which vol. i., comprising the First Part, with notes and an introduc- tion by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly and John Ormsby, also in Spanish, has appeared from the press of David Nutt, London (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons). We reserve until the appearance of the concluding vol- ume more extended notice of this welcome work, whose significance is due largely to a judicious collation of the text with that of the earliest editions. We have from the Macmillan Co. a trans- lation of Dr. Anton Menger's work on 'The Right to the Whole Produce of Labor,' by M. E. Tanner, with an introduction by Prof. H. S. Foxwell. This treatise is too well known to students of economics to need de- scription, and it is enough to say that it is essentially an historical and critical exami- nation of Socialism. Prof. Foxwell's intro- duction is very long, being devoted to an ac- count of the English socialistic writers, and he adds an equally long appendix containing a bibliography of this school. The Philadelphia Free Library of Econo- mics and Political Science publishes a 'Hand- book of Labor Literature,' compiled by He- len Marot. While there may be some ad- vantage in classifying this literature, the attempt to characterize a book in a dozen words is not likely to produce satisfactory results, and in this case we observe that some of these characterizations are alto- gether incorrect. Such a handbook is really nothing more than an index, inferior in most respects to the library catalogues. The well-known publishing-house of F. Bruckmann in Munich has just issued a work entitled 'Das litterarische Miinchen,' by Dr. Paul Heyse. It consists of portraits with brief biographical sketches of twenty- five of the most prominent literary men now residing in the Bavarian capital. The por- traits are drawn from life by Paul Heyse, who wields the artist's pencil with the same skill as the poet's pen, and are admirably reproduced in the exact size of the original drawings. All are of Germans except our countryman E. P. Evans and the Norwegian Bjornson. It is to be regretted that Paul Heyse, who is by far the most distinguished representative of "Literary Munich" at the present time, was too modest to include his own portrait, which ought to have figured as a frontispiece. Prof. Dr. Julius Dieffenbacher's 'Deutsches Leben im 12. Jahrhundert' (Leipzig: Goschen) is a succinct description of the public and private life of the Germans in the twelfth century, embracing social intercourse, do- mestic affairs, courts of justice, castles, cities, methods of furnishing, heating, and lighting rooms, military organization, navi- gation, hunting and other sports, festivi- ties, forms of salutation, superstitions, etc. The contents of the little volume, with its thirty illustrations in the text, serve to elucidate the two great epic poems of that period, the 'Nibelungenlied' and 'Gudrun,' and explain many things which might puz- zle the ordinary reader. The account of Kamtchatka by Mr. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, in the Scottish Geo- graphical Magazine for May, is noteworthy for the condensed history of the exploration of this land lying "at the hack of godspeed," and the bibliography of works and articles upon it. A region "still in all the violent activity of a vigorous volcanic youth," and where fog and storm reign almost perpetually, Kam- tchatka is attractive only to the naturalist and to the anthropologist; to the former, largely because of the intermingling of Arc- tic with southern forms. "The weird drawl- ing cry of the Arctic fox and the tapping of woodpeckers salute the ear in strange in- congruity, while the reindeer browses con- tentedly in a country which supports cattle and wild sheep." The natives, as a separate race, whose "mild and primitive habits and strange dwellings are of the highest inte- rest," are fast passing away "under the com- bined influence of intermarriage with the Russians, of drink and disease." The best part of the peninsula is the middle region, "a land of fish and fowl in abundance, of bears and berries, and richly furred sables, of birch and larch woods, of peaceful, well- watered meadows, and hot springs oversha- dowed by awe-inspiring live volcanoes; a land full of romance and variety, where every nook and rock and corner is peopled each by its own presiding spirit in the imagination of the simple Kamtchadale abo- rigines." Some attractive illustrations and a map accompany the article. Recent numbers of the Times of India contain an interesting series of articles on a journey in western Thibet. This country is not a desert waste, but a land of superb Alpine scenery, crowned with mountains of eternal snow, studded with beautiful green valleys, and abounding in monuments of Buddhist antiquity. The town of Leh on the Upper Indus is a veritable Babel of high Asia. Here the caravans from China and Russian Turkestan meet those from Bokhara and the Punjab and effect the exchanges of a large and prosperous trade. The Thi- betans are interesting for many things: two very palpable facts are that they almost never bathe, and that polyandry prevails among them. The polyandry is of the same kind as that which is so notable in the 'Maha-bharata,' to wit, the woman is mar- ried to three or four husbands; but those husbands are brothers or near of kin, and a single one among them acts as the real head of the family. One of the principal objects of this journey was the investiga- tion of the famous Himalayan 'Life of Christ,' about which so much was said a few years ago. Careful inquiries of the abbot of Himis, the principal monastery of west- ern Thibet, proved that the alleged "dis- covery" of Notovitch was naught else than an impudent forgery. Further particulars may be found in the number for April 1. page 292. 'Aboriginal Carvings of Port Jackson and Broken Bay,' by W. D. Campbell, forms No. 1 of the Ethnological series of Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales. It treats qf the rock-carvings and cave-draw- ings which abound in the coastal districts north and south of Sydney. The numerous bays and creeks among wooded hills in this neighborhood provided unusual facilities for the sustenance and development of the abori- ginal population, while the intricate water- ways afforded protection and a means of communication. The tribes became nume- rous and powerful, individually robust and of large stature, and their leisure evidently enabled them to devote themselves to cere- monies and amusements. The surfaces of soft, fine-grained sandstone were extensive- ly availed of by them for the depiction of animals and fish, weapons, deities, ghosts, and dances, and picture-stories of combats and incidents of the chase. It is remarkable that while so little attention was paid to habitations or personal comfort, so much la- bor should have been devoted to cutting these figures, sometimes sixty feet long, in the solid rock. The localities selected for these carvings include the tops of cliffs, the table-lands, which are here about 700 feet in height, and the ridges of hills along which the natives travelled. The caves and rock- shelters ("Gibber Gunyas") were utilized for drawings in charcoal, red ochre, and other substances. The evidence thus far collected is insufficient to fix the age of either draw- ings or carvings, although many of them were probably made centuries ago. Much of their meaning, too, has been lost with the rapid disappearance of the natives, as no attempt was made in the early years of set- tlement to put on record the folklore of these races. The memoir is illustrated by twenty- nine photolithographs, and a map of Cum- berland County, showing the locality of the carvings. In the last issue (vol. vi., No. 1) of Eupho- rion, Hedwig Wagner establishes interesting relations between the poems of Tasso and the Norse heroic legends. Tasso's long so- journ in Northern Italy, whose aristocratic families prided themselves on their Germa- nic descent, and his early familiarity with the historians of Germanic races, seem to have awakened in him a sympathetic inte- rest in the heroes and heroines of the bar- barous peoples of the North. It was this partiality, according to the writer, which led the poet at the 'Gerusalemme' to en- dow two of his finest characters, Sueno (che porta Lo spavento negli occhi e in man la morle) and Clorinda, with traits bor- rowed from historical and mythical beings in the 'Historia Danica' of Saxo Grammati- cus. It was a graceful act on the part of the Royal Geographical Society, and one which will contribute to prolong the "era of good feeling" between France and England, to confer its highest honors fcr this year on Frenchmen. The founder's medal is given to Capt. Binger for his explorations in 1887-'89 in the regie n included in the great bend of the Niger. The significance of the choice is heightened by the fact that he en- deavored to extend the French control over territory claimed by the English. M. Fou- reau, well known for his extensive travels in the Sahara during the past twelve years, receives the patron's medal. The only Frenchmen who previously to this time have received these honors are M. Francois Gar- nier, the traveller in Indo-China, and M. E. Reclus, the famous geographer. The Tour du Monde anncunces the gift by a person, who desires to remain unknown, of five travelling scholarships for students, to be awarded by the Council of the Univer- sity of Paris. To each successful competitor will be given $3,000 for the actual expenses of his journey, $100 to buy the bo: ks essen- tial for a preparatory study of the route to

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June 8, 1 The Nation. 439 be followed, and a further sum of $200 for the purchase of souvenirs of the journey. The total amount of the gift is $16,500. — Iu Scribner's for June, Theodore Roose- velt brings his "Rough Riders" to an end. It is a minute account of the doings of his re- giment, and suffers from having been antici- pated by the newspapers. It is impossible to escape the conclusion that he has avoid- ed printing much that would have lent in- terest to his narrative. For instance, his ac- count of the proceedings which led to the re- call of the regiment from Cuba is extremely tame; we almost get the impression that "round robins" to generals, and letters from officers in the field demanding the recall of troops, are commonplace matters, such as are constantly met with in military literature from Cassar to Jomini. The most interesting literary paper in the number is again the instalment of Stevenson's letters, which this time come from Davos-Platz in the Grisons. His letters often contain characteristic cri- ticism of books, written currcnte calamo. For Zola (he was very fond of French) he says, "I have no toleration, though the curious, eminently bourgeois, and eminently French creature has power of a kind. But I would he were deleted. I would not give a chapter cf old Dumas (meaning himself, not his col- laborators) for the whole boiling of the Zolas. Romance with the smallpox — or the great one; diseased anyway, and black- hearted and fundamentally at enmity with Joy." The mock-Horatian ode to G. Dew- Smith contains some gcod verses. "Me, whether evil fate assault, Or smiling providences crown — Whether on high the eternal vault. Be blue, or crash with thunder down— with the classical anti-climax that follows, could hardly be improved. —Among the illustrated articles in Ear- pn-'s, perhaps the most readable is Dr. Henry Smith Williams's "The Century's Pro- gress in Scientific Medicine"— one of a series to which we have referred before. We are still accustomed to contrast our happy therapeutics with those of Sangrado or the Chinese system; but we need not go so far either in time or space. The marvellous progress made in our own practice in a hundred years is quite enough. In running through the list of discoveries described by Dr. Smith, one is equally surprised at those which, it would seem, ought to have been known from the earliest ages, and those which are so recondite as to have rendered discovery impossible except at a late scientific period. That our fathers and mothers should not have been able to see through solid matter, or their physicians to detect bullets imbedded in their bones, seems natural enough; perhaps more natural than that we should be able to see our own skeletons. But that the procedure of "tap- ping the chest of a patient to elicit sounds," indicative of the condition of the interior, should have waited for discovery till the time of Napoleon, is hard to credit; when introduced, we are told, the profession was not easily convinced of its value. Ausculta- tion and the stethoscope followed. Again, why should the pain-dispelling power of the vapor of sulphuric ether have remained un- guessed, or at any rate unused, till the mid- dle of this century? Antisepsis in surgery, too, sounds now like something that might have been hit upon at least before 1860, though we should not like to undertake to prove it. Of course any one can under- stand that bacteria and bacilli were not to be seen behind every bush, and here we get into regions where the reader begins to lose his grasp of popularized medicine. We seem to be on the eve of discoveries which might revolutionize not merely therapeutics, but life Itself. In view of the magical re- velations of the last hundred years, nothing is any longer incredible, and the elimination of disease altogether suggests itself as the goal to be kept in view. —The Century has an instructive and cu- rious article on "The Tramp and the Rail- roads," by Josiah Flynt, who made the sub- ject his own some years ago. In his view the tramp nuisance was, upon its introduc- tion into this country — those whose memo- ries go back forty years can recall a time when the word and the creature represented by it were both almost unknown in the Unit- ed .States — fostered by the loose discipline of the railroads. In other countries the tramp had had to travel by the help of his own legs, on the hard high road. He found here a country where not only were people permitted to walk along the railroad track, but good-natured brakemen and conductors were rather amused at "stolen rides," and apparently had no orders to prevent them. Consequently, the tramp rode instead of walking, and in a few years this country was the paradise of tramps. A vagrant could make his way without difficulty in a "side- door Pullman" from New York to San Fran- cisco, or from Portland to New Orleans, liv- ing on the country, and, at the worst, eject- ed from one train only to take the next. Tramps are, according to Mr. Flynt, "dis- couraged criminals," and for discouraged criminals the railroad system of the country as it then was, offered something hitherto undreamt of — a locomotive haven of refuge. So the railroads multiplied the tramps, and rendered the general work of policing the country more difficult; tramps readily turn- ing into criminals, and criminals back again into tramps, as opportunity offered and occa- sion required. But now a change has come. The railroads have begun to police their lines. They object to giving discouraged cri- minals free transportation, and, with the co- operation of the local authorities along the line, have begun to "corral" them, and hand them over to the authorities. Mr. Flynt has been invited by one line operating two thou- sand miles to inspect its system, and he pro- nounces it very good. Thus time brings about its revenges, and it begins to look as if the United States of the next generation might be, if not free from tramps, at least policed against them. But the railroads cannot do the whole work. What they do must be supplemented by a good country police, such as exists all over Europe. — The Atlantic has an article on Robert and Elizabeth Browning, by Harriet Waters Preston, who complains of Mrs. Sutherland Orr's Life of the poet as being "neither a very thorough nor a very pleasing perform- ance." The critic points out that it was by an accident of "astrological moment" that Browning was born outside the pale of the Established Church, and thinks that a simi- larity of early traditions had much to do with "the instinctive and complete compre- hension of each other's mental processes which the Brownings always evinced." As to immediate heredity in the case of the poetess we are left more in doubt, for her mother "seems to have left no trace what- ever upon her daughter's mind," while her father was a "degenerate." Properly speak- ing, neither Browning nor his wife "had any regular mental training"; Browning having had a little schooling in childhood, and some Frenoti, but "little beside." For one year he was a member of the London University, and was "well instructed in music, for which he had a great natural gift." He was a self- made poet, and so was she; and it is idle to generalize about them, for there will be no more such. One was a master of "the di- vination of individual human character as an organic whole"; the other was Mrs. Browning. We may "thank Heaven there will be no more Aurora Leighs," and even recognize an "hysterical note" that jars in her poetry as a certain other note — shall we say that of barbarism?— jars in his. But in the end we see that they must remain for ever among the times d'ilite of the nineteenth century— "true minds" actually married. "The Outlook in Cuba" is a paper by Her- bert Pelham Williams, whose trouble is that he has Destiny on the brain, though he writes as if he knew more or less about the island. The true mark of the Destinarian is that he does not reason or argue about what it is best to do, but lifts up his voice and predicts. "We shall stay and take care of our own, and thus, by imperceptible stages, the present situation will glide into permanent control." Of course, there is an historical idea at the basis of this — we al- ways have stayed in other cases; ergo, we shall stay in this case. But, stated in this way, the argument seems to have no attrac- tion for the Destinarian, perhaps because he sees the opening which is given to the logical anti-annexationist to say, But this case is wholly different from the others. At any rate, he never discusses; as a pro- phet and the son of a prophet, he is above discussion. He describes and foretells. The Cubans, by the way, he describes as main- ly liars, which, if true, cannot be considered as an argument in favor of their being taken into the United States. Liars should, we suppose, be "permanently controlled" — this is part of the white man's burden — but not naturalized. "Swapping lies" used to be con- sidered good sport in the West, but the Cubans do not swap lies in the right way. They lie in a poor, slavish, inferior, Dago way, and not like free-born American liars. - All Cubans, it seems, further, have "villanous faces," but good manners. — The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College has recently published, through Macmillan, under the editorship of Dr. Maddison, a new edition of its useful handbook for graduates, first published in 1896. The revised edition is entitled 'Handbook of British, Continental, and Canadian Universities,' which is a modi- fication of the original title, due to the fact that, since practically all European univer- sities and colleges are now open to women, the information collected is of equal value to men. Students intending to work at a foreign university will find here many useful facts as to expenses, etc., that are not included in the 'Minerva Jahrbuch.' There has been a decided advance, in the last two or three years, in the extension of privileges to women studying in Continental universi- ties. In the case of German universities, however, the permission is usually restricted by the phrase "in special cases"; at some universities, e. g., Strassburg, only "excep- tional cases" are admitted, while at Halle a protest has been lodged by the doctors and

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4=4=0 The nSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1 771 students attached to the hospitals against the action of the medical faculty in admitting women to the courses in medicine. It is to be regretted that, though even Berlin has re- cently admitted a woman to the doctor's de- gree in the philosophical faculty. Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, which is renowned for the qua- lity of its teaching, still maintains its cau- tious conservatism. The reorganization of higher education in France receives, of course, special attention in the 'Handbook,' and it is noted that the recent arbitrary Russianizing of Finland may affect the posi- tion of women, hitherto unrestricted in Fin- nish universities; Russia, as is well known, having closed all its universities to women. The 'Handbook' is well and clearly arranged, and is encouraging reading for the friends of women's education; it should be of interest to many outside the field of regular student life. In not a few cases, the individual caprice of a Minister of Education or a professor can still exclude women; in more, they have no rights, and must put up with privileges, but the field of opportunity that now lies open is wide, and the fact that this 'Hand- book' is no longer for the use of women only is an encouraging omen of the time when the question of "women's education," to- gether with certain other "women's inte- rests," will cease to have a separate and hence somewhat invidious existence. —The Germans have, by the establishment of "Arbeiterkolonien," which offer to every man in need a temporary heme and the op- portunity to work for average wages, done much to counteract the evils of the tramp system, and especially to draw a line be- tween the worthy and the unworthy poor. The central committee of these colonies, at a recent meeting held in Berlin, reported that there were now thirty-two such estab- lishments scattered over the country, all managed by private societies and without Government aid; the majority under re- ligious organizations. The city of Berlin has two colonies, and nearly every one of the Prussian provinces, as also the other larger political divisions of the Empire, such as Baden, Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, etc.; the only exception being Mecklenburg. The largest is that at Wilhelmsdorf, near Barmen, under the leadership of the indefatigable Pastor von Bodelsohwingh, who has about two dozen institutions of various kinds for the benefit of the poor and the needy under his control, with an income of one and a half million marks per annum, although there is not a cent of endowment. The number of work- ing places in these 32 colonies is about 3,500, and up to the present time 105,000 colonists have been received. During the year 1898, the number admitted was 8,935. The applications have decreased in number during the present season, which is ac- cepted as an indication that times have improved in Germany. These colonies are not for profit, but for the good of the poor, and it has been computed that each colonist costs 20 pfennigs a day in addition to what the colony gets from his labors, and that the 105,000 colonists have cost the friends of the cause an additional 8,100,000 marks. But as these men, if they had been allow- ed to tramp their way and beg, would have cost society at least 18,000,000 marks, there has been a financial saving of abcut 10.- 000,000. These figures were furnished at the Berlin meeting. NEW LIGHT ON RUSKIN. Ruskin; Rwsclli; rrvrapltaclitism. Papers 1S54 to 1862. Arranged and edited by Wil- liam Michael Rossetti. With illustrations. London: George Allen; New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1899. Mr. William M. Rossetti has again dipped into the store of materials in his hands, and they have proved ample for the furnishing forth of another entertaining and valuable volume concerning his brother Gabriel and the Pre-Raphaelite movement. He has pre- ferred to the method of autobiography or reminiscence that of "presenting, duly ordered and annotated, the solid documentary ma- terials by which his reminiscences are con- firmed, or on which they rest," and he has confined the annotation to the strictly neces- sary, so that he here provides us with the raw material of history, and his characters are portrayed for us in their own words. The relative importance of the material of the book is reflected in the order of the three words of the title. We have something here additional to our previous information on the history of Pre-Raphaelism, but no- thing vitally important; we have a good deal of new matter about D. G. Rossetti, but it shows us the same Rossetti, brilliant, erratic, and untrustworthy, that we have already learned to know. But of John Ruskin we learn a deal that we had not known before, and the main interest of the book is to be found in the light it throws upon his na- ture and character. The matter of the vol- ume is composed of letters, fragments of journals, and other manuscripts, to the num- ber, in all, of 158, and of these 66 are let- ters of Ruskin, some of them of great im- portance, against forty letters by Rossetti and various smaller numbers by others, of whom Ford Madox Brown is one of the most important. In the author's own words, "Ei- ther Mr. Ruskin in relation to my brother, or my brother in relation to Mr. Ruskin, counts as the principal figure in this com- pilation": and the first of these alternatives seems to us the true one. It is always gratifying to know what an interesting man thinks of himself, and in one of these letters Mr. Ruskin has drawn his own character for us. We have "Ruskin by himself" at full length, and may well start with that as the basis of our picture, supplementing or correcting it by the testi- mony of others and of himself when not con- sciously engaged in self-revelation. "You constantly hear a great many peo- ple saying I am very bad," says he, "and perhaps you have been yourself disposed lately to think me very good. I am neither the one nor the other. 1 am very self-indul- gent, very proud, very obstinate, and very resentful; on the other side, I am very up- right— nearly as just as 1 suppose it is pos- sible for a man to be in this world — exceed- ingly fond of making people happy, and de- votedly reverent to all true mental or moral power. I never betrayed a trust — never wil- fully did an unkind thing— and never, in lit- tle or large matters, depreciated another that I might raise myself. ... If you hear say I am utterly hard and cold, de- pend upon it it is untrue. Though I have no friendships and no loves. I cannot read the epitaph of the Spartans at Thermopyke with a steady voice to the end; and there is an old glove in one of my drawers that has lain there these eighteen years, which is worth something to mo yet. . . . My pleasures are in seeing, thinking, reading, and making people happy (if I can, consist- ently with my own comfort). And I /<//,< these pleasures. And 1 suppose, if my plea- sures were in smoking, betting, dicing, and giving pain, I should take those pleasures." This is Ruskin as he saw himself. Now let us have a pcr-co-ntra of Ruskin as seen by a sturdily honest man, Ford Madox Brown. The scene is Rossetti's studio: "There, while I was smoking a pipe in my shirtsleeves, 'enter to us' Ruskin. I smoke, he talks divers nonsense about art hurriedly in shrill flippant tones. I answer him civilly, then resume my coat and prepare to leave. Suddenly upon this he says, 'Mr. Brown, will you tell me why you chose such a very ugly subject for your last picture?' I, dumbfoundered at such a beginning from a stranger, look in his face expectant of some qualification, and ask, 'What picture?' To which he, looking defyingly, answers. 'Your picture at the British Exhibition. What made you take such a very ugly subject? It was a pity, for there was some nice paint- ing in it.' I, from his manner, coupled with the knowledge of his having praised the sub- ject to Gabriel a few days before, being satisfied that he intended impertinence, re- plied contemptuously, 'Because it lay out of a back window,' and, turning on my heel, took my hat and wished Gabriel good-bye. Ruskin seemed by this time in high dudgeon, and would not look at me as I left the room. So much for my first interview. ... It would appear that his vanity was hurt at my not hanging longer on his skirts, and vented itself in impertinence." Of course. Brown was touchy and too sensitive to a real or fancied slight, but when we remember that he was the first to practise Pre-Raphaelite doctrines, a most conscientious artist, and, perhaps, the real founder of the school, and that Ruskin never once found occasion to mention any of his works in public, we do not wonder that this interview was never repeated, and that Ruskin became for him "the great pro- hibited," whose name he would not have mentioned. Add to this the other knowD fact, that Ruskin could never see any merit in the work of Millais after their personal quarrel, and we are led to think that while he was right in thinking himself "very re- sentful," he was singularly wrong In con- sidering himself "just." Of justice or of moderation he is alike incapable. He is, as Brown called him before their meeting, "the incarnation of exaggeration." "I am very positive about a great many things," he says of himself; but he is superlative always. Miss Siddal's drawings are "better than Rossetti's," and some little Gothic re- liefs at Rouen, "the finest things I know in all the world." How many different things we have learned, at different times, are the very finest! And how infallible he is, whether in praise or blame. "There was nothing noticed in the pamphlet that was out of the way. My business is to know all sorts of good — small and great, no matter how small — and to attack all sorts of bad, no matter how great. I am going to run full butt at Raphael this next time." You see he is quite sure that he knows this busi- ness of his. That Ruskin was really "fond of making people happy," there is here much evidence to show. He was tirelessly kind and gene- rous in his relations to Rossetti and Miss Siddal, supplying them with money and help, and doing it in the most delicate way; con- stantly striving, as in this very letter, to make it seem that there was no obligation, and that everything was done for his own pleasure and advantage. Some of the letters to Miss Siddal, in which he tries to convince her that she need have no hesitation in ac- cepting all that he offers, and need feel bound to nothing in return, are entirely charming. And yet it is easy to see how he was continually "sticking pins into" Ros-

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June 8, i The Nation. 4=4,1 setti, as the latter phrased it. He felt that he must regulate all the affairs of the couple in whom he was interested; tell Rossetti what he must paint and how he must paint it; tell Miss Siddal just where she must go for her health, and decide whether or not Ros- setti is to be allowed to join her. He thinks Rossetti a genius, and tells him so, but tells him also that his "taste is as yet unformed in verse"; asks him to "show me some things in color," yet lays down the law to him as a master might, perhaps, do to the humblest of his pupils. Here is his style on practical matters: "I don't say you do wrong, be- cause you don't seem to know what is wrong, but just do whatever yoi> like as far as possible — as puppies and tomtits do. However, as it is so, I must think for you — and first, I can't have you going to Paris, nor going near Ida, till you have finished those drawings, and Miss Heaton's too." And here is bis style on the technical practice of art: "Just remember, as a general principle, never put raw green into light flesh. No great colorists ever did, or ever wisely will." This tone of ex-cathedra instruction be- comes so noticeable that one feels it is not all a joke when the critic writes to the artist: "You are a conceited monkey, thinking your pictures right, when I tell you positively they are wrong. What do you know about the matter, I should like to know? You'll find out in six months what an absurdity that St. Catherine is." Rossetti was not the most docile of men, and must have fretted and fumed under all this. It is not in nature for a poet and a painter to enjoy being lectured like a school- boy about his art, or, for that matter, about his debts and his habits; and so we are somewhat prepared for the note of pathos in one of the last letters here given: "I wish Lizzie and you liked me enough to— say- put on a dressing gown and run in for a mi- nute rather than not see me; or paint on a picture in an unsightly state, rather than not amuse me when I am ill. But you can't make yourselves like me, and you would only like me less if you tried." "No friendships and no loves," he has said, and one begins, per- haps, to understand why. NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES. The Maternity of Harriott Widen. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. The Macmillan Co. Strong Hearts. By George W. Cable. Charles Scribner's Sons. The Span o' Life. By W. McLennan and J. N. Mcllwraith. Harper & Brothers. Bonhommc. By Henry Cecil Walsh. Toron- to: William Briggs. It takes courage to open a book called 'The Maternity of Harriott Wicken.' A scientific lady novelist might by accident be gay over 'The Motherhood of Harriet,' but with 'The Maternity of Harriott' we know- that she must be deadly. The prologue to the drama justifies this premonition, and the last scene does not shame it. Close upon this last scene a conversation is recorded between Dr. Owen, an old-time lover of Harriott's, and Mrs. Megson, her maternal aunt, who had borne her infant niece away from the horrors of the prologue and brought her up as her own child, in Brixton, never doubting that prosperous suburban circum- stance could coerce a dreadful Wicken into a perfect counterfeit of a respectable Megson. "Before her marriage," says Dr. Owen, "I spoke to you as plainly as I could. She ought not to have married." "Fiddle-de- dee," responds Mrs. Megson; "when I was young, people never thought of such things —it isn't decent." We have so long been familiar with public discussion of the sort of things on which Mrs. Megson thus pe- remptorily laid taboo, that we believed her species to be extinct, and the fact that a suburb of London still harbors beings with a fatuous worship for decency does some- thing to explain the extreme bitterness with which suburbs are always spoken of by Eng- lish novelists who have achieved escape from them. Without wishing to pose as an apologist for criminal squeamishness, It still seems but fair to Mrs. Megson to say that the "things" behind Harriott Wicken were so bad that her aunt's reticence might be attributed to a quality poetically known as the milk of human kindness, and to sur- mise that all the nerve of all the lady no- velists of the last decade might not suffice for a bare statement of such things to a young girl very much in love and wanting to be married. Further, it may be urged in Mrs. Megson's behalf that no ghost sto- ries about decadent Wickens (idiots, drunk- ards, harlots) could have compelled this par- ticular Wicken, who by instinct loathed suburbs and Megsons, to renounce a rich, good-looking, well-mannered lover ready to lead her out of Egyptian darkness into an enchanted land of promise— that is, prosai- cally, bear her away from Brixton and plush- covered chairs and tea with jam (it is amaz- ing how these escaped suburban novelists hate tea with jam), and set her down in an artistically furnished West End flat with a choice of all the market affords for dinner. At all events, Harriott does marry Daniel Damril (probably to intensify an ominous situation, she is never spoken of as Mrs. Damril), cuts Brixton, and may be consider- ed equipped to imitate or expiate the sins of her fathers. For imitation she shows but a weak capacity, and for that reason, perhaps, is called to a rather thorough expiation by becoming the mother of a daughter who at two years of age is declared to be a hopeless idiot. Up to this point the author shows no ori- ginality. She writes better than most of her sisters, with more vitality and probability. For acrimonious precision in description of English suburbs and suburbans she excels Mr. Gissing. May they be forgiven if they have set down anything in malice! But when Harriott awakens to her child's condition and feels that the Wickens are to blame, that there is nothing of the normal, healthy Dam- ril about it, then the author grasps the tra- gic possibilities of an ill-balanced, untrain- ed nature, and uses them in a way that gives her preeminence in her group. Hereafter the dead Wickens count for nothing in Harriott's tragedy; she, a woman of small mind and no spirituality, becomes the unthinking slave of the most normal feminine instincts, love and jealousy, and both instincts combine to de- velop that overwhelming maternal passion for her wretched baby which is the cause of her worst mistakes and irretrievable disaster. For the moment, at least, the gift of writ- ing tragedy of high, poetic strain is withheld from a thankless people by resentful gods. We live for the most part physically if not basely, and any impulse to sing about the spirit soaring triumphantly above disaster and pain and wrong is probably blighted by the feeling that few would listen to the song. The only model that life appears to offer to literature for tragedy is harsh and narrow; a spectacle of human nature impoverished in spirit, bat- tling doggedly and hopelessly towards inglo- rious defeat, ignoble extinction. The almost exclusive use of physical nature as a figure for fate and retributive justice announces a generation that has lost faith and fine ideals. Much of the literature thus inspired is pseu- do-tragic, more of it is weak, foolish, immo- ral, unquestionably ephemeral — born dead. But a number of foreign authors and a few of our own have spoken for their generation in words that will last and by which posterity must judge us. It is just possible that 'Har- riott Wicken' may thus survive, because it has directness and coherence and intensity, which are among the qualities that make for long life in letters. Facing such possibility,, we may take comfort in the reflection that Mrs. Megson's unthinkable things have been uttered as decently as they can be, that hi- deous vice is mentioned only historically (though in scorn of the injunction to speak nothing but good of the dead), and that Har- riott's last supreme sacrifice to her husband^ so smooth, so shallow, so unequal to pain, suggests that there may be a spirit of man that goeth upward different from the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth. By way of introduction to his volume call- ed 'Strong Hearts,' Mr. Cable says: "This cluster of tales is one, because from each of its parts, with no arguments but the souls and fates they tell of, it illustrates the in- divisible twinship of poetry and religion." Here is a declaration that Lieb und Treu und Glauben have not disappeared from the world, and, so far as Mr. Cable's instances go, the declaration is made perfectly good. One, and not the least, of Mr. Cable's claims to distinction as a writer of fiction is that he has pulled manfully against the stream of tendency, and has chosen for representa- tion chiefly people who are pure and lovely, and character of good report. This is not to say that he depicts immaculate creatures above temptation, but only that he finds people with enough inward strength or grace to resist and conquer temptation. His first subject here is common — a man's fight with a devouring passion for drink. "The Solitary" is not dramatic, not heroic in any striking fashion; but he touches the heart and the imagination. Beaten or victorious, one would remember him and admire him as a man who had put up a good fight. The second tale is delightful, because the "Taxi- dermist" is so exquisitely good, and his wife not a whit behind. In this and in the "En- tomologist," Mr. Cable returns to the Creole quarter of New Orleans, and touches it with that tender grace which captured us all many years ago. The third tale is more complex, both in incident and in emotion. A silly woman very nearly succeeds in bringing about scandal and crime, but the strong heart of the stupid moth-hunter's wife averts danger without so much as a scene. She gets timely aid from the yellow fever (for the time is during the scourge of 1878). Most of us get our notions of what goes on in a fever-stricken town from the newspapers, but Mr.' Cable seems to have neglected that source of information. He does not speak of any one who stood at his gate aiming a shot-gun at intruders, nor of husbands and mothers who forsook infected wives and children. On the contrary, he tells about people who opened their gates to the sick,

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442 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 and about one who feared the sickness so little in comparison with moral disaster that she could say, "Thank God it is only the yellow fever." During the eighteenth century the writers of realistic fiction had their innings, but in the nineteenth the Romantics have scored nobly with fiction about the eighteenth. Two episodes at least are inexhaustible — the expulsion of the Stuarts and the fall of New France. In 'The Span o' Life* we make the acquaintance of Hugh Maxwell of Kirkconnel, the Chevalier Maxwell who fought and was beaten at Culloden, yet lived to fight and be beaten again at Louis- bourg and Quebec. His tale is in three parts, the first and last told by him and the middle by his sweetheart, Margaret Nairn, an adventurous lady who followed her lover across seas and kept up her courage by singing: "The Span o' Life's nae lang eneugh, Nor deep eneugh the sea, Nor braid eneugh this weary warld, To part my love frae me." Tbe authors have blended history and romance ingeniously and smoothly. If there is a fault of manner, it is that Maxwell's narrative is a little too bland and circum- spect; it savors rather of the "gentleman of the desk" with whom he disclaims af- finity, than of a blustering soldier presum- ably full of strange oaths. Miss Nairn's contribution is a trifle chilly, but her cor- rect composition checks any inference of personal impropriety that the cynical might wish to draw from her unconventional be- havior. But, after all, it is only in the very best historical romances that the people count for much apart from the happen- ings; and to have told so many dramatic events, to have painted so many picturesque scenes, as well as the authors of 'The Span o' Life' have done, is to have come out second best in their class. The illustrations are admirable; they illustrate the tale and adorn the book. The Canadian habitant is receiving much attention, in both verse and prose — enough, perhaps, should he hear of his vogue, to make him learn to read English, or even that unscrupulous broken English which some of his interpreters put in his mouth. In a volume of sketches and stories entitled 'Bonhomme' he would recognize himself with pleasure. The author, who combines in an unusual degree the powers of accurate ob- servation and sure, sympathetic intuition, has presented several common phases of Bonhomme's outward life with graphic fideli- ty, and his heart with unpretentious frank- ness and probability. He does not appear as a curiosity, or a freak; he is Just an average man, who has retained through centuries a primitive naturalness, sometimes pathetic, sometimes passionate, much affected but not set apart from his species by the accidents of ancestry, of a tongue foreign to surround- ing communities, and of not knowing how to read. Mr. Walsh shows him in common characteristic occupations, and elects to show him (as a writer of fiction, however realistic, must elect) in interesting and crucial moments. Being able both to see and to divine and to estimate the interchange- able debt of circumstance and character, his people and their milieu appear inseparable; they explain and complete each other. The sketches are better than the stories, in which the development is sometimes awkward and the drama a failure. This is probably be- cause the author has not settled down to a narrative method, but is groping and experi- menting. His dialogue is perfectly vivacious, being an almost literal translation of Bon- homme's native phrase, but, speaking In his own person, he is at times uncertain, ob- scure, and In grammar Imperfect. Neverthe- less, 'Bonhomme' is an entertaining volume fo'r the story-reader, and a very hopeful one for those concerned to catch a fresh, strong note in fiction. A Life for Liberty: Anti-Slavery and Other Letters of Sallie Holley. Edited, with in- troductory chapters, by John White Chad- wick. With illustrations. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1899. The splendid anti-slavery tradition of the Jays and the Adamses does not rob this bio- graphy of Its unique distinction in being that of an anti-slavery worker in the second ge- neration. Myron Holley did not commence agitator, and his early eminence grew out of his official part in the construction of the Erie Canal; but Elizur Wright's Life of him is, after all, properly classified with abolition literature. He was a large factor in the formation of the Liberty party, whose ob- jects possessed his mind to the time of his death. He did not give up everything for the cause — few Liberty party men did or could, as few politicians except journalists ever do. His zeal, however, he imparted to his daughter, the subject of this memoir, and she en led by devoting herself wholly, at first to the propaganda of Garrisonian anti-slavery doctrine, and in her beautiful old age to the elevation of the freedmen on the soil of the Old Dominion. Mr. Chadwick opens his introduction with a legend of good women to whom Sallie Hol- ley became a coadjutor and companion. Without magnifying her natural gifts or her ability, he estimates justly her services as a lecturer and a teacher, and finds the essen- tial worth of her correspondence in its imag- ing the domestic side of the abolition circle in all grades of culture and condition. We perceive her to have been fond of the refinements of living, distinctly elegant in her dress and in her color sense, of marked literary taste and interest (she was a gradu- ate of Oberlin), a welcome guest in the home of affluence and intellect, yet readily accom- modating herself to the poorest and most slovenly hospitality accorded her in the name of humanity, and for the last twenty years of her life dwelling among Virginian blacks in a mission which, had it been in Africa itself, would have been deemed heroic by all the churches. "I recall," says Mr. Chadwick, "no other letters and journals of the period that fur- nish us with so vivid a conception of the work done by the agents of the Anti -Slavery Society. As we read, it is as if we, too, were going to and fro in the land, and up and down in it, enduring many hardships en- joying much delightful hospitality, alternate- ly elated and depressed, pathetically pleased with very modest contributions, sitting in heavenly places with some of the best people in the world, and in others less celestial with some of the most peculiar and fanatical. There were even those who seemed to think with Tolstoi that cleanliness is inimical to social equality, and that the dirtier they were the better." She had a buoyant temperament and much humor, saw truly, charged her letters with good anecdotes, to which her editor some- times adds equally good, as when he tells of Lucretia Mott permitting him to advertise her speaking in his pulpit, contrary to the Quaker notion of inspiration, saying, "The Spirit always gives me about twenty-four hours' intimation.' " In Rensselaer County, N. Y., Miss Holley wrote to her alter ego, Miss Caroline Put- nam, in 1854: "You would laugh to hear all the criticisms these Quakers are guilty of regarding me. One said she thought I dressed too gay; an- other that I laughed too much; a third that I did not visit enough. A fourth wished I would speak oftener, and a fifth said I did not eat enough, and that I had large self- esteem. Still another said I ought not to re- ceive money; to her mind It was just the same as a 'hireling ministry.' " All these counts were characteristic except that of self-esteem. She was undoubtedly a very effective speaker, having a fine deep voice and excellent delivery, with a great capacity for pathetic expression, but she could never bring herself to take the platform in the presence of the elders in the cause. The Rev. Samuel May, general agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, who laid out a considerable part of her work for her, writes: "I am told that her New Testament readings and comments were of wonderful force and beauty, and that her lectures inva- riably moved to tears." But he adds, "I never heard her speak! So sensitive was she that, even when she lectured in Leicester, she made a point that I should not go, though my wife was going." It was another sort of sensitiveness that she herself chronicles in writing from Bucks County, Penn., in 1852: "I heard a touching story the other day. A poor colored man, who has lived a few years in this State, joined the church one year ago, but has not yet partaken of the sacra- ment. His minister secretly asked him why he had not. 'Oh,' said the poor fellow, 'I once had a brother, and he was sold to buy Communion plate, and, somehow, I can't partake.' " The large part of the memoir which relates to Miss Holley and Miss Putnam's self-deny- ing labors among the freedmen at the mouth of the Potomac we earnestly commend to any Southern man or woman truly concerned about the "problem." These Christian ladies were not deceived by any philanthropic gla- mour. In December, 1878, Miss Holley writes from Lottsburgh to Gerrit Smith's daughter, one of their most generous benefactors: "We celebrated Christmas in our school- house, and shall also New Year's Day. These poor white as well as colored people flock to our doors to get a present holiday times. Last Wednesday, more than three hundred souls came, and to each one I had the plea- sure of giving something off our gay Christ- mas tree. It is pitiful to see these poor whites with their blank, lean faces. Too silly or proud to attend, or to allow their little chil- dren to attend, our colored school! And to grow up without knowing the alphabet! "The religion of these colored people is very demoralizing. It has no connection with moral principle. They have just had a 'three days' meeting' in the old stolen schoolhouse, and made night hideous with their horrible singing and prayers, and danc- ing in a wild, savage way." And again (August, 1879): "This whole summer long I have had nobody to talk with but Miss Putnam and these poor colored folks! These white wo- men who hold themselves high, are sick with bilious fever or rheumatism a great part of the time. Their habits of living are horrible. Fat bacon, poor black coffee, and bread made with saleratus and eaten hot from the fire. It is awfully rainy, and the colored people are holding their 'protracted meeting.' I expect nothing less than that all will be down sick with chills after it Is over. They use immense quantities of to bacco — men and women both smoki ■

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June 8, 1899] The Nation. 4=4:3 hold all-night meetings, and shuffle and scuffle and sing and scream in the greatest excitement, and call it being 'happy in the Lord.' " For a final quotation, take this in com- ment on a new teacher who had, before Miss Holley was aware of it, taught the children to sing a hymn, "The colored people are already a great deal too much for 'rest.' They are disin- clined to effort, and the prospect of an eter- nity in heaven where all is 'rest' is amazing- ly alluring. It is only by immense and long- continued effort that I can rouse them to a very moderate degree of labor, and it seems to me a positive injury to minister to their laziness by teaching such hymns. I greatly prefer those that inculcate the truth, that life here and always must be a battle," etc. Miss Holley alternated with Miss Putnam in leaving their Inferno for a rest in New York, where among her latest pleasures was listening to Prof. Davidson's Dante lectures. The Rev. W. C. Gannett, who ministered at her funeral in 1893 (the good woman had nearly filled out her seventy-fifth year), re- marked aptly upon "her own Dante-like face as she lay in the casket." This resemblance can hardly be inferred from the full-face portrait, one of many in this volume which reinforce the anti-slavery gallery. Miss Holley herself made a striking comparison when, on hearing Frederick Douglass speak in the Boston Music Hall, she wrote: "He looked very well; in no way an unfit com- panion for the Beethoven stationed behind him." His picture, too, is here, for the adorn- ment of Mr. Chadwick's pious and altogether admirable labor of love, over which we might easily linger. Women and Economics. By Charlotte Per- kins Stetson. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. The As-Suchness of "Woman is a well- worn theme, and confession to a weariness of it as a topic is a suitable preface to saying that Mrs. Stetson's book seems to us the most significant utterance on the sub- ject since Mill's 'Subjection of Women' reached a class of thinkers never before touched by any views later than those of Noah. This is far from agreement with all of Mrs. Stetson's conclusions or even pre- mises, or from always finding logical con- nection between the two. What is assert- ed is that the subject is approached from a new point of view, with a new largeness of outlook, both backward and forward; a new business capacity, so to speak, in ar- raying the pros and cons on the field of debate; a new imaginativeness in inter- pretation, and finally a temper which, be- ing good, is perhaps newest of all. While it would be easy to ridicule some of her pro- positions and caricature some of her ar- guments, it is still easier not to do so, but to dwell and ponder upon their serious and lofty aspirations. It is a book which in- vites and should lead to reasonable and scientific discussion. The main argument is that the long eco- nomic dependence of woman on man as her source of food constitutes a false economic relation between them, and hence is re- sponsible for an exaggerated and mischie- vous differentiation of the sexes beyond what is seen in any other animal creature, causing, through mal-apportionment of the world's work, a distortion of human rela- tions and human qualities. It would be sim- ple to reply in the old couplet that man has not a microscopic eye, "for this good reason; man is not a fly"; but such retort is promptly disarmed by the proclamation that, evil as have been the effects on wo- man, it is this very process which has made of man a higher being than the fly, by evolving the paternal qualities. From the purely utilitarian male carried about in the wings of the cirriped in extra numbers for fear of loss, the masculine half of creation in man has risen to the man-mother, per- forming the world's duties, his own, and many of woman's. Hers, after her natural sex functions, are, according to Mrs. Stet- son, too exclusively those of dependent nurse and house servant. But before the reader has time to suggest that practically all industries and all professions are now open to women, our author meets us with the exultant admission that the change is here, brought about by neither the will nor seeking of man or woman, but by the force of social evolution, working as pain- fully now as it has worked before, yet, as she enthusiastically believes, bringing us out into "better motherhood and father- hood, better babyhood and childhood, bet- ter food, better homes, better society." "It is already happening. All we need do is to understand and help." So, then, woman's long servitude has helped to form certain fine traits in man, yet has encouraged him too in hardness and the lust for power. Upon herself the effect has been dwarfing and enslaving, promoting "a feverish, tor- turing, moral sensitiveness, without the width and clarity of vision of a full-grown moral sense." She may rejoice over what she has accomplished, but the reaction is at hand in which alone full development lies. The argument is an interesting one, and full of suggestion, that, as women have be- come over-sexed through asons of economic dependence on man, so, through becoming in greater measure their own providers, they will lead the whole race, both men and wo- men, back to simpler living and simpler re- lationship, and thus forward a higher life in which the worst evils of humanity will shrivel out of existence from sheer non-nu- trition. "Not the sex-relation, but the eco- nomic relation of the sexes has so tangled the skein of human life." The new order is to bring about "a union between man and woman such as the world has long dreamed of in vain." As Mrs. Stetson's search for causes goes back to the beginnings of life, so her conclusions reach forward to a mil- lennium which she firmly believes is having its inauguration. A few chapters are given to detailed sug- gestions of improved ways of living. These are to include the abolition of the private kitchen, even as the private laundry and bakery have largely disappeared. The kin- dergarten and the ballot-box are taken for granted as essentials for which no arguments need be adduced; the one ill-natured sen- tence of the book, indeed, occurs in this connection, where the writer alludes to "that crowning imbecility of history— the banded opposition of some women to the advance of the others." She feels it necessary, how- ever, to make a special plea for the outside day-nursery, where the babies can spend some hours of each day in being "a baby" and not "my baby"— realizing, doubtless, that many a woman reader (like the husband who plumed himself on never praising to his wife his mother's pies — "except mince") will consent to the banishment of the kitchen stove, the family dining-room, the domestic broom, but will draw the line at the baby. It would be unjust, however, to this dignified book to try its eause by extracted sentences. In such wise, one might make easy inference that the home and the family are of lessening importance; that "mother's doughnuts" are necessarily indigestible, and cousinly af- fection a fast-dying relic of patriarchal days. Such criticism would be nearsighted. The book is one to be read with one's best his- toric glasses on. But even so it must be added in candor that we think not enough value is attached to the educational influences of family friction, of doing what one does not want to do, of the bondage to duty which, after all, is humanity's only freedom. Field, Forest, and Wayside Flowers. By Maud Going (E. M. Hardinge). Baker & Taylor Co. Pp. 411. This work is illustrated by three types of pictures: full-page reproductions of photo- graphs, copies of well-known botanical fig- ures, and certain drawings from life. The photographs are mostly very good, but many of the drawings are altogether too large; in fact, they do not bear a right proportion to the size of the page, and therefore they present an unpleasant appearance. They may even prejudice the casual reader against the volume. It is probable that almost all who take the volume in hand will deplore the unattractive character of the majority of the illustrations. But if the reader will forgive this lack of judgment on the part of the publishers, it is more than likely that the work will later heartily commend itself on account of the excellent text. Here and there little slips will be observed, such as the persistent misspelling of Delpino's name; but these errors are, perhaps, to be laid at the door of the proof-reader. To leave these imperfections aside is an easy matter, for the greater part of the text is exceptionally interesting. The reader is guided along, without fatigue, through faith- ful accounts of the structure and behavior of many groups of our common plants. In a very successful manner, the author takes up point after point in the history of the plants under discussion, and places the read- ers in possession of the modern views re- specting the subject. Many of the descrip- tions of structure are admirable in every way, and in a few instances, where the author has had occasion to present the very latest aspect of the case, the proportions have been well kept. With a few substitutions, where the phraseology savors of kindergarten instruc- tion, the work is one which can be profitably studied by amateurs of every grade of ad- vancement. To beginners, the work is a safe guide, because the errors, on the whole, are trifling and not likely to mislead. To more advanced students, who have not kept up with the times, the pages are worth careful perusal. Nearly all of the more im- portant phases of plant-life are considered in their succession as regards time, from spring to winter and the winter's sleep. The treatise has been well planned upon a mo- dest scale, and the aim set before the author has been reached. Success in the execution of the plan fully justifies her in unveiling her pseudonym.

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4.4,4= Tlie Kation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 771 Explorations in the Far North. By Frank Russell. Being the Report of an Ex- pedition under the Auspices of the Uni- versity of Iowa during the years 1892, '93, and '94. Iowa City: Published by the University. 1898. Premising that by the term "Far North" is meant that portion of British America which lies "beyond the Great Slave Lake," we have in this volume an account of the series of explorations made by our author in that region for the purpose of obtain- ing specimens of the larger arctic mammals, especially musk-ox, and incidentally of "picking up everything he could lay his hands on." Broad as were the instructions, they seem to have been liberally inter- preted, and it is but scant justice to add that, in carrying them out, Mr. Russell made good use of his opportunities. Cer- tainly, when we consider the character of the region in which he labored, the means, necessarily somewhat limited, that were pla- ced at his command, and the fact that, con- stituting, as he did, the entire personnel of the expedition, he was obliged not only to secure his specimens, but also to pre- pare and care for them, we can but ad- mire the pluck and persistence which en- abled him to prosecute his work under cir- cumstances that would have daunted a less resolute spirit. It is all very well, as we can easily understand, to gather specimens of this kind -in fine weather, and it cannot be much of a hardship to prepare them, when gathered by others, over a good fire and amid comfortable surroundings; but it is quite another thing to carry on either or both of these operations at the close of a hard day's work with the paddle, or amid snow and ice, with the thermometer at from 20 to 60 degrees below zero, a blizzard blowing without, and for fuel only a tent pole. Such, in fact, were some of the experiences that befell our author in the course of the different expeditions, not al- ways successful, that he was obliged to make after buffalo, musk-ox, etc.; and though he was too much of an enthusiast to flinch from his task or complain of its hardships so far as he was personally concerned, yet he sounds a note of warning when, at the close of a most successful hunt after musk- ox, he advises sportsmen, qua sportsmen, to keep out of the "No-wood country," as the Indians call it, if life and health are valued. In making these local expeditions (and, roughly speaking, the same may be said of all travel in that region), the only mode of conveyance is by canoe or dog-train, ac- cording to the season of the year. With both of these our author became more or less familiar; and to any one interested In a story of adventure, told in a simple, straightforward manner and without any beating of tom-toms, we can commend this account of his experiences by flood and field. Without going into particulars, it will be sufficient to say that, in the course of his expeditions, sometimes alone, but oftener with a band of Indians, he travelled over 2,200 miles by dog-train; and what makes the feat more remarkable is the fact that he had but one team of four dogs, and that there were times when the load averaged over a hundred pounds to each dog and the path was over an unbroken waste of snow This, however, is but a part of the record for, leaving out of consideration the occa- sional lift in one of the few steamboats by means of which the Hudson Bay Company keeps up an intermittent communication with its more northerly posts, it is proba- ble that the distances covered in the course of his summer excursions, in canoes, were not less great. In fact, dne of the longest, as it was one of the most venturesome of his expeditions in these frail barks, was made on his way home, when he descended the Mackenzie to its mouth, and then, turn- ing westward, he skirted along the shores of the Arctic Ocean to Herschel Island. In the first part of this journey he was alone, but from Fort McPherson onward he had three companions, among whom was the Count de Sainville. At Herschel Island he was lucky enough to find several American whalers that were not yet free from the ice. Upon one of these he took passage, and on the 27th of October, 1894, he reached San Francisco, having thus completed, for the first time, the descent of the Mackenzie to its mouth, and the return to civilization around Alaska. For the scientific results of this expedition a word of commendation may not be out of place. In round numbers, they consist of some two thousand specimens, catalogued in the University Museum under 1,200 heads, and embrace certain of the mammals, birds, fishes, and insects peculiar to the re- gion traversed. To this is added a collection of ethnological material from the Eskimo and the various Indian tribes with which our author came in contact; and though he mo- destly tells us that, when engaged in this work, he did not understand the Indians as well as he has since come to do, and was not, therefore, in sympathy with them, yet when dealing with these people he most interests us so far as he throws light upon their present condition. Of course, we do not expect to find among them any great amount of aboriginal material, for they have been in contact with the whites for a hun- dred years and more, and have lost many of their arts and industries; and as many of them can read and write and all are nominal- ly Christians, they may be said to be semi- civilized. And yet, when we see how per- sistent are some of their beliefs and cus- toms, we may well doubt whether they have made any real progress. Thus, for exam- ple, we find that on Easter Sunday, before setting out on their hunt for musk-ox, they assembled In the chief's lodge for prayers, after which they had a feast, in which the meat was divided in Indian fashion— the best pieces to the leaders and the poorest to the women. Before, however, beginning their festivities, "grace was repeated in con- cert," and then the chief "threw a tongue and a small ball of pemmican into the fire," just as was the custom among our own Indians when the whites first came among them. Instances, like this, of the persistence of savage belief crop out, more or less fre- quently, in the report, and give it a value independent of its other merits. The eth- nologist will find in it much to repay care- ful study. Throne-Makers. By William Roscoe Thayer. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1899. Mr. Thayer's "Throne-Makers" are four in number, Bismarck, Napoleon III., Kossuth, Garibaldi; and to the essays on these great historical characters he adds four more, entitled "Portraits," which have for their subjects Carlyle, Tintoret, Giordano Bruno, and Bryant. The space of the volume Is almost evenly divided between its two dis- tinct parts, but there is this superficial dif- ference between them that whereas the "Por- traits" have already been printed in the Atlantic Monthly and other magazines, the "Throne-Makers" now become public pro- perty for the first time. To make a further analysis, Mr. Thayer has already disclosed his interest in the large political move- ments of the century, and also his enthu- siasm for Italy. This remembered, a glance at the table of contents brings out the persistence here of the same tastes, for the papers on Carlyle and Bryant are the only ones which deal neither with modern po- litics nor with the Italian nation, and both of them were suggested by centenary oc- casions. Even in a volume of short and somewhat miscellaneous essays one naturally casts about for a certain unity of purpose which shall hold the scattered pieces together. Mr. Thayer does not write as the champion of a synthetic philosophy, whether histori- cal, political, or social, hut we find a few clear motives pervading whatever he says, and to these we shall restrict our notice. First of all comes an unwavering love of the ideal. A passage at the close of his es- say on Giordano Bruno expresses his at- titude not merely to that bizarre represen- tative of the later Renaissance, but towards the roots and sources of human action. "By his death Bruno did not prove that his convictions are true, but he proved be- yond peradventure that he was a true man; and by such from the beginning has hu- man nature been raised towards that ideal nature which we believe divine." A second strong note which Mr. Thayer sounds is reverence for personal power wherever it can be discovered in subjection to ele- mentary moral restraints. He has been deeply affected by Carlyle, and defends his master from the charge that, "in his exalta- tion of the strong man, he worships crude force." "Let us grant," continues Mr. Thayer, "that on the surface the accusation seems plausible; but when we seek deeper, we shall discover that he exalts Cromwell and Frederick, not because they were despots, but because, in his judgment, they knew better than any other man, or group of men, in their respective countries, how to gov- ern. Their ability was their justification; their force but the symbol of their ability." By an easy corollary Mr. Thayer detests the "Sham Force" of Napoleon III. without the least attempt at disguise, and we cannot imagine him countenancing the 2d of De- cember had it been executed by the genius which planned the 18th Brumaire — or indeed under any circumstances whatever. Lastly (and the point Is connected with the foregoing one) Mr. Thayer's essays have no savor of the democratic doctrinaire. Ho styles Mazzini "the indomitable dreamer"; his comment upon the general disposition in France to make Napoleon III. the scapegoat for Sedan is, "A free people keeps no worse ruler than it deserves"; and before apprais- ing the value of Bismarck's work, he em- phasizes the Prussian instinct for subordi- nation, or rather the Prussian inability to progress towards the immediate goal of union without deriving aid from the prin- ciple of monarchical loyalty. "Bismarck knew that though his country- men might talk eloquently about liberty, they loved to be governed, he knew that their genius was mechanical, and he tri- umphed by directing them along the line of their genius. He would have failed had he

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June 8, 1899] The Nation. 4=4=5 appealed to the love of liberty, by appealing to which Cavour freed Italy, or to the love of glory, by appealing to which Napoleon was able to convert half of Europe into a French province. Bismarck knew that his Prussians must be roused in a different way." The literary style of the volume, while in no sense sinking to tameness, is free from conspicuous and unpleasant mannerisms. At rare intervals a word like "transcience," or expressions like "Platonic aversion" and "levy in mass," intrude themselves upon one's notice, creating an impression of slight Irregularity; but our criticism of Mr. Thay- er's manner Is that it suitably expresses his mature and thoughtful reflections. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, J. 0. Nature Studies in Berkshire. Put- nams. $4.50. Allen. Grant. Miss Cayley's Adventures. Tut- $1.50. L. E. Detective Story. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25. Boardman, Prof. G. N. A History of Now England Theology. Randolph. $1.50. Blackman, Prof. W. F. 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Ames, Ph.D., and John Bach McMastee, Lit.D. Circulars ) D. C. MUNRO, on application. { Univ. of Pennsylvania, Phllada., Pa. Indispensable to all authors and literary work- ers. The result of more than fifty years' research. Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and arranged so as to facilitate the expression of ideas and assist in lite- rary composition. New edition. Revised and enlarged by the author's son, J. L. Roget. Crown 8vo, 700 pp., cloth extra, $1.50; cloth, indexed, $2.00; half calf, in- dexed, $3.00. This work has become one of standard authority both in this country and in Great Britain, and is regarded by writers and scho- lars as indispensable for daily use. Sent by mall on receipt of price. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co'.. New York and Boston. THE LIBERAL RELIGIOUS REVIEW OF AMERICA. The New World. Contents of No. XXX., for June, 1899. Formal Reform. Ernest C. Moore. History a Teacher of Liberal Religion. Samuel M. Crothers. Zionism. Josephine Lazarus. 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4=4=3 Tlie HSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1 77 1 Summer Resorts. Hotel MALOJA (Ma,oia Kursaa! Palace) Open from June 10 to the end of September. Very first- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. Position 6,000 feet above sea-level, in the most pictu- resque scenery of Upper Engadine. Divine service in the churches belonging to the hotel. Golf 1J4 mile, lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- ^SWIT7FRI ANfV\ cursions, carriage and coach (.awilACKLAnuj service. Many natural curi- osities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora. Please write or telegraph to the Manager, (Zal8l5.g) I. F. WALTHER. Telegraph and Post-Office, MALOJA KURSAAL. Engadine THE BARTLETT COTTAGES, FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on application. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Landsee, Proprietor. SWII/cKLAIND HOTEL RICHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnllieenl view over the lake and mountains. Lift, baths, electric light In every room. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamnhlets sent free on application. -REAUMARIS HOTEL, MUSKOKA JD LAKK, ONTARIO, CANADA.— 1,000 feet above sea. No hay fever, liolf, nshing. boating, bathing. Send for booklet. Edward Prowse, Proprietor. f^OOPERSTOWN— "OTSEGO HALL," \ small hotel near the lake. Well kept; choice table; g 1 boating and nshing; 2 golf courses. Now open. Travel. QATES' TOURS. SIXTH YEAR, Yellowstone A Grand Tour, leaving Line or rail to Dt R. R. Returning via Can. Pac. R. R. and the Great Lakes. Optional route Park Alaska. gram. CHAS. II. GATES, Toledo, 0. PARIS in 1900. conducted parties. TII10 HI \\V[ oi;n TOURS, fllOTre'- uiont Building, Boston; 220 Broadway, New York; 1011 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. FUROPF A HARVARD GRADUATE, and Ph.D. Ber- u IvurL tin University, who has live. I three years abroad, will take vol more than three young men on a PI IDnDP? Small, select party of Ladies— i^KJI^yjrt^ 95 days Njnth Tour Refer- ences. Address Miss H. M. BARBOUR, 81 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N. Y. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Hestrleted; highest re- ferences. Address THE MOORINGS. Lock Haven, Pa. We buy and sell bills LETTERS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe exchange to and Op ■ Australia, and South Africa ; also make rDDnlT collections and issue Commercial and IKbUII. Travellers' Credits, available in all parte of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. 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The Nation to '"^!, »«,,, VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 772. THURSDAY, JUNE 15, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. >%%%%%»%%»%»%%»%%»%%»»%%%%%%%»»»%%%%%%%%%%%%%»»%%»%%»»%] , SOME IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS. Alaska and the Klondike. A Journey to the New Eldorado. With Hints to the Traveller and Observations on the Physical History and Geology of the Gold Regions, the Condition of and Methods of Working the Klondike Placers, and the Laws Governing and Regulating Mining in the Northwest Territory of Canada. By Angelo Heilprin, Professor of Geology at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Past President of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, etc. Fully illustrated from Photographs and with a new Map of the Gold Regions. 12ojo. Cloth, $1 75. It may fairly be said that Professor Heilprin's interesting and authoritative book presents for the first time an accurate general account of the region which has so recently become famous. Much has been written about the Klondike, but a large proportion of this material contains so many exaggerations that a proper perspective is impossible. It was for the purpose of discriminating between fact and fancy by means of a per- sonal knowledge of the region and its varied conditions that Professor Heilprin, an experienced traveller and the leader of the Peary Relief Expe- dition of 1892, made his journey through the region. He now presents the results of his observations in a series of graphic chapters which describe the features of the journey, the character of the country, and the life of the mining camps. To those specially interested in the practical possi- bilities of the region, the book will make a special appeal. Students will find it the first adequate presentation of the Klondike gold problem made by a geologist, and it will prove invaluable to prospectors and others practically interested, since it furnishes assistance not to be found in any other, publication. Imperial Democracy. By David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., President of Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. Dr. Jordan's striking and timely book presents the various phases of a democracy's entrance upon imperialism in the light of history as well as recent facts and developments. He analyzes our relations to the Philippines, and discusses various plans of conduct. He draws les- sons from our management of Alaska. While the author is opposed to American control of subject races, his discussions are broad and fair, and his statements of the arguments on either side will prove of general interest and value at this time. Uncle Sam's Soldiers. By O. P. Austin, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department ; Author of " Uncle Sam's Secrets." Appletons' Home- Reading Books. Illustrated. 12aio. Cloth, 75 cents net. The purpose of the story, like that of the earlier one of the series, is instruction, though in this volume the line of instruction is confined to military matters and methods, including the organization and handling of armies, the methods of their training and field work, the gathering and distribution of supplies, modern arms, artillery, ammunition, coast defences, etc., and especially modern methods of fighting in actual, active field work. The story, which purports to be the experience of two boys verging upon maphood who served with the armies in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, gives largely in conversational form the facts regarding modern military methods in a way which cannot fail to interest- the younger generation or those whose experiences in the civil war would lead them to value some account of the developments in war methods since that time. A History of Bohemian Literature. By Count Lutzow. A new volume in the Literatures of the World Series, edited by Edmund Gosse. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. The author's ample knowledge is applied in a most interesting and instructive fashion to a subject which for most readers is practicallv unexplored. Beginning with the '^Question of the Manuscripts," the author takes up the hymns, dating probably from the tenth century, which are the earliest uncontested writings. In developing the theme of early Bohemian poetry several valuable translations are furnished as illustra- tions. A discussion of the early prose writers precedes an important portion of the book which treats of the epoch that witnessed the serious at- tempts to revive the vernacular in place of Latin, and to institute linguistic as well as religious reforms, an epoch ending with the burning of John Hus and religious persecutions. Another large phase of the subject, the development of Bohemian prose in the sixteenth century, is fully treated, together with the various new impulses of the last hundred years. A History of the American Nation. By Andrew C. McLaughlin, Professor of American History in the University of Michigan. With many Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1. 40 net. Twentieth Century Series. The purpose of this book is to trace the main outlines of national development, to show how the American people came to be what they are. These events have been so narrated that the reader will come to an appreciation of his political surroundings and of the political duties that devolve upon him. For this reason especial attention has been paid to political facts, to the rise of parties, to the issues involved in elections, to the development of governmental machinery, and, in general, to questions of government and administration. The Story of the British Race. By John Munro, C E., author of " The Story of Electricity." A new volume in the Library of Useful Stories. Illustrated. 16mo. Cloth, 40 cents. This book is believed to be the first presentation in popular form of the conclusions regarding the real origins and nature of the British people which have been reached by the exact methods of modern anthropology. In the light of these new investigations it appears that current ideas are far from correct, and the author expresses the hope that this popular explanation of the subject " will tend to destroy some errors regarding the origin and pedigree of the nations which have invested life and literature for ages." The Races of Europe. (Ready stumy.) A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY. By William Z. Ripley, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Sociology, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology: Lecturer in Anthropoloev at Columbia University, in the City of New York. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 650 pages, with 85 Maps and 235 Portrait Types. With a Supplementary Bibliography of nearly Two Thousand Titles, separately bound in cloth. [178 pages.] Price, $6 00. These books are for sale by all booksellers, or they will be sent by mail on receipt of price, by the publishers. D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 72 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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11 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. POUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class maH-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 447 Editorial Abticles: Parliamentary Government 450 True Empire-Builders .• 450 Bimetallism Abroad 451 Great Britain and the Transvaal 452 Heinrich Kiepert 453 Special Correspondence: Francisque Sareey 453 This Year's Salons 454 Correspondence: Temperance and Expansion 456 An Englishman in Russia 456 The Oseitant Proof-Reader 456 Notes 456 Book Reviews: Thayer on Evidence 459 Letters of Dean Swift 460 Pitt 462 History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany 463 The Book of Golf and Golfers 463 Idylls of the Sea 464 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature 464 Islam In Africa 464 A Texas Ranger 465 Books of the Week 465 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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Advertisements must be acceptable in every re- aped. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. M. DISCOUNTS. Amount— *100 within a year 10 percent. H50 " '• 12W " 500 •• •• :.:::: n - 2,000 " " ......'..'..'. 33H " The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *«* Copies of the Nation may be procured in Paris at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens, 7 Trafalgar Square, Ame- rican Newspaper Agency, 15 King William Street, Strand, W. C. London agent for advertisements, H. A. Delille, Langham Hotel. Educational. California, Los Angele^ West 23d stre , Principal. A yfA RLB ORO UGH SCHO OL for GIRL S. 1 VI Mrs. Georoe A. Caswell. Canada, P. Q., Lennoxville. ZDISHOP'S COLLEGE SCHOOL. (Es- 1D tablished 1842 ) Church School for Boys on lines of English Public Schui>ls. Spcc-lalh adapted for sons of English residents in America. Bathing, cricket, and healthy country situation. Best New York references. $280 a year. H. J. H. Petry, M.A., Headmaster. T Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin St. 'HE MISSES HEBB'S prepared for College. District op Columbia (Chevy Chase P. O., Md.). r*HEVY CHASE K^ French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Washington. French the language of the house. Mile. L. M. Boulignt, Principal. Miss C. Pettiqrew. Assist. Prin. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. TJDGE WORTH BOARDING and DA Y I * School for Girls.— 37th year will begin September 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre. Principal. MissE. D. Huntley. Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsvllle. CT. TIMOTHYS SCHOOL for Girls re- kj opens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads of School, Miss M. C. Carter. Miss S. R. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. DOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. ±J Address the Dean, Samuel C Bennett. Massachusetts, Boston. 66 Marlborough St. /CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. \ Boarding and Day School. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley. S. Alice Brown and Amelia L. Owen, Principals. Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channtng Street. T'HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 1 Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts. Duxbury. DOWDER POINT SCHOOL— Prepares ± for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indi- vidual teaching. 1,1 sea for young bovs. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Kjjapp, SB. (M.I.T.) Massachusetts, East Hampton. JJ/ILLISTON SEMINARY Prepares VV boys for any college or scientific school. Library. Physical, chemical, biological laboratories; g yninasliiiit. New Hampshire, Plymouth. TTOLDERNESS SCHOOL. — Thorough I J. preparation for College and Scientific School. llol.leruess boys are standing well at Trinity, Dart- mouth, Princeton, Harvard, Weslevan, West Point, Send for catalogue to Rev. i,.m:i s Webstbb, m.a., Rector Rt. Rev. W. W. Niles, President of Trustees. I) New York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOK'S SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 P. M. Mi New Yobk, Utlca. 'RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. M\ Ohio, Cincinnati. ISS ARMSTRONG'S SCHOOL FOR Girls, Llddesdale Place, Avondale. Family limit- Circulars sent on application. Pennsylvania, Bethlehem. T EHIGH PRE PARA TOR Y SCHOOL I - has prepared 900 men for various colleges In the last VIsltoi , Prin. M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. 'RS. COM EG YS' AND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Will reopen October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. Rhode Island, Providence. T7RIENDS SCHOOL I FOR BOTH SEXES. Founded In 1784. Excellent home. Students from 18 States. All denominations. Thorough work in English, Science, Classics, Music, and Art. Address Augustine Jones, LL.B. A/fISS AN ABLE' S Boarding and Day lVl 8chool for Girls. Established In 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phlla,, Pa. ACADEMIC CLASSES <,!?&. A Boarding and Day School. College preparation and advanced courses. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vas- sar, Wellesley, and Mt. Iloiyoke. Artlsi ic, "Military, and 43 West 47th Street, New York. Educational. School of Drawing and Painting. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, MASS. 24th Year Opens October 2, 1899. Instructors-E. C. TARBELL, F. W. BEN50N, PHILIP HALE, Drawing: and Painting; B. L. PRATT, Modelling; Mrs. WM. STONE, Decora- tlve Design; E. W. EMERSON, Anatomy; A. K. CROSS, Perspective. Free use of Museum Galle- ries. Paige Foreign Scholarship for Men and Wo- men. Helen Hamblen Scholarship. Ten Free Scholarships. Six prizes in money. For circular? and terms address Miss ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home in the "Admiral Wlnslow House." JAMES DE NORMANDIE, D.D President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM. Roxbury. Mass. Clark University SUMMER SCHOOL, WORCESTER, MASS., July 13=26, 1899. The Sauveur Summer School of Languages AT AMHERST COLLEGE. MASS., July 10-August 18. For descriptive pamphlet apply to the Rev. David Sprague, Amherst, Mass. For particulars and circulars of L. Sauveur's Works, address Dr. L. SAUVEUR, 263 Dearborn A v., Chicago, III. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bry n Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. Summer Course in Experimental Physiology. For information address The Dean 688 Boylston St., Boston. Mass. FORESTRY SCHOOL, At Biltmore, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate. Quincy Mansion School for Girls. On the finest part of the historic estate of the Quincys. Several acres, beautifully diversified by the skill of the landscape gardener. Thoroughly equipped for the work of home education. "An ideal spot and school." HORACE MANN WIL- LARD. Sc. D., Wollaston. Mass. ABBOT ACADEMY Pwl^J^ik.. Begins its 71st year September 14, 1899, offering three Seminary Courses of Studies, and a College fitting Course. Address Miss Emily A. Means, Principal. For catalogue, W. F. Draper. Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows will reopen their Boarding and Day School for Girls at 115 Beacon Street, Boston, October 4, 1899. Certificate of Principals admits to Smith and Wellesley Colleges.

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June 15, 1899] The Nation 111 Educational. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais Highland Military Academy 44tu A home school. Preparatory of the first grade. Healthful loca- tion. New athletic field. Live teaching. Small classes. Visitor: The Kt. Kev. Win. Lawrence, 1).D. Headmaster: JOSEPH ALDEN SHAW, A.M. Rogers Hall School Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDUCA- X~L tion and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of three or four children in her own home, training them in the manifold require- ments of modern life and In some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. Z IBR ARIA N— FOUR YEARS' EX- perlence in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. LpOUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL J. Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private Instruction. Pamphlet free. Kev. Wn. Weber, Belleville, I1L /^HARLES W. STONE, Tutor fo, V_^ vard, 68 Chestnut Street, Boston. Har- School Agencies. HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. Evekktt 0. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. I Ashburton Place, Boston. 1505 Pa. Ave. .Washington. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis 780 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 525Stlms,nBk.,LosAngeles 878 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco T ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, X~l 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers In obtaining positions. Harlan P. French. Manager. OCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' ►J AGENCY. Oldest and best known In the U. S. Established 1855. 8 E. 14th St., N. Y. hing, but if it is asked to you about them i.*mi recommend a teacher and rec- ommends yon. that ie more. Ours D p mm tr\ An rl c C. W. BARDEfcN, Syracuse. NY. KeCOmmeiiaS TO RENT FOR A SCHOOL. A beautiful house of 14 rooms and bath. All modern conveniences; ample grounds; beautiful shade trees; convenient to R. R. Station and electric cars. Only 7 miles from Boston. Excellent neigh- borhood, and quiet. Exceptionally situated and arranged for a home school. Apply to E. K. BOYNTON, 66 State St., Room 7, Boston, Mass. GOOD SUBSCRIPTION-BOOK PUB- lishing plant, stock and outstandings for sale. Es- d 1 wenty years. Always yielded large returns to deceased owner. Value of outstandings will nearly cover price asked. Address Whales & Dunn, 206 Broadway, New York, Attorneys for Administratrix. CLARENDON PRE5S PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 sth Ave., New York. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education, Boston : "A well-made scries. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and Inte- KINDERGARTEN supplies «V at SCHBRMERHORN'S, I Bast 14th 8t., N. I. Send for new Catalogue. ftbe Spectator. based the Spectator have since that date conducted it themselves. They are ' press severely on the Independence of journalism, and have from hat they believe to be truth In theology, politics, and_soclal ques- The Proprietors who In I therefore exempted from many Influences which press severely on the independence of journalism, and have from the first made It their chief object tlons, irrespective, not only of opposition from without, but of the opinion of their own - . -rv class thev are t The news 1 'lthout missing the life or import of the The Spectator contains a list of all Books published during the week (not under one shilling In price), with the names of the publishers and the prices attached, a feature which will greatly increase Its value to booksellers, librarians, literary Institutions, and private gentlemen. The SPECTATOR is on sale regularly at Messrs. Damrell & Upham's, 283 Washington St., Boston, Mass.; The International News Co., 83 and 85 Duane St., New York; Messrs. Brentanos, Union Square, New York; The Subscription News Co., 47 Dey St., New York, and 77 Clark St., Chicago, and The Harold A. Wilson Co., Ltd., 35 King St., West Toronto, Canada, where single copies can be obtained, and subscriptions are received. SUBSCRIPTION, Payable in Advance, $7.50 A YEAR. SPECTATOR, LTD., 1 Wellington Street, Strand, London, England. HOLBEIN who only lived forty -six years (1497-1543), was one of the most precocious geniuses of history— appearing as an able painter at the age of fourteen — and was among the few masters of the North who evidenced the decided influence of Italian art and used it with perfect independence. As is pointed out in the volume on HOLBEIN, in Knackfuss's admirable /VIOMnriD A PH^ flN ADTI«ST^ Holbein was the only one among the painters of his mUl>UUKAfn5 Ul> AK1I»I^, day who reached a perfectly free and grand style, freed himself from the petty tastelessness of those around him, and conceived the human figure in its perfect truth and beauty. He was one of the first masters of religious historical painting, and his beautiful and distinct coloring has not been attained by any other Northern painter. This side of Holbein's character is especially empha- sized by Prof. H. Knackf uss, whose text is based upon recent authorities, and illustrated with care and discrimination. RAPHAEL $1.50 HOLBEIN $1.50 As we have already pointed out, no book lover can afford to be without the volumes of this series, which now includes the volumes on RAPHAEL and HOLBEIN, admirably translated into English by Campbell Dodgson, of the British Museum. Others will be published shortly. Each volume, prof usely illustrated, $1.50. LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Publishers, 812 Broadway, New York. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, Full of-Hatter, Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. AN ABRIDGMENT OF Funk & Wagnalls' Standard Dictionary Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1,225 Pictorial Illustrations. Sent postpaid on receipt of price by The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 & 7 East Sixteenth St., New York. PUBLICATIONS IN FRENCH. Verbes Fran9ais Deman- dant des Prepositions. By Mme. FRANCIS J. A. DARR. " Verbes Frangais Demandant des Prepositions " is designed for the use of students of French in de- termining the proper preposition to follow the verb, which removes the greatest obstacle to a correct knowledge of that tongue. The list of verbs, with their prepositions, is alphabetically arranged, and an example illustrates each case. l2mo, cloth, 135 pages. Price 50 cents. Complete catalogue on application. For sale by all book- sellers, or postpaid on receipt of price by the publisher. WILLIAMR.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers lu Old and Rare Bcoks. CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and ILLUMI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Rare Early English Literal lire. Early Printed Books in Black Letter. Aueieut Artistic Bookbindings, rare Prints and Autographs, etc. Only flue specimens an <i 29 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. JOAN OF ARC. By Francis C. Lowell. $2.00. " As a piece of historical biography It Is a noble success."— Am. Historical Review. HOUQHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. Ready about July 1st. Statistical Methods WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIOLOGICAL VARIATION. By C. B. DA VENPORT, Instructor in Zoology at Harvard University. This work is intended especially for Botanists, Zo- ologists, Anthropologists, Anatomists, Physiolo- gists, and Psychologists who are interested in the 31 Figures. i6mo, morocco, 135 pages. Price, $1.35. APPENDIX TO DANA'S New "System of Mineralogy" By ED WARD SALISB UR Y DANA, Professor of Physics and Curator of the Mineral Collection, Yale University. Large 8vo. PUBLISHED BY JOHN WILEY & SONS 53 East 10th St., New York City. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. ORANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. QRANT. Before buying books, write for quotations. Au assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. ORANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St.. - NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) B OOKS.—All Out-of-print Books supplied, what subject. Acknowledged the 14-16 John Bright Street, Birmingham, England.

