Brass World: A Monthly Publication Relating to the Arts of Refining, Alloying, Casting, Rolling, Plating, Polishing and Finishing of the Non-Ferrous Metals and Their Alloys (November, 1929)
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ESTABLISHED 1905 BRASS PLATING — POLISHING — FINISHING _A Monthly Publication Relating to the Arts of Refining, Alloying, Casting, Rolling, Plating, Polishing and Finishing of the Non-Ferrous Metals and Their Alloys WORLD NEW YORK, NOVEMBER, 1929 VOL. 25. No. 11 Brass Castings for Carbonating Machinery Liquid Carbonic Corporation Effects Economies by Adopting Gas in Foundry By J. B. NEALEY American Gas Association HE foundry is an integral part of every large manufacturing plant and as such is called upon to improve its methods, better its products, reduce operating costs and to otherwise keep up with the pro- eressive modernization of the age. ‘The foundry of the Liquid Carbonic Corporation in Chicago, Ill., is a most excellent example of this trend and one of its recent improvements consists in a change in fuel policy and converting its brass melting furnaces from coal to city gas. The Liquid Carbonic Corporation shipped the first car- bonic gas in 1889, introduced the first carbonator in 1894, added a line of extracts in 1896, started marketing the liquid low pressure bottle filling units in 1914, produced the liquid rotary crowner in 1922, put out a liquid bottle cooler in 1924, etc., etc. Today it is the greatest factor in the carbonated beverage industry, operates 18 modern carbonic gas plants, and supplies a large percentage of the total output used. Its carbonating machinery will be found in the majority of the bottling plants throughout the country. All of this involves a large amount of diversified manu- facturing for it makes all of its machines and products and is self contained from raw material to finished prod- uct. . The modern plant of this concern in Chicago, with a floor space of 500,000 sq. ft., is the foremost plant of its kind in the world. As many parts of these various lines of machines and products are brass and alloy casting, the above description will convey some idea of the diversity of castings the foundry is called upon to produce. A better way to gauge the range of variety of work in this department is the number of patterns which total more than 8000 and prac- . tically all of which are active. The-bottle filling machine alone consists of 2000 parts more than half of which are cast in the foundry. Some time ago this company replaced fifteen of its thirty coal-fired brass furnaces with six gas-fired furnaces equipped with recuperators. The gas furnaces now handle “ the bulk of their production, the remaining coal furnaces 259 being used only for special alloys. They melt yellow brass, red brass, phosphor bronze, hard brass and aluminum. This foundry is located on the fourth floor of the main factory building and has a capacity for 100 tons per month. It occupies a space of 80 x 170 feet and is served with an overhead monorail system with three ton electric hoists. The molding machines are arranged along one side of the room, the crucibles on the other and the pour- ing floor between. When the flasks are completed they are set on stands, made of metal rails, to hold them in the correct position and at a height from the floor which is convenient for pouring, in this case about 18 inches. The flasks are tilted at an angle to assure an even flow of metal. Another rail just above holds cast iron weights which are tipped onto the flasks and other weights are piled close by if more are needed. The molten metal when poured into the flasks has a tendency to swell and become spongy on account of the gases formed but this tendency is corrected with the weights, and more uniform castings result. The amount of weight used is regulated by the type of casting being poured. The crucibles are lifted out of the furnaces by air hoists and conveyed to the pouring floor and the metal.is poured directly into the flasks. The core making room is 20 x 35 feet, is equipped with machine molders and drawer type bake ovens. These ovens are 10 ft. wide, 6 ft. high and 4 ft. deep and are fired with gas. The sand blasting room contains tumblers, sprue and gate cutters, grinders, etc. Some very large and intricate castings are made in this plant, one in particular being the filling tank which is annular in shape, 6 ft. diameter, 112 inches deep, 10 inches between walls and weighs 600 pounds. The wall sections are between 5/16 and 3 in. in thickness. The bottom has 40 three-inch openings for the filling ‘valves and three-inch lugs on 10-inch centers, both inside and out, for locking on the cover. In all there are 73 cores