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IV The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 NEW AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS WENTWORTH'S PLANE GEOMETRY. Revised Edition. By G. A. Wentworth. 256 pages. 75 cents. KITTREDGE AND ARNOLD'S ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. By George L. Kittredge, Professor of English in Harvard University, and Sarah Louise Arnold, Supervisor of Schools, Boston. TARBELL'S LESSONS IN LANGUAGE. Revised Edition. By Horace S. Tarbell, Superintendent of Schools, Providence, R. I. BEMAN AND SMITH'S NEW PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY. By Wooster W. Beman, Professor of Mathematics in the University of Michigan, and David E. Smith, Principal of the State Normal School at Brockport, N. Y. SPEER'S ADVANCED ARITHMETIC. By William W. Speer, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, 111. CAIRNS'S INTRODUCTION TO RHETORIC. STEINER'S INSTITUTIONS AND CIVIL GOVERN- MENT OF MARYLAND. By Bernard C. Steiner, Librarian of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, and Associate in History, Johns Hopkins University. 410 pages. $1.00 CYR'S FIFTH READER. By Ellen M. Cyr, author of Cyr's Readers. A SECOND YEAR BOOK IN LATIN. Edited by Professor J. B. Greenough of Harvard University, B. L. D'Ooge, Professor of Latin and Greek in Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, and M. Grant Daniell, formerly Principal of Chauncey-Hall School, Boston. DAVIS'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By William M. Davis, Professor of Physical Geography in Harvard Uni- versity, assisted by William H. Snvder, Master in Science in Worcester Academy. 438 pages. Illustrated. $1.25. OVID. SELECTIONS. Edited by Willu dence, R. I. Lati; ODYSSEY, BOOK XII. Edited by Richard A. Minckwitz, Head of the Greek and Latin Depart- ments, High School, Kansas City, Mo. Latin and Greek School Classics. LA GRAMMAIRE. Comedy in one act by Eugene Labiche. Edited by Herman S. Piatt, As- ' Professor of Romance Languages in the University of Illinois. 62 Edited by J. D. M. Ford, Instructor in French in 95 pages. 50 cents. International Modern Lan- .angi pages. 35 cents. 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' The Visit to Carlyle' will be found, perhaps, the best ' interview,' in substance, manner, and form, ever written."— The London Review. ™ Jl?r" Crozier'Su style fe remarkable, among other things, for its pictorial P„ WeJ- i 1 \ ' , ato.ry "£ hls "oyhooU now and again reminds one of Tom and Huckleberry's exploitsas narrated by Mark Twain. . . . A knowledge or Dr. Crozier s two or three books is in itself a liberal education."— The Daily NEW TESTAHENT CHURCHflANSHIP AND THE PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH IT WAS FOUNDED By the Right Rev. Henry Yates Sattkrlee, D.D., Bishop of Washington. Crown 8vo, $1.50. The aim of this book is to show that Baptism, the Eucharist, the Visi- ble Church, the Christian Priesthood and other Church principles are set forth in the New Testament as inseparably connected with Christ's Resur- rection and Ascension; that both Romanism and Protestantism, by stop- ping at the Crucifixion and losing the true meaning of the Resurrection and Ascension, have failed to realize the relationship of the Glorified Christ to His Church and have thus fallen below the level of New Testament Church- manship. TRUE LIMITS OF RITUAL IN THE CHURCH. Edited by the Rev. Robert Linklater, D.D., Vicar of Holy Trinity, Stroud Green. Crown 8vo, fl.50. MANUAL OF THE PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL COOKERY. By E. E. Mann, Head Teacher of Cookery in the Liverpool Training School of Cookery. Crown 8vo, 50 cents. THE POETICAL WORKS OF WILLIAM MORRIS. THE TALE OF BEOWULF, SOriETIME KING OF THE FOLK OF THE WEDERGEATS. Translated by William Morris and A. J. Wyatt. New edition. Crown 8to, $2.00. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91=93 Fifth Avenue, New York.

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The Nation NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 15, 1899. The Week. The more the President's betrayal of civil-service reform is defended, the worse it looks, both for him and for his apologists. Poor Mr. Gage is rapidly adopting the melancholy hypocrisies of the spoilsmen. Unable to break the force of the damaging attacks of veteran re- formers like Mr. B. P. Wheeler, he fails back on that hoary old shibboleth of the looters, that he is in entire sympathy with the merit system, but that he is no "bigot" about reform, and desires above all things to make it "practical." This is the precise defence of the drunken temperance lecturer. He was a prohibi- tionist, he told the astonished deacon who found him embracing the lamp-post, but not a bigoted one. Unluckily for Mr. Gage, on the same morning that his dodging reply to Mr. Wheeler appears, Senator Hanna comes along to upset the whole apple-cart by brutally declaring that the President's order was intended to get rid of the appointees whom Cleve- land "saddled upon the Republican party." This makes it needless for Mr. Gage further to hurt his own reputation by writing more whitewashing letters. It was not simply the pledge which Mr. McKinley made to the people of the country generally that the President broke when he issued his recent order, but a further personal promise which he made to one of the leading civil- service reformers of the country. Mr. William D. Foulke of Indiana testifies that when he called at the White House with other reformers a year ago, and af- ter the President had spoken of the ne- cessity of excluding some places from the operation of the rules, he (Foulke) said that they hoped that, if he did this, he would at the same time include in the classified service some other places, at least equal in number and importance to those excepted, so that it would appear in the order itself that no backward step was taken; and that the President an- swered that he "intended to include a great many more places than those which were excepted." But despite this promise, not a single office was included in the order when it finally came, and, naturally enough, to Mr. Foulke "the failure to include these places seems to be more surprising than the exceptions actually made." By the way, speaking of this evidence from Indiana to Mr. Mc- Kinley's faithlessness, does not the pre- sent situation call for the revival by Mr. Lucius B. Swift of his Civil-Service Chro- nicle, which he suspended because he thought the time had come when there would be no "backward step" in this matter? The civil-service order has stripped the mask from the President. We see him now in his true character. He is the same man who, as Governor of Ohio, spoke the clergy and philanthropists fair, but turned over the charitable institutions of the State to the spoils- men as no Democratic Governor had ever dared to do. He is the man who said he was against Hawaiian annexa- tion, but put it through; against a war with Spain, but allowed a group of Con- gressmen to "hold a stop-watch" on him till he brought it on; against taking the Philippines, but took them. In all, his method has been one and the same — to start with a mind absolutely blank of conviction, and a will wholly without the power of initiative; to say little ex- cept to agree heartily with both sides; to put off decision till the last moment, but finally to go with the crowd. The only satisfaction — and we confess it is a melancholy one— to be got out of the ex- hibition of himself which the President has made in this violation of personal and party pledges, is that his adulators will hereafter be dispensed from their nauseous task. If crawling on their bel- lies before him no longer deceives the public, they may fairly beg off from the job. "No Civil Service for Hershey." Such is the head-line over a dispatch from Harrisburg, Pa., and the story which this dispatch tells is one that is duplicated from many another place in every part of the country where there is an im- portant federal office. Hershey is Col- lector of Internal Revenue at the capital of Pennsylvania. When he succeeded to the office by Quay's appointment (his commission being signed by William Mc- Kinley as the Senator's clerk), he found a number of gaugers and storekeepers who had been appointed during the Cleveland administration. Hershey want- ed their places for henchmen of Quay, but they were honest and efficient, so that there was no ground for their re- moval, and even if they had been re- moved, the men who wanted the of- fices would not be likely to pass the competitive examination required. But within forty-eight hours after the Pre- sident issued his order turning over these places to the spoilsmen, Hershey had turned out three of these Democrats and installed three Quay workers, and the rest will have to go as soon as it can be decided whose claims for their places are strongest. An element of truth there undoubted- ly is in all the rumors about friction between the members of the Philippine Commission, given now as a reason for President Schurman's early home-com- ing. The trouble has been not in the personnel of the Commission, but in its contradictory instructions. President McKinley has bidden both warriors and peace-makers a hearty godspeed. Otis was to push things, while Schurman was to soothe and conciliate the natives. No such combination of peace and war was ever known before, and it is no wonder that the wires from Manila have been kept hot with inquiries which poli- cy was to prevail, peace or war. Mc- Kinley, with characteristic large-mind- edness, has ordered both policies to pre- vail. He strongly approves of Otis and tells him to go on with his killing, but just as strongly approves of Schurman and urges him to go on waving the olive branch. If this looks like a policy of drift and muddle, the moral is that it is well to have an Executive who can make up his mind. The President's orders to Otis and Schurman, as we gather them from results, must have been modelled upon the famous softening down of the Ten Commandments: "Thou shalt not kill, but need'it not strive Officiously to keep alive." The Tribune's Washington correspond- ent is doing excellent work in exposing the topheavy, job-ridden organization of the War Department. We do not know if the Administration will consider it- self "knifed" by such articles in such a paper, but we do know that a knife was never more clearly called for. A simple comparison of records shows how ab- surdly overgrown the Department is. The Secretary may not have known how to organize victory, but he did know how to organize a bureau stuffed with fa- vorites and incompetents. In 1863, with a million men in arms, Secretary Stan- ton was able to do all the work of his office with a clerical force of 665 men. But the numbers had grown to 1,366 in 1897, when the entire military establish- ment amounted to only 29,000 men. How the war "emergency" enabled Alger to swell the rolls still further, and with questionable legality, the Tribune's cor- respondent shows convincingly, and with abundant specifications. But the magni- ficent Alger waves all this aside, and, with a significant glance at McKinley, as much as to say, "Turn me out if you dare," asks, "What of it?-" Ex-Minister Barrett, who represented the United States at the court of Siam under President Cleveland, and after- wards spent two years in the Philip- pines, addressed the Union League Club of Chicago last week on the subject of

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448 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 the political and commercial importance of those islands. Before commenting on his speech, it is well to glance at a for- mer utterance of his on the subject of our policy in the Philippines. On the 12th of January last, in a speech before the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, he "May I humbly go on record as declaring that it would be far better for the United States to treat this leader [Aguinaldo] and his people with caution and consideration, eventually obtaining the end to be desired without serious loss of life and great ex- pense, rather than peremptorily demand his absolute surrender, be forced into a most unhappy conflict which would, from its gue- rilla nature, mean the loss of hundreds of good lives, the expenditure of large sums of money, and, saddest and worst of all, the de- velopment of a feeling of hatred and revenge towards Americans among eight millions of subject natives which the kind treatment of a hundred years cannot remove?" The unhappy conflict against which Mr. Barrett warned the authorities at Ma- nila and at Washington has taken place and is still in progress. It has entailed the loss of hundreds of good lives, and the expenditure of large sums of money, and undoubtedly it has provoked a feel- ing of hatred and revenge which will outlast the present generation. Now Mr. Barrett says that if he were asked what was the great signal result of the last war with Spain, and which has amply repaid us for all the diffi- culties brought upon us by our assump- tion of sovereignty over the Philippines, it is simply this: "That it has suddenly and unexpectedly made us the first Pow- er in the Pacific." It is this which com- pensates us not only for all the Ameri- can blood shed in Cuba, but also for all that has been, or is yet to be, spilled in the Philippines. Now, what is meant by being the first Power in the Pacific? It means having the power to kill the largest number of men, burn the largest number of cities, and destroy the largest amount of property in a given time. This is what every speaker and every hearer of such words understands by them. Sometimes the phrase is varied a little, as, for example, when the news- papers of Paris talk about making the Mediterranean a French lake. That means having the power to sweep off, destroy, or drive out all other naval forces. Two questions properly follow Mr. Barrett's assumption. One is whe- ther the acquirement of the power to do the most killing, burning, and destroying in a given time in the Pacific Ocean can be considered an advantage to the American people. The other is whether this power came to us by reason of the war with Spain and the seizure of the Philippines. If both of these questions must be answered in the negative, then Mr. Barrett appears to us to have de- teriorated as a teacher since he address- ed the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce last January. The kind of war that is now going on in the Philippines was described by a French writer, Andre Bellesort, in 1897. His article in the Revue dcs Deux Maudes telling what he saw there, when the Spaniards were trying to conquer a peo- ple fighting for their liberty, is repub- lished in Littell's Living Age. The Spa- nish officers with whom he talked said that they saw no probable end to the in- surrection; that even if they succeeded in buying Aguinaldo, the whole thing would break out again in three months, and that if they would not buy him, Spain would eventually be exhausted; that European soldiers could not stand the climate, and that they were in a very bad strait. "The spectacle of these men, whose courage is unimpeachable, strand- ed there, and spent with fatigue and homesickness, was heartrending." In short, these Spanish soldiers were un- dergoing the same tortures that ours are suffering now, and for the same cause — i. c, in order to subjugate a free people. A lieutenant-colonel entertained M. Bellesort with tales of his skirmishes with the insurgents, expressing his hearty detestation of a campaign of snares and ambuscades. They were per- petually harassed, he said, by invisible foes, who never would stand up to a fair fight. The insurgents knew to a man how many soldiers were operating against them, but the Spaniards never knew whether there were five, or ten, or a hundred thousand men opposed to them. Moreover, the Filipinos were brave men. They would dance and brandish their bolos at the very muzzles of the Spanish guns. Neither pain nor the fear of annihilation could daunt them. These are the kind of men that we send the flower of American youth, descendants of Revolutionary sires, to kill and be killed by. Oh, Liberty, how many crimes are committed in thy name! A telegram from Washington says that a private cablegram from Admiral Dew- ey to a friend in that city expresses his unwillingness to accept the donation of a home, but adds that he would be glad to have any money collected for his benefit used in the establishment of a soldiers' and sailors' home. It is added that the committee having charge of the fund will continue their collections, and that when the sum originally intended to be raised has been secured, a decision will be made as to its disposition. This is equivalent to an abandonment of the undertaking. The sums contributed daily had fallen so low that the project. had almost passed out of the public mind. In order to give it a fresh start, a plan was proposed of asking the National Banks of the country to pledge them- selve for the moderate sum of $25 each. Such a call, backed by a high official of the Treasury Department, it was thought, would produce the amount re- quired. Most probably the movement will now collapse, for, however worthy may be the alternative charity proposed, such a project does not meet the inten- tions of the original donors. The whole scheme was nonsensical, and, to use a much-abused word, un-American. Buy- ing houses for military and naval heroes is not wholly without precedent in our country, but such donations have been extremely rare and have never been be- stowed upon the winner of only one fight, however meritorious he may have proved himself to be. Admiral Dewey has shown all the qualities of naval greatness that his limited sphere of ac- tion permitted, but that sphere was not sufficiently wide to call for a public sub- scription. Even if it had been wider, Ad- miral Dewey is not the man to accept gratuities on account of it. One of the pleasing little assumptions of Imperialists has been that the main thing is to seize territory, and that the settling and civilizing will attend to it- self. The theory has already had a good deal of a shock in our experience in the Philippines. We have the islands fast enough, but if there were any good way to let them go, how gladly would we do it. But for this deepening conviction that the United States is now completely stocked up with tropic islands, we should have undoubtedly heard a great outcry over the acquisition of the Carolines and the remaining Ladrones by Germany. As it is, no one peeps. Last summer our most predatory religious papers were calling upon the President to have a war-ship "call" at the Carolines, so as to help along American missions there by seizing the land; but now they see them taken by Germany without a mur- mur. We know more about civilizing Pacific islands now, even if we are not so happy. Yet experience unrolled an ample page before us to read in, if we had not been so intensely patriotic and filled with the new wine of Destiny that we could not stop to learn from the ven- tures of other nations. An English of- ficial has been writing from Africa to describe the condition of things in the region for the possession of which France and England were on the point of going to war. Speaking of the terri- tory between Leopoldsville and Lake Tanganyika, he says that "perpetual war reigns." Almost every garrison on the Congo has a "punitive expedition" on hand all the time. "The zone of safety, or even so-called civilization, does not exceed a mile back from the river. To venture even a mile from the river would mean to be massacred and probably eaten." Here is truly a hint at the seamy side of Imperialism. Next to Piatt, Quay is the boss most disappointed at the result of the Speaker- ship contest. The head of the Pennsyl- vania machine hoped that a deal might be made, through which he could throw

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June 15, 1899] The Nation. 449 the support of the State's delegation to some candidate whose friends in the Se- nate would in return help Quay in his struggle to be seated upon the appoint- ment of the Governor. Moreover, Quay, like Piatt, wanted a man in the Speak- er's chair who would feel under obliga- tion to the bosses, and who could be depended upon to recognize that obliga- tion whenever they should "put on the screws." Incidentally, he hoped to get the clerkship of the House for a personal follower. But, as things have turned out, Gen. Henderson gets the place with- out any help from Quay, and there has been no chance even to trade the clerk- ship for the support of the Pennsylvania delegation. Gen. Henderson is so strong a partisan that he will not stand out stubbornly against any policy upon which the Re- publican Representatives in Congress shall agree. His instincts and tenden- cies, however, have been so plainly manifested in the past as to indicate that he will not push forward the cause of im- perialism. So recently as last winter he declared that "I look with aversion upon increasing the regular army of my coun- try," that "I have the gravest doubts of the wisdom of this country taking the Philippine Islands, to govern them as United States territory"; and, further. "If you ask me would I enforce a govern- ment upon the Filipinos against their will, I answer, 'No.' " It is reassuring to have a Speaker who, upon the testimony of so good a civil-service reformer as Representative McCall of Boston, "has been outspoken for civil-service reform when it showed little signs of popularity in the House." On another important is- sue Gen. Henderson has earned from the same good judge the commendation that "he is sound upon the money question." The new Speaker has progressive ideas in matters outside the ordinary range of legislation. He was an earnest cham- pion of the movement to establish a free library in Washington, and he was active in securing the passage of the law to prevent prize-fighting in the Terri- tories and the District of Columbia, de- fending the severity of the punishment proposed — imprisonment from one to five years— by saying that it was "the judg- ment of the best people in America that severe penalties should be enforced to break up this practice." That the affair at Coney Island on Friday evening was a genuine prize-fight is universally admitted. It closed with the defeated contestant insensible in the ring — completely "knocked out." Chief Devery sat close by during the contest, but in no way interfered with it, nor did he express any disapproval of its violent ending. Before he started for the scene, he favored the public with a frank ex- pression of his views. "The law is plain," he said. "It is meant to allow younger men to familiarize themselves with the manly art. We are living under a liberal government, and it will be libe- ral as long as I am here." There is no doubt whatever about the "liberality" of our present police dispensation of law. The Mazet inquiry has shown that to us, though it was perfectly well known be- fore. Few things are more universally obvious than a "wide-open" city. De- very's view of prize-fights is identical with Capt. Price's view of "dives" and "hells," expressed on the witness stand: "There should be such places in all large cities." They are needed for the educa- tion of our youth in the manly and kin- dred arts. They are part of our "liberal government" as administered by Croker and his kind. What more appropriate under such a government than prize- fights at regular intervals? Who op- poses prize-fights any way? Why, no- body except reformers, and the people of the city have decided, by the kindly assistance of Piatt and Tracy, that Cro- kerism is preferable to reform rule. It is an interesting coincidence that the same year should witness the cleans- ing of the pest hole in Cuba which has been the chief source of yellow-fever in- fection in this country, and the taking of the first step along the road of thor- ough-going sanitary reform in the city of the United States which has always done most to spread the disease after it secured a lodgment. Havana has bred the pest by the shameful neglect of the fundamental rules of public health under Spanish rule, and New Orleans has cul- tivated the epidemic by a neglect only less discreditable. It seems incredible that in this country a city of over a quarter of a million inhabitants, at the close of the nineteenth century, could be without a system of drainage and sewer- age, but such is the condition of New Or- leans to-day. Last week an election was held to decide whether the property- holders of the city would vote a special tax of two mills per annum, above the ordinary State and city taxes, to be le- vied for forty-three years, to raise the necessary funds to drain and sewer the city, and to provide municipal water- works. The agitation had been under way for nearly a year, and at first the re- formers were not sanguine of success, but a combination of public-spirited men and women carried on a campaign of education which finally converted al- most everybody of either sex, women taxpayers having the right to vote on such questions in Louisiana. The whole country is to be congratulated on this result, as it means that within a few years New Orleans will stand among the most progressive cities in point of public health, and that the United States will no longer maintain in one of its chief ports a breeding-place for epidemic diseases. The upset of the Dupuy Ministry looks like fresh evidence of the frivolity that lade a sport of cabinets and parties in France during the past ten years, yet it was time for M. Dupuy to depart. He had taken the position that although Dreyfus had been convicted on false tes- timony, yet the chiefs of the French army, who were responsible for all the injustice that had been done, should not be prosecuted or disturbed. This was an impossible position. It was impossi- ble to say that Dreyfus was innocent and that Mercier and Boisdeffre were in- nocent also. The Republican party of France, which had committed itself to a new trial for the prisoner of Devil's Isl- and, could not stop short with that. It must go on to the logical consequences of so grave a decision. It must finish the job by trying not merely Esterhazy and Du Paty de Clam, but the men in higher places above them. It was this necessity which drove a sufficient number of the supporters of President Loubet over to the opposition when the vote was taken on the resolution, which was practically a vote of want of confidence. Unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of prime ministers. The great interest taken by the Prus- sian royal family in the recent congress at Berlin for the prevention of tuber- culosis, and the message which Queen Victoria sent to it, expressing her warm approval and blessing, have been re- ferred to by European correspondents as striking proof of the attention now given to disease problems. But it would be strange indeed if, after the revelations which have been made in recent years regarding the ravages of the deadly tu- bercule bacillus, sovereigns did not take an interest in the war which medical men have declared against it. If by the invasion of some savage horde more than 70,000 men, women, and children were killed in one year in Great Britain alone, it would be considered the para- mount duty of the Queen and Parliament to give every minute of their time to the extermination of the invaders; all the more if it were certain that the same number would be killed every year fol- lowing by the same enemy. Why, then, should not some attention be given to the enemy that slays those 70,000, even though that enemy be invisible and so small that hundreds of him could find place on the point of a needle? Germany has at present about 1,300,000 sufferers from phthisis, according to the estimate of Prof. Leyden, and 170,000 die annual- ly from this disease. In fifteen years the United States lost over 2,000,000 by tuberculous diseases; and from figures carefully compiled for years it is known that one person in seven or eight dies in America and Europe of tuberculosis, a preventable disease if we but knew, a curable disease, no doubt, wheu we know more.

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4=50 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT. The editors and statesmen who, hav- ing relegated the Declaration of Inde- pendence to obscurity, are now insinuat- ing that a different kind of Constitution would be a good thing, may well ponder the observations of Prof. A. V. Dicey in an article in the June number of the Harvard Lair Review. It was early point- ed out, when the acquisition of the Phi- lippines was under discussion, that the form of government prevailing in the United States was, in some important respects, ill adapted to imperialistic schemes. As long as the treaty with Spain lacked final ratification, however, discussion of this question was tabooed as academic; but now that the thing is done, and old men have seen visions while young men have dreamed dreams, the matter is up again. So representa- tive a paper as the Boston Herald has lately, in a leading editorial, announced its conviction that a parliamentary sys- tem is what we need, and that the soon- er we get it the better off we shall be. It seems to be assumed, without argu- ment, that the English system is the only one that will help us out of our difficulties. Prof. Dicey, whose authority on the subject will not be disputed, gets at the matter from an unexpected quar- ter by raising the question, Will the form of parliamentary government be perma- nent? The prevailing belief in the superiori- ty and permanence of the parliamentary type of government rests mainly upon two grounds — the success of the system in Great Britain, and its spread through- out the world. Of the truth of both these facts there can, of course, be no doubt. Whatever may be thought of her policy or her methods, no one can deny that England is, in the judgment of the world, an extraordinarily successful na- tion. Moreover, with the exception of the United States, every great Power having a constitutional- form of govern- ment has followed, more or less closely, the English model. It is not the facts! however, but the inferences hastily drawn from them, that Prof. Dicey calls in question. Has the situation, he asks, the significance commonly attributed to it, after all? Is Great Britain prosperous because she has a Parliament and a re- sponsible ministry; and are her compe- titors prosperous, also, in proportion as they have imitated her? Is the parlia- mentary system an essential characteris- tic of a civilized or progressive state? On this point Prof. Dicey's observa- tions are worth considering. To begin with, as he points out, the constitutional history of England is quite exceptional. Physically detached from the continent of Europe, its insular position has been its political salvation. It is difficult to believe that a people compelled by their geographical situation to maintain large standing armies a protect nm againsl powerful and hostile neighbors, could ever have developed the free institu- tions which go to make up political liberty, but to which a military force at the command of the sovereign is a constant menace. Furthermore, while the parliamentary system in England has been the product of long and slow growth, its adoption by other countries has been very recent. Much of the form of the English Constitution was settled under Edward I., who died in 1307; but until the outbreak of the French Revo- lution, in 1789, the system remained, in general, the exclusive possession of Great Britain, and not until after the middle of the present century did it become practically universal in Europe. But why its spread? Largely, Prof. Dicey thinks, because the patent success of England has made it fashionable, and partly because nations, after a revolu- tion, are prone to indulge in political imitation. It is the fashion to have a Parliament, a Ministry, and an Opposi- tion. Countries as unlike as Canada and Japan have copied the virtues and the weaknesses of the system. But it is largely a fashion, after all, and, like "style" and "good form" in other things, is petted and praised while in vogue, and liable to be discarded when its no- velty has worn away. But there are deeper grounds of doubt. "Faith in Parliaments," says Prof. Dicey, "has undergone an eclipse; in proportion as the area of representative government has extended, so the moral authority and prestige of representative government have diminished." The faith in the saving power of parliamentary institutions, so manifest during the first half of this century, has given way to scepticism and distrust. Seventy-five years ago the people's dearest interests were cheerfully intrusted to the wisdom of a legislative assembly; to-day, we frame constitutions of portentous detail, denounce the party system, and clamor for the referendum and proportional rep- resentation. The fathers fought for rep- resentative government as the only guarantee of civil and political liberty; the sons cry out that the blessings are small and the evils very great. Parlia- ments are no longer a novelty, nor are their proceedings secret, and the com- bination of frequency and publicity has worked to their discredit. The severest criticism of parliament- ary government, however, comes from the acknowledged failure of parliaments to do successfully the work now de manded of them. For destructive work they are well fitted. The abolition of feudal privileges and class distinctions, the demolition of governmental forms and legal codes, and the punishment of enemies and traitors, are operations which representative assemblies have shown much skill in performing. But the legislation demanded at the pre- sent day is essentially constructive; and it is here that parliaments and con- gresses alike have thus far earned small measure of gratitude. The reason, as has often been shown, lies in the in- herent unfitness of a large and miscel- laneous body of men for the perform- ance of work primarily demanding knowledge, experience, and skill. The protection of property, the assurance of personal rights, and the uplifting of the masses of the people, are the tasks of modern parliaments; they are also the tasks that no parliament has yet per- formed in any but a bungling way. Prof. Dicey modestly suggests that his reflections have speculative rather than practical interest; but their significance for us in this country is not altogether remote. Parliamentary government has through centuries become part and parcel of the whole political habit of mind of the English people; but it is not part and parcel of ours, nor have we, historically, any sumcient preparation for it. Seriously to advocate such a change is to demand a form, trusting to luck to give us the substance later on. The whole argument, indeed, rests on the assumption that henceforth we are to do as England does, which is sheer nonsense. If we set out to become an empire, we may very likely have to fur- ther amend our Constitution to bring that about; but until we have secured purity in elections, a sound civil service, and a President who will keep his word, we can anticipate no greater success from a parliamentary form of govern- ment than we can have whenever we win from the government we now possess. TRUE EMPIRE-BUILDERS. Mr. John Morley, in his speech to a Liberal Association on May 25, said that we heard a good deal nowadays about empire-builders, but that we did not always discriminate the true ones from the sham. "Is the only empire-builder," he asked, "the man who goes into Africa or anywhere else, makes a syndicate, takes land from the natives, kills them if they object, acquires a new patch on the map and colors it red?" Mr. Mor- ley proceeded to answer his own ques- tion by speaking of Cobden and Bright and those who worked with them to ex- tend English commerce and to spread abroad in the earth the arts of peace, as the men who really laid the founda- tion of the present British empire. There is a very simple and conclu- sive test which can be applied to this matter, in this country as well as in England. Who pays the cost of em- pire? Whatever else is true of Imperial- ism, British or American, it is an expen- sive luxury. It cannot be run on the cheap. The budget swells as glory in- creases. The Chancellor of the Exche- quer, like the chairman of ways and means, has to find his additional mil- lions every year to meet the bills which Imperialism sends in with unfailing re-

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June 15, 1899] The Nation 451 gularity. Where does the money come from? Not from new territory annexed or colonies or protectorates; they are a drain on the Treasury, not feeders. It is the home industry that is taxed to pay for enterprises abroad. It is the impost upon foreign trade and upon domestic commerce, the tax on merchant and banker, upon manufacturers and corpo- rations, which alone enable the Govern- ment to pay its sailors and soldiers and ministers and consuls and special agents of expansion. Empire is founded on taxation, and therefore the men in any country who build up its wealth, extend its commerce, develop its indus- tries, carry on its business, are the true artificers of its imperial power. It is perfectly true, then, as Mr. Mor- ley said, that the statesmen who struck off the shackles from English trade con- tributed more to make the British em- pire strong and enduring than any gene- ral or explorer or annexer of them all. In like manner is it true of the United States that we are not to look for our real empire-builders to Congress or cabi- net, to army or navy, but to our work- shops and counting-rooms, ships and railways, and wheat and cotton fields, inventors and captains of industry. There are the sources of our wealth, and what is more, the sources of our national prestige. Who are the men who to-day are doing most to impress the world with the potency of this nation? Not our Admirals or Generals, least of all our Congress, but the manufacturers who are snatching away from all com- petitors contracts for bridges and steel rails in Egypt and India, and who are selling locomotives in England and ships' plates in Scotland. These are the men who, by their enterprise and skill, are making Europe "sit up" as it re- cognizes the commercial giant across the sea. Here we have suggested to us the pro- per way for the United States to "take her place among the nations." Accord- ing to our upstart Imperialists, this phrase means going in for a lot of unde- sirable territory inhabited by undesira- ble people, keeping them in order, and entering in general upon a course of in- ternational swagger and quarrelsome- ness. This is very like the parvenu's idea of the pleasure of being rich — to get drunk often and to make a beast of himself. But to take our place among the nations to show them what organized industry can do, what diffused intelli- gence can make a people capable of, what invention and education and hu- mane reforms can achieve — this is a very cheap thing in the eyes of our Washing- ton vulgarians, who reckon up national power by guns and colonial syndicates and conquered peoples; but it is, never- theless, the true patriotic ideal to work and live for. Another overlooked element in impe- rial strength is peace. In the mouth of Napoleon III., the phrase, "L'Empire c'est la paix," was tricky and insincere, yet there is a great truth in it. Nothing is more remarkable in the long reign of Victoria, under whom the British em- pire has grown to be what it is, than the Queen's ardent and constant desire and labor for peace. Some one has late- ly unearthed a sermon preached in St. Paul's by Sydney Smith, at the time of her Majesty's accession, in which oc- curred the following passage: "A second great object whicb I hope will be impressed upon the mind of this Royal lady, is a rooted horror of war — an earnest and passionate desire to keep her people in a. state of profound peace. The greatest curse which can be entailed upon mankind is a state of war. All the atrocious crimes committed in years of peace — all that is spent in peace by the secret corruption or by the thoughtless extravagance of nations, are mere trifles compared with the gigantic evils which stalk over the world in a state of war. ... I would say to that Royal child, Worship God by loving peace — it is not your humanity to pity a beggar by giv- ing him food or raiment — I can do that; that is the charity of the humble and un- known— widen you your heart for the more expanded miseries of mankind — pity the mothers of the peasantry who see their sons torn away from their families — pity your poor subjects crowded into hospitals, and calling in their last bieath upon their distant country and their young Queen. . . . Extinguish in your heart the fiend- ish love of military glory, from which your sex does not necessarily exempt you, and to which the wickedness of flatterers may urge you. Say upon your death-bed, 'I have made few orphans in my reign; I have made few widows; my object has been peace. I have used all the weight of my character, and all the power of my situa- tion, to check the irascible passions of mankind, and to turn them to the arts of honest industry; this has been the Chris- tianity of my throne and this the gospel of my sceptre.' " This reads almost like unconscious prophecy — a sketch of the real policy the Queen has steadily pursued. She and her Ministers are to-day ruling an em- pire vastly greater than that of 1837, but they know that peace is essential to its continuance in unabated strength, and so the more England's might grows in their hands, the more they strive to make its every display peaceful. Indus- try and commerce and peace — these three are the great empire-builders, and the greatest of these is peace. BIMETALLISM ABROAD. The Gold-Standard Defence Associa- tion of Great Britain has issued a pam- phlet giving a summary of the bime- tallic controversy to date. The last chapter supplies information concerning the present views and doings of the bi- metallists in England, derived from the testimony of Lord Aldenham and Mr. Robert Barclay, the President of the Bi- metallic League and the chairman of its executive committee. Both of these gen- tlemen consider the subject still alive. Both of them think, however, that the battle ought to be fought hereafter on a basis of a ratio of 22 to 1 between silver and gold instead of 15^ or 16 to 1, and, what is still more singular, they think that the United States would cooperate in that plan. The only evidence offered is a personal letter from Secretary Hay to Lord Aldenham (published some time ago) in which the writer says: "Our cabinet, like your own, is considerably divided in opinion upon the question of practical bimetallism. Neither the President nor a majority of my col- leagues have in the least changed or modified the views which they held last year in regard to the great desirability of an international agreement on the subject." He added that the Govern- ment of the United States was "open to consider the question of the ratio," and that he had no doubt that France was equally so, but that the present Government of the United States would not initiate new negotiations. This let- ter was evidently intended to shelve the question, but it appears to have conveyed to the minds of Lord Aldenham and his colleagues the notion that, if England herself would initiate new negotiations, the United States would assent to a ratio of 22 to 1. The magic of this ratio is that it would make the metallic value of the rupee equal to Is. 4d., or the price which the Government of India seeks to maintain for it. Hence these tears of joy. The pamphlet of the Gold-Standard Defence Association then considers the attitude of the Democratic party of the United States on the subject, holding that this country is the most important factor of the bimetallic movement, if there is still such a movement. It pre- sents evidence on the one side showing that silver as a political issue among us is dead, and on the other that it Is still alive. It leans, however, to the opi- nion that, if not dead, silver has ceased to be the dominant issue, and hence that the English bimetallists are deluded if they expect help from the United States in the near future. This is a safe conclusion, and it may be added that if the English bimetallists are "banking" on the conception that Mr. Bryan and his supporters will join them in favoring the ratio of 22 to 1, they are vastly mistaken. They do not understand the force of catchwords in American politics. The words 16 to 1 have grown up with the present gene- ration of silverites. Very few, indeed, know what they mean, or what any ratio means. Hence their suspicions will be aroused by any attempt to substitute new words in place of them. To introduce such a change it would be necessary to explain to the masses, first, what is meant by 16 to 1, and then what is the significance of the change, and why it is deemed advisable. No large proportion of them could ever be brought to a clear understanding of the reason; but if it could be made plain to them that the "dollar of the fathers" was to be sacri- ficed in order to meet the views of the Hindoos, a howl of derision would be heaid from one end of the land to the

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452 The ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 other. Not even Bryan could hold his party together on such a platform. The truth is, that the life has entirely gone out of silver as a political issue in this country. All the talk that is now heard of it is a formality. It is uttered for the sake of appearances and to keep up a pretence of consistency. This is especially true of Bryan's talk. He prates about silver in order to keep him- self in evidence as a candidate for the nomination, but there is no heart in what he says. The Democratic hoi polloi are for Bryan, not because he is for sil- ver, but because he was their standard- bearer in 1896, their hero and martyr. Mr. Bryan himself does not put silver in the foremost place in his speeches and magazine articles, but he introduces just enough of it to keep the campaign of 1896, and himself as the central figure in it, before the people. He does not mean that the old platform shall be forgotten, but neither does he mean that the cam- paign of 1900 shall be fought on that is- sue. He knows that a repetition of the campaign of 1896 would be another de- feat for him, because the silver issue is not the one which people are now think- ing and talking about. What the chief issue may be is not yet certain. It may be Imperialism, it may be Trusts, it may be McKinley's surrender to the spoilsmen, but it cannot be silver, for the reason that fresh interest cannot be pumped into it. As regards international bimetallism, neither Bryan nor his party ever took any interest in it, or cared anything about it. They never contributed any votes or influence to the promotion of it. They have always looked at it askance. They have considered it a manoeuvre of the Republicans when hard pressed, a trick adopted to gain time and stave off a decision. For this reason, in their platform of 1896, they cut themselves loose from all such devices, and demand- ed free and unlimited coinage of silver '•'without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation." If English bi- metallists are looking to the Bryanites for aid and comfort in the future, they are relying on a party which never had any sympathy with them in the past, and would consider the ratio of 22 to 1 as a laughing-stock if not an impiety. The pamphlet of the Gold-Standard Defence Association gives a r6sum6 of the bimetallic movement on the conti- nent of Europe since the collapse of the Wolcott Commission. The silver propa- ganda existed in only three countries, France, Germany, and Belgium. No new steps have been taken, and only one meeting has been held since the failure of the Wolcott negotiation. On the 13th of December, 1897, the German Bimetal- lic League held a meeting and passed a resolution saying that while the opposi- tion of the English bankers might delay bimetallism, it could not be permanent- ly prevented. In France M. Meline made a speech of no particular impor- tance, and since then the question has been allowed to slumber. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE TRANS- VAAL. The breaking off of the negotiations between Sir Alfred Milner and President Kriiger, with the admission that they were fruitless and will not be resumed, is taken in England as a very serious event. Such it undoubtedly is, though the hot-heads who are jumping to the conclusion that it means war are likely to be disappointed. Lord Salisbury has found a way out of more than one seem- ingly hopeless diplomatic impasse, and it will be strange indeed if he does not de- vise some means of peaceable adjustment of the Transvaal difficulty. Yet the Bri- tish Government is bound to do some- thing. Mr. Chamberlain has gone too far to retreat. He has taken the posi- tion that the situation of thousands of British subjects resident in the Trans- vaal is intolerable, and if renewed di- plomatic pressure does not induce the Boer authorities to make it tolerable, force will be resorted to in the end. There can be no doubt about that. As to the points at issue between the two countries, a fair outside judgment would be that the Boers are technically right on all, but morally wrong on all. In strict legality, and by the hard-and- fast terms of the London Convention arid international law, we do not see that Mr. Chamberlain has any case. He is es- topped, in the first place, from asserting any right to interfere with the internal government of the Transvaal. Whatever verbal disputes may be raised over the precise terms of the London Convention of 1884, the broad fact remains that Lord Derby, in an official English interpreta- tion of that convention, explicitly de- clared that under it the Boer Govern ment would be "left free to govern the country without interference." The only reservation was that any treaty nego- tiated by the Transvaal with a foreign state "shall not have effect without the approval of the Queen." But Mr. Chamberlain argues, or at any rate his friends, argue, that England, by the very fact of enjoying a suzerainty over the Transvaal, has the legal right to demand, on behalf of British resi- dents, a redress of grievances. This is an unsound argument. It is like a farm- er insisting that because a neighbor has no right to cut a road through his land without his consent, therefore he is en- titled to compel his neighbor to repair a barn or drain a pond. On the bare terms of the convention, England is not in a position to exact anything relating to the internal government of the Trans- vaal as a matter of pure legal right. Because a man owes you $10, you can- not reason, from the general ground of your being his creditor, that he is bound to pay you $20, or whatever you please to demand. Kriiger is as strenuous as Shylock in pointing to the letter of his bond and the law, and is legally in an even more impregnable position, since there is no likelihood of any Portia ar- riving on the scene. On one point — the dynamite monopoly ■ — Mr. Chamberlain has openly maintain- ed in the House of Commons that tho Boer Government has been guilty of a breach of the London Convention. He bases this contention upon the clause guaranteeing that there shall be no in- terference with the commerce of British subjects in the Transvaal. But the point is strained. The dynamite monopoly does not discriminate against the Brit- ish as such. In effect it hurts them, but it is not a measure specifically di- rected against them as Englishmen. A heavy tax on beer, or on the mineral water which the unlucky dwellers in Johannesburg are compelled to drink to escape being poisoned, would bear hard on the English, yet it could not be held to be a breach of the Convention. In fact, though Mr. Chamberlain assert- ed that the law officers of the crown sustained him in his contention, the weight of legal opinion is decidedly against it. Kriiger has not been asleep. He has solicited the opinion of eight distinguished international lawyers — one of them Prof. Westlake of Cambridge— and all are unanimous in holding that he is quite within his legal rights, so far as the dynamite monopoly is concerned. So he is, undoubtedly, in the other burning question of the naturalization laws of the Transvaal Republic. These are out- rageous and oppressive, yet the legal competence of the Boer Government to enact them cannot be questioned. Yet with narrow legal right on his side, as respects every point in dispute, President Kriiger and his Government are taking a position which cannot be morally maintained. As Mr. Balfour said last week, the Boers are denying "the elementary rights of civilization." The grievances of the foreign residents of the Transvaal are great. They have a large part of the property, and pay much more than half the taxes, of the coun- try, and yet are left almost absolutely without representation in the Govern- ment. Full citizenship can now be ac- quired, we believe, only after a residence of fourteen years, and even then under onerous and humiliating conditions. The inhabitants of Johannesburg are not even allowed a voice in municipal af- fairs. The city is wretchedly governed, is, in fact, a "death-trap"; yet the dwell- ers in it have no way of exerting politi- cal power to bring about a sanitary re- form and remove a constant peril to life. To all appeals and remonstrances, the stolid Boers return a Papal non-possv- mus, or a Tweedian "What are you go- ing to do about it?" and go on taxing and vexing and poisoning their Outland-

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June 15, 1899] The ISTation. 453 er victims, and forbidding them the right even to educate their children as they would. Now this, all must agree, is a situation to which an end should be put in some way. By urging upon Kriiger and upon the world, as it is evident from Mr. Balfour's speech that the Eng- lish Government means to do, the duty of having some regard to natural human rights, as against technical legal power, it will be in a position to secure general sympathy and support if, later, it has to extort by force what should have been yielded to reason and the larger justice. HEIXRICIl KIEPERT. Last year, when Heinrich Kiepert cele- brated his eightieth birthday, his friends and former pupils, as well as geographers who had come under his wide-reaching in- fluence, presented him, in characteristic German fashion, with a stately volume, a Festschrift, to which each had contributed an article on some subject near to the heart of the aged and beloved scholar. But even then Kiepert had so far succumbed to the maladies arising from extreme old age that he could take but little part in the festi- vities held in his honor, and now he has passed away, having failed to round out his eighty-one years. Kiepert was a born worker, and in con- sequence the range of his knowledge be- came marvellously wide. His devotion to truth was absolute, and he was fired by an unflagging enthusiasm for his science which nothing but death could quench. Now that death has claimed him, his passing leaves a peculiar gap in the ranks of the devotees of the science of geography, which at present none may fill — certainly not as the master filled his post. He was a tho- roughly rounded geographer; there was ab- solutely no corner of the globe, however remote, about which he could not give every detail known to science up to date. In so far, he will have successors. But Kiepert was more: he was an archaeological geo- grapher, if the term be allowed, and as such he stood alone and unapproachable. As archaeological geographer, Asia Minor was his hobby, his pet, his peculiar delight, upon which he expended much time in a variety of ways. He made journeys in Asia Minor at four different periods of his life, the last falling in his seventieth year (1888). The simple statement that he had collected every scrap of knowledge that bears upon Asia Minor, however sweeping it may seem, has a much wider implication than most readers will imagine. Of course Kiepert had at his fingers' and his pencil's ends Greek and Roman literature relating to Asia Minor; of course he was thoroughly at home in the mighty 'Acta Sanctorum,' the 'Acta Conciliorum,' the mass of Greek and Latin inscriptions which are profitable for geography, not to mention such minor things as the Byzantine lists, Hierocles, the Itineraries, and all that modern travellers of European nationalities have had to say upon the subject. But after he had learn- ed all that down to the bottom, and had drained from all these sources every frag- ment of knowledge in a measure unattain- ed before by any man, he found that he needed much more of which he knew no- thing as yet, much that was sealed to him. He determined to unseal the sealed. This involved the learning of modern Greek, Turkish, and Arabic, in order to find out what the writings in those languages might have to tell him In regard to the geogra- phy of his beloved Asia Minor, and to this task he set himself, and set himself suc- cessfully. By this means he became pos- sessed of a kind of knowledge unattainable by the average geographer. For instance, he knew what the Turkish archives, Turkish lists, and Turkish so-called maps could tell him. This knowledge he used not only in his cartographic work, but also to con- trol the vagaries of ignorant but well-mean- ing travellers. The present writer's road- notes on Asiatic topography have a host of marginal annotation's by Kiepert, whose ac- curate information made him able to say (to choose two out of many instances): "No, this is incorrect; you have wrongly heard Allah when the word spoken was Ala," or, "The Turkish lists do not bear you out." His knowledge was not held as a hidden treasure; he had much, and he gave freely. He had 'gained it, however, in order to add to it, aad though he gave freely, he was but sowing the seed, and he expected some return in kind for every geographical gift. No one ambitious of exploring remote and unfamiliar corners ever applied to him for an up-to-date map of the region without getting one that included every known de- tail; for at once the untiring worker betook himself to that mighty table in the big room in the Lindenstrasse, and in due time the traveller had his trusty guide. But much of this sort of work brought no return to Kiepert, for selfish, thoughtless, or lazy men failed to make those additions to knowledge which the master had finally hoped for— fail- ed often to make any report to him; and the otherwise so genial man was full of bitter- ness in speaking of such cases. But when some return, however imperfect, was made to him, then every single word was weighed with the greatest care, and every single compass-bearing was made to do its part in shaping the mighty map upon the mighty table. He shirked no toil in utilizing for science the returns thus made, and when one traveller entered the aforementioned big room, he was greeted with the words: 'Ach, mein lieber, theuerer Herr, Ihr Journal hat mir so ziemlich ein Vierteljahrchen meines Lebens gekostet." As they stand in print, these words might be regarded as reproach- ful; but as they came from his mouth they conveyed to the mind of the hearer the great- est compliment, and in hot haste the good wife was summoned to come and help wel- come the man who had robbed him of three months of his life. And warmly affectionate the welcome was. What Kiepert has done for Asia Minor cannot be measured; he has done everything, and much that goes under the name of other men is in the end Kiepert's. When he be- gan to study the country, its geography was where Ritter had left it; with the exception of the seaboard, which might be reached by European ships, it was practically an un- known land, whereas now there are few re- gions that have not been explored and mapped, and this state of affairs is due in greatest measure to Kiepert, either directly or indirectly. As a member of the Central- Direction of the Imperial German Archaeo- logical Institute, he has been the immediate and inspiring cause of many of the recent explorations, just as he was the indirect cause of much that was done in the pre- ceding decades. The purpose of this note is to emphasize one phase of his manifold nature; to praise him is really impertinence. An outline of his life and a list of his works may be found in any encyclopaedia. FRANCISQUE SARCEY. Paris, June 1, 1899. The death of Francisque Sarcey, the theat- rical critic of the Temps, has been quite an event, and has for a few days distracted the public mind from the too famous and en- grossing affaire Dreyfus. Parisians have al- ways been passionately fond of the theatre, and this taste is universal; you will find it in all classes of society. It is even more strong- ly marked in the people and in the small bourgeoisie than among the wealthy classes and the aristocracy. With the small bour- geoisie the theatre replaces all the amuse- ments of society. Our shopkeepers, after having worked all day, delight in going with their wives to some restaurant, and, after a good dinner, hearing a good play. Without having had any classical education, they ac- quire a sort of taste, not of the highest sort, to be sure, but still sufficiently accurate and refined. They have their favorites, their likes and dislikes; they are, as a rule, very indulgent, and never show their discontent by hissing, notwithstanding the old rule of Boi- Francisque Sarcey may be said to have been the idol of this numerous theatrical public, chiefly composed of the French bour- geoisie. He had himself received a very high culture, having been a distinguished pupil of our Normal School; but he was essential- ly what we call a bourgeois, a word of difficult definition, which connotes some of the best attributes of the French mind- common sense, poise, judgment — as well as some defects, such as a certain want of imagination, of exaltation, of enthusiasm. The intellectual ideal of the bourgeois of the Francisque Sarcey type is a combination of Epicurean wisdom, of the gayety of Rabe- lais, of the moral sanity of Moliere, of the clever and witty rationalism of Voltaire. Francisque Sarcey received at the Normal School the solid education which forms our best Latinists; but the Normal School forms very few Hellenists — the idealism of Greece is wanting in its pupils. They are all more or less Romans, and their literary produc- tions, full of substance and of logic, are lack- ing in grace and imagination. It would be difficult to find more finished types of the state of mind and intellect which I am at- tempting to describe than Francisque Sarcey and Edmond About. These men were to- gether at the Normal School and became very intimate friends. Sarcey was eminently a "Ciassic" (such was the name given to those who stood by the ancients, by Boileau, Racine, Corneille, Moliere, the great writers of the grand siiclc). The French University was the stronghold of the Classics, the fort- ress which had to be defended against the Romantics. The war between the Classics and the Romantics, which was very bitter at one time, ended finally in a treaty of peace; even the most ardent Classics could not fail to recognize the genius of Lamar - tine, of Victor Hugo, and of Musset.

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4:54= Tlie JSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 The French Theatre, which is a state in- stitution, governed by the famous decree signed by Napoleon at Moscow, is naturally devoted to the Classics," and their plays form the "repertory." It was impossible that modern plays should not from time to time be played at the French Theatre, especially as, after 1830, there came a succession of dramatists who formed a very remarkable phalanx. Sarcey did not oppose, on the con- trary, he gave great encouragement to, the modern school of dramatists; but he insisted all his life long on the necessity of con- tinuing to play the "repertory." He main- tained that Racine, Corneille, and Moliere should always be played for the debuts of new actors and new actresses at the French Theatre, and that they should never be al- lowed to appear in modern parts before hav- ing shown themselves at home in the great plays of our best classic authors. This was, in his eyes, a necessary discipline. He had, of course, some difficulty in defending his ground against the new artists, who find it so much easier to play modern and amusing parts than to give their full value to the beauties of a literature which is not exactly the representation of modern life and the echo of modern sentiments. It is, however, to the credit of Sarcey that he succeeded in imposing on the French Theatre a discipline which has greatly contributed to make it the model theatre of our time. He was not so fortunate in other points. He made a perpetual crusade against the ex- aggeration of the importance given in the modern theatre to what we call the tnise en scene— that is to say, the scenery and all its accessories. He maintained that this exces- sive devotion to purely material details was not favorable to real art; that the interest of a drama or of a comedy was to be found in the dialogue, in the development of a situation and of characters, and that the at- tention of the spectator was not to be ab- sorbed by a show of furniture, of costumes, of palaces, of fine rooms. In the Middle Ages, in the great mysteries which were played before the people, the scenery was of the simplest. There were great boards ■ behind the actors, on which were written in big letters: "This is Jerusalem," or, "This is Constantinople." The tragedies of Corneille and Racine did not require much scenery; fidelity to the old rules of Aristotle's three unities implied unity of place during the five acts of a tragedy. The actors played all their parts in the costume of their own time. We can now hardly imagine Phidre or Iphi- (jenic in powder, with silk gowns and hoop- petticoats, or Augustus and Nero in the dress of the courtiers who came to applaud them; but there is very little doubt that the spectators of the seventeenth century felt as keenly the beauties of the tragedies of Racine and Corneille as we ourselves do. The antique world which is shown to us is, after all, also a conventional world; the Greeks of the time of Pericles, the Ro- mans of the time of Augustus, would prob- ably not recognize themselves at our French Theatre, careful as we may be of our scenery. One of the reproaches which Sarcey di- rected against the exaggerated care we now take of the scenery, is the long time re- quired for the arrangement of the stage be- tween the different acts— an interval so long that modern representations become a real fatigue in Paris, lasting as a rule as late as midnight, so that the worn-out spectators cannot be in their beds before half-past twelve or one o'clock. The best part of Sarcey's life was spent at the time of the great triumphs of Augier, of Meilhac, of Sardou, of Alexandre Dumas the younger, of Pailleron. He had the plea- sure of witnessing and of fostering the tri- umph of a dramatic school which realized his conception of art: the study of life, the observation of the play of human passions, presented to the public by classical methods. By this I mean that the development of the plays of these dramatists is methodical, that there is a certain unity in them, that all the incidents converge towards a definite object. The analyses which Sarcey made of the dra- mas of these authors are marvellous when you consider that they were always written the day after their first representation; their clearness, their lucidity, their criticism can- not be sufficiently praised. They were al- ways written con amore even when the critic felt the necessity of being severe. He was often severe towards Sardou. Though he ad- mired the infinite cleverness of this extra- ordinary mctteur en scene and the ease with which he found his way out of the most complicated plots, he could never quite for- give his excessive preoccupation with the scenery, the dress of his personages — the picturesque part of the drama— which, in his opinion, became too great a distraction for the public and absorbed too much of the at- tention of the author himself. Sarcey had a great partiality for Meilhac, and always took pains to find even in his farces some elements of high comedy. Meil- hac was essentially a Parisian; his work may be compared to a glass of champagne- there will soon be little left of it, but it gave much pleasure to the ' generations who understood all its allusions and criticisms. How long will the works of these writers be played? I remember a feuilleton of Sarcey's in which he prophesied that two plays only were sure to remain in the "repertory," to take rank among the classics, the "Gendre de Monsieur Poirier" and the "Demi-Monde," because they both struck a new chord and dealt with passions which are permanent in the human heart. Sarcey was much surprised and perplexed when he had to give an opinion on the pro- duction of a new theatrical school which affected to ignore or to despise all the rules of the past. The "Theatre Libre" was founded by an actor of great talent, named Antoine. It did not pretend to anything ex- cept to give the public what the disciples of the new method (or rather want of method) called des tranches de vie, slices of life. No real drama, no real plot, no complications, no intrigue, nothing but dramatic photo- graphs, something in the style of a living cinematograph, in which people not only move but talk. It is undeniable that this "Free Theatre" has had its utility; it ac- customed the public to realism on the stage; it broke through many conventions; it was no longer necessary for the drama to end with a marriage or a death. The devotees of the new school set forth the incidents of life and its situations, but many such situations have no issue. Sarcey was very conscientious. He was horrified by some of the productions of the Theatre Libre, which, in its worst development, be- came the "Theatre Rosse" (a word I find hard to translate). He was indignant with its coarseness, its indecency, its impudent contempt of all propriety. He nevertheless took the trouble to follow, night after night, the representations of the new school, and, when there was a pearl on the dunghill, he was honest enough to pick it out. It would be interesting to show the influ- ence which the Theatre Libre has had on the new dramatists, such as Donnay, Hervieu, and the rest — Sarcey did not attempt to deny it. The present school of our best drama- tists is decidedly purely realistic; it is also pessimistic, and deals by preference with so- cial subjects. It does not adopt the old motto, "Castigat ridendo mores"; it is mark- ed by a certain sadness, even in its gayety. Sarcey encouraged its efforts, though he was himself of a robust, healthy, and cheerful disposition. He will not be replaced, in my opinion, for many years to come, as a the- atrical critic. He thought he had a mission, and he fulfilled it with an earnestness and a zeal beyond praise. THIS YEAR'S SALONS. Paris, May 1, 1899. It is impossible to come away from the latest Salons without feeling just a trifle depressed and discouraged. One thinks of the immense activity during the last hundred years, one remembers the endless movements and schools and revolutions that have com* and gone since the National Assembly of 1791 made an end for evermore to the old tyranny of the Academy; and then, in the face of this spring's exhibitions, one can- not help asking to what purpose has been all this agitation, all this energy, all this striving, all this struggling. A few thousand artists may exhibit in the place of the few hundred of a century ago, but the greatness of art depends not in the least upon numbers. Indeed, it is one of the most melancholy features of this huge col- lection that' such acres of canvas and paper, such a wilderness of plaster and marble and bronze, should yield such an absurdly small crop of good, or interesting, or even irritatingly bad work. Now that the two Salons, as last year, are sheltered under the single vast roof of the Palais des Machines, one is more than ever impressed by the mere size of these two annual shows, by the army of men and women who have chosen art as their profession. But more amazing still is the fact that, as one makes one's way through the labyrinth of galleries, there should be so little to arrest or hold the at- tention. There is much that is workman- like and able, most of the exhibitors prove in their performance the excellence of their training. In any other profession, in any business or trade, the same amount of ability and knowledge would be of inestimable ad- vantage and lead surely to success. But the artist stands in need of higher qualities, of more original virtues — qualities and vir- tues not to be manufactured even in the studios that turn out competent workmen by the dozen. We are disappointed only because we expected too much, and the present Salons are really nothing more than useful reminders of the century's folly of expectation. Of course, the exhibition of the Society des Beaux-Arts (or the Champ-de-Mars Salon) is by far the stronger and pleasanter of the two. In the first place, it is smaller and therefore not so wearisome. The hanging and arrangement are much more to be com- mended. As a rule, there is but a single line of pictures — never, except in the case of very

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June 15, 1899] The ]STation 455 tiny canvases, more than two: and the pic tures that are thus more easily seen are dis- tinctly better worth seeing. I can imagine that any one who visited the Salon for the first time would be positively amazed at the high level of accomplishment attained; but to all those familiar with the artists and their work there are signs, if not of exhaus- tion, certainly of fatigue. Naturally, the loss of Puvis de Chavannes is very seriously feit. His large decorative panels may not always have been of equal merit, but they were never entirely without charm, distinction, and, above all, the repose that could not but prove a relief in the midst of the sensations of the year. And his absence is the more keenly realized because in their place now hangs only the little portrait, simple, sombre, reticent, that he painted of his wife when she was still the Princesse Cantacuzene, while the large decorative work by other artists seems to violate every canon of his artistic creed. It comes as something of a shock to find Du- bufe consecrating to his memory a canvas of gigantic scale, on which the dead master sits, with appropriate sadness, among nonde- script symbolical figures in emerald-green draperies and violet wings, color and design both as completely out of sympathy with his aims and methods as well could be. Nor do I see much hope of his mantle as decorator falling upon the shoulders of those who evince most desire to wear it — upon either Anquetin or Boutet de Monvel, for example. There is astonishing vigor and force in a big allegorical "Battle" by Anquetin, a mass of men and horses with impossible arching manes, wrestling and grappling together In deadly combat, but so violent, so confused, you can but regret the misdirected enefgy of a painter of whose power there can be no question. I see that a French critic makes much of the fact that the work was done in some forty days, but the merit of a picture has absolutely nothing to do with the time and labor bestowed upon it. As for Boutet de Monvel, he has apparently taken one of the small colored illustrations from his 'Jeanne d'Arc,' enlarged it, and given pre- cisely the same composition in colossal pro- portions, but worked out with the minuteness and elaboration of the old illuminator. Bril- liant reds and yellows and purples that were amusing on the printed page of a small book become offensive and glaring when made to cover vast spaces. The decoration is for the church at Domremy, which is so dark, I am told (I have never been there), that ex- aggerated brilliancy is absolutely neces- sary, if the decoration is to produce its effect. This may be so, though I doubt it, and, in any case, I think it a mis- take to show the design in the uncompro- mising light of a well-illuminated gallery. I also think it a pity that a ceiling by Bes- rard should be hung up on the wall like a picture, where you can tell nothing about it. Dark foliage and rose-colored draperies set against the deep blue of a starlit sky suggest an agreeable harmony, but I should rot venture to answer for it until I saw the ceiling in place, nor do I feel that I can ap- preciate the panels he exhibits with it in their present surroundings. These are some of the most striking works, principally, if I except the Besnards, because of their size. To turn to smaller canvases is to find men like Carriere, Aman-Jean, Lher- mitte, Picard, Raffaelli, Gandara.and Blanche repeating more or less the same subjects or same designs or same effects we have had from them In the past: M. Carrigre becom- ing more vague, more mystical, more tragic than ever, though his theme may be one in itself so joyous as the morning greeting be- tween mother and children; M. Aman- Jean's refinement, for the moment threatening to dwindle into feebleness. Then M. Simon, once so promising, grows more photographic in his portrait groups with every year; M. Cottet, once so original, is degenerating into a mere slave of his mannerisms. With re- gret, one discovers that Mr. Whistler sends nothing; nor is there anything by Mr. Sar- gent or Mr. Dannat. Mr. McLure Hamilton has but two little portraits — characteristic and accomplished — in the place of the group of several he exhibited last spring. And Mr. Alexander's ingenuity seems to be failing him, for his favorite model appears upon but one canvas, there twisted in a new and grace- ful curve over a violoncello. Even the sen- sationalists have come to an end of their re- sources. M. Jean BGraud's hitherto fertile invention has carried him no further than a theatre rehearsal, and this year, at any rate, he must retire before M. Jean Veber, whose rather loathsome fight between two naked women, with hideous old hags for on- lookers, fascinates the crowd; and also be- fore M. De Groux, M. Louis Legrand, and M. Piot, who, each in his way, makes a bid for notoriety by madness of method, a perfect saturnalia of paint. The religious picture, too, is disappearing. M. Dagnan-Bouveret, recently the most enthusiastic exponent of the Scriptures, now confines himself to a portrait, and it is chiefly M. Carolus-Duran who keeps up the tradition by a Crucifixion, melodramatic, bituminous, ineffective. Real- ly the best and most genuine work comes from the landscape painters— from M. Cazin and his follower, M. Billotte, from Menard, Griveau, Mouille, and several others, more or less strong, whose canvases reveal a curi- ous romantic tendency. The reign of Real- ism, of Naturalism, of Plein-airisme, of Im- pressionism, is clearly at an end — that is, for the present generation. In the section of drawings and prints, I am conscious of the same fatigue, the same exhaustion. I looked in vain for the old gayety of experiment, the old triumphant solution of new problems. Men like M. Hel- leu, M. Florian, M. Renouard are not rep- resented. Fine woodcuts and wood-engrav- ings, some printed in color, are still sent by M. Lepere, color etchings by M. Raffael- li, color lithographs by M. Gottlob and M. Heidbrinck, remarkably clever etchings by M. Louis Legrand; but the greater number of exhibitors are content to copy or imi- tate men already acknowledged as masters. Perhaps it should be noted that many art- ists are beginning to show the sketches and studies for their pictures, a capital plan, helping one, as it does, to understand their aims and intentions. But interest cen- tres chiefly about a roomful of drawings by M. Cazin, as refined and individual as his paintings, wonderful little studies of towns —a street or a place charmingly suggest- ed—or else of the quiet, uneventful sketches of field or open country, where he so of- ten seeks his inspiration, or of women and children; studies these that make one wish he had not devoted himself so exclusively to landscape. The drawings are mostly in chalk or pencil on white paper, sometimes on gray paper, when they borrow some- thing of the tranquil, tender color of his twilights and his moonlit nights. There is never very much sculpture in the Champ-de-Mars Salon, but what there is, usually, Is good. This year the greatest success is scored by Mr. Saint-Gaudens with his "General Sherman." In its quiet dignity, it impresses one, the moment one's eyes fall upon it, after passing, as one must to reach it, all the flamboyant, rest- less, contorted, posing statues of the other or Champs-Elys€es Salon. There is so much character, so much authority, in the gaunt, spare figure, erect and alert in the saddle. The cloak, flying back in the wind, gives just the right suggestion of movement, though I understand that Mr. Saint-Gau- dens means to modify it slightly, thinking that, as it is, it detracts somewhat from the fine sobriety and reticence of the whole composition. It is interesting to find' an- other American, one hitherto known only as a painter, making his appearance as a sculptor: Mr. McLure Hamilton, whose bust of his mother is so able, so expressive in its simple severity, one might think it the work of the master sculptor, rather than the apprentice. M. Rodin, probably to his own great satisfaction, has not created the excitement of a year ago. The now famous "Balzac" is succeeded by a life-size "Eve" in bronze— an Eve after the fall, sad and ashamed, her arms crossed over her breast, her head bent low. It is beautifully con- ceived, full of emotion, subtle and strong in the modelling, but it seems to me that M. Rodin never succeeds quite perfectly in his larger designs. I like better the small, spirited bust of M. Falgui&re which he is also showing. One wonders if the exhibition of this bust is not M. Rodin's way of explaining to the public that he does not in the least resent the fact that the commission for the Balzac monument has been handed over to M. Fal- guidre. The new Balzac is, for me at all events, what the French would call the clou of the Champs-Elysees Salon. M. Rodin's Balzac was so indisputable a failure, and yet, at the same time, so fascinating, so exasperating because it came so near being the work of genius he meant it to be, that it is inevitable curiosity should mingle with one's desire to see the attempt of the man who has had the temerity to come after him, and so challenge comparison. M. Falguiere, evidently, has been overwhelmed by the de- licacy of his position, and, as if convinced that imitation is really the sincerest form of flattery, has made his Balzac as much like M. Rodin's as a sculptor of so opposite a temperament could. The new Balzac sits, where last year he stood, his hands no long- er concealed, but crossed comfortably and inelegantly over his knees; he wears the same indefinite garment, partly dressing- gown, partly great coat; he is quite as shape- less and still heavier; and if there is less of melodrama in his pose, there is more of clumsiness. M. Falguiere is commonplace, colorless, while M. Rodin's fault was an ex- cessive individuality or daring of treatment. The latter tried to express too much— the whole history of romance, so his admirers insisted, instead of the character of one man. M. Falguiere has tried to express too little, and has let the great genius go masquerad- ing modestly as an amiable bourgeois tak- ing his ease by his own fireside. If he but succeeded, M. Falguiere is reported to have said, "Cela en fera deux de beaux." But he has not succeeded, and the result is two failures, not two masterpieces. M. Fremiet,

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4.63 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 too, I think, has lost a fine opportunity. To him has been intrusted the statue of De Lesseps to be set up at the entrance of the Suez Canal, and he has imagined nothing nobler and more dignified than a man — no doubt the portrait is irreproachable — in a dress-suit, one hand holding the map of the canal, the other outstretched in the most conventional and theatrical of gestures. If, for the rest of this exhibition, though the larger of the two, I have left myself but little space, I have done so intentionally. There is little to be said that has not been said before many times. Again one is confronted with the enormous canvases, the big machines, meant to capture by sheer force the attention they could not claim by merit alone. M. Jean-Paul Laurens is al- ways an exception. His large histori- cal compositions are designed for a de- finite purpose. This year he shows a ceil- ing for a public building in Toulouse, scho- larly, but, with its persistent reds, less re- strained and sober in color than usual. Of the others, even M. Tattegrain, who once knew how to put a picture together, is beginning to sacrifice everything to the gruesomeness of his details, so that, in his "Saint-Quentin pris d'assaut," the eye wanders aimlessly from group to group, from figure to figure, as in a "yellow" jour- nalist's picturesque report, never by chance taking in the effect of the dramatic scene as a whole; and, unfortunately for the paint- er, a picture of this kind is forgotten as promptly as the printed report. The work that tells, in the only fashion an artist should care to have it tell, is found rather in the melancholy gray landscapes of M. Pointelin, who may keep on for ever paint- ing the wide, desolate moorland, the long barren hills he loves, but who does it with such feeling for the poetry of light and air that they have all the variety of Na- ture herself; in the stately, formal com- positions of M. Harpignies; in the little idylls of M. Fantin-Latour. These are, as they have been so often before, the few good things that reconcile one to such a waste of paint. I thought, too, that the work of a few American exhibitors— a delight- ful little Dutch baby by Mr. MacEwen, the well-drawn cattle by Mr. Bisbing, the low- toned pastorals by Mr. Truesdell— were, in their refinement, pleasant contrasts to the typical Salon picture. The seas of Mr. Boggs and the tulips of Mr. Hitchcock also stand out with something like distinction. The prints and drawings here have al- ways been dull and unimportant compar- ed to the series at the Champ-de-Mars, and now, with M. Fantin-Latour and M. Willette both absent, they are more for- lorn than ever; an occasional innovation in the shape of an experiment ih color, a sin- gle lithograph by M. Dillon, two or three worth noting by M. Huvey, and M. Leleu, and the wood-engravings by Mr. Wolf are not quite enough to compensate one for wa.ling through such a large collection of Indifferent interest. Perhaps I ought to add that in both Salons more and more attention is being paid to the purely decorative arts, and that in the New Salon a prominent and dis- tinguished place is given to Mr. Tiffany's glass, which is also, by the way, being shown just now in London. n. N. Correspondence. TEMPERANCE AND EXPANSION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The United States having emerged from the smoke of the Spanish war, with Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines more or less attached to her, it is pertinent to ask what effect these new and (to the United States) strange relations will have on the temperance question. Our inquiry need not take us far afield. Expansion means forcible subjection of the countries over which our self-appointed au- thority extends; forcible subjection means the maintenance of a large army, and, not- withstanding the plain prohibition of Con- gress, the beer canteen, according to the opinion of the Attorney-General (an opinion fearfully and wonderfully made), is allowed to attach itself like a leech to our army under a pretext of the shallowest and empti- est sort. It is not necessary to picture here the evils that follow in its wake. The mere fact that the best and most experienced of- ficers of the army, such men as Gen. Miles, Gen. Shafter, and Gen. Brooke, are stoutly opposed to the canteen, is sufficient to con- demn it in the eyes of the average layman. Yet this curse bids fair to be a permanent adjunct to our army, and therefore to our new idol, expansion. But there is another and quite as atrocious a way in which expansion is affecting tem- perance. One of the chief pretences with which we have apologized for the shooting down of the Filipinos in cold blood is that we intend to convert them from barbarism and to make them moral and upright. Never- theless, during the American occupation of the Philippines, between three hundred and four hundred saloons have been established in Manila alone. It seems incredible that such a revolting condition can be possible, and yet so undeniable is the fact that 'our comic papers have begun to picture the bar- room and the free-lunch counter as the sort of American free institutions that we shall give the Filipinos. The worst of the matter is, that there is no promise of improvement for the future. Our uniform treatment of the Indians in sup- plying them with "fire-water," contrary to treaty stipulations and to the instincts of morality and humanity, and the recent re- peal of the prohibition law in Alaska, augur badly for the needed relief. Henry Fredricks. Philadelphia, June 10, 1899. AN ENGLISHMAN IN RUSSIA. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Prof. Kittredge has directed my at- tention to a postscript of William Smith's letter of the 15th of May, 1572, sent from Yaroslav in Russia to his brother James Wodcoke in Kent, contained in Thomas Wright's 'Queen Elizabeth and her Times,' vol. 1, p. 422. It runs as follows: "Brate Yakobe possaldie pregottoui pro mina Jonnisko gottory Crosshinko ye mollo- dinko. protiuo ya preyeado donia I possalli Cholombite ut misna barbara Wode ye velly onna ys doute mina golli te take. Dlspiesse pro mina brate boudes dessinaert.— Pro brat weyo, William Smithe." In a footnote the editor says: "This post- script was no doubt intended to astonish all his friends in Kent." In this statement he is, however, mistaken, for the postscript was meant as a confidential note to his brother, as the translation of it will soon show us. Ever after the discovery of Russia by the English in 1553, English merchants and their agents and military adventurers resided in Russia. Mention of this fact is made in Smith's letter, by which we are also in- formed that his brother had been there be- fore: "This country of Unsland [mistake for Rusland] is greatly changed since you were here, and things goeth not so convenient with Englishmen as it hathe done." During their long sojourn in Russia, many English- men acquired a speaking knowledge of the Russian language, and to one of them we owe the earliest collection of Russian bal- lads in existence, made in 1613. To this mat- ter I shall return at some future time. The passage given above is written in Russian. After making various allowances for mis- prints, incorrect readings of the editor, and superficial knowledge of the language of the writer himself, we get the following intelli- gible translation: "Brother James: Please procure for me a wife, one that is pretty and young, against the time of my return home, and please make my obeisance to Barbara Wood, and tell her to wait for me. If you succeed in doing this for me, you will be unto death the brother— Of your brother, "William Smithe." This pretty sixteenth-century romance of which we get a glimpse through the Russian language is probably unique in English his- tory. It would be interesting to know whe- ther Smith ever was united to his lady-love. Leo Wiener. Cambkidge, Mass., June 7, 1899. THE OSCITANT PROOF-READER. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Not many more amusing misprints are likely to be found than one in Saints- bury's 'Short History of English Literature' (1898, p. 2C2), where the well-known line of Sidney's first Sonnet is quoted: " Fool ! said my nurse to me, look In thy heart and write." W. H. B. Notes. Dodd, Mead & Co. will shortly publish the only authorized edition of the early novels of Henry Seton Merriman, which have been re- vised, condensed, and in part rewritten. They have nearly ready the 'Autobiography of Mrs. Oliphant.' Henry Holt & Co. announce 'The Hooligan Nights,' reminiscences of Alf. Hooligan, thief and counterfeiter, edited by Clarence Rook, a London journalist. D. Appleton & Co., The Century Co., and the Doubleday & McClure Co. are to pub- lish in conjunction the fifteen-volume edi- tion of Kipling's works, which is to be marketed by the Book Department of the H. B. Claflin Co. — altogether a very unusual enterprise. The Macmillan Co. have in hand the au- thorized translation of Clara Tschudi's 'Life of Eugenie, Empress of the French,' and the 'Reminiscences' of Clement Scott, the vete- ran dramatic critic of the Daily Telegraph. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston, are issu- ing 'The Yellow Wall Paper,' an early

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June 15, 1899] The Nation 457 magazine story of Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Stetson; and 'On the Birds' Highway," by Reginald Heber Howe, jr. — coast bird-studies from Maine to Maryland, with some 60 il- lustrations. 'The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba,' by Dr. Henry C. McCook, will shortly be issued by George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia, with photographs, charts, and maps. William Ellis Jones, No. 5 South Twelfth Street, Richmond, Va., invites subscriptions to the 'Word-Book of Virginia Folk-Speech,' by Dr. B. W. Green of Warwick. Only 300 copies will be printed. A new work on 'Embroidery,' by Lewis F. Day and Miss Mary Buckle, will be brought out in London by B. T. Botsford, and in New York by the Messrs. Scribner. The latest volume in the new edition of the writings of the late John Addington Symonds Is the fourth appearance of his 'Introduction to the Study of Dante' (London: Black; New York: Macmillan). Mr. Brett's 'Cumulative Index to a Selected List of Periodicals' for 1898 (Cleveland: The Helman-Taylor Co.) forms the third annual volume of this important key to "authors, subjects, titles, reviews, portraits" — the last item not the least. We need only add that the periodicals here indexed number one hun- dred, and that especial pains have been taken to make the year's necrology complete. Mr. John Coleman Adams's 'Nature Studies in Berkshire [Mass.]' (Putnams) will not se- cure him the literary rank of Burroughs, Bradford Torrey, or Thoreau, and his text pales in quality beside the photogravure il- lustration of Mr. Arthur Scott, his colaborer in the making of a handsome volume. These views are all charming and characteristic, and unusually successful in catching cloud effects. Mr. R. P. Porter confesses to the haste with which his 'Industrial Cuba' (Putnams) has been compiled. Yet as a record of in- formation, as distinct from the author's opi- nions (some of which seem to have been even more hastily put together than his facts), the book is of considerable value. The existing Cuban tariff printed in full, the account of internal taxes and of the ap- portionment of public revenue, with the chapters on sanitation and transportation, furnish the best portion of Mr. Porter's sta- tistical exhibit. There is unaffected modesty in Burr Mcin- tosh's title, 'The Little I Saw of Cuba' (F. Tennyson Neely),and the author, a newspaper correspondent, who left the island as a yellow- fever convalescent, makes no pretensions of any kind. His journalistic style is not com- mendable, but his observations with the Rough Riders are a respectable contribution to the material for that history of the San- tiago campaign which has yet to be written. Mr. Mcintosh leaves us in no doubt as to his likes and dislikes, and among the latter he., with a mind devoid of sectionalism, includes equally Gen. Shatter and Gen. Wheeler. His own photographic views give a better idea of the country than most we have met with, and much enhance the value of a narrative or some hardship and personal disappointment. F. Anstey's 'Love among the Lions' (D. Ap- pleton & Co.) is clearly by the author of 'The Tinted Venus,' is characteristically ingenious in concealing the plot, and is brief enough not to weary. If it adds nothing to the au- thor's reputation for humorous extravaganza, it cannot fail to provoke a smile in the reader. The Jewish Publication Society of Ameri- ca, Philadelphia, is ably carrying on the task of popularizing Judaism and keeping its best spirit alive. It has issued some books of high scientific value, such as the translation of Graetz, Schechter's 'Studies in Judaism,' and Dembitz's 'Jewish Services,' along with others of much lighter weight which need not be particularized. Their last publication, Abrahams's 'Jewish Literature' (275 pages, in- cluding an excellent double-columned index of twelve pages), takes medium rank. It is an introductory sketch of Jewish literature from the Mishna to Mendelssohn, and is brightly written, clear, and accurate. Of course, the treatment is of the slightest— within such limits none other were possible— but the arrangement is good; each of the twenty-five chapters has a pointed heading and closes with a little English bibliography guiding to further study. The references to Arabic thought and literature might be more exact, but that lies off the writer's track, and, besides, there are few English books in which such references even approach exact- ness. His little book fairly accomplishes its claim, and will take a useful place in the strange but just and healthy Jewish renais- sance which is upon us. Volume ix. of the Harvard Studies in Clas- sical Philology (Boston: Ginn & Co.) is largely devoted to the memory of the two great and well-beloved teachers whom Har- vard lost in the summer of 1897. The me- moir of Prof. George M. Lane is written by his former pupil and literary executor, Prof. Morris H. Morgan, while that of Prof. Frede- ric D. Allen is the work of his colleague and friend, Prof. Greenough. The two memoirs, which are accompanied by excellent portraits, together with a number of posthumous papers, now furnished with revisory notes, make this volume of the Studies of particular interest to many classical students. The in- fluence of Prof. W. M. Lindsay of Oxford, who was an instructor at Harvard in 1898, is shown in a series of seven studies in Plautus., mostly the work of his American pupils. Other articles are "Hidden Verses in Livy," by M. H. Morgan, and the "Nonius Glosses" of the late J. H. Onions, with note by Prof. Lind- say; while the last two-score pages of the volume are taken up with a careful and pains- taking analysis of the "Versification of Latin Metrical Inscriptions except Saturnians and Dactylics"— the work cf Prof. A. W. Hodg- man of the Ohio State University. Karl Dieterich's 'Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der griechischen Sprache von der hellenistischen Zeit bis zum 10. Jahrhundert nach Chr.' (Leipzig: Teubner) is a late ad- dition to the constantly increasing list of German studies dealing with the history of the Greek language. This work has special reference to such inscriptions, papyri, and manuscripts as have come down to us from the period 300 b. c-1,000 a. d., and deals especially with the xoinj or Greek of the Hellenistic period, and its relation to the dialects of to-day. The connection of ancient with modern Greek, a language long despised by philologians, has now been as- sured by the works of such scholars as Krumbacher, Hatzidakis, and Thumb, whom Dieterich follows; and future investigations into the Greek of any period can hardly be made without some reference to the modern sprache and dialects. The importance of modern Greek as a development of the ancient, and the fact that it is able to throw light on many difficulties of ancient Greek investigation, explains the extraordinary ac- tivities of German scholars in this direction during the last decade. Mr. Charles F. Lummis is about to print in his Land of Sunshine (Los Angeles, Cai.) an accurate translation of the Viceroy Revilla Gigedo's report on California, the clearest and closest summary of Pacific Coast affairs and explorations from San Bias to Nutka, 1767-1793, that we possess. It has not been printed heretofore in English. It will run for about four months in the maga- zine. A map of the theatre of military opera- tions in Luzon, on a scale of nearly three miles to the inch, prepared under the direc- tion of the Military Information Division, is the special feature of the National Qeogra- phii Magazine (Washington) for June. Com. H. Webster, U. S. N., contributes a reada- ble account of the Samoans, accompanied by illustrations, in which, referring to their singular hospitality, he says that "travel- ling parties can go from end to end of the group without expense for food or lodging, and the official 'Large House,' maintained by each village, is seldom vacant. This pe- culiar institution is provided by contribu- tions from every family in the place. One of the results of this type of hospitality is that the Samoan has beccme a great tra- veller. Large parties, resembling our 'tour- ists,' band together and go from town to town and from island to island." The Sa- moan is fond of games of skill, especially of a kind of quoits and of cricket. So strong a hold has the latter game taken upon the na- tives that it was no uncommon experience to find a village "utterly deserted by its in- habitants, for the entire population would be in a neighboring clearing, watching or tak- ing part" in the game. It is not surprising to learn from another writer that the Sa- me an is averse to labor, and that those who have attempted agricultural pursuits in the islands have been compelled to import la- borers. The rates of wages are "$1 per day for laborers, or $10 per month with food; mechanics from $3 to $5 per day; clerks, $50 per month and board, and bookkeepers $100 per month and board. There are now con- stantly from 1,000 to 1,500 foreign laborers in the islands." The editor makes a short statement in regard to the work of the Na- tional Geographic Society and its organ, which has afforded an opportunity for the publicaticn, in a popular form, of informa- tion that might otherwise have lain buried in voluminous reports. The Society has now 1,100 active and 500 corresponding members, and a special effort is being made to increase its membership, in order, among other things, to enlarge the magazine and to add to its attractiveness and value. The Annales dc Ofographie for May con- tains an interesting description of a type of a primitive house as shown in the stone structures of southern Italy, known locally as trulli, caselle, and specchie. The trullo, or bee-hive house, is a small hut built of "dried" stones laid without cement, cov- ered with a cupola of the same material. The casella consists of several trulli joined together. The specchie are large truncated stone cones, and were no doubt originally intended for watch towers. Few of these buildings, except possibly some of the third class, are of great antiquity, the pea- sant of this district to-day regarding the trullo not only as the most economical, but also the dryest and healthiest of habi- tations. There are several illustrations.

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458 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1772 and a map showing the distribution of the different classes of these buildings, born of a land known in classic days as "petrosa Apulia." There is also an illustrated de- scription of the irrigation works now in process of construction at Assuan and As- siut on the Nile. At the former place at the time of the writer's visit (February, 1899) there were 6,000 laborers employed, of whom 500 were Italians, the remainder na- tives. Referring to the common idea that in Egypt all things are immovable and unchangeable, he says that "it seems to us, on the contrary, that in few countries are modifications, economic, geographic, and his- toric, at the present time so profound and so rapid." Pure science is represented in this number by an article on the geo- graphy of plants, founded on a recently pub- lished work, by A. F. W. Schimper, on 'Plant Geography on a Physiological Basis.' In Petermann'8 Mitteilungen, number four, is the first part of an elaborate study, by Paul Langhans, of the distribution of Ger- mans and Czechs in northern Bohemia. In eight districts examined, a comparison of the census of 1880 with that of 1890 shows that in two districts the Germans, in six the Czechs, have increased. A. Gaedertz con- tinues his account of his preliminary survey in the province of Shantung in the inte- rests of the proposed German railway. He gives some figures showing the great com- mercial activity which prevails, and the pre- sent cost of transportation of the principal products, raw silk, cotton, coal, plaited straw, tobacco, vegetables, and fruit "in great quantities and of good quality." "You may make a canal or a railway with- out the consent of a people, but you cannot make a system of Justice," said Sir John Scott in a recent address in which he ex- plained the methods whereby he, as judicial adviser to the Khedive, obtained this consent. Acting on the principle that, in judicial re- form, "better men, not new measures," were demanded, he began by making provision for the education of Egyptians in Occidental law. Succeeding steps were the removal of hope- lessly incompetentand corrupt judges, and the replacing the seven tribunals in which seve- ral judges sat, with numerous single-judge courts placed in all parts of the country, over which a strict supervision is held. The re- sult is that cheap and prompt justice is brought within easy reach of every peasant. "There are fewer crimes in Egypt than there are in England in proportion to the popula- tion"; but when they are committed, the criminals, whatever their rank or position, are tried by the native judges, who show an independence amazing from the Oriental point of view. "One of the richest and most influential men in Lower Egypt" and a prince, cousin of the Khedive, have been sen- tenced recently by native judges to a convict prison, the one for forgery, the other for as- sault. Sir John sums up his work in these closing words: "I found in 1890 a set of na- tive tribunals that were struggling for ex- istence. I leave behind me a set of national tribunals which will, I trust, be the back- bone of the country for all time." The proverbial excellence of the Prussian system of popular education is once more dis- proved by recent debates in the Landtag. The scarcity of agricultural labor during cer- tain seasons has led the landowners of the Eastern provinces to urge the passage of a law by which the time and duration of school sessions shall be made to depend more large- ly than heretofore upon "local conditions." In the course of the debate it was shown that there are large districts in Pomerania where the children attend school only during the early morning hours between 5:30 and 9:30. Half-day schools are common in other places. In the province of Posen the dearth of teachers is such that a thousand positions are vacant, and there are schools in which two hundred children, or more, are under the charge of a single teacher! Elsewhere, chil- dren under .nine years of age are not admit- ted to school for lack of room. (See the Padagogische Zeitung, May 11, 1899.) It is surprising that in Mecklenburg, which in political matters Is so far behind Prussia, the number of pupils intrusted to one teacher does not exceed fifty, about one-half of the average in Prussia, while even in Saxony, probably the most advanced of all German States in matters of popular education, the average number of children to one teacher is seventy-three. It is evident that the effi- ciency of the school depends largely upon this proportion. — The report of Mr. Douglas Brymner on the Canadian Archives (Ottawa) once more calls attention to our Government's neglect of the manuscript sources of American his- tory in Europe. The Library of Congress, where transcripts should be found, has never expended a dollar to obtain them. The Penn- sylvania Historical Society, under Mr. Stone's direction, has done more than any other soci- ety in this good work. The field is practical- ly unworked, however many partial attempts to make an impression may be pointed out. Mr. Brymner has not only systematically taken transcripts of all that the Records Of- fice in England could afford, but he now an- nounces the arrival of copies made in Paris, extending from 1575 to 1767. Instead of Wash- ington being the centre of historical research in the British and French records, Ottawa offers a far richer opportunity, and one that cannot be offset by the Library of Congress for many years. The existence of these de- posits serves to attract original material, as the deposit with Mr. Brymner of papers re- lating to Bougainville proves. The expense of obtaining the transcripts is not heavy; and were a few of the larger libraries to com- bine, it would be one of the best undertak- ings for advancing the study of history at a very low cost. No one who has had occasion to write of colonial matters has failed to feel the need of such records. The delay and ex- pense of applying direct to London are prohi- bitory to individual effort; but a cooperative plan would be simple and effective. — In his report for 1899, Mr. Brymner co- vers the records of Upper and Lower Canada during the Dalhousie and Maitland regimes. Certain documents, of especial interest, are printed in full as an introduction, among them being a hitherto unknown letter of Gen. Wolfe. He wrote, in June, 1759, in a tone of irritation at being ordered to Halifax to serve under the orders of one who had just been promoted over his head: "Rather than receive orders in the government of an offi- cer younger than myself (though a very worthy man) I should certainly have desired leave to resign my commission; for as I neither ask nor expect any favor, so I never intend to submit to any ill usage whatso- ever." The disputes between Lord Dalhousie and the Assembly are noticed, and some re- markable examples of methods of criticising the actions of the ruling party cited. Whether the question was one of salaries or of a mo- nopoly of offices by a few families, there was always an opportunity for recrimination. The social and political vicissitudes of Judge Wil- lis are touched upon— a disturbing influence as marked as the matter of Mrs. Eaton in Jackson's day. One woman's differences with another woman threatened the very policy of the state. The history of the land compa- nies in Lower Canada is very interesting, as they repeated some of the earlier experiences of our States in dealing with their Western lands; while the "naturalization question" arising from the election to the Assembly and rejection by the Crown of Barnabas Bidwell, an alien, fitly brings the report to a close. This resulted in an alteration in the law, but not in a satisfactory settlement of the ques- tion. Mr. Brymner's editing shows care, and this new volume is one more excellent pro- duct of his office. —Mr. A. H. Garland's legal reminiscences (Experience in the Supreme Court of the United States, with some Reflections and Suggestion as to that Tribunal,' Washington: John Byrne & Co.) are chiefly remarkable for their modesty. Most people of his dis- tinction would have made a couple of octavo volumes out of himself, while here we have only a hundred small pages. They are read- able, and here and there the author makes a good point, as where he observes, of the late Justice Bradley, that it is doubtful if any man ever sat on the bench of the Su- preme Court who knew "more law and more sorts of law than he." A good story of Roscoe Conkling and "Matt" Carpenter is given. Conkling, with a record of a case coming on at once in court in his hands, ap- plies to Carpenter for light on a point about which he says he is "troubled," and asks what he, Carpenter, would do about it. Car- penter's reply is, "Why, I would employ a good lawyer." Mr. Garland gives a long list of cases in which he was engaged in the Supreme Court, but the one which will perhaps cause his name to be longest remembered was Ex parte Garland, in which, as he somewhat grotesquely puts it, "the right of lawyers against legislative encroachments" was vin- dicated. So conspicuous at the time did this judgment make him that Ex parte became a sort of Christian name for him, as Ad in- terim did for another character of the Re- construction period. — The apotheosis of wood-engraving appears in 'The Portfolio of National Portraits,' just issued by R. H. Russell of this city. These portraits (India proofs, signed by the artist) are all on the grand scale, and are all from the same graver; but this latter circumstance would, we venture to say, never be inferred by one ignorant of the fact. It is a point of greatness on which we have had more than once occasion to insist in the case of Mr. Gustav Kruell's work (for it is his which is in question), that it is absolutely devoid of technical mannerism; varying partly with the subject and partly with the artist's growth in mastery. The Sherman and the Grant are illustrations of the first, the two Lincolns of the second cause of this indivi- dual treatment. On the whole, the develop- ment has been towards a richer coloring, and this seems to have been attained even in mere impression— in the Lowell, for instance, as compared with the earlier prints. Mr. Royal Cortissoz, who supplies an introduc- tion, and a judicious comment on each print, rightly dwells on the immense qualities ot the Sherman portrait, surpassed by no other of the eight as interpretation of character.

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June 15, 1899] The Nation 459 or as a tour de force of the graver, which in the background simulates painting and in the general relief the plastic art. Of all, this portrait seems to us most alive. Besides those already enumerated are heads of Web- ster, Garrison, and Lee — the marvellous Web- ster substantially finished in seven days, and calculated to stand the test of seven centu- ries; the Lee, the latest In the line, and nobly treated, with a sort of arboreal background contrasting with the repose of the person, These seven characters belong to a storm-and- stress period almost forgotten were it not for the pension-budget, and are felicitously grouped. The proofs and letter-press are en- closed in a noticeably elegant carton, and may be so preserved, or the portraits may be framed by the happy possessor. — The second volume of Prof. Priedrich's 'Ignaz von Dollinger' (Munich: Beck) de- scribes Dollinger's eventful career from the beginning of the reactionary regime of the Bavarian Minister Abel in 1837 to the disso- lution of the revolutionary Frankfort Par- liament in 1849. A queer occurrence, as viewed in the light of later events, was the removal of Prof. Kaiser from the theological faculty of the Munich University in 1841, be- cause he taught the doctrine of papal infal- libility, declaring the Pope to be the source from which Holy Writ derives its authority, and the absolute sovereign of the reasoning faculties and the laws of thought. He even stated that the successor of St. Peter might be "personally an unbeliever, a blasphemer, and a heretic," yet in his official capacity, as "the organ of Jesus Christ," he would be, in all his utterances and decisions, unerring and inerrable. This idea was then denounced by the highest dignitaries of the Church as "a crazy notion" and "an abominable heresy," and the genial and tolerant Gorres tried to excuse it by characterizing Kaiser as "somewhat crack-brained" (etwas rappc- lig im Gehirn). Thirty years later this tenet, which had been censured by the bishop as the centre of a "whole snarl of false doc- trines," was made a "dogma of the Church," which all good Catholics were bound to accept on pain of excommunication. It is no won- , der that a serious scholar like Dollinger, who had seen the evolution of the system and its culmination in the Vatican decrees, should refuse to turn a somersault in the arena of dogmatics at the command of the master of the ring. He was honest even in his errors, and intellectual high-vaulting either for place or pelf was not in his line. One of the most interesting chapters is that on the Tractarian Movement in England and Dollin- ger's relations to it. As a Catholic, he na- turally rejoiced in the conversion of promi- nent Englishmen, and each case of this kind was celebrated with enthusiasm by the Gbr- resverein in Munich. Subsequently theso conversions were a matter of deep regret to him, since they served to strengthen the specifically Romish and Jesuitical element in the Catholic Church and contributed essen- tially to the victory of "curialism" in 1870. Indeed, Manning began to inveigh against Dollinger even before the Vatican Council, and afterwards denounced him with extreme bitterness because he failed to recognize an "impulse of supernatural grace" in the de- cree of papal infallibility. The account of the Lola Montez episode, and of the row which "her foot of marvellous beauty of form'' kicked up in church and state as well as in academic circles, is only another contribution to the history of the foibles and follies of the house of Wittelsbach. As a member of the Frankfort Parliament, Dollinger was far more liberal than the majority of the Conserva- tives, with whom he naturally associated, and never sacrificed his personal convictions to party fealty. He was an ardent advocate of German unity and a German national church, but soon saw that the time had not come for the realization of these ideals. THAYER ON EVIDENCE. A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law. By James Bradley Thayer. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1898. When a book covers so much ground as this, and is the result of so many years' pa- tient research, it is often difficult to review it at all. Not only must many of its interest- ing features be passed over in silence for want of space, but as to those selected for discussion, the candid critic must disavow competency to do much , more than to give a slight idea of the scheme of the book, and to recommend careful study and com- parison of it with the work of the author's predecessors. Prof. Thayer's studies have already attracted wide attention, and pro- mise to attract more; his book is the only investigation of the subject by a lawyer and writer on law of the first rank since the appearance of Stephen's Digest, and it deals with the law of evidence in a manner to most American and English lawyers wholly new — a treatment which may be said to combine the historical, the ration- alistic, and the legal methods. As to the au- thority of the author, it is so thoroughly re- cognized on both sides of the Atlantic that it is only necessary to say that he has made the subject his own. To our generation he speaks as the master of it. The idea which underlies the whole book is that what we call the "Law of Evidence" is an historical product of jury trial, or, at any rate, a product of causes of which the development of jury trial was among the effects. Hence, the first four chapters deal with jury trial and its predecessors; e. g., trial by oath, ordeal, and battle. These chapters were published two years ago, in advance of the rest of the book, and reviewed by us at the time. (See the Nation, No. 1624.) It is unnecessary here to do more than call attention to the fact of this historical founda- tion; the remaining chapters now published are most important for their bringing pro- minently into view the rationalistic aspect of the law of evidence. In reading them, one of the things which force themselves continually upon the attention is the oppo- sition between the probative system adopted by the common law and the logical laws of proof, which, being laws of the human mind, not only underlie, but continually come into conflict with it. Among the matters which are discussed by Mr. Thayer in a way to arouse the liveliest interest, are "Law and Fact in Jury Trials," "Legal Reasoning" as applied to the ascertainment of facts, "Judi- cial Notice," "Presumptions," "The Burden of Proof," the "Parol Evidence" and the "Best Evidence" rules. A superstition which the author's re- searches tend to destroy is one embodied in the maxim, Ad quwstioncm facti twn respon- dent indices, ad quwstionem juris non respon- dent juratores. This lies at the very threshold of the subject, for all matters of evidence are matters of fact; and if it be really true that all matters of fact must be passed upon by the jury, and all matters of law by the court, we have at least an important guide to the Law of Evidence. But research shows not merely that there is no hard-and-fast lino to-day, but that there never was one. Not only do all general verdicts of a jury, such as the very common one of "Not guilty," In- volve a conclusion of law (p. 253), but the courts settle and always have settled many questions of fact for themselves. "Was the deed that was put forward 'rased' or not? If a party claimed the right to de- fend himself as a maimed person, was It really mayhem? Was a person who pre- sented himself and claimed to be a minor, really under age? A stream of questions as to the reality, the rei Veritas, the fact, of what was alleged before the justices was constantly pouring in. A prisoner, for ex- ample, had confessed; on being brought into court, he declared that it was by duress of his jailer. Was this so? To find this out, the justice took the short cut of sending for several of the fellow-prisoners and the jailer, and questioning them all in the prisoner's presence, and he found that it was not true. This, again, is just as it is to-day. Courts pass upon a vast number of questions of fact that do not get on the record or form any part of the issue. Courts existed before juries; juries only came in to perform their own special office; and the courts have al- ways continued to retain a multitude of functions which they exercised before ever juries were heard of, in ascertaining whe- ther disputed thipgs be true. In other words, there is not, and never was, any such thing in jury trials as an allotment of all questions of fact to the jury." (P. 184.) A conspicuous illustration of questions of fact disposed of habitually by courts is found in the construction of writings (p. 203). Rules of construction and interpretation which a court lays down to a jury are, of course, matters of law; but when a judge tells the jury that a particular clause in a contract has a particular meaning, he is disposing of what is in reality a question of fact. If every question of fact went to the jury, what the parties meant by the words they have used would certainly go to them, yet in many cases the court takes it upon itself to say what they meant, and will not tole- rate the introduction of evidence as to In- tention, even though the result be to give the contract a meaning very different from what the parties are likely to have intended. We are consequently driven to the conclu- sion that when it is said that such and such a question is a question of "law," it may merely mean that it is a question which the court will dispose of, even though it be a question of fact. In other words, any question disposed of by the court is a ques- tion of law, though it be really a matter of fact; any question disposed of by the jury is a matter of fact, though it really involve a question of law. But, unless our aim is to perpetuate a gross confusion of language, we ought rather to speak of "questions for the court" and "questions for the jury." The superstition that all questions of fact must go to the jury, and that all questions of law are for the court, crossing the Atlantic, attract- ed the attention of those pseudo-law-re- formers who were engaged for a whole ge- neration in undermining the authority of judges, as an anti-popular branch of gov- ernment. In their minds it became con- verted into the doctrine that the judge ought to have no right to indicate to the jury even his own view of the facts, and, as a result, statutes have been widely passed in our States prohibiting judges from expressing any opinion as to the facts, and confining their function to a mere statement of the

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460 The ISTatioii. [Vol. 68, No. 1772 testimony and the law. This is not trial by jury at all, but a new and bastard species unknown to our ancestors, and, fortunately, still repudiated by the Federal Courts, in which the judge retains much more than in Slate Courts his ancient power and influ- ence (p. 188, note 2). What is the "Law of Evidence"? The an- swer to this question, according to the au- thor's view, is contained in four very in- teresting chapters, on "Legal Reasoning," "Judicial Notice," "Presumptions," and "The Burden of Proof." If they do not answer the question finally to the satisfaction of all, they certainly throw a flood of light upon it. To the practising lawyer, the law of evidence at any time means only the sum of rulej governing the admission and exclusion of evidence in courts of justice. In our system, wherever jury trial exists, nothing is evi- dence which the court of last resort decides it was error to admit as such; anything is evidence which (admitted by the trial court) is held by the court of last resort to have been properly submitted to the jury. The main question here is perhaps less what is the law of evidence than what are the principles which have governed, and do govern, the development of our law of evidence. At any rate, in these chapters the author shows in a striking way that a great part of what our text- writers are forced to discuss under the head of Evidence should logically come under that of legal reasoning. For instance, there is the subject of judicial notice. Not all mat- ters of fact need to be proved. Of matters of common notoriety, courts take notice without proof. That the sun rises in the east, that night succeeds day, that alcoholic li- quors, taken in excess, produce intoxication, that ice is frozen water, that fire burns and that cold freezes, are matters which no court requires to be proved. Yet all this is given as part of the "Law of Evidence." Accord- ing to Mr. Thayer, the doctrine of judicial notice has no special connection with evi- dence, but belongs "wherever the process of reasoning has a place, and that is every- where." A very great proportion of the cases involving judicial notice arise upon some question cf pleading, or the construction of a written instrument, or the interpretation of conduct. In short, the function of "taking Judicial notice" of notorious facts is a part of the process of reasoning <nl hoc. Then why, it may be asked, not agree at once that it is so? Probably because it may come up as a question of evidence. In the course of a trial, it may become a question whether a fact is notorious or must be proved. The judge decides that it is notorious, and an exception is taken. The court of last resort decides that the trial judge is right, and we have at once a new so-called "rule of evidence," that the particular matter in question is notori- ous, and that courts must take judicial notice of it. This rule is now part of the law of evidence, no matter how absurd it may seem, and in future editions of Greenleaf the case must be cited. Such is one of the results of our system; but it is nevertheless unques- tionably true that the law of judicial notice pervades the whole corpus juris, existed long before the common law or jury trial was over heard of, and would even survive our law of evidence itself. In the same way Prof. Thayer shows that presumptions and the burden of proof belong rather to the domain of legal reasoning than I to that of the Law of Evidence. Presump- tions are only probabilities resting on ex- perience, or public policy, invoked to supply a lack of facts; the burden of proof is only either (a) the principle that the actor must sustain his case by a preponderance of proof, or (6) the burden which rests on one side or the other, at a given stage in the case, of go- ing forward with evidence. All this has no- thing to do with the Law of Evidence. It is part of the ratiocinative machinery of judi- cial inquiry. In a correct view, then, the Law of Evi- dence means something much more restrict- ed than it does in the ordinary text- book. It relates merely to "matter of fact offered to a judicial tribunal as the basis of inference to another matter of fact" (page 388). It "prescribes the manner of present- ing evidence," e. g., by requiring that it be given in open court, by deposition, etc.; it "fixes the qualifications and the privileges of witnesses, and the mode of examining them," and chiefly it determines, as among proba- tive matters, "what classes of things shall not be received" at all— this function of ex- clusion from the consideration of the jury being the characteristic one of our Law of Evidence (p. 264). The distinction which Mr. Thayer has drawn between the principles of legal rea- soning and the Law of Evidence is destined to have very wide-reaching effects on the study and development of the whole sub- ject. As will be perceived, it is in some im- portant respects at variance with the sys- tem of Stephen. That author made the foundation of his Digest the canon of rele- vancy—the principle that all the facts in issue, and relevant to the issue, and no others, may be proved. Now, relevancy, in a rational system, has no special relation to evidence. It is a matter of logic. We do not introduce evidence irrelevant to the issue, for the same reason that a judge does not introduce irrelevant remarks in an opinion— because it has no bearing on the matter in hand; and hence the canon of relevancy is not a test, especially as we know, as a mat- ter of fact, that numerous relevant things are every day excluded, such as hearsay, res inter alios acta, opinions, and evidence of character. Outside of the domain of jury (rial these things may all be relevant and probative; how can their being ruled out be reconciled with Stephen's canon of rele- vancy? On looking into his Digest it will be found that he has effected a reconciliation by a very extraordinary and characteristic legal tour de force: he introduces two kinds of relevancy— logical and legal relevancy. When he finds that evidence, though logi- cally relevant, is, by a rule of law, excluded from the consideration of the jury, he says it is "deemed to be irrelevant." When some- thing is admitted which is logically irrele- vant, he says that it is "deemed to be rele- vant to the issue, whether it is or is not relevant thereto." What was needed to disentangle this metaphysical juggle (which, by the way, was quite unnecessary as a philosophical basis for Stephen's work) was the ap- plication of the historical combined with the analytical method. The history of trial by jury shows that the reasons why certain evidence is excluded had no connection whatever with relevancy, or any mental acrobatics by which what is irrele- vant is "deemed to be relevant," and vice versa; while analysis shows plainly that relevancy is a logical matter lying at the foundation of any system of trial, or proof, or reasoning. It is a law of the human mind, not of the common law. The true way to state the matter is therefore this: Apart from legal rule, anything which is relevant to the object of the inquiry — i. e., to guilt, ownership, liability for breach of contract- would be admissible, provided it had a pro- bative character. To be probative, however, as to a particular issue, it must be rele- vant to that issue. A fact, to be probative, must have a tendency to induce a belief in some other fact. A fall in the mercury proves a fall in temperature. Evidence of the fall in the mercury, at sea, is relevant to an inquiry as to whether we are approach- ing an iceberg, but not to an inquiry as to our rate of speed. Now, in a judicial inquiry in which the decision of the matter at is- sue is submitted to a jury, numerous things naturally probative and relevant are exclud- ed, for reasons which are connected with the historical development of jury trial, just as other things are excluded on grounds of public policy; e. g„ cumula- tive evidence is excluded after a time ut sit /in is I ili inn. But it is these rules of exclu- sion which constitute the bulk of our Law of Evidence. Yet, as jury trial becomes for ordinary busi- ness less and less important, these artificial rules are gradually encroached upon by ex- ceptions, and we seem to be slowly getting away from the mechanical system of the past two hundred years (the Law of Evidence is mainly the product of the present cen- tury, as may be seen by turning to Black- stone, who devotes only a page or two to it), and there is a tendency to admit more and more all proof logically bearing on the matter in hand for what it is worth. Our Law of Evidence grows, mainly, as Mr. Thayer shows, because the bill of exceptions and writ of error enable a litigant to carry up to the tribunal of last resort, after a trial by jury, almost any sort of question which may suggest itself in the guise of a ques- tion as to the admissibility of evidence. This, however, is no essential part of our com- mon-law probative system, and has been done away with to an enormous extent in England. In a final chapter the author dis- cusses "The Present and Future of the Law of Evidence," showing that he thinks that. as a rule, the decision of the trial court as to the admission of evidence ought to be final, unless a clear case of abuse or de- nial of justice can be made out. At present the object of the system seems to be as nearly as possible to make more and more complex a piece of machinery for the multi- plication of unnecessary trials, in order that the Law of Evidence may increase in vol- ume and incomprehensibility. In our effort to explain we have said too little about the interest of the book, which to a lawyer, or student of the law, may fairly be called absorbing. No one can mas- ter its contents without feeling that he has been admitted to a share in a profound and original learning, which has pervaded and transfused an old subject with new light. A change seems to have taken place both in ourselves and in what we have been examin- ing. The mystery is a mystery no longer; we have the key at last. LETTERS OF DEAN SWIFT. Unpublished Letters of Dean Sieift. Edited

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June 15, 1899] The Nation 461 by fieorge Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L., LL.D. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. These letters of Swift to Knightley Chet- wode were formerly placed in the hands of John Forster, to be used in his biography of the Dean; but Forster's untimely death be- fore he had reached the period which they cover prevented their publication. Forster, in his preface, refers to them as "the richest addition to the correspondence of the most masterly of English letter-writers"; but, though certainly interesting, they hardly justify that description. Still, there is so much that is mysterious and enigmatical about Swift, and so much in these letters that is characteristic of the man, that their publication is very welcome. The editor has affixed to each letter copious notes explana- tory of the circumstances and allusions, which are a model of intelligent and faithful editing. Knightley Chetwode was an Irish gentle- man of ancient family and good estate, whose acquaintance Swift made soon after bis retirement to Ireland; and as they agreed in profound discontent with the existing state of things, and in hatred of the Whigs, they soon became great friends, and so con- tinued for about seventeen years (1714-1731), when they squabbled and the correspondence seems to have come to an end. Swift, un- fortunately for himself, and for others be- sides himself, had been poisoned by his resi- dence in London and the flattery of the great. His natural arrogance and self-esteem had been pampered almost to the verge of insanity. In his mind's eye he saw himself a bishop, perhaps a primate, moulding the councils of cabinets and guiding the affairs of a nation. The Whigs having failed to re- ward him as he thought he deserved, he went over to the Tories, who flattered him to the top of his bent; and the foot of the rainbow seemed but a few paces ahead when the death of the Queen and accession of the house of Brunswick shattered all his hopes, and sent him to his Irish deanery to rage against the Whigs and his ill fortunes, to hate Walpole and the Government, to hate Ireland, its climate, and its people, and gra- dually to stretch his very energetic powers of hatred and scorn until they included the whole human race. The earlier of these letters deal mostly with troubles with his choristers, his horses, and his servants. It has taken him six weeks to get rid of "a great cat" left behind by his predecessor, an animal of such unexampled noisomeness that he believes her to be a Whig. He is also afflicted with an ugly old housekeeper, whom "the ladies" (Stella and Mrs. Dingley), on the score of the proprie- ties, will not let him exchange for a good- looking one. Moreover, he is bothered with debt, having to pay £1,000 for the residence, the first fruits, and the patent. The pres- sure of these debts and other heavy ex- penses no doubt increased his natural bent towards parsimony, so that in his later years we note a singular conflict between stingi- ness and generosity. In 1715 he writes more about public af- fairs. He is suspected of Jacobitism, and there are rumors of proceedings against him. He is evidently uneasy, and at one time seems to have been thinking of the possible expediency of flight. Though he kept clear of downright treason, yet he had much sym- pathy with the Jacobite party, and had many friends in its ranks. Of the Duke of Ormond, who was impeached, he wrote to Pope, "You know . . . how dear the Duke of Ormond is to me. Do you imagine I can be easy while their enemies are endeavoring to take off their heads?" Yet this affection does not hinder him from writing to Chetwode: "Yes- terday's post brought us an account that the Duke of Ormond is voted to be impeached for high treason. You see the plot thickens. I know not the present disposition of the people of England; but I do not find myself disposed to be sorry at this news." He solves a case of conscience for his cor- respondent, who was a Jacobite in heart, and who did not see how he could remain faith- ful to his principles, and yet abjure the Pre- tender and swear that he held George I. to be the lawful sovereign. Swift tells him, first, that private men are not to decide upon ti- tles to crowns; secondly, that "lawful" means "according to the law that now is," and, "as the law stands, none has title to the crown but the present possessor." Therefore, the most irreconcilable Jacobite could take the oaths with an easy conscience, for, as the lata stood, George was the lawful King and James an unlawful pretender. The Vicar of Bray could have been no more dexterous casuist. There are no letters between 1715 and 1718, and but two in the latter year. There is also a wide gap in Swift's collected cor- respondence at this time. Probably this was due to the bad state of his health, as he has been complaining of deafness and vertigo. The correspondence is resumed in 1721. He is troubling himself little about public af- fairs, but is planting elms in the cathedral churchyard, and exasperating his flock by re- moving ancient tombstones. His deafness is increasing, and he can converse with none but "trebles and counter-tenors," whose high voices he can hear. His partly genuine and partly assumed cynicism and hardness of heart are so predominant in much of his work that it is pleasant to come across a touch of tenderness. He writes on March 13, 1721-2, "I have the best servant in the world dying in the house, which quite disconcerts me. He was the first good one I ever had, and I am sure will be the last. I know few greater losses in life." This faithful servant was buried in the cathedral, and "his grate- ful master" commemorated his modest worth in an epitaph. In 1720 Swift had laid aside the indifference with which he had for years professed to re- gard all matters of state policy, and had come out in the new part of a champion of the Irish people. But by the Irish people Swift always means the Protestant Irish and those of English descent. For the Catholic Irish population he had not the slightest sympathy, and indeed regarded them chiefly as vermin. The Protestant Irish, however, were at least worthy of his contempt. But in Irish affairs he now saw an opportunity for attacking the Whigs and the Whig ministry. The oppres- sion of Ireland by iniquitous legislation had been a grievance of long standing, and it had been steadily aggravated during Anne's reign by a succession of laws expressly designed to destroy Irish manufactures. But of late years a policy had been adopted of building up an English party in Ireland, whose per- sistent endeavor should be to make Ireland more completely subservient, and to destroy every vestige of national feeling. This policy met with strong opposition among the Pro- testants themselves; old enemies were recon- ciled in the sight of a common danger, and there was a movement tending to the formation of an Irish party. Swift seized the opportu- nity to deal a blow at the Whigs, and enter- ed the arena as an Irish patriot in his anony- mous 'Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufactures,' in which he urged union in hostility to England and a rigid non-impor- tation policy. In the fall of 1724 Swift, after writing about pears, peaches, and cherry-brandy, drops in a casual way the remark, "There is a Draper very popular, but what is that to me?" This is of course an allusion to the famous "Drapier's Letters," which had begun to make a stir. The affair of Wood's patent was the very fulcrum he needed for the lever which was to shake the ministry. The injury to Irish manufactures was an old grievance; but here was something entirely new which might be invested with any terrors. Ireland was suffering from a scarcity of small coin- age, which lack entailed great hardship and loss upon the poor. A certain Wood had un- dertaken to furnish a supply of copper coin, if given a patent. The profit which a token coinage always yields would in this case go to Wood, and not to the English ex- chequer; but to the Irish people this could make no particle of difference. Nor did it make any difference to them how fine the copper in the coinage was, so long as the is- sue was limited to a reasonable quantity and the coins not a legal-tender for large sums. It is true that Wood bought his patent with a bribe to the Duchess of Kendall; but that was a loss to Wood or to the English ex- chequer, not to Ireland. In fact, as we can now see, Wood's coinage would really have been of advantage to Ireland, and no doubt Swift knew that very well. It would be out of place here to comment at length on the Drapier's Letters, which ought to be republished as the perfect vade- mecum of a demagogue. All the arts of the sophist, all the devices by which a credulous people can be deluded, are here displayed in perfection, from insinuations, suppressions, assumptions of false premises, bold denials of fact, down to downright lying and self- contradiction. The Drapier declared that the coins were of vile metal; that while twelve English pence contained eleven-pence worth of pure copper, twenty-four of Wood's half-pence contained only one penny's worth —both extravagant falsehoods. Sir Isaac Newton, Master of the Mint, testified that Wood's coinage was as fine as the English; but Swift contemptuously ignores this, goes on assuring the people that it is mere dross, and then makes the amazing assertion that Wood purposely makes his half-pence bad, so that he can counterfeit them himself! Why he should want to do this, and how he could do it if he wanted, Swift (knowing his public) does not trouble himself to ex- plain. He over and over warns the shop- keepers that they will all be ruined, as they will be forced to exchange their good wares for this worthless trash; and then, turning to the workingmen, coolly tells them that they will be ruined also, as their wages will be paid in worthless trash which no shopkeeper will take! It took the audacity of a Swift to put forward such an argu- ment, and the genius of a Swift to see that the people would believe both statements. He triumphed; the ministry yielded, the patent was withdrawn, and Swift was the most popular man in Ireland. The letters following are much occupied with Swift's increasing infirmities, and with the domestic troubles of Chetwode, who is about to separate from his wife. In one

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462 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1772 of 1726, in answer to some inquiry his cor- respondent had made about the poem "Ca- denus and Vanessa," Swift says that he "for- gets what is in it," that "it was a task performed on a frolick among some ladies," and "a private humorsome thing," and adds: "She it was addressed to died some time ago." He is annoyed that people talk about "such a trifle," but their conduct "only gives me the ungrateful task of re- flecting on the baseness of mankind." Many besides Swift have reflected on human base- ness when they have read the piteous story of Vanessa. In 1731 ill-feeling sprang up between Swift and Chetwode, it is not clear from what cause, as some of the letters of this period have been suppressed or destroyed. Swift writes with supercilious contempt, to which Chetwode sharply replies, and thus "the friendly correspondence which had spread over so many years, is brought to a close with mocks and gibes." Such is the editor's conclusion, but the present reviewer will venture to express a doubt whether this was really the close, and whether the quarrel was not made up after all. In the letter on p. 247, which is inserted in 1731, just before the quarrel, Chetwode deplores Swift's long and severe lameness, and gives him advice about it. Now Swift, we know from the published correspondence, was lame from a severe strain during almost the whole year 1732, but not, so far as we know, in 1731; and the editor confesses that he does not know how to account for the discrepancy. But this letter of Chetwode's is undated, nor is there a word in it which might not have been written in 1732. Where, then, is the difficulty of supposing that, after the falling-out of 1731, there was some sort of a reconciliation, and that then this letter was written? Indeed, there is a sort of guard- ed politeness in it, and apparent fear of being misunderstood, which would be natural under those circumstances. On the vexed question of Swift's mar- riage, these letters throw no light. When he has occasion to speak of marriage, it is in the character of a bachelor, as in Letter 53, where he says, "Those who have been married may form juster ideas of that es- tate than I can pretend to do." The edi- tor seems to be one of those who (rightly, the present reviewer thinks) disbelieve it. He calls attention to the fact that, in Swift's written prayers for Stella's recovery, no word seems to indicate any closer relation than that of strong friendship and regard. This fact would have great weight if we could accept these prayers as the spon- taneous outpourings of the writer's heart, and not as manuscripts to be printed some day. The book is enriched with interesting por- traits and views, and is almost wholly free from typographical errors, though "Pem- sall" for "Perusall" on p. 1, may puzzle some readers. 1'itt: Some Chapters of his Life and Times. By the Right Hon. Edward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne. With portraits. Longmans, Green & Co. 1898. We know that in some quarters disap- pointment has been caused by the scope of this work. It was hoped that Lord Ash- bourne was preparing a connected and ex- tensive biography, something which should be more Interesting than the wooden narra- tive of Bishop Tomline and more detailed than Lord Rosebery's sketch — something, even, which should prove more generally adequate than Lord Stanhope's 'Life.' But now, on its publication, the new book is seen to be little more than a series of loose- ly connected chapters, with large gaps be- tween, and not In the least comprehensive. Thus Pitt still remains without his long- expected and final biography, much to the regret of Tories and other ardent admirers. With this view we feel a certain degree of sympathy, for Lord Ashbourne could have rendered useful service by going thoroughly over the whole ground, and by reason of his personal connections he was in an excellent position to do so. Still, there is no just rea- son why he should be assailed for the ill performance of a task which apparently he never undertook. He produces a large num- ber of new documents — family and political letters in the main — and illustrates certain phases of Pitt's career more fully than has been done before. He cannot be said to have wrought anything monumental; but within the self-appointed limits he is rea- sonably successful, and should not be pounced upon for failure to execute what was no part of his design. The papers hitherto unpublished which Lord Ashbourne now brings forward are derived from private muniment rooms rather than from the national archives, and, as being less acces- sible than public property, lend a special value to the volume wherein they are contained. During twenty-five years Pitt was in close and constant correspondence with the chief families of England, and, owing to his official eminence, the letters would be carefully pre- served. Perhaps the most important collec- tion of Pitt holographs which still remains in private hands belongs to Mr. Ernest Pretyman, M.P., a great-grandson of Pitt's tutor at Cambridge. Dr. Pretyman is better known under his later name of Tomline. Pitt appointed him Bishop of Lincoln, and was de- terred only by the royal negative — after a serious correspondence — from making him Archbishop of Canterbury. Perhaps no one stood closer to the Prime Minister than Tomline, and although his own account of Pitt is a failure, he possessed and handed down a splendid set of documents. The late Lord Bolton and the present Lord Stanhope also furnished Lord Ashbourne with impor- tant and unpublished MSS. The proportion of documents to comment is so great that Lord Ashbourne stands midway between the independent historian and the editor. He begins with a sketch of Pitt's early years (which is chiefly significant as illustrating the devotion of both his parents) and then plunges into the midst of Irish af- fairs—the theme which gives these scattered "chapters" whatever unity they possess. The scene opens with the Duke of Rutland's ap- pointment to the Viceroyalty in 1784, a date when commercial relations between the two countries were causing much difficulty. The longest and most Independent contribution of Lord Ashbourne's own is a review of Irish society and economic life at the moment of Rutland's arrival in Dublin. Some informa- tion about the Viceroy is given, and more about his Chief Secretary, Thomas Orde; then, after the Commercial Resolutions have been introduced and discussed, the action shifts back to England, where for a while it centres around Pitt's intercourse with his mother and elder brother. Presently Irish politics are resumed and carried forward to the period of the Union, the thread of*deve- lopment running through the vice-royalties of Fitzwilliam and Cornwallis. Those who are at all familiar with Lord Ashbourne's political leanings will expect him to praise Pitt's share in effecting the Union, and his encomium is indeed a strong one. "The Union was a great measure — the most important of Pitt's life and policy. Opinions may differ as to the time selected for its enactment, as to the means employed, as to the measure itself, but no one can deny its importance or the largeness of its con- ceptions. Its author's motives and aims have been impugned; but impartial history will not deny that he was influenced by true and generous motives of public spirit, and that he himself believed he was acting for the best interests of the Empire and of Ire- land." This passage refers to the Union as a legislative conception, which took form and found its way into the statute-book. When the controversies arising from the execution of the measure are broached, Lord Ash- bourne drops into a subdued strain, and ad- mits that Pitt's "warmest admirer, in con- sidering his career after the Union, has to use much more the language of explanation than of eulogy." The last sixty-six pages form an epilogue dealing with the increase of cares and the failing health which weighed Pitt down in his last days. Of his career as a peace minister and reformer before 1793 nothing is said, nor of his part in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic contest. His relations with Ireland, his family ties, and his personal friendships are the sole subjects which Lord Ashbourne cares to consider. Beyond any doubt whatever, the rarest and most striking chapter of the book Is that entitled "Pitt's One Love Story." Pitt was systematically prepared by his father for political life. He regularly subordinated personal pleasures to the public service, whether in Parliament or in the Cabinet; never in modern times has a man belonged more exclusively to the state. Accordingly, when an authentic version of his fondness for Eleanor Eden is for the first time given, it cannot fail to awaken curiosity. Rumors and fragments of the story have been given before. On the word of Lady Hester Stan- hope, the affair nearly broke Pitt's heart, but most readers will agree with Lord Rosebery —"Lady Hester's statements do not impress me with conviction." Putting by the ques- tion of sincerity, she cannot rank as an au- thoritative witness: she was too romantic, effusive, and fond of telling a good story. Lord Ashbourne has the advantage of Pitt's favorite niece, in that he can show im- portant letters which disclose how far — ex- ternally at least— the matter went. Eleanor Eden was the daughter of Lord Auckland, a man whom Pitt trusted, em- ployed, and raised to the peerage. Although she was by eighteen years the younger of the two, Pitt had not reached forty in 1796, the year when their reported engagement became a matter of public gossip. She had good looks, intellectual quickness, and a suitable social position. Furthermore, Pitt was strongly attached to her. It was during the Christmas holidays of 1796 that mar- riage seriously entered his thoughts. He then visited the Aucklands at Eden Farm, and went too far for his own comfort, though doubtless without committing himself so far that retraction was necessarily dishonorable. On his return to Downing Street in the early

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June 15, 1899] The Nation. 4=63 part of January, he considered the matter from every point of view, and decided that he must not marry. Having painfully reached this conclusion, he conveyed it to Lord Auckland in clear-cut and irrevocable words. Auckland in reply urged him to wait till he was quite sure, but Pitt had settled his course of action past hope of alteration, and in a second letter, January 22, 1797, closed the subject, using words which con- cealed, under the studied formality of a state-paper style, a good deal of emotion: "Indeed, my dear lord, I did not bring myself to the step I have taken without having, as far as I am able, again and again considered every point which must finally govern my conduct. I should deceive you and every one concerned, as well as my- self, if I flattered myself with the hope that such an interval as you suggest would remove the obstacles I have felt or vary the ground of my opinion." In all the mechanical respects of paper, binding, and illustration, this volume is worthy of its distinguished subject. History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany. With Plan of Organization, Por- traits of Officials, and Biographical Sketches. By William Bender Wilson. Illustrated. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 418, 321. Philadelphia: H. T. Coates & Co. The history of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company includes the interesting story of the transition from canals to railways. Every- body knows that canals were generally built and operated by the State, and were pre- eminently the "public works" during the twenty years following the completion of De Witt Clinton's great achievement in New York. Few are aware that Pennsylvania, in her enterprising effort to maintain the com- mercial supremacy which Philadelphia then held, not only built her canal as far as pos- sible up both slopes of the Alleghanies, on the head-waters of the Juniata and the Cone- maugh, and completed her communication from Pittsburgh to the sea by a portage over the mountain pass, but also seized upon the improved tramway with strap rails and horse power to supplement the waterways by the iron road. In 1834 such a road was com- pleted by the Board of Canal Commissioners from Philadelphia through Lancaster to Co- lumbia, and the new steam locomotive was tried upon it with partial success. The State at first retained the control of both methods of transportation between Philadelphia and Harrisburg, but in 1846 incorporated the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to build a continuous railroad from Harrisburg to Pitts- burgh. The general route of the canal was also that of the road, the portage over the Alleghany crest was improved by inclined planes with stationary engines drawing the trucks by cables (first of hemp and then of wire), and by these for a time the railway cars as well as the canal-boats in sections were passed over the mountain summit In 1852 the first through train passed between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by this coope- ration between the State and the Company in the portage and the line east of Harris- burg. Then followed a rivalry and contest be- tween State management and private corpo- ration which practically ended in favor of the latter, when in 1854 the railroad company opened its own line from Altoona to Johns- town through a tunnel at the summit, and withdrew its business from the portage in- clined planes. The sale of the State interest in railways soon followed, and the Pennsyl- vania trunk line was an accomplished fact. In the piping times of the war between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle and the boom which collapsed in the panic of 1837- '38, the political management of canal and railroad building quickly developed all the methods of plunder which have ever since marked such control. Favoritism in con- tracts, political appointments of incompetent and corrupt officers, unthrifty and dishonest conduct of business, a special bag at the pay- master's table in which the political assess- ments of employees were openly placed— all were in full operation, and make it easy to understand why State control stood no chance in competition with the discipline, energy, economy, and wisdom which the private cor- poration brought to its task. For several years the railroads, both State and private, allowed the use of the track to shippers and transportation companies who furnished their own cars and horse-power, as canal shippers had their own boats and horses; tonnage tolls and passenger tolls being the only revenue of the road itself. Then the Company put on its locomotives as the in- creasing business demanded unity of control and power of carrying out complicated sche- dules for running trains. Last came the ownership of all rolling-stock by the Com- pany, with the exception of sleeping-cars and cooperative fast-freight lines. It is both cu- rious and instructive that, in the later con- tests between railroads and the "Granger" laws in the West, the effort was made to force" the renewal of the crude methods of the canal and horse tramway, and to allow any shipper to furnish his own car and de- mand its hauling at a fixed rate. The writer of the book before us is the son of Thomas L. Wilson, who was Secretary of the old Board of Canal Commissioners, and has received from his father a valuable store of information and anecdotes concern- ing the experimental period of railway ma- nagement, with incidents relating to the ear- ly surveys and construction. He himself en- tered the service of the Company in 1855 as a telegraph operator. The simple narrative of facts in the extension of the Pennsylvania system and the absorption of one small road after another, under the business principle that unity in the management of natural branches and feeders is a condition of suc- cess for the trunk line, is a most telling les- son in railway policy. The power and profit of union, the loss and bankruptcy coming of multiplicity of small and rival lines, are developed, not by argument but by history, and the history should be studied carefully by everybody who would form intelligent opi- nions on railway problems in their relation to the State. Mr. Wilson's second volume is made up of biographical sketches of the men who have had leading parts in the building, manage- ment, direction, and administration of the system and its divisions. Though written to interest the officers and employees of the railroad primarily, the brief story of the rise of so many men to eminence in their profession, their preliminary education, their development in power as shown by their ad- vancement, their very general continuance in the Company's service during a long career, will make the book a useful study for the so- ciologist or for aspiring young men, as well as an attractive one to the general reader. The printing and binding are well done, and the illustrations combine numerous old- time woodcuts of towns and scenes in the early forties, compared with recent photo- graphs. Picturesque scenery on the line is reproduced in half-tone, as is the large gal- lery of portraits in the second volume. The Book of Golf and Golfers. By Horace G. Hutchinson. Longmans, Green & Co. 1899. The object of this book is not exactly to give elementary instruction. This has al- ready been done by Mr. Hutchinson and many others, to so great an extent that it seems impossible that anything can remain to be said that can be of service to man, woman, or child. The author's idea is to call in the aid of modern photography, and, by presenting pictures of a number of lead- ing experts caught in the act of making strokes, assist inferior players to imitate the methods of the masters. The result is a book that cannot fail to be interesting to golfers because of the personal element to be found in the descriptions of the players photographed, but we are entirely sceptical as to its educational value. In fact, it is a question whether the standard of play has been improved in the very slightest degree by the recent extraordinary production of golf literature. That the standard is con- stantly advancing, both here and elsewhere, is beyond doubt, and is proved conclusively by the marked improvement in scores; but we believe that this improvement is due to the increasing number of players rather than to the teachings of the books. However this may be, the subject of golf has become one of absorbing interest to a great number of readers, and in the present volume these readers will find the conclusions of experts based on last year's tournaments, and will note that iu some respects these differ from the earlier wisdom of the Badminton book. The most obvious inference to be drawn from an examination of this gallery of por- traits is against teaching golf by books, for the reason that in golf all rules of procedure must yield to individual pecu- liarities. The individual is everything and "orthodoxy" nothing. Take, for instance, the vital question of the stance for driving. Most of the books agree that the player should stand with the ball about midway between his feet. But what do we find to be the actual practice of the best players as shown by their photographs? Mr. Graham has the ball almost opposite the right foot, while Mr. Tait and most of the longest driv- ers place the ball close to the left foot. The fact is, that no two individuals are built ex- actly alike, and, as success at golf is the re- sult of nice adjustments of hands and feet and club, every player must find out for him- self how to make these adjustments, and it is absurd to lay down the law and claim the merit of "orthodoxy" for any particular method. The chapter on "Golf in the United States," contributed by Mr. Whigham, refers to one point which is of great importance in con- sidering the future of the game in this coun- try. In England and Scotland it is the "poor man's game," but here it is a very ex- pensive amusement. The cost of obtaining and laying out a course is very great, and necessitates heavy subscriptions from those who make use of it; and the additional cost of clubs, balls, and caddies is quite consi- derable. The next few years will show whe- ther the present universal interest is merely temporary, or is sufficiently strong to over- I come various difficulties, among which this

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4,34= Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1772 matter of expense is one of the most seri- ous. Idylls of the Sea. By Frank T. Bullen. D. Appleton & Co. 1899. An American or British deep-water sailor- man of the old school had attained to the limit of fearlessness. Training and asso- ciation made him self-reliant and resource- ful, and the imminent perils and privations that he was called upon to face at sea taught him to meet with philosophical equanimity the vicissitudes of fortune. Moreover, it was impossible for him to take himself seriously, for speech and fist were vigorously employ- ed to impress upon him the quality of com- plete insignificance. Mr. Bullen, the author of 'Idylls of the Sea,' was trained in this school, for he commenced his nautical career as a sailor before the mast in square-rigged ships. In launching, however, his two vol- umes that treat of ocean life, he betrays sin- gular timidity; for each is prefaced with a letter of praise and commendation by a writ- er of distinction (the 'Cruise of the Cachalot' by one from Hudyard Kipling, and the book under notice by another from J. St. Loe Strachey). These entirely unnecessary do- cuments convey the impression that Mr. Bullen, under their shield, is seeking pro- tection from adverse criticism. There is no need of this, for Mr. Bullen is strong enough to stand upon his own merits, especially in his latest venture, which is a distinct ad- vance upon its predecessor. In 'Idylls of the Sea' he avoids the snares of geographical inaccuracy and "Yankee" vernacular, in which he became hopelessly entangled in his first volume, and confines himself with success to short, condensed tales of various phases of life upon the sea. Some of them have a quality reminiscent of Maupassant; notably that one called "The Passing of Peter." The author is weak when he endows in- habitants of the waters of the ocean with the power of speech. The "Idyll" called "A True Shark Story" opens with the soliloquy of a mother shark who deplores a temporary scarcity of provisions for herself and the young to which she is giving transportation in her gullet. In this emergency a pilot-fish, who addresses her as "partner," informs her in colloquial English that "there's a lump of fat pork almost as big as your head hanging over that ship's stern." This is welcome news, and, under guidance of the pilot, the shark approaches, turns on her back, and swallows the bait along with a hook attached to a line by which she is hauled to the deck of the vessel. The Captain, who is a hu- mane man, gives orders that she shall not be taken aboard. "Just sprit'sle yard him 'n let him go agen," he pleasantly remarks; where- upon a piece of scantling, pointed at both ends and about four feet long, is got from the carpenter. This the sailors drive through her jaws from side to side. Another wedge-shaped piece is driven through her snout; the wide pectoral fins are amputated, and the shark is cut loose from the hook and returned to the sea. The result of the "sprit'sle" treatment was that the fish was unable to control its movements, or to get its head below the sur- face of the water; consequently it died slow- ly of exhaustion. One of the passengers on the ship, described as a "gentle-faced man," was moved by the performance "to mutter" "What abominable cruelty!" The assembled mariners regarded him with pity and won- dered "at his lack of sporting instincts." All of Mr. Bullen's "Idylls" must not be judged by the specimen quoted. Most of them are fine examples of dramatic and de- scriptive writing. "The Cruise of the Daisy" is distinguished in that particular. All of them, with the exception of "A True Shark Story," are worthy of high commendation. "Studies on Marine Natural History" form the second part of the "Idylls." They are full of interest. The third section is made up of a collection called "Other Sketches," one of which, entitled "Truth about the Merchant Service," is opportune in these days when the manning of the ever-growing fleets of bat- tle-ships in England by native seamen is a matter that is giving considerable concern to the naval authorities. The "Truth" applies with equal force to a deficiency that confronts our own service. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature. By Joseph Texte. Translated by J. W. Matthews. London: Duckworth & Co.; New York: Macmillan. Among the many recent works of com- parative literary criticism, few hold so high a place as this volume by M. Joseph Texte, in so far as fulness of treatment, breadth and accuracy of insight, and sustained in- terest are concerned. Its purpose is to set forth the literary relations established be- tween the two leading productive nations of the last century by their respective repre- sentative writers, and, while demonstrating the steady growth of the cosmopolitan idea, to suggest criteria which assist one in the difficult task of distinguishing between cheap or direct borrowing on the one hand, and that form of literary indebtedness pro- duced by generous international sympathies or the subtler influence of affinity in genius. According to M. Texte, the initial process in this vital transformation of literary concep- tions was the direct outcome of the revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes, which dispersed no less than four hundred thousand French exiles, chiefly over northern Europe, and transferred energy and independence of thought to more favorable conditions of ac- tivity. Several international reviews, pub- lished for the most part in Holland, trans- mitted to France the foreign impressions of the refugees, thus preparing the way for active propagandism by Prevost and Vol- taire. But it is to Rousseau, who combined the genius of the Latin and the Germanic race, that we must ascribe the principal share in this broadening of literary interest aroused in himself by the tendencies and products of English thought; for with him, as with others, the conception of world-lite- rature began with the realization that other nations besides his own had written worthi- ly and well. Tracing Rousseau's sympathies) to their origin in the widespread Anglo- mania of his age and to the initial impulse of Muralt, the critic dwells at much greater length on the immediately telling results of Richardson's work upon the author of 'La Nouvelle Heloi'se.' The chapter dealing with Richardson's novels is an admirable model of comprehensive, yet minute, criticism. In measuring the weight of influence of 'Claris- sa Harlowe' upon 'Heloi'se,' there might per- haps be opportunity for further insistence on the community of bourgeois sentiment which runs through the work of both the English and the French novelist; in the one it takes the form of strictures on social superiors (Lovelace) or of adulation (Grandi- son), while in the other the same feeling displays itself in angry and rebellious con- tempt. For precisely the same reason, we may well doubt whether Rousseau could ever have been brought to understand the endur- ing worth of Fielding, whom, as M. Texte significantly admits, he nowhere mentions (p. 228). As to the causes contributing to the rapid diffusion of Rousseauism — that is, of vague- ly defined cosmopolitanism, and the exalta- tion of middle-class virtues — the principal one is undoubtedly to be found in the more than apostolic vehemence with which Jean Jacques never failed to express himself on the subject of the moment; in verification of which we need but turn to the amaz- ing success of 'Emile,' with its violent para- doxes, and the ready acceptance, even by those whose interests it attacked, of the hazy humanitarianism of the 'Contrat So- cial.' Is it not because of this power of passionately insisting on what he feels for the time being that Rousseau, like Burke, looms up so large in the history of eigh- teenth-century thought? M. Texte proceeds to show how Rousseau's defiance of restrictive literary canons affect- ed the method of criticism by directing at- tention not to standards, but to feeling, thus insuring the ultimate triumph of lyrical im- pulse and expression by the Romantic school led off by Chateaubriand. But the more di- rect inheritor of the "exotic" spirit, the transmitter of cosmopolitan influence, was unquestionably Mme. de Stael, who thus shares with her great fellow-countryman the credit of stirring up the lethargic provin- ciality which the survivors of French clas- sicism vainly strove to preserve. With this denationalizing of the literary point of view M. Texte is obviously in hearty sympathy, though in no part of his treatise does he attempt a full discussion of the aesthetic postulates involved. His readers will, with- out exception, hope that he may at some time take up this great task. Of his present truly admirable work a reviewer can hardly speak with only moderate praise. It is true that the principal positions and con- clusions contained in this volume are for the most part granted without much dis- pute by competent authorities on French literature, notably by M. Brunetiere, the effect of whose comparative teaching is clearly discernible, as well as amply acknow- ledged by his erstwhile pupil; but it sel- dom happens that studies in international literary criticism reveal researches at once so wide, so exact, and so systematically ap- plied. We trust that neither M. Texte nor his translator will be displeased to learn that, but for the indications of title-page and preface, the work might easily be taken for an English original. Islam in Africa: Its Effects— Religious, Ethical, and Social— upon the People of the Country. By Anson P. Atterbury. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1899. Pp. xxiv, 208, 8vo. The nature and extent of the influence of Mohammedanism upon the native African of our day, and its preponderant quality, whe- ther good or evil, form a subject which pre- sents many and serious difficulties, arising chiefly from our comparative ignorance of the facts. With this limitation, Dr. Atter- bury's treatment of it is as satisfactory as could be expected in a book of 200 pages. A brief sketch of Mohammed and his re-

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June 15, 1899] Tlie Nation. 4:G5 liglous system, which errs, if at all, on the side of charity, and a short account of the native races, introduce his main theme, the missionary, political, moral, and religious character of the recent Mohammedan con- quests. Some observations follow on the change wrought in the African by his con- version as shown by a few typical examples, with a forecast of the future, in which the author contends that Islam as a civilizing agency in Central Africa and the Sudan must inevitably yield to Christianity and com- merce as represented by the potent railway, With bis general conclusion that whatever good Mohammedanism may have accom- plished in elevating the native has been far outweighed by the frightful evil which has accompanied its progress, we are in com- plete and hearty accord. But with some of his statements we find it difficult wholly to agree; as, for instance, when, in reference to the claim made by some writers that Mo- hammedanism is the "great total-abstinence society of Central Africa," he says that "the Arabs themselves are the chief importers of intoxicating spirits into Africa." Is this true on the West Coast, where the liquor traffic Is at its height? We doubt if it is just to say that the principal occupation of the Arab is slave-trading. He was first and always a trader, and obtained slaves because they were necessary to carry his wares, chiefly ivory, to market. With the advent of the railway he will cease to be either slave- trader or slave-holder, but he will remain a zealous follower of the Prophet. Dr. Atterbury, in his reliance on the statements of older travellers, seems to lose sight of the changed conditions of the pre- sent time, when an Egyptian pasha can be tried for having a recently captured slave in his household. He looks forward to the "inevitable conflict of Christianity with Is- lam," but to us it seems more probable that the day is not far distant when, as in India, so in Africa, under a strong and righteous government, pagan, Mohammedan, and Chris- tian will live in peace together. A Texas Ranger. By N. A. Jennings. Scrib- ners. In the days of Reconstruction, the Texas Rangers were divided into six companies, and to them was intrusted the task of clearing the western part of the State of the swarm of bandits who made a com- fortable livelihood by plunder and inciden- tal murder on both sides of the border. As some three thousand of them had actually been outlawed by the State, there was work in plenty to be done. The Rangers were equal to it. With absolute indifference to death, they attacked the ruffians wherever and whenever they met them. After a se- ries of bloody encounters, the organized bands were disrupted, and the Rangers ran the thieves to earth or drove them from the State. Their method of procedure was as summary as that of a vigilance commit- tee. If the outlaws were in force, their pur- suers would shoot at sight; if there were but few of them, a Ranger's first duty was to "get the drop" on his man, his next to lodge him in the nearest jail. The pursued habitually attempted to save themselves by escaping to Mexico, and the Rio Grande became the despair of the Rangers. Mr. Jennings tells how his troop of thirty men, vexed past endurance, and hoping that the United States troops would back them up, actually crossed the river on one occasion, and attacked ten times their number of cat- tle-thieves at a Mexican ranche. Unhap- pily for the Rangers, and very fortunately for the United States, the military autho- rities refused to risk a war with Mexico. Throughout his lively narrative Mr. Jen- nings has many pretty "tall" stories to tell, but, like a judicious historian, he tells the "tallest" of them on the authority of others. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Arnold-Forster, H. O. A History of England. Cas- sell. Bangs. J. K. The Dreamers. A Club. Harpers. $1.26. Bloundelle-Burton, John. Fortune's My Foe. Ap- pletons. Browne, Phyllis. The Dictionary of Dainty Break- fasts. Cassell. 50c. Casey, Rev. P. H. Notes on a History of Auricu- lar Confession. Philadelphia: J. J. McVey. 25c. Clarke, Kev. W. N. What Shall We Think of Christianity? Scribncrs. $1. Dinwiddle. William. Puerto Rico. Its Conditions and Possibilities. Harpers. $2.50. Kls.in. 11. w. Side Lights on American History. Macmlllan. 75c. Garland. Hamlin. The Trail of the Goldseekers. Commentaries.] Macmillan. $1.25. Hole, S. R. Our Gardens. London: Dent; New York: Macmlllan. $3. Howe, Hon. James. Lady Louisa Stuart. Selec- tions from her Manuscripts. Harpers. $2. Hutchinson. W. B.. and Crlswell. J. A. E. Patents, and How to Make Money Out of Them. D. Van Nostrand Co. $1.25. James, Prof. C. C. Practical Agriculture. Apple- Imperial Democracy. Apple- Jordan, Prof. D. tons. Lawton, N. C. Rudyard Kipling the Artist. New York: Morse Co. Mather, M. W., and Wheeler, A. L. Latin Prose Writing. Harpers. McCarthy, Justin. Reminiscences. 2 vols. Har- pers. $4.50. Norris, W. E. Giles Ingilby. Philadelphia: Drexel Biddle. Paterson. Arthur. Cromwell's Own. A Story of the Great Civil War. Harpers. $1.50. Piatt, Prof. H. S. Labiche's La Grammaire. Bos- ton: Ginn & Co. 40c. Pier, A. S. The Pedagogue. A Story of the Har- vard Summer School. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. $1.25. Rolfe, W. J. Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 30c. Sewall, Alice A. An Ode to Girlhood, and Other Poems. Harpers. $1.25. Stetson. Charlotte P. The Yellow Wall Paper. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. 50c. Tvlcr. Thomas. Ecclesiastes. New ed. London: David Nutt. Vanderbilt. Mrs. Gertrude L. The Social History of Flatbush. Appletons. Wells. H. G. When the Sleeper Wakes. Harpers. $1.50. JUST PUBLISHED. THE HOOLIGAN NIGHTS. BEINO THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF A YOUNQ AND UNREPENTANT CRIMINAL RECOUNTED BY HIMSELF AS SET FORTH BY CLARENCE ROOK. i2mo. $1.25. HENRY HOLT & CO., N. Y. Old Books, Choice Books, Typography, Rare Books, Quaint Books, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and Interesting list issued, 364 pages, 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, tin. ( which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W. TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS. Beady in a few days. 20 cent s. VOL. VI. NO. 3. The Early Germans. Including Tacitus' Gennanla (complete), with Selections from Caesar, Josephus, and Annnianus Mareellinus. Circulars ) D. C. MUNRO, on application. { Univ. of Pennsylvania, Phllada., Pa. By ANNIE PAYSON CALL. Power Through Repose. As a Matter of Course. Price, $1.00 each. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. 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Importers of Foreign Books: Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; Tauchnltz's British Authors, Teubner's Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed on demand. New books received from Paris and Leip- zig as soon as issued. ' 'Monopoly bids fair in a short time to kola in its grasp all American industries. Already it includes more than half of the industrial capital of this country." Municipal Monopolies By Edward W. Bemis, John R. Commons, Frank Parsons. M. N. Baker, F. A. C. Perrine, Max West. 12mo, cloth, Appen- dix, Index, $2.00. (Vol. XVI., Crowell's Library of Economics and Politics ) "To writers and thinkers on municipal problems the volume Is almost indispensable."— Outlook. "Probably no more timely work has appeared in this generation. The facts and statistics gathered in these seven hundred pages are those which thousands are In- quiring for. They are exact, official, and unimpeacha- ble."-^. Y. World. "An exceedingly valuable and timely contribution to the study of some of the greatest difficulties and most alarming dangers that ever cheeked the progress or Im- perilled the future of a free people."— Municipal Affairs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. New York and Boston. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00 Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. DOOKS, SECOND-HA NDAND NE W,

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4,33 Tlie HSTatioii. [Vol. 68, No. 1772 Summer Resorts. Kursaal JuALUJA Palace) Open from June 10 to the end or September. Very flrst- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. E Position 6,000 feet above ^ , sea-level, in the most pictu- r\ (X (A t\tt\ C\ resque scenery of Upper II y /111 I IIC Engadine. Divine service in iikumuv the cnurches belonging to , the hotel. Golf 1<4 mile, — lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- (SWITZERLAND) "^Sg-ffiSME osities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora. Please write or telegraph to the Manager, (Z*. iM5.g.) I. F. WALTHER. _ Telegraph and Post-Office, MALOJA KURSAAL. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES. FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with hoard and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed ou application. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Landske. Proprietor. SWITZERLAND LAUSANNE. HOTEL R1CHE-MONT. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake and mountains. Lift, baths, electric light in every room. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamnhlets sent free on application. JDEAUMARIS HOTEL, MUSK OK A JD LAKE, ONTARIO, CANADA.— 1, 000 feet above sea. No hay fever. Golf .fishing, boating, bathing. Send for booklet. Edward Prowse, Proprietor. nOOPERSTO WN— "OTSEGO HALL," L^ small hotel near the lake. Well kept- choice table; good boating and Ashing; 2 golf courses. Now open. Travel. PARIS in 1900. conducted parties. TIIK CRAWFORD TOURS. HIOTre- mont Building, Boston; vivio Broadway, New York; 1011 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 0th Annual Class Young Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted; highest re- ferences. Address TIIK M00RIXCS. Lock Haven, Pa. Australia, and South Africa; also make collections and issue Commercial and ' Credits, available In all parts We buy and sell bills ot exchange to and I FTTFPS make Cable Transfers of money on Europe. CREDIT. of the world BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO. 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. Hay Fever. ITS SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. By W. H. HOLLOPETER, M.D. The success of this book has made necessary an Enlarged Second Edition (JUST READY), which bears witness to the value of the method of treatment. Handsome cloth. Price, $1.00 net. T^"; Will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price. P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia, Constable CA3Ca Underwear. Cartwright and Warner's Underwear. Ladies' and Children's Underwear, Merino, Silk, and Lisle Thread Underwear, Swiss Ribbed Union Suits. Hosiery. Ladies' and Children's Plain Ribbed and Open-Work Lisle Thread and Silk Hosiery. Men's Half-Hose, Golf and Bicycle Hosiery. VOtoadwctu c& \<)\& 6t. NEW YORK ©ut of Doors Summer evenings a shoulder shawl many times becomes a necessity to women lightly dressed. The Augusta- Victoria Empress Shoulder Shawl, entire- ly handwoven from pure wool and silk, is luxuriously soft and com- fortable. Colors — white, rich light green, delicate pink, recherche red or black. Sent postpaid and regis- tered for S 7. 50. In ordering state color desired and address The Susacuac Weaving Co. 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. Works Swiftly Wears Slowly Remington Standard Typewriter WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1 167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular. RtgiiUrei Trade Underwear for Golfers It is not extravagant to say that a golfer's equipment is not complete — not such as to ren- der the game most enjoyable — unless he or she wears Deimel Linen=Mesh Underwear It is not to be supposed that this statement can be appreciat- ed by those who know nothing of the fabric — have not worn it; but ask any one who has, or send for a pamphlet and sam- ples of the goods. "THE LINEN STORE." James McCutcheon&Co. 14 West 23d St., New York. THE ISLAND RACE. By HENRY NEWBOLT. Crown 8vo, $1.00. The London Daily Chronicle says: "It con- tains nothing better than the best things in 'Admirals All,' for the excellent reason that these things were perfect in their kind and could not be bettered." JOHN LANE, 140 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE BLICKENSDERFER TYPEWRITERS No. 5, $35. 7, $50. Are Guaranteed the Best. Ask for New Catalogue of Desks and Up-to-date Office Devices. Blickensderfer Mfg. Co. 325 BROADWAY, N. Y.