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260 used and the whole casting job requires a special steel flask. ~~ Serer The melt from three 80 lb. crucibles is poured into this flask simultaneously through three openings. The cope and drag are slightly. skin dried with gas torches just prior to pouring-to minimize the forming of gases. As previously: stated six’ gas furnaces are now doing the work which formerly required fifteen coal burning Fig. 1. Carbonic Corporation View in Liquid Foundry furnaces. Usually all six of these gas furnaces are in operation nine hours a day and No. 80 crucibles, holding 240 lbs. of metal, are used. With the gas furnaces the first heat in the morning takes about an hour and fifty minutes, subsequent heats requiring only 45 to 55 minutes. While with coal burning furnaces, four heats per furnace per day were produced, six can now be secured without difficulty. A typical month was chosen and data obtained on pro- duction and production costs. The output for this month from the six gas furnaces was 120,614 pounds and the cost for gas totaled only $446.32. The gas consumption was 658,698 cu. ft. or 5,445 cu. ft. per 1,000 pounds of metal poured. The total operating cost, including all items except supervision and general overhead, amounted to $800.50 for the month which works out at $6.64 per 1,000 pounds of metal. For comparative purposes the monthly cost of operating eight coal-fired furnaces has been calculated. Each coal furnace produces daily on an average of three heats, or 720 pounds of metal, although four heats could be pro- duced by forcing them to the limit. In a 24 day month these eight furnaces would produce 138,240 Ibs. of metal. Since each furnace consumes 375 lbs. of hard coal daily, the monthly consumption for the eight would aggregate 36 tons, which is figured at $20 per ton delivered on the foundry floor. Two men are required for regular operation, and two extra hours must be charged for the man who reports early each morning to start the fires. Repairs on the coal furnaces are about 20 per cent higher than on the gas units, because of the patching of refractories made necessary by the scalping of the linings when cleaning the fires. With the coal furnaces the melting costs exclusive of supervision and general over- head, amounts to $918 per 1,000 Ibs. _ Since the cost with the gas furnaces is only $6.64 per 1,000 Ibs. the net saving is $2.54 per 1,000 Ibs. or BRASS WORLD November, 1929 $3,676.32 annually. This represents a reduction of 28 per cent in the melting cost, and a net annual return of 102 per cent on the investment. ° In addition to making this saving, the use of gas elim- inates the hauling of coal to the furnaces, and the removal of ashes, 3 The greater rapidity of heating with gas is shown by the fact that the gas furnaces can produce a maximum of six heats per day, compared with four heats with the coal furnaces. Gas also permits more accurate control of temperature. Prior to the installation of the coal furnaces oil was used, but this fuel was given up because the metal fumes caused the workmen to suffer from “brass chill.” Even elaborate hoods over the furnaces failed to eliminate this trouble. In the winter time the oil had to be heated to make it flow. Leakages of oil lines and pump was an annoyance and a large underground storage tank was necessary. Burners required considerable maintenance and all factors considered the experience with oil was quite unsatisfactory. Fig. 2.—Group of Gas-Fired Crucible Brass Melting Furnaces
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November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 261. Chromium Plating the Inner Surfaces of Tubing ©.—Can you inform or tell us how we can ascertain the volume of gas released in a chromium plating solution at the cathode, per square inch of cathode? . Does the volume of gas vary with voltage, volume of current, or temperature ? We may decide to adopt a plan for plating tubing wherein the solution will be circulated through a pipe system and we are anxious to know if ordinary black welded pipe is satisfactory, or if. we should use a seam- less tubing, which is more costly. Will threaded pipe connections be satisfactory or should the joints be welded? If welded, what material is best in welding rods for this purpose? We wish to plate with chromium the outside surface of tubes ranging from 134 in diameter to 3% inches in diameter. The number of tubes of. various sizes is not great, btit will require a rather large tank and volume of solution. It has occurred to us that something else than a tank arrangement might be worked out for doing this job. One plan is to use a piece of pipe or seam- less tubing of 5 or 6 inches inside diameter as the anode, and to connect this pipe up in such a way that a chromic acid solution would circulate through, going in at the bottom and out near the top. The tube to be plated with cathode connection would then be suspended inside the pipe. We are very much interested in having an opinion from you as to whether such a plan is practical or not. It is not necessary that the thickness of plate be the same at both ends of the tube, but it will be necessary to have it thick enough to get complete coverage and assure the absence of pin holes. Any suggestion which you care to make in connection with ways of handling such a job as this will be appreciated: We find that it will be necessary for us to polish the interior surface of steel tubing, ranging in inside diameter from 1% to 234 inches and in lengths from 5 to 12 feet. This tubing now has a surface somewhat better than that of ordinary cold drawn steel but there are present in the surface some small scratches and galls which we fear will not cover properly with chromium unless the sur- face is buffed.- Can you:suggest a method and equipment for polishing the inside of this tubing? Manufacturers of firearms get a smooth finish on the inside of shot gun barrels, and while these are shorter in length than the tubes we need to polish, they are also much smaller in diameter. Perhaps you have a knowledge of . what methods such concerns use. A.—The volume of gas released at the cathode and also at the anode varies with the temperature, current density and type of solution used. There has been no work done as far as we know on determining the amount of gas re- leased. If you wish to circulate the chromic acid through a piping system, we would advise using a 6 per cent antimony lead pipe. Welded joints are not to be recommended, neither are cast or malleable iron fittings. We do not advise a con- tinuous circulation of the chromium solution as outlined. It would require a higher current density to deposit the chromium and it would also produce a rough deposit un- less some means of filtration were provided. We recom- mend the use of a 6 per cent antimony lead pipe, 6 inches inside diameter instead of the seamless tubing as you have suggested. With the iron tube used as the anode, the iron would go into solution, necessitating a higher cur- rent density. Tri-valent chromium would be formed more readily also with the iron as an anode.and the efficiency of the solution would be decreased correspondingly. — Another suggestion is to have the anode connection at both ends and also at the center of the anode fer a more equal distribution of the current. To highly polish the interior surface of the tubing, we believe it will be necessary to use a method of honing such as is used in preparing the inner surfaces or walls of automobile engine cylinders. We suggest that you correspond with abrasive and polishing equipment manufacturers advertising in Brass Wor p for proper compositions and machinery for your work. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Automatic Double Disc Grinder A new automatic double disc grinder has been placed on the market by the Cleveland Armature Works, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, for use by manufacturers of bronze bushings, piston rings, piston pins, springs, etc. A sepa- rate motor is provided for each disc, the motor shaft being the spindle. The motor has a rating of 7% horsepower and was specially designed by the ‘Cleveland Armature Works. Chrome nickel steel is used for the shaft; the disc, shaft and rotor are mounted on Timken roller bear- ings which can be adjusted for wear. A single push button station operates both motors which start simultaneously and build up speed at the same rate. All operating parts are entirely enclosed and are in con- formance with safety code regulations. required from the operator who can confine himself to feeding the machine. Small bushings can be fed at the rate of 4000 per hour; medium bushings, 2700 per hour ; large bushings, 1800 per hour. The grinder is furnished complete, including 20-inch diameter abrasive discs and all other parts. No attention is - Automatic Double Dise Grinder
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262 BRASS WORLD November, 1929 4... Silver Plating Data ©.—Under separate cover I am sending you several articles about which I am seeking information. - We have a silver solution that contains about: 700 gal- lons, made from a formula of 3 ozs. silver cyanide and 6 ozs. sodium cyanide per gallon. We use agitation (semi- automatic tank), moving cathode rod. We use, at the present time, 51 silver anodes, 3 in. by 18 in. each. . The tank contains about 684 articles, samples of which I am sending you. I use bisulphite of carbon as a brightener. All work is nickel plated (base metal, steel) before being put in silver bath. In your judgment, how many volts and amperes should I use in the silver tank? I would call the work surface, racks and articles to be plated about 40 sq. ft. As far as I can judge, the work seems to be covered when taken out of the silver strike, but you would not think so by the appearance when taken out of the silver solution. The strike solution is 80 gals., containing 64 ozs. silver cyanide, 60 lbs. sodium cyanide; anodes, 4 carbon, 2 silver. The silver solution stands 5° Baumé, strike 7° Baumé. Once I had 108 of the articles go wrong. in one load; other times, 32 or less. On one rack there might be five or six ; on another rack ten or twelve. What is the trouble and the remedy for this difficulty? Some- times the work feels a little “grainy” or ‘“‘sandy.’’ What is the cause of this? How far apart should anodes be in sil- ver solution? About how long should it take to deposit 144 dwt. on one dozen of the articles to be plated? Should the current be on before placing work in a‘silver or nickel solution? If silver anodes have a frosted appearance, what does that indicate? If silver solution is used every day, about how much silver cyanide and sodium cyanide should I add to it at the end of the week? My nickel solution was analyzed some time ago. It showed 2.70 ozs. nickel, 3.19 ozs. ammonium chloride. If the chloride content is too high, what is the effect on the work or solution? We use agitation of cathode rod. Solution stands 15° Baumé. I use 2 volts, 180 amperes. I have no trouble with nickel. I thought perhaps I should have it brighter. What would you recommend for making it brighter? If the pH of the solution is too low (too high acidity) and this were corrected by the use of a small amount of 26 per cent ammonia, does this do any harm to the solution itself? The nickel solution was originally a double nickel, but I built up the nickel content with single nickel salts and I have used the single nickel salts for four months. I use sal ammoniac, boric acid, and epsom salt in addi- tion. I use a cyanide strip (electro) with a small amount of caustic soda for stripping racks and for work that has 7 gone bad. Would this have any effect on the nickel un- derneath? Should. there not be some method used to carry the fumes away when using strip? It has a bad effect on me. I am sending samples for analysis of the nickel, silver and silver strike solutions. A.—Analysis of nickel solution: BORIC ICE oes Osis. CKrichs Ha eee 2.65 ozs. Chlorides Pp The pH of the nickel solution is too low. ounces of 26° ammonia to each 100 gallons of solution. The addition of ammonia to correct the pH is correct when the metal content is high enough. It will do no harm to the solution. Analysis of silver solution: PAARRAIC: BUWEE 556-063 sleablae aos osRs FS 2.23 ozs. SP RUAN ii i Sogid win iv dv oi MRO 6.88 ozs. The metal content is a little low for the class of work that you are doing and the free cyanide content is quite high. We would recommend the addition of 1 ounce of silver cyanide to each gallon of solution. This will in- crease the metal content and lower the free cyanide con- tent of the solution. Analysis of silver strike: ail saa CO ee ae Et rey ae 0.71 oz. PEGE CYR i 8S eres. KOREA 12.33 ozs. While the free cyanide is quite high, we do not believe that your trouble is caused by this factor. We believe that your trouble lies in the silver strike and that you are not striking the work long enough or that the anode surface is not large enough, and suggest that you increase the anode surface by placing cold rolled steel anodes in the strike. Use plenty of anode surface. ‘The anode surface in the silver solution is a little small in comparison to the cathode surface. Increase the anode surface by one-third. With your moving cathode and the use of the bright- ener, you can use 1% volts with a cathode current density of 6 to 8 amperes per square foot. | The anodes should have a small crystaline appearance when the current is off. The high cyanide content is the cause of the frosted appearance that you see. Only a chemical analysis of the solution will tell exactly how much silver and cyanide it will be necessary to add to the solution each week. We suggest that you procure a Sangamo meter and install it in the circuit and you will be able to tell exactly how much metal you deposit and how long it takes to de- posit it. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. . Tin Spraying A process of spraying tin on metal structures, to pre- vent corrosion, is being investigated by the British Tin Industrial Applications Committee and the British Non- Ferrous Metals Research Association. According to an announcement by Doremus and Company, bankers of New York, those who are in back of the process state that tin can be sprayed cheaply and efficiently on metal, wood, glass and other surfaces. The statement of the Com- mittee follows: “Since it has been stated that corrosion costs the heavy industries some $2,500,000,000 a year, the matter de- serves careful consideration. “This method of spraying tin might also open up a new era in the manufacture of decorated fabrics for women’s clothes and furnishing. Tin could be sprayed upon materials as delicate as silk, which afterwards, it is claimed, could be crumpled and washed without damaging the fabric or the metal design. Tin sprayed upon glass would make satisfactory and cheap reflectors and possibly mirrors; and novel effects in interior decoration could be obtained. Then there would be a wide use in tin-spraying the interiors of tanks and receptacles used in the manu- facture of food. It is the business of the Application Committee to examine any new process.” TS