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The Nation VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 773. THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. #»%%%%%%%%%%%%%%»»%%%%%%%%*%%%%%%%%%%%*%*%»%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%»%%»**%%%%%%%%%%%%^ JOHN LANE'S NEW BOOKS. SOME NEW NOVELS FOR SUMMER READING. YOUNG LIVES A DAUGHTER OF THE VINE A LOST LADY OF OLD YEARS DEFENDER OF THE FAITH IDOLS A DELIVERANCE BOTH GREAT AND SMALL THE MANDATE By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE $1.50 By GERTRUDE ATHERTON By JOHN BUCIIAN By FRANK 1HATHEW By W. J. LOCKE By ALLAN MONKHOUSE By A. E. J. LEGGE By T. BARON RUSSELL 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.50 THE HEART OF MIRANDA By h. b. Marriott watson $1.50 A MAN FROM THE NORTH By E. a. bennett 1.25 THE REPENTANCE OF A PRIVATE SECRETARY By STEPHEN OWYNNE 1.2a PROFESSOR HIERONIMUS HEART'S DESIRE SUNBEETLES OF NECESSITY By AM.U.IE SKRAM 1.50 By VANDA WATHEN-BARTLETT 1.50 By G. PINKERTON 1.25 By ft M. GILBERT 1.25 SOME IMPORTANT VOLUMES OF VERSE. THE ISLAND RACE. By Henry Newbolt, author of 'Admirals All. " 'Admirals All,' it Is sti 12mo, SI. 00. THE WIND AMONG THE REEDS. By W. B. Yeats. $1.25. " Mr. Teats lias written not a little of readable verse, and a new volume from his pen is sure to meet with a kindly welcome from many readers. In the little hook called 'The Wind Anions the Iteeds' the author has sought to embody his feeling for Irish song. He has endeavored to voice the emotions of the humbler Irish people, and to view the poetic side of their life."— New York Times. THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILLIAM WATSON. With Portrait. $2.50. "I prefer the poet who sings of my immortal soul to the chap who sings of windlasses and steam-winches. And so I prefer William Watson to Kipling."— Mr. Vance Thompson In The Criterion. THE LAST BALLAD and Other Poems. By John Davidson. Fcap 8vo, $1.50. THE SILENCE OF LOVE. Poems. By Edmond Holmes. Post 4to, $1.50. " Those lovers of what Is lovely, who have long treasured Mrs. Browning's ' Sonnets from the Portuguese ' i in this new volume a legitimate successor."— Boston Transcript. THE ALHAMBRA and Other Poems. By P. B. Money- Coutts. Crown 8vo, $1.25. s ' House of Life,' will rejoice to find THE COniNG OF LOVE: Rhona Boswell's Story and Other Poems. By Theodore Watts Dutton, author of "Aylwin." Crown 8 vo, $2.00. Literature says: "In ' The Coming of Love' (which, though published earlier, is a sequel to 'Aylwin') he has given us an unforgetable, we cannot but believe an enduring, portrait— one of the few immortal women of the imagination, lihona ISoswell comes again into 'Aylwin.'" POEMS. By A. BERNARD MlALL. $1.50. " Some of them arc very striking and unique."-JV. T. Commercial Advertiser. POEMS OF EMILE VERHAEREN. Selected and rendered into English by Alma Strattell. $1.50. HORE. A NEW VOL UME OF ESSA YS B Y By Max Beerbohm, author of "Works," &c. 12mo, $1.25. " In the greater part of this volume wo have the perfection of whimsical fooling, many flashes of true insight, and a stvle so excellent that the reviewer hails it thankfully as a beacon shining across the latter-day deluge of bald bad English. "-London Daily Chronicle. Literature says: " In his hands the knack of graceful impertinence is raised by dint of sheer mastery to the dignity of a serious art: there are momenta, indeed, when he brings it within measurable distance of the sublime." Number I. Ready Early in July. Price, $6.00 net. THE ANGLO-SAXON REVIEW A QUAR TERL Y MISCELLA N Y Edited by LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. The principal contents of the opening number include an article by LORD ROSEBERY ing notes on the British system of Government by Cabinet ; a_paper by the Hon. WHITELAV private letters of the famo us I :K' iRGIANA, DUCHESS OF DEVONSHIRE, edited by the present Duchess; an article on the Sudan by SLATIN PASHA ; a complete story by HENRY JAMES ; a poem by ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE, and so on. 256 pages in all, with 7 photogravure plates, handsomely bound in leather, with gilt top, $6.00 net. SIR ROBERT PEEL, giving some highly interest- by" the Hon. WHITELAW REID on the LAST TREATY OF PARIS ; JOHN LANE, 140 5th Ave., N. Y., and all Booksellers

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11 Ttie nSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1773 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. {Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 467 Editokial Articles: International Unity 470 A Bipartisan Census 470 Tbe Rationale of Trusts 471 At Sea for an Issue 472 Special Correspondence: Conditions In Crete 472 The English Riviera 473 Italian Fiction in the Twelve Month 474 Correspondence: "You-Uns." 476 "Youse" 476 "Done" 476 Notes 476 Book Reviews: Recent English Poetry 479 James's Talks to Teachers 481 With Kitchener to Khartum 482 Stars and Telescopes 482 England and the Age of Wyellffe 483 A Guide to the Wild Flowers 484 The History of South America 484 Books of the Week 485 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. 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Franklin St. t^DGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y Z_^ School for Girls— 37th year will begin September 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. Lefebvre. Principal. Ml8sE. D. Huntley. Associate Principal. Maryland, Catonsville. O T. TIMO THVS SCHOOL for Girls re- O opens September 21, 1889. Prepares for College. Heads of school. MissM.C. Carter. Miss S. R. Carter. Massachusetts, Boston. JDOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. LJ Address the Dean, Samuel C. Bennett. Massachusetts, Boston, 68 Marlborough St. CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. v Boarding and Day School. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley. S. Alice Brown and Amelia L. Owen, Principals. T Massachusetts, Cambridge, 9 Channing Stree HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. Kelly, Principal. Massachusetts. Duxbury. DO WDER POINT SCHOOL —Prepares 1 for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indt- vidual teaching. Elementary classes for young boys. Home and outdoor life. F. B. Knapp, S.B. (M.I.T.) New Hampshire, Plymouth. TTOLDERNESS SCHOOL. — Thorough JLJ. preparation for College and Scientific School. Holdorncss boys arc Kan. ling well at Trinity, Dart- mouth, Princeton, Harvard, Wesleyan, West Point, send for catalogue to Rev. Lorin Webster, M.A., Rector. Rt. Rev. W. W. Niles, President of Trustees. D New York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOKES SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 1 Mi New York, Utlca. RS. PIATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. Mi onto, Cincinnati, Walnut Hills, 114 t-!l4K-948 Morris St. Lp DEN PARR- SCHOOL.— BOARDING JUL and Day School for Girls. Primary, Preparatory, Collegiate Departments. Higher course in the Lan- guages, Music, and Art. Madame Fredin, ) x^i..,., ,„ Miss Mary F. Smith. ) "'"Cpals. Pennsylvania, Bethlehem. ZEHIGH PRE PAR A TOR Y SCHOOL has prepared 900 men for various colleges in the last 2D years. Send for catalogue. Episcopal school. Visitor, Rt. Rev. Ethelbert Talbot. 11. A. Fokrino, U.S., Prin. M' Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG YS' AND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Will reopen October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. A/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day iVl 8chool for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phlla,, Pa. Highland Military Academy 4«?/y||reVhoin'e Bchool. Preparatory of the first grade. Healthful loca- tion. New athletic field. Live teaching. Small classes. Visitor: The Rt, Key. Win. Lawrence, D.D. Headmaster: JOSEPH ALDEN SHAW, A.M. Educational. SCHOOL OF DRAWING AND PAINTING. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, MAS5. iniiiiiiiK: u. ij. irrijn r , muueiiing MRS. WM. STONE, Decorative Design; E. W. EMERSON, Anatomy; A. K. CROSS, Perspective. Free use of Museum ISS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager. BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Refined home in the "Admiral Winslow House." JAMES DE NORMANDIE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARXIIAM. Roxbury. Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR QIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, flre-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. ACADEMIC CLASSES <,5?&. Mir, Wellesley, and Mt. Holyoke. Artistic. Military, and Swedish Gymnastics, Music Department. 1 'it li year. MARY 'P.. WHITON.A.B., and LOIS A. BANGS, 43 West 47th Street, New York. YOUNG WOMEN West Bridgewater, Mass. 17th year opens Sent. 20, 1899. Terms $350 per year. Academic. College-Preparatory, and Special courses. Art, Mu- sic, and Elocution. Well-equipped Library and La- boratories, flue Gymnasium. Miss SARAH E. LADGHTON, Prin. BRADFORD ACADEMY. Miss Ida C. Allen, Prin., Bradford, Mass. FORESTRY SCHOOL, At Biltmore, N. C. For circular and Information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate. Quincy Mansion School for Girls. On the fluest part of the historic estate of the Qulncys. Several acres, beautifully diversified by the skill of the landscape gardener. Thoroughly equipped for the work of home education. "An Ideal spot and school." HORACE MANN WIL- LARD. Sc. D.. Wollaston. Mass. Andover, Mass., Begins its 71st year September 14, 1899, offering 1 hfre Seminary Courses of Studies, and a College, fitting Course. Address Miss Emily A. Means- Principal. For catalogue, W. F. Draper. Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows will reopen their Boarding and Day School for Girls at 115 Beacon Street, Boston, October 4, 1899. Certificate of Principals admits to Smith and Wellesley Colleges. THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY. The 117th Year begins Sept. 13, 1899. Eighty Scho- larships awarded to students of 1 1 i j-r 1 1 Mandlng. Six Im- portant bulldiut-'s added since 1S80. For Catalogue and Illustrated Suj ment. address HARLAN P. AMEN, Principal, Exeter, N. H. The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Academy. 12th Session opens July 12. For circulars, address Rev. L. ('.. ROUX, M.A., or Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellows Falls. Vt.

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June 22, 1899] The Nation 111 NEWEST AND BEST TEXT=BOOKS A New Harkness Complete Latin Qrammar, $1.25 Short Latin Grammar, - .80 Practical, clear, and concise. Special attention paid to syntax, the subjunctive, etc. Harper and Gallup's Cicero's Orations and Letters $1.30 The Orations are those generally required by colleges throughout the country. The Letters were selected with special reference to their fit- ness in sight translation. Baldwin's School Readers Eight Books for Graded Schools Five Books for Ungraded Schools The most attractive series of readers ever pub- lished. McMaster's School History of the United States $1.00 Special attention paid to the industrial deve- lopment of the country since 1815. Geometry Revolutionized By the Publication of Milne's Plane Geometry, - $0.75 and Milne's Plane and Solid Geometry, - $1.25 Issued on May 31st after several years' prepa. ration. Unrivalled as teaching bonks. The first successful combination of the valuable features of inventional and concrete geometry with rigid logical treatment. Contains large number of in- structive questions, undemonstrated theorems, and unsolved problems, numerous enough for tho needs of any class. CAMERON'S DE GONCOURT SELECTIONS, - - - $1.25 SYMS'S MADAME DE SE= VIGNE LETTERS, - - .40 RANKE'S KAISERWAHL KARL'S V., - . - - - .35 ROGERS'S FRENCH SIGHT READING, - .40 FRANCOIS'S INTRODUCTORY FRENCH RROSE COMPOSI- TION, - - .25 Irish's Qualitatitive Analysis for Secondary Schools $o.so A simple but complete half-year's work. Ah obscure and complicated reactions have been omitted. Large number of suggestive questions. Milne's Arithmetics Elements, $0.30 Advanced, $0.65 Probably the most successful series of arithme- tics published in this country during the last twenty-five years. Milne's Grammar School Algebra, $0.50 Published June 12 Natural Geographies Elementary, $0.60 Advanced, 1.25 Man in his relation to the Earth. The only school geographies having corresponding maps drawn on the same scale, and showing correctly the relative size of countries. Laboratory work and collateral reading. NEW YORK For special information regarding these and many other superior books, write to AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA PORTLAND, ORE. Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDUCA- X~L tion and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of three or four children in her own home, training them in the manifold require- ments of modern life and In some of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. ZIBRA RIA N. —FO UR YEA RS' Ex- perience in one of largest American libraries— will act as assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship and efficiency fur- application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. nlshed c F OUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL Course, preparatory to Tale, Vassar, etc., reduced 1 less than one year by private Instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wm. Weber, CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street. Boston. School Agencies. 7 'HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1505 Pa. Ave. .Washington. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. 414 Cent. Bdg., Minneapolis 730 Cooper Bdg., Denver. ins Angeles 378 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 830 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, S~L 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in obtaining positions. Harlan P. French. Manager. CCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' kJ AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. THE PRATT TEACHERS' AGENCY. WM*. O. PRATT, Mgr., TO Fifth Ave., New York. you about them ommends you, that is more. Ours D c>r-f\m m pn H C C. W 6AR0EEN. Syracuse, N.Y. KeCOmmeiiaS KINDERGARTEN supplies TO RENT FOR A SCHOOL. A beautiful house of 14 rooms and bath. All modern conveniences; ample grounds; b shade trees; convenient to R. R. Station and electric cars. Only 7 miles from Boston. Excellent neigh- borhood, and quiet. Exceptionally situated and i for a home school. Apply to E. K. BOYNTON, 66 State St., Room 7, Boston, Mass. GOOD SUBSCRIPTION-BOOK PUB- lishing plant, stock and outstandings for sale. Es- tablished twenty years. Always yielded large returns to deceased owner. Value of outstandings will nearly cover price asked. Address Whalen & Dunn, 200 Broadway, New York, Attorneys for Administratrix. A PARTNER {Male) WANTED — _ Girls' School, long established, between New York d Philadelphia. E. G. C , 408 West 149th St., N. Y. LIBRARIES. Books promptly and cheaply. It is our specialty. We deal in nothing but books. Our Monthly Bulletin of all the publishers' new, noteworthy, and popular books mailed on application. The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 and 7 East 16th St., New York. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname , 258 South 16th St. , Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for entrance examination at college. Practice in col tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grammar. From Education, Boston : "A well-made series. Teach- ers and pupils will find the three books helpful and Inte- FRENCH BOOKS at WM. R. JENKINS' Publisher, 851 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK. Complete Catalogue on application. /CONVERSATIONAL FRENCH, Dieu- V_^ xleme Uvralson, just out. Price 10 cents, or will be mailed on approval to any address by Edward Roth, 1135 Pine St., Philada. Old Books, Choice Books, Typography, Rare Books, Quaint Books, Topography. BOOKS ON ALL SUBJECTS. FIRST EDITIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, pronounced to be the most original and interesting list issued, 364 pages, 8vo, with 370 Reproductions of Plates, Portraits, and Title-pages, post free, 6s. (which sum is deducted from the first purchase of 30s.). PICKERING & CHATTO, Antiquarian Booksellers, 66 Haymarket, St. James, London, S. W. BOOKS I When calling please ask for AT MR. GRANT, LIBERAL Whenever you need a Book, DISCOUNTS. I address MR. GRANT. Before buying books, write for quotations. An assort- ment of catalogues and special slips of books at re- duced prices sent for 10 cent stamp. F. E. GRANT, Books. 23 W. 42d St.. - NEW YORK. (Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.) F. W. CHRISTERN (DYRSEN & PFEIFFER, Successors), 429 5th Ave., between 38th and 39th Sts., New York. Importers of Foreign Books; Agents for the leading Paris Publishers; Cam Greek and Latin Classics. Catalogues of stock mailed ELLIS & ELVEY, Dealers in Old and Rare Bcoks CATALOGUES of CHOICE BOOKS and 1LLUHI- NATED MANUSCRIPTS published periodically. Hare Early English Literature. Earlv Printed Books in Black Letter, Ancient Artistic Bookbinding", rare Prints and Autographs, etc. Only tine specimens are dealt with. 29 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, ENG. DOOR'S.— All Out-of-print Boohs supplied, J_) no matter on what subject. Acknowledged the world over as the most expert Look tinders extant Please state wants. BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, 1 4-1 H John Bright Street, Birmingham, England.

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IV Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 New Books for Summer Reading THE NEW NOVELS. Richard Carvel. By Winston Churchill, author of ''The Ce- lebrity," with Illustrations by Malcolm Fra- ser. Fourth edition in press. •' Wholesome, thrilling, Inspiring."— Globe- Democrat. The Short-Line War. By Merwin-Webster. Third Edition, the first having been exhausted in three days. Bound in Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 Each The Maternity of Harriott Wicken By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. "It falls but little short of being a masterpiece. . . . A remarkable book."— K. H. Stoddurd, Mail and Express. The Custom of the Country. Tales of New Japan. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of "Letters from Japan," etc. Nearly Ready. Tristram Lacy ; or, The Individualist. By W. H Mallock, author of "Is Life Worth Living?" etc. ■The Evening Post, Jesus Delaney. By Joseph Gordon Donnelly, formerly U.S. Consul-Genera! in Mexico. " Any reader will be abundantly compensated In entertainment for the time he devotes to the perusal of these lively and fascinating pages, especially if he Is interested in Spaniards."— N. Y. Home Journal BOOKS ON NATURE AND The Solitary Summer. $1.5 A continuation of the following: Elizabeth and Her German Garden. " The chronicle of days spent in and about one of the most delightful gardens known to modern litera- ture. The author's exquisite humor is ever present, and her descriptions . . . have wonderful fresh- ness and charm."— The Post. Cloth, $1.75. OUT-OF-DOOR LIFE. Our Gardens. By S. Reynolds Hole, author of " Memories of Dean Hole, "etc. C I ot h , $3. 00. With Illustrations of the ideal Deanery Garden; practical hints for even experienced gardeners, and a wealth of the Dean's cha- racteristic reminiscences. Lami&'s Winter Quarters. By Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate. Crown 8vo. $3.50. "Of singular sweetness and charm."— Literature. Heart of Nature Series. Four-Footed Americans and Their Kin. By Mabel 0. Wright. Edited by Frank M. Chapman. Freely Illustrated by Ernest Seton Thompson." $1.50, net. " We have seen nothing more delightful."— if. E. Jour, of Education. Citizen Bird. By Mabel 0. Wright and Dr. Elliott Coues. Profusely Illustrated. 91.50, net. BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE. Letters from Japan. A Record of Modern LrFE in the Island Empire. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser, author of "Palladia," etc. Beautifully illustrated. 8 vols., Cloth, $7.50. "Everyone of her letters Is a valuable contribu- tion. "—Literature. The Philippines and Round About. By Maj. G. J. Tounguusband. An up-to-date account of conditions and events of the past year; an admirable com- plement to Prof. Worcester's standard work. Cloth, $2.50. The Trail of the Gold-Seekers. A Record of Travel in Prose and Verse. By Hamlin Garland, author of " Main Travel- led Roads, " etc. C lo t h , $ 1 . 50. Describing a trip with a pack-train overland to the gold country. On Many Seas. By Herbert E. Hamblen, author of "The Ge- neral Manager's Story,"etc. Cloth, $1.50. " As an accurate and vivid portrayal of the life with which it deals then- is nothing superior to this hook." — The Sun, New York. LITERATURE, BIOGRAPHY, ETC. Old Cambridge. By Thomas Wentworth Higginson. "Col. Hlgglnson's delightful book gether a most enjoyable and valuable one. Is alto- Evenlng Cloth, $1.25. Wordsworth and the Coleridges. And other memories, Literary and Political. By Ellis Yarnall. Cloth, $3.00. "A notable volume of reminiscences. No more In- teresting personal memories have been published in TOceni,y(,a.ra."-Tlu: Public Ledger. Phila. The Life of Henry A. Wise. By his grandson, the late Barton II. Wise, of Richmond, Va. $3.00. proud."— 'The Herald, New York. Heart of Man. By George E. Woodberry, author of " The North Shore Watch," etc. Cloth, $1.50. loftily IdeaL "-The The Making of Hawaii. By Prof. William Fremont Blackman, Yale University. Cloth, $2.00. A careful study, clear and concise, of the social, political, and moral development of the Hawaiian people. The Philippine Islands and Their People. A Record of Personal Observation and Expe- rience. By Dean C. Worcester of the Philippine Commission. Fifth Edition. Cloth, $4.00. Three Studies in Literature. By Lewis Edwards GATES,Harvard University Cloth, $1.50. " These masterly studies should be In the hands of all students of our literature In this century."— The Outlook. Home Life in Colonial Days. Written by Alice Morse Earle. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, $2.50. " No other single volume .... constructs with such completeness, fairness, and suggtstlveness the atmosphere of colonial homes."— The Herald, Boston. Send for special descriptive circulars. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, N. Y.

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 1899. The Week. That "the hardest battle of the war" should have been fought just when we were positively assured that the fighting in the Philippines was all over, cannot overcome the average man like a sum- mer cloud without his special wonder. He had been led to believe from Gen. Otis's dispatches that there was nothing left of the Filipino army but scattered guerilla bands, and now he reads of "the largest and best-organized body of men which has met the American troops." We do not say there has been deception. Otis has been referring to the forces in the north with Aguinaldo, and all the while the Filipinos to the south have been practically unmolested. They ap- parently grew so confident of their strength that they were about to attack our lines in force, and it seems to have been Otis's thought that he could not possibly allow such a blow to his mili- tary prestige. So he himself took the aggressive, and bloody work it was. Even the American accounts agree that the natives fought with astonishing courage and tenacity. It was said of Tennyson that men went to see him ex- pecting to find a lion and really finding a bear. If our soldiers went out to hunt Filipinos expecting to find rabbits, they have evidently found something more like tigers. Brave men fighting against tyrants for their liberty could not display finer valor. The War Department's announcement of its retention at home of one battalion of each of the colored regiments ordered to Manila, marks the adoption of the English system of a home-depot batta- lion. It is the first sign we have had that Messrs. Alger and Corbin are look- ing into the future in army matters. As such, and as the evidence of a desire to make foreign service as comfortable as possible for our troops, it calls for praise. But if Mr. Alger had read some recent debates in Parliament upon this subject, he would have learned that the "linked- battalion" system, as it is known in Eng- land, has come in for much fault-finding and criticism, its shortcomings being a potent cause of the latest increase in the Queen's land forces. Long years of ex- perience have shown that a single batta- lion is able to keep another in tropical foreign service supplied with officers and men only by constantly stripping itself of its best material, to its grave detri- ment. Mr. Alger's plan is that our home battalions, besides being recruiting and training depots, shall be the refuge of officers and men invalided from the tropics. But how can invalids become good drill masters, and what doctors would order fever-stricken men to the winter snows of Alaska and the Dakotas, or to the unbearable heat of our South- western and Texas posts? And how can sufficient officers be found for the home battalions if West Point is to have its quota of instructors, and if the many re- cruiting details and staff places are to be filled? Even should a way -be found out of these difficulties, it must not be for- gotten that, after seven years, the Eng- lish regiments abroad are recalled to a like period of home service. This cannot be done in our army (if we are to keep permanent garrisons in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines) by merely sending the one home battalion to take the place of the other two. It means that the country must have at least twenty more regiments to provide pro- per relief for those on foreign service. Not only is this necessary as a matter of humanity, but because it would probably be no easy matter to obtain officers and men willing to spend practically indefi- nite periods away from all the attrac- tions of civilized life. The fact that, since January 1, sixteen field officers have voluntarily gone on the retired list rather than continue to serve with, their regiments in the Philippines or Cuba, must not be overlooked. We do not believe that any one can begin to estimate what the actual military cost of holding these islands will be, since time alone can give an idea of the pen- sion increase we are surely in for, and neither Destiny nor Duty nor any other guide has yet informed McKinley how many of the 1,200 islands we are to gar- rison. Fifty men to an island would make 60,000, but Luzon alone, Gen. Otis thinks, will call for 28,000 in time of peace. The situation demands deeper thought and more extensive plans than any that have yet come from White House or War Department. No other man can speak with such authority about the situation in Cuba as Gen. Wood, who has been Military Gov- ernor of the province of Santiago since the close of the war. It is most reas- suring, therefore, when he tells inquir- ers everywhere, during his present brief visit to this country, that the situation and the outlook are full of promise. We knew before of the marvellous improve- ment in sanitary conditions which has been brought about, and which Gen. Wood says has within a year reduced the death-rate of the province from ap- palling dimensions to a proportion below that of New York city. What we chiefly wanted to learn was whether there has also been progress in other directions; whether the people are taking to work; and whether it looks as though they would some time be able to govern them- selves. On all these points Gen. Wood speaks frankly, fully, and encouraging- ly. Brigandage has been stamped out, order prevails, the people are at work and contented, schools have been opened, and "the great cry among them is for more schools"; and while they are not yet fit for self-government, "they are on the road to it." The extraordinarily involved and al- most incoherent line of argument by which Attorney-General Griggs inter- preted the anti-canteen legislation of Congress to mean that the sale of li- quor in canteens was really legalized by the act in question, was calculated to make the reader doubt whether the au- thor of that opinion was capable of clear reasoning. But the reply which Mr. Griggs has just made to an inquiry from the War Department as to the rights of cable companies in Cuba is a straightforward and cogent piece of writing, which applies sound principles to the case in hand, and incidentally states fairly the proper relation of our Government to affairs in that island at. the present time. Many years ago the Western Union Company established ca- ble communication between the United States and Cuba, under a concession from Spain that it should enjoy an ex- clusive right for forty years. The Com- mercial Cable Company recently sought authority to establish a line, claiming that the Western Union enjoys a mo- nopoly which one company ought not to have, and also that its grant is void, because it was obtained by fraud prac- tised on the Spanish Government. The Attorney-General points out that all governments have granted concessions which amounted to monopolies, and that such grants are legal, while he main- tains that the allegation of fraud is es- sentially a question for judicial exami- nation and decision. Mr. Griggs con- cludes by expressing the quite justifiable opinion that controversies as to grants and franchises taken from Spain, but exercisable within the island of Cuba or other islands derived by the United States from Spain, ought not to be pre- cipitated to a decision in the present un- settled condition that prevails in those islands. Mr. Henry C. Payne of Wisconsin is authority for the statement that the Se- nate committee on finance, or the Re- publican members thereof, at their re- cent meeting in this city, agreed infor- mally to recommend the passage of a bill declaring all the obligations of the Gov-

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468 Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ernment payable in gold. There are other reasons for believing that Mr. Payne's information is correct. Leading Republican newspapers are advocating that policy in a way which indicates a common understanding that this is soon to be one of the tenets of the party. It would not be a great step .to take, but it would be a very desirable one. Such a bill, once passed, would anchor the country on a gold basis until a Senate, a House, and a President should con- cur in repealing it. Even this would not be the chief benefit to flow from it. Such a law would influence the thought of the nation. The gold standard would be a part of the people's daily walk and conversation, and would develop an un- questioned national policy. It is doubt- ful if any party would have the hardi- hood to deny or controvert it after it was once placed on the statute-book. It may be affirmed that the existing law makes gold the standard of value, and hence that the proposed new law would be superfluous. Week-kneed, backbone- less Republicans will very probably urge this as a reason for doing nothing. To all such we commend a prayerful read- ing of their last national platform, which says: "All our silver and paper currency must be maintained at parity with gold, and we favor all measures designed to maintain inviolable the obligations of the United States, and all our money, whether coin or paper, at the present standard, the standard of the most enlightened nations of the earth." This resolution was adopted at the St. Louis convention June 18, 1896, but no step has been taken by Congress to car- ry out the declared purpose of the con- vention. It might be awkward for the party to go into the next campaign with- out having put upon the statute-book a single word on the subject. The death of Richard P. Bland calls to mind once more the Bland bill, and all the strife over it, and all the con- sequences of it. Mr. Bland did a great deal of mischief during the twenty-five years that he was in public life, but it is probably true that, if he had not taken the lead in the silver agitation, some other ambitious politician would have done so. The money question was at the front in 1872, when Bland was first elected to Congress. It was then a dispute over fiat money, inflation, paying the bonds in greenbacks, and simi- lar crudities growing out of war-finan- ciering. The decline in the price of sil- ver happened in the course of that dis- pute and just as the fiat-money men had been "knocked out," by the defeat of Butler in the Republican party and of Pendleton in the Democratic. The decline in silver was one of the most baleful accidents that ever befell the financial affairs of any nation. It took the victory that had been won, after hard fighting, by the friends of sound money, out of their hands, and plunged the nation into a controversy of more than twenty years' duration, and led to the useless expenditure of $464,000,000 gold by the Government in the purchase of silver bullion, without any benefit whatever to the owners of silver mines or to any human being. This expendi- ture was useless and worse than use- less, because the production of silver was artificially stimulated, and the ac- cumulation now hangs over the silver market of the world, depressing the price unduly, because the buyers believe that it will some day come upon the market like the discarded silver of Ger- many. Four hundred and sixty-four million dollars is a pretty large sum to pay for one lesson in the science of finance, but that was not all that it cost "us. The panic of 1893 was one of its consequen- ces, and that panic cost more than the Government paid for its silver bullion, but the loss was distributed among in- dividuals instead of being entered in the Treasury ledger. Now the cloud that lowered above us so long is passing away, and Mr. Bland passes away with it. His political career was a failure in every sense. He failed to carry the measure to which he devoted all his public life. The bill which bears his name was not his, but Senator Allison's. Bland himself opposed it bitterly, and voted for it only after it had become plain that he must take that or nothing. He not only failed to carry his own measure, but he failed to secure a nomi- nation for President when the Demo- cratic party finally put itself on his platform. It is generally conceded that Mr. Bland was sincere in his beliefs. We do not call his sincerity in question, but his career is a fresh illustration of the truth that a little learning is a dan- gerous thing. Mr. Bland knew just enough about finance to put him in the wrong, and he had sufficient ability and perseverance to drag a large unthinking multitude after him. The spoilsmen have no doubt about what the President's recent civil-service order signifies. They have never shown such evidence of hopefulness in their warfare against the reform since the passage of the law of 1883 as they now manifest in view of President McKin- ley's recent "backward step." The news comes from Washington that "promi- nent Republican workers," who are dis- gusted with "the hollow sham of civil service," have organized a league, with stanch support of McKinley's adminis- tration and bitter opposition to "civil service" as its chief objects, between which no antagonism is recognized. There have been such organizations be- fore, but they never had so much to en- courage them as now. One of their aims is to keep "the hollow sham" out of the next Republican platform, and here, too, Mr. McKinley has helped their purpose. What, indeed, can the party say in 1900? In 1896 it "pointed with pride" to the placing of the civil-service law on the statute-book by the Repub- lican party, and declared that "we renew our repeated declarations that it shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended wherever practicable." But it would be ridiculous to make such a pledge next year, after what a Republi- can President has done this year. Attorney-General Griggs is as confi- dent as Senator Hanna is, that President McKinley will be renominated and re- elected without difficulty and almost without opposition. Will imperialism be an issue in the campaign? Mr. Griggs, sitting serenely upon his own "glory- crowned heights," thinks it "will not figure as a distinct issue." The Repub- lican platform will " refer to it approv- ingly," but the Democrats "will not deem it prudent to make it a party is- sue." The reason why imperialism will thus play no part in the campaign is because maintaining authority in the Philippines and elsewhere in our new possessions has become "not a question of party politics, but of national duty, and must be approached and considered by our citizens from their sense of duty to this country." That is the McKinley theory, undoubtedly. Ask no questions, indulge in no criticism, but stand by me, William McKinley, in everything I do. That is duty to your country, for I, aided by Mr. Hanna and Mr. Griggs and other faithful and unwearying eulo- gists of my greatness and goodness, am the country in the new era upon which I have launched it. The movement toward the election of United States Senators by popular vote has met a set-back in Virginia. As the nearest approach to such a choice pos- sible under the constitutional rule which requires election by the Legislature, the advocates of a change in that State have sought to secure either the calling of a Democratic State convention or the or- dering of party primaries this year, for the express purpose of nominating a candidate who shall be supported by the legislators next winter. The question has been submitted to the State com- mittee at a meeting in Richmond, and that body decided that there was not such a general demand from the Demo- cratic voters for this new departure as to justify any action by the committee. It is pointed out that the people in the several legislative districts have always had and still have the power to control the election of Senators, either by leav- ing it to the judgment and discretion of the Representatives chosen by them, or by seeing that the Representatives chosen are in accord with them on the subject, or by instructing them where it

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lune 22. i 899] The Nation. 469 is deemed necessary. It ought to be added that personal issues have played a large part in the decision of this ques- tion; those who favor the reelection of Senator Martin opposing any change in the method of choice now, because they think it might hurt his chances, although some of them have in the past favored the popular election of Senators on gen- eral principles. The Michigan Legislature has passed an anti-Trust law more sweeping, if pos- sible, than that of Texas. It forfeits the charters of all corporations of the State that join together to create restrictions in trade, or to limit or reduce the pro- duction of any article of merchandise, or to control the market-price of the same, or to prevent competition. It pro- hibits the corporations of other States which come within these categories from doing business in the State. It subjects to fine, or imprisonment, or both, any person who aids or abets the combinations prohibited by the act, and declares void all contracts in violation of the act, and gives to any person in- jured in his business by the operation of a Trust the right of action against the offender for double the amount of dama- ges sustained. Looking at this enact- ment, and at those which have preceded it, and at those still pending in other States, we apprehend that it will be useless to contend against the public feeling which prompts them. The bat- tle must be fought out in the courts, and more especially in the markets of the country. It is very likely that the courts will sustain the anti-Trust laws wherever they can do so, as they sus- tained the Granger legislation in the seventies. The crucial test of the anti- Trust laws will be found, however, in the experience of society. Probably they will be found unworkable in some parti- culars and injurious in others; that is; injurious to the community. Time only can answer these questions. Probably Congress will not remain unaffected by the anti-Trust excitement now sweeping over the country. The saying of Mr. Havemeyer that "the mother of all Trusts is the protective, tariff bill" has awakened many echoes in the country press, and the more it is talked of and the oftener it is printed, the wider is the belief that Mr. Havemeyer spoke the truth. The strike which has just broken out in the State of Colorado is one which is without a precedent in the history of such struggles. It is among the men employed in smelter works, but it affects all mining operations, and, beyond them, other allied industries, as well as the business of the railroads. Thirty thou- sand is considered a reasonable esti- mate of the number of men who will immediately be thrown out of work, while 5,000 railroad employees will lose their jobs if the mines of the State are generally closed. The employees in the smelter works have hitherto worked ten or twelve hours a day. Last winter they appealed to the Populist Legislature to pass a law for a shorter day, and that body enacted a statute which provides that "the period of employment of work- ingmen in smelters and in all other insti- tutions for the reduction or refining cf ores or metals shall be eight hours per day, except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger." But the owners and operators generally claim that they could not operate their works profitably if they should pay as much hereafter for a day of eight hours as they have heretofore paid for one of ten or twelve; and, with few exceptions, they proposed to substitute a system of payment by the hour, under which the men would earn considerably less than before. It is not unlikely that the trou- ble may soon be ended by a judicial de- cision that the law is unconstitutional as class legislation. The question whe- ther such a statute would stand was submitted to the Supreme Court of Colo- rado in 1895, and it declared that "it is not competent for the Legislature to sin- gle out the mining, manufacturing, and smelting industries of the State and im- pose upon them restrictions with refer- ence to the hours of their employees, from which other employers of labor are exempt." Has the Mazet inquiry, which has been adjourned till August, really accom- plished anything? This is the question which one hears oftenest about the in- vestigation, and it is usually answered in the negative. There is no disputing the fact that, in the estimation of most people, the inquiry has been a failure. Yet Mr. Moss, as we look back over his labors, has set forth very clearly certain facts in our condition which we only suspected before he began. He has made Croker admit under oath that he con- trols and runs the government of the city for his personal benefit. He has shown by the evidence of Croker's sons and family relations that the depart- ments are used for the purpose of ex- torting blackmail from contractors and others for the benefit of the Croker family. He has made Devery and Price and the Police Board confess that the police power of the city is exerted, not for the suppression of vice and crime, but for their protection, stimulating their growth in order that the revenue from them may be made as large as possible. The portraits which he has induced the police authorities to draw of themselves on the witness-stand — those of Hess, Sexton, York, Devery, and Price — have been invaluable revelations of the Croker system of government. Nothing equal to them has ever before been exhibited in a civilized community. One after another, these agents and ad- ministrators of our laws, the supposed servants of the people, have declared their contempt for both laws and mo- rals, have defied and insulted both the committee and the respectable sentiment of the community, have shown them- selves too ignorant and uneducated to be able to speak in ordinarily correct language, and too coarse and brutal to have any proper sense of the disgraceful revelations they were making of their own characters. The general belief is that when Piatt started the inquiry, he intended it to be only a little one, just enough to alarm Croker into giving him a larger share of police patronage. Croker was not easily scared, and the employment of Mr. Moss as counsel made it impossible to restrict the inquiry after it was ordered. The net result has been quite different from what Piatt intended. Croker has been "shown up," it is true, but so has Piatt. He has been exhibited as a boss of pre- cisely the same type as Croker, and Cro- ker's insistence on the witness-stand upon the calling of Piatt, if the inquiry was to be impartial and thorough, de- prived the inquiry at the outset of most of its moral force. As a sort of stereopti- con show of the evils of boss rule, the inquiry has been an interesting and use- ful exhibition, but beyond that it has not accomplished much that will leave a lasting impression. Only a languid interest attaches to the Venezuelan arbitration, so far as re- lates to the matter in dispute, but the proceedings will be watched with close attention, as they may throw new light on the subject of international arbitra- tion. Lawyers will also watch the pro- ceedings as a tournament of the best legal minds of England and America. Probably we shall add something also to our stock of knowledge from the rul- ings of the court and the umpire on ques- tions of precedents and on the law of evidence. The spectacle which the tri- bunal itself presents is an object-lesson to The Hague conference, to which it must serve in some degree as a stimu- lant, and all the more since Martens, the Russian jurist, holds the foremost place in both. Every precaution seems to have been taken to secure, not only an absolute decision of the question at issue, but one which shall command the assent of the parties to the controversy. In his opening speech on Thursday Sir Richard Webster, speaking of the fifty- year-title clause, suggested that where a case of fifty years' occupation was found to be beyond the line of the true boundary of the government whose sub- jects were there settled, the boundary should be deflected, with territorial com- pensation elsewhere, or with pecuniary compensation. As this rule would work both ways, it could not be considered as favoring one party more than the other.

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470 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 INTERN- 1 TIONA L UNITY. The proposals of the Czar of Rus- sia, which have occasioned the Confer- ence now sitting at The Hague, have been compared with the scheme of the "Holy Alliance" brought forward by Alexander I. Such a comparison shows how much civilization has advanced during the century. The Holy Alliance was a secret agreement among despots. They were perhaps unusually benevo- lent despots, but they intended to sup- press liberty, and they carried out their intention. The minute supervision of Government officers rendered free speech and even free thought impossible for subjects, and made international trade and travel very difficult. In a recent tour undertaken for the purpose of learning European sentiment concerning the Czar's rescript, an English journalist travelled everywhere, talked to every one, and wrote everything without hin- drance. A few centuries ago such a tour would have been physically impossible; even a century ago it would have been impracticable. Its purpose would have been inquired into, and probably con- demned. The tourist would have found the barriers of the custom-house almost insurmountable. He would have met with the greatest difficulty in obtaining a passport, and even if he bore one made out with the utmost precision, he would have been subjected to frequent deten- tions. His apartments would have been visited by the police, his letters would have been opened and perhaps refused transmission by the post, and he would not have been able to go for a walk without being followed by spies. These intentional hindrances to free- dom of communication have practically disappeared. The passport is still re- quired in Russia and in Turkey, but throughout the civilized parts of Europe it is no longer thought of. The nuisance of custom-houses is unabated, but the inconvenience is generally reduced to a minimum, and so long as taxes on imports are maintained, the inspection of travellers' luggage must take place. With this exception, it may be said that the barriers between the different coun- tries of Europe have been broken down. The traveller may pass without inter- ruption from the North Cape to Sicily. Letters are sent by the post to any part of Europe without governmental inter- ference, and merchandise, once commit- ted to the carrier, goes steadily on to its destination without further care to the consignor. The International Postal Union has quietly, almost imperceptibly, melted away the obstacles to the diffu- sion of knowledge which despotism had studiously interposed, and now, when a letter is once dropped into the box, it goes almost automatically to the person to whom it is addressed. Mail-bags, at least, are carried from country to coun- try without custom-house examination. The International Railway Bureau is seldom spoken of, and is perhaps un- known to most of those who are bene- fited by its work, but it is one of the most effective agencies in bringing about the unity of Europe. It practically makes all the railways of Europe one system for many purposes, and manages, in spite of tariffs and custom-houses, to deliver goods with remarkable ex- pedition. Besides the Railway Bureau there are the Telegraphic Union, the unions for the protection of patents, of trade-marks, and of copyrights, and others. As M. Droz, the head of the Railway Bureau, says, trade asks little of the state, and the state rather hinders than helps it. Only grant it legal security and it will take care of itself. It will do more; it will gradually make the rulers of the state submit to its requirements. In spite of all endeavors to keep up nation- al jealousies, the expansive and perva- sive force of commerce overcomes in the end. Even the French and Italian Gov- ernments have been forced to admit the folly of their tariff wars by the argu- ments taken from trade statistics. Trade is sometimes regarded as a sordid af- fair; it does not strike the imagination of mankind as the uniform of a soldier does. But when we see what has been done by these commercial agencies in building up rights, they do not seem sordid. The Railway Bureau, for ex- ample, has made all the managing de- partments of the railways of Europe se- verally answerable, so that a suit for damages may be brought against either the sending or receiving agent. The Te- legraphic Bureau has established the right of every one to send a dispatch, the right of secrecy, even the right to send messages in cipher, the right to a fixed and reasonable tariff. People think little of these things, but they make, col- lectively, a very great addition to the list of rights formerly enjoyed by the common people. Under the constant prodding of trade, the governments themselves have had to recognize European unity. One of the notable instances of this result is the Commission for the Regulation of the Danube. It would be hard to say whe- ther the perversity of nature or of man more impeded the navigation of that stream. But the governments of the countries interested finally consented to act together for the relief of commerce, and the commission established by this agreement, although clumsily enough (onstituted, has gradually accomplished very important results. These steps to- wards the "federation of the world" should encourage us to hope that we may be nearing the end of the military re- gime. The common people everywhere detest it; the educated people very gen- erally condemn it; but the rulers of the nations maintain it. They, however, are not insensible to public opinion, and Eu- rope is in so many ways now united that armies will seem more and more an anachronism. When we consider what has been accomplished within a com- paratively short time, we can take heart. The more the world talks about peace and disarmament, the more desirable will they appear and the harder will it be for rulers to oppose them. A BIPARTISAN CENSUS. By this time it must be plain to every one that Merriam will make as bad a mess of the twelfth census as Porter did of the eleventh. The longer he goes on, the more the wonder grows why the President should have appointed him Director, instead of reappointing Porter. It is true, Porter had brought discredit upon the Harrison Administration; but some lessons of experience had been so drilled into him that he could hardly have done worse, and might have done better, if he had tried his hand again. Merriam's first act in office was to em- phasize the President's distrust of Por- ter by searching the record to find out what Porter did, and then taking care to do something else. It is the pursuit of this delicate policy which has got him into most of his trouble. At the outset he admitted that he knew nothing about statistics, and, as he had never studied census methods, no technical scheme of administration had shaped itself in his mind; but in his political career he had taken a hand in carving up salaried jobs and passing the slices around, so he gave his whole mind to that branch of his duties. First, what had Porter done about ap- pointments? He had pooh-poohed the idea of putting his bureau under the civil-service rules, and had set up in- stead a sliding-scale test for the sons and nephews, poor relations, and other dependents of the men who stood by him in Congress. If an incompetent could not pass an examination of the highest grade, perhaps he could pass an easier one; if that still was too hard for him, he could come in any way, figuring on the pay-roll as a laborer and doing the work of a clerk. None of this for Mer- riam, if you please. He took pains to explain that he would not have objected, personally, to letting the Civil-Service Commission sift his applicants and give him only the best; but there was the law, which provided that "these persons shall be appointed," not from the clas- sified service, but "by the Director of the Census," and this, of course, left him no discretion. But he did intend to make his own examination rigid. He would hire merciless examiners to put the most searching questions. If an appli- cant was turned away at the front door, he would find no back door open, as in Porter's day; still, if he passed, it would do him no harm to have some "influ- ence." Has this plan gratified the spoilsmen

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 471 who engineered the census law through Congress? No more than it has satis- fled the good citizens who want a census force worth the money spent upon it. The spoilsmen say: "If you are going to have an examination as severe as the Civil-Service Commission requires, we might as well have left the whole busi- ness in the hands of the Commission." And they are right. That would have saved time, expense, and irritation with- out end. There is not an applicant able to pass a Census Bureau examination as rigid as Director Merriam proposes, who would not more willingly have taken the Commission's examination, because an appointment made through this agency would have been to the classified service, with a fair assurance of permanent tenure. Even with the law as it is, if the Director sought only competency in his clerks, he could obtain the addresses of thousands from the Commission with- out any formal process of certification. The law does not tell him where he must look for his help, and the Commission's eligible lists are continually drawn upon, by private employers in search of skilled clerks. This much for the office force; now/ what had Porter done in the field? He had turned the enumeration into a mere machine for rewarding faithful Republi- cans. Well, Merriam must look out not to fall into such a mistake — at least, not in the South. To keep alive the era of good feeling there, was a mission of the McKinley Administration, and Merriam. as one of its prophets, must not ignore his share of the work. Hence the ad- vertisement that in the Southern States a part of the patronage would be dis- tributed through the Democratic Sena- tors. At once arose a protest from two sources. The Republican bosses object- ed to these dispensing agents because they were Democrats, and the Demo- cratic Representatives because they were Senators. The only persons pleased were the Senators themselves, and they were just two citizens in each State. As usual, the plan devised to • suit everybody suits almost nobody. The ge- neral verdict is that, if there is anything more foolish than Merriam's examina- tion comedy, it is his bipartisan farce. The new Director doubtless understood vaguely that partisan censuses were bad things, but he could not reason from this that a bipartisan census is only a parti- san census, with its vicious qualities dou- bled. He has made the old blunder of confounding bipartisanship with non- partisanship. The late Francis A. Walker knew the difference. He was forced to take the ninth census with partisan ma- chinery, because the law gave him only United States Marshals for lieutenants in the field. Ten years later he was obliged to condemn his own population statistics for the South as untrust- worthy; but he cherished no illusion that two parties were better than one in such a case. A letter to a friend who had just been appointed a public sta- tistician contained a warning which to- day has a prophetic ring: "If any mis- take is more likely than others to be committed in such a critical position, it is to undertake to recognize both par- ties as parties, and to award so much in due turn to each. This course almost inevitably leads to jealousy and dissatis- faction." Gen. Walker might have gone more into detail and explained that where two parties divide such an enterprise be- tween them, they either quarrel or they enter into a treaty. If they quarrel, each party will always denounce the work done by the other as worthless. If they agree, it is only to make common cause against all criticism, and defend bad work and good alike. Either alterna- tive is bound to discredit the result, and the public has simply a big bill to pay for a pig in a poke. THE RATIONALE OF TRUSTS. Mr. H. O. Havemeyer gave rather more testimony before the Industrial Commission last week than was wanted. In fact, he rather turned the tables on his interrogators, for, although he did not question them, he confounded them and brought their questions to naught. He first plumped at them the general statement that "the mother of all Trusts is the customs-tariff bill." Then he pro- ceeded to show how it has worked. "The existing bill and the preceding ones," he said, "have been the occasion of the for- mation of all the large Trusts, with very few exceptions, inasmuch as they pro- vide for an inordinate protection to all the interests of the country — sugar-re- fining excepted." Probably Mr. Have- meyer meant all the special interests or all the favored interests, not "all the interests"; for if all were inordinately protected, none would have any advan- tage over the others. Whether the refin- ing of sugar has been omitted in the distribution of tariff favors is a moot question. It was much disputed when the Dingley bill was pending, and it was ob- served that, after the bill passed, there was a sharp and permanent rise in the quotations of Sugar Refining stock. The question is so extremely technical that only the best experts can form an opin- ion as to the amount of protection which the existing tariff affords, but probably the quotations in the market are the best test, and these would indicate more than the 3% per cent, which Mr. Have- meyer says is the true figure. The relative amount of protection af- forded by the tariff to the sugar refiners, the sugar-growers, the Hawaiian Island planters (foreigners mostly, says Mr. Havemeyer), and other industries, is not, however, the chief point of interest in his testimony. It is probably true that I if all customs duties except those for revenue were repealed so that each tub should stand on its own bottom, the su- gar-refining industry would be benefited rather than harmed. The whole drift of Mr. Havemeyer's argument runs that way. However that may be, Mr. Have- meyer uttered some plain truths which will bear frequent repetition; among them these: "The tariff bill clutches the people by the throat, and then the Governors and the At- torney-Generals of the several States take action, not against the cause, but against the machinery which the people employ to rifle the public's pockets. "There appears to be in the public mind a distinction between robbery by an indi- vidual and that by a corporation. What is commendable in an individual appears to be dishonest in a corporation. "I maintain that it is immaterial to the public in what form business is done — ■ whether by an individual, firm, corporation, or even a Trust. These are merely forms of conducting busines, or, in other words, machinery for the operation of business. It is the duty of the Government to see that, under the tariff laws they enact, this ma- chinery cannot in its actions result to the detriment or impoverishment of the public. "It is the Government, through its tariff laws, which plunders the people, and the Trusts, etc., are merely the machinery for doing it." We have pointed out from time to time since the McKinley tariff first went into effect nine years ago, the modus operandi of the tariff in inducing the formation of Trusts. A Trust is a com- bination of the producing machinery of the country in a particular line of indus- try to stop competition and enable the producers of the particular article to sell it at a higher price than they could otherwise get. Such a combination is not possible, however, if the article iu question can be imported from abroad. If Congress now steps in and performs the job of excluding the imported arti- cle or putting on duties which raise the price in the home market, not only is there an opportunity afforded, but an inducement or bonus is offered, to form the Trust. No wonder it was availed of as soon as the duties were raised to the inordinate and tempting height of the McKinley bill. Trusts multiplied on the heels of that measure — a measure so monstrous that such veterans of the tariff as Senator Morrill and Senator Sherman stood aghast at its provisions. Senator Sherman took an early occa- sion after its passage to say that if ad- vantage were taken of the tariff to form Trusts or combinations under the shelter of it, he would vote to put on the free list any article produced by such Trust or combination. He might as well have whistled against the wind. The pro- moters of Trusts laughed at him, or ra- ther they gave no heed to his words. The only thing they gave attention to was the plum that he and McKinley and Aldrich and the rest had dangled before their eyes. The Republican party offer- ed a premium for the formation of as many Trusts as there were separate arti- cles in the bill, and when the Trusts came forward to take what was offered them, it began to pass other laws to

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472 The JSTatioix. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 punish them for taking the plunder. Se- nator Sherman was the first one in line to adopt this illogical course. The Sher- man anti-Trust bill was the outcome; a measure which has never led to a con- viction, we believe — at all events has never stopped or hindered a single Trust. It is true, as Mr. Havemeyer acknow- ledges, that there are some Trusts which are not founded on the tariff. Whether these few are good, bad, or indifferent, there seems to be no way to get rid of them. We have little confidence in the efficiency of laws like the one recently passed by the State of Texas to prevent the selling of articles produced by Trusts, or to keep their agents out of the State. We apprehend that the citizens of Texas will suffer more from that deprivation than the Trusts themselves, and that the law will be repealed when the pinch becomes severe. That there is an easy and sure remedy in the hands of Con- gress for all the evils caused by the tariff-protected Trusts is plain enough. It is only necessary to remove the artifi- cial barrier that Congress itself created for them. It is only necessary to do what Senator Sherman, in the days of his intellectual acumen, said that he would do— repeal every scrap of duty on every article which has been made the subject of a Trust or combine; or, if the revenue is needed, to levy an internal tax equal to the duty on every such article. AT SEA FOR AN ISSUE. The Democrats of Pennsylvania held their State convention at Harrisburg last week, to nominate candidates for two judges of the courts and for State Treasurer. This is an "off year," with no Federal officials to be elected, and the canvass ought to turn exclusively on State issues. The framers of the plat- form recognized the proper supremacy of such issues, and fourteen of the fif- teen planks which they presented deal with questions of this sort. Republi- can newspapers concede that it is a good platform in this respect. The Philadel- phia Press says that, "to most of the declarations, no honest man can take ex- ception," and that the Republicans ought to second the demand for an amendment to the Constitution that will provide for an effective registration of voters. It even goes so far as to declare that "if the convention of the Republicans choos- es to take issue with the ugly truths set forth by the Democrats, and writes an endorsement across the backs of all the questionable acts of Gov. Stone and the Quay machine and Mr. Quay him- self, it will drive away thousands of vot- ers now anxious to stay with their party, and will give the ticket nominated at Harrisburg yesterday a hopeful chance of winning, even in this overwhelming- ly Republican State." But the platform-makers at Harris- burg were not prepared to omit all refer- ence to national politics in a deliverance upon which three candidates for State offices were to run in an "off year." The question was how this outside mat- ter ought to be treated. Should the con- vention endorse the free coinage of sil- ver specifically? Should it endorse ge- nerally the Chicago platform of 1896, of which the free-coinage resolution was the most important plank? Should it try to "keep in line" with the position assumed by the party three years ago without making the Chicago platform unduly prominent? The policy of evasion was decided upon by the committee and was accept- ed by the convention. The first resolu- tion, which was the only one referring to national politics, reads as follows: The Democracy of Pennsylvania in con- vention assembled, again renewing our pledges of fidelity and devotion to the sacred rights of the people, true to the faith and principles of our party as declared in the platforms of our several national conventions, and proud of our matchless leader, William Jennings Bryan, realize that the issues in- volved in the coming campaign in Pennsyl- vania are honest government, clean politics, and the redemption of our State from Re- publican misrule and corruption. This covers equally the financial plank upon which Bryan was defeated in 1896 and that upon which Cleveland was elected in 1892. For that matter, it cov- ers equally the platform upon which Seymour ran as the Democratic candi- date in 1868, declaring that "we regard the reconstruction acts (so-called) of Congress, as such, as usurpations, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void"; and that upon which Greeley was supported by the same party in 1872, with the "pledge to oppose any reopen- ing of the questions settled by the thir- teenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amend- ments to the Constitution." In short, the position now taken by the Pennsyl- vania Democracy leaves them open to support any policy in the national con- vention of their party next year, whether such policy harmonizes with the platform of 1896, or be as inconsistent with that deliverance as was the platform of 1896 with the one of 1892, or that of 1872 with the one of 1868. The uncertainty of mind as to the best course for the future of the party which was manifested at Harrisburg characterizes the leaders of the organi- zation as a rule throughout the country. The Chicago Times-Herald has been ask- ing members of the Democratic national committee what they think ought to be the battle-cry in 1900, and their replies show a growing disposition not to make the silver question again the dominant one. Most would "reaffirm the Chicago platform of 1896," but some of these could doubtless be induced to compro- mise on endorsing "the faith and prin- ciples of our party as declared in the platforms of our several national con- ventions." A number of committeemen favor laying most stress on opposition to Trusts, and treating "the money Trust" as only one feature of a broad problem. "Imperialism" or "militarism" is suggested by some as likely to become a prominent issue next year. But there is no approach to unanimity in opposing the present policy of the Re- publican Administration, so far as any- body can make out what that policy is. "As to the question of imperialism, ex- pansion, or by whatever other name it may be called," says the member of the committee from Georgia, "I am inclined to think it would be very unwise for the party to commit itself now to any de- claration, pending the changing condi- tions which, as readjustment proceeds, will give the people of the whole country better data from which to reach a satis- factory conclusion as to the national duty." Further illustration of the dif- ference of opinion now existing is fur- nished by contrasting the "flat-footed" declaration of the Tennessee commit- teeman that "the Democratic platform should denounce in unmeasured terms the acquisition of territory by force of arms," with this equally positive state- ment by his colleague from the State of Washington: "No fault can or should be found with the administration of Presi- dent McKinley in dealing with the Phi- lippines as he has. Atkinson, Hoar, and Cleveland should not be permitted to frame the policy of the Democratic party with reference to the Philippines." On the whole, such developments as those of the Harrisburg convention and of the canvass of the Democratic na- tional committee are encouraging. The first step towards getting away from the advocacy of a hopeless policy is to cease to have any positive convictions about it, and there is evidently a considerable element in the Democracy which is now in this frame of mind regarding free coinage. It is far better to have a party at sea for an issue than to have it em- bark again on a voyage straight to the rocks on which it has once been wrecked. # CONDITIONS IN CRETE. Athens, May, 1899. The question now uppermost in people's minds in this part of the world is not so much when and how the four Powers are going to leave the Island of Crete to her own devices, but what these devices will be. There is talk of the complete withdrawal of the foreign troops and officials within a few weeks, but this does not seem probable, and, whether it take place to-day or next year, the main question of Moslem versus Chris- tian will remain to be solved. Well -instruct- ed opinion differs as to which of these two parties is the worse, but various officials of foreign governments in Italy, Turkey, and Greece with whom I have spoken all concur in the belief that anything done which may alienate the Moslem inhabitants, even in sympathy, from the island will be most unfortunate for its future well-being. While the Turkish flag that now floats on a small rock in Suda Bay is the only visible sign of the sovereignty of the Sultan, the num-

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June 22, 1899] The ISTation 473 ber of Moslems still left In the Island Is, notwithstanding emigrations to Smyrna and other ports during the last year, very consi- derable, and their wealth is large in propor- tion to that of the Christians. So far as the Christians are concerned, it would be a plea- sant solution of difficulties were all the Mos- lems to emigrate; and the desire of many of them to depart is shown by the price for which they to-day will sell their farms— oftentimes scarcely more than the passage money to one of the ports of Asia Minor. But all the Moslems will not emigrate; in the main, only those from the interior will do so, and the larger part of the Moslem population Is settled in Candia and other cities. At present, owing to the. presence of Eu- ropean officials, affairs for the most part run smoothly,-end the country is safe for for- eigners, and almost equally so for its own Inhabitants. It is quite possible, however, that, on the withdrawal of the Europeans, this happy condition will no longer endure. This fear Is aroused by observing the gene- ral course of action of the temporary gov- ernment which, until lately, has had charge of affairs. Two weeks ago, the first true autonomous ministry was chosen. It is com- posed of five members, four Christians, and one Moslem, who hold office subject to the will of Prince George. While the forms of the government exercised by this body may be slightly different from those practised during the past months, it is scarcely to be supposed that its general tone will be great- ly altered; so, with little question, a fair idea of the future can be derived from study of the past. It is worth noting that the five officials are not true ministers, but merely councillors in charge of the Departments of Education and Public Worship, Justice, Inte- rior, Finance, Public Works, and Agricul- ture. The presidency of this board, although the Constitution provides for no such office, will, in all probability, be held by M. Spha- kianakis, who has charge of the Depart- ment of Education and Public Worship, and is ex-President of the Assembly. To render justice to the Moslems will be one of the most difficult duties of this or any Christian government in Crete. Personal safety seems now to be, in the main, as- sured, but there is no certainty for the Mos- lem of meeting with just treatment in the courts, and no assurance that laws will not be promulgated pressing harder on him than on the Christian. The conditions in the Pro- vince of Candia (the English "sphere of in- fluence") are excellent. Smuggling has been suppressed, the revenues doubled during the past six months. The natives, however, do not possess the same aptitude as the Eng- lish for running affairs with mechanical im- partiality and accuracy, and it is hardly to be doubted that before the island becomes self- supporting and orderly, the Moslems will have to suffer much. Instances of the sort of tyranny to which they will be subjected are already numerous. A few weeks ago a notice appeared in the official Gazette, saying that. Prince George having given his sanction to the measure, It was decreed that hence- forth there should be an amnesty regarding all political crimes committed before Novem- ber 4, 1898. By choosing this date, the As- sembly provided for the pardon of all Chris- tians; but, as it was after this date that the attack on the British troops and the conse- quent riot took place, a large number of Moslems would be exposed to trial. Natural- ly this decree created much ill-feeling, for, as far as murder goes, the "Christians" show- ed themselves at Sitla and elsewhere apt imitators of the Moslem. The Moslems did not demand free pardon, but merely that they should be treated in the same way as their enemies. The English sense of jus- tice was strong enough to secure this for them, and, after some dispute between the Cretan and British authorities, the edict was repealed. A similar spirit in the action of the Chris- tian toward the Moslem is shown in the regulation passed that the official language of the island shall in all cases be Greek. Con- sidering that Greek is the language spoken in Crete, the harshness of this enactment is not at once manifest, but, in consequence of its bearing on one at least of the Moslem religious institutions, it is hard for the Turks to endure. In giving over the island to Greece, the Powers guaranteed that Moslem institutions should in no way be interfered with. The system of church property through- out the Ottoman empire is peculiar and com- plicated. It is a branch of public affairs. All books of record and accounts pertaining to it are in Turkish. The English found it in Cyprus, and, although English was made the official language, they did not attempt to en- force its use in this department. The Cre- tan Administration seems not to be wise enough to follow this example, but is ap- parently bent on compelling the use of Greek in this as in other branches of governmental business. This policy is likely to be a con- stant source of irritation to the Moslem community. To insure a civilized government, Prince George wUl, during his three years of office, have to solve two difficult problems — first, the allaying of fanatical ill-feeling of the two religions towards one another; second, the agricultural question. So long as a country whose main source of wealth lies in her agri- cultural products, and which used to have a considerable export trade, provides less than enough of the primitive products for her own consumption, she cannot be regarded as prospering. There is scarcely a village in Greece so poor or so secluded that a travel- ler could not get in it enough to eat, while it is a commonplace of travel in Crete that you must carry your food with you or go hungry. Crete is, agriculturally speaking, as rich a land as Sicily. You may have fresh grapes there from June to January — the first vintage is in July. Oranges, lemons, and figs grow to perfection. No oil is better than Cretan olive oil. The coast-line is most favorable for trading purposes, and for these the position of the island itself could not be improved. The fact is, that the coun- try is even now vastly underpopulated. While it would not conduce to the advance of the country for the Moslems to be in control, it would be a suicidal policy to drive away peaceable and able-bodied laborers. Another great, but as yet undeveloped, source of wealth lies in the unexplored archaeological riches of the island. A par- tially satisfactory law in regard to these is about to be passed, and money for investiga- tions will, for years to come, pour into the island as it does into Greece. It will come mainly, at least at first, from Europe, for American archaeologists have not yet taken advantage of an opportunity that has brought European students into eager competition. The excavations of the next few years in Crete are likely to teach us more in regard to the early history of Greece and of the ancient currents of human life and endeavor in the Mediterranean basin than we have ever known. If the Cretan Government should insure justice to all the people, the island might soon become one of the pleasantest corners of the earth. Richard Norton. THE ENGLISH RIVIERA. West Bournemouth, May 30, 1899. Health-seekers who wander for their quest need hardly take their tickets for the Nile, or even for Italy, if all they want is a mild climate for the winter and freedom from the danger of sudden changes of temperature; for the south of England, at least In cer- tain sections, offers the most equable winter that I have ever had experience of, except, perhaps, Florida. The sun and the thermo- meter do not determine with full powers the degree of comfort which is necessary to th« maintenance of health and good spirits, or which is to be obtained from any locality. Indoor conditions may be as fatal, or the re- verse, as those of the open weather, and I have heard from friends wintering in Egypt as bitter complaints of discomfort from cold as those I had formulated in my Italian home, with its oscillating mercury; for, in that land of the sub-tropics, no preparation for the modern perturbation of the tempera- ture seems necessary, and we all know that what the Italian landlord tells of the ex- posure of his apartment, "that there is so much sunshine here that you never need a fire," turns out to be a bitter delusion, and you are obliged to come to a stove with its pipe thrust through a window, to eke out your winter. There are many things to be considered when you go to test the proverb, "Coelum, non animum, mutant qui trans mare currunt," and the things which most change the soul are the things of the household, for one finds that the skies of Italy do not console when one shivers by the mockery of a hearthstone, and warms one's chilblained fingers by a scaldino, hieroglyph of the fire- side of our home. I hear, as I write, of a young friend, proud of his ability to endure hardships, who has just been sent to an English health resort after a winter on the Nile, overdone by the rigors of a climate to which he had gone as a cure from the severi- ty of the English winters. I have tried wintering in many and wide- ly different climates, and when, at the end of a term of twelve years' continuous re- sidence in Rome, following several years in Florence, I decided to try the south of Eng- land for the winter, most of my friends, even in England, predicted the failure of the experiment. We are now In the flush of early summer, and I may consider the trial as at an end and the judgment in order, and it is that the winter in this part of England offers the most favorable conditions of existence for cases of persistent ten- dency to diseases of the throat and bron- chitis of all that I know by experience. In the latest years spent in Rome, and conse- quently those in which my condition was the most nearly that of this winter, I had the advantage, not given to temporary resi- dents, of living in my hired house, fitted with such heating apparatus as can be sup- plied where it is not arranged, as it rarely is, in the construction of the house, and meet- ing with more than usual satisfaction the demands of the climate. Yet whereas in Rome I rarely passed a week without a cold, dur-

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474 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ing at least five months of tbe year, I have had here only one or two attacks which required treatment, or compelled me to keep the house for a day during the past win- ter. The difference between the climate of Rome and that of the south of England is not one of latitude or longitude — it is in the local conditions; and though one winter in this locality probably does not warrant a decision, it is even more probable that the late season has been rather worse than better than the average. The early part of it has been milder, the latter part— the early spring, liable always to be treacherous — has been colder and more unseasonable than the average; the spring is several weeks "behind time." By going further west, into Devon and Cornwall, the conditions are found to be still more favorable than here, in the southern borders of Hampshire. The characteristic difference between the Roman winter and that we experience here is not, as most people imagine, in the great- er or less tendency to malarial fevers, which the most elementary prudence will always avoid in Rome, but in the sudden and treacherous changes of temperature there at all seasons. The past winter here has prob- ably had less than the average amount of snow and frost, for we have seen none of the former and only two or three short spells of cold sufficient to freeze the water in the gutters; but the difference cannot have been great, for plants of delicate constitution like the rhododendrons thrive here in the wild state in the greatest profusion, and the fuch- sia flourishes, while the magnolia requires little protection. The great differences be- tween the temperatures of morning and eve- ning, or shade and sunshine, which consti- tute the gravest inconvenience of the Ro- man climate, do not exist here, and it is not unsafe to go out here on a warm winter day without an overcoat on your arm, as it is in Rome or any other place in southern Italy. Then, for the inevitable differences and changes of temperature which affect the indoor life, the English civilization has pre- pared its protection in the shape of fire- places in every room — a convenience which Italian conservatism will not face. In fact, the greater part of the inconveniences of winter life in Italy consist in the obstinate refusal of the Italian to adapt his house to the requirements of the stranger. He seems to say always, "What is good enough for me is good enough for you, and if you want anything better, go elsewhere to find it." It has happened to me, in visiting some of the attractive and picturesque towns in the interior of Italy, to find the only inn so filthy as to be offensive to the nose, and quite unfit for a lady to enter it. On re- monstrating with the landlord, that the fil- thiness of his house prevented foreigners from coming to the place, he has replied, "But the foreigners do not come; when they do, I will make the house clean." To this indolent indifference to his own advantage of the Italian host, the Englishman offers the sharpest contrast. His house is scru- pulously clean, and he is extremely desirous to consult the tastes of his guest. The inns of the small towns are always comfortable, always clean, and provided with the con- veniences of the locality in which they are. They are generally dear as compared with the same class of houses on the Continent, and the general system of separate living at the inn, due primarily to the Englishman's exclusiveness, makes it impossible to ad- minister the business of inn-keeping eco- nomically; but wherever and whenever the attractions of a locality become evident, the system of lodgings and the letting of fur- nished houses come in to establish a large liberty in this respect. In this quality of li- berty and its consequent bettering of life for mankind at large, England is at the head of civilization. To come from such an abstract statement to the concrete example, I will put my own case. Dr. Lauder-Brunton, a high authority in such matters, advised me, on studying my case, which is an ordinary one of chronic bronchial troubles of a slight and intermit- tent character, exaggerated by my life in Rome, to look for a residence somewhere "in the tract of sunshiny country which extends from Dorking to Bournemouth"; and after certain vain explorations in the intervening sections I took the bull by this horn, and hired here what can be found only in Eng- land in a satisfactory condition, a furnished cottage. The owner, a widow lady, leaves all her household gods to my care, goes away so completely that we have never seen her since we came, and I am as complete- ly at home as if I were in my own house. We have five bedrooms and two sit- ting-rooms, water and gas laid on, a hot bath always ready, and the tradesmen come to the door for orders. A large lawn enables us to invite all the birds of the vicinity to meet on it three times a day for such food as we can provide, and we enjoy their visits greatly, and just now the gardens around are vocal with their songs. I hate cities, and can never reconcile myself to live in one, but this is, so far as the thing is prac- ticable to people of little means, a rus in urbe. We pay for it two pounds a week, with no taxes beyond the water and gas bills. The municipality of Bournemouth, like most other small municipalities in England, is stupid and behindhand in all that goes to make a town attractive and convenient for a stranger, but it has not been able to destroy the natural charm of the place. We have the sea at our back door, and a vast pine woods which was capable of being made a paradise, on the other side. The former has been left outside the enterprise of the Town Council, and the latter is so ravaged by the roughs and ruffians that you may wander in it for days and never see a sign of life — every bird's nest is stolen and every squirrel stoned to death, though both sur- vive the brutal lower classes in the grounds of some of the houses, and exist as a testi- mony to the potential attractions of the country. The vast pine woods which once covered the site where Bournemouth now stands, extend back to, and mainly through, the New Forest, which is not what we under- stand by forest at all, but is simply wild and uncultivated land, the greater part cov- ered by heather and gorse without a tree. Here and there are tracts of woodland and other areas of cultivated land, which, like the private lands in our Adirondacks, were squatted on or bought from the Government before the importance of keeping a national park had become evident, and these culti- vated sections probably comprise all the arable land in the district. The greater part of the woodland is pine, on a soil so poor and thin that nothing but the various spe- cies of pine (or fir), which are found on it, will grow. This causes a peculiar state of climate, or rather atmosphere, which is the secret of the extreme healthfuluess of the region, the purity of the air. There are almost no flowers in the greater part of the district, consequently no birds, except where they can live by the food provided by the Inhabited sections, and swallows and insect feeders in general are rare or un- known. I have not seen a single swallow in the country round about Bournemouth since I came, though twenty miles west- ward they are as abundant as in other coun- tries. The effect on the air is peculiar, and such as I have seen in only one other re- gion, Nocera of Umbria, where the same conditions of flora and fauna obtain, and the air has a lightness I never felt, so far as I can remember, elsewhere until I came here. The nurseries of germs and microbes do not exist as in regions where the flora and ac- companying air-fauna are exuberant. Yet we have a great deal of pleasure from the birds. .The class of people who inhabit the villas and cottages in this district are of the English people who sympathize with the animal world, and the birds nest in their gardens as undisturbed as in an aviary, and on my lawn there come, at the hours of feeding, scores of thrushes, blackbirds, finches of various species, starlings, tomtits, and others I do not recognize, and, dearest of all, two pairs of robins, so friendly and familiar that they come to the edge of the lawn at feeding-time and look into the win- dow to see if we are not coming with their food. It would be hard to find a country where man and nature are so amiably inter- dependent as here, though the cruelty of the lower classes in England towards all wild creatures is far greater than in the advan- ced sections of the United States, and the influence of the sporting classes is of the very worst and most brutalizing on the com- mon people. But where you can escape the extremes, English life is humane and prac- tically religious to a degree unsurpassed if not unequalled in any country of which I have experience. W. J. Stillman. ITALIAN FICTION OF THE TWELVE- MONTH. Alassio, May, 1899. Neither Verga, D'Annunzio, Fogazzaro, De Roberto, nor Rovetta contributed to the novels of the year, nor yet did Matilde Serao nor Neera. Hamlet has been left out with a vengeance, and we have had either to amuse ourselves with Roscnkranz and Quildenstern or to seek our pleasure from a new set of en- tertainers. I may confess that it was in a sort of desperation that I accepted the latter alternative. 1 did not like reading unknown authors — the chances were strong against their being good; and still, howeverunlikely. there was always the possibility that some- thing of value might be found among them. As for Roscnhruiiz aud Quildenstern unre- lieved— "troppa grazia, Sant' Antonio!" When the case was once presented in this way, there was no doubt as to the choice to be made. Only, before giving an account of its results, it may be noted that Fogazzaro has published a volume of lectures under the title of 'Ascensioni Umane'; that De Roberto has given us a biography of Leopardi, Ro- vetta two plays, "II Ramo d'Ulivo" and "II Poeta," that make very agreeable reading, though, I believe, they were not particularly fortunate upon the stage, and D'Annunzio has followed up the "Citta Morta" and "Sogno d'un Mattino di Primavera" of 1897 by a "Sogno d'un Tramonto d'Autuuno"

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June 22, 1899] The Nation 475 and "La Gioconda," of such importance that I cannot help giving a few words to them here. These two plays show a great advance upcn those of the previous year. They have, to be sure, some of the same defects. The author intrudes himself upon the action, making narrative of the stage directions, so that in the representation much of his inten- tion would be missed by the spectator who did not follow the play with book in hand. And then, in the dialogue, the style is the same for all; there is no attempt to differ- entiate the personages by their manner of speech. They all talk D'Annunzian, than which, it must be confessed, no prose could be more exquisite. I have tried on former occasions to do justice to its quality, and it was never more flowing, more musical, more perfectly finished than here. And, after all, harmonious prose does not necessarily stifle movement and passion: D'Annunzio gives another proof of this in one and the other of these plays. The "Sogno d'un Mattino di Primavera" was only a dream, lovely in its shadowiness, but too utterly impalpable to awaken any deep sympathy. The "Sogno d'un Tramonte d'Autunno," though "of the stuff that dreams are made of," is yet animated by a breath of passionate life. It is also remarkable in that there are two actions, one before the eyes of the spectator, and the other concealed, but, by an ingenious arti- fice, both are made to move together to a united catastrophe. "La Gioconda" is a yet finer work. There is in it, especially in the first and third acts, evidence of dramatic power of no common order. Unhappily, the second act is not of equal force, and, from the point of view of the theatre, the fourth is useless. Needless to say that in itself it contains rare beauties. A remarkable pic- turesqueness characterizes all these plays. The "Mattino di Primavera" is like a modern picture in which willowy and pallid damsels are set in a harmony of tenderest greens, forming a scene of romantic loveliness. Other readers than myself will probably be re- minded by it of Rossetti and Burne-Jones. A hot light and a parched land are the image left in the memory by the "Citta Morta." The riches of a Venetian palette are expended upcn the "Tramonto d'Autunno," while the "Gioconda" has all the delicacy and distinction of the Tuscan landscape and art. And, coming finally to the novels, I must begin with a work that can be called a novel only by courtesy; but I cannot omit all mention of a book that has given me so much pleasure. Indeed, 'La Carrozza di Tulti' of the veteran Edmondo De Amicis is capable of giving honest enjoyment to many. The sale of it is a proof of this; the works of no other Italian are disseminated so widely, and the thousands of 'La Car- rozza di Tutti' already make a respectable figure in the advertised lists of the author's successes. The book is occupied with the observations made month by month throughout an entire year on the different tramway lines of Turin. "The eye sees what it carries with it the power of seeing," and De Amicis is above all an amiable op- timist, with facile smile and equally facile tear. But he is not blind, for all that; the little romances he follows, with his notes and comments on them, make up an excel- lent bedside book; and the delicate naivete of the following passage shows that the per- vading optimism is by no means of the stu- pid sort. It relates to a spectacle of cruelty to animals: " 'What a child is man!' I said to him, directing his attention to the sight. And he. pointing out to me the three poor horses that the carters kept on whipping pitiless- ly, answered with his usual sneer, 'Child and wild beast'; then added, in a tone of irritation, "You never see but the one half of human nature!' Strange! at those words I experienced a case of two-fold conscious- ness: the man was pleased with them— thinking, 'And so much the better!'— but the writer was offended, and, alas! the pleasure faded away after a moment; the resentment is not yet dead." The opportunity has been good for mak- ing acquaintance with the younger writers, and with some of those who have hitherto passed unobserved behind the brilliant pha- lanx to the fore. There are plenty under both categories, the days being past when Italians read only French fiction, and the demand being sufficient to stimulate a brisk home production. It would be hard to say whether the average of it be higher or low- er than that of other countries, but I may own that the ordinary reading — that of the rank and file — seems to me a trifle more dreary than usual. These young Italians take themselves too seriously, and their touch is rarely light. They are not quite so Zolaist as their predecessors, but the psy- chological analysis is still in fashion, and two at least of the cleverest works are among its victims. 'II Vecchio' of Ugo Ojetti is one of these. The author, a young man, was sent by the Corriere delta Sera as special correspondent to America during the late war. His let- ters, since published in book form, showed more than ordinary abilities. He no doubt left a pleasant memory of himself with many Americans, who probably did not sus- pect what a fund of gloom he had in him to lavish on his first novel. The subject is an old man of sixty-three years (when Sig. Ojetti shall have reached that age himself, he may find that he should have made his Vecchio some years older), who, having lost* his wife, broods upon his own approaching death until, by indulgence in the one idea, he precipitates the catastrophe he fears. Of course, as the subject is outside of the possible experience of youth, the study is to be taken as a mere tour de force. Still, the novel is a remarkable one, and may be accepted especially as a promise of future (let us hope less dismal) good things. The other victim is 'L'Esca' of Ottorino Novi, also a young man. This book, like the preceding, is, notwithstanding its rivulet of action coursing through broad meadows of verbiage (description and analysis), perfect- ly readable. Its worst defect Is a note of romantic exaggeration that is repeated from beginning to end. With 'L'Esca' one should not fail to read 'L'Anello' of Ugo Fleres, which, by an odd fatality, is occupied with the same subject, by no means a common one. In each a man of mediocre abilities, through the death of a friend of unrecog- nized genius, is left with an opera in his hands. This he gets represented as his own (in neither case quite intentionally), and gains sudden fame and consequent chastise- ment. Notwithstanding thus much of iden- tity, the two novels are very different one from another, and both can be read with in- terest. The besetting difficulty of these psycholo- gical novels is, naturally, that the life of the characters gets lost under the accumulated mass of descriptive touches. You have an encyclopaedic knowledge of the personages, but they remain for all that little better than mere abstractions. This Is perhaps less the case with the 'Anello' than with the othertwo books, but, even after that, it is refreshing to take up a volume by one of the older and well-known writers, Luigi Capuana, and live for awhile in an atmosphere of clearness and brightness. In the 'Nuove "Paesane," ' a collection of stories of men and women in a small Sicilian town, it is wonderful what vivacity and relief is given to the figures by the light touch and abundant humor of the author. The work of Sig. Capuana has not always been so much to my taste, but such stories as these, and those in a former volume also entitled 'Paesane,' more than atone for such grewsome feats as his two principal novels, 'Giacinta' and 'La Sfinge.' And at the last moment, since I began writing these lines, has come into my hands 'La Bufera' of Edoardo Calandra, a story of Piedmontese life at the end of the eigh- teenth century, but so fresh, so true, so liv- ing that it has nothing of the air of an his- torical novel. We all know in our weariness those studio models, dressed in the costumes of another age, and posturing in something like what Alice would have called "Anglo- Saxon attitudes." Sig. Calandra's story of this particular sequel of the French Revolu- tion seems recounted by one of the actors. The success is such that I have no hesitation not only in assigning it a place at the head of the year's production, but in ranking it high among contemporary Italian novels. And while we are engaged with such good things as 'La Bufera' and the novclle of Sig. Capuana, it is well to mention a story, 'Le Tentazioni,' by Grazia Deledda, which ap- peared in the last number for the year of the Nuova Antologia. If one may judge from her name, the author would seem to be a Sardinian, and she paints the world in which she lives with an almost classical breadth and simplicity of touch. 'Le Tentazioni' is said to be the first of a series of nine stories, all having their scene laid in Sardinia. With the author's pleasant manner of narration and the advantage of a field well-nigh unex- plored, it will be strange if the series be not rich in entertainment for us. The stories of Lieutenant A. Olivier! San- giacomo bear the martial stamp. Written somewhat alia buona, and of an intellectual order that does not exclude the common- place, they are still very interesting when they are concerned with the soldier's life in the barracks and in the world outside. The soldier is a good fellow, who loves amuse- ment and good cheer, and gets a fair share of both in the face of untoward circum- stances; his affairs of the heart are mostly of an irregular order. The Italian officer of to-day is a less noisy if not more exemplary person than his Irish colleague of fifty years ago, and offers perhaps a less brilliant figure for light literature, but he is not bad com- pany, for all that, and his acquaintance is worth making. Some earlier performances of Sig. Sangiacomo show that he does well to stick to the regiment; in the volume of last year, 'La Vita nell' Esercito,' the chap- ters devoted to a mere description of soldier- ly ways and doings are far more interesting than the prepared stories. Hitherto the Lieu- tenant has given us booklets in size, but he has recently come out .with an imposing no- vel of 559 pages, entitled 'II 101° Fanteria.'