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November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 263 Metal By-Products of Research By W. H. BASSETT Technical Superintendent, American Brass Company, Waterbury, Conn. FROM RESEARCH HE ancients had hardened copper—tempered cop- per, as some believed—and so have we moderns. Indeed, we have had several varieties for many years. Nevertheless, persons yet talk of hardening of copper as a long lost art. Numerous uninformed inven- tors have sought to recover this art. Dawson, a famous inventor of hardened copper, claimed to shave with a copper razor. He made surgical instrtiments, shears and other edged tools of copper. We have a pair of shears, that after at least ten years will cut thin paper and other things demanding a keen edge. His copper was alloyed with 17 per cent to 18 per cent tin and 4 per cent nickel. Through the influence of the nickel, Dawson’s copper had a fine grain structure.’ Erwin A. Sperry, a Connecticut metallurgist, proposed about 1905 an alloy of silicon and copper for springs. Plain silicon-copper alloy seemed difficult to handle and no one was successful with its fabrication. Everdur and Tempaloy are two relatively new kinds of hardened copper. Both are alloys of copper with silicon and other metals and have approximately the physical properties of steel. ach was a by-product of research directed primarily toward another end. During the recent war, the du Pont Company was buying chemical plants in order to get their acid works. Some were in bad condition; quick repairs had to be made. Plain copper would not withstand the attack of certain chemicals being made or used in these plants. Tin was so scarce and costly that it could not be used for alloying the copper. Charles B. Jacobs, who was in charge, made castings from silicon copper to meet the situation. They were brittle and did not machine well. Silicon was being produced in commercial quantities but was not being used for alloying copper. Silicon bronze had been known for a long time, but silicon bronze was tin bronze deoxidized with silicon. Of course there was residual silicon in silicon bronze. That is to say: for thorough removal of oxygen a slight excess of silicon was used and a little remained in the alloy. Sili- con, however, was not one of the main constituents. Acid-resisting metals were much needed; researches were being made for alloys of desired qualities using metals that could be had in America. Research by Jacobs led to addition of manganese in various proportions to silicon-copper alloy. The alloy thus made worked satis- factorily and gave the required service. It had strength as well as acid-resisting qualities. It was patented and commercial manufacture undertaken. Everdur for cast- ings contains 94.8 per cent.copper, 4 per cent silicon, and 1.2 per cent manganese. For wrought forms, such as rods, wire, sheets and tubes, Everdur contains. 96 per cent copper, 3 per cent silicon and 1 per cent manganese. Everdur made for casting can be forged and rolled hot, but will not stand much cold working. It hardens rapidly in both hot and cold working. Hence the need for an alloy that could be worked. Wrought Everdur is hardened by drawing or rolling, with marked increase of tensile strength and of hardness. rosion by many kinds of acid and alkaline liquids. A great variety of uses are being found for this alloy. Everdur resists cor-— NARRATIVES Tempaloy is copper carrying nickel silicide. In other words, it is an alloy of copper, silicon and nickel. It resulted from researches by Michael G. Corson in the laboratory of the Union Carbon & Carbide Research Laboratories during which the possibility of hardening copper by means of certain silicides became apparent. When heated to 750° to 800° Centigrade and then chilled, Tempaloy is soft and ductile and can readily be worked cold. Age hardening takes place when the alloy is held at 450° for a few hours. It can be age hardened without cold working or after cold working, as may be convenient. Age hardening after cold working gives con- siderably higher results than age hardening of Tempaloy which has simply been softened by heating. Addition of aluminum strengthens Tempaloy appreciably and accentu- ates its hardening properties. Tempaloy, therefore, is a copper that can be tempered, or more correctly stated in modern phraseology, its’ properties are developed by heat-treating. Everdur and Tempaloy open the engineering field to copper. By suitable treatments they can be given such strengths that rods having cross-sections of one square inch would require pulls of 50,000 to 150,000 pounds to break them. Scientific research has thus produced two strong metals, resistant-to almost all ordinary forms of corrosion and adaptable to numerous and varied uses. By industrial research in laboratories of the American Brass Company, both metals have been developed for practical application. Reference for further reading: “Copper Alloy Systems with Variable Alpha Range and Their Uses in the Hardening of Copper,’’ by M. G. Corson, page 435, Proceedings of the Institute of Metals Division of the Amerian Institute of Mining and Metal- lurgial Engineers, 1927. ‘ “Copper and Copper Alloys,” by W. H. Bassett, Mining and Metallurgy, Volume 9, page 170, April, 1928. “Non-Ferrous Alloys for Severe Service in Chemical Industries,” by W. H. Bassett, Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, 1926, Volume 33, pages 588-589. “Resistance of Copper-Silicon-Manganese Alloys to Corrosion by Acids,” by H. A. Bedworth, Technical Publication 189, Institute of Metals Division of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1929. —— Tin Solution Q.—We are sending a sample of tin salt for analysis. This solution is satisfactory for white gold. Can you give us the formula for this solution? ; A.—Sample of tin sent for analysis is one of the pre- parations that are sold commercially. A solution made from the following formula will give the same results: SoGiin statnate (oo dans os ch 12 ozs odin acetate |5.. , cscs 33 23s 2 OZS. Powlered.f06i0- 6... in's cue L0H ee 1/32 oz. bg sear er es emmy Hausen ERE AT eT. 1 gallon. Temperature 120° F. Cathode current density, 15 amperes per square feet. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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264 BRASS WORLD November, 1929 Calorizing Steel Against Oxidation and Corrosion at_ High Temperatures Advantages of Aluminized Material in Service Operations Involved in Calorizing By B. J. SAYLES President, The Calorizing Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALORIZING is a process whereby aluminum is c:. driven into the surtace of another metal, usually mild steel, to form an aluminum alloy. This alloy, where mild steel is the base metal, is immune to oxidation up to maximum metal temperatures of 1,650° F. and en- tirely resistant to the corrosive attack of gaseous sulphur products. Since iron becomes valueless at high tempera- Charging Retorts with Tubes to Be Calorized tures because of oxidation and corrosion, this process has extended the use of that inexpensive construction material to operating temperatures at which it could not previously be successfully employed. The uses of calorized steel are legion and readily sug- gest themselves wherever iron and steel require frequent replacement in high temperature service. One of the major applications is the calorizing of seamless steel tub- ing for oil still service. Oxidation or scaling of cracking still tubes is an ever present danger on all types of equip- ment. Usually the tube rows carrying the hottest cil are most severely attacked. Even where the combustion chamber and tube bank are properly designed and located with relation to each other and the nature of the refining operation is such that the tubes are normally black, for- mation of coke patches or irregular operation, either in the cracking coil or combustion chamber may raise the temperature of the wall on certain tubes to the point where scaling occurs. An extensive series of tests conducted over a period of two years embracing substantially all commercial material was made to determine the resistivity of calorized steel compared to other available construction materials. Tests were made by supporting strips of each metal in the upper part of a pressure still operating at average temperature of 735° F., the samples being exposed for 30 hours during each run. The sulphur content of the charging stock averaged between 0.35 and 0.30%.. The strips were soa arranged above a pan that the lower part thereof dipped into circulating liquid while the upper portion was in con- tact with vaporized oil. Complete test results appear below: TESTS IN PRESSURE STILLS Metal loss Mg./sq.cm:/run No. of Runs PSM oat ge Ee tg None 60 Ce CN eee en nee None 60 Caibrizel? plate. “JTRS i2? Sei 1S None 50 DOERIGRER © =D O72 FR th ee AVE, None 10 Stainless steel (Firth Sterling)........ 0.03 | 33 ASMOP ioaknic. Hsia Aes ads 0.03 94 A leipestinnns Dbatize ini ees ong aes ivi ot 0.11 38 CaO MEM rated. ryerakew.s «seers Ke 0.55 50 Pes) ad ARRAS te b> apes Wks dang Mi Wonder paar 0.60 10 Se Be dae Ne ended # UN ean ae aI Ad, 2.73 30 Vismnefa Meet s.(S Us Pl ICA AA. 2.98 10 Special Climax alloy steel............. 3.32 33 SURO ORMINNN ATOR ON oy eh, oti oh. 3.44 30 Copper-bearing steel ..../0........... 3.49 10 Low chromium alloy steel.............. 3.68 20 UREN OOM © ar oe. lu Sth Sua 3.69 10 MMS ed ww bad» PT at « de wk Cc Kaew «oe 3.85 10 Me Gt) Ti ie Sh Se 19.25 10 PRUNING. . LED IOS Sed Os, ean: cer. 21.8 10 EE fs aah he pid siosis 40.8 10 From the foregoing data it is apparent that calorizing serves a dual purpose on cracking still tubes, rendering the interior immune to sulphur corrosion while the ex- terior is completely protected from oxidation. In the type of calorizing developed for application to seamless tubing, the aluminum is driven into the surface layer of the steel forming an iron-aluminum alloy. It is this alloy, an in- tegral part of the steel, that resists both oxidation and corrosion. The alloy surface is much harder than mild steel and under the action of the tube cleaner assumes a high polish. Placing Sealed Retort in Calorizing Furnace—Roof of Furnace Will Be Put on Next
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November, 1929 Cracking still tubes to be calorized are preferably speci- fied to be cold drawn under A. S. M. E. Specifications, thoroughly hot pickled after annealing at the mill to re- move any traces of scale. It is the practice of The Calor- izing Company to make mill inspection without charge for the account of its customers as an aid toward securing Sectional Top Being Placed After Retort Is in Furnace steel of unquestioned quality. The steel as received is thor- oughly sandblasted and wire brushed to provide a smooth, clean surface. The tubes are then charged into a cylindri- cal retort and packed in cal- orizing compound which is uniformly distributed over both the interior and exter- ior surface of the steel. The heads of the retorts are then bolted on and_ hermetically sealed, an hydrogen atmos- phere being maintained dur- ing the entire process. Calorizing retorts are 244%,” outside diameter, standard lengths ‘being 30 feet and 35 feet. During the entire heat the retort is re- volved within the furnace. The calorizing furnaces consist of four natural gas fired units approximately 35 ft. long by 5 feet wide by 6 feet high designed and built by the Surface Combustion Com- pany at Toledo, Ohio. The shell of the furnace is of cylin- drical steel plate construction lined with 9” of fire brick. The tops or bungs are removable, the furnaces including removable 3 ft. and 6 ft. sections to permit accommoda- tion of either length of retort. | The furnace tops built in six foot sections consist of 214” of Sil-o-cel and 9” of fire brick carried in a steel frame. These sections with bottom and side retaining members held together by a structural steel frame are provided with a top ring for handling. The tops are re- moved while putting in or taking,out retorts. | Each furnace is fired with 23 Surface Combustion type gas burners located on one side. There are seven ther- mocouples protruding into each combustion chamber and these are connected with an indicating switchboard type pyrometer, so that the temperature at any and all points may be accurately checked at convenient intervals. A base with chilled iron rollers is located at either end BRASS WORLD .. 265 and retorts are carried by flanges resting on these rollers. The rollers at one end are driven by a five horsepower motor through speed reduction gears to permit rotation at speeds varying from one to three R.P.M. Rollers at the opposite end of the furnace are idlers. The gas burners are manifolded to inspirators by which the proper gas- air mixture for complete combustion is maintained. Any furnace atmosphere may be had with this system, but in this application a neutral atmosphere is vital to minimize scaling of retorts which are subjected to an operating temperature of 1,740° F. It requires from 4 to 4% hours to bring the retort and furnace up to operating temperature and the gas con- sumption for this and the five hour soaking period aver- ages 33,000 cu. ft. A charge in the longer retort will in- clude 3,750 pounds of steel, 3,000 pounds of calorizing compound which, with the 11,000 retort, makes a furnace charge of 17,750 pounds. After shutting off the gas it takes two hours for the retort to cool black. A modification of the calorizing process known as dip calorizing is employed on smaller work of irregular shape. The essential unit in this process consists of a tank set-in an under-fired furnace. The approximate dimensions of the tank are 2 ft. x 2 ft. x 10% ft. long with a capacity of 5,000 pounds of molten aluminum. There are two burners on each side of the combustion chamber firing through a perforated arch to obtain a distribution of heat on the bottom of the tank. This is also Surface Com- bustion installation. Among a variety of prod- ucts manufactured and fabri- cated from calorized steel are included calorized pipe coils used as recuperators or air heaters in industrial fur- naces. In connection with the calorizing plant a com- pletely equipped foundry is operated in the manufacture of chrome iron and_nickel- chromium alloy steels which find wide application in the fabrication of carburizing boxes, furnace doors and door frames and other equip- ment where rigidity and free- dom from oxidation at high temperatures are essential qualities. Calorizing Furnace in Operation Tee Smet - . Motor-Driven Wheels to Rotate the Retorts
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266 Heavy Duty Electric Grinders A series of heavy duty grinders has been developed by the Hammond Machinery Builders, Inc., Kalamazoo, Mich. (formerly Hill-Curtis Company). This series is rated at 5, 7 and 10 horsepower, and can be furnished for 220, 440 or 550 volts, 2 or 3 phase, 25, 40, 50 and 60 cycle, A.C., and 110, 220 and 550 volt D.C. They are designed specially with an eye to power and rigidity. They have a totally enclosed motor with special air cleaner, Heavy Duty Grinder four oversize ball bearings and an extra heavy chrome manganese steel spindle. Push button control is provided throughout. Wheel guards with hinged doors, exhaust pipe connections, adjustable spark and chip breakers and eye shields are standard equipment. Grinding wheels can be furnished to order. New Acid Pump A new electric acid pump is announced by the Belke Manufacturing Company, 2952 Van Buren Street, Chi- cago, Ill. It is positive in its action. The pump with its motor is connected by a pipe to the carboy and the acid is pumped from the carboy to the container which is to be filled. : Electric Acid Pump According to the manufacturers, this pump works fast and eliminates the danger of injuries from the acid. After the lead pipe is placed in the carboy, it takes no more than finger pressure to start the flow of acid through the lead delivery pipe and the same finger pressure to stop the flow and to send the acid remaining in the pipe back into the carboy. It is stated that there is no dripping, leakage, BRASS WORLD Nevember, 1929 | Copper on White Metal QO.