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4:76 The DSTation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 Line is the best The story of the 101st of thing he has yet done. Angiolo Silvio Novaro, already author ot several volumes, published last year a new edition of a former tale, 'II Libro della Pie- ta,' which in its simplicity seems so like a bit of autobiography that it might well de- ceive even an old novel-reader into think- ing it one. Towards the end, however, little evidences of arrangement reveal it as fiction. In all these novels, excepting the martial ones of Sangiacomo— where, however, the not infrequent dalliance with Venus is so much a thing by the way, a thing inherent in garrison life, that you pass it over as in- evitable and therefore to be borne with— there is a cheering absence of insistence on the relations of the heroine with a man who is not, and never can be, her husband. Hence a variety of themes (there are ten command- ments, and only one of them is the seventh) that goes far to lighten the task of the read- er. Fancy having to wade through consecu- tively a score of French novels of a certain period and a certain school! It was much experience of such things that led me, when I found in the preface of 'Gente di Chiesa,' by Carlo Del Balzo, that he warns the reader not to mistake the writer's purpose, which is highly moral , to brace myself to the perusal. Of course I was introduced to a world that needed a good deal of scourging. One can- not say that such a world does not exist — in- deed, the component parts of it may all be al- lowed; it is only, as in pot-bouille, upon the combination of them upon one scene that one throws doubt. The book belongs to a series of studies of contemporary manners called 'I Deviati.' Granting the point of view of these studies, the purpose to depict the sheep which have gone astray, the present showing is far from uninteresting. I would gladly say as much for 'La Verginita' of Enrico Corradini, exclusively occupied as it is with infractions of that most abused of commandments, but differing from many of its sort In that the author's purpose is not so much to inculcate a lofty morality as to produce a work of art. The gain in amusement is not perceptible. S. K. Correspondence. "YOU-UNS." To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: In your issue of June 8 Miss "Where do the two expressions come from? 'You-uns,' as I have already said, is heard people of pure English descent who use many archaic expressions dating back to Shakspere and the earlier English writers; but has any one ever seen 'you-uns' in earlv English?" An example of its literary use, as I have pointed out elsewhere, may be seen in an early English classic, Tyndale's Translation of the New Testament (1526), Matt. III., 9: "And se that ye ons thinke not to say in yourselves, We have Abraham to oure fa- ther" (Bosworth and Waring). A lady who lived several years in Lan- caster County, Ya., tells me that "we-dem" and "you-dem" are very common expressions among the people there, but that the better educated, who affect to be more "proper," say, "we-them" and "you-them." I am familiar with the language of the people in southeast Virginia, where I waa born and reared, but I never heard in my life "we-uns" and "you-uns" there or in any other part of the State; nor have I ever heard "you-all" used with reference to one person. Edward A. Allen. University of Missouri, June 12, 1899. "YOUSE." To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Akin to the use of "you-all" and "you-uns" discussed in your columns is the use in northern New Hampshire, by native New Englanders, of "youse" in the sense of yours. I have observed this more com- monly in the country than in the villages, from sturdy, substantial, though not edu- cated, farmers. I have also heard it used in the plural, as "I am glad yous are here." G. Chicago. "DONE." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The interesting correspondence in the Nation concerning the use of "you-all" and "you-uns," emboldens me to call attention to the use of another form of the Afro-Eng- lish tongue, occasionally found in dialect stories. I refer to the word "done." I have sometimes seen the expression, "I's gwine done," meaning "I am going to do," whereas, in real life, I believe, the negro never uses the word "done" except to express completed action. One frequently hears "I's done did it," and "I's done done it," but, during a re- sidence of many years in Louisiana, I have never heard "I's gwine done do it." Possibly the usage may vary in different localities, but such unfamiliar forms inspire one with the feeling once expressed, in my hearing, by a person who said, "I don't like dialect stories, because I'm always afraid the writer is 'playing it low* on me." Very respectfully yours, Clara Boise Bush. • New Orleans, June 13, 1899. Notes. A well-printed volume by William Scott, entitled 'Rock Villages of the Riviera' (Lon- don: Adam & Charles Black; New York: Macmillan), is an account of a number of villages in the mountain valleys back ot Bordighera. Compared with the French Ri- viera, the Italian is but scantily represented in literature, and any contribution towards supplying a need is welcome. The obvious criticism to be made on the present book, which is pleasantly written and prettily il- lustrated with reproductions of sketches by the author, is that, in the great number of similar villages scattered along the Riviera, a wider choice, and more of history than is to be found in the municipal records of ex- penses, would give far greater value to the work. As the author himself sees how much he has left undone, he may yet publish the result of further researches. Would it be vain to wish that he may furnish for this coast a companion book to Lentheric's 'Pro- vence Maritime'? A very elaborate study of 'Local Variations in Wages,' in England, has been made by Mr. F. W. Lawrence, and is published by Long- mans, Green & Co. in the series issued by the London School of Economics and Politi- cal Science. The investigation undertaken was confined to certain parts of England and Wales, and limited to industries in which the time-work system prevails. From the figures procured, however, only the meagrest generalizations are attainable. We find that wages are higher in large towns, where In- dustries are active and diversified, than In small and decaying communities. We see that when a high rate of wages prevails in one trade in a certain town, a high rate pre- vails in the other trades in that town. We observe that where wages are high, house rents are high; that common laborers' wagea vary like those of artisans; that there is much difference between the rate of wages in the east of England and that in the north. These conclusions are not new: Adam Smith stated them a century ago, and his explana- tions of the phenomena are still satisfactory. Mr. Lawrence's industry is certainly com- mendable, and the figures that he has collect- ed may be of service to those interested in economic speculations; but, for the practi- cal purposes of the statesman, his labors will hardly be of much value. Among recent publications relating to In- ternational law, the second edition of a valu- able official manual issued from the Govern- ment Printing-Office should not be overlook- ed. It is described as a Manual "based upon lectures delivered at the Naval War Col- lege by Freeman Snow," and Is "prepared and arranged for publication, by the direc- tion of the Navy Department," by Com- mander C. H. Stockton. A course of lectures by Dr. Snow had been arranged for and partly delivered in 1894, but was brought to an end by the unexpected death of the lec- turer before the termination of the course. With the aid of the manuscript and notes left by Dr. Snow, Commander Stockton pre- pared the present manual, the first edition of which was rapidly exhausted. It is arranged by subjects, the original divisions by lectures having been abandoned. The three parts come under the familiar heads of Peace, War, Belligerency and Neutrality. The book is de- signed mainly as a hand-book for naval of- ficers in the discharge of their duties, and for this purpose is extremely well adapted. It also contains so much discussion as is necessary of the general principles of inter- national law. It is a standard work, of the highest authority, and a model of compact- ness. Since the decision by the Supreme Court at Washington of the railroad "anti-Trust" cases, the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution has attracted more and more the attention of legal writers. It has been made the subject of an elaborate treatise by E. Parmalee Prentice and John G. Egan (Chicago: Callaghan & Co.), in which the re- cent decisions are carefully reviewed. If the authors have not been enabled to reach any satisfactory conclusions as to the princi- ples of law formulated by our highest tri- bunal, the fault must not be laid at their door. They say — and we have said the same thing ourselves — that "if the statement of the doctrine given by the courts be accepted literally, and every contract which in any degree restricts interstate commerce be il- legal, it would seem that the formation of partnerships or corporations would be for- bidden"; and they add, "As a practical mat- ter no such application of the statute is The authorship of the 'Text-book of Ana- tomy by American Authors' (Lea Brothers

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 4=77 & Co.) represents the anatomical depart- ments of six medical colleges. The bones and veins are treated by Woolsey (Cornell); the nerves, eye, nose, and skin by Keiller (Texas); embryology by McMurrich (Michi- gan); the arteries by Bevan (Rush, affiliated with the University of Chicago); the repro- ductive organs by Stewart (University and Bellevue); while Gerrish (Medical School of Maine) has edited the whole and contributed the remaining articles, viz., elementary tis- sues, muscles, heart, lymphatics, central ner- vous system, tongue, organs of digestion and respiration, urinary system, ductless glands, regional anatomy and practical anatomy; likewise, a twenty-page "Introduction," which, in substance and style, merits- inde- pendent publication. The book is not so much for the investigator as for the student and practitioner; they will find what they want stated clearly and accurately, and illu- minated by figures unusual in number and quality, many of them colored. The nomen- clature is remarkably consistent, and exem- plifies the current tendency towards simpli- fication. In short, the veteran anatomists who hailed the first edition of "Cray" as stu- dents forty years ago, can best appreciate the welcome their pupils of to-day will give to "Gerrish." The fourth volume of the 'Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk' (History of the Ne- therlands People), by Prof. P. J. Blok of Leyden, from the press of J. B. Wolters or Groningin, is to hand. As an English trans- lation is in progress, we need make no fur- ther mention of the Dutch text, except to state that the years covered in this volume are those of the Great Truce, between the Netherlands and Spain, from 1609 to 1619, and also the time of Prince Frederick Henry, closing with the Peace of Miinster and the end of the Eighty Years' "War in 1648. Be- sides text and notes, are the usual excellent map, index, and appended chapter on the sources of Dutch history. The time of the Great Truce is one worthy of the examination of the student of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England and of all students of federal gov- ernment. The cool and luminous treatment by Prof. Blok of the duel between Maurice and Barneveldt, and the real questions at is- sue between the Remonstrants and Contra- Remonstrants, contrasts strongly with the heat and partisanship of Motley. The time of Prince Henry was that of "our golden lion," as the Dutch say. Besides other inte- resting features, we have much light thrown on the beginnings of Dutch enterprise in the Far East and the later expansion of Holland's commerce. Prof. Blok does not forget to no- tice the energy and goodness of the women of the House of Orange, especially of Amalia von Solms, whose memorial to her husband is that House in the Woods in which, to-day, representatives of many nations are meeting in the spirit of that stadholder, Frederick Henry, whose ambitions were almost wholly peaceful. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae proposes to secure annual subscriptions from its members and friends to the amount of $5,000, which sum is to be devoted to the "systematic collection and serviceable ar- rangement" of various kinds of informa- tion in regard to educational matters, es- pecially such as bear upon the immediate interests of college women. Among the ways In which it is designed to use this fund are the preparation of lists of fellowships and scholar- ships open to women, a continuation of the study of the health of woman college gra- duates, the keeping up to date of the bib- liography of the higher education of wo- man already published, and others which naturally group themselves about these. There are two topics which, it would seem, should be of special interest in this con- nection: the scientific and literary work actually accomplished by the college gra- duate, and the disappointing character of the remuneration received by her as a teacher. Much space is well and deservedly devoted, in the Harvard Graduates' Magazine for June, to President Eliot, on occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his incumbency — the longest but one in the history of the Uni- versity. It appears, from a reprinted article by the late Judge Richardson, that Mr. Eliot, while still teaching at Harvard, was tempt- ed with an offer to become superintendent of the mills of the Merrimack Manufactur- ing Co. He wisely declined, in favor, as fate would have it, of a chance to preside over what Lowell called "the Muses' factories" of his alma mater. Next in interest is the sketch of the life of the late Edward Austin, one of Harvard's most liberal recent benefactors, though him- self not a graduate nor a college man. Mr. Austin's portrait accompanies the account of him. Noticeable is the scheme for retiring and pensioning instructors to go into effect on September 1; and so is the action of the Board of Overseers recommending that his- tory be not dropped as one of the require- ments for admission. The present month witnesses the publication of the first num- ber cf the Radcliffe Magazine, founded pri- marily "to publish the best written work" of actual and former students, so far as dis- coverable. It will be a quarterly. In the American Journal of Archwology for November-December, 1898, one observes in the report of Prof. Clement L. Smith, Di- rector of the American School in Rome, how the world moves. The women were an ob- stacle to obtaining permits to the Vatican and Lateran museums for the students of the School, but the hesitation of the pontifi- cal authorities was overcome "through the good offices of Monsignor O'Connell, Rector cf the American College." However, the wo- men, by exception, were at first cut off from the Galleria Lapidaria on certain days when it regularly becomes a thoroughfare to the Borgia rooms; but this restriction quickly disappeared. The Germans first tested the question of the admissibility of women to the Vatican Library for the collating of manuscripts, a settlement being reached by placing these students in a large and less convenient ante-room. Close upon the appearance of the Proceed- ing of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester in October, 1898, in which Dr. Ed- ward Everett Hale reports upon the ap- proaching publication of the late Dr. J. Ham- mond Trumbull's dictionaries of the language of the Massachusetts Indians, comes a re- issue of Montague Chamberlain's 'Maliseet Vocabulary' (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Co- operative Society), with an introduction by Prof. Ganong of Smith College. The Mali- seets, to be sure, were not strictly a Massa- chusetts tribe even in the larger sense that embraced Maine; but they were akin to Passamaquoddies, Penobscots, and Kenne- becs. From the Micmacs to the east of their habitat, the St. John River valley, they were separated by linguistic differences, and in fact owe to them their derisive name of Maliseets (Stammerers, Broken-Speech). This name Includes a liquid I which, with r. Is unused by them, though they have sometimes been called also Marasheets. They still ex- ist and are slightly increasing in numbers, but mixture with the Acadians has destroyed their purity of blood. Mr. Chamberlain's vocabulary, one of three extant, is very inte- resting, especially for the section of place names, and that of words adopted from con- tact with the whites. As, in Revolutionary days, Americans were in France called Bos- tonians, so the Maliseets made Pas-tan'-ki, United States, Pas-ta'-ni, an American, from Pas'-tan, Boston. In the article "Les Paysans aux Salons de 1899" in the Revue des Deux Mondcf for May 15, M. de La Sizeranne, after speaking dis- criminatingly of the peasants of Millet, Jules Breton, and Lhermitte, indulges in a digres- sion to show that the peasant is a fit subject for the painter's brush rather than the no- velist's pen. The best French writers have either lent to their peasants traits of senti- mental idealism, or represented them under the aspect of a grotesque and vulgar realism. Not so those artists of the brush who have devoted themselves to the study of rural life. Love of woman is the Leitmotiv of the French novel, but the French peasant's great passion is the "passion of the soil"; the no- vel thrives on adventure, while no life is more monotonous than the peasant's, par- taking as it does of the immovability, the unchangeableness of the picture. The no- velist, to convince us of the charms of his shepherdess, makes her speak in "fine gram- matical phrases with plenty of subjunctives, while the painter needs but a ray of sun- shine." In short, it is the limitation of the two arts of poetry and painting which, in the case of peasant life, favors the pictorial art- ist: "The poet's means of expression is a succession of images, the painter's, their sinuiltancousness." These words, quoted from Delacroix, are really to be traced to Lessing, and we doubt not that the author of the Essay on the Laocoon would gladly have admitted M. de La Sizeranne's remarks among his own illustrations of that thesis. The discontinuance of the Woman's Medi- cal College in this city marks an important moment in the progress of civilization. In 1847 the first woman, Dr. Elizabeth Black- well, was admitted to a medical school; in 1857 she, with her sister, Emily, and Dr. Zackrzewska, a young Polish lady, whose talent as a teacher of midwifery in Berlin had led to her coming to this country to study medicine, opened a medical school for women; that is, they rented a house, No. 64 Bleecker Street, and fitted it up as a hos- pital "where both patients and young as- sistant physicians could be received." Less than fifty years later the opposition to wo- men studying medicine in the same colleges with men has been so completely overcome, and the Johns Hopkins Medical School and that of Cornell offer such admirable instruc- tion, that there is no longer occasion to provide separate opportunities for women. So hard a struggle as this was in the be- ginning has seldom met with such rapid and such complete success. A notable publication of the Boston Pub- lic Library is 'A Selected Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe,' by Prof. William Z. Ripley, whose 'Races of Europe' is the consummation of researches leading up. to the Bibliography. The list Is broader than its title Implies, for Western Asia and Northern Africa have been in-

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478 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 eluded, along with the Finns and Mongols of the Russian Empire; and while it reveals the richness of the Boston Library in this literature, it is not confined to that collec- tion. The arrangement is by authors, and under each his works are displayed chrono- logically, with obvious convenience of refer- ence and of criterion. Prof. Ripley's index is partly analytic, and gives such help as, under Greece, against the several authors' names, the leading topic— anthropology, co- lor, crania, language, archaeology, Pelas- gians, Tyrrhenians. Attention should be drawn to the topo- graphic maps of New York and New England which th? United States Geological Survey at Washington places within everybody's reach. Upwards of 70 of New York and 134 of New England (the three Southern States complete) have been issued, each an atlas- sheet 161/£x20 inches, covering one-sixteenth of a "square degree," or about 220 square miles, and designated from the principal town or other features. The hill features are shown by contour lines. The cost per sheet is five cents, or (in quantity of 100 or up- wards) two cents. A revised map of New York and vicinity is also ready, costing fifty cents. The price should be sent to the Di- rector in exact cash or by postal order. A map index to the completed sheets will be furnished on application. —Mr. Augustus Peabody Loring of the Boston bar is the author of a 'Trustee's Handbook,' published in convenient form by Little, Brown & Co., Boston. In two hundred pages he has stated, simply and concisely, the rules which govern the management of trust estates, and the relationship existing between the trustee and beneficiary. The ar- rangement of the book is somewhat pecu- liar, Part I. being devoted to "The Trustee as an Individual," and Part II. to "The In- dividual as Trustee," Part III. to "The Be- neficiary," and Part IV. to "Interstate Law"; but wherever we have examined it, we have found it full of valuable and condensed in- formation, such as a trustee needs to have within easy reach. Trusts are and always have been one of the most difficult branches of the law, and there is no sign of their becoming simpler as time goes on. Yet, cu- riously enough, the compensation of trustees seems to be gradually becoming smaller and smaller, partly through statutory rules and partly through the competition of corpora- tions, such as trust companies, which can af- ford to discharge the duties of trusts at a much lower rate than individuals can. Per.- haps in time we shall find out that the best rule for family trusts is the old English one— that trustees should be paid nothing at all. The effect of this is that family trusts are taken care of by the immediate rela- tives 01 the beneficiary for love and affec- tion, ana that only attorneys, men of busi- ness, agents, and brokers are paid fees and commissions. The great advantage of this system, where it is practicable, is that un- necessary expenses are saved, and our prac- tice of screwing down trustees to the lowest market rate avoided. Trustees who take charge of a trust from some disinterested motive are usually far better than trustees who undertake it at the lowest living wage. -The dawn of the sociological era in Christian missions has been welcomed by many who are not friends of the propaganda of the Christian (or, indeed, of any) faith in its merely dogmatic form. Probably the most important literary monument in proof of this change of trend, both in the pro- pagandists and in the active supporters of them, is seen in Dr. James S. Dennis's book, 'Christian Missions and Social Pro- gress,' of which the second volume is now out (Fleming H. Revell Co.). With the usual reinforcement and illumination of the text by abundant reproduction of photo- graphs, the proofs of social improvements under alien assistance and industrial sti- mulus seem very real. Another volume is to deal, with statistics of every sort. Dr. Den- nis treats in volume ii. of that which is the first task of missions — the creation of a new type of personal character, and the inspiration of the individual for the benefit of the mass, as the true genesis of the so- cial conscience. He shows also the work of Christian missionaries in the making of a new public opinion, the promotion of educa- tion and the intellectual life of non-Chris- tian races, and in awakening not only the philanthropic spirit, but new national as- pirations and higher conceptions of govern- ment. He treats of temperance reform, de- liverance from the opium habit and other forms of slavery to drugs, and with such themes as gambling, personal purity, self- mutilation, the arrest of pessimistic and suicidal tendencies, and the cultivation of habits of industry and frugality. He deals strongly and clearly with reforms affecting family life, the abolition of slavery, canni- balism, human sacrifices, ordeals, foot- binding, and the mitigation of the brutali- ties of war. A careful examination of this volume reveals few if any signs of haste, while the method, arrangement, and abun- dant notes and references keep it fully up to the standard set in the frst. Yet, even with the prospectus of the third volume be- fore us, there is one important omission. From observation in the mission field and after long reflection, we are persuaded that one of the very best of the good things which Christian missions can and ought to do is to stimulate the native or ethnic re- ligions—often intellectually stagnant or in- durated in priestcraft — to philanthropic ac- tivity. In Turkey, Japan, and India this has been done, in calling for deeper intellec- tual apprehension and clearer statement, with purging and rejection of hurtful or offensive features, and the creation or de- velopment of active charity and benevo- lence. These excellent fruits are visible, and are worthy of treatment in a work de- voted to social progress through the im- provement of men's nobler powers. Unless all signs fail, the old religions must work with the newer one in the bettering of the world; while traditional Christianity, over- laden with European and mediaeval accre- tions, must itself revert wholesomely to the standard set by the Founder. —'Odysseus als Afrikaumsegler und Ame- rikaentdecker' (Leipzig: Kock) a seventy- page pamphlet with plates and map, is a re- cent addition to the literature of the Homeric poems. The author, who writes under the name of "Eumaios der gottlliche Sauhirt und exacte Altertumsforscher," complains that the accepted Idea of the wisdom and re- sourcefulness of Ulysses precludes the possi- bility of thinking that that hero wandered for ten years in a sea so small as the Medi- terranean. He accordingly strikes out a new course, which takes the much-wandering man through the straits of Gibraltar and thence along Africa to the Lotus-eaters In Gambia, ' to the Cyclopes, whose dwelling-place he puts by the Bight of Biafra, to the Laestry- gons in Patagonia, "where some inventive Yankee may yet raise his sunken fleet." The Isle of Circe he identifies with the Cape of Good Hope. Hence, along Trinacria, which must be Madagascar, to the land of the Phas- acians, which is no other than Aden, through the Red Sea, he makes his way home to Ithaca, which lies in Sicily. Each place the author identifies by a comparison of Homer's description and that of some modern writer, usually Ratzel or Darwin. His etymologies of place-names in support of his theory are not unlike some others that are met with In soberer works of learning. The travesty up- on the-methods of certain scholarly investi- gate rs is evident, and falls in with other ex- amples of theoretical works on Homer. Some, as we know, have found in the poems an allegory of the fall of Jericho, while others have made Homer identical with Solomon simply by reading the letters OMHP02 from right to left. Even the carved sarcophagus of Homer was found about 1770 in the island los and carried to St. Petersburg. Le Che- valier is at once called to mind by this work of "Eumaios." In 1829 this French scholar, under the name Constantino Koliades, brought out his 'Ulysses-Homer,' in which he identi- fied the localities of the poems, and argued that Ulysses and Homer were one and the same, the husband of Penelope. It also pro- posed the erection of a monument at Itha- ca, with the inscription, OAY25EY5 . om . hpo2, to be interpreted as "Odysseus, Hero and like- wise Poet." This book created great excite- ment among scholars at the time, and was vigorously refuted by Latronne in the Jour- nal des Savants, evidently so much to the author's gratification that he at once, in 1832, published a supplement, which Latronne again attempted to refute. So one Kephala, pretending to be a sailor, published in Con- stantinople about 1830 a book of more than 200 pages, aiming to show that Homer's fa- therland was Ithaca. Samuel Butler's argu- ment (London, 1897) that Nausicaa was the author of the 'Odyssey' might also be men- tioned. As "Eumaios" well says: "There is a point in the investigation of the past where theories become merely a question of taste." —The Fratikfurter-Zcitung recently pub- lished some interesting facts regarding the extent to which the anti-German tendencies prevailing in dominant political circles are working to the serious detriment of the Austrian universities. There had been all along an exchange and interchange of teach- ing forces between the German faculties of these universities and those of Germany, but ever since the ministry of Count Taaffe the Austrian authorities have frowned on this custom, and have tried to keep German professors out of Austria. Thus, when the Vienna faculty lately proposed the names of three Germans as candidates for the pro- fessorship of German law, after the only really worthy representative of this depart- ment to be found in all Austria had declined, the Minister of Education rejected all three, and, without further consultation with the faculty, appointed to this position the Roman Catholic Baron Schwind of Innsbruck, gene- rally regarded as unworthy of a chair in the university of the capital of the Empire, but who is the special favorite of the clerical Leo Society. Some years ago the authori- ties began to withhold a certain amount of the lecture fees from the professors, in order to use the fund thus collected as a means of

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 4=79 securing the services of specially brilliant men from Germany, but the Finance Minis- ter now emphatically vetoes the use of the money for such a purpose, and the University is accordingly impotent. On the other hand, the Government is exerting a pressure on the Germans already in the Austrian faculties and showing its willingness to have them go. Not long ago the famous philologian Marx received a call to the University of Leipzig, and. In accordance with an old academic custom, desired to lay this invitation before the Minister for final decision. The latter, however, flatly refused to receive him in this matter, and as the Saxon Minister had in person gone to Vienna to see Prof. Marx, the latter at once decided to go to Leipzig. Short- ly afterwards the professor of Roman law in Vienna, Dr. Mitteis, also received a call to Leipzig, and, having learned wisdom by the experience of his colleague, at once, and without consulting the Austrian authorities, accepted. The Germans, on the other hand, have not been slow to see which way the wind is blowing in the university government of Austria, and, if called, simply refuse to accept. In this way Prof. Crusius of Hei- delberg promptly declined the call to the chair made vacant by the departure of Prof. Marx. The Beilage of the Allgrmrliic Zi Hung of Munich, while giving a slightly but not materially different report of the Mitteis af- fair, draws attention to a number of other cases In which Germans in Austrian uni- versity faculties have been practically driven from their positions. — In the Shaksperian progress at Smith College the "senior dramatics" last week embraced "A Winter's Tale," for the first time. The merits and the shortcomings of the performance did not differ materially fr m those observable in former years, and to some extent inseparable from the work of amateurs. As usual, the female parts were better done than the male, and those of Hrrmione and Perdita are so lovely in them- selves that, when adequately presented, as they were with slight exception in this case, they atoned for all deficiencies, and made the total impression most pleasurable. It was once more demcnstrated that native breeding and refinement such as we expect to find in women's colleges, may challenge comparison on the stage with the art of pro- fessional actors. This was manifest especial- ly in the scene of Hermione's yielding to the order for her arrest and sequestration, with its pathetic tableaux. Bodily grace and charm, again, had their customary triumph in the pastoral drama cf which Perdita was the delightful central figure. Comedy took second place with a clever Autolycus, and this too we are used to look for. It would be idle to weigh this representation against the "Much Ado About Nothing" of last year, or "The Merchant of Venice," or "A Mid- summer Night's Dream." There will, we trust, be repetitions hereafter (as the list of available plays comes to an end), before the tradition of past successes fades, and while it is possible to improve upon the me- mory of them. It is enough, with each new effort, to answer affirmatively and emphati- cally the question, Was it worth while?— as they must who witnessed the latest "senior dramatics." RECENT ENGLISH POETRY. A sad doom of incompleteness and in- sufficiency appears to haunt the English poets of to-day. It has left nothing of Os- car Wilde's early promise but a hideous jail scene, it has turned Thomas Hardy's cheery Wessex life into a gloomy hymn, and it has perhaps reached its culmination in Watson's 'Collected Poems' (Lane). This book is, un- like that called 'Poems' (Macmillan, 1893), a deliberately collected reprint of what the author wishes to keep before the public. He has excluded, wisely enough, the whole of the 'Prince's Quest' and 'The ElopingAngels,' and mest of his 'Epigrams'; and has included most of the contents of his later volumes ex- cept the 'Year of Shame,' here represented, strangely, by what he calls "a small selec- tion"— namely, nine poems, and these by no means the strongest, out of the original twenty-six. He also gives but about half of the "Sonnets" published in 1885 under the title of 'Ver Tenebrosum,' and of these he says guardedly "that they need not be taken as in each case accurately reflecting his pre- sent opinions upon events of that year, but are retained for the sake of such purely lite- rary interest for certain of his readers." It is needless, after this, for him to add that he "can lay claim to no obstinate consistency of view" (p. viii). His readers will require no further evidence of this disavowal. If any English poet since Southey has more dis- tinctly struck the flag of early independence it is Mr. William Watson; and when we con- sider the ordinary mediocrity of his verse, and that his temporary attitude of political pro- test was all on which his prestige really rest- ed, there seems no reason why he should not take rank henceforth by the side of Mr. Alfred Austin, and even succeed him in office. This short "Prelude" perhaps writes his epitaph better than any one else could have phrased it (p. 55) : The mighty poets from their flowing store Dispense like casual alms the careless ore; Through throngs of men their lonely way they go, Let fall their costly thoughts, nor seem to know.— Not mine the rich and showering hand, that strews The facile largess of a stintless Muse. A fitful presence, seldom tarrying long, Capriciously she touches me to song- Then leaves me to lament her flight In vain, And wonder will she ever come again. The volume is fitly enough dedicated to Lord Rosebery, who among English states- men comes nearest to what Mr. Watson has at last proved himself to be in literature, a voice without a hand. The book attributed to Oscar Wilde, as already mentioned, 'The Ballad of Reading Gaol,' by C.3.3. (Tucker), is so essentially powerful that it bids fair to secure a dis- tressing immortality. Next to it, or beyond it, in haunting and tragic painfulness is "Saint Sebastian," in Mr. Thomas Hardy's 'Wessex Poems, and Other Verses' (Harper's). The poem addressed to a lady offended by the writings of the author (p. 161) will have a special interest for his admirers as showing him not unconscious of criticism. Nothing weak could ever come from Mr. Hardy, but it is needless to say that the book needs a glossary for such words as barton, church- hay, coll, ewelcaze, knap, lumpered, lynchets, tallct, tardlc, thirtovcr, and the like. The rough drawings will have fascination for many, and the closing poem may possibly let us farther into the author's heart than any- thing else in the book: I look into my glass, And view my wasting skin, And say, "Would God it came to pass My heart had shrunk as thin!'' For then, I, undlstrest By hearts grown cold to me. Could lonely wait my endless rest With equanimity. But Time, to make me grieve, I'urt steals, lets part abide; And shukes this fragile frame at eve With throbblngs of noontide. Few bibliographers have ever demonstrated so thoroughly that a preface may be better than a book, as this has been done by Mr. Rich- ard Oarnett (lately of the British Museum) in the case of Shelley's juvenile volume, 'Ori- ginal Poetry by Victor and Cazire.' This book, first published in 1810, was vainly looked for during thirty-eight years until brought to light by Mr. John Lane, who pos- sesses the only known copy of the original and now issues a reprint of it. The poems by "Cazire" were probably by Elizabeth Shel- ley. The verses at the worst are better than those to be found in Shelley's early novels. The poems addressed to Harriet Grove cer- tainly confirm the impression that he really loved her — a fact which has been doubted by some biographers. "The Irishman's Song" show s that Shelley's liberal opinions set in early; and the editor's summing up may on the whole be considered reasonable, as fol- lows: "It [the volume] is therefore of con- siderable interest apart from the romantic history which constitutes its chief claim to celebrity, and the rarity which gives it a unique place among Shelley's extant writ- ings. Fervently as we hoped that a copy might one day be found, we must now hope with equal fervor that no one will ever find another." (P. 25.) In any group of new English poetry one naturally turns first to any volume bearing the name of William B. Yeats, and the enly disappointment in 'The Wind Among the Reeds' (Lane) is, first, that it is a very small book, secondly, that some of the poems have been previously printed, and thirdly, that nearly half of it is in prose notes. Yet these last, it must be said, are so fascinating and so impregnated with Celtic visions that it is really hard to tell where the verse ends and the prese begins. Irish tradition is full of the spirits of the air, who journey in winds which set the leaves whirling on the read and make the country people bless themselves. The very mention of these will recall the author's previously published poems, "The Host of the Air" and "The Dream of O'Driscoll" beside the drear Hart Lake; but he tells his prose legends also so much like a poet, and so little like a folk-lorist, that one hardly misses the rhyme; while in his verses the lovers woo so romantically that, while they wish for the cloths of heaven to place beneath the feet of their darlings, they are ready to sub- stitute their own dreams — and their dreams are just as good (p. 60). Had I the heavens' embroidered cloths, Enwrought with golden and silver light. The blue and the dim and the dark cloths Of night and light and the half light, I would spread the cloths under your feet; Hut I, being poor, have only my dreams; 1 have spread my dreams uuder your feet; Trend softly because you trend on my dreams. The 'Poems' of A. Bernard Miall are not unfamiliar to the readers of the Pall Mall Gazette, and once at least the author has shown vivid descriptive power, and repro- duces, perhaps for the first time in literature, one of the most marked and peculiar sounds to be heard through the heat of summer (p. 124): THE OIBCULAR saw Itecause the high, long, dreary London wall \ exed OB, when we came to the open gate Idly we turned aside, and suddenly stopped.

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4:80 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 With eyes enchanted, with voices ready to call One to the other for wonder: "Wait, O wait!" Deep in a covered alley the hot sun dropped, Slant, fierce, and mellow, between high stacks Of yellow timber sweet: an alley where Brown-muscled men bore upon balks of pine, Urging them on to the saw, where they severed like wax, With a rising muffled scream, a triumphant blare, Thrilling the throat and the bosom; and rich as a wine The scent of the spouting sawdust invaded the place, The soul of the magical forest, resinous, sweet, Subtly invaded the desolate, sordid street. But O, the wonder! for all the overshadowed space Was thick with the floating dust, a haze there A haze green-golden, full of the fire of the sun; From a fountain of creamy fire that o'erbrimmed it with gold It gushed, in a lift of eddies, so shot through With the further gloom that shadow and light in Like the ghost of a glorious opal famous of old, Likd the deeps of a flickering ocean of sombre Curled and eddied, melted and licked and lapped, Enwrapping the phantom workers, their faces bright In the liquid light so marvellously entrapped. In the odorous whirling water imprisoned between The resinous piles, a hive of fantastic light, Dancing within itself and over the ground, While ever the screaming, rending, blaring saw spun round. 'The Silence of Love,' by Bdmond H:lmes (Lane), is the perhaps inappropriate title of a volume containing fifty sonnets on the subject indicated. They are in the Shakspe- rian form, to which the later English son- netteers seem reverting, since Rossetti left us — a tendency which we regret, especially where they are, as here, to be grcuped in large numbers within a single volume. In this collection however, there is much deep feeling and some fine analysis of emotion, as in the following (iv.): "I may not love thee." "May not!" but I do: This is my title to the crown of love,— A title which eaeli heart-beat doth renew,— A title ancient as the stars above. "I may not lore thee." "May not!" but I must: When Nature's mightiest forces are at play, The ship, o'ermastered by the whirling gnat, Forgets its course and wanders far astray. "I may not love thee." "May not!" but 1 will: My soul leaves thine and glories in love's name — Itself its arbiter of good and 111- Itself the well-spring of its ardent flame. I may not love thee, my Beloved! but still Love thee I do, I must, I ever will. The sententious and serious mood of Mr. F. B. Money-Coutts shows itself anew in 'The Alhambra, and Other Poems' (Lane), but the want of the fluid and lyrical element continues to make itself felt. The nearest approach to this musical abandonment is to be found in the closing verses, in which the final wcrds of Goethe's "Faust" are once more interpreted (p. 76); Follow the Woman Spirit! Onward and onward Hark to their baf- rouow the Woman Spirit, through the nosious night, Follow her. like the swallow, seeking for love and light! Let not the World entice thee! Push all its hands aside! Let this alone suffice thee; follow thy destined bride! There Is none other guidance, there is none other goal; Follow her still-receding, heavenly-leading Soul! Foulness and Folly pursue ther. Fame! Envy, riatred, lieieer than el- and Malice— this Is thy triple Flee, Bee away for ever. Thorough the noxious night, Follow the Woman Spirit Light! seeking for Love and The tendency of young English poets, as of novelists, to put their work into a dra- matic form is doubtless mainly due to the vastly greater profit of the stage. As Mr. Caine can easily set aside all literary cri- ticisms upon 'The Christian' in view of the flattering returns of the box-office, so Mr. John Davidson needs to care little for other opinions on his 'Godfrida' (Lane) pro- vided he can bring down the house by such a climax as this (p. 121): Siward. Not In this region was my conqueror born. [He drives Iskmbekt towards the window.} Isembert. Now ! For Godfrida ! Now ! Help me, my heart! [Be is driven over the window mortally wounded, the word " heart " being prolonged in to a despairing shriek. Siward crosses quickly to the. right and listens intently. Godfrida looks fearfully over the window, and then runs to Siwabd.] Mr. Davidson states in a prologue that his primary object in writing this play was "to give delight"; but his success in this direction seems doubtful. A far more interesting transfer of poetic energies in the direction of the drama is to be found in 'Pan and the Young Shepherd,' by Maurice Hewlett (Lane). Mr. Hewlett was previously known as a pleasing semi-pastoral poet, with a touch of George Darley about him; we now have him transposed into a writer of poetic drama with all the names Greek or Latin, half the characters creatures of the air and the other half of the raciest mould of modern English peasant. How he justified the combination to his conscience is his affair, and if he is a conscious and de- liberate imitator of Mr. Hardy, it detracts from his merit; but certainly no one except Hardy has given such a Shaksperian flavor to his rustics. Here, for instance, is the auto- biography of Geron, sheep-farmer of eighty, laying down the rules of life to his grand- son (p. 3): "See here: I've made my own beer since I could drink it; paid the size; size o' bread and ale; multure o' mill; hearthstead on the Stinted Ground — that's solia, boy! That's the free Commoner of Champney Valtort; that's the respected man. Eight times Reeve; Pinder for life! Churchwarden, moreover, with a clear mind till the parson ups and bids me turn to God. Turn to God! says I, 'tis for Him to turn to me, as the Testament doth prove; and I never went near his church from Hocktide unto Candlemas. That learned him, likely; and no judgment yet for all my eighty years. No, no, cleave to the sheep, boy, and the sheep will cleave to you. . . And when your day comes, as come mine must, take to your bed, boy, and face the wall like a stolid Christian man." The point where Mr. Hewlett goes beyond Mr. Hardy is in painting the cowherdess of corresponding vigor, Merla, who thus draws her own portrait when in love (p. 50): "I love him, shadow him, think day and night upon him. Do I do a wrong, Mistress Balkis, in speaking of this? I am lusty as a steer; I could carry him up the fell on my back; I have forty gold sovereigns in my mother's broken tea-pot; I look better when I'm drest for church; I can kill a pig- I would lay down my life for him! Oh, 'oh oh! Speak to me for Heaven's pity." It is a satisfaction that, after losing the lover, she marries the god Pan and gets the upper hand of him. "Merla doth not square her jaw for nothing," as another admirer says. A good Hardy passage is the remark of one of the rustics caught out late at night: "Sir, I stand avouched for a common narum- scarum, overstrenuous for years and station. Yet the errand was good; 'fore the Lord, it was honestly begun" (p. 121). Had this ap- peared in America, the scene of the remark might be suspected cf being laid at Albany. Alma Strettell, dear to many through her previous book of translations, 'The Bard of the Dimbovitza,' has brought a new Bel- gian poet within English reach in 'Poems by Emile Verhaeren' (Lane). The earlier verses are too sombre and pessimistic, perhaps, for enjoyment, but they gradually rise into strains of exquisite refinement and spiritual beauty, reaching a climax in the closing poem (p. 83): SHE OF THE GARDEN. In such a spot, with radiant flowers for halo, I saw the Guardian Angel sit her down; Vine-branches fashioned a green shrine about tier, And sun-flowers rose behind her like a crown. Der fingers, their white slenderness encircled With humble, fragile rings of coral round. Held, ranged in couples, sprays of faithful roses Sealed with a clasp, with threads of woollen bound. A shimmering air the golden calm was weaving. All filigree'd with dawn, that like a braid Surmounted her pure brow, which still was hidden Half In the shade. Woven of linen were her veil and sandals, But, twined 'mid boughs of foliage, on their hem The theologic Virtues Three were painted; Hearts set about with gold encompassed them. Her silken hair, slow rippling, from her shoulder, Down to the mosses of the sward did reach; The childhood of her eyes disclosed a silence More sweet than speech. Those eyes, they shone so vivid with remembrance That they confessed days lived alike with me: Oh, in the grave inviolate can it change, then. The Long Ago, and live in the To Be? Sure, she was one who, being dead, yet brought me, Miraculous, a strength that comforteth, And the Viaticum of her survival Guiding me from the further side of Death. Another book of extremely interesting translations is 'Legends of the Saints,' by the Rev. G. R. Woodward of S. Barnabas Pimlico (London: Kegan Paul). These are all trans- lated from German sources generally unfa- miliar, though one is from the "Knaben Wunderhorn" and one from Chamisso. Most of them are quaint, some fresh and sweet, none being more so than the following, by Helmine Von Chezy (p. 48) : JESUS AND THE MOSS. Deep in the hollow of a wood A moss-bed, green and spongy, stood. Like velvet-carpet soft: To outward view, though scant and slight. This nook contained a seemly sight Of leaves and boughs aloft. To greenwood tree and rose o'crhead The moss looked up and whispered, "Such bloom God gave me ne'er: Hut trodden under foot of men No worship my poor shrine doth ken, Mankind love light and glare." But lo! there came that eventide Christ, roaming through the forest wide. With visage pale and wan: Though footsore he would further go, 'Twas ease to feel the moss below His feet, the Son of Man. Come o'er the plain In heat and thirst, In sand and sun, 'twas here that first The moss 'gan cool His feet. Then spake the Lord, "My Father's hand Sudl love in thee hath surely planned, And made thee sut't and sweet. "What eye so blind as not to see E'en here in this thy low degree God's power and grace and care? Thou comely herb, if set at nought, Of thee too thy Creator thought; Thy lot serenely bear." Jesus had scarcely spoken so When from the moss began to grow A rose, of wondrous hue: Moss-rose 'twas called in little time, It bloometh now in every clime, Of meekness emblem true. We have kept for the last the 'Poems' translated by A. M. von Blomberg into Eng- lish from the Italian of Ada Negri (Boston: Copeland), because in them alone, of all these, we have genuine poetry of the people. It does not appear whether the translation itself is made in England or America, but we should be glad to think it a home pr. duct. It is as if we had Browning's Pippa singing

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 4:81 her own song. Here is a girl who has never beheld the sea, the mountains, the lakes: who has never until lately spent even two days in the city; who walks daily in her wooden shoes to teach spelling to seventy or eighty noisy children; and yet who In her poems touches the human heart at every step, who sings her very love songs as "One of the People," and who sums up the silent drama enacted in a thousand mills, the world over, in this poem, "The Working Mother" (p. 56): Among the shrieking wheels of the great mill Where, 'mid the din that shaketh the wide hall, A thousand women all Their vigour spend, she too is working still. For many a lustre, since she was a child, She has been here.— Deftly her nervous hands Guide thread and spool. She stands And does not heed the noise, the tumult wild That rages all around. But sometimes now She Is so tired and weary, oh, so tired 1 And yet, as if inspired. Raising her head, she smoothes her careworn brow. She seems to say: "On, ever onward still!"— Oh, misery, if one day her strength should fail, If she began to ail And could no more return her place to fill! She must not and she cannot.— For her joy, Her one ambition, her one son, behind Whose brow she has divined The lofty flight of genius— he, her boy, Is studying.— She will, at any price. For his necessities toll on all day, Waste drop by drop away, Offer herself a living sacriflcce. As once her youth, her old age too, God knows, Trembling and frosty, she will give, her health That was her only wealth— Oh, saintly worker!— sweetness of repose. All she will give. Her son shall study.— Grand The future time shall see him, world renowned And feared, his dark head crowned With gold and laurel wreaths at fortune's hand! Son of the people, study, silent sit In the low but that in the shadow lies, Thou in whose ardent eyes The mystic words of genius high are writ, In thy proud muscles, In each fibre, feel The buoyant energy, the health that grace A bold, undaunted race. Aspire to the heights with fearless zeal. Thy mother for thy sake some day will die; To her Intrepid, fallen body throw A kiss, a greeting, go To meet the hostile host that draweth nigh, And with tby voice, thy pen, go forth to flght And point out to the tottering century The glorious radiancy Of vast horizons bathed in a new light. True, steadfast, honest in the noble strife Awaiting thee, remember evermore: Amid the great mill's roar For this thy mother sacrificed her life. JAMES'S TALKS TO TEACHERS. Talks to Teachers on Psychology; and to Students on Some of Life's Ideals. By William James. Henry Holt & Co. 1899. Pp. xi-301. The "Talks to Teachers" in the present volume comprise the substance of a course of lectures given by Prof. James in 1892 to the Cambridge teachers. The "Talks to Stu- dents" "were written in response to invita- tions to deliver 'addresses' to students at women's colleges." "I have found by experience," he says of the earlier papers, "that what my hearers seem least to relish is analytical technicali- ty, and what they most care for is concrete practical application. So I have gradually weeded out the former and left the latter unreduced; and now that I have at last written out the lectures, they contain a mi- nimum of what is deemed 'scientific' in psy- chology." The whole volume, in effect, may be taken as a partial answer to a question repeatedly asked by teachers and students in the pre- sent vogue of the study of mind: "Of what use, after all, in practice is psychology to us?" The book is, as the author says, "practical In the extreme," and, because a capital exam- ple of Prof. James's literary method in ex- position, in which the phrase is an argument and the illustration a proof, is "popular" in the extreme. Much of it is of necessity half- familiar (the art of teaching does not be- long wholly to the end of the century)— the "maxims of habit," f~r example: "We must take care to launch ourselves v*ith as strong an initiative as possible"; "Never suffer an exception to occur till the new habit is securely rooted in your life"; "Seize the first possible opportunity to act on every resolution you make," and "Keep the facul- ty of effort alive in you by a little gratui- tous exercise every day." Yet even these are given a new freshness by the concept which they are brought forward to serve, of man as "a stereotyped creature, an imitator and copier of his past self, whose aim is to make his nervous system his ally instead of his enemy— to fund and capitalize his acqui- sitions, and live at ease upon the interest." And side by side with what the new psycho- logy but confirms and rationalizes, there is much that it has to say which is revolutiona- ry; notably its exposure of the futile attempt to train the "general memory," to make the pupil study one thing in hopes that he may remember everything else; its condemnation of the practice of "breaking the balky will"; its "gospel of relaxation"; the stress it lays on almost verbal apperception, on "finding the right name," in moral deliberation. "To think, in short," Prof. James puts it, "is the secret of will, just as it is the secret of memory. . . . The hackneyed example of moral deliberation is the case of an ha- bitual drunkard under temptation. His moral triumph or failure literally con- sists in his finding the right name ■ for the case. If he says that it is a case of not wast- ing good liquor already poured out, or a case of not being churlish and unsociable when in the midst of friends, or a case of learning something at last about a brand of whiskey which he never met before, or a case of cele- brating a public holiday, or a case of stimu- lating himself to a more energetic resolve in favor of abstinence than any he had ever yet made, then he is lost. His choice of the wrong name seals his doom. But if, in spite of all the plausible good names with which his thirsty fancy so copicusly furnishes him, he unwaveringly clings to the truer bad name, and apperceives the case as that of 'being a drunkard, being a drunkard, being a drunkard,' his feet are planted on the road to salvation. He saves himself by thinking rightly." Of the three essays composing the second division of the book, Prof. James regards the first, "The Gospel of Relaxation," as a con- tinuation of the "Talks to Teachers." The remaining two, "On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings" and "What Makes a Life Significant," belong together, he says, and follow another line of thought. There is, however, a fundamental unity in the two lines of thought, which is of especial inte- rest at the present time to the student of the drift of philosophic thought. Prof. James himself expresses the principle of continuity early in the "Talks to Teachers": "Popular belief has always tended to esti- mate the worth of a man's mental processes by their effects upon his practical life. But philosophers have usually cherished a differ- ent view. 'Man's supreme glory,' they have said, 'is to be a rational being, to know ab- solute and eternal truth. The uses of his in- tellect for practical affairs are therefore sub- ordinate matters. The theoretic life is his soul's genuine concern.' Nothing can be more different in its results for our personal attitude than to take sides with one or the other of these views, and emphasize the prac- tical or the theoretic ideal." Prof. James frankly takes sides against the philosophers. The whole of his "Talks to Teachers" are based on his notion of what education means — theorganization of the "re- sources in the human being, of the powers of conduct, which shall flit him to his social and physical world. An 'uneducated' person is one who is nonplussed by all but the most habitual situations." The "Gospel of Relaxation" is but an ex- tension of the same principle. 'AaxoAov^a tva (rxo\6.i<aiJ.ev, wrote Aristotle in the strange Orientalism which he had learned from Plato, and which philos:phy, with its care for the inner life, and Christianity, with its scorn of outer things and its care for blamelessness rather than efficiency, for well-being rather than well-doing, have been at one in seeking to impose on the restless, eager Western world, with its incurable sense of outer fact and love of things, its innate sheer fascinated horror of death and annihi- lation, Its distrust of ecstasy that simulates death and ends in debility. Zx-oAa^ei' iy d<rxoAovVe#a iri /cpdro; — 'with all our might' — Prof. James writes, between the lines, in his "Gospel of Relaxation." The gospel of relaxation is preached in the name of strenuousness; the aim of life is not im- passioned contemplation, but wise achieve- ment; not ecstasy, but action; and the essays "On a Certain Blindness," and on "What Makes a Life Significant" but carry the same line of thought to the end. What makes a life significant is the service of an ideal, yet not the mere emotional service of it, but the vigorous and effective service; not the worship of an ideal for the sake of the ideal, nor even for the sake of worshipping it, but for the sake of the unity and dignity and power that a single-minded worship lends a man's energies. "Any old ideal" al- most will do; absolutely any is better than none, or than a multitude of incompatible ideals. "The more ideals a man has, the more con- temptible on the whole do you continue to deem him if the matter ends there for him, and if none of the laboring-man's virtues are called into action on his part — no courage shown, no privations undergone, no dirt and scars contracted in the attempt to get them realized." And the blindness in human beings, which is a blindness to each other's ideals, is lamentable because precisely we do not see that other people's ideals are a source of strength to them, such as to them at least our own could not be. "We are but finite, and each one of us has some single specialized vocation of his own; and it seems as if energy in the service of its particular duties might be got only by hardening the heart toward everything un- like them. Our deadness toward everything but one particular kind of joy would thus be the price we inevitably have to pay for being practical creatures. Only in some piti- ful dreamer, some philosopher, poet, or ro- mancer, or when the common practical man becomes a lover, does the hard externality give way, and a gleam of insight into the ejective world, as Clifford called it, the vast world of inner life beyond us, illuminate our mind. Then the whole scheme of our cus- tomary values gets confounded; then our self is riven, and its narrow interests fly to pieces; then a new centre and a new perspec- tive must be found." Prof. James's own reading of "On a Cer- tain Blindness" and "What Makes a Life Significant" is that they are chapters in his defence of individualism. "Hands off: nei-

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4=82 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ther the whole truth nor the whole of good Is revealed to any single observer." But the reason for non-interference is not a specula- tive reason, but the deeper, practical reason, that to attempt to make another like one's self is to destroy him. He cannot be like anybody but himself; and it is especially absurd for him to try to become so, for, wanton cruelty and violence apart, his own ideal, certainly the best for him, is probably as good as to a man of his power anybody else's could be. "In this solid and tridimensional sense, so to call it, those philosophers are right who contend that the world is a standing thing, with no progress, no real history. The chang- ing conditions of history touch only the surface of the show. The altered equili- briums and redistributions only diversify our opportunities, and open chances to us for new ideals. But, with each new ideal that comes into life, the chance for a life based on some old ideal will vanish; and he would need be a presumptuous calculator who should with confidence say that the to- tal sum of significances is positively and absolutely greater at one epoch than at any other of the world." The vividness of many of Prof. James's phrases— the "stolid cheek," the "codfish eye," the "balky will," the "bottled-light- ning girl" — has drawn attention away from a quality in his style which in his last two books has become especially marked, the quality of a communicable fervor, a clear, grave passion of sincerity and conviction, from which some vibration detaches itself and passes into the reader, and forms him to the writer's mood. We have all of us made the acquaintance of the still-born counsel of per- fection that mutely begs the life it is sent to give; and have learned to value a commu- nicable fervor, in the rare cases in which it is found, more highly than any degree of pic- turesqueness. It would, of course, be ridicu- lous to try to present the indwelling spirit of a book gagged and bound within the limits of an "elegant extract," and we shall not make the attempt. With Kitchener to Khartum. By G. W. Steevens. With maps and plans. Dodd, Mead & Co. 12mo, pp. 326. The story of the reconquest of the Sudan is worthy of a more quiet and business-like history than Mr. Steevens has given, and in time we shall get it. For the present we are thankful for any authentic details of Kitchener's campaign, even if marred by a verbosity and rhetoric often extravagant and tiresome. In his 'Conquering Turk' Mr. Steevens held himself better in hand, and was, besides, in a position of much great- er impartiality between the combatants. Here we have not only torrents of words, but so thick a covering of praise for everybody in the expedition, from Kitchener down- ward, that confidence is shaken by what was meant to make it undoubting. Through all this, however, we get salient points from which a fairly satisfactory idea of means and ends may be gained when we sift what our witness tells us. First, we can see that the policy of leav- ing the Sudan to its own fermentation for a dozen years was a wise one. Mahdism went through the period of fanatical faith which made every dervish a hero, and the devotion of his followers weakened when the Mahdl was seen to be a selfish and sensual tyrant, when triumphs and conquests ceased, and when the dullest had to ask whether the ex- ploiting of the land' after his death, for the benefit of the Khalifa and his greedy favor- ites was the reign of the promised Messiah of their faith. The terrible hordes which had broken British squares, and which annihi- lated Hicks's army at Shekan, had degene- rated so that we are at a loss whether to call their destruction at Atbara and Omdurman battles or mere massacres. Second, the work* of systematic education of the fellaheen and the Nubian blacks into trustworthy soldiers was a long but necessary task. They had time not only to acquire the discipline and drill which are the foundation of good tactical handling in the field, but, by contact with the enemy on the frontiers of Egypt proper, in the skirmishes and small- er battles of successive seasons, they lost the fear of the dervishes, and gained confidence in themselves and their officers. Again, the time to resume the aggressive was well chosen. We must credit the Eng- lish Government, as well as Lord Cromer and the Sirdar in Egypt, with keeping a watchful eye upon the schemes of France in central Africa; for the Fashoda incident, abortive when Kitchener was already at Khartum, might well have had much graver consequences if the Anglo-Egyptian army had still been below the second cataract of the Nile. The singular conjuncture was too fortunate for mere luck. Fourth. Limiting the advance by the progressive construction of the Military Railway from Wady Haifa across the Nubian desert to Abu Hamed, and thence along the east bank of the Nile to Berber and the Atbara River, was wise prudence. Former experience has shown the uncer- tainty of reliance upon the Nile as a means of communication and supply above the cata- racts, and our civil war had taught how long lines of railway could be made secure for heavy columns dependent upon depots far in the rear. The Khalifa and his emirs had sense enough to know that the loco- motive whistle was a more portentous sound than that of heavy guns, for it swept away their visions of the hostile army starving in the desert when checked and made timid by the precarious means of getting food and ammunition. It meant also that British rule was coming to stay. When at last it came to the assault of the Mahdist entrenched camp at the Atbara and the field fight in front of Omdurman, we asked, Can these be the redoubtable war- riors that destroyed Hicks, captured Gor- don, besieged Suakim, and rolled back the Anglo-Egyptian armies a thousand miles? At the Atbara it is said that nearly twenty thousand dervishes, under the Emirs Osman Digna and Mahmud, in trenches with abattis in front, were assaulted and exterminated by some twelve thousand under Kitchener, with a total loss to the latter of 81 killed and 493 wounded. Almost no prisoners, wounded or whole, are reported. Steevens says: "Mahmud's armv was as if it had never been. These two short hours of shell and bullet and bayonet had erased it from the face of the earth." Some two hundred or two hundred and fifty miles of desert marching followed, and Kitchener's forces were at the Kerreri hills, a few miles only from Omdurman and Khartum, and here the Khalifa Abdullah! fought for his capital, attacking the Sirdar's lines. The dervishes are said to be over thirty thousand strong; Kitchener, by rein- forcements, has been brought up to twenty- two thousand. This time, four thousand prisoners are accounted for, but they are mainly a band which held together after the rout, and were allowed to surrender. In the fighting, 11,000 of the dervishes are said to have been killed and 16,000 wounded; but as the prisoners are only the 4,000 al- ready mentioned, we must conclude that that whole 27,000 perished, first and last. "With all the deductions that moderation can suggest," says Steevens, "it was a most appalling slaughter. The dervish army was killed out as hardly an army has been killed out in the history of war." Five hundred casualties, killed and wounded, was all it cost the Sirdar's army! No more decisive proof could be given of the total change in the character of the dervishes as soldiers. None of the old des- peration of fanatical courage appears in such results. Instead of forming squares, Kitchener's men advanced in line. The dervishes seem nowhere to have made a really vigorous charge. They advanced again and again, but are everywhere de- scribed as melting away under the fire of the Lee-Metford rifles and the Maxim guns, by the time they were within two hundred yards of the Anglo-Egyptian lines. There are some of the old assertions of the dan- gerous enemy a wounded dervish is, but it does not stand to reason that the astonish- ing change in the quality of their fighting in ranks left them individually still de- termined, one and all, to die fighting and to accept no quarter. It is not strange that debate has arisen in England over the as- sertions made that the wounded were massa- cred without pity. If the figures given by Steevens are anywhere near correct, they amount in themselves to an indictment. The description Mr. Steevens gives of the transformation of the little Egyptian village of Wady Haifa, long the advanced post at the second cataract, into a railway base and depot on a large scale, is interesting and instructive. We get also some realistic views of the desert and its withering heats, its smothering dust storms, and the parch- ing thirst of the soldiers marching through it. The characteristics of the men, white, yellow, and black, are shrewdly noted. The diminution of population in the districts which have been under Mahdist rule is said to be appalling, and to indicate that the old-time trade of the country will have to await a new generation of inhabitants. The funeral services at the spot where Gordon fell were solemn, and full of pathetic remi- niscences, made deeper by contrast with the inevitable but long deferred triumph. A significant step in Egyptian and African history has been taken. Stars and Telescopes: A Hand-Baok of Popu- lar Astronomy, Founded on the Ninth Edition of Lynn's Celestial Motions. By David P. Todd. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1899. 8vo, pp. 419. Mr. Lynn's original text, to judge of it as well as we can from this volume, seems to be a very popular treatise on astronomy, not at all confined to the subject of "celestial motions," but characterized by a severe avoidance of two things, first, of all that re- lates to research as research, which con- stitutes the life cf science, as well as of everything in the least degree mathematical, as all celestial motions are; and, second, not only of all that approaches the sensa- tional, but also of all that relates to phi- losophy or to matters of general human in-

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June 22, 1899] The ISTation. 4:83 terest. We can understand how such a book should have gone through nine editions in England, for it meets the popular English delusion that what is "plain and substan- tial," or, in other words, is stolid and posi- tive, is all that is essentially valuable. Bui the qualities which recommend a book to English readers may not find equal success here. It may be doubted whether Ameri- cans will see any particular appropriateness, for instance, in printing very prominently before a book like this a sentence from St. Augustine's chapter on the "Spiritual Crea- tion of the Virtues," set up in English black- letter like a text on a wall of a church. Its Inconsistency with the purpose of the volume makes it all the more charmingly English; but that charm may escape the people of the great West. This Latin paraphrase of the opening of a great psalm is put second to a specimen of Wilhelm Herschel's English dic- tion and German nebulosity. In place of Mr. Lynn's "Et pulchra sunt omnia, faciente te, et ecce tu inenerrabiliter pulchrior, qui fecisti omnia," St. Augustine would have supplied many another quotation not wandering clear away from astronomy, and more consonant with the main virtue (such as it is) of Mr. Lynn's book, e. g., "Interrogavi ccelum, so- lem, lunam, et stellas; Neque nos sumus Deus, quern qua?ris, inquiunt" (Confessions, x. 6). The volume affords no precise indications of what is Mr. Lynn's and what Prof. Todd's; but the work of the latter seems to have con- sisted in adapting the text here and there to American readers, to adding half-a-dozen important chapters, as well as long notes throughout giving additional facts, to select references to the literature, especially of the popular kind, at the end of every chap- ter, to a list of asteroids, a full index, and a great many illustrations of celestial ob- jects, instruments, observatories, and por- traits of astronomers — all cf which is of a rarely painstaking quality. In this way the book has been converted into a veritable hand-book — not a mere digest of facts, but a copious selection of those that are most im- portant. It is hardly possible for a hand- book to be what we generally mean by "po- pular," nor does this work, perhaps, pro- fess exactly to be a popular hand- book. It is a "hand-book of popular astronomy" — that is, a compendium of facts interesting to the astronomical amateur — that extremely variable species which ranges all the way from the idlers and semi- idlers through the Ulugh Begs, the Dem- bowskis, the Rutherfurds, through the Low- ells, the Pickerings, the Lockyers, to the glorious company of Tycho Brahe and Wil- liam Herschel. To many persons, the most interesting part of the book, which is well got up, will be the illustrations, of which there are nearly three hundred. The author seems to have made it a rule to give no portrait of a living man — a practice which apparently tacitly reflects up- on the susceptibilities of astronomers to a de- gree that we hope is unwarranted. Some of the likenesses are quite admirable, as those of Alvan and George Clark. A few seem need- lessly blurred, as are some of the star- clusters. Some of the figures of instruments, etc., are confused and dark. Only the pro- fessional astronomer can at all appreciate or understand a great part of the illustrations, which illustrate nothing in the text. The work will deservedly enjoy a high de- gree of secondary authority among amateurs, owing to the good judgment and care which have presided over its compilation. Yet here and there we come across statements and reasonings which are not quite clear. For instance, on p. 219 we read, "Meteors, then, belonged originally to comets," and this con- clusion is extended to "all meteoric bodies." But the only reason which is "offered for this belief is that four comets have been known to break up under the Influence of tidal forces into small fragments, forming meteors — an inference hardly parodied by the follow- ing: The 'Visible World' of Comenius, 'Na- ture Displayed,' by Dufief, Ollendorff, and Prendergast's 'Mastery' books, are all known to have produced many fluent speakers of different languages; hence, we may infer that all speaking of languages had its origin in phrase-books and the like. Such reasoning violates a logical rule of all induction, name- ly, that the sample by which the whole class is to be judged ought to be drawn at random from the whole of that class. This sample of meteors is, on the contrary, drawn exclusively from a part of the whole class which, owing to the mode of its limitation, cannot but possess that character which is inferentially, but unreasonably, extended to all other individuals of the class. What is a meteor? It is nothing but a cometary body which enters the earth's atmosphere. Why should all such bodies, without exception, be supposed to be broken from larger cometary bodies? In our present ignorance of the ori- gin of things, it is not unlikely that of all the masses which wander through space a large proportion are very small. In such small bodies tidal forces would be very feeble, while their cohesion would be rela- tively powerful. It may be that Prof. Todd is in possession of some good reasons for thinking that no such bodies ever impinge upon our atmosphere; but if he is, they must be different from the premise he ad- duces. England in the Age of Wycliffe. By George Macaulay Trevelyan. Longmans, Green & Co. 1899. Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan here of- fers to the public an essay first presented in competition for a fellowship at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. It is an attempt to bring together into one point of view the several aspects of an age fertile beyond any other in the great ideas which have made modern England what it is. The several chapters are almost independent studies, but the impres- sion of them taken together is a fairly con- sistent one. Three interests have been made especially prominent: politics, society, and religion. The political field is limited to the decade from the death of the Black Prince in 1376 to the establishment of Richard II. 'a power in 1385— a period too short to serve much purpose except, as the author puts it, that of a prologue to the "Tragedy of King Richard the Second." Socially, the central position is given to the peasant uprising of 1381, with its astounding revelation of the passion and force of the English common man, and its permanent lesson for the gov- erning classes. From tho side of religion we are given a picture of the rise of Eng- lish Lollardry, or, again to use the author's word, of an "indigenous Protestantism." The narrative of political events is not and could not be very interesting. Its detail is a dreary record of petty family quarrels, through which it is impossible to discern any real principle. The ignoble ending of a glorious reign, the strife for the control of an undisciplined youth, who was to break through restraint by an unexpected display of spasmodic energy, and the failure of John of Gaunt, the most capable person in an un- attractive group, to direct the policy of gov- ernment, are not very enticing subjects for a thoughtful historian. They acquire interest only as they are brought into relation with the really great moving forces of the nation, with its 3ocial unrest and its religious as- piration. This connection Mr. Trevelyan suc- ceeds in making, not precisely in any formal or systematic fashion, but in the final im- pression of his book as a whole. Where the author's sympathies lie. It Is not difficult to discover. He has no respect whatever for the spirit of Froissart, who, writing of the social upheaval in England, treats it as a disagreeable but unimportant break in the natural course of things. Mr. Trevelyan has abundant room in his thought for the great meaning of this blind, pas- sionate struggle in the work of human pro- gress. He does not regret It. "It was a sign of national energy, it was a sign of inde- pendence and self-respect in the mediaeval peasants, from whom three-quarters of our race, of all classes and in every continent, are descended." Yet he is equally far from extravagant eulogy: "Though as a protest it was perhaps useful, as a revolution it could only have led to anarchy." So in the matter of religion. Mr. Tre- velyan brings out very clearly the inevitable effect of Wycliffe's teaching in rousing men to higher ideals of personal liberty and pub- lic justice. He shows us that Wycliffe him- self, while deprecating disorder and sedi- tion, had, especially in his earlier teach- ing, supplied a religious basis for social revolt, just as surely as Luther, four ge- nerations later, was to do the same thing for the restless peasants of Germany. His pic- ture of the attempts at repression of Lol- lardry is eminently fair to the persecuting side. He gives to the individual leaders of persecution all due credit for purity of mo- tive, and softens his judgment, even of re- negades, with every consideration for the pressure they had to bear. Yet here, too, one feels the note of true sympathy in his description of the fate of the Oxford Univer- sity in this religious and intellectual strug- gle. There at least was one place where the honest thought of good men ought to have beeu safe from any form of public violence; yet nowhere was the "purification" of the country more complete or more effective. The University, as a bulwark of learning and of the liberty that ought to go with it, was ruined by the same state which had broken the peasant revolt and striven to make heavier yet the burden that had pro- duced it. We owe Mr. Trevelyan especial thanks for the concluding chapter on the later his- tory of Lollardry. It carries him far be- yond the limits of his title, but it helps to answer a problem of vital interest to the student of the English Reformation. It goes far to establish the proposition that Pro- testantism in England is indeed an indi- genous product — not a mere importation from Germany, but a long-gathered and deeply rooted sentiment. Mr. Trevelyan's judgment is summed up in the last sentence of his book: "But those who still believe that li- berty of thought has proved not a curse but a blessing to England and to the peo-

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484 Ttie JSTation [Vol. 68, No. 1773 pies that have sprung from her, will re- gard with thankfulness and pride the work which the speculations of Wycliffe set on foot, and the valor of his devoted success- ors accomplished." We have tried to judge this book upon Its merits, but it has an added interest as the maiden effort of a very young man who represents some of the greatest traditions of English historical writing. A nephew of Macaulay might have been pardoned if he had tried to give to his book something of the literary and dramatic charm ever to be associated with Macaulay's name. It is a tribute to his sound sense and good taste that he has done nothing of the kind. His style is admirable for simplicity and force, quite free from the affectations of clever- ness that have marred the work of some recent English historians. He produces his effects by the intrinsic interest of his point of view, and by the conviction he creates In the reader that he has done honest work of investigation and thought. We venture to predict for him a notable future. A Guide to the Wild Flowers. By Alice Lounsberry. With sixty-four colored and one hundred black-and-white plates, and fifty-four diagrams, by Mrs. Ellis Rowan. Frederick A. Stokes Co. Pp. 347. On page 65, the keynote of the text of this volume Is clearly struck: "It sometimes seems that we hardly know what to say about a flower." Let us see how true this is. On page 38, of Arrow-head it is said: "It hard- ly seems possible that these little under flowers would ever have the courage to call out boldly, 'Joseph, thou art keeping the sunshine from falling upon my head.' " Again, page 120: "The Jewel-weed and a bright, running stream have come to be about as closely associated in the mind as the dear old white horse and the red-haired girl." Once more, page 128: "Something preliminary is almost neces- sary before venturing to speak of the Frin- ged Gentian, and even then it should be done with bated breath, for is it not the flower that has inspired poets and statesmen to such an extent that they have barely been able to write soberly about it? And, truly, it is a heavenly flower. But to those that are a bit worldly, and have not the poetical 60ul, it must always suggest that it has been gowned by nature's Worth; it Is so chaus- sie a ravir. The beautiful fringe is but the latest conceit of fashion; and the soft green of its calyx, blending with its incomparable blue, is an example of the most ravishing taste. If we could indulge in such levity, wt> would almost look up its sleeves for hors de combat." We never knew before where to look for hors de combat. Let us keep on with the Fringed Gentian and note: "It is fond of wandering, too, and though we mark the spot where it grows, we may seek in vain for it in the same place the next year. This characteristic, however, it owes to being a biennial." In an excellent work, largely due to the botanist who has prepared an in- troduction to this 'Guide to the Wild Flowers,' we read that the Fringed Gentian is an annual. And so it is. It is, however, as a guide that the volume should be judged. On page 69, we are told this of the Rose Mallow: "Although at a great distance the large flowers of our plant can be seen, it is often difficult of approach. Positive terror seizes hold of the timorous, and their ardor for it is often tossed in the balance with the fear of snakes." Page 164 gives us an idea that the guidance is not confined to our own country, for we there read: "The sweetest sight that Liverpool has to show to the unsteady traveller from over the sea is the rhododendrons that there grow so luxuriously [sic]. A feeling of pride in- evitably takes possession of him, and he is sure to inform the first person with whom he comes in contact that they are from his own country, America." Although the "unsteady," in the forego- ing, suggests more snakes, it perhaps is all right, and may account for the failure of the traveller to discriminate between the Hima- layan and other rhododendrons which greet him in Liverpool. The American Catawbiense is there with its offspring, but it is hardly fair to claim all the Liverpool rhododen- drons as springing from this and from the species Rhododendron maximum. But enough has been quoted to indicate the disappointment which one feels at the emptiness of the text. The authoress has a facile pen, and could well employ it in the society columns of a smart Sunday paper, but it has not been put to a good use in these attempts to construct a serious guide. In fact, the reader feels that she may all the time be making fun of the matter, and may be wondering how much such trash can be patiently read by the students of Thoreau, and Mathews, and Gibson. We cannot imagine these writers putting forth such a statement as the following concerning the skunk cabbage: "The pistil also matures long before the stamens. These facts would favor the theory of its being visited by insects. On the other hand, we have to remember that insects have not the indomitable courage of the skunk cabbage, and do not venture out at so early a season of the year. Flies abound the first warm days of spring, so r-<jrhaps they or others of which we know nothing are their secret ambassadors." The sharp line of demarcation between flies and insects would never have occurred to Gibson, or, in fact, to any other Ameri- can. But is the authoress American? On page 104, we find the following, in regard to Monkshood (Aconitum): "Our own Indians call it ativisha." By a curious coincidence, which is commended to the attention of eth- nologists, the natives of the East Indies are said by Mr. Watt and Mr. Dymock to call Aconitum heterophylhtm by the name ativisha or atiuish. The question arises whether the "Indians" referred to by the authoress are "our own Indians." The colored sketches in the work are in- teresting. One or two of them are somewhat inaccurate, notably the golden rod, but all are striking illustrations, full of spirit. Mrs. Rowan is especially happy in her manage- ment of distance and atmosphere, and has given in this volume many extremely beauti- ful and effective compositions. The black- and-white drawings are unworthy of their ccmpanions; some of them, like the twin- flcwer and the tall meadow rue, are coarse in outline and inexpressive. The drawing of the leaves of the tall meadow rue repre- sents a form which is not known to descrip- tive botanists. Exactitude is the essential in all scientific drawings, .however wide the latitude may be which is allowed to popular descriptions. It is difficult to believe that Mrs. Rowan could have had a hand in the preparation of the black-and-white sketches. She is so generally accurate, where good ma- terial is provided for her work, that these sketches do not appear to be hers. While re- gretting that the present volume cannot be accepted as a helpful guide to our wild flow- ers, we acknowledge with pleasure the pos- sibilities suggested by Mrs. Rowan's suc- cessful treatment of some of her plants, for instance, larger blue flag and sourwood. The brush that can give us such beautiful effects ought to be supplied with well-se- lected specimens to illustrate our flora. The History of South America from its Dis- covery to the Present Time. By an Ame- rican. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: The Macmillan Co. 1899. In these days of Pan-America and pan-ex- pansion, a work dealing fully with the his- tory of the South American republics, col- lectively and individually, ought to receive a hearty welcome. Such a book apparently is the volume before us, a portly octavo of 345 pages. The author's initials are "R. C," and the work is translated, presumably from the Spanish, by Adnah D. Jones. The title- page bears the date 1899, but a little glanc- ing through the well-printed pages of the volume reveals the fact that it was written nearly a quarter of a century ago. Brazil has not yet shaken off her imperial ruler, and the fraternal relations between Chill and Peru have not been disturbed by the thunder of the Huascar, while the map of South America prefixed to the volume still shows the Pacific bathing the shores of poor pent-up Bolivia. There is absolutely nothing in the preface to disabuse the eager pur- chaser who thinks he is getting the latest information concerning our sister continent. Perhaps the publishers can explain. The work is to a considerable extent de- scriptive, dealing largely with the physical and ethnographic features, the material re- sources, and the prospects of the Individual countries. The treatment of these subjects is, to say the least, amateurish, but the historical portions are much better. The preface informs us that the book is "written with the most rigid impartiality, and pervad- ed throughout by a judiciously democratic and ardently American spirit." We are not disposed to refute the author's professions. He writes from the patriotic standpoint of the Pan-American, and believes in the future of the South American states. We should imagine, however, that his creed is a kind of optimism tempered by pessimistic spells when we read of Peru (page 286) that "com- plicated plot, treachery, intrigue, stabbing — nothing is wanting in this history of half a century, not even the disguised gentleman and the veiled lady of the old comedies"; or when the author tells us, with reference to a bloody tragedy enacted In Argentina, that "it can only make us reflect that in time ultramontanism might become the plague of the South American republics." How far his optimism would have been affected by the sight of the fratricidal war on the Pa- cific or the convulsions evoked by Balma- ceda and Mello, we shall not venture to con- jecture. The account of the Spanish conquest is told in a vigorous and attractive manner, and presents an eloquent picture of the devilish- ness of those heroic champions of Mammon and the Church. The proclamation with which the Roman pontiff equipped the Con- quistadores, and which was to serve as an announcement to the poor natives (who could not understand a word of it) that they must submit to assimilation under pain of having their wives and children sold as slaves, is reproduced here, and does not

Page 630

1 899] The ISTation. 485 make altogether pleasant reading for some among us. The following passage, on page 23, ought to come home to some of our Jingo journalists: "In this unequal war. In which all the advantages were on the Bide of the invaders, the aborigines were treated, not as men who were fighting in defence of their liberty and the independence of their country, but as slaves who had rebelled against their masters." The translator has performed his task creditably. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alden, Mrs. G. R. Yesterday Framed in To-day. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co. $1.50. Bazin, Rene. La Terre qui Meurt. Paris: Levy. Carlyle, Thomas. The Life of Schiller. [Cente- nary Edition.] Scribners. $1.26. Davis, L. D. Ornamental Shrubs for Garden, Lawn, and Park Planting. G. P. Putnam'* Sons. S3. 50. Fleurv, Dr. Maurice de. Le Corps et l'Ame de I'Enfant. Paris: Colin & Cie. Gale, N. A June Romance. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. 75c. Hardy, Charles R. Out of Nazareth. F. Tenny- W. Qualitative Analysis for Secondary American Book Co. keel Irish. C School JUST PUBLISHED. THE HOOLIGAN NIGHTS. BEING THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF A YOUNG AND UNREPENTANT CRIMINAL RECOUNTED BY HIMSELF AS SET FORTH BY CLARENCE ROOK. i2mo. $1.25. HENRY HOLT & CO. N.Y. Alaska. Its History and Resources, Gold-Fields, Routes, and Scenery. By Miner Bruce. Second edition, revised and enlarged. With 60 Illustrations and 6 folding Maps. 8vo, 250 pages, $2.50. Mr. Bruce's volume includes a brief his- tory of the territory, together with detailed information concerning its resources, these comprising, among other things, minerals, fur, timber, and fish. The work also con- tains a full description of the various min- ing camps and the routes thither. Practi- cal suggestions are given which will prove of great value to those who may be plan- ning to engage in prospecting, and also to those who may wish to visit Alaska in order to enjoy the marvellous scenery of- fered by its mountains, rivers, glaciers, and lakes. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, New York and London. NOW READY. THE BOOK OF GOLF AND GOLFERS. By HORACE G. HUTCHINSON With contributions by Miss Amy Pascoe, H. H. Hilton, J. H. Taylor, H. J. Whigham, and Messrs. Sutton & Sons. With 77 Portraits, etc. Medium 8vo, $5.00 net. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00 Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND o WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. Important and Delightful Books By JOHN FISKE. American History. 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By John Fiske. 16mo, $1.00 This book discusses, In Mr. Flske's large and lumt The Destiny of nan, Viewed in the Light of His Origin. Twenty-fourth Thousand. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $1. The Idea of God as Affected by riodern Knowledge Seventeenth Thousand 16mo, gilt top, $1.00. Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy. Based on the Doctrine of Evolution. Fifth Thousand. 2 vols. 8vo, gilt top, $6.00. Myths and Myth-Makers. Old Tales and Superstitions interpreted by Comparative Mythology. Tenth Thousand. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $200. The Unseen World and Other Essays. Seventh Thousand. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. Excursions of an Evolutionist. Seventh Thousand. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. Darwinism and Other Essays. Fourth Thousand. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston; 11 East 17th St., New York. Hay Fever. ITS SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. By W. H. HOLLOPETER, M.D. The success of this book has made necessary an Enlarged Second Edition (JUST READY), which bears witness to the value of the method of treatment. Handsome cloth. Price, $1.00 net. Will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price. P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia. By ANNIE PAYSON CALL. Power Through Repose. As a Matter of Course. Price, $1.00 each. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. We buy and sell bills oi exchange to and I PTTPB« make Cable Transfers of money on Europe, r»c Australia, and South Africa; also make /~r.n£li-c collections and Issue Commercial and CREDIT. Travellers' Credits, available In all parts of the world. BROWN BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. A Summer Vacation many times will be more enjoyable if you have with you an Augusta- Victoria Empress Shoulder Shawl. They are very stylish and beautiful — 40 inches square, with 6-inch fringe — and are entirely handwoven from purest wool and silk. Colors — white, rich light green, delicate pink, recherche red, or black. Sent postpaid and registered for $7.50. Money refunded if not satisfactory. THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. THE NEW and WONDERFUL ZEISS FIELD=GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway, N. Y. Send for circular.

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4:86 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 Summer Resorts. Summer Resorts. \ Special Inducements to GOLFERS IN JULY * Mount Pleasant, WHITE MOUNTAINS. The Links have been put in the finest condition for season of 1899. Few Golf Courses in the world exceed the Mount Pleasant in natural interest or in perfection of improvement. A feature is the caddy service supplied by a force of active, intelligent academy and college boys. Dark room, with complete outfit for use of amateur or professional photographers. Mount Pleasant House Is luxurious in every ap- pointment, and has special Fost-olfice, TelegTaph, Long-distance Telephone, and Railroad Ticket offices in the hotel. Through Parlor or Sleepine-Car service from Bos- ton, Portland, New York. OhlcagO, Burlington, and Montreal to hotel grounds. Trains leave (he grounds twice daily for ascent of Mt. Washington, directly in front of the hotel THE OPEN OBSERVATION-CARS again run through the Pass of the White Mountains. Pas- sengers to Mount Pleasant House from Poll land and from Boston, via North Conwav, will eiijov this unique rail ride from Barllctt to Mount Plea- sant, 8 miles of it from Bemis to Crawford Notch, boim.' high up on the Mountain side, with the valley far hrlow.aud three miles from the Notch to Mount Pleasant, eoinniamliii". the grandest view of flic Presidential Peaks just across the valley Antmo- noosuc. No rail ride in America, eas't of the Rocky Mountains, compares with this. Bicycle Path to Crawford Notch. Bridle Trail to the Summit of the Rosebrook Range. Daily Concerts in the Big Music Hall. Birch Rock Spring Water. Mount Pleasant Dairy Milk. White Mountain Air. ANDERSON & PRICE, Managers, Also of Hotel Ormond, Florida. Mount Pleasant House, N. H. Hotel Kursaal MALOJA as bngadine (SWITZERLAND) Open from June 10 to the end of September. Very first- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. Position 0,000 feet above sea-level, in the most pictu- resque scenery of Upper Engadine. Divine service in the churches belonging to the hotel. Oolf 1J4 mile, lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- cursions, carriage and coach service. Many natural curi- osities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora. Please write or telegraph K) the Manager, I. F. WALTHER. (Za. 1815. g.) Telegraph and Post-Ofnce, MALOJA KURSAAL. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT. INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate HOTEL TIROL. »o°JleD allT„ne year Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences, I|luHi,air,i psmphleUon application. Carl I.andsee, Proprietor. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES, FISHERS ISLAND, N. Y Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on applll ary. SWITZERLAND mo^^St First-class hotel with moderate tarllT. barge gardens Magumrcnt. view over the lake and mountains Lilt' baths, electric light inner, room. I'm nmized by Ame- rican families. In winter yen reduced pens Tariff and pamphlets sent free on application. i terms. BERKSHIRE HILLS. The Taghkannuc and Cottaies, Great Barrlngton, Mass. An ideal summer home, charmingly located In the vil- lage of Oreat Harrington. Extensive, shad v grounds. One hundred guests. Bend for booklet. W. P. SMALL, Proprietor. B EAUMARIS HOTEL, MUSK OK A LAKE ONTARIO, CAN ADA.-1.000 feet above sea No hay fever. Golf Ashing, boating, bathing. Send for booklet. Edward Prowse, Proprietor f^OOPERSTO IV N-" OTSEGO HALL," K^ small hotel near the lake. Well kept; choice table; good boating and Ashing; 2 golf courses Now open. B '00 KS, SECOND-HAND AND NE IV Standard and Rare. Books bought. Catalogue "»• *•■ W. Johnson, 2 K, 42d St., N, f. The Speed Escapement ENSMORE TYPEWRITER of the D places it at the head of the type- writer world in this important par- ticular. By its use the action is rendered so rapid that it is impos- sible for even the most expert op- erator to equal the speed of the machine. This device, while of great simplicity, is quite wonder- ful in its results. Densmore Typewriter Company, 316 Broadway, New York City For Length and Quality of Service the Remington Standard Typewriter defies competition WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. Travel. GOING ABROAD ON A BICYCLE TRIP? Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad," 10 cents in stamps. The fine new steamers of the LEYLAND LINE Sail every Wednesday. BOSTON TO LIVERPOOL. First cabin, winter, $37.50 and up. Splendid new steamer Winifredian, 10,500 tons, 570 feet in length, now in service. F. O. HOUGHTON & CO., General Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. PARIS in 1900. s wise. Make sure of steamship and ho- 11100:11 Ions >m„\ at fair rates, lu p. conducted parties. THE CRAW P'niili 1 1 >U US, 010 Tre- mont UulldltiL.', Boston; o-.'o Hroadvvay, New York; 1011 Chestnut Street. Philadelphia. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with their 9th Annual Class. Youne Ladles' Foreign Tour. Restricted; highest re- feieu, o- Address Till: MonUlM ;s, I , ., a, Havbn, Pa.

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The Nation VOL. LXVIII— NO. 1 774. THURSDAY, JUNE 29, 1899. PRICE 10 CENTS. Summer Resorts. Summer Resorts. x Special Inducements to GOLFERS IN JULY * Mount Pleasant, WHITE MOUNTAINS. The Links have been put in the finest condition for season of 1899. Few Golf Courses in the world exceed the Mount Pleasant in natural interest or in perfection of improvement. A feature is the caddy service supplied by a force of active, intelligent academy and college boys. Dark room, with complete outfit for use of amateur or professional photographers. Mount Pleasant House is luxurious in every ap- pointment, and has special Post-office, Telegraph, Long-distance Telephone, and Railroad Ticket offices in the hotel. Through Parlor or Sleeping-Car service from Bos- ton, Portland, New York. Chicago, Burlington, and Montreal to hotel grounds. Trains leave the grounds twice daily for ascent of Mt. Washington, directly in front of the hotel THE OPEN OBSERVATION-CARS again run through the Pass of the White Mountains. Pas- sengers to Mount Pleasant House from Portland and from Boston, via North Conway, will enjoy this unique rail ride from Bartlett to Mount Plea- sant, 8 miles of it from Bemis to Crawford Notch, being high up on the Mountain-side, with the valley far below, and three miles from the Notch to Mount Pleasant, commanding the grandest view of the Presidential Peaks just across the valley Ammo- noosuc. No rail ride in America, east of the Rocky Mouutains, compares with this. Bicycle Path to Crawford Notch. Bridle Trail to the Summit of the Rosebrook Range. Birch Rock Spring Water. Mount Pleasant Dairy Milk. White Mountain Air. ANDERSON & PRICE, Managers, Also of Hotel Ormond. Florida. Mount Pleasant House, N. H. THE BARTLETT COTTAGES. FISHER'S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Conn. Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sanitary. Illustrated circular mailed on application. BERKSHIRE HILLS. The Taghkaomic and Cottages, Great Barrington, Mass. An Ideal summer home, charmingly located in the vil. lage of Great Barrington. Extensive, shady grounds- One hundred guests. Send for booklet. W. P. SMALL, Proprietor. JDEAUMARIS HOTEL, MUSK OK A JD LAKE, ONTARIO, CANADA— 1,000 feet above sea No hay fever. Golf, fishing, boating, bathing. Send for booklet. Edward Prowse, Proprietor. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences. Best re- ferences. Illustrated pamphlets on application. Carl Landsee, Proprietor. SWITZERLAND hotel riche.mo'nt. First-class hotel with moderate tariff. Large gardens. Magnificent view over the lake and mountains. Lift, baths, electric light In every room. Patronized by Ame- rican families. In winter very reduced pension terms. Tariff and pamoblets sent free on application. /^OOPERSTO WN— "OTSEGO HALL" (_, small hotel near the lake. Well kept: choice table; good boating and fishing; 2 golf courses. Now open. Summer Resorts. Hotel Kursaal MALOJA Se* Engadine Open from June 10 to the end of September. Very first- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. Position 6,000 feet above sea-level, in the most pictu- resque scenery of Upper Engadine. Divine service in the churches belonging to _ the hotel. Golf 1)4 mile. lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- ( SWITZERLAND) cursions, carriage and coach ^ / service. Many natural curi- osities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora. Please write or telegraph to the Manager, (Za. 1815. g.) I. F. WALTHER. Telegraph and Post-Offlce, MALOJA KURSAAL. ©cean J5ree3es Are apt to be a trifle cool. A light wrap at such times is most welcome. The Augusta = Victoria Empress Shoulder Shawl is delightfully com- fortable and stylish. Entirely hand- woven from pure wool and silk — 40 inches square, with 6-inch fringe — -in white, rich light green, delicate pink, recherche red, or black. Sent postpaid and registered for $7.50. Money refunded if not satisfactory. THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., 12 Moravian Church St., Bethlehem, Pa. DRESDEN, GERMANY. Pension Kretzschmer-Schadewell. Frauleln Schadewell, proprietress of Pension Kretzseh- mer. removes in September to 4 Llndenau-Platz. New house, conveniently situated, with southern exposure. Travel. GOING ABROAD ON A BICYCLE TRIP? Send for "Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abroad," 10 cents in stamps. The fine new steamers of the LEYLAND LINE Sail every Wednesday. BOSTON TO LIVERPOOL. First cabin, winter, $37.50 and up. Splendid new steamer Winifrediau, 10,500 tons, 570 feet in length, now in service. V. O. HOUGHTON & CO., General Agents, 115 State Street, Boston. PARIS in 1900. Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. EUROPEAN TRAVEL. THE MISSES WELDON, with 1 heir 0th Annual Class. Touue Ladles' Foreign T01 1 i«hest re- MOORINGS. Lock Havbs, Pa. ferences. Address TI

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11 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1774 The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. FOUNDED 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second- class mail-matter.] CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 487 Editorial Articles: Aid and Comfort to the Enemy 490 Honest Politics 490 Political Issues Changing 491 The Interoceanic Canal 492 Special Correspondence: An Interesting Exhibition 492 San Gimignano 493 Correspondence: Foreigners at the University of Paris 495 Notes 495 Book Reviews: Gorham's Stanton 497 Marshall's Instinct and Reason 499 Itatzel's History of Mankind 500 LoDginus on the Sublime 501 A Literary History of Ireland from the Earliest Times to the Present Day 501 Bibliography of Eighteenth-Century Art and Illustrated Books 502 Volcanoes 503 History of the World 503 Under the African Sun 004 Books of the Week 505 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. Three Dollars per year, in advance, postpaid, to any part of the United States or Canada; to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $U.OO. The date when the subscription expires is on the Address-Label of each paper, the change of which to a subsequent date becomes a receipt for remit- tance. No other receipt is sent unless requested. Remittances at the risk of the subscriber., unless mode by registered letter, or by check, express order, or Postal Order, payable to ''Publisher of the Na- tion." When a change of address is desired, both the old and new addresses should be given. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 208 Broadway. TERMS OF ADVERTISING. Fifteen cents per agate line, each insertion, V, lines to the inch. Twenty per cent, advance for choice of page or top of column. Cuts are not inserted on the first page. A column, $20 each insertion; with choice of page, $2U. A page, $60 each insertion; front-cover page, $80. Advertisements must be acceptable in eve ni re- spect. Copy received until Tuesday, 5 P. Bf, DISCOUNTS. Time— |lnstrtlons % percent. 26 " ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ljh i 89 " ! yQ 52 " :::::::::::: 25 » Amount— *1M within a year lOperccnt. 566 ; }£■* 1,000 " " : 22 ;; 1,500 " •• i° 2.°oo •• •• .:::::::::::::::::::.:::: »!!« ■• The NATION is sent free to those who advertise in it as long as advertisement continues. *** Copies of the Nation may be procured in Pans at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l'Opera, and in London of B. F. Stevens, 7 Trafalgar Square, Ame- rican Newspaper Agency, 15 King William Street Strand, W. C. London agent for advertisements, H. A Delille Langham Hotel. Educational. M- ifoknia, Los Angeles, West 23d Street. A RLBORO UGH SCHO OL for GIRI S. Mrs. George A. Caswell. Principal. Canada, P. Q., Lennoxville. JDISHOP'S COLLEGE SCHOOL. (Es- 1S) tabllshed 1842 ) Church School for Boys on lines ■'■ ' 11 li Public Schools, Specially adapted for sons of English residents In America. Bathing, cricket, and healthy country situation. Host New York references. $280 a year. H. J. H. Petry, M.A., Headmaster. Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin St. THE MISSES HEBB'S 1 Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are prepared for College. District of Columbia (Chevy Chase P. O., Md.). fHEVY CHASE JO French and English School for Girls. Suburb of Miss C. Pettigrew. Assist. Prin. Illinois. Chicago, 1 ..00-4 Title and Trust Building CHICAGO COLLEGE OF LA W. \ — Law Department of Lake Forest University. Tin -year course leading to degree LL.B. For further information address the secretary. E E. Barrett. Maryland, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. ZfDGE IVOR TH BOARDING and DA Y _s '"'-« n"-' standing well at Trinity. Dart- mouth, Princeton, Harvard, \\ eslcvan, Wesi point Send for catalogue to llrv.hu:,., Wkhsikp.. M.A., Rector. Rt. Rev. W. W. Nilks, President of Trustees. D York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOK'S SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 P. M. M, New York, Utlca. RS. PLATT'S SCHOOL.— The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898. Ohio, Cincinnati. l\/fISS ARMSTRONG'S SCHOOL FOR i/-Ssf'lr1,- Llddesdale Place, Avondale. Family limit- ed. Circulars sent on apnlicatlon. Ohio. Cincinnati, Walnut Hills, 944-94B-048 Morris St P DEN PARK SCHOOL.— BOARDING /-Tf ?".'' T\V Sl'h""' for Girls. Primary, Preparatory, ^Ifsf^ffiiT- 1,,gbcr cou™ iD '"<= ^- Ma Z Pennsylvania, Bethlehem. EHIGH PRE PAR A TOR Y SCHOOL 2.1 Jit- P'Z ',',' V f'1 '""'"!'" f"r various colleges In the last M\ Pennsylvania, Media. EDI A A CADEM Y for BO YS AND dish" Jn°dU,'g,M0n- ?4,'^ T,',lr- ('"1»8»l',«l. Scientific, En- . Usn, and ( onimerclal CoUTSi ' ■-..,.,,.,., Excellent table. Beautiful location. Circular free Chas. W. Stuart, Prlu. Educational. M- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COM EG YS'AND MISS BELL'S BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Will reopen October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. Rhode Island, Providence. /ZTRIENDS SCHOOL 1 FOR BOTH SEXES. Founded In 1784. Excellent home. Students from 18 States All denomination*. Thorough work in English. Science, Classics, Music and Art. Address Augustine Jones, LL.B. Virginia, Richmond. T JNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDI- Ly cine.— 310 students last year; 5fi in Faculty. $300 for 4 years; no compulsory extras; Record before last Virginia Medical Examining Board, 94. fS% (3(1 appli- cants); before last North ( srolina Hoard. I (Hr; (17 appli- cants), and before all Dental and Pharmacy Boards equally as good records. For sS-pagc ( utalogue, address Dr. J. Allison Houghs, Proctor. Jl/fISS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 1V1 School for Girls. Established in 1848. Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. I3.it) Pine St ., Phila., Pa SCHOOL OF DRAWING AND PAINTING. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON, MASS. SUth Year Opens October 2, 1899. Instructors— E. C. TARBELL, F. W. BENSON, PHILIP HALE. Drawing and Palntinpr; B. L. PRATT, Modelling; MRS. WM. STONE, Decorative Design; E. W. EMERSON. Anatomy; A. K. CROSS, Perspective. Free use of Museum r.ey. For circulars and terms address r.<-y MI SS ELIZABETH LOMBARD. Manager, BOSTON, MASS, Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exceptional educational advan- tages. Retined home in the "Admiral Winslow House." JAMES DE NOHMANDIE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM. Roxbury. Mass. MISS BALDWIN'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. Within eight years more than ninety pupils have entered Bryn Mawr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and College-Preparatory Courses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. 25 acres beautiful grounds. For circular, address the Secretary. ACADEMIC CLASSES oKZk A Boarding and Day School. College preparation and advanced courses. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vas- sal-. -Wellesley, and Ml. Rolyoke. Artistic, Military, and 43 West 4 7th Street, New York. FORESTRY SCHOOL, At Biltmore, N. C. For circular and Information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate. SALEM, MASS., 2 Chestnut Street MISS A. C. DRAPER'S SCHOOL. Junior, Classical, and General Courses. The Principal ■will receive a few Kir's as members of her family. Sa- lem's situation, the advantages of Its Museum, the in- terest of its cili/.etis iii piston and art. and its nearness to p., 1. 1 on. make it an ideal place for education. ABBOT ACADEMY ""Hffljfifck.. Begins its 71st year September 14, lSD'.l, offering three Seminary Courses of Studies, and a College- fitting Course. Address Miss Emily A. Means, Principal. For catalogue. W. F. Draper. Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows will reopen their Boarding and Day School for Girls at 116 Beacon Street, Boston, net r I. ls'.tn. Certificate of Principals admits to Smith and Wellesley Colleges. ALLEN BROTHERS' West Newton English and Classical School. 1001 ior oom oex NEWTON, U VSE (47th year.) Highland Military Academy 4^, v™rCVnome school. Preparatory of the first grade. Healthful loca- tion. New athletic field. 1 .1 ve l each hi-. Small classes. Visitor: The lit. Key. Win. Lawrence, ll.D. Headmaster: JOSEPH AI.DKN SHAW, A.M.

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The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE & ART VOLUME LXVIII FROM JANUARY i, 1899, TO JUNE 30, 1899 NEW YORK THE EVENING POST PUBLISHING COMPANY 1899

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June 29, 1899] The USTation. 111 NEWEST AND BEST TEXT=BOOKS A New Harkness Complete Latin Grammar, $1.25 Short Latin Grammar, = .80 Practical, clear, and concise. Special attention paid to syntax, the subjunctive, etc. Harper and Gallup's Cicero's Orations and Letters $1.30 The Orations are those generally required by colleges throughout the country. The Letters were selected with special reference to their fit- ness in sight translation. Baldwin's School Readers Eight Books for Graded Schools Five Books for Ungraded Schools The most attractive series of readers ever pub- lished. McMaster's School History of the United States $1.00 Special attention paid to the industrial deve- lopment of the country since 1815. Geometry Revolutionized By the Publication of Milne's Plane Geometry, - $0.75 and Milne's Plane and Solid Geometry, - = =1.25 Issued on May 31st after several years' prepa- ration. Unrivalled as teaching liooka. The first successful combination of the valuable features of inventional and concrete geometry with rigid logical treatment. Contains large number of in- structive questions, undemonstrated theorems, and unsolved problems, numerous enough for the needs of any class. CAMERON'S DE GONCOURT SELECTIONS, - - - $1.25 SYMS'S MADAME DE SE= VIGNE'S LETTERS, - - .40 RANKE'S KAISERWAHL KARL'S V., = - = - .35 ROGERS'S FRENCH SIGHT READING, - .40 FRANCOIS'S INTRODUCTORY FRENCH PROSE COMPOSI- TION, - .25 Irish's Qualitative Analysis for Secondary Schools $0.50 A simple but complete half-year's work. AU obscure and complicated reactions have been omitted. Large number of suggestive questions. Milne's Arithmetics Elements, $0.30 Standard, .65 Probably the most successful series of arithme- tics published in this country during the last twenty-five years. Milne's Grammar School Algebra, $0.50 Published June 12 Natural Geographies Elementary, $0.60 Advanced, 1.25 Man in his relation to the Earth. The only school geographies having corresponding maps drawn on the same scale, and showing correctly the relative size of countries. Laboratory work and collateral reading. For special information regarding these and many other superior books, write to AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA PORTLAND, ORE. Educational. Rogers Hall School For Olrls. Certificate admits to College. Apply to Mrs. E. P. UNDERHILL. Lowell.. Mass The Four Weeks' Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont Academy. 12th Session opens July 12. For address Rev. !.. C. ROUX, II. A., or Mrs. L. C. ROUX, Saxton's River, near Bellows Falls. Vt. 0 LENS FALLS (N. Y.) ACADEMY. One of the oldest, and best fitting schools in country. D. C. FAKE, Ph.D., Principal. Teachers, etc. A WOMAN OF LIBERAL EDUCA- X~L tion and culture, at present a teacher, wishes to devote herself to the care of (luce or four children In her own home, training them in the manifold reuuite- ments of modern life and in sonic of the old-fashioned virtues as well. Address Ph.D., care of the Nation. ZIBRARIAN.—FOUR YEARS' EX- perience in one of largest American libraries— will act 11s assistant or take charge of town or college libra- ry. References as to scholarship ami cliicicncy fur- nished on application to A. K. G., care of the Nation. LpOUR YEARS' ACADEMICAL 1 Course, preparatory to Yale, Vassar, etc., reduced to less than one year by private instruction. Pamphlet free. Rev. Wa. Weber, Belleville, 111. CHARLES W. STONE, Tutor for Har- vard, 68 Chestnut Street. Boston. TO RENT FOR A SCHOOL. A beautiful house of 14 rooms and bath. All modern conveniences; ample grounds; beautiful shade trees; convenient to It. R. Statiou and electric cars. Only 7 miles from Boston. Excellent neigh- borhood, and quiet. Exceptionally situated and arranged for a home school. Apply to E. K. BOYNTON, G6 State St., Room 7, Boston, Mass. A PARTNER (Male) WANTED — J~L Girls' School, long established, between New York and Philadelphia. E. G. C, 466 West 149th St., N. Y. School Agencies. 'T'HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Everett' O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton Place, Boston. 1505 ra. Ave. .Washington. 156 Fifth Ave., New York. 41 1 Cent. l;u .Minneapolis 780 Cooper Bdg., Denver. 525 Stims'n Bk.,Los Angeles ' Ave., Chicago. 825 M'ket St., San Francisco ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY, S~L 24 State St., Albany, N. Y.— Provides schools of all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in ons. Harlan P. French, Manager. QCHERMERHORN'S TEACHERS' O AGENCY. Oldest and best known in the U. S. Established 1855. 3 E. 14th St., N.Y. ■ is valuable in proportion to its 1 :that;:: ;ou about them ' -mmends vou.tht 3. W BARDEEN, Syracuse. N.Y. Readers and Writers have been Waiting for this Up-to-Date, Full of=flatter, Moderate-Priced Reference Book, THE STUDENTS' STANDARD DICTIONARY. AN ABRIDGMENT OF Funk & Wapalls' Standard Dictionary Large 8vo, 933 pages, cloth, leather back, net, $2.50: Sheep, $4.00; Indexed, 50c. additional. Contains 60,000 Words and Phrases, and 1,225 Pictorial Illustrations. postpaid on receipt of price by The Baker & Taylor Co. 5 & 7 East Sixteenth St., New York. K INDERGARTEN supplies CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 5th Ave., New York. PUBLICATIONS IN FRENCH. College=Preparatory French Grammar. By CHARLES P. DU CROQUET. Fourth Edition, revised. Grammar exercises and reading, followed by Examination Papers. A practical French Grammar. Its arrangement is quite new. The rules concerning a subject have been carefully arranged in one lesson, and can easily be learned in a few moments. i2mo, half leather, 284 pages. Price $1.25. alately."— Prof. A. E. Gringel, Canton, Ohio. Complete catalogue on application. For sale by all book- sellers, or postpaid on receipt of price by the publisher. W1LLIAMR.JENKINS 851 and 853 6th Ave. (cor. 48th St.), New York. Study and Practice of French in School IN THREE PARTS. By L. C. Boname, 258 South 16th St., Philadelphia A carefully graded course, meeting requirements for itrance examination at college. Practice in conversa- tion and thorough drill in Pronunciation and Grainn From Education, Boston : "A well-made series. Teach- ers and pupils will And the three books helpful and inte- roattntr >' f^ONVERSA TIONAL FRENCH, Deux- L^ ienie Llvralson. just out. Price 1 0 cents, or will be mailed on approval to any address by Edward Both, 1185 Pine St., Phllada. TDOOKS, SECOND-HAND AND NE W, ±J Standard and Rare. Books bought Catalogue Issued. £. w. Johkson, 2 E. 42d St., N. f .

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IV Tlie Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1774 SCRIBNEFS NE1V BOOKS WHAT SHALL WE THINK OF CHRISTIANITY? By Prof. WILLIAM NEWTON CLARKE of Colgate University Author of "An Outline of Christian Theology." f2mo, $i.00 Contents: I. The Christian People. — II. The Christian Doctrine. — III. The Christian Power. IN this very unusual book, which is a remarkable contribution to the literature of its subject, bo'h in its style and subject-matter, Dr. Clarke examines the historical development and present condition of the three great contributions which Christ has made to the moral wealth and welfare of humanity — the Christian People, the Christian Doctrine, and ;the Christian Posver. Thus the book deals in a broad manner with the great essentials of Christianity, and because of the author's catholicity and broad-minded treat- ment of his subject, it will prove helpful and stimulating to thoughtful persons of all denominations. The work is characterized by the same simple, clear, and spiritual treatment which mark9d the author's " Outline of Christian Theology." " Eight admirably written stories.'' — New York Times. THE GREATER INCLINATION By EDITH WHARTON Second Edition. J2mo, $1.50 nJ^F we were to single out one book from those that have been published this season as exhibiting in the highest degree that rare cre- ative power called literary genius, we should name ' The Greater Inclination' by Mrs. Edith Wharton. And not only has Mrs. Wharton brought to these stories a remarkable power of insight and imagination, but the phase of life in America which she has chosen for treatment may be said to be altogether new in her hands." — The Bookman. it TI is a book of wonderful delicacy and power both, but of cultured power. In workmanship it stands among the masterpieces of ■»■ modern Anglo-Saxon fiction— finished, yet embracing some of the great problems of life, delicate, thoughtful, and a monument to the possibilities of the language in the hands of a master."— New York Mail and Express. ACROSS THE CAMPUS A Story of College Life. zzmo, $i.5o. By CAROLINE M. FULLER **1\/IIS^ FULLER has done college life and college women a real service by writing this pleasant and breezy book. Girls' books are ■"■•■ all too few, and for one which does not preach nor prose, which is full to the brim of mirth, and has no morbidness, there is always a place ready and waiting."— Literature. it 'T'HE picture of the social life of the college, which is called Harland in the story, but which is Smith in reality, and of the per- sonal relations of the girls, is painted with great spirit and enthusiasm. The author succeeds in conveying a vivid sense of the atmosphere and feeling of the place. It is a book that would fill a girl with a longing to go to college, and recall a thousand de- lightful memories to a woman who had been through college."— Brooklyn Life. TIVO OUTDOOR BOOKS HOW TO KNOW THE FERNS A GUIDE TO THE NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS OF OUR NATIVE FERNS. B3, FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS With 144 Illustrations by Marion Salter lee and Alice J. Smith. Crown 8vo. $1.50 net. (i TWfB-S. PARSONS ou?ht to be proud of the large number of folio seers— one is tempted to say imitators— that she has made. , tt * ihere are probably books to the number of a dozen which have been written on lines so similar to those which characterize now to 1 is.no w the Wild Flowers' that they amount to an infringement of intellectual copyright. But our author still keeps at the neaa or the procession, nor can anybody take away from her the title to priority which she holds. To many grateful Americans, f'erns^'— Brookhn TV Columbus who pioneered the way for them to a new world of loving intimacy with the flowers and the it A FTER a delightful introductory chapter on 'Ferns as a Hobby,' the author goes on to the explanation of terms, to the fertili- t*J*iZ, Z1^10n' development, and fructification of ferns, the notable fern families, and the description of individual ferns. The illus- \oyer°"—Bot^»rEvenin^nT: *™ numerous and exceedingly fine, completing a book that must prove a lasting delight to all nature HOW TO KNOW THE WILD FLOWERS A GUIDE TO THE NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS OF OUR COMMON WILD FLOWERS. With i56 illustrations by Marion Salter lee. Forty-third Thousand, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo. $1.7 J net. " EVfom^ fMr™«?rInt„Wh°i.haf Sp6nt •Weary hours PuzzliQg over a botanical key in the effort to name unknown plants will wel- come tnis satisfactory book, wtnea stands ready to lead him to the desired knowledge by a royal road."— The Nation. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, .53.57 Fifth Ave., New York

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The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 29, 1899. The Week. The opportunists of the McKinley Ad- ministration will receive a severe shock from the picture of the situation in the Philippines which Dr. McQueston, of Gen. Otis's staff, brings Home with him. He says it will require a force of 100,000 to 150,000 soldiers to subdue and hold the islands; that unless thousands of troops be sent at once to the aid of those now there, our forces will be driven back into Manila during the next few months; that our men simply cannot stand the climate during the rainy sea- son; that fifty per cent, of them will be incapacitated by sickness; that the ter- ritory hitherto overrun will have to be abandoned, and that Manila will be in a state of siege again. As to the temper and feeling of our soldiers, he says: "The volunteers all want to return home, and I hardly think that the plan to enlist three skeleton regiments from the volunteers now in the Philippines will be a success. The men enlisted to fight for their country, and they are not the kind of men who want to stay and fight an insurrection for money or for the fun of fighting." These are not the words of a despised private soldier. or of a non-patriotic anti-imperialist, but of a member of the staff of the Com- manding General, who has served as the Health Officer at Manila. It is barely possible that they may even cause Alger and Corbin to think that the situation in the Philippines is serious. There is talk in Washington of a new department of the Government and a new member of the cabinet, to be called the Secretary of the Colonies. It is said that Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philip- pines cannot always remain under charge of army officers, that the "War Department is overburdened already, that the mere financial administration of the islands is sufficient to engross the whole time of a cabinet officer, and, final- ly, that if a Department of the Colonies is created, it is probable that R. P. Por- ter will be made the first Secretary of .it. All this reads very much like a plan to introduce the spoils system into the islands at the earliest possible mo- ment. Certainly nobody could be found better fitted for carrying out that scheme than the ex-Director of the Census. The discussion of a Department of the Colo- nies must be considered premature, however, until Congress decides whether we are to have colonies, or only Territo- ries. A colony is a subject country to be ruled by the mother or mistress coun- try by her appointees, her governors, pro- consuls, harmosts, satraps, or whatever they may be called. A Territory is for the most part a self-governing district, which may look forward to a time, near or remote, when it will become an equal partner, and help to govern the mother country, in proportion to its numbers. Congress must decide which of these two forms of government is to be first ap- plied to the "colonies." If they are to be reckoned as Territories, we shall need no new cabinet officer to look after them, or to see that the spoils of office are pro- perly apportioned to our most reliable "heelers," as the census patronage is and has been. Meanwhile, the duty of count- ing and taking care of the revenue of the islands will remain in charge of army officers, and will, no doubt, be well and honestly discharged, even though Alger continues in charge of the War Depart- ment. From the entire indifference with which the public has treated Commis- sioner R. P. Porter's contention that ex- posure of commissary scandals is spoil- ing our foreign trade, we should infer either that the public does not believe in condoning a flagrant wrong for a pe- cuniary advantage, or else that it does not trust Mr. Porter's statements about the exports. In either case, we suspect that the public's judgment would be war- ranted. Mr. Porter's allegation was that "the various meat investigations, and the political capital which has been made out of them by American newspa- pers, have done our interests more in- jury" in European eyes than all for- eign influences put together. This was an assertion as to what has actually happened. But Mr. Porter grew some- what more cautious as he approached nearer to official statistics, finally con- tenting himself with predicting a possi- ble loss to the meat-export trade of "$20,000,000 to $25,000,000 per annum." This caution was well advised, for the detailed returns of the Federal Bureau of Statistics for May inform the American public that our export of canned beef last month increased 647,000 pounds over 1898, and our export of fresh beef 6,033,000 pounds, and that the total pre- served beef exports in May were the largest for any corresponding period in our history. It is possible that even the foreign consumer may have grasped the fact that the "Eagan brand" of contract army beef was something contrived ex- clusively for the army, and not available in the export market. Senator Foraker is much of the time in a frame of mind towards the McKin- ley Administration which enables him to say what he thinks without any he- sitation or reserve. He is particularly ready to do this just now, because the old factional troubles among the Re- publicans of Ohio, in which he has so long been involved, are raging afresh, and the dominant Hanna wing is doing its best to "down" him. It is not sur- prising, therefore, that Mr. Foraker should have told an interviewer on Thursday that "we seem to have a hard- er job on our hands in the Philippines than we anticipated"; and that, although Congress will provide the means if more men and money are wanted, "the war is not popular." The truly loyal organs of the Administration will, as in duty bound, sneer at the Ohio Senator for talking in this strain; but we doubt if even the most ardent advocate of the expansion policy will venture to con- trovert his position by trying to prove that the war really is popular. One remark of Senator Foraker's ex- presses a feeling which is steadily grow- ing among close observers. "I don't be- lieve," he says, " the newspapers are getting all the news received at the War Department, but I know nothing of it personally." There is no doubt that our imitation of the Spanish system of sup- pressing facts, through a censorship of the press, is constantly being carried further. Nearly two months ago the Hong Kong Daily Press contained a statement from the American, published at Manila, saying that its readers had complained because it did not give more news, and explaining that "many cable- grams are received from the United States, but are suppressed by the press censor," these two illustrations being cited: "On Friday a portion of one of our cablegrams was suppressed, and yes- terday one entire dispatch was censor- ed, this office receiving nothing but the words: 'American, Manila, from Hong Kong; text suppressed by press cen- sor.' " A fortnight ago the Philadelphia Times published a special dispatch from Hong Kong, saying that the censorship at Manila had become so strict that a meeting of the correspondents there had been called to protest against the action of the United States military authori- ties. The representative of the Times reported that "nothing is allowed to be sent out on matters which affect the Administration at Washington; and un- less dispatches are rosy and optimistic, they are not allowed to go." He further declared that, although there was great anxiety on the part of the volunteers to return home, the censor suppresses every mention of the fact, and that he also forbids any reference to the terrible suf- ferings from the heat, while "our men drop like sheep from the overpowering influence of the sun's rays." It is an interesting question how long the Ame-

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488 Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1774 rican people will endure the same policy of suppression and deceit which they used to pity the Spaniards for tolerating a year and a half ago. A more Impudent performance than the appearance of Gen. Russell A. Alger as a candidate for the United States Senate from Michigan on a platform 01 opposition to Trusts could not be imagined. He was himself one of the chief organizers of a most odious Trust, and the Supreme Court of his own State held that the enterprise in which he thus engaged was unlawful and against pub- lic policy. About seventeen years ago the Diamond Match Company was orga- nized by Gen. Alger and some other busi- ness men, with a view to controlling the manufacture and sale of friction-matches in the United States and Canada. The object sought to be attained was boldly avowed. The articles of agreement pro- vided for the aggregation of an enor- mous amount of capital, sufficient to buy up and absorb all of that kind of busi- ness done in this country and in the Dominion, and to prevent any other per- son or corporation from engaging in or carrying on the business, thereby pre- venting all competition in the sale of matches. Not only did this object plain- ly appear in the organization of the Trust, but it was openly admitted by Gen. Alger himself. A law-suit grew out of the proceedings taken, to which he was a party, and here is his confession, in response to a question from his coun- sel: "Question. It appears that during the years 1881 and 1882 large sums of money were expended to keep men out of the match business, remove competition, buy machinery and patents, and in some in- stances purchase other match factories. I will ask you to state the reasons, if there are any, why these sums should not be treated as an expense of the business and charged off from this account? "Answer. Because the prices of matches were kept up to correspond, so as to pay these expenses and make large dividends above what could have been made had those factories been in the market to com- pete ivith the business." The case finally reached the Supreme Court of Michigan, and its decision was filed on the 15th of November, 1889. The judgment of the court went to the heart of the matter. Chief Justice Sherwood, who wrote the decision, began by saying that no one could read the contract in question and fail to discover that con- siderations of public policy were largely involved. He then set forth the facts regarding the organization and operation of the Diamond Match Company, declar- ing that "the sole object of the corpora- tion is to make money by having it in its power to raise the price of the arti- cle, or diminish the quantity to be made and used, at its pleasure." Both the sup- ply of the article and its price were made to depend upon the action of about a half-dozen individuals, "to satisfy their cupidity and avarice." The article thus brought under the control of a few ava- ricious men is one in necessary and daily use by almost every individual in the country. "It is difficult," said the Chief Justice, "to conceive of a monopoly which can affect a greater number of people, or one more extensive in its ef- fect on the country, than that of the Dia- mond Match Company." The contract in the case then pending was to aid that company in carrying out its purposes, and the court was asked to enforce the contract. This it flatly refused to do, for the reasons quoted above. Director Merriam of the Census Bureau has been trying to delude the public by the pretence that all applicants for places must undergo an examination which will test their ability as fully as any inquiry into their qualifications which the Civil- Service Commission would have made, if these positions had been brought un- der the rules. But only a very simple person could be taken in by such a pre- tence. If the spoilsmen had desired the honest application of the competitive system, they would have turned over this work to the Commission; whereas long experience of the "pass" examina- tion has shown that it is always a de- lusion and a snare. This old truth is now being freshly demonstrated again. A sample illustration of the way that a spoilsman's examination works is given by the Baltimore News. An applicant whose home is not a thousand miles from Baltimore, after having passed what he was told by the officials was a highly creditable examination for one of the higher positions in the bureau, was advised by them to go and see his Congressman, who in turn referred him to the "executive" (the Baltimore equi- valent of the New York "district lead- er") of the applicant's ward! One of the worst effects of the Presi- dent's recent " backward step " in the matter of civil-service reform is the encouragement which it has given to the revival of the spoils spirit every- where. During the first two years of his administration Mr. McKinley reappoint- ed efficient Democratic postmasters, upon the expiration of their terms, in more than one Massachusetts town, and the feeling was growing throughout the State that, when the incumbent of such an office had served to the general satis- faction of the community, politics should not stand in the way of his retention. Easthampton, a business and education- al centre in one of the western counties, should have been added to the list of places where this sound principle had been accepted. Four years ago Mr. Cleveland appointed a postmaster who has proved so efficient that his reappoint- ment was asked for in a very strong pe- tition, representing a large majority of the voters, and nearly all the business interests, including all the manufacto- ries, Williston Seminary, the banks, and almost all of the merchants. But, since the bars have been taken down in the classified service by the President's re- cent order, the Republican politicians ap- parently feel that it will not do to let a Democrat stay in any place from which he can be ousted, and word has reached Easthampton that a Republican must be picked out for an office which nine- tenths of those most concerned prefer to see the Democratic incumbent retain. A striking illustration of the folly of the rule that there must be a change in the postmastership of every town whenever there is a change of parties in the national administration at Wash- ington, was afforded by a recent inci- dent in the United States District Court for Connecticut. At East Hartland a man named Hayes had been arrest- ed for the embezzlement of about $345 while he was postmaster of that town, and was indicted by the grand jury. A lawyer appeared in his defence, but all that he could do was to plead for a mitigation of punishment, on this ground: "It was a great mistake that the man was ever appointed, but as Hayes was about the only one who had voted the Democratic ticket in Hartland for some time, he supposed that some one had to be appointed postmaster there, when the change of administra- tion came, but he considered it a mis- fortune for Hayes that he had ever been selected." The District Attorney con- ceded that Hayes was a very ignorant man, and Judge Townsend said that he felt sorry for him, as he sentenced him to six months' imprisonment. The Bourbon Democracy of Kentucky have adopted a pro-silver and anti-im- perialist platform, and have nominated William J. Bryan for President. Neither the head nor the tail of the platform is very energetic in tone. The plea for sil- ver is almost apologetic. The war with Spain is commended and endorsed, but the Administration's course in the Phi- lippines is declared to be contrary to the spirit of republican institutions. The convention finally nominated J. C. S. Blackburn for Senator of the United States in place of Mr. Lindsay, the pre- sent member. Mr. Lindsay was a sup- porter of Palmer and Buckner in the campaign of 1896. Kentucky, under nor- mal conditions, is overwhelmingly De- mocratic, and will no doubt prove to be such at the coming election. Her in- fluence upon the Democracy of other States has never been great, and is not likely to be important this year. The Silver Republican party of Iowa has given up the ghost, The attack

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June 29, 1899] The USTation 489 which destroyed what little life remain- ed, was dealt by a provision in the new ballot law which will prevent so weak an organization from placing a ticket on the ballot next fall; but it would have been almost impossible to keep any breath in its body if there had been no such difficulty. The Silver Republicans counted for so little in the campaign of 1896 that the other elements in the op- position to the dominant party have not thought it worth while to pay much at- tention to them since then. The Popu- .lists in some States will find it almost as hard to keep up their separate or- ganization, since the Bryanized Demo- cracy has so generally accepted their principles. Bryanism has become so close an approach to Populism that there is not much excuse for keeping up the fiction of a difference. Indeed, the chief reason in most cases why anybody tries to maintain the separate organization is the hope of the men who run it that they may fare better, in the way of nominations, when the two parties "fuse" on a ticket than if they fell in be- hind the regular Democrats. Prof. McVey of the University of Minnesota, in a note contributed to the Journal of Political Economy on the sub- ject of Trusts and the tariff, says that there are some combinations so depend- ent on the tariff that the repeal of the protective duties would destroy both the combination and the industry. He in- stances the Tin-Plate combine as one of this sort, and gives figures to show how the tariff works in this case. The Tin- Plate Trust was formed last December with a capital of $50,000,000. The sell- ing price of tin-plate in Liverpool is $2.30 per box. The cost of production in this country is $2.75, and the tariff is $1.62 per box, or 70 per cent, ad valorem. Since the formation of the Trust the price has been raised to $3.80 per box, which is about the Liverpool price with the duty added. In other words, the Trust prevents the consumer from get- ting the benefit of domestic competition in the manufacture of tin-plate, and the tariff enables the Trust to accomplish this object. There has been considerable chuckling among the high-tariff gentry over the success of the tin-plate industry in this country, but in the presence of these facts and figures the less we hear from them the better. There never was any doubt that by paying 70 per cent, more for tin-plate than it is worth in a free market we could have it produced at home. Nor was there much doubt that the makers would combine to prevent domestic competition just as soon as the consumers began to derive any benefit from it. the next twenty-six months, is fresh evidence of the fact that the United States has become the centre of the world's iron and steel production. It may be worth mentioning that nine years ago Mr. Edward Atkinson con- tributed to the Manufacturers' Record of Baltimore a paper predicting this result as something to be looked for at an early date, t. e., that the United States would soon distance all other countries in the production of iron. He also quoted an earlier prediction of the same tenor from Abram S. Hewitt, dated as far back as 1855. Both were true prophets, and their words have come true sooner, per- haps, than they expected. Great Britain, hitherto the largest producer of iron and steel among the nations, is now handi- capped by the growing cost of her raw material. She is compelled to import the best qualities of iron ore from Spain and Sweden, and, what is still more se- rious, she has reached her maximum output of coal; that is, she has reached the point where a larger demand for coal cannot be supplied without a ma- terial advance in price. This is a criti- cal situation for her iron industry, if not for all of her industries that de- pend upon coal. At present the world's demand for iron and steel has outrun the supply, and while this condition lasts the competition of the United States will be little felt. But when the situation changes, the advantages which we pos- sess in raw material will begin to tell against the English furnaces, and can be met only by economies of detail or by the 'sad alternative of lower wages to laborers. The reported placing of orders for 180,- 000 tons of steel rails for Russia at the Carnegie works, to be delivered during The outward movement of gold ought not to attract any attention, and does not, except among those who deal in foreign exchange and those who have bills to pay abroad. It is easily explain- ed by a number of patent facts, which are commonly overlooked. One of these is the gold production of the United States, which is going on all the time at the rate of $5,000,000 per month. In ad- dition to this is the production of the Klondike mines, nearly all of which comes to our refineries and assay offices. The amount of Klondike gold coming in is not known, but it is a pretty large sum, and is evidently increasing. It is not to be supposed that we can find use for all that we produce, plus all that we take in from the North. It is neither possible nor desirable that we should re- tain an excess of gold, any more than of grain, or cotton, or pig-iron. Moreover the outward movement has not yet reached the amount of the payment made to Spain for the Philippines. Still an- other line of drainage not usually ob- served is the war in the Philippines, which is costing about $3,000,000 per month. This works against our balance of trade just like the payment of the $20,000,000 to Spain, Several months of the war will cost us more than the original price of the islands. The $3,000,000 sent to pay the Cuban army must be taken into the reckoning, also, together with the sup- port of our own military forces there and in Porto Rico. Altogether the won- der is that the gold-export movement did not begin sooner and reach a larger amount. The establishment of Australian fede- ration is a matter of world-wide concern, and the result of the vote on this ques- tion in New South Wales on June 20 is therefore of the first importance. The idea of such a union among the British colonies in that part of the world has been discussed for a dozen years, but New South Wales, the cooperation of which was most essential, seemed dis- posed for some time to hang back. The late election, however, resulted in an overwhelming majority in favor of fede- ration. South Australia has previously voted the same way; Victoria will cer- tainly follow suit at its election next month, and Tasmania whenever the vote shall be taken; while Queensland, which has been hostile to the scheme, is not likely to stay out alone very long. Even if the latter colony shall vote against it next September, the other four will go ahead and start the Federation, under a Constitution which bears some strong re- semblances to that of the United States. Such a Federation is a sign of healthy progress in the unification of interests among colonies which have much to gain from closer ties. The arrival of the bubonic plague in Egypt in the course of its westwardly advance from China towards Europe is a disquieting fact, inasmuch as the latest scientific testimony is to the effect that the disease, having once ob- tained a foothold, cannot be stamped out by summary measures, but will prevail so long as it has material to feed upon. Alexandria is much cleaner now than it was before the days of the English occu- pation, but it is still an Oriental city, and, with the plague within its borders, more or less of a menace to all ports with which it is in communication. That the pest can be prevented from spread- ing to Europe is most improbable, that it may cross the Atlantic or Pacific is quite within the limits of possibility; but fortunately it is now practically cer- tain that it can be controlled and de- feated by proper sanitary precautions. This seems to be about the only point in connection with it upon which all the scientists are agreed, after several years of anxious observation in China and in India. As to the cure of the malady, Science has not advanced yet much be- yond the experimental stage. The Rus- sian Dr. Haffkin claims a certain degree of success for preliminary inoculation by his process.

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490 The Nation [Vol. 68, No 1774 AID AND COMFORT TO THE ENEMY. The speech made by Mr. Barrett, late Minister from the "United States to Siam, at the Chamber of Commerce in Boston, was in some respects commendable. So far as it dealt with the commerce of the East, it was at least more moderate in its estimates than some others that have been made. Mr. Barrett, however, as- signed no substantial reason for the great increase of trade which he ex- pected, and his estimates must be re- garded as largely conjectural. It is not his figures that appear to us deserving of attention, but the political principles that he enunciates. He thinks that the only hope of this country, so far as gaining the trade of the Far East is concerned, is in our maintaining our sovereignty perpetually over the Philippine Islands, and he implies that those who protest against our subjugating their inhabi- tants are traitors. He declared that all our generals and most of our privates agree that the anti-imperialist move- ment has given unlimited aid, comfort, and encouragement to the forces of the Filipinos. More specifically, he stated that "the most encouraging influence for the Filipinos in fighting us, and hence the most unfortunate one for our sol- diers and sailors to combat against, was the spreading of the sentiment and ideas through the ranks of the Filipino army aud among the masses of the natives that our occupation of the islands was unwarranted, the war unprovoked, our army and navy unsupported by our peo- ple, and our country about to demand the withdrawal of our forces from the islands, the hauling down of the flag, and our complete and ignominious with- drawal from our responsibilities." Mr. Barrett further declared that Sena- tor Hoar's speech roused great hopes of freedom among the Filipinos, and that he did all that he could to prevent copies of the speech from being dis- tributed among them. This is in accord- ance with the principles of the censor- ship which has been established under our military rule, and Mr. Barrett's whole speech is based on the assumption that it is the duty of Americans who believe that we are engaged in a war of "criminal aggression" to deny their be- lief, or at least hold their tongues. This assumption has no place in the theory of free government. It belongs to des- potism, and the naivete' with which Mr. Barrett adopts it shows how extensive is the demoralization produced by war. But how consistent is his own prac- tice with his censure of those who will not be silent at this time? We find in the July number of the Review of Reviews an article from his pen on the Philippine situation, in which he represents Agui- naldo as the idolized popular leader, who had returned to his country "under the protection of the ships of a nation called America, which had gore to war with Spain and would give them freedom and independence at once." The "impression went abroad among the masses of the people that Aguinaldo had arrived to es- tablish an independent government, and that the Americans would assist him." The people flocked to him in such num- bers that he had contributions of large sums of money, unlimited supplies of food, and more soldiers than he could arm. The "people were educated to be- lieve that they were to have absolute independence." Within a few months, Aguinaldo organized a government which "developed into a much more ela- borate affair than its most ardent sup- porters had originally expected." By the middle of October, 1898, says Mr. Barrett, "He had assembled at Malolos a congress of 100 men who would compare in beha- vior, manner, dress, and education with the average men of the better classes of other Asiatic nations, possibly including the Ja- panese. These men, whose sessions I re- peatedly attended, conducted themselves with great decorum, and showed a know- ledge of debate and parliamentary law that would not compare unfavorably with the Japanese Parliament. The executive por- tion of the Government was made up of a ministry of bright men who seemed to un- derstand their respective positions. Each general division was subdivided with refer- ence to practical work. There was a large force of under-secretaries and clerks, who appeared to be kept very busy with routine labor." Does that sound like the description of an assemblage of savages, or of an as- semblage of intelligent men, who knew what they wanted— knew their rights, and were bound to maintain them? And now read what Mr. Barrett says of the army which Aguinaldo collected: "The army, however, of Aguinaldo was the marvel of his achievements. He had over twenty regiments of comparatively well-or- ganized, well-drilled, and well-dressed sol- diers, carrying modern rifles and ammuni- tion. I saw many of these regiments execut- ing not only regimental, but battalion and company drill, with a precision that aston- ished me. Certainly as far as dress was concerned, the comparison with the uniform of our soldiers was favorable to the Fi- lipinos. They were officered largely, except in the higher positions, with young men who were ambitious to win honors and were not merely show fighters. The people in all the different towns took great pride in this army. Nearly every family had a father, son, or cousin in it. Wherever they went, they roused enthusiasm for the Filipino cause. The impression made upon the in- habitants of the Interior by such displays can be readily appreciated. Aguinaldo and his principal lieutenants also made frequent visits to the principal towns, and were re- ceived with the same earnestness that we show in greeting a successful President." We submit that when Mr. Barrett pub- lishes facts like these, he does more to discredit the war which we are carrying forward in the Philippines than all the utterances of the anti-imperialists, and all the soldiers' letters combined, can do. He makes an effort to show that Aguinaldo is culpable because, when he found that the Americans were not going to withdraw and leave the Filipinos to rule their own country, he concealed the fact from his followers. He also en- deavors to show that while our forces maintained "most agreeable relations" with Aguinaldo when he first returned, Admiral Dewey was "careful to avoid formal recognition." But Mr. Barrett knows very well that there is other evi- dence on this point which establishes be- yond dispute that Aguinaldo and his fol- lowers were led to believe that they would be helped by the Americans to es- tablish their own independence. There is the official dispatch of Admiral Dewey himself, sent to the Secretary of the Navy on June 27, 1898: "Aguinaldo, insurgent leader, with thir- teen of his staff, arrived May 19, by permis- sion, on the Nashan. ... I have given him to understand that I consider insurgents as friends, being opposed to a common ene- my. He has gone to attend a meeting of in- surgent leaders for the purpose of forming civil government. ... In my opinion, these people are far superior in their intelli- gence and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba, and I am familiar with both races." A few weeks later, Gen. Thomas M. Anderson, commanding the United States troops at Cavite\ wrote to Aguinaldo: "I would like to have your Excellency's advice and cooperation, as you are best acquainted with the resources of the country." Three weeks later, still in su- preme command, he asked Aguinaldo for assistance in transportation of American troops, "as it is to fight in the cause of your people." That previous to this time our consular officials, Wildman, Consul-General at Hong Kong, Pratt, Consul-General at Singapore, and Wil- liams, Consul at Manila, gave Aguinaldo the strongest reasons for believing that the American Government would help him to secure the independence of the Filipinos, is an established fact, the de- tails of which are too familiar to need repetition. But what matters it how he and his fellow-patriots got the idea that we were to help them to fight for their independence? If they are fighting for it, what kind of an American is he who cannot sympathize with them? And if our sympathy depends upon their con- dition of savagery or the reverse, is not Mr. Barrett fostering the very "trea- son" he deprecates? HONEST POLITICS. It would be interesting to learn exact- ly who is meant to be influenced by the defences of the recent civil-service order which have been put forth. We know what the Civil-Service Commission thinks of it; we know what every one who has struggled for the reform thinks of it. They have no doubt concerning the pur- pose of the order, nor concerning its con- struction, nor concerning its operation. The assertion that the order is really calculated to promote the cause of re- form, in the opinion of all these per- sons, merely adds the sin of hypocrisy to the guilt of bad faith. It is certainly im- probable, on its face, that an order de- vised by men who have never interested themselves in reforming the service should be meant to advance the reform,

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June 29, 1899] T li e 1ST a t i o n . 491 when no one who has been interested in the reform suggested or desired such an order. We may lay it down quite po- sitively that whoever was grieved or dis- gusted or angered by the issuing of the order has not had his feeling altered by the defences offered for It. There is abundant evidence, also, that these defences are equally worthless in the view of those who are opposed to reform. The Ohio politicians may have exulted a little prematurely, and per- haps injudiciously; but they exulted sin- cerely and they show no signs of dis- appointment. They are doubtless indif- ferent to explanations of the new order, provided they get the offices, and they have no doubt that they will get them. The editor of a New Hampshire journal, the Mirror and Farmer, of Manchester, perhaps as influential a Republican organ as any in Northern New Eng- land, dismisses all the talk of the Pre- sident's being in favor of keeping the offices out of the hands of the politi- cians as cant. He says very frankly that it is wasting space to contend that the President's order "taking from 5,000 to 10,000 Federal offices out of the classified service and putting them in the list of spoils squares with the St. Louis platform, or with the President's letter of acceptance, because every intelligent person who is interested in the subject knows to the contrary." The order, he maintains, is right, because it restores to the politicians a large number of of- fices that should never have been taken away from them, and he concludes with the pointed question: "Why not stand up and say so, instead of asking people to believe what they all know it is not?" This honest politician takes the ground that as the Democratic officeholders are performing their duties faithfully and satisfactorily, it would be an outrage to remove them "for cause." There is no cause for removing them, except that they opposed McKinley's election in 1896 and will oppose his reelection in 1900. Barring their politics, they are well enough; but there are plenty of Republi- cans who can step into their places and perform their duties just as efficiently. No doubt President McKinley declared that he stood on the St. Louis platform, and that platform promised to defend and extend the merit system. But, in the first place, "the adoption of the civil-service plank at St. Louis was a perfunctory performance, intended, like the declaration in favor of international bimetallism, to catch or hold a few votes of which it was supposed there would be great need." The promise was a bad one, and is better broken than kept. The President "has become convinced that the Republicans did not mean what they said when, at St. Louis, they poll- parroted the usual promise to defend and extend the civil-service rules, in accord- ance with the wishes of the professional reformers, and he has corrected the mis- take. He has made it possible to bounce several thousand Democrats who are do- ing well enough, and give their places to as many Republicans who will do just as well. This is the plain truth, and no- thing is to be gained by having it mis- stated by cabinet officers or any one else." It is difficult not to be convinced by these statements. They are evidently sincere, they express the feeling of most of the Republican politicians, and they are intrinsically probable. No one can deny that there are thousands of offices in which the pay is more than the ser- vices are worth — in which, indeed, the services are of no market value, and as has often been pointed out, in which a child could do all that is required of a man. Such offices are created by poli- ticians for the purpose of filling them with politicians, and to suppose that they will relinquish them without the most desperate resistance is to suppose that they are willing to commit politi- cal suicide. Such offices are created to be made "spoils, " and it is time for re- formers to enlarge their scheme, so as to provide for the abolition of useless offices and the compensation of em- ployees on business principles, as well as for examinations and permanent tenure. Until this is done, the ordi- nary citizen will cling to the tradi- tional view that a public office is one in which the pay is much higher, in proportion to the work done, than a private position; and while that view prevails, the "spoils" theory will endure. The New Hampshire editor has stated the case fairly and honestly. The Re- publican politicians talked of civil-ser- vice reform only to gain votes, and now that they think they do not need these votes, they cease their pretences. That may be called dishonest politics from one point of view, but it is honest politics as showing reformers just how they have been treated, and just what they may ex- pect from the Republican party. POLITICAL ISSUES CHANGING. Mr. S. E. Morss, editor of the Indiana- polis Sentinel, is credited with holding the view that the financial plank in the Democratic platform of 1896 ought not to form the dominant issue in the cam- paign of next year, and that if it does the party will be beaten. According to an interview which has been pub- lished in some of the Western news- papers, Mr. Morss thinks that the issues will be "anti-Trust, anti-militarism, ex- pansion, and tariff reform." With these he thinks that the Democrats would have good prospects of success. It is reported that the ancient and moss-grown Demo- cracy of Indiana are much agitated by this outgiving, and that some of the more venerable members of the party talk of starting a new paper in opposi- tion to the Sentinel — a project which may be carried into effect when the United States adopts free coinage at the ratio of 16 to 1 without the consent of any other nation, but not before. Undoubtedly Mr. Morss, in the inter- view attributed to him, represents the present drift and tendency of the Demo- cratic party. On the other hand, we observe a tendency among the Republi- cans to put the financial issue forward as the chief one of the next campaign. Such must be the meaning of the sudden and praiseworthy zeal of their leading organs in favor of a law declaring all Government obligations payable in gold, and the reported determination of the Senate Finance Committee to promote the passage of such a measure next win- ter. If such a bill is reported at the next session, it will constitute a chal- lenge to the Democrats to make the campaign on the issues of 1896. It will serve the twofold purpose of putting the Democrats in a dilemma, and of side- tracking the issues of imperialism and civil-service debauchery which now be- cloud the Republican horizon not a lit- tle. The question, what shall be the issues of next year, cannot be determined c.r cathedra this year. Whatever shall prove to be the subjects of most immediate na- tional concern then — whatever be the questions making the sharpest divisions in the public conscience — will be the political issues. Neither Mr. McKinley nor Mr. Bryan, neither editor Morss nor Senator Hanna, can stop the flowing of the tide of opinion. The tide will carry the platform-makers along with it, and they will be studying, when the time comes, not how they may stem it, but how they can make the best use of it and derive the most advantage from it. It is easy to say what will not be the uppermost consideration next year. Mr. Morss is right in saying that it will be useless to expect to change our monetary standard while the Republicans control the Senate. As they have secured a ma- jority for at least six years to come, it will be simply a waste of powder for thf Democrats to put the silver issue in front. All that they could expect in the most favorable event would be a change to bimetallism of some kind, national or international, about the year 1907. That is too distant and too problematical to engage present effort. No enthusiasm can be enlisted in a contingency so re- mote. The situation is greatly changed since the fight for free coinage waa going on in the seventies and eighties. Then the Republicans professed to be as good silver men as the Democrats. If the Democrats fathered the Bland bill, the Republicans fathered the Sherman bill, which "did more for silver" than the former measure. If the Democrats were for free coinage by separate ac- tion of the United States, the Republi-

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492 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 68, No. 1774 cans favored the same end by interna- tional agreement, which was safer. And so the ignis fatuus was always dancing in front of us, apparently within reach, but just beyond our grasp. Now, how- ever, the situation is wholly different. The Republicans are no longer pretend- ing to favor silver. They no longer fa- vor an international conference to "re- habilitate" it, although they would join one if it were called by some other na- tion of the first rank, as it will not be. The prospect being as it is for six years to come, the most sanguine bi- metallist must be under depression of spirits. The inspiration of hope is wanting. Even Mr. A. J. Warner, who may be called, since the death of Mr. Bland, the veteran of fiat money, is said to take a despairing view of the bi- metallic future. It is certain that Mr. Bryan is not upholding the cause with his usual vigor. He has two words to say about Trusts where he says one about silver. He has said that he con- siders the money question only one branch of the Trust question. Very likely Mr. Morss did not give utterance to his views without some assurance that they would be agreeable, or not disagreeable, to Mr. Bryan. All that can be said now is that the Democratic party is drifting away from the financial plank of the Chicago platform, and that the campaign of next year will most probably be fought on the other issues which Mr. Morss has indicated. THE INTEROCEANIC CANAL. The problems of an interoceanic canal form the text of an instructive article in the June number of the Political Science Quarterly, by George L. Rives. Mr. Rives, considers all the questions in- volved, but gives most attention to an exposition of the legal ones which are raised by the demand for "a canal un- der American control." This phrase has been repeated so often that it has come to be accepted by many as a self- evident proposition, yet it ignores seve- ral important considerations, and among others these: (1) the Clayton-Bulwer treaty with England, in which we agreed that we would never acquire or exer- cise such control; (2) the consent of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, or whatever countries the canal passes through; (3) the means necessary to make such control permanent and effec- tive, and the cost of the same. What is meant by "American control" of an interoceanic canal? It does not mean exclusive right to use the canal. Nobody has ever suggested that idea. Every calculation that has ever been made respecting the cost and the revenue of the canal has been based upon the largest possible traffic. It has been as- sumed that all nations will use it on equal terms, and that the tolls will be made low enough to attract not only the commerce that now goes around the Horn, but a large share of that which crosses the continent by rail, and some part of that which now goes via Suez. Neither Great Britain nor any other country could consent to discriminating tolls on an interoceanic canal. The Clayton-Bulwer treaty was framed pri- marily to prevent such discrimination. Moreover, Nicaragua has treaties with most of the nations of the Old World guaranteeing them equal rights of pas- sage through any canal that may be made through its territory. Great Bri- tain may consent to the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, but only on condition that the canal tolls shall be as low to her ships, her subjects, and her goods as to those of any competi- tor. Neither France nor Germany could consent to be put at a disadvantage commercially in respect of tolls, since discrimination against them would be tantamount to exclusion from the canal altogether. If the Suez Canal had never been neutralized by treaty, if it belonged solely to England in such a way that she could do what she liked with it, she could never adopt discriminating tolls on it without finding herself at war with the whole world. We may assume, then, that "American control" does not mean the exclusive right to use the canal commercially, nor the right to give our own people an ad- vantage over others. There is only one other thing that it can mean, and that is the right to pass our war-ships through it in time of war, and to prevent the enemy from doing so. Obviously, these rights can be exercised in time of war only on condition that we are strong enough on the line of the canal, and at both ends of it, to fight off the adver- sary. The right to pass the Oregon through the canal last year (if there had been a canal) would have been of no worth unless we had been able to gua- rantee that no harm would be done to her or to the canal itself while she was making the transit, and that she would not meet a superior enemy when she emerged from it. Mr. Rives thinks that without such guarantee Capt. Clark would have preferred to take his chances by the Straits of Magellan. A very small amount of dynamite would suffice to disable a lock and to imprison any and all ships that might be passing through. Of course the enemy would, make the utmost efforts to cripple the canal unless he were restrained by treaty from doing so. Therefore, American control, in Mr. Rives's opinion, requires continuous military occupation of the country through which the canal passes, supple- mented and sustained by paramount na- val strength, situated in close proximity to the Atlantic terminus. This is main- ly a question of cost, but it is not with- out its moral aspects. How are we to acquire the right to occupy the country in question? Such occupation is not likely to be granted peacefully. It is not likely that Nicaragua, for example, will surrender her sovereignty unless com- pelled by arms. Are we to invade her if she declines to do so? Would any large number of the American people justify such a step? There may be some persons so addled by the catchwords "American control," "Monroe Doctrine," etc., that they would see nothing wrong in our seizing any Central American country that denies or questions Mr. 01- ney's doctrine that our fiat has the force of law on this continent; but it is not probable that we shall resort to such measures unless we have better reasons for doing so than have been advanced as yet. The conclusion that the readers of Mr. Rives's article will draw from it is that an international guarantee of the neu- trality of the canal is much better and a great deal cheaper than any guarantee of our own. With an international guarantee, the only protection needed would be that of an ordinary police force, whereas our sole guarantee would require effective military control of the entire line, and effective naval control of the termini. The former would prob- ably imply 30,000 men either on the isthmus or within hailing distance. The latter would be an indeterminate quan- tity. It might require us to have the largest navy in the world as a perma- nent addition to the national budget. It might involve us in a larger expense than all the saving which the canal could bring to our commerce. Mr. Rives takes the Panama Canal into his reckoning, and holds it to be the President's duty to give that enterprise the same impartial consideration as the Nicaragua. His article is interesting in all its phases, and, while his treatment of the subject cannot be considered ex- actly novel, it is so clear and complete that it must have considerable influence on current opinion and discussion. AN INTERESTING EXHIBITION. London, June, 1899. The International Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Gravers, as it calls itself, having its headquarters at Knightsbridge, began its career a year ago, and yet already it is felt that if it will but persevere, if the small public that can appreciate it will but give it the necessary support, it must prove a more formidable power for the Royal Academy to reckon with than any number of Royal Commissions and big books of denunciation. Not that it was started in opposition. The object of the Grosvenor Gallery was, practically, to rival the Acade- my, to represent all the outside forces, to provide a shelter (and a befitting one) for distinguished, or interesting, or promising artists who found the doors of Burlington House shut against them. But the Interna- tional was formed by a little group of men, with Mr. Whistler as their President, not to revolutionize or reform or represent or rival anything, but simply because it was

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June 29, 1899] The Nation. 493 amusing to try, by means of discriminate in- vitation and selection, of Intelligent hanging and arranging, to make a show that would prove a pleasure, and not a torture, to all who visited it. And it so happens that no- thing is so badly needed at the present moment as just such a show. The necessity of cover- ing an enormous wall space has put a pre- mium on incompetency. The lowering of the exhibition standard has encouraged the ama- teurs. And in the dreadful medley that is the result, good work is lost sight of. It gra- dually disappears, for the self-respecting ar- tist hesitates to dishonor his pictures by submitting them to so humiliating a test. Against this evil the International Ex- hibition proves a triumphant protest, and it is because I think the evil so serious, though not half well enough realized, that I dwell on the general character of the show rather than on individual contribu- tions to it. All the pictures hung may not be masterpieces, to be sure, but at least they are treated as if each were worthy of consideration— and, indeed, if it were not, why should it have been accepted? The walls, of a good gray-green, make a plea- sant neutral background, the light is tem- pered by a canopy, and the pictures, in- stead of being jumbled up into a mere mo- saic of frames, hang never more than two deep, while around each Is the little space as Important to a painting as the margin of white paper is to a page of text. If the result is that room can be spared for not quite two hundred and fifty pictures, so much the more reason have we to be thank- ful. It is quality that counts, not quantity. Another advantage is that these compara- tively few are, more or less, in sympathy; at all events, different methods and styles are never allowed to conflict, to kill each other. When discord is thus avoided, when every canvas is duly respected, genius does not run the danger of disappearing for the moment, or of suffering from its neighbors; the honest endeavor or experiment is seen at its very best. Such careful arrangement immediately gives dignity and harmony to the walls. The collection can be looked at, not only comfortably, but with absolute en- joyment. Of course, it may be said that the system of inviting contributors must lead to injustice, that the most perfect com- mittee is sure to have its prejudices and preferences, that some good men are bound to be left out. But still, in the end, the system, no matter how much abused, would be productive of less evil than the Aca- demy's plan of considering any and every- thing any and every man, woman, or child may choose to submit. The more difficulty there is in obtaining admission into an ex- hibition, the better it must be for that ex- hibition. But it is not necessary to theorize when we have the International as a practical example of how the system works. I do not count the New Gallery, where the same rule is supposed to prevail, for there, though there is a committee made up partly of artists, I doubt very much if they are the ruling force. Besides, they are mostly Aca- demicians, with, presumably, Academical axes to grind. The comparison may be made more reasonably between the Inter- national and the Academy. It is a very few weeks since I wrote that the successes at this year's Academy could be reduced to two small pictures — a portrait and a land- scape. And now, if I turn to the younger institution? At once, I am confronted by a difficulty. I find in the four or five rooms — there are sixteen galleries at Burlington House — more good, more interesting work than I can mention without my letter dwin- dling into a mere catalogue, and I find also some extremely distinguished work. Here you have a President who not only is useful as a figurehead, but is a painter accepted by all other painters as a master. It would matter little at the Academy, one way or the other, if Sir Edward Poynter did or did not exhibit. Mr. Whistler's appearance at the International is an event of the greatest artistic importance — especially as three of the six paintings he 'contributes have never been shown to the public before. One is a little nude, the other two are por- traits—small ovals: "Violet and Rose, Car- men qui rit," and "Rose and Gold, the Little Lady Sophie of Soho" — both very love- ly harmonies of color, full of the elegance and reticence which always make so many of the canvases hung near Mr. Whistler's seem bat tentative, experimental, uncertain. It is to be noted, too, that Mr. Whistler's in- fluence develops an appreciation of these very qualities in his pupils. Not very far from his group of pictures is a study of a head, "Etude de la Semaine," by Miss Inez Bate, who, the catalogue explains, is "Mas- siere de l'Academie Carmen, Eleve de Whis- tler," and its sober restraint, its dignity, lend it a distinction you do not look for in a student's work. How often, I wonder, would one's attention be called to the "Week's Study" by an Academy student, if it were hung at Burlington House? The same difference that exists between the presidents of the two institutions is as striking when it comes to the rank and file. At the International the trouble is to dis- cover, not the successes, but the failures. But let me quote Mr. R. A. M. Stevenson on the subject: "While the first impression at the Aca- demy is appalling, the first sight of this place is inviting and delightful; while one takes some time to find out that there are good works at Burlington House, one admits only slowly and reluctantly that there are bad pictures at the International." And he adds that "perhaps bad may be a rather strong word, since the International does not go as far down as the Academy." But, really, it has been amusing, in reading the criticisms in the London papers, to see how the various critics have disposed of this majority of good work, to which the usual London show has not accustomed them. One or two have been content to consider only the pictures of the group represented by Re- noir, Pissarro, Monet, Sisley, who, it has been said, must be discounted in reckoning the actual forces and prospects of the Society, though I cannot understand why, since they are unquestionably among the forces that have made a large proportion of the ex- hibitors what they are. In some cases in- terest has been concentrated chiefly upon the Glasgow men; very naturally, as this is the one gallery in London where Mr. Guthrie, Mr. Walton, Mr. Lavery, Mr. Paterson, and the others are received and recognized and honored. I cannot help feeling that their accomplishment has not yet justified the great expectations they aroused several years since, but their work is never common- place, and their continual endeavor to de- velop style above all else prevents their tumbling into the trivialities of the Acade- my or wrecking themselves on the sham re- vivals and archaic affectations of the mere notoriety-seeker. Nor have they ceased to concern themselves with the decorative qua- lity of a canvas, so that you may be sure cf some definite design, some well-thought- out arrangement of color, even in the por- trait or landscape in which you are most keenly conscious of their indifference to tones and values. Then, again, the important fact may be the presence of Miss Beaux, who made such a sensation last year, and Mr. Chase, who, in London, has hitherto been known only by reputation, and I think he might have sent pictures that would sustain that reputation more brilliantly. Or, the chief attraction is the work of the Scandinavians, Kroyer and Thaulow; of the Germans, Stuck and Klimt; of the Italians, Mancini and Fragiacomo; of the Dutchman, James Maris, or of the indi- vidual painters independent of any group — Muhrman, Mark Fisher, McLure Hamilton, for too many years resident in England to be identified entirely with the Americans — or Couture, or Sandys, or Walter Crane, or Greiffenhagen ; and so I might go on through a long list. But I have said enough to give an idea of what manner of painting; or paint- er, is to be looked for at the International. The prints and drawings are still more dis- tinguished as a collection, and they are as admirably hung as the black-and-white work at the Academy is chucked carelessly to- gether. The men of the sixties are given a place, and for me this mingling of the older with the younger generations is immensely helpful. There are studies by the English Alfred Stevens, the designer of the Welling- ton Monument at St. Paul's, and by the Ger- man Menzel. A room — a white room — is set apart for Mr. Whistler's etchings, among them two beautiful little impressions of the Jubilee Naval Review, now seen for the first time. There are several of Mr. Cole's wood engravings after the English masters, al- ready published in the Century; color prints by Mr. Oppler and Mr. Nicholson; etchings by Herr Klinger, Mr. Pennell, Mr. Strang; Mr. Sullivan's series of drawings to illustrate "Sartor Resartus." But, again, I am in dan- ger of cataloguing. All I have space to say is that the average in the black-and-white section is higher than in any other, and that the sculpture, if there is not much of it, is excellent, while it includes one of M. Rodin's most perfect little groups. Altogether, the radicals, who are so eager to put a stop to all exhibitions because both Salon and Aca- demy have failed the artist, could not do better than visit the International, and from it borrow a far simpler solution for the most serious artistic problem of the day. N. N. SAN GIMIGNANO. Florence, May, 1899. Now if it were not for the recent fleeting gleam of popular interest in which the little Tuscan town of San Gimignano has been basking on account of the Dante celebration there, I should probably never set down for publication a word about the place. Nor do I intend to describe the goings on at the aforesaid celebration, firstly, because I was not present, and, secondly, because, as near as I can make out, it was like most celebra- tions— speeches, dinners, processions, and band-concerts. Neither can I speak learned- ly of the surprisingiy numerous and interest- ing frescoes in the local churches, by Benoz- zo Gozzoli, Ghirlandajo, and other worth-

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4=94= Tlie Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1774 ies. What, indeed, remains to be men- tioned? Little, it is true; but there is always a pleasure in chronicling the obscure, if worthy, and bringing to light hidden trea- sures of even small price. The town, up to the present time, has been known to the elect only, and from the elect did I get my cue to go and stay there. So, as a mere matter of noblesse oblige, I should be extremely shy of "giving away a good thing" were it not for the celebration above mentioned, which has attracted such comparatively general atten- tion to the town among tourists that I might as well raise my voice to tell them what San Gimignano is like when they are not there, and when no band-concerts are in progress. What, then, is the mystic attraction of San Gimignano? Well, it is a mediaeval town. Here, in seething modern Italy, only seven miles from the railroad, under the shadow of Florence, that great cradle of the new life of which the ending century has been so glo- riously full, San Gimignano stands stolidly unmoved, essentially as it stood before that new life was conceived of. It was more on account of the local color of the place than of its somewhat slender connection with Dante — he spoke here in favor of the Tuscan League in 1300, not, as erroneously calculated, in 1299— that the town was selected as the stage for the recent cavalcades, speechlfy- ings, and so on. And as a stage, the setting Is certainly appropriate. The centre is occu- pied most properly among a sober and clean- ly folk by the town well, which, with that perversity almost proverbial in wells, occu- pies nearly the highest land in town. If you will stand on the steps and peer over the curb into the capacious depths, you will get the keynote of the town; for the inner edge of that solid stone curb is like nothing so much as a blunt-toothed comb. Uncounted generations of bucket-ropes sliding over its surface have worn there a continuous fringe of grooves, so deep that in some you can hide two fingers. Turn and walk around the square, being careful not to step on the crock- ery and other small wares laid on the pave- ment for sale. The houses, ycu see, have rarely remained true to their original Inten- tions. Doors have been made into windows, arches bricked up, and then other arches opened under them, to be perhaps superseded after all by a modern lintel. There are bits of fine old Siena brick and terracotta work over some of the more pretentious windows; a sturdy Romanesque chapel front of the ele- venth century serves as a wall to the stable- yard; and dozens of other tracks of the whirligig of time are obvious. Indeed, it is said that the town is mentioned as far back as 921. In the middle part of the town plen- tiful traces exist of a wall of the twelfth century. In the sixteenth century a much more ex- tensive wall was constructed, and this wall with its round bastions, its machicolated gates, and its embrasures for the primi- tive cannon with which it was at inter- vals defended, still remains in almost perfect preservation. Outside of it the town, with true mediaeval caution, has steadfastly refused to expand. Within It the highest point is occupied by the Rocca or citadel, now for the most part a blooming garden. In the aimless streets that plough through the solid masonry of the town like deep crooked stone gutters, the pack-horse is still the characteristic beast of burden The mail comes up from Poggibonsi, when it does come, in a shambling old curricle. Fur- ther than the telegraph office, electricity in any form has never penetrated. I think at "II Leon Bianco" I once saw a newspaper, but I forget of how many weeks back. The policeman sleeps undisturbed on the cafe1 bench. A bicycle tourist is a seven days' wonder. In fact, I am ready to back my thesis against all comers, that San Gimi- gnano is a thoroughgoing mediaeval town. And what of the inhabitants in a mediae- val town? I wish I could truthfully say that mediaeval costume is still worn. But, alas, to return to our stage metaphor, instead of the "legitimate" doublet and hose, coif and farthingale, a distressingly low-comedy style is prevalent; loud checked suit, pan- cake derby, and baggy green umbrella be- ing proper festive attire. Since their disas- trous playing at politics in the Middle Ages, resulting in loss of independence, dis- mantling of the fortifications, and a forced fealty to Florence, the inhabitants have to a remarkable degree minded their own bu- siness and cultivated self-dependence. Only once was I approached by a beggar (and this, mind you, in Italy) during my stay — of course, saving and excepting the children, who follow a visitor as if he were a kind of modern Midas. Almost every trade is prac- tised in this isolated little community. The women twirl the distaff in the streets, and on the grass outside the walls bleach the narrow linen web that comes from the hand-looms clapping in the doorways. Dyed yarn hangs on the walls to dry. The cobbler, the harness-maker, the mason, the carpen- ter, the painter, the coppersmith, the pot- ter, and all the rest of them can be seen intermittently at work. For nobody works very hard at San Gimignano. Why should they? Things were pretty well finished up there some time ago. Only the very old men and women are really active. Most of the able-bodied men lounge on the piazza and hold deep self-communings as to the advisa- bility of doing anything to-day. It seems to take till about sixty-five to learn the value of time here. The types of face are not un- pleasing — the women round-cheeked and cheery, brown-haired, taller and more at- tractive than the Sienese; the men spare, keen-faced, taciturn, pipe in mouth, and hands in pockets, looking not unlike New England fishermen ashore. Until the olive-picking and wine-making season comes round, life is almost station- ary. What need to go far for anything? Following her self-centred policy, the town is well provided, not only with trades, but with public buildings. There is the cathe- dral, a stone barn without, within miserably painted above its uncouth capitals in imita- tion of Sienese striped marble, yet enshrin- ing the famous chapel of Fina, the invalid girl saint, whose simple death at the age of fifteen is beautifully illustrated on the walls by Ghirlandajo in some of his finest frescoes. There are the inevitable barracks, where a fresh section of that national scorpion, the Italian army, is quartered every six months. There is the hotel (as it loves to style it- self), in an ancient "palace," where the In- frequent visitor may watch the antics of his coming dinner as the geese chase the rabbits round the courtyard, or admire the sign- board, the ancient coat-of-arms of the town, a white lion on a shield half red, half gold. There is a mysterious factory that makes something very noisily in the sleepy late af- ternoon. There is even a theatre, shamelessly converted out of the ancient and venerable hall of the Council. There is a collection of pictures from suppressed monasteries and the like, in the upper chamber of the town- hall. There is a monastery, not sup- pressed, among towering cypresses in the valley. There is an orphan school that is al- ways open, and a public library that is al- ways shut. There are parish churches, bald and early, but full of mural work by Be- nozzo Gozzoli and other great names. There is a large hospital and a small penitentiary. What would you? Are we not a complete little community at San Gimignano? But above all there are the towers. Con- cerning them it appears, as nearly as I can make out, that at some misty date in the early struggles between Guelph and Ghibel- line, or the two local families of Ardingelli and Salvucci, one of the haughty nobles built him a large square tower some three stories high, lighted by graceful arched win- dows and finished with a corbelled parapet. This was altogether too much for the leader of the opposition, who promptly built a taller tower and capped it with a belfry. "Un- bearable!" cried every one, and forthwith the tower-building fever seized the town. Towers sprang up in all directions, all on the same square plan and with the same characteristics. Height being the sole con- sideration, any stone was used, mostly an ugly gray slate; no time or money was wasted on decoration, or even windows, save a few light-slits; there was no attempt at finishing the top — you merely stopped construction with a certain course, ready to go on again if the tower across the street grew taller than yours. One builder was so thoughtless as to run a set of corbels round the top of his tower; but behold, a neighbor's overtopped his, and he had to add another story, leaving the corbels foolishly sticking out below it. Church and state became equally infected. The town hall had been finished, a fine piece of early Gothic, but the Council built a large tower next it, thereby blocking the side street, which had to be led through an arch in the base. The cathedral chapter laid their heads together, and, under the name of a cam- panile, ran up a perfect monstrosity. One desperate slave to family pride erected twin towers only a few yards apart. Man with- out a tower was but a thing of naught in- deed. At last affairs got to such a pitch that the authorities interfered. A maximum height of towers, a sort of early building law, was fixed, beyond which no private person could go. Then the craze subsided and the town came to its senses again. But what a looking town! Everywhere within the limits of the early walls, in the heart of the town, ugly tall towers and ugly short towers and ugly stumps of towers gibber senselessly at the firmament above them. Viewed from a distance, the town resembles some manufacturing centre, bristling with great chimneys of odd shapes. Only recently one of the loftiest towers was pulled down as dangerous, and similar precautions seem to have been often taken before. And they are now little more than ruins. Just when this craze occurred I don't think any one quite knows, but it is alluded to in a proverb of highly respectable antiquity; and in the town hall you may see Gozzoli's picture of Saint Gimignano himself, painted years before Columbus was heard of, holding a model of the town, of which the towers form about nine-tenths of the buildings. Similarly, in Domenico Ghirlandajo's fres-

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INDEX TO VOLUME LXVIII., JANUARY TO JUNE, 1899 (Nos. 1749-1774.) AT HOME. ALASKA town wants to be set off to Canada, 195, 231, hitch in adjusting boundary,, 470. Alger. Secretary, will not retire under fire, 15fi, 285, whitewashed by Gen. Merritt. S43, 344, tricked into standing for Senator, 386, qualifications for an anti-Trust Campaign, 488— Rev. Lyman Abbott's imperialist propositions, 344— Frederick C. Alnsworth's promotion to brigadier-general, 193 — Edward Atkinson's peace pamphlets taken from the mails, 343, 365. 366— Army bill and the demands of the colonies. 1, snags to passage, 57, appeal from War Department, 137, compromise passed, 155, a puzzle, 173, army and navy canteen abolished, 213. but declared established, 470, army beef inquiry. 156. 194. 213. Got. Roosevelt's testi- mony, 231, Eagau's, 250, bis chief clerk's, 268, Shatter's, 285— Anglo-American Commission ad- journs. 231, Alaskan boundary hitch, 365. Boston' meeting against imperialism. 267— Albert J. Beveridge elected Senator from Indiana, 58— Samuel J. Barrows nominated Librarian of Congress, 118, thrown out by Senate, 173 — Lord Charles Beresford a Jingo apostle in this country. 157— William J. Bryan will not attend Croker'B Jeffersonian dinner, 214, 232, faint- hearted on silver issue, 408— Richard P. Bland deceased, 468— Ex-Minister Barrett eats his words about our Philippine i>olicy, 447, 448— Prof. Charles A. Briggs's ordainment opposed, 325. defended by Bishop Potter. 367— "Bear's" heroic rescue of arctic whalers, 58— Baggage customs outrage, 118. regulations not based on statute, 194, affecting Republican contributions, 215. foreigners not subject to taxation, 231, mode of appraising worn apparel, 250, 387 (J. L. Brower's correspondence with Treasury). CUBA: Cleansing of Havana welcomed, 58, prog- ress, 139, Gomez accepts $3,000,000 for his troops, 101. Gen. Breckinridge finds embalmed beef among native relief supplies, 101, menace to health of army of occupation, 117, with- drawal hastened, 213, concessions during military occupation vetoed by Foraker amendment to army bill. 193. Western Union's cable conces- sion from Spain upheld, 407. disorder in Havana and the provinces. 213, Cuban Assembly dis- solves. 268, Gen. Wood on excellent condition of Santiago, 467. CONGRESS, LVth, second session: Hoar calls for in formation as to treaty instructions, and speaks against annexation (Senate), 19— Civil- Service Commission's expenses voted down in committee of whole, but reversed (House), 20 - Amendment to Hauna's ship-subsidy bill (Se- nate), 38— Nicaragua Canal bill passed (Se- nate); committee on coinage to report currency bill (House), 57— Army bill passed (House), 77— Lodge's argument for ratifying treaty, commit- tee on appropriations loses seven bills to other committees (Senate), 78— Hull army bill passed, 99, army canteen abolished, 99, 100 (House)— Democratic amendment to army bill ,to prevent use in strikes, extravagant river and harbor bill passed, Nicaragua Canal bill reported, He- publican caucus for currency legislation (House), Iih) — MeEnery resolution concerning Philippine annexation adopted (Senate), 117— Bill to pay (120,000,000 to Spain passed (House), navy per- sonnel bill passed (both houses), 137— Nicaragua (anal bill manoeuvres (House), 138— Compro- mise army bill passed (Senatel, 155, 173, John- son of Indiana on the Mclviiiley syndicate (House), 156— Nicaragua Canal bill attached to river und harbor bill (Senate), 150. defeated by Speaker Reed (House), 173— Adjournment, 173— Extravagance falls short of President's urging; salutary amendment to pension law. Foraker's amendment to army bill touching Cuban con- cessions, 193. Connecticut, Senator Hawley reelected, 38, Sunday trains authorized, 232, yellow journal court re- ports judged In contempt, 250, 251— Colorado strike over eight-hour day for smelters, 469— Chicago election carried by Carter Harrison, 208, imperialist meeting. 344, 366— Cleveland boss defeated, 268 — Grover Cleveland on slaugh- tering the Filipinos, 19— Cannon's tions for Speakership. 323— Carter court-martial sentence hung up by War Department, 79— Richard Croker's appeal to free Democrat le Club from debt, 118, on his ten-dollar Jefferson- ian dinner, 232. examination before Mazet committee, 286— Custom-house annoyance to re- turning travellers, 157— Continental League op- posed to English and American alliance, 59— Census bill and civil-service law suspension, 138, census in charge of Director Merriam and Assist. Wines. 193. 488-Clvil-serviee rules amend- ed corruptly by President. 407. 427— Censorship unknown in civil war, 366— Currency conclusions of Republican caucus committee. 344, 387, of Senate finance committee, 467— Colonial depart- ment talked of, 487. Delaware, ostracism of Addicks's Democratic sup- porters. 214. 250, Addicks defeats Republican candidate for Mayor of Wilmington, 428— Nel- son Dingley deceased. 37— Senator Davis for holding on 1o the Philippines. 408— William R. Day's rebuke of Consul-General at Singapore, 38. nauseous adulation of President, 1— Chauncey Depew chosen Senator from New York, 38— Admiral Dewey homeward bound, movement to give him a house, 386., not agreeable to him, 448. Edmunds, George F., on the U. S. and the Philip- pines, 19— Commissary-Gen. Eagan to be court- martialled for abuse of Gen. Miles. 37, sentence of dismissal commuted by President, 117, ex. pelled from D. C. Commandery of the Loyal Legion, 344 — Pension Commissioner Evans at- tacked by Grand Army. 386. Frye, Senator, reveals President's instructions to seize Luzon only, 155— Roswell P. Flower de- ceased, 367— Senator Foraker on the Philippine job and military censorship. 487. Georgia, black murderer mutilated and burnt alive, 303, careless identifications. 323, outrages at Griffin nipped in the bud, 428— Senator George Gray rewarded with circuit judgeship. 174, re- pays with defence of Philippine policy, 408— Attorney-General Griggs upholds army can- teen, and Western Union's Cuban cable agree- ment with Spain, 407, on McKlnley's rcnonii- nation, 468— Secretary Gage defends Presi- dent's civil-service perfidy, 447— Gold declara- tion proposed by Senate finance committee, 467, gold exports recommence, 4S9. HAWAII: Returning Chinese admitted by Chief- Justice Judd, 20, decision reversed by full court, 78, Territorial bill unpassed by Congress, 150, rush of Japanese labor into islands. 249. Boar, Senator G. F., hopes for defeat of peace treaty, 57— Senator Mark Hanua's ship-subsidy bill not moving, 38, predicts McKlnley's re- election, 344— Senator Hawley reelected, 38— John A. T. Hull holds partisan examination of candidates for Naval Academy, 380— Gen. Hen- derson of Iowa to succeed Reed as Speaker, 428, 449-Rev. Wayland Hoyt'S Christ as a solution of expansion difficulties, 249— Collectoi Hershey quick to use the President's sixdls li- cense, 447— Prof. Arthur T. Iladley chosen Pre. ii of Yale, 409— Hayes postmaster case, "488. Idaho miners' riot, Idaho militia in Philippines, 323. 345— Iowa Silver party dead, Ass-lnui pro- duction, America in the lead, 489. Kansas. Populist Legislature in extra session passes outrageous railroad bill, 21. soldiers' letters on no quarter in the Philippines, 386— Kentucky Democracy for silver aud against ex- pansion, 488— Rudyard Kipling's illness and public sympathy, 175. Labor organizations on cheap-labor colonies. 1. Mississippi's penalty for disfranchising blacks, 2— Michigan Speaker snubs Gov. Pingree, 409, legislative investigating committee on his sell- ing shoes to State soldiers, 42*, sweeping anil- Trust law, 469— Memphis water Injiids not al- lowed to be payable in gold, 79— President Me. Klnley Instructs Peace Commissi rs only to take Luzon, 165, Battered by ex-Secretary Day, 1. orders to Gen. Otis. 19, slight to Whltelaw Keid. 21, under scrutiny in Senate. 37, mis- chievous appointment to consulate at Singapore, 38, censorship on Philippine news. 57, message Concerning the "Bear." 58, sends to Senate copies of instructions to Peace Commissioners, 77, appoints military commission to investigate army scandals. 117, suspends Instead of dis- missing Eagan, 117, address to Boston Com- mercial Club, 137, McKinley syndicate de- scribed by Johnson of Indiana, 155. appointment of Judge Kohlsaat, 174. extravagant recommen- dations to "Congress unheeded. 193. appoints Herbert Putnam Librarian of Congress, trip to Thomasvllle, Ga., 194, responsibility for new Nicaragua Commission, 213, undecided as to Philippine policy, 231, 447, shifts to set aside Carter court-martial, 231, open letter on Philip- pine censorship from H. H. Van Meter, 385, removes Appraiser Shurtleff to make a place for Piatt, 407, amends civil-service rules in favor of spoilsmen, 407, praised for It by Ohio Re- publican convention, 427, ex-post-facto, 427, violates pledge to W. D. Foulke, 447, encou- rages an anti-civll-servlce-law organization, 467, and turning out of Democratic hold-overs, 488, assured by Piatt of renomination, 408, and Griggs, 468— Gen. Merritt whitewashes Alger, 343, 344— Director ^ierriam of Census Bureau and his non-partisan examinations, 193, 488— Senator McMillan not ready to give place to Alger, 386— Prof. A. C. McGiffert and the Pres- byterian General Assembly, 409— Missionaries not imperialists, 366. New York State: Gov. Roosevelt's difficulty in find- ing a Superintendent of Public Works, good appointment of Adjutant. -Gen. Andrews, 2, in strong position as to weak Republican Legis- lature, 20, calls in F. D. Locke (Dem.) to pro- secute Aldridge and Adams, 21, will maintain legal legislative procedure, 39, and block raids on Treasury, 175, orders the execution of Mrs. Place, 214, asks money to prosecute canal frauds, 269, achievements for the session, 324, amended franchise bill passed at extra session, 409, Chauncey Depew chosen Senator, 38, San- ders bill to prevent work beyond eight hours, 59, proposed police bill, 119, proposed tax on savings, 119. Amsterdam Ave. bill seesaw, 195, restored civil-service bill passed by Senate, 250, and House, 304, 324, Piatt charged with ingra- titude to Croker in Mazet investigation, 305, new liberty for savings-bank investments, 324, Seventy-first Regiment's senior officers found guilty of cowardice at Santiago, 344, deficits In State departments left over by Black, 101, 139; City: Croker founds insurance company, 2, as- sumes all the Mayor's functions, 39, attacks Manhattan Elevated Railroad, 130, Mazet com- mittee examines Frank Croker and Chief De- very, 269, and Richard Croker, 286, refuses to take up Piatt, 286, hears Andy Freedman on the Croker Surety and Bond Co., 304, 305, committee empowered to sit during summer, 324, revelations about equalizing taxes, 428, adjournment, 409, prize-fight at Coney Island, Chief Devery present, 449. liar Association moves to suppress judicial contributions to campaign funds, 307. Appraiser Wakemau con- Tlcted by Commission of Special Treasury Agents, 407— N. Y. Tribune Incites President to summary action against Filipinos, 77. 78, prints attacks on Administration, "SO— N. Y. Herald makes Filipinos count on McKlnley's assassina- tion, 155— North Dakota railway regulation an- nulled, 3— New Orleans to have a drainage sys- tem, 440— Nicaragua Canal, Admiral Walker's y, 218 Navy canteen abolished, 138. Ohio Republican convention haimonious for spoils, 427— Richard J. Oglesby deceased, 3o4. PHILIPPINES:— Iloilo surrendered to iusurgents; mercenary patriotism ol Filipino leaders; de- mands on tegular army, l. President's instruc- tions to Gen. oil \'.>, proposed commission to the islands, :;7 Unsuitable food sent by War Dc-

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Vol. lxviiij Ind ex. [J an. -June, 1899. partment, 58, native attack on Manila lines crushed, 99, 117, 118, but jungle annoyance continued, 137, 155, Herald's explanation of Filipino persistency, 155, conference of com- mittees between Otis and Aguinaldo, 173, Bible versions needed, 174, Malolos taken, 249, pro- clamation of President's commissioners, 267, Manila news censorship, 267, and postal, 366, looting by U. S. soldiery, 303, volunteers who have scruples, 303, 367, 386, receive "treasona- ble'* communications from home, 304, 365, 366, get into trouble by publication of home letters, 385, veracity defended, 385, Gen. Reeve on Agulnaldo's proposal of a neutral zone, 323, responsibility for short - range rifles against smokeless Mausers, 366, much larger army needed, 407, 408, Otis's report on beginning of hostilities, 427, fierce fighting in Cavite pro- vince, 467, home-depot battalion project, 467, Dr. McQueston on the need of reinforcements, 487; McEnery Senate resolution disclaiming an- nexation, 117, Slavery in the Philippines, 137, Bellesort on Spanish warfare in Philippines, 448. PORTO RICO:— Gen. Henry's multifarious duties, 173. Pennsylvania, Republican caucus of Legislature votes to renominate Quay, 20, Governor Stone speaks for Quay's reelection, 58, gives office to editor of Quay's organ, 174, appoints Quay Se- nator ad interim, 323, bribery disclosed, 250— Philadelphia Inquirer on students competing for Free- Trade League's prizes, 409 — Senator Piatt's hold on corporations shaken by Mazet Inquiry, 387, 469, predicts McKinley's renomi- nation, 408— Gov. Pingree of Michigan against imperialism, 20, message returned by Speaker of House, 409— Herbert Putnam appointed Li- brarian of Congress, 194— R. P. Porter on meat exports as affected by the Eagan exposures, 487— Pension laws amended as to marriage of veterans, 193— Postage on authors' MS., move- ment to reduce, 324— Peace treaty, instructions to commissioners, provision that Congress shall fix status of native inhabitants of Islands ac- quired, 77, motives for and against ratifying treaty, 77. bare ratification, 99. Quay, Matthew S., gets caucus nomination, but thwarted by Supreme Court as to trial, 20. supported by Gov. Stone, 58, checked In endea- vor to pass a bill affecting his trial, 118, trial postponed. Democratic certificates secured, 174, carries primaries for State convention, 232, acquittal, 3c>5, disappointment at not being able to trade in the Speakership, 448. Romero, Matthias, deceased, 2- Whltelaw Held slighted by McKinley for English mission, 21— Speaker Reed's triumph over Nicaragua Canal job, 173, 213, to retire from polities, 304, his successor in Speakership, 428— Gov. Hoosevelt'B triumph in restoring civil-service law, 304— Representation and the denial of black suffrage 138. SAMOA:— British and American bombardment, 249, 268, 285, Von Biilow's explanation in Reichs- tag, 285. Gresham's view in 1894, 285. Singapore Consulship abused and ill filled, 38— Sampson and Schley at Santiago, Secretary Long's final award of honor, 118— President Schurman goes over to Imperialism, 2t;7 Post- master-General 0. B. .smith excludes Edward Atkinson's pamphlets from Manila mails, 843 Stock market booming, 79— Sunday trains per- mitted in Connecticut, 232. Tennessee, Gov. McMlllin denies gold bonds to Memphis, 79— "Textile Record," Phlla., on dan- ger to tariff from waning imports, 21— Tin-plate Trust and i»i*' tariff, 489. Vermont, Senator Morrill replaced by Chief .lust ice Ross, 38— Virginia movement for popular no- mination of Senators, 468— Venezuelan arbitra- tion In progress, 469— H. II. Van Meter's letter to President on Philippine censorship, 385. Wlsconsiu bankers on currency reform, 214, 215— War Department overmanned in comparison With civil war, 447, home-depot battalion scheme, 4U7— Wages, manufacturing and min- ing, general rise in, 175. Yellow fever, danger to U. S. this year, 117. ABROAD. GREAT BRITAIN :-Imperlal penny postage estab- lished, 8— Salisbury on difficulties of new diplo- macy, and hint at barriers in China and Ar- menia, 3, agreement as to Chinese spheres with Russia, 325, 345— Opposition to grant to Lord Kitchener, 429— Frederic Harrison on low estate of Liberal party, 39— Sir Win. Harcourt's drive at Romish practices, 39, 101, 215— Dean Lefroy on laicizing church government. 215— Balfour's proposed Catholic University, 119— Irish regi- ment of Guards called for, 233— Irish couuty councils elections carried by Nationalists, 269, respectable proceedings of councils, 325— Desire for American alliance cooling, 59— Cobden Club to work for "open door," 59, Lord Chas. Beres- ford on the open door, 119, his American tour, 137— Revenue deficit, 195, 215, Sir M. Hicks- Beach's budget, 286, attacks sinking-fund, 305, welcome to Peace Conference, 286, Established Church lukewarm to Conference, 287— County Council modification proposed by Government, 175, objections to new municipal bill, 233— Cromwell statue movement, 325— Liquor prohi- bition in Kitchener's campaign, 100— Scandals in S. African railway building, 119— Medical school for tropical diseases to be established in London, 233— Indian Government allowed to impose a countervailing sugar duty, 251, In- dian Currency Committee blue book, 286— Sla- very tolerated in Uganda, 269— New trouble with Transvaal, Lord Derby's explanation of suzerainty, 367, conference between Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner, 429— "Spectator's" coloniza- tion advice to America, 303— "Telegraph" and "Mail" abandon Sunday editions, 387— Suit of publishers against blundering author, 387. FRANCE:— "Debats" on French colonial trade and policy, 3— Monopoly of Industries in Madagascar, 21, 59— Judge Beaurepaire flounces out of Court of Cassation, 39. bill to bring Dreyfus revision before full Court of Cassation, 79, Faty de Clam's collusion with Esterhazy, 325, Imprison- ment, 429, Capt. Cuignet's revelations of gar- bling and forgery, 345, Dupuy Ministry falls, 449— Pelletan on French unprofitable colonies, 101— Death of President Faure, election of M. Loubet, 139, inaugural message, 157, assaulted by anti-republicans at race-course, 429— Frey- cinet admits that France cannot increase her army, 233— Tariff war with Italy, cost of, 79— Taxpayers' League on growth of public expendi- tures, 251— Case of overtime work in court, 3U5— Venezuelan arbitrators meet in Paris, 469. HOLLAND:— Peace Conference, irrelevant topics proposed, American instructions, 365, opening, Emperor William's good-will, 285, American plan of arbitration, 428. Sr.UN:— Sagasta-Weyler combination, 59, Minis- try of the Colonics abolished, 99, Silvela suc- ceeds Sagasta, 175, Queen Regent signs treaty of peace with U. S., 213, Gen. Castellanos de- nounces Spantsb Officers, 213, Silvela and the Chambers of commerce in accord, 251, elections carried by Government, favorable French view of finances, 287, Carolines sold to Ger- many. 449. GERMANY:— Emperor William toasts the Czar and peace, 385, acquires the Caroline Islands of Spain, 449— Tuberculosis Congress at Berlin, 449. RUSSIA:— Finland deprived of its constitution, 287, agreement as to China spheres with Eng- land, 325. 345, M. Witte against excluding for- eign capital from Kussia, 345. TURKEY:— Bulgarian movement for. Macedonia, 251. EGYPT:— Arrival of bubonic plague, 489. SODTH AFRICA:— Alleged British revolutionary plot arrested by Kriiger. 387, futile conference with Sir A. Milner, 429. AUSTRALIA :— Federation assured, 489. Notes. Announcements. 10, 27, 47, 67, 90, 109, 126, 145, 168, 181, 203, 223, 240, 258, 274, 295, 311, 332, 355. 376, 396. 416. 437, 450, 476, 493— Chas. Francis Adams's address before Mass. His- torical Society, 297— Jane Austen in French, 419— Africa, transcontinental railway financed with Germany's aid, 261— Alaska, school-keeping under difficulties, ('.;» -American Worklngman, Levasseur'8, 92, American Economic Asso- ciation's studies for 1888 aud 1889, 128— Aus- trian universities' anti-German tendencies, 478 —Australian water spouts and periodic waves, 148— Asiatic trade, unprofitable to France, 205, Asiatic Society of Japan, 243— Arabic Grammar, Wright's, 166 — "Antigone" of Sophocles, trans- lated by Prof. Palmer, 398. Bamt>erger, Ludwlg, deceased, 261— Stopford Brooke's English Literature, 11— Sir R. Burton's Jew, Gipsy, and El Islam, 128— Aubrey Beardsley's complete work, 334— Georg Brandes's book of verse and tribute to Julius Lange, 12— P. J. Baldensperger on women In the East, 356— F. Blumentritt on the Filipinos, 419— Mme. Blanc (Tb. Bentzon) on manners In eastern Massa- chusetts, 30, 313— A. Brisson's Portraits In- times, 399— Block-books posterior to copper- plates, 148. Cuet, Lionel, Are Morlendl, 148— Cyrano de Berge- rac's Hlstolre Comlque, 318— Canada, Review of Historical Publications, 260. Canadian enriched by foreign copying, 458— China trade (province of Yunnan), French and Engl lution of, 92, Chinese (Peking) revolution under Empress Dowager, 147— Christian Missions. Dennis's, 478— Card catalogues, different colors for, 29— Classical Metres in English, W. J. Stone's, 242— Clans of Scotland, Johnston and Robertson's Historical Geography of, 242. Dow, Arthur W., on Composition, 334— Louis Dyer on Maehiavelli, 335, 357, 399— Dreyfus conspi- racy foreshadowed in 'Les Deux Freres,' 277— Renfi Doumic's Contemporary French Novelists, 356— Dollinger's Life by Friedrich, 459— Da- . lorco's map of Europe, 419— Danish Fairy and Folk Tales, Bay's. 398-Dlctiouary of Na- tional Biography, Ml., lviil., 297. Eliot, President C. W., 'Educational Reform,' 70— English Literature, Stopford Brooke's, 11, Eng- lish (Oxford) Dictionary, 112. 379, 380, English taxation, royal commission's report on, 147, English workmen's compensation act, workings of, 496, 497— Elizabethan Clergy, Gee's, 166— Education Commissioner's report for 1896-97, 69. Fay, Rev. H. Warren, deceased, 91— Henry J. Ford's Rise and Growth of American Politics, 165— Franklin and Masonry, 356— Florentine wool trade in middle ages, Miss Dixon on, 11— French Revolution and English ports, Han- cock's, 297, French Language and Literature, Petit de Julleville's, 497— From Plotzk to Bos- ton, Mary Antin'e, 242. Gutenberg semi-millennium in 1900, 30— President D. 0. Gilman's 'University Problems,' 70— German Oriental Society's Zeitschrlft, 225. German international language-study by cor- respondence, 313, German Emperor's Palestine tour, 356, German workingmen's colonies, 440, German dispute over Doctor's degree for Hoch- schulen, 497— "Grande Revue," 225. Hermann, Binger, on the Louisiana purchase, 49— Hebrew grammar of Gesenius translated, 277— Harvard University, annual reports, 225. India, Research Institute foundation, 166, romance of the postal service, 226. Jefferson on expansion and against a navy, 49— Juvenal's Satires edited by J. D. Duff, 298— Jesuit Relations, vols, xxxi., xxxii., 70, xxxlil., xxxiv., 128, 129. xxxv., xxxvi., 205, xxxvii., xxxvlii., 276— Jerusalem the Holy, E. S. Wal- lace's, 357. Kruell's Portfolio of National Portraits, 458-Jan Kilinski's Memoirs, 357. Levasseur, E., L'Ouvrier Americain, 92— Louisiana purchase, Binger Hermann on, 49— Lancashire Parish Register Society's publications, 225— Latin Scrmo Plebeius, Olcott's, 276. Moscheles, Felix, autobiographical fragments, 334 —Maehiavelli, Louis Dyer on, 335, 357, 399— Massachusetts Historical Society in new rooms, 297— Mondra gone Jesuit college scandal, 147 — Mexican (Oajaca) Zoque and Mije grammar, 226 — Military and naval insurance risks, 185— Magazines for January, 29, 30, February, 111, 112, March, 183, 184, April, 259, 260, May, 378, 379, June, 439. New Zealand provision for old-age pensions, 205 — Newspaper Catalogue Wisconsin Historical So- ciety, 127— "Notes and Queries," 8th index volume, 49. Oxford Academic Epistles of 15th Century, 204. Putnam, Herbert, appointed Librarian of Con- gress. 243— G. H. Palmer's translation of "An- tigoui'," 398— Poole's Historical Atlas, 91— Palestine Exploration Fund's April statement, 356— Philippines, F. Blumentritt on the inhabi- tants of the, 419— Psychological Review, 419. Slmsou, Eduard von, deceased, 419— Switzerland, Diindliker's Short History of, 112— Scotland, Johnston and Robertson's Clans of, 242— Smith College production of "A Winter's Tale," 479. Townsbend. H. B., Lone Pine, 398— Lake Tangan- yika's fresh-water and marine fauna, 398— Totemism, Dr. E. B. Tylor on, 49, 50— Thou- sand and One Nights, Hennlng's German trans- lation of, 92— Twentieth Century, beginning of, 165— Territorial Delegates, first reception by Congress, 184, 185— Temple Classics, marginalia in, 398— Trustee's Handbook, Lorlng's, 478— "Times" (London) In Boston Public Library, 127. Ulysses circumnavigator of Africa and America, 478— Universities and their Sons, subscription work, 242, University Handbook (British, Con- tinental, and Canadian), 439. Washington and the surrender of Fort Necessity, 69, letters to him edited by S. M. Hamilton, 334— Wisconsin Historical Society's Newspaper Catalogue, 127— Winter's Tale performed at Smith College, 479— Waterspouts in Australian waters, 148.

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Nos. 1749-1774] Index. [Vol. Ixviii Editorial and Miscellaneous Articles. Agnlnaldo? Who is Responsible (or 150 Aid and Comfort to tbe Enemy... 490 Americanizing the English Presa. 370 Anglo-American Alliance Imperil- led 233 Anti-Trust Laws, More 412 Arbitration and Disarmament 410 At Sea for an Issue 472 Baggage Explanations 121 Beef Contracts, Get tbe 217 Beef Verdict 347 Bimetallism Abroad 451 Boss Government, Essence of 30S Briggs, Prof., and Others 349 Bryan's Candidacy 291 Cannon's Warning against Extra- vagance 120 Cause of Peace, Tbe 289 Census, A Bipartisan 470 Census Settlement 177 "Chaos" 196 Character and Association 271 China, The Breaking Up of 230 Church Question in England 141 Civilization vs. Barbarism 410 Colonies and Writers 42 Commission to Investigate Army Discredited 120 Constitution, U. S., The Old 22 Copyright Law, Our Faulty 308 Oroker System 290 Cuba, Better Days in 272 Custom-House Tyranny 348 Oustom-House Vexation, The .... 218 Czar's Congress 270 Czar's Details 41 Democratic Wars 4 Democrats at Sea for an Issue... 472 Demoralized Opposition 234 Destiny's Little Bill 176 Dreyfus Denouement 432 Egypt, Changes in 24 Egypt, Progress in 328 Empire-Builders, True 450 End of the Beginning 102 England, Church Question in .... 141 English Imperialism, Shadows of. 176 English Political Muddle 62 Expansionist Dreams 61 Financial Situation. The Remark- able 61 Gage's Apology for McKinley's Civil-Service Order 430 Georgia Negro Burning 306 Germany, Our Relation with . . . , 307 Getting Our Eyes Open 234 Glimpse Inside 83 Gold Currency 411 Good Americans in Trouble 254 Government of New York City... 389 Great Britain and the Transvaal. 452 Great Moral Catastrophe 158 Hague Peace Conference, Possibi- lities at 368 Hawaii, Neglect of 196 Honest Politics 490 Imperium et Libertas 3«8 "Incendiary Literature" 346 International Unity 470 Interoceanic Canal 492 Kiepert, Heinrich 453 Librariansbip of the Library of Congress 178 Lobbyists and Legislators 197 Long's Defence 326 McKlnlcy and Congress 216 McKlnley Appeal? To Whom Does 430 McKlnlcy in Boston 140 McKinley's Popularity 252 Made in Spain 82 Manila, Peace Negotiations at... 326 Manila, Situation at 216 Manners of Liberty 60 Marine Capture, Right of 122 Marriage Scandal 369 Morley's, John, Warning 103 Morrill, Justin S., Deceased 5 New York Churches 198 New York Police Investigation. . . 252 New York's Decline as a Port ... 140 Next Step 81 Nicaraguan Canal Report 431 Omdurman and Havana 40 Oratory, Public, Changes in 235 Our Savage War "for the Cause of Humanity" 288 Parliamentary Government 450 Parochial Affair 306 Why? 80 led I112 Philippines, a r Poison in Oin- Food 3!i0 Policy of Ignorance and Drift.... 806 Political Issues Changing 491 irity 252 Quay and the Constitution 327 ol Responsibility 4 Real Culprits, The l."9 Roosevelt, Gov., Message 22 Samoa as an Example 60 Santiago, Spanish Story of 6 Savagery as a Civilize! 347 Sehurz, Carl 179 Signs of a Halt 40 Some Wholesome Restraints 102 Spain's Recuperation 23 Suppression 388 Tuunerism, More 80 Taxation of Corporations 370 Texas Anti-Trust Law 412 Theatre and Public Morals 104 Tracts, Hundred Years of 390 True Point, The 346 Trusts, The Rationale of 471 Wall Street Drop in Industrials. . 270 Warren, Henry Clarke 24 Special Correspondence. Domestic — Economic Association at New Haven 7 American Oriental Society 273 American Library Association at Atlanta 391 An Academic Discussion or Expansion 292 Archaeological Institute of America 413 Imperialism vs. the Constitu- tion 25 India Convalescent 42 License in English Rhyme.. 63, 83 The Diplomatic and Consular Service of Great Britain ... 371 The Merit System in the Bri- tish Colonies 414 Hawaii— At Honolulu 372 Great Britain — The Collected Works of Burne-Jones 65 Rembrandt in London 105 Rembrandt at the British Mu- Turner at the Guildhall 330 New Gallery and Royal Aca- demy 393 International Society of Paint- ers, etc 492 An American in London in 1835 85 Parnell 106, 123 Irish Local Government Elec- tions 329 London School of Economies and Political Science 179 Prof. Dicey on the Teaching of Law at Harvard 433 Germany and the Armenians. 351 The English Riviera 473 France— The Abb6 Morellet 8 Christina of Sweden 374 Tbe Pie-Imperial Josephine, 142 160 Josephine at the Malmaison. 199 Houssaye's Waterloo 293 The Last of the Coudes 238 Madame de Monaco 256 Chateaubriand 394 The Duke Deeuzes 434 A Memoirist of the Second Empire 43 A Tributary of the Seine 86 A New French Historian 309 Francisque Sarcey 453 The Year's Salons 454 Americans at the University of Paris 352, 495 Germany— Sudermann's Symbolical Drama 310 Italy— Excavations in the Forum. 124 One Letter More from Robert Browning 220 "Americanism," or the Catho- lic Church in America 236 Carducci's Petrarch 254 Mlcromaniacs and Megaloma- niacs 351 Italian Fiction of the Twelve- month 474 San Gimignano 493 Greece— The Bicycle in Greece... 198 Occasional Correspond- ence. Adams, J. Q., on Cuba's Gravita- tion 267 Adams. J, Q , on Quixotic Im- perlal sm 180 Adjutant-), ' ' " ii v Pi ineiples ,,f AlCeStlS of Kurip iiles (Ilaylcy's, 121 All,. mil,,. a iMomi Cutts's) 4M) Along tbe Trail (Hovey's) 814 A riean Citizenship. (Wlllougli liy'si Rights ami Duties of. . . 282 American Colonial Handbook (Copeland's) 295 American Constitutional Law (Boyd's) Cases in 496 American Oratory, Modern (Ring- wall 'si 135 American Polities, (Ford's) Bus and Growth of 165 Anarchic Litteraire (Recolln's) . . 48 Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (Edinger's) 25* Anatomy, (Gerrish's) Text-baok of 476 Angel In a Web (Ralph's) 357 Angels' Wings (Carpenter's) 169 Antigone (Palmer's Sophocles'sl. 398 Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia... 417 Arabic Grammar (Wright's) 166 Art d'Ecrire (Albalat's) 381 Art Directory of the U. S (Levy's) 258 Arte or Crafte of Rhethorykc (Carpenter's Cox's) 381 Aspects of Religious and Sclent. tie Thought (Hutton's) 275 Astronomy, (Berry's) History of. 229 Autobiography of a Veteran (Roc- ca's) 133 Aylwin (Watts-Dunton's) 357 Ballad of Reading Gaol (Wilde's). 479 Battle of the Strong (Parker's) . . 357 Battles of Trenton and Prime- ton (Stryker's) 132 Bayeux Tapestry (Fowke's) 54 Beardsley, Aubrey, (Marlllicr's) Early Work of , 334 Fifty Drawings by 334 Berkshire, (Adams's) Nature Stu- dies in 457 Birds. (Beddard's) Structure and Classification of 2(54 Bismarck-Lexikon (Schleiden'si. . . 39? Bismarck's Reflections and Re- miniscences 113 Bismarck und seine Zelt (Blum's) 241 Blackwood, Win., and his Sons (Porter s) 209 Boilly, L. L. (Harrisse's) 96 Bonhomme (Walsh's) 441 Book Auctions in England in 17th Century (Lawless) 212 Botanique, (Tieghem's) Elements de 134 Bourgogne, Sergeant, Memoirs of 417 Browning, R., and E. B. Barrett, Letters of 205 Bush Fruits (Card's) 203 Butterfly Book (Holland's) 229 Bj the Way (Apthorp's) 227 California, (Hittell's) History of 15 Camping and Tramping un Malaya (Rathborne's) 170 Carlyle's Letters to his Youngest Sister (Copeland's) 424 Cavour (Cesaresco's) 422 Chamberlain. Joseph (Viallate's) . 417 Chandlers Encyclopaedia 151 Chemistry. Industrial (Thorp's).. 405 Child. (Oppenheims) Development of the 72 Child. (Hogan's) Study of a 72 (Taylor's) Study of the 72 Chinatown, (Peixotto-Fletcher's) Ten Drawings in 27 Chinese Porcelain (Gulland's) 131 Chitral (Robertson's) 246 Christ Born at Bethlehem? Was (Ramsay's) 114 Christian Missions and Social Progress (Dennis's) 478 City Wilderness 133 Civil-Service Examination, How to Prepare for (Leupp's) 47 Civil War, (Ropes's) Story of tbe 185 Clans of Scotland. iJohnston and Robertson's) Historical Geo- graphy of 242 Classical Metres in English, (Stone's) Use of 242 Clay Family (Smith and Clay's). 333 Colette (Schultz's) 357 Column and the Arch (Longfel- low's) 226 Commerce Clause (Prentice and Egan's) 476 Companions of Pickle (Lang's) . . . 172 Composition (Dow's) 334 Conflict of Laws In the Province of Quebec (Lafleur's) 496 Conjure Woman (Chesnutt'e) . . . 421 Constitutional History of Am. People (Thorpe's) 207 Coventry. Conn.. (Dimock's) Births, etc., of 203 Cruise of the Cachalot (Bullen's) 281 Cuba (Deckert's) 223 Cuba, (Kennan's) Campaigning in 211 Cuba, Industrial (Porter's) 457 Cuba, The Little I Saw in (Mc- Intosh's) 457 Czars, (Dacken's) Die Botschaft des ■■■ ■ 275 Dagh-Register gehouden int Cas- tell Batavia ....312 Danish Fairy and Folk Tales (Bay's) 398 Dante, (Toynbee's) Dictionary of Proper Names In BZ

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Vol. lxviii Index. [Jan.-June, 1899 Dante, (Witte's) Essaj Dante's Ten Heavens Dawn of Reason (Weil Uardner's) 168 si 403 T nas's) 275 Earth Sculpture (Oeikie's) 150 Economics (Devine's) 28 Educational Reform (Eliot's) 70 Education, (Walker's) Discussions in 362 Eighteenth Century Art, (Le- " wine's) Bibliography of 502 Eighteenth Century Letters (Johu- Elzahethan Clergy (Gee's) 166 Elizabeth. Empress of Austria (De Burgh's) 247 Emln Pasha (.Schweitzer's) 93 England and Yesterday iGuiney's) 314 England, (Kanisay'sl Foundations 32o England in the Age of Wycliffe (Trevelyan'sl 4(» English Constitution, (Taylor's) Origin of 50 Engl sh House, (Addy's) Evolu- tion of the 336 English Literature ( Brooke's) . . . . 11 Engl sh Pronunciation and Gram- mar for Dutch Students (Giinther's) 333 Engl'eh Romanticism in 18th Century (Beers'si 210 EpistoUe Academical O.xouienses (Anstey's) 204 Essays, Mock-Essays, and Cha- racter Sketches 27 Evidence at the Common Law (Thayer's) 459 Ewige Friede, Der (Stengel's)... 182 Explorations in the Ear North (Russell's) 444 Fall ng Prices and the Remedy (George's) 27 Famine Districts of India (Mere- wether's) Tour Through 52 Field. Forest, and Wayside Flow- ers (Hardinge's) 443 Fields. Factories and Workshops (Kropotkin's) 302 Floral Fantasy in an Old English Garden (Crane's) 27 Florentine Wool Trade in Middle Ages (Dixon's) 11 Forest of Bourg-Marie (Harrl- 313 iln-'Sl 146 (t'arivle'sl. . . Lot " the S. W. (Mead's! 172 ir Language High II story 0 mi ,,l (Howe's) 316 l.iln'-ralure l-'i a nca ise, iDouinic's) (Felleou's Aus- Ohio River Water, (Fuller's) Puri- fication of 319 old Chester Tales (Deland's) 357 On the Edge of the Empire 417 Open Question (Rohins'si 166 Orchestra ami Orchestral Music (Henderson's) 401 Original Poetry by Victor and Ca- z.re 479 Ouvrier Americain (Levasseur's) . 92 Falgrave, F. T. (Palgrave's) 426 Pan and The Young Shepherd (Hewlett's) 480 Papias and his Contemporaries (Hall's) 300 Parnell, Cbas. Stewart, (O'Brien si Life of 106 Peninsula War (Sliand's) ' 47 K. R. Co., (Wilson's) 403 Islands (Forem Philippine Islands (Lila'sl 279 Philippine Question 437 Pbilippines and Roundabout (Younghu-band's) 423 Philosophers of Greece, First (Fail banks's) 279 Physics, (Cajori's) History of... 316 Pigmies. (Burrow s'sl Land of the 319 Pitt (AshlMHirne's) 462 Poems (Miail's) 4i9 Poems (Negri's) 480 Poems (Realf's) 314 Poems (Verhaeren's) 480 Poems, Collected (Watson's) 479 Political Crimes (Proal's) 283 Political Institutions, Modern (Baldwin's) 74 Politische Gesehiehte der Gegen- wart (Midler's) 417 Pompeji, (Man's) Fiihrer durch... 28 Poor Human Nature (Godirey's) . . 357 Portfolio of National Portraits (Kruell's) 458 Porto Rico and West Indies (Hamm's) 295 Porto Rico of To-day (Robiu- c.nse (1 Id S \ i i- ■-. Song of the Son - i om ford' si .. Songs oi i;,„,, Son of Perdi South Africai on the South Aiiicri, 'si. 315 (Bash- 315 Fighting (While's i :;h, ion I Hammond's). . . 166 Frontier, (Brown's) •:i Si auish-Anii riean War Spanish Rule in America , I M,s s'S) Establishment of 188 Span o' Life (McLennon and Mc- Ilwraith's) 441 Speculum Gy de Warewyke (Mor- rill's) 312 Spinifex and Sand (Carnegie's)... 280 Sportsman's Year-B iok 10 Stanton, Edwin M., (Gotham's) Life of : 49T Stars and Telescopes (Todd's Lynns) 482 Stolen Story (Williams's) 421 Story of Our Flag (Weaver's)... 397 Strong Hearts (Cable's) 441 Supreme Court of U. S., (Gar- land's) Experience in 458 Swift. Dean. (Hill's) Unpublish- ed Letters of 460 Switzerland, (Dftndliker's) His- tory of US Talks to Teachers on Psychology ( James'si 481 Texas Ranger (Jennings's) 466 Three Studies in Literature (Gates's) 208 Thring, Edward (Parkins) 283 Throne-Makers (Thaver's) 444 Through Asia (Hed u's) 148 Tolstoy. Count. Lives and Works, How (Sergyyeenko's) 355 Tropics. (K-ild's) Control of the.. 16 Trustee's Handbook (Loriug's). . . 478 Ummagga Jataka 97 Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom (Slebert's). 94 Under the African Sun (Ansorge's) 504 Under the Trade Winds (Wil- liams's) 355 I'ngdomsvers (Brandes'st 12 United States Internal-Revenue Laws (Ash's) 496 Univeisitiesand their Sons (Cham- lierlain's) 242 >'s) Portraits Intlmes (Brlsson's) 399 Principe di N. Macbiavelll (Li- sio's) 17 Prisoner <jt France (Boothby's) . . 426 Professor llieronimus 495 Puerto Rico and its Resources (Ober's) 67 Quelb-n des Weltlicben Dramas in England (Brandl'B) 152 Railroad, (Warman's) Story of the Rilmakrishna. Life and Sayings of 240 Rainayana (Oman's) 240 Ranehwoiuan in New Mexico (Nicholl's) 280 Realf, Richard. Poems by 314 Red Rock (Page's! 166 Reeve. Henry, (Laughton's) Life of Great Composers IF.lson'sl Great Salt Lake Trail (Inman'sl. Greater America Greece (Fa i rl la nks's) First Philo- sophers of Gieece. (Botsford's) History of.. Greek and Roman Ant 'uiuii i.-.- (Cornish's) I licl ionary of Grleehischen Sprachc, (Dietrich's) Uiilersnchungcn zur Gesohieh- Groti der ).-,: Historical Series El's) 103 Gunner Aboard t ho Yankee 114 Hadrian, Emperor (Grogorovius's) 223 Heart of Man (Woodberrv's) 33". Little Flowers of St. Francis. .. 145 Live Questions 240 l. P I.OIIgillUS berts'sl Dili L i and Spindle (Robinson's) .. 1 J Love among tlic Lions (Ansley'sl. 457 Lowell, J. R., and his Friends (Hale's) 421 Lyrics of the Hearthstde (Dun- bar's! 315 Maine. (Sigsl.oo'sl I lesl ruel ion ol the 103 .Manila and the Philippines (Hamm's) ru Mankind. (Ralzel'sl Histoid .Man Who Worked for ('oldster (Fail,- si 357 Martyrdom of an Empress 247 Marjsienka I Wa liszow ski'sl 258 Master E. S. and the Ars Mori- endi (Cusl'sl 148 Maternity <d' Harriott Wicken (Dudeney's) 441 Malter. Energy, F e, and Work (Hoi,,, an'sl 95 is Tragedies (Risley'a) 421 ■iineie illol.son'sl Sinking of I he 312 peal (Dixon'si 277 Miiiielien. Illevse'sl Das l.iltera- ■ isclic ' 43S Music and Musicians (Lavignae's) 4o1 Music and Poidry (Lanier's) 227 Music Developed. How (Hender- son's) 227 Musi, pie i, Paris (Robert's) 401 My Inner Life (Cro/.ier's) 338 Napoleon in Russia ( \ ereslcha- gil.'sl 417 N'atalile el 1 lenioeral ie ( 1 »U1 0 Nature Studies in Berksliire ( 'm 457 Netherlands. (Blok'sl Hisloi, of Hie People of 281. New Economy (Gronlund's) Referendum in Switzerland (De ploige'sl Republic or Empire? Rhelhoryke. (Cox si An,- ,,| Rhetoric, (Newcomer's! Element 28 .de Island and the Forniatiou of the Union (Bates's) 14' lera, (Scott's) Rock Villages of 170 It. Mien's Corner ( Merriinan'sl .... Rousseau. .1. J., and the Cosmo- politan Spirit in Literature (Teste's) 464 Rugby School. (Rouse's) History .1 Ruskiii. Rosselti, Preraphaelltlsm (Rossetti'sl 440 Russland, Volkwirt scha ft in 417 Sainl Simon, Memoirs of 337 saiadin (Lane-Poole's) 3is Saracens, lAniecr Ali'sl History of 404 Sartor Resartus (Sullivan's Car- Ivlc'si 68 Savile. Sir George, (Halifax!, (Foxci-oii'si Life of 298 Schantung und seine Eingangs- pforio (Richlbofen'si 204 Sehii nheit .los weiblicbcii Kbniers (Strata's) 296 Science, (Awdry's) Early Chapters Scot t Ish ' ' Vernacular Literature (Henderson's) 244 Seamanship (Luce's) 110 ..I cases in the Court of Re- quests 223 Semitic Influence In Hellenic Mythology (Brown's) 17 Seneca, ( Sinioiids's) Themes Treat- ed by 223 Sopov Mutiny (Vilaut'sl 27 Sh ws of the Trees (Wilson's). 316 Shakespeare en France l.ll.sse. rand's! 261, 3SI7 Shnkspore's Pericles (Smyth's)... 164 Short-Line War (Mcrwtu-Web- sl.-r'sl 421 Silenei' of Live (Holmes's) 480 Silva of North America (Sar- Sister to I'.vnngoliiio I Rol.er I s's I Socialism,- el la Revolution Friiu- Viau. Theophile risson's) .... Voice and Violin Volcanoes (Bonney's) 503 Wages. (Lawrence's) Local Va- riations in 476 Wagner. Christian (Weltrick's) . . . 318 Wagner, R., (Lavignae's) Music Dramas of 110 Wagnerite. (Shaw's) Perfect 401 War of 1898, (King's) Story of... 90 War of the Future (Bloch's) 377 War Poems, 1898 315 Washington, and the Theatre (Ford's) ' 90 Washington, (Hamilton's) Letters to 834 Washington the Soldier (Carrlng- ton's) 126 Wayfarers. The (Peabody's) 314 Wessex Poems (Hardy's) 479 West African Studies (Kingsley's) 228 Whitefoord Papers (Hewlns's) . . . . 96 Wild Flowers, (Louusberry's) Guide to 484 Wild Fowl of U. S. (Elliot's) 54 Wlllard. Einina, and her Pupils.. 129 Wind among the Reeds (Yeats's).. 479 Wire Cut ters (Davis's) 357 With Kitchener to Khartum (Steevens'si 482 With Pcarv near the Pole (As- rrup's) 55 With Ski and Sledge K'onway's). 34 Women and Economics (Stetson's) 443 Workers, The i Wyokoff'sh 211 World, (Sanderson's! History of the 503 Writer of Rooks (Paston'si 357 Yiddish Literature, (Wiener's) History of 425 Zeno Brothers. (Lucas's) Voyages Zoroaster (Jackson's) 151 berlain's) 242 Universities. (Maddison's) Hand- book of British, etc 439 University Problems (Gilnian's).. . 70 Books of the Week. 18, 34. 55, 75. 97, 116, 135, 153, 172, 190. 212, 248, 266, 2S4. 301, 321, 340. 363, 384, 405, 420, 445, 465, 485, 505. ERRATA. I., line 42. For 2 '.i Page 148. col. ••restive" read -native. Page 211. col. i. Dele last paragraph nt first notice. Page 246. col. Hi., line 38 from bot- tom. For "smell" read "swell." Page 205, eol. ii., line 10 from bot- tom. For "professional" read "professorial." , I Page 273, col. iii.. line 33 from bot- tom. For "philosophers" read "philosophies." . . Page 332. col. ill., line 6 from bot- tom. For "Dent-Macmlllan" read "Dent-Scribner." Page 41!), col. i.. last sentence of se- cond paragraph. Substitute, An hereditary order of nobility was con- ferred upon him by the Emperor Friedrich III. in 1888 " Page 4.'..!. col. it., line 42. For "finally" read "fondly."

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June 29, 1899] The Nation. 495 coes in the cathedral, groups of towers are used for unmistakable local "color"; and on the top of one we see a large bush already grown, as on an ancient ruin. By day they slowly splinter and crumble away under • sun and wind and frost, of no more use now than they were to their pride-devoured build- ers. By night, from their pinnacles, the owls hoot derisively at each other, like haunting spirits of the disdainful nobles of the murky old days that saw their rise, and the moon plays strange mocking tricks with them. And as you end your stay in this corner of the Old World, and drive back to the New again, through the vineyards of the valley, you will turn for a last glimpse of the strange forgotten town, crawling uncertainly along its hilltop like some Rip Van Winkle who has lost his way, and all the poetry within you will be drowned in a flood of laughter at the inexpressibly futile and ludicrous ap- pearance of the towers of San Gimignano. S. F. B. Correspondence. FOREIGNERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you please allow me to rectify an omission in my letter on Americans at the University of Paris? Besides the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers, I should have mentioned another information- giving body, created especially to supply the needs of American students, namely, the Oomite Franco-Americain, whose secretary, M. Henry Breal, No. 70 Rue d'Assas, Paris, holds himself ready to answer all questions that may be addressed to him regarding stu- dies in any of the French universities. American students, before or after arriv- ing in Paris, may obtain from him informa- tion not merely on academic subjects, but also on the practical questions of expenses, lodgings, etc. M. Breal has just published, in the name of the Comite Franco-Americain, a pam- phlet (in English), of about 140 pages, 8vo, entitled 'The Universities of France: A Guide for American Students,' containing very full information regarding organiza- tion, requirements for admission and gra- duation, and courses of study. This pam- phlet may be had gratis on application ei- ther to him or to W. T. Harris, Esq., U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C— Yours very truly, W. S. Paris, June 15. 1899. Notes. Henry Holt & Co. announce Krausse's 'Russia in Asia,' and 'Adrian Rome: a Con- temporary Portrait,' by Ernest Dowson and Arthur Moore. "Thirty Years of New York Politics— Up to Date,' by Matthew P. Breen, will short- ly be published by the author, at No. 71 Broadway, New York. Macmillan Co. will publish ' Insects, their Structure and Life,' a primer of ento- mology, by Prof. George H. Carpenter; 'State Trials, Political and Social,' in two volumes, by H. L. Stephen of the Inner Temple; and, somewhat later, 'The Govern- ment of Municipalities,' by Dorman B. Eaton. The Scientific Publishing Co. of this city have nearly ready the seventh issue of "The Mineral Industry: Its Statistics, Technology and Trade in the United States and Other Countries to the End of 1898,' edited by Richard P. Rothwell. The Hudson -Kimberley Co. of Kansas City will publish immediately 'The House of Dreams, and Other Pcems,' by William Grif- fith. In August, Brown & Co., Boston, will have ready 'A Kipling Primer,' a bibliography by Frederick Lawrence Knowles, with a criti- cal appreciation of Kipling's works and an alphabetical index to the plots of all the sto- ries and ballads; and 'The King and Queen of Mollebusch, or, The Indispensables,' trans- lated from the German of Georg Ebers by Mary J. Saftord, with full-page illustra- tions. The third volume of the Clarke papers, edited for the Royal Historical Society by Mr. Charles H. Firth, who, with Mr. Raw- son Gardiner, shares the seventeenth century as his own, in matters historical, is in the press. It will contain many important pa- pers relating to the West Indies. A fac- simile will also be given in this volume of a very curious colored caricature of Rich- ard Cromwell, on horseback, with the head of an owl. Mr. Rodway, author of 'In the Guiana Forest,' of the 'History of British Gui- ana,' and of 'The West Indies and the Spa- nish Main,' in the "Story of the Nations" series, is now on a visit to England, hav- ing obtained leave of absence for six months from his duties of librarian and assistant secretary to the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana. From the more serious subjects of history and natural science Mr. Rodway has recently turned to novel -writing. His 'In the Wilds of Guiana,' just out, forms one of Mr. Fish- er Unwin's "Over-Sea" series. Mr. Rod- way took to England manuscripts which will no doubt find their way into the pub- lishers' hands. Dr. Telting, sub-director of Archives at The Hague, is at present in the West Indl«« on official business. The West Indian Re- cords preserved at The Hague having all been properly arranged, catalogued, and In- dexed, the Dutch Government has decided that the Records remaining in Dutch Guiana and in Curacoa shall be similarly treated. It is on this mission that Dr. Telting is now engaged. He arrived in Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, early in May, and, assisted by a staff of clerks from the several departments, he took in hand the documents preserved in the law courts, in the Treasury, and in the office of the Secretary of the Colony. Thinking he might learn some- thing from the officials of British Guiana a* to the preservation of documents from the ravages of insects. Dr. Telting paid a short visit to Georgetown, Demerara, where every facility for inquiry was given him by Gov- ernor Sir Walter Sendall. Neither in British nor in Dutch Guiana, however, has science yet disclosed the vermifuge that will pre- serve papers from the various pests that de- stroy books and manuscripts alike. After completing his labors in Dutch Guiana, Dr. Telting will proceed to Curacoa, to arrange the Public Records of that historical island, of which Stuyvesant, the famous Governor of New York, was at one time Lieutenant Governor. Returning to Europe by way of New York, Dr. Telting will renew acquaint- ance with Prof. Burr of Cornell, with whom he formed agreeable associations at the time the latter was working at The Hague In connection with President Cleveland's Vene- zuelan Boundary Commission. The Messrs. Putnam have become the pub- lishers of the second edition of Miner Bruce's 'Alaska,' which we noticed on its appearance three years ago, and have much improved its dress. The author has revised and enlarged his work, and given it a needed index. There is a chapter on the boundary dispute, one for tourists in search of the picturesque, and one of practical suggestions to prospectors in the Klondike. The illus- trations are numerous and serviceable, and there are several maps. Macmillan's taking little "Pocket English Classics" proceed with 'Milton's Comus, Ly- cidas, and Other Poems,' and Byron's 'Childe Harold,' both edited by Andrew J. George. FitzGerald's Omar is for a third time given the imprint of Thomas B. Mosher, Portland, Me., now in a "Vest-Pocket Edition," long and narrow as befits the designation. The binding is very dainty, and the printing to match. Mr. Dole, never weary of his sub- ject, furnishes a brief preface. Volumes ix. and x. of Mr. Charles F. Lummis's monthly Land of Sunshine are replete with information and entertainment not wholly confined to California. In "The Bones of Mitla" the editor presents some of the architectural marvels of early Mexi- can civilization, and there are short illus- trated articles on Hawaii and Manila, while Joaquin Miller describes "Life in a Klon- dike Cabin," from personal experience. In volume ix. is related by several hands the memorable ascent of the Enchanted Mesa by Mr. Lummis, his little daughter. Pre- sident Jordan and wife, and others, who easily discovered proofs of former abori- ginal occupancy. The pictures of scenery, population, natural products (e. g., the largest tree in the world), private and pub- lic dwellings and the like, will interest any one. Those who go deeper will be most struck by the bold and independent tone of the editorial writing, especially on public topics. This is not a common characteristic of the press, on the Pacific Coast or else- where; but courage has a permanent berth in the office of the Land of Sunshine. A short but admirable preface, contain- ing a brief biography of Amalie Skram, the author of 'Professor Hieronimus' (John Lane), and statement of her position among Scandinavian realists of to-day, arouses further interest in the story to succeed it by means of the following quotation from Bjornson: "It is," he says, "the first time that a great author, in full possession of her mental powers, has had the opportunity of making such a study. Seeking quiet and treatment for a nervous affection, Fru Skram, of her own free will, became an inmate of a lunatic asylum. Thus she had a chance of studying one of those specialists in mental disease who are too apt to mis- take rebelliousness for a sign of mental derangement. Of this doctor, of the patients, the nurses, her whole environment, she gives a picture so vivid, of such absorbing interest, that it can vie with the most thrilling romance." Vivid and absorbing it certainly is. We follow the fate of the heroine with feverish solicitude, and pity the husband hypnotized into the general be-

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496 The Kation [Vol. 68, No. 1774 lief in her insanity, but it is the horror, and not the romance, of the situation which thrills us. A mixture of domineering con- ceit, untruthfulness, and subtle cruelty en- ables the professor to secure and retain his patients; nurses and doctors alike come under his spell. The treatment and hope- less struggles of the sane to escape are portrayed in ghastly detail; and this dra- matic piece of writing of a high order will doubtless serve as a weapon for those who distrust the despotic power of asylums. Baker, Voorhis & Co. of this city are the publishers of a valuable compendium of the 'United States Internal-Revenue Laws Now in Force,' by Mark Ash and William Ash. The volume is accompanied by notes in- dicating the derivatory statutes, references to judicial decisions, regulations, rules, and circulars of departments, and is supple- mented by a voluminous appendix contain- ing laws of a general nature and miscel- laneous provisions applicable to the admin- istration of the internal-revenue laws. The book is made necessary by the enactment of the war-revenue law of 1898, and is intended to cover everything. Taking as a basis the last official compilation of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in 1894, the authors have endeavored to "compre- hend in one volume all the express law." The compilation is conveniently arranged for purposes of reference. 'Cases on American Constitutional Law,' edited by Carl Evans Boyd (Chicago: Cal- lagban & Co.), is a compilation of some hundred and fifty or more abridged cases. The author, in his preface, disclaims any Intention of attempting to rival the well- known collection of Prof. J. B. Thayer, but has aimed at bringing together within the compass of a single volume a sufficient number of the leading decisions of the Su- preme Court of the United States to form the basis of a university course on Con- stitutional Law. The cases are taken from the reporters verbatim, except that "cer- tain parts, particularly statements of facts, have been shortened, and matter not necessary to the elucidation of the con- stitutional question involved has been omit- ted." •The Conflict of Laws in the Province of Quebec' is the title of a little book by Prof. E. Lafleur of McGill University (Montreal: C. Theoret). This is, it seems, the first attempt made "to collect and systematize the rules for solving conflicts of laws de- rivable from our codes, statutes, and juris- prudence." Many circumstances contribute to make the study of the conflict of laws in Quebec specially interesting—among others the fact that the province, while retaining French law as the foundation of its juris- prudence, has not (following the modern French rule) made civil status and the law of persons dependent on nationality, but has, on the contrary, adhered to the rule of the old French law, which is the same as that of the English law— that such ques- tions must be decided with reference to domicile. The volume is a convenient handbook, and has a grod collection of cases. The Weidmann publishing-house of Berlin has commenced a series of translations of Greek tragedies by the well-known profes- sor, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, of the University of Berlin. These translations have already been published in the learned editions of this scholar, and are here repro- duced in the hope of reaching readers who would not naturally turn to a critical and more costly edition of an Attic tragedian. Besides the translation, which is invariably a masterpiece of literary art, each volume is furnished with an introduction of which it is the highest praise to say that it is cha- racteristic of the author. Taken all in all, these volumes form no inconsiderable con- tribution not only to the literature of the classics, but also to German literature. The tragedies thus far published are the "CEdi- pus Rex" of Sophocles and the "Hippolytus," "Hercules Furens," and "Supplices" of Eu- ripides. American teachers of the classics, both in secondary schools and in colleges, will find much that is interesting and profitable in Dr. P. Dettweiler's articles on Latin and Greek instruction ("Didaktik und Methodik des griechischen und des lateinischen Unter- richts") which originally formed a part of Baumeister's recent 'Handbuch der Erzie- hungs-und Unterrichtslehre' (Munich: Beck), and are now obtainable in separate editions. Dr. Dettweiler, who is an Oberschulrat in Darmstadt, writes from long experience as a teacher, and from thorough knowledge of the extant literature of the subject to which his notes furnish an excellent bibliographical guide. The general por- tions of each treatise, dealing with the development, value, and principles of classi- cal instruction, are, of course, of as great value here as in Germany; on the other hand, the particular considerations of teaching in the higher classes of the Gymnasia, while not at once and in ioto applicable to our system, contain much that is of very great worth in regard to choice of authors to be read and methods of instruction. Lippincott's Magazine will, in its July num- ber, make a new departure in outward dress and in collaboration, and announces the sole literary remains of the author of 'David Ha- rum,' "a long short-story, entitled 'The Teller.' " In the June number of the Library Jour- nal, Mr. John Thomson, of the Free Library of Philadelphia, reports on his endeavor "to procure a hand list of incunabula (limiting the date to books printed prior to 1501) own- ed by colleges, libraries, and private owners in America" — this by way of contribution to the Gutenberg quincentenary celebration at Mainz. Already, he says, from five sources only he has got track of more than 1,500 volumes. He desires from any possessor of "fifteeners" a description embracing author, full title, date of publication and place (or press), and bibliographical reference (as to Hain or Panzer). In the same number may be found Mr. J. P. Edmond's account of his simple method of cataloguing fifteenth-cen- tury books. We read in the Florence Nazione that on June 3 the Duchess Enrichetta Caetani dl Sermoneta contributed $5,000 towards thefund for the perpetual Dante lectureship in Flo- rence. This fund, by the resolve of the local executive committee of the Italian Dante So- ciety, had been named for Duke Michelange- lo dl Sermoneta of Rome, her late husband, a devoted student of Dante and eminent com- mentator. The Dante Hall in Or San Michele is to be furbished up and restored to its ori- ginal condition by November next; and for the seating of it the Duchess offered 600 lire, and our countryman, Prof. Willard Fiske, 200. The same paper contains the subscrip- tion-list for the scholastic foundation to ce- lebrate the fortieth year of Prof. Pasquale Villari's "fecondo e glorioso" instruction. The twenty-first annual report of Mr. W. E. Foster of the Providence Public Library dwells largely on the new building now ap- proaching completion. An interesting feature of the work of the year is the establishment of a system of "home libraries," consisting of "little cabinets, of attractive design," filled with good reading, and placed in the needy portions of the city. The decrease in the number of books circulated is amply ac- counted for by the increase of newspaper and periodical reading occasioned by the war with Spain. It is interesting to note that the per- centage of fiction circulated was 60.60, his- tory coming next. The total number of books in the library at the end of the year was 86,235. From the annual report of the Suez Canal Company it appears that the receipts for 1898 were $17,581,200, or nearly two and a half millions more than the previous year, and the largest on record, though the number of vessels (3,503 of 9,238,000 tons burden) was slightly less than in 1892, when the ships numbered 3,552. England sent 2,295 vessels, Germany 356, France 221, Holland 193, Aus- tria 85, Italy 74, Turkey 54, Spain 49, Rus- sia 48, Norway 47, Japan 46, Egypt 10, Den- mark 8, America 4 (there were 3 last year), China 4, Portugal 3, Sweden 2, Greece 2, Rumania 1, and Argentina 1. Of the 219,- 000 passengers, a considerable majority were soldiers— English 34,000, Russian 23,000, Tur- kish 23,000, French 14,000, Spanish 10,000, Italian 5,000, and Dutch 3,000— figures of much historical significance. At the last congress of the Societes Sa- vantes, the Abbe Marsan read before the historical geography section a paper upon a project for communication between the At- lantic and Pacific Oceans by Nicaragua lake presented in 1785-1786 to Florida-Blanca, Minister of Foreign Affairs to Charles III. of Spain, by Count Louis Hector de Segur, commandant of the castle of Peronne. The route suggested was "by the channel of the San Juan and Lakes Nicaragua and Lindiri." The manuscript of this memoir has been found in the archives of the chateau of Ar- reau. Dr. Horace Howard Furness was given the honorary degree of Doctor in Letters by Cambridge (Eng.) University on June 13. The Public Orator, Dr. Sandys, had his word of praise for Dr. Furness's eminent Shak- sperian labors — "virum et nobis et Britan- norum poetas summo conjunctissimum" — but also did not forget his father, that sound abo- litionist, the late Rev. William H. Furness, D.D., "rerum divinarum interpretis hu- manissimi, Afrorum libertatis per vitam Ion- gam vindicis acerrimi." —A return to the British Parliament of proceedings in county courts under the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1897 covers only three full months of the law's activity, but gives some interesting figures. The act provides that the amount of compensation may be settled by agreement, in which case it does not necessarily become a matter of court record. Failing agreement, two forms of arbitration are provided — first, an in- formal arbitration by a single arbitrator chosen by the parties; or, second, a formal arbitration before a county court judge, or an arbitrator appointed by the judge and acting under court rules. The number of cases recorded was 130, of which 104 were settled by the judge's award, 8 by an arbi-

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June 29, 1899] The Nation. 4:97 trators' award, and 18 by acceptance of money paid into court. The plaintiff won in 101 suits and lost in 29. In 38 cases compen- sation was given on account of death, the average award being £200. There were 63 cases of injury in which a weekly sum was granted — 16 for total and 37 for partial inca- pacity. The average sum for partial inca- pacity was 12s. lOd. a week; for total, lis. 4d. "It appears somewhat remarkable that the average payment for total incapacity should be less than that for partial inca- pacity. Probably the explanation is that par- tial incapacity usually means temporary In- capacity, and that, in cases of temporary in- capacity, even where the employer disputes his liability, he does not object, if he pays at all, to pay the full amount allowed under the act, i. e., half wages. On the other hand, the cases of total incapacity include a larger proportion of cases of perma- nent disablement in which a smaller allow- ance than the maximum under the act is awarded." — These figures present a strong contrast to the returns under the Employers' Liability Act of 1880. Of the 681 cases treated under this act in 1898, 596 were in employments to which the Workmen's Compensation Act now applies. The average amount of damages in case of death was, under the act of 1880, only £85 6s., compared with £200 under the act of 1897. Solicitors' costs under the earlier law averaged £22 14s., and under the later only £11 Is. It is known that only a small part of the claims come before the courts, as damages are usually given without ques- tion. If the rate of injury and death in Ger- many held for England and Wales, the num- ber of cases would number at least 120,000, and probably more. Considerably less than one per cent, of the cases, therefore, come before the judge or arbitrator, and the lar- ger share of those do not arise from a dis- puted payment, but are to settle the question of the person to whom the payment should be made. "In some of the largest and most populous industrial districts, where nume- rous accidents must certainly have occurred in the employments coming within the act, not a single litigated case under the new act had, up to the 31st of December, been taken to the county court and decided, either by the judge or arbitrators. Thus, there was not one case from the mining districts of Durham, Consett, and Bishop Auckland, with a popu- lation of 312,000, nor from South Staffordshire, with a population of 575,000, nor from Ply- mouth and South Devon, with a population of 480,000, nor from Cornwall, with a popula- tion of 314,000. In Bristol, with a population of 355,000, there was only one case, and only two in the circuit which includes Hali- fax, Huddersfield, and Dewsbury, and has a population of 582,000." — The contributors to Prof. Petit de Julle- ville's seventh volume of the 'Histoire de la Langue et de la Litterature Franchise' (Paris: Colin) have kept the tacit promise of their work on the eighteenth century by giving, in their treatment of the Romantic period (1800-1850), a very generous attention to writers of clerical and reactionary opi- nions, namely, Chauteaubriand, Joseph de Maistre — and even Ballanche. Lammenais, Guizot, and Henri Martin hardly come off so well, although their respective writings are fully and fairly analyzed. As regards the principles of the Romantic school in poetry, one is pleased at finding neither violence nor paradox in the exposition of them given here; but many readers will doubtless be surprised at the systematic disparagement of Hugo's tragedies, which have been con- temptuously lumped with the work of Dumas perc, and summarily disposed of as "melo- dramas." By following a similar line of ar- gument, it would not be difficult to squeeze 'Le Cid' into the same category. Among the novelists, George Sand and Balzac na- turally hold the foremost places. In the case of the latter, however, certain details of criticism leave something to be desired. If the great novelist's predilection for the Quartier Saint-Germain is indicative of a somewhat "snobbish" turn of mind (from which some of his successors have not re- mained entirely free), is it also true that his portraits of aristocratic society in the thir- ties are alone wanting in delicacy and tact? Surely, not here only is Balzac's representa- tion of human character deficient. Much the most interesting chapters are those devoted to a review of criticism (Emile Faguet), to the literary relations between France and her neighbors (Joseph Texte), and to the interdependence of letters and art (Samuel Rocheblave), during the singularly active period covered by this volume. M. Faguet, treating his subject in more academic style than is his wont, appears at his best in es- timating the value and influence of Sainte- Beuve's criticism; and in view of the sly underrating which the memory of the inimit- able causeur has of late years experienced, M. Faguet's judicious discussion produces the effect of a rehabilitation. The most se- rious lack of this issue is in the matter of bibliography, to which but very superficial attention has been given. It is enough to state that the division on Musset contains no reference whatever to Paul Lindau's de- servedly popular monograph. — The unsettling of time-honored customs and old lines of demarcation of educational institutions, in consequence of the de- velopment of new domains of knowledge in- to full-grown sciences, has been experienced everywhere. Just now, the universities and higher technical schools of Germany are en- gaged in a serious intellectual boundary dis- pute, which is complicated by such side issues as the graduates' status in society and the State. The distinction attaching to the Doctor's title has led the modern technical Hochschule to covet the right to confer this degree, hitherto reserved to the university alone. If the degree of "doctor of natural sciences" is granted by certain universities, why should not a four years' course at a technical Hochschule, followed by a rigorosum and a thesis, lead to a doctor rerum tcchnicarum? Champions of the older institutions do not object to the title, but, they contend, it ought to emanate from the only genuine source of doctors' diplomas, i. c, the university. Others, however, hold that the titles of architect, engineer, etc., if properly guarded by law, would render the new species of doctor unnecessary. The grave question is under debate, and, to judge by the amount of thought bestowed upon it by the press and other authorities, is in no danger of being settled with unbecoming haste. GORHAM'S STANTON. Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stan- ton. By George C. Gorham. With por- traits, maps, and facsimiles of important letters. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 456, 502. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. There has long been a good deal of cu- riosity to know whether Stanton's private papers contained much material which would throw new light upon the history of the civil war and the reconstruction period that fol- lowed. The publication of the Life by Mr. Gorham seems to prove that his career was public in a more complete sense than that of most men, and that there were, with him, almost none of those private intimacies in which statesmen take confidential friends behind the scenes and reveal their inmost opinions of the men with whom they are acting, and the hidden springs of events in which they have a part. The man and his work were one; and he may be said to have had very little life outside of his official duties. With this impression, at least, we close these volumes, in the preparation of which the author is supposed to have had fullest use of whatever private papers Mr. Stanton left. This air of complete absorption impressed all who met him during the years when he was at the head of the War Department. His face rarely changed from the fixed serious- ness, tinged with sadness, which was its habitual expression. His eyes gazed ab- stractedly beyond his visitor, and his words were uttered in a quiet monotone, with very little motion of lips or facial expression. This might be varied by flashes of intensity or of imperiousness, but almost never by relaxation into ease of manner or the genial trifles of conversation which smooth the flow of public business. Even his approval came as a kind of official benediction, through which might break at any moment a notice to quit. The portrait in Mr. Gorham's second volume gives with faithfulness the expression of his countenance habitual in his periods of best health, but it was intensified too often by lines which marked a morbid condition of his nerves, and the look of weariness in the eyes as of those who are overdone by watching. As a lawyer the same quality of intensity had marked his work, making him a vehe- ment advocate who saw his case in the light of partisanship for his client. To take sides and to be militant in doing so was a neces- sity of his nature. It was easy for Lincoln to be judicial and to rid himself absolutely of partiality and predilection; but for Stanton this was not possible — at least not until the heat of the fray had plenty of time to cool. Stanton, although stoutly for the Union, had been fierce in his opposition to the Re- publican party, and continued denunciatory of Lincoln and all his works down to the very day of his own appointment to the War Department. Mr. Gorham says that no man of note had been "more lavish of expressions of dislike for the President himself than had Mr. Stanton." There seems to be no good reason for doubting that McClellan's asser- tions and illustrations in his 'Own Story' regarding the violent contemptuousness of Mr. Stanton's language in conversations with himself in the fall of 1861, are substantially true. Mr. Gorham makes no effort to ex- plain the incongruousness in the sudden transition from this attitude to that of cor- dial and harmonious work under the Presi- dent. The great desire to be of use to the country is hardly a sufficient solution. As Secretary he must work in strict and con- fidential subordination to Lincoln, while vio- lent repulsion and contempt would destroy the necessary basis of successful cooperation.

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498 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1774 There is evidence that Stanton underwent a conversion scarcely less sudden and striking than the most marked of religious trans- formations. Mr. Lincoln's biographers agree in stating that a feeling of strong personal dislike had followed the association of Lincoln and Stan- ton as lawyers in the McCormick and Manny reaper case tried in the United States Circuit Court at Cincinnati in 1857. They, with Mr. Harding of Philadelphia, a leading lawyer in patent cases, were coun- sel for Manny. By common consent Mr. Harding was to present the arguments upon the mechanical questions, but, in the ar- rangement of the arguments upon the law, Mr. Lincoln was made to feel that he had been ridden over roughshod by Stanton and discourteously crowded out of his place in the argument. There are differences in the stories as to the details, but Mr. Herndon seems to be conclusive authority for the fact that, on Lincoln's return home, he felt the ill-treatment keenly. Accident had, be- sides, made him aware of rude personal ex- pressions by Stanton, such as men meeting Lincoln for the first time were apt to use and smart with shame after- ward when they learned what manner of man they had tried to look down upon. As the one in the wrong, Stanton's dislike naturally became vindictive and even violent when, in so short a time, Lincoln be- came a great figure in the nation and was made President, Stanton opposing with might and main. Mr. Harding, being often in Cincinnati af- ter the civil war, told the sequel to Chan- ning Richards, late the United States At- torney there, who is the authority for it, and an indisputable authority to all who knew him. Harding had been admitted to Mr. Lincoln's friendship, and the latter knew his chagrin at being in any degree connected with the painful incident. He was in Wash- ington at the time President Lincoln was considering the appointment of a new Sec- retary of War, and, with a tact amounting to genius, Mr. Lincoln made him the mes- senger to Mr. Stanton, to say that he was invited, as an earnest War Democrat, whose ability and honesty were well known, to take the War Department, and give the country confluence in the integrity and intelligence of its vast expenditures and in the unparti- san aims of the Administration in its con- duct. The choice of the messenger made personal explanations superfluous. That Mr. Harding came with the invitation told the story without a word more. Stanton re- ceived it as a man stunned and incredulous. After a long pause, in which the tumult of his feelings could be seen in his face, he broke out, "Do you tell me, Harding, that Mr. Lincoln sent this message to met" As- sured that it was so, with streaming eyes he said, "Tell him that such magnanimity will make me work with him as man was never served!" It goes without saying that so impetuous a nature would become radical in the struggle, once he was committed to it, and that whoever else might complain of arrogance in dealing with him, after such a renewal of relations Mr. Lincoln's leader- ship was easily safe, though it was sure to be kind and considerate. In dealing with Mr. Stanton's change of at- titude toward General McClellan, Mr. Gor- ham makes a very full analysis of the dispatches and letters which passed between the War Department and the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac. First came the rectification of Stanton's former sup- position that there had been niggardliness In supplying the army and in fitting it out for a campaign. Next was the disproof of the General's imaginary obstacles, and of delays by reason of any hostility to him personally, or desire on the part of President or Con- gress to thwart him. This was inevitably followed by Stanton's discovery that the con- stitutional irresolution of McClellan was the sole cause of his tardiness in marching against the enemy, prompting him to ex- aggerate the forces opposed to him, and making a vigorously aggressive campaign an impossibility for him. The conviction that the General was a failure as a field- commander naturally led such a Secretary to vigorous efforts to remove him from com- mand. The biographer shows that Stanton was quick and ardent in recognition and praise of all who struck hard at the enemy, and was intolerant only of timidity and in- action. McClellan had to take the same judgment as the rest, and the vindication of Lincoln and his Secretary is found in the earnest and unswerving approbation they gave to the officers who were finally de- veloped, and who proved their ability to lead our armies to victory. With Lincoln's death began a series of complications in our history which showed that the balance-wheel was gone and the engine racing in a way that threatened wreck and ruin. In the treatment of the convention between Generals Sherman and Johnston for the surrender of the Confede- rate armies, Stanton's impulsiveness ran away with his judgment. It is impossible to think of Mr. Lincoln as permitting the course taken by the Secretary, had he been living. The panic following the assassination and the attempt to murder Mr. Seward also is the best excuse for the total misjudgment of Sherman's real meaning and of the situa- tion created by the negotiations. It was a matter to be handled delicately and thought- fully, not coarsely and impulsively. Silence and confidential instructions to the General would have brought accord, and saved pub- lic excitement at a time when the calming of the public mind was the plainest dictate of prudence. Yet the manifesto published was of the class which provoke and accom- pany revolutions. Sherman felt it to be a travesty of what he bad done, and was made to believe that it was published with intent to destroy his reputation. Mr. Gor- ham, however, writes of it as an advocate holding a brief for Mr. Stanton, and is able to see no flaw in his judgment or conduct. He rings the changes on the General's "ad- mission of his 'folly in embracing in a mili- tary convention any civil matters,' " when the folly, as Sherman viewed it, was in failing to assume that the politicians would refuse consent to any plan not conceived by themselves. In the very letter quoted, he said, "I still believe the Government of the United States has made a mistake." In like manner, Mr. Gorham's denial that Stan- ton's manifesto implied that Sherman was violating known instructions given by Lin- coln to Grant, is contrary to the natural meaning of the document, and that which was, in fact, given it at the time. So, the influence on Sherman of his recent confer- ence with Lincoln himself is ignored, as is the extraordinary change in circumstances when Johnston declared he had power to surrender at once all the scattered forces of the Confederacy, and prevent that lingering guerilla warfare which had been the great apprehension of our military men when the larger armies should be surrendered. Scarce- ly ingenuous is Mr. Gorham's use of John Sherman's letter to Stanton as "testimony that he was sure Mr. Stanton would not allow his brother, the General, to be un- justly dealt with," when the whole letter was a diplomatic effort to soften Stanton's antagonism, and was based on his feeling that "gross injustice has been done General Sherman." The armistice had been expressly made pending the submission of proposals to the Government, and to publish violent condemnation of them at the very moment the rejection was sent, days in advance of its reaching Sherman, is so gross a breach of established rules in civilized administration that nothing but an existing panic can palli- ate it, and it was Inevitable that Sherman should feel outraged. The only fair treat- ment of the subject at this distance in time is to admit, on the one hand, that Sherman's sketch of terms was defective and could not be accepted as it stood, and, on the other, that Stanton's course was under the impulse of undue excitement, and his publication a grave mistake. The same fault of temperament marks the whole of Stanton's dealings with President Johnson after he had determined to side with Congress in the deplorable quarrel over the reconstruction question. That one of the President's cabinet should stay in his confi- dential office for the very purpose of thwart- ing the Administration, and should make his knowledge, thus confidentially obtained, the means of drafting a bill to be passed by Con- gress to prevent the President, as Command- er-in-Chief, from directing his generals in their administration of what the bill itself declared to be a military government in the conquered territory, shocks intelligent people ■ now by the mere statement. That the same officer, after condemning the Tenure-of-offlce Act as unjustifiable invasion of the exe- cutive rights and responsibilities, should himself use its provisions to defy the execu- tive, when his resignation was requested, and afterward his removal announced, is a gross inconsistency accounted for only by the blindness created by passion. Mr. Gorham makes elaborate argument in defence of Stanton, forgetting that those who then ap- proved his action because it furthered their partisan aims learned, with so hot a parti- san as Mr. Blaine, to say at last, "If it had been President Johnson's good fortune to go down to posterity on this single issue with Congress, he might confidently have antici- pated the verdict of history in his favor." The quotations which the biographer makes from letters of approval by distinguished men to Mr. Stanton at the time, need to be supplemented by the votes of Congress re- pealing the act almost as soon as Mr. John- son left the President's chair. Its character as a revolutionary measure was thus confess- ed, and judicious friends of Mr. Stanton wish he had followed the example of Mr. Denni- son, Mr. Speed, and Mr. Harlan, In quietly retiring when they found themselves out of harmony with their chief, as all other cabi- net officers have done before and since. Mr. Stanton's final official act was as in- consequent as the others of this irrational period of our politics. His party was nearly solid in favor of the impeachment of Mr. Johnson, and was still unanimous in con- demnation of what was understood to be the

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899] Th.e Nation. 499 Administration policy. That the impeach- ment lacked one vote of a two-thirds majo- rity in the Senate did not affect the existing antagonism between the departments of the government, or the duty (if duty it was) of Mr. Stanton to stick to the War Office as a partisan of Congress. Yet he immediately re- signed, giving as his reason that the failure to impeach was a failure to sustain the for- mer resolution of the Senate that the President had no power to remove him and designate a Secretary ad interim. It is, however, a cu- rious fact that the vote for impeachment was exactly the same as the vote for the resolu- tion against removal, namely, thirty-five. In this latest step, as in the others, the bio- grapher presents with great fulness what was the current party defence of Mr. Stanton at the time, but does not indicate the calmer judgment of the same party, which came with the sober second thought when the in- toxication of partisan zeal had passed off. Here again Mr. Gorham would have done well to reflect upon Mr. Blaine's conclusion that "the sober reflection of later years has persuaded many who favored impeachment, that it was not justifiable on the charges made, and that its success would have re- sulted in greater injury to free institutions than Andrew Johnson in his utmost endeavor was able to inflict." The true view of Mr. Stanton's character seems to be, that, with great intellectual abi- lities and high ideals, his impulsive nature made him exceptionally liable to the mis- takes of intense partisanship. So long as he was under the influence of Lincoln's calmly practical and eminently sane judgment, his honesty and his great powers made him one of the most useful of public officers; but when left without that leadership, his eccen- tricities led him into many and great errors. The two large volumes of this biography come short of being historically valuable be- cause they do not get beyond the limits of the thought and action of the period of poli- tical storm and stress, and give us no help in correcting the misjudgments inseparable from such a time. MARSHALL'S INSTINCT AND REASON. Instinct and Reason. By Henry Rutgers Marshall. The Macmillan Co. 1898. Under this title Mr. Marshall essays to fur- nish us with a psychology of religion. Its last words, printed in capitals, are, "Be re- ligious." Why? Because analysis shows it is in the highest degree desirable. Very well ; most of us already feel that keenly enough. The difficulty is that the first step towards being religious is to believe; and not only do the minds of most men nowadays not readily believe, but, bad as it is to be de- prived of religion, it is unquestionably still worse to cook up a factitious, unfounded, and consequently unstable belief. True, Mr. Mar- shall persuades us that religion is an in- stinct, and, therefore, not a faith. But, like other instincts, the moment it is broken down in the particular form in which it has taken root in us, it is apt to evaporate alto- gether, or, at any rate, to retain little vita- lity. Thus, the book, in its practical up- shot, leaves us just where the majority of thinking men are already. Those who deem religion to be altogether baneful, had better avoid it if they do not want to change their minds. There are not many sentences in the volume as pro-religious as the following, which serves at once to illustrate Mr. Mar- shall's attitude and his way of constructing a period: "We note also the existence of a continu- ous and partially effective opposition to ra- tionalism by the established Christian Church; an opposition which seemed exceed- ingly perverse to the Church's opponents at the time, which appears extremely repre- hensible to the body of thinkers to-day, but which, I am convinced, will not seem nearly so ill-timed nor so disgraceful to those who look back from the standpoint which will be attained in the future, however much they may deplore, as we all must do, the form which this opposition took and the methods employed to attain its ends." It is certainly true that rationalism has been slowly declining. Since nineteenth- century science has taught us how truth be- comes established, since Darwinian ideas have been applied to the history of mind, since Hegel's analysis of self-consciousness has been illustrated in studies of childhood, and since the phenomena of sub-conscious mind have become known, the pretensions of individual reason to solve the great problems have been at a discount. Yet, after all, it is our nature to reason, and we have to make the best of it. Progress never has come from the religious spirit, and never will, as Mr. Marshall acknowledges; so that the whole question is how far we are to carry rationalism, and at what point to check it. Mr. Marshall's doctrinaire anti-rationalism is rather amusing, considering that his whole book is rationalism undiluted with one single word dictated by authority or prejudice, or even instinct, as such. All that he con- tributes to the solution of that question is an argument to show that it is rational to pay great respect to our instincts, especially those of the broader kinds. We fancy one J. J. Rousseau said something like this, without being looked upon as the champion of un- reason. The author's method of philosophizing is heartily in the spirit of the times. He re- lies implicitly and utterly upon a line of evolutionary argument whicn may be sound and is decidedly fashionable. He assumes as unquestionable that every instinct must subserve, or have formerly subserved, some important need, and even sometimes seems to speak as if every tendency to reaction must benefit, or have benefited, the single cell as well as the whole organism. While he risks everything on such reasonings, he makes considerable general admissions as to the insufficiency of the evolutionary philo- sophy, going in some respects further than there was any need of doing. Thus, he grants to Mr. B. I. Gilman that "Darwinism" leaves the whole question of origins un- touched. Darwinism, in the proper sense of the word, of course does so; but that a pure- ly evolutionary philosophy can trace its way from a starting-point that logically demands no explanation back of it, is shown by the instances of Aristotelianism and Hegelian- ism, both of which philosophies are evolu- tionary and set out (or may set out) from com- plete actual indeterminacy. Equally needless and still more important is the confession that the idea of "progress" is purely rela- tive to our own ideals. If there be in na- ture a universal tendency in any definite di- rection, no matter what, that universal ten- dency will determine ideals; and therefore any such tendency would be a progress pure- ly objective. For reasons that appear decidedly feeble, Mr. Marshall concludes that there Is some- thing psychical— in his phrase a "psychic somewhat" — to which he gives the name of mentality, in all action whatsoever. The reasons for believing that the rudiments of mind are much more widely distributed than we can positively make them out are strong enough; but to se'lect "action" (whatever that may mean) from among all the objective ele- ments of the universe of phenomena as de- fining the limits of mind, is a very different inference. It may be doubted whether a concept so vague and confused as a "psychic somewhat" can be of any service at all in philosophy. It would seem to be the busi- ness of the metaphysician to discriminate be- tween the radically unlike elements of psy- choses, and to find good reasons, as soon as he is able, for identifying these with differ- ent elements of phenomena objectively ob- served. One of the psychic somewhats would appear to be immediate consciousness, or feeling; but there is little or no reason to opine that this is at all proportionate to the amount of motion of its subject, or to any- thing else of that sort which the word "action" may denote. Consciousness is de- fined by Mr. Marshall as "the field of inat- tention." We may grant that this remark is founded on a true psychological observation, without admitting that attention and inat- tention differ otherwise than in degree, or that there is any threshold, or Schwelle, be- tween them. Considered as a definition of consciousness, the proposition simply re- stricts that word to a particular kind of self- consciousness. Consequently, when the author applies the definition to the criticism of James and others, he simply misses their meaning. Mr. Marshall reposes too confidently upon what he calls "mental and physical parallel- ism"—a monistic theory familiar enough in its outlines, though somewhat modified by the author — as against the traditional doc- trine of a soul. To hold to a substantial soul is neither more nor less than to hold that mind and body really react. Action cannot take place without reaction, even if it can be so> conceived, which may be doubted; for what would "action" mean without reaction? Yet the only considerable objections that Mr. Marshall brings against the theory of the soul are, first, that the action cannot be exclusively of mind on matter, and secondly, that it cannot be exclusively of matter on mind. The whole question is one of fact, and must await positive scientific observa- tions for its settlement. Comparing it with other mysteries which have eventually been cleared up in that way — with that of the chemical constitution of the stars, that of the Trojan War, that of whether diseases are entities, that of meteorites, etc.— we re- mark that in those cases the facts were found to have little regard for the fine nega- tive theories; and the simple idea of a soul seems to be rather more like nature's ha- bitual answers to experimental questions than is any highly metaphysical hypothesis of mind-stuff and the like. Perhaps we may ultimately find that mind and matter are of the same general nature, and yet that there is a real mutual reaction between body and soul. We could not undertake to do justice here to Mr. Marshall's very elaborate main argu- ment. It seems to be essential to his posi- tion to maintain a natural classification of instincts into those which conduce to the preservation of the individual, those which go to the propagation of offspring, those which support social life, and finally religion, which checks the tendency to reason — or to

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500 The Nation [Vol. 68, No. 1774 eccentricity, which is much the same thing, from Mr. Marshall's standpoint. Reason he holds to be conterminous with choice, and as broad as our psychic lite, and not at all restricted to the more superficial conscious- ness. Here, of course, he must expect strong dissent. The work concludes with two strong chapters, antagonizing hedonistic and utili- tarian ethics. RATZEVS HISTORY OF MANKIND. The History of Mankind. By Prof. Friedrich Ratzel. Translated by A. J. Butler, M.A. With introduction by E. B. Tylor, F.R.S. Colored plates, maps and illustrations. Vol. Hi., pp. 599. The Macmillan Co. 1898. In this the concluding volume of a most comprehensive work, we have a descrip- tion of the manners and customs, arts and industries, religion, form of government and personal appearance of the tribes that live in the western and central parts of Africa, together with a short and satisfactory ac- count of "the cultured races of the Old World," under which head are included the Egyptians, Berbers, etc., of Africa and the Mongols, Arabs, etc., of Asia. In a sepa- rate chapter the racial history of the modern Europeans is briefly told. Of course in an investigation of this cha- racter, ranging as it does from people in a low stage of barbarism to those that may be justly termed civilized, all attempts at generalizations except upon the broadest pos- sible lines are futile. Great similarity, no doubt, runs through each one of the several groups, just as it exists everywhere be- tween peoples in the same stage of develop- ment; but the differences in bodily con- formation and in almost every other aspect of life are so numerous and so marked that no scale of progress hitherto invented seems elastic enough to include them all. Even among tribes and nations belonging to the same generic stock, and living in close proximity to each other, apparently upon the same plane of culture, this statement* is believed to hold good; and it is this fact which makes it incumbent upon any one en- gaging in an investigation of the present nature to deal with each people separate- ly and in more or less detail. Such a me- thod of treatment, no doubt, has disad- vantages, in so far as it involves an amount of repetition that soon becomes wearisome, and yet, on the other hand, it gives pro- mise of greater accuracy, and, when based on competent authorities and accompanied by a suitable index, it makes the work in- valuable for purposes of reference. This fact our author recognizes, and accordingly he has spared no labor in the preparation of a history in which, as people after peo- ple pass before us, we can study their cha- racteristics and note the points in which they agree or disagree, be it in physique or culture. Naturally enough, in a panorama of this kind, it is the differences that are chiefly in evidence. They are sometimes individual, oftener, perhaps, tribal, but in either event they are not infrequently of such a nature as to call for an explanation; and it is in answer to this demand that our author is led to ascribe them, in part, to the admixture that has everywhere taken place between people who not only lead different lives, but who may belong to different races and be in different stages of development. From the earliest antiquity, and all along the line of contact between the light and dark races, or "between herdsmen and till- ers of the soil," as our author more ac- curately describes them, this process has been going on; and so numerous are these crosses, and so varied the elements of which they are composed, that it is probably safe to assert that to-day there is no such thing known as a pure race, or a civiliza- tion untouched by outside influences. In Asia, for example, the southward march of Aryans, Mongols, etc., has made a hotch- potch cf the peoples of India and their culture; while in Africa the Arabs and other Semites, in the course of successive invasions, have left their impress every- where. Even in the heart of the Sudan and among the negroes of the Congo basin, the evidence of this is seen in the spread cf Islam, in the prevalence of certain in- dustries, especially the manufacture of iron, as well as in the agriculture and in the physical peculiarities of different tribes. Only in comparatively recent times and within certain limits has a stop been put to these wholesale irruptions and their long line of consequences. The Mongols, for instance, instead of hanging like a cloud over Eastern Europe, have been so effectual- ly bridled by Russia and China that they are no longer a menace to their neighbors; and in Africa the same is true of the tribes that have suddenly, and much to their sur- prise, found themselves within the "sphere of influence" of some European Power. Only in the west-central portion of the continent, and cutside of these "spheres," does the progress of the Fulbe warn us of the exist- ence of regions in which the contest still rages much as it has always done. Of the effects of this admixture it is impossible to speak in general terms with any degree of accuracy, for the reason that they are not uniform. The pasto- ral races were not always successful in their invasions; and even when they were, they not only did not always de- stroy the civilization they found in exist- ence, or absorb the people whom they sub- jected, but sometimes, as in the case of Rome, they ended by adopting the civili- zation they are supposed to have destroyed, and were themselves absorbed by the people whom they subdued. Moreover, it is possi- ble that those of us who hold that man is largely the creature of his environment, may ascribe the retrogression "that has followed hard upon the irruption of a tribe of no- mads upon their settled neighbors, to natu- ral causes, rather than to the deteriorating effect of any admixture of races. Certainly, if we are to judge from the progress made in southern Spain during the seven or eight centuries that it was under Moslem rule, we should be justified in concluding that the re- lapse into pastoral life in portions of west- ern Asia and northern Africa was due to the destruction of the forests, the exhaustion of the soil, or the drying up of the water supply, quite as much as it was to anything that the Arab may have done or left undone. But enough of such generalizations. They contain nothing new, and our excuse for in- dulging in them is to be found in the fact that they embody, in an indefinite sort of way, conclusions which it would be impos- sible otherwise to set forth without trespass- ing upon the reader's patience. As a rule, these conclusions may be said to be unob- jectionable, though there are times when they are believed to be premature, Thus, for example, while there can be no doubt of the existence of Semitic influence in Africa from the date of the Hyksos invasion (some 2000 b. c.) down to present times, and from the Mediterranean to the southern extremity of the continent, yet it is by no means sure (pp. 161 et seq.) that the earliest Egyptian civili- zation followed that in western Asia, and was borrowed from it. All that can be safely asserted is that the case is still unde- cided. We may also add, though the mat- ter is hardly germane, that the proof of " the derivation of the old American civilizations from Asia," which was to be forthcoming in Ratzel's second volume, is not satisfactory. Resemblances there are — any number of them — in the manners and customs of the people of the two continents, just as there are be- tween our Indians and the barbarous tribes of Africa, or the people of Great Britain in the - time of Caesar; but this does not prove derivation. And if it did, there is no reason why the argument is not as applicable in the one case as in the other, unless the facility of intercommunication via Bering Strait should be taken as the determining factor in the problem. Indeed, it is so re- garded by our author, and if the configura- tion cf the earth is the same to-day that it was ages ago, he may be right. It is a bad rule, however, that will not work both ways, and we must not forget that, leaving out of consideration the continent which, it is said, once united Europe, Iceland, and America, there can be no doubt that the Northmen were in Greenland, and, in all probability, upon the mainland of North America, some hundreds of years before "Columbus sailed the waters blue." In conclusion, there are one or two con- siderations that have such a direct bearing upon the political conditions prevailing in our country to-day, that we bespeak for them careful attention. And, first of all, we have the statement, p. 558, based upon an investi- gation into the origin and distribution of the Aryan races, that "the fair Aryans," from whom we are graciously supposed to have descended, "do not acclimatize them- selves in hot countries." This, it is said, is the "teaching of history"; it is endorsed by one who speaks with authority, and while it is not new, it contains a truth which should "give us pause" before we are enticed any further in a career that not only leads to the extension of our rule over tropical re- gions, but includes the assimilation, benevo- lent or otherwise, of alien races. Turning now to the ever present negro problem, we are told (i., p. 18) that it would be possible to forecast "the effect cf culture upon race distinctions if we could say to-day, with approximate certainty, what will become, in the course of generations, of the 12,000,000 of negro slaves who have within the last thirty years been freed in America, and who will, in the enjoyment of freedom and the most modern acquisitions of culture, have multiplied to 100,000,000." Of the probability of such an increase there cannot, we imagine, be much doubt in view of the statement (ii., p. 326) that "their numbers in North Ame- rica increase faster than those of the most prosperous white population." Moreover, it is borne out by the fact that (ii., p. 257) "whole islands, as San Domingo and Ja- maica, have fallen to the share of the ne- groes; several States of the Union, as well as Nicaragua, show negro majorities, and in Brazil all classes are permeated by the ne- gro element," To some of \is tbis outlook.

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June 29, 1899] The ISTation. 501 is not very encouraging, and yet, in spite of it, and of the "harm that has resulted, and is still, no doubt, in a yet greater measure in reserve for future ages, owing to the pre- sence of 8,000,000 of negroes in the United States," our author is hopeful, for the rea- son that experience has shown that "culture is not injurious to the negroes," and be- cause "they have not wholly unlearned the work which they had learnt." Regarded from an economic point of view, this opi- nion is well founded, for it is admitted (ii., p. 322) that "the Southern States, in which those who were formerly slaves form 50 per cent, of the inhabitants," have been less injured than was feared by the abolition of slavery. Further than this our author does not venture in his effort to forecast the fu- ture; and we are accordingly left with the political portion of the problem unsolved, unless, perchance, the story, as here told, of the Turks (p. 552) in Europe, the Arabs (vols. ii. and iii. passim) in Africa, and the Rus- sians and Chinese (iii., pp. 150, etc., etc.) in Asia, should be taken as an indication that they have not been any more success- ful than we appear to have been in finding a way by which a higher and a lower race can be made to live together upon terms of political equality. Longimts on the Sublime. By W. Rhys Ro- berts. Cambridge (Eng.): University Press; New York: Macmillan. 1899. The author of the tract "On the Sublime" is, in a sense, the Matthew Arnold of Greek Literature. Matthew Arnold, however, lived in a period that was singularly productive of masterpieces of English, and as he wrote for an audience that was eager to appreciate and echo his definitions, he could seldom sin- cerely pose as one crying aloud in the desert. "When I reflect on the age in which Longinus lived," wrote Gibbon in his 'Jour- nal,' "an age which produced scarcely any other writer worthy of the attention of pos- terity; when real learningwas almost extinct, philosophy sunk down to the quibbles of grammarians and the tricks of mountebanks, and the Empire desolated by every calami- ty, I am amazed that at such a period, in the heart of Syria, and at the court of an East- ern monarch, Longinus should produce a work worthy of the best and freest days of Athens." It was not till nearly half a century after this entry that the traditional ascription of the treatise to Longinus was fairly challenged by scholars. In 1808 the learned world, which had taken for granted that all the MSS. attributed the book to Dionysius Lon- ginus, was mortified by the discovery by the Italian scholar Amati that a Vatican MS. indicated "Dionysius or Longinus" as the author. Last of all it was found that a MS. at Florence had the frank title "Anony- mous." Without entering into the argu- ments, which are chiefly negative and of slender weight one way or the other, we may sum up the controversy by saying that the question at issue is whether the work was written by a third-century writer, pre- sumably Longinus, or by a first-century cri- tic of the Augustan period, possibly one Dionysius. Mr. Roberts has stated both cases with great fairness, and leaves the matter in the obscurity that must darken it until the discovery of a new MS. furnishes less dubious evidence. The historical Longinus does not depend altogether, for his historical interest, on his alleged authorship. He was that famous minister of Zenobia, the Queen of Solomon's city, Palmyra, her instructor in Greek let- ters, and her chief adviser in the heroic re- sistance she made to the Emperor Aurelian. Aurelian, when he took Palmyra, put Lon- ginus to death. Longinus is known to have been an excellent critic, and we have some fragments of his writings — hardly enough, however, to make a comparison with the present treatise of much value for the ques- tion of authorship. But Longinus owes his true lustre to the long-undisputed authorship of the work "On the Sublime," and, unless new evidence comes to back his claims, a ge- neration hence, when the modern phrase ;'auctor irepl Si(/ou5 " shall have completely ousted the old title, the name and repute of Longinus will have very slight significance for literature. For the sake of brevity, we shall ourselves refer here to the author of the treatise under his traditional name. The English word "sublime" is, of course, a wholly inadequate rendering of the Greek ityo?. It is to be regretted that Mr. Roberts did not take the opportunity of this new and important edition to introduce a more satisfactory rendering. "Y>J«>5 is easier to de- scribe than to define, and probably there is no single English word that would repro- duce it. John Hall's seventeenth-century translation was entitled "Of the Height of Eloquence," which comes nearer the original than the unhappy "Gallicism," as Dr. John- son would have called it, now in use. But perhaps there is no phrase current in modern criticism that so nearly represents Longi- nus's idea of the word ityos as Matthew Arnold's "the grand style." For both critics, the secret of a grand or elevated style is ethical; in both, the study of literature is closely allied to the study of morals. "What fact," wrote Longinus, "was before the eyes of those superhuman writers who, aiming at everything that was highest in composition, contemned an all-pervading ac- curacy? This besides many other things, that Nature has appointed us men to be no base nor ignoble animals; but when she ush- ers us into life and into the vast universe as into some great assembly, to be, as it were, spectators of the mighty whole and the keenest aspirants for honour, forthwith she implants in our souls the unconquerable love of whatever is elevated and more di- vine than we." •■Y+os is. in short, the "high seriousness that comes from absolute sincerity." As Matthew Arnold relied on illustration ra- ther than on definition to convey his idea of a "tonic" passage, so Longinus, with the un- erring good taste that has made his criti- cisms of permanent value, illustrates his maxims from the whole range of Greek li- terature. He was a Greco-Roman sophist in the technical sense, but he never yielded to the Sophistic weakness of treating of minor and inferior authors on the same plane as the heroes of poetry. Like a nineteenth- century critic encouraging a reaction against the eighteenth-century manner, Longinus in- sists that the faultless productions of a Lysias or of an Alexandrian poet are not to be preferred to the work of a truly great writer like Homer whom it is possible to catch nodding. Greek literature in its decadence produced two critics of importance, Dionysius of Hali- carnassus and Longinus. The latter ranks with Plato and Aristotle as the third of the three greatest critics of Greece. Longinus has not the rigidly analytical spirit of Aris- totle; he is a critic of the intuitive type of Plato, with an enthusiasm that was troubled by no philosophical arriere pensic. He has the enormous advantage over his predeces- sors of not being confined to a single litera- ture. We possess only a third of his treatise; but no century, from the earliest times to the beginning of our era, is unrepresented in his quotations. It is a catholic taste that can draw on Sappho, Moses, and Ci- cero in a breath. After illustrating from li- terature the loftiest expressions of the divi- nity of the gods, Longinus adds: "Similarly, the legislator of the Jews, no ordinary man, having formed and expressed a worthy con- ception of the might of the godhead, writes at the very beginning of his laws, 'God said' — what? 'Let there be light, and there was light; let there be land, and there was land.' " Mommsen, who thought that the treatise was written in the early days of the Empire by an unknown author, was led by this passage to suggest that he was a Hel- lenized Jew. Here is a Greek critic, then, who has some acquaintance with Latin, and even with Hebrew literature. We owe to his wide range of quotation several passages from Greek literature that are nowhere else pre- served, and, most important of all, that fa- mous ode of Sappho — "not one passion but a congress of passions" — which Catullus translated. As Mr. Roberts points out, Lon- ginus has not given us any of those great classical definitions that light up the 'Poetics' of Aristotle, yet if we had to judge of all the glory that was Greek literature from only one or the other, it is the enthusiast Longinus from whom we should gain the clearer and wider conception. The treatise has been much neglected by English editors. Mr. Havell's translation, published in 1890, did much to encourage the study of Longinus among general stu- dents of the history of criticism. Mr. Ro- berts has now given us a critical edition of the text with a parallel translation, a valu- able introduction and appendices, which, if they do not embody any new matter, present with admirable clearness all the previous work done on the essay. We wish he had included the fragments of the historical Longinus for the convenience of those who wish to compare the styles. The post-classi- cal Greek of Longinus has no great beauty to lose in translation— a fact which greatly simplifies the translator's task. Mr. Roberts's version is in excellent English, and, gene- rally speaking, his renderings of the quota- tions are good; it is unfortunate that, of all the bad translations of the Sappho ode, he should have chosen that of the late John Ad- dington Symonds; he might, however, have taken Gladstone's, which is one degree worse. A Literary History of Ireland from the Ear- liest Times to the Present Day. By Doug- las Hyde, LL.D., M.R.I.A. London: T. Fisher Unwin; New York: Scribners. 1899. Pp. xviii, 654. After all that has been said and done, there are few less sentimental people than the Irish. There are few more inclined to mauvaise honte, more apt to be moved by the sneers of those above them; few less disposed to let a ray of sentiment (on all but the religious ques- tion) stand in the way of their individual progress. They conserved through the penal and ascendancy days sufficient national peculiarities in language, drees, and music through which to exhibit distinctive national traits and custom* as honorable as those so jealously guarded by the Scotch and Welsh.

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502 The ISTation [Vol 68, No. 1774 Their object has been to obliterate rather than to conserve distinctive national life, and of late years Irishmen have had to deplore the peasantry beating their children who lisped Irish in districts to which came Con- tinental savants to study the Irish branch, purest preserved and philologically most im- portant of the tongue once common over Western Europe and the British Isles. In 1835 a German who travelled in Ireland cal- culated that out of a population of seven mil- lions, four millions spoke Irish "als ihre Muttersprache." The census of 1891 show- ed that while 750,000 were still bilingual, but 66,000 spoke Irish only. There has of late years been a vigorous effort, likely to be at- tended with some measure of success, to pre- serve and extend the use of Irish, not to the exclusion of English, but as educational and enlightening, tending to self-respect and breadth of mind among the Irish people. Dr. Hyde, fully qualified as a scholar and philologist, has been foremost in this move- ment. In the work before us we have the outcome of his deeper studies in the history of the language and its literature. The last chapter is an appeal for its preservation as a spoken tongue. The appearance of this book has been long looked forward to. In breadth of view and erudition anticipations have been justified. The style is, however, somewhat ponderous. While no collection of books relating to Ireland will be complete without it, it will be kept rather for refer- ence than for reading. Most of the old cy- cles of story related are familiar to those conversant with the subject and who are like- ly to purchase the book. For such they might have been curtailed. For those fresh to the subject they are not made sufficiently inte- resting. Dr. Hyde has not Dr. Joyce's fa- culty for popularizing knowledge on Gaelic subjects. This does not, however, take from the great and essential value of the book. We only regret that our space will not permit of a full exposition of the contents. Dr. Hyde cites the authority of German and French scholars for the belief that there are still in existence 133 Irish MSS. copied before 1600, and that the total literature produced by the Irish before the seventeenth century and still existing would fill 1,000 octavo vol- umes. There is in the Royal Irish Academy alone a large body of MS. "pieces," from quatrains to long poems and epic sagas. Dr. Hyde refers to the correspondence of genea- logies and thecorrect noting of eclipses: "The Annals of Ulster, annals which treat of Ire- land and Irish history from about the year 444, but of which the written copy dates only from the fifteenth century, contain from the year 496 to 884 as many as eighteen records of eclipses and comets which agree exact- ly, even to the day and hour, with the cal- culations of modern astronomers." Again: "We may, then, take it, without any credu- lity on our part, that Irish history as drawn from native sources may be very well relied upon from about the middle of the fourth century." The Irish alphabet, still In use, was no doubt borrowed from the Romanized Britons. The general use of letters is to be attributed to the early Christian missionaries. Ogham is essentially an Irish system of writing to be found only where Irish settlements or Irish influence extended. Some of the Ogham pillars "are gravestones of peo- ple who died so late as the year 600, but what proportion of them, if any, date from before the Christian era. it is yet impossible to tell." We have no specimens of Irish manuscript written in Irish before the eighth century; we have Latin probably of the fifth or "sixth. The extent to which the Irish people, up to the catastrophe of the famine, and before the anti-Gaelic influence of the Government schools had worked, and even since and still, have preserved a taste for and recollection of the old literature, bears out Dr. Hyde's insistence concerning the extent of literary culture among the native Irish. Concerning the effective bene- ficial influence of that literature and of the great Irish schools upon national apart from individual character we retain our doubts. After all the bombast and glories of the ancient Sagas, Ireland was helpless to pre- vent the Danish and Norman invasions. She cherished no national ideal. The contests between the heroes and the clans of Ulster and Leinster and Meath and Connaught and Munster that form the staple of so much of Dr. Hyde's narratives, are sickeningly repro- duced in the factions and rivalries of the present day. Literary interest there is, but circumscribed. Large admission is made by Dr. Hyde when, discussing the curious and involved Irish metres, concerning which he gives us so much interesting information, he says: "This . . . may help to place mucb of our poetry in another light, for its beauty depends less upon the intrinsic substance of the thought than the external elegance of the framework." To all but a comparatively nar- row circle, ancient Irish poetry can be known but through translations. If through such, that is lost upon which its beauty mainly de- pends, it cannot be expected that it will arouse much general enthusiasm. Seeing that Dr. Hyde appreciates the Irish alphabet as a "peculiarly beautiful" modi- fication of the Roman, he gives no reason for not using it in this volume. The language is difficult enough of pronunciation in its own dress — doubly so in the cumbrousness of Roman lettering. The peculiar pronuncia- tion of the dotted consonants in Irish is not fully expressed by the alternative addition, where Roman letters are used, of the letter h after the consonant. This valuable work is the outcome of Dr. Hyde's enthusiasm for the preservation of Irish as a spoken lan- guage. We do not understand why in its pages he thinks well to present it to his readers in foreign garb. The dominant thought with which we lay aside this 'Literary History' is of the solace which native literature and song must have been to the Irish through ages when bereft of almost everything else. Bibliography of Eighteenth-Century Art and Illustrated Books : Being a Guide to Collec- tors of Illustrated Works in English and French of the Period. By J. Lewlne. With thirty-five plates giving specimens of the work of the artists of the time. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co.; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $25.00. The title of this book Is to be understood as the bibliography of art books and il- lustrated books. It would not be strictly ac- curate to say that it is a bibliography of eighteenth-century art, in view of the fact that it does not deal with books which treat of that art. Where no mention is made of the very numerous French writers of our own time who have devoted themselves largely to elucidating the art of the eighteenth century, the title should, perhaps, suggest as much. Even if it did offer such suggestion, it would be hard to understand the phrases of the pre- face. It appears that our author thinks that the record is almost barren of bibliography devoted to "books with embellishments," which, as he truly says, are "now so much in vogue and so deservedly coveted by the ama- teur." There Is one book devoted to "books with embellishments" concerning which the students of that important and curious branch of art are unanimous in praise. That book is Henry Cohen's 'Guide de 1' Amateur,' which, whether in its fourth edition, now fifteen years old, or in its fifth edition as revised and enlarged by Baron Portalis, Is as useful and as satisfactory as a book of the kind can be. This one bibliography covers nearly all the French half (which is really more than half) of Mr. Lewine's work, and to this has been added a very great number of monographs on different artists, also of the French school, together with the general treatises of the brothers De Goncourt, cele- brated for their thoroughness and their com- plete presentation of the subject. The biblio- graphy by Cohen and Portalis is devoted as strictly to books with illustrations as Is Mr. Lewine's; and, as suggested above, there was little for the English author to do but to copy or restate what was contained there- in; but the other works referred to above are, of course, treatises on the painter, the engraver, the decorator, the sculptor, the adorner of palaces and churches, as well as the beautifier of books. On the other hand, the English compiler has gone a little farther afield than have the Frenchmen in that he ha3 added to his list certain books which could not properly be called livres a vignette, namely, such as cer- tain collections of costumes, and a book on garden architecture, which, though books on kindred subjects are certainly included in Cohen and Portalis, are not to be found there. Still, it is for the English part of the collection that one will eagerly buy the present volume. There were very few books published in England and illustrated in the dainty French way with prints from deli- cately engraved plates, but there were the vigorous caricatures of Rowlandscn and the realistic grotesques of Hogarth. There were the half-English publications known under the name of Count Hamilton. There were numberless volumes with a portrait or two in each, and there were the archaeological books which, from the beginning of the century to its close, were produced in Eng- land in some abundance. It would be an in- teresting task to make a classified list of the different subjects covered by the books named in this volume. One would be glad to know how many were French and how many English, how many are illustrated books proper — that is to say, with the text to which the illustrations are serviceable; how many are collections of unrelated plates held together by a thread of common lo- cation, as in the numerous "Galleries" of Dresden, Florence, and the like; and how many are books of archaeological study. The maker of such a list will be amused by the different departments which he has to create for himself, and into which his list has to be divided. It was a surprise, when page 510 of this book was- reached, to see that the heading "Songs," beginning at the foot of that page, was carried on and continually repeated for three pages more. There are actually forty separate titles of song-books, all illustrated sufficiently to become the sub-

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June 29, 1899] The Nation 503 Jects of Mr. Lewine's studies. Our student will find, also, in this book about English and French books some works which are neither English nor French, such as Treitz- saurwein's 'Weis Kunig,' which seems to be entered in its original form because there was to be entered a French issue of it, and Gessner's writings in five volumes, needed apparently for the same reason. The eighteenth century deserves especial attention from those who would know how much of good and valuable art is possible to times which are admittedly less strenuous, less significant, less in earnest about their fine art. The exact value of such art as that of Watteau and that of Reynolds, when compared with the more eerious and, there- fore, greater art of earlier times, is dif- ficult to fix even in one's mind; and of pro- portionate difficulty is the appraisement of the minor arts of the same epoch— the prints in these illustrated books, as well as the delicately modelled and exquisitely chased metal work of ornamental design, and the charming paintings above door, window, and mantel. The curious mixture of reality and stagey affectation which marks the figure- drawing of the period, and the defects in the drawing itself— not so much defects in knowledge as in care and serious purpose, and mingled with a singular dexterity and swiftness of execution — all this is worthy of the most serious obser- vation of the student of fine art, and the explanation of it is a fit task for the wisest and most perspicacious critic. The books we already have, have opened up the French side of this art very thoroughly and admir- ably, and we have to expect more and yet more of the present generation of students; but the English side of it has hardly been done as yet; so far as that is concerned, the statements of Mr. Lewine's preface are cor- rect. Volcanoes: Their Structure and Significance. By T. G. Bonney, D.Sc, LL.D., F.E.S., Professor of Geology at University Col- lege, London. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1899. 8vo, pp. xiv, 332. Volcanoes were among the first natural phenomena to be attentively observed by ci- vilized man. The existence of Vesuvius, Vul- cano, and 'other active or extinct eruptive centres in the midst of the Roman Empire led to continuous and minute observations upon many characteristics of volcanoes. Nume- rous excellent treatises have been written describing various phases of volcanic activi- ty and decay, and discussing the problems a§ to the origin of the volcanic forces. In the Eng- lish language the great work of Scrope, and the later one by his pupil, Prof. Judd, are well known to all students. - In the last few years some tremendous vol- canic eruptions have occurred in distant parts of the world — New Zealand, Japan, and the East Indies; but while these great outbursts have been more fully described, and, through the newspaper and the magazine, have be- come known to a far larger number of people than older eruptions of the same character, it must be confessed that no great addition has been made to our understanding of the character or the cause of volcanic action. If this is true, a new general discussion of vol- canoes must justify itself by its treatment of the later eruptions, or by a specially at- tractive or novel presentation of the older facts and theories. This idea seems to have forced itself upon Prof. Bonney, the author of the work now before us, for in his preface he remarks: "Were it not that Nature some- times supplies new materials, there would be little excuse for another book on Volcanoes." It seems, then, perfectly fair to examine his book upon this basis. The plan of it, as expressed in Its chapter headings, sounds very fair, and seems to pro- mise a well-thought-out scheme for the pre- sentation of the subject. "The Life History of Volcanoes," "The Dissection of Volca- noes," and the like, convey the Idea of a very systematic treatment of the materials, but examination proves that the system is not followed out to any great extent. The book is very largely a compilation of long quota- tions, descriptive of certain volcanoes, and thrown together without much regard for the scheme of its table of contents. In the first chapter, on the Life History, we find presented sketches of various kinds of volcanoes, with bits of the history of many vents; and, altogether, the reader will gain some idea of what is considered the normal sequence of events about a volcanic centre, but it will be in spite of, rather than owing to, the order of presentation. Under the "Dissection of Volcanoes" one encounters a jumble of descriptions of volcanic mountains in all stages of decay. A long discussion of crater lakes appears here, and shorter ones of fissure eruptions and laccolithic intrusions. It is much more the internal structure of vol- canoes than the dissection which is dwelt upon in this chapter. It is, no doubt, a diffi- cult task to explain the chemical and mine- ralogical classification of igneous rocks to a lay reader, but no good can result from at- tempts to make the matter simple by mis- statement. Prof. Bonney gives a crude ex- planation of some of the principal rock groups — omitting others equally Important— and then indicates the nomenclature of each group after this style: "Then the holocrystalline forms are called Dlorite; the semicrystalline, Porphyrite; the glassy, Andesite." It is true that he explains that he does not use these adjectives in their natural sense and as they are used by petrographers, but he leaves it very obscure what he does wish to express. The description of the structural forms of la- vas, including all their physical aspects, is clear and comprehensive. The chapter on "The Geological History of Volcanoes" is not a general discussion of the subject indicated, but a kind of abstract of the works of Sir Archibald Geikie and Prof. Judd upon the extinct volcanoes of Great Britain, with many points concerning which there is still a marked difference of opinion. In the following chapter, on "The Distribution of Volcanoes," there is a brief statement in regard to the active or not long extinct volcanoes of the world, outside of Great Britain. This enumeration and con- cise characterization of known volcanoes is one of the most valuable portions of the book. The final chapter, on "The Theories of Volcanoes," vividly illustrates the difficulty of analyzing such an abstruse subject for the untechnical reader when it must be admitted at every turn that we are ignorant as to essential facts, and have but little basis for assumptions. The conclusion reached is the one familiar from earlier summaries, that we understand the physics and the chemistry of surface volcanic phenomena fairly well, but have little real knowledge of the deep-seated causes of volcanic action, including the ori- gin of the magma and the force propelling it to the surface. It seems, then, that Prof. Bonney's treat- ment of the older materials is not conspicu- ously successful. He has rearranged the descriptions of many well-known volcanoes to be found in earlier treatises, but without much reference to the apparent plan of his own work. As to the new materials supplied him by nature, it is probable that the greater number of those who take up this volume will already have read the same or much fuller accounts of Krakatoa, Bandaisan, etc.; at least that is true of America's readers. The style of the work seems somewhat open to criticism. The attempt to popularize leads In many places to a rather colloquial form, often mistakenly thought to be the same thing as simplicity and directness of statement. The latter 1» far more difficult, and correspondingly more effective, as a rule. History of the World: From the Earliest Historical Time to the Year 1898. By Edgar Sanderson, M.A. With Maps. (The Concise Knowledge Library.) D. Appleton & Co. 1898. A publisher's note concerning the Ameri- can edition of this book faces the title- page, and in it attention is called to the fact that Mr. Sanderson's 'History of the World,' as prepared for the United States, reaches the close of the war with Spain. This apparently incidental statement may be used to bring out the character of the volume. A history of the Spanish war, using that term in any proper sense, cannot yet be written, but much knowledge about the late contest is easily available, and that is all which is required for the purposes of the present series. Indeed, had Mr. San- derson written his account of the Pelo- ponnesian War in 404 b. c, or his account of the Lutheran Reformation in 1546, his pages on those subjects might well have borne a strong resemblance to the ones which we have just been reading. His comments and deductions would have been somewhat different, but the proportion of these to hard relentless facts is so small that the general appearance of the work would not have been profoundly affected thereby. Comparing Mr. Sanderson's outlines of universal history with other similar sketch- es which have recently appeared, we find its chief value in the portions relating to the obscurer regions of the world — to those, we mean, which have had a relatively small share in the progress of civilization, and are, therefore, passed over by most writers as too insignificant for mention. Thus, for instance, in the case of the ancient world, Lydia, Phrygia, and Bactria appear; and in that of the modern, Siam, Burmah, the Sudan, Abyssinia, Central America, and Australasia. Roughly speak- ing, a fifth of the contents is occupied with information which, besides being ordi- narily omitted from manuals, is likely to render intelligent readers of the newspa- pers direct assistance. On the whole, Mr. Sanderson has made his choice of topics judiciously, and shows that he has a com- petent store of historical information. There are a few standard authors to whom he is rather amusingly indebted, for example, Macaulay and Bryce. Besides quoting from and referring to them often, he more than once paraphrases their words without ex-

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504= The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1774 press recognition, e. g., from Macaulay on p. 431, and from Bryce on p. 214. In one or two other respects he is decidedly amus- ing. What the sentences are like in which he gives the modern student mnemonic assistance by coupling some matter of con- temporary note with an ancient fact or circumstance, may be gathered from the following illustrations: P. 209, "A seven days' desperate battle at the place, north of Cadiz, called Xeres de la Frontera, fa- miliar to us from the district's wine called 'sherry,' ended in the total defeat of the Goths." P. 332, "We must now relate the origin of one of the most flourishing minor states of the world, the Swiss republic, which, in the nineteenth century, became a chief resort for European and American tourists and derives therefrom a large in- crease of wealth for her people." Another diverting feature is the shower of adjec- tives which, doubtless for the sake of con- ciseness, Mr. Sanderson lets fall upon rulers and other great personages, c. g., p. 476, "The worthless, witty, clever Charles II. reigned from 1660-1685." And facing this, at the beginning of the next paragraph, p. 477, "James II. (1685-1688), cruel, faithless, stupid, hard-hearted despot as he was, had a short term of power, according to the prediction of his shrewd brother Charles." Finally, we doubt whether such an ex-parte statement as the following is appropriate in a "concise knowledge" series. Referring to the Anglo-Russian difficulty of 1885 in Afghanistan, Mr. Sanderson says: "The act was a deliberate insult to Great Britain, and should have been followed by an immediate declaration of war. Mr. Gladstone, how- ever, was Prime Minister, and Lord Gren- ville was Foreign Secretary, and the mat- ter was settled by 'explanations.' " Some slips must always occur in an ex- tensive work of reference, and we have noted a considerable number here, though not enough, by any means, to fix a stigma of incorrectness upon the whole narrative. We mention some of them partly because they are typical and partly that they may be placed upon the list of corrigenda. P. 168: The impression is conveyed that Decius de- cisively repelled the Goths. On the con- trary, he was slain in the battle of Forum Treborrii, where the Goths overwhelmed his legions. P. 182: Pope Leo the Great had not been concerned in meeting any Vandal in- vasion before 449. P. 183: The leader of the Franks to whom Pope Gregory III. appealed against the Lombards was Charles Martel, not Pepin the Short. P. 190: Clovis's vic- tory over the Alamanni (Zulpich) was fought near Strassburg, not Cologne. P. 217: Ro- ger Guiscard, rather than Robert, should be credited with achievements in Sicily against the Saracens. P. 245: Besides some doubt- ful statements regarding the early condition of Florence, the minting of the florin is as- cribed to the eleventh century Instead of to 1252. P. 274: 1166 is not the date of Strong- bow's first victories in Ireland. P. 279: The essence of the communes (Cambrai, Beau- vais, Noyon, etc.) is missed in the sentence, "Former serfs who had been hereditary own- ers of portions of land had, in like manner, organized communes or parishes." P. 289: It is implied wrongly that in 1158 Milan yielded to Barbarossa without a struggle. P. 296: The Cathedral of Florence was not a Medicean work. P. 330: There is no good evi- dence to show that the Emperor Henry VII. was poisoned in 1313, although the assertion is often repeated on weak authority. P. 334: The battle of Nafels was fought in canton Glarus, not Schwyz. P. 424: The notice of St. Bartholomew hardly represents the best recent investigations. P. 523: Admiral Jarvis was not "victor over the French" in the battle of Cape St. Vincent. P. 720: The first Canadian printing-press was established in 1759, not 1764. Despite these strictures, we must term Mr. Sanderson's book a useful, and in the main a very correct, one. Under the African Sun: A Description of Native Races in Uganda, Sporting Adven- tures, and Other Experiences. By W. J. Ansorge. With 134 illustrations from pho- tographs by the author, and two colored plates. Longmans, Green & Co. 1899. 8vo, pp. xiv, 355. Uganda is the most interesting of tropi- cal African countries. Its unique position makes it the true heart of the continent. Situated at the sources of the Nile, exactly half way between the Cape and the Medi- terranean and the proposed meeting-point of the Nile and Bechuana railways, it is in close touch with the Indian Ocean by a rail- way nearly completed. Before another de- cade closes, it may be in direct communica- tion with the Atlantic by a railway bridging the two or three hundred miles to the navi- gable waters of the Congo. Though appa- rently possessed of no mineral wealth, its soil is extraordinarily fertile — cotton and sugar growing wild— and it has an equa- ble climate in which neither the heat nor the cold is excessive. The inhabi- tants, more than any other pure ne- groes, resemble the Japanese in their in- telligence and their feudal form of govern- ment, while their eagerness to learn is shown by their nascent literature and native press. Their strength of character and self- reliance are attested by their history since Stanley's memorable visit in 1875; and though wars, religious persecutions, and re- bellions have devastated the land and re- duced its population, yet now it is confi- dently hoped that an era of peace and pros- perity has dawned, and that there is an ap- proaching near fulfilment of the prophecy that Uganda will become a second India. The author of this latest contribution to the literature of the country, as Government medical officer during the last four years, was stationed in different parts of the Pro- tectorate, thereby gaining an exceptional knowledge of the country and the people. His book is not a connected narrative, but a series of detached sketches and descriptions of incidents and personal experiences with men and beasts. It seems almost as if Dr. Ansorge had first arranged his pictures ac- cording to subjects, and then in writing fol- lowed their suggestions. There is an ad- vantage in this method in that each picture becomes individual and significant, and the impression of much which is described in the text is heightened. Beginning with Zanzibar and the caravan road to the lake, our author tells something of each district through which he passed or in which he was stationed, and of the different tribes with which he had dealings, closing with stories of his hunting adventures with big game, and brief accounts of some of the smaller mammals, reptiles, and insects. His most enjoyable station, if not the most in- teresting, was at Fovira on the Nile, where, amid lovely scenery, surrounded by timid and peaceable natives, he led an almost idyllic life. Far different were his experi- ences at another post at the outbreak of the Sudanese mutiny. Fortunately his men remained loyal, not, however, without mak- ing some alarming demonstrations. He com- mends the Sudanese for their soldierly quali- ties of obedience and courage, and for their excellent service up to this time in guarding the frontiers of the Protectorate. Of their intelligence he gives this illustration: "The men have to be their own tailors, and it is astonishing what neat white uni- forms they can produce. The thread they obtain by unravelling a long, narrow strip of 'americani' cotton-cloth, or, more eco- nomically, by spinning it for themselves out of cotton from the nearest cotton plant." He tells little of the deplorable, preventable, mutiny beyond his personal ex- periences, but he hints at one of the causes, insufficient pay, in the remark that its out- come is "that a more liberal allowance has been granted to meet Government expendi- ture, and that the British nation has a firm- er held than ever of the Uganda Protecto- rate." Dr. Ansorge is an interested and careful observer, and scattered through his books are numerous descriptions, illustrated fre- quently by well-chosen pictures, of charac- teristic native types, customs, and dwell- ings. These differ sometimes in an extraordi- nary and inexplicable way: for instance, the traveller passes immediately from the absolutely nude savages in Kavirondo into Usoga, "where not even the youngest walk about uncovered." The children show at a very early age an intelligence and capacity which seem of great promise for the ultimate elevatjon of the race. On the northwest shore of Lake Albert, among the Lurs, a magnificent black bull, becoming excited, put a-whole village, including Dr. Ansorge's followers, to flight, and was on the point of charging him: "Fortunately some one had hurriedly sent for the bull's keeper, a -ix-year-old naked little urchin. He came on the scene, and before the bull was aware — switch! — gave the brute a whack across the flank with a long lithe reed wand. The effect was magi- cal. The bull became most humble, . . . and it fairly galloped off, amid the jeers and laughter of the hundreds who, a few minutes before, had fled helter-skelter in every di- rection." The author's hunting was done mainly to provide food, or, as in the case of the lions and hippopotami, for the protection of the people. On the Nile and on the western shore of Lake Albert, the latter were so numerous and destructive to the corn and sweet-potato crops that there was a scarcity of food. "In such a struggle for existence," he says, "the hippo is locally exterminated, or the villagers must migrate to a region not favored by these animals." He is an enthu- siastic student of natural history, and in the description of his various collections by dif- ferent authorities inserted at the end of his book, it appears that of the 216 species of birds, some are new to science, and of some only one or two other specimens are known, and of butterflies, moths, and beetles he has "succeeded in adding more than fifty new species to science." The illustrations, which are reproductions of his own photographs, are exceptionally good, and add much to the interest and value of the work. It is, we regret to say, however, without either map or Index.

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June 29, 1899] Th.e Nation. 505 BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Baird. S. W. Graded Work and Arithmetic. Fifth Book. American Book Co. Barr, R. The Strong Arm. Frederick A. Stokes Co. Bayer, C. J. Studies of Life and its Variations J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co. $1.25. Beale, S J. San Juan. F. Tennyson Neelv. Becke. L. Rfdan the Devil, aud Other Stories. London: T. Fisher Dnwin; Philadelphia: Liimin- —** si.so. t. B. The State. Maemillan. Brandes, G. Henrik Ibsen. Bjornstjerne Bjornson: Critical Studies. Macmillan. $2.50. Brown, Anna R. A Cosmopolitan Comedy. D. Appleton & Co. $1. Bruce, M. Alaska: Its History and Resources, Gold Fields, Routes, and Survey. 2d ed. G. P. Putnam's Sons. S2.50. Byron, Lord. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Mac- millan Co. 25c. Capes, B. At a Winter's Fire. Doubleday & Mc- Clure Co. $1.25. 10. Adelbert von. The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl. Boston: Ginn & Co. 35c. Coleridge, E. H. The Works of Lord Byron. Poetry. Vol. II. London: Murray; New York: Sorib net's. $2. Cornwallis, K. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru. New ed. New York: Wall Street Daily Investi- gator. Oomwallis. K. The War for the Union. New York: Wall Street Daily Investigator. Oragin, Belle S. Our Insect Friends and Foes. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75. Crowell, J. E. The Young Volunteer: A Record of the Experiences of a Private Soldier. F. Tennyson Neely. Curtis. D. A. Queer Luck. Poker Stories from the New York Sun. Brentano's. $1.00. Ewart, K. Dorothea. Cosiuio de' Medici. Mac- millan. FitzGerald. E. Rubaival of Omar KhavvSm. Vest Pocket Edition. Portland, Me.: Thomas B. Mosher. 25c. Guerber, H. S. The Story of the Great Republic. American Book Co. 65c. Hanus. Prof. P. H. Educational Aims and Educa- tional Values. Macmillan Co. $1. Harben. W, N. The Carruthers Affair. F. Tenny- son Neely. Harrison, M: and Other Tales. & Co. $1.50. Hart. Prof. A. B. Source Book of American His- tory. Macmillan Co. 60c. Heilprin. Prof. A. Alaska and the Klondike. D. Appleton & Co. $1.75. Herrings, J. 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506 Tlie USTatioix. [Vol. 68, No. 1774 THE North American Review EDITED B Y GEORGE B. M. HAR VE Y JULY, 1899 A Chancel Passage, 1855, ALGERNON C. SWINBURNE EX ORIENTE LUXf) Prince E. A Plea for a Russo- I OOKHTOMSKY American Under- f VLADIMIR standing J HOLMS TREM "Americanism," True and False, The Rev. WILLIAM BARRY, D.D. Universal Peace, Baroness BERTHA VON SUTTNER England and the Transvaal, SYDNEY BROOKS Our Public Schools— A Reply, Mrs. SCHUYLER VAN RENSSELAER The Government of Greater New York, BIRD S. COLER, Comptroller of the City of New York Pig Iron and Prosperity, GEORGE H. HULL The Logic of Our Position in Cuba, AN OFFICER OF THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION The Tercentenary of Velasquez, CHARLES WHIBLEY The War with Spain— III., Major-Gen. NELSON A MILES, Commanding the United States Army Golf, from a St. Andrews Point of View, ANDREW LANG NEW YORK: No. 11 Warren Street. Single Numbers, 50c. 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