—I am running a trial unit making large copper cylinders by electrodeposition and as these have to be hard I am using a low melting-point alloy for the sur- face of the drum on which the metal is deposited. The cylinders can then be removed at a temperature well below the annealing temperature. My only difficulty. is that with all ordinary fusible alloys copper is displaced from the acid sulphate solution I use. I can reduce this very greatly by first chemically silvering the drum and then polishing with a very dilute solution of beeswax in turpentine but I feel sure there is some better method than this and should be most grateful for your advice. A.—We believe that your trouble with the copper being displaced is due to the character of the alloy being used. If an alloy of tin 3 parts, lead 2 parts, and bismuth 5 parts, are used, you should have no trouble plating same in an acid copper solution of the following con- stituents : Copper Sasliitate. .. ce... nso. e. 28 ozs Mibeiiris AGIA. oo ks wip oe 4 ozs. BERS Soe wets 5 ee ee. a 1 gallon Temperature 80°F. Cathode current densify 20 to 30 amperes per sq.ft. with movable cathode. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Hydrating Copper Solution O.— Will you please inform me how I can hydrate an acid copper solution ? A.—We presume that by hydrating an acid copper solution you desire to obtain the crystals of copper sul- phate. This may be accomplished by neutralizing the excess of sulphuric acid with sodium carbonate and evap- orating the solution. If a pure salt is to be obtained, it will be necessary to redissolve the crystals obtained and recrystalize by evaporation several times. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. vibration or noise; also that the pump has been approved by underwriters. Gold Plating ©.—I desire a chemical to prevent the blackening of necks from gold articles; also something to harden the gold without cutting down current, as it comes out too soft and does not last long for the amount of gold put on the articles. Current has already been cut down. Would like to know of chemical that will turn yellow gold solution to give a rich brown color—antique effect. A.—Gold when in contact with any part of the body will not cause a blackening effect. This blackening ef- fect is caused by the gold wearing off the base metal, which may be of brass or copper or nickel silver and this base metal comes in contact with the body. Unless the 24 karat deposited gold is very heavy, it is customary to deposit a 14 or 18 karat gold, which is much harder, on the base metal and finish for a color in the 24 karat solution. Nickel cyanide may be added to a 24 karat gold solu- tion to produce a harder deposit, but the color will be light and it will be necessary to finish in a 24 karat solu- tion for final color. Do not know of any chemical that can be added to yellow gold solution to produce a brown color. A rich gold solution, one that contains 12 to 15 dwt. per gallon if operated at a high current density and temperature, produces a deposit that is dark in color and may answer for your purpose. ---OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 267 Reclaiming Non-ferrouis Scrap Metals at Manufacturing Plants Types of Scrap and Methods of Treatment By FRANCIS N. FLYNN Metallurgist, Milwaukee, Wis. FROM A PAPER READ AT THE FALL MEETING, INSTITUTE OF METALS DIVISION, SEPTEMBER 9-12, 1929 ANY excellent papers, descriptive of the milling and smelting of every kind of commercial ores, the refining of virgin metals, the casting into various shapes demanded by the trade, the rolling into shapes best suited to the factory machinery and the making pf composition alloys to suit every requirement have been issued by the many technical societies dealing with non-ferrous metals. It is a wonderful collection of papers of which the mining and metallurgical engineers may well be proud, but strange as it may seem, metallur- gists in general appear to take the stand that when they have delivered suitable alloys to the foundry and rolled products to the factory their duty to write papers has ceased, at least in so far as the A. I. M. E. is concerned. Still we read in the daily papers that the mining companies are absorbing metal-manufacturing industries. The purpose of this paper is to describe the reclaiming of non-ferrous scrap metals at manufacturing plants, taking as an ex- ample the automobile industry. Collection and Disposition of Scrap Until about five years ago, much of the factory scrap, with little or no preliminary treatment, was sold to second- ary-metal smelters. Of late years the factory salvage de- partment has become an important part of the plant in reclaiming everything of value and incidentally does much of the work formerly done by the smelters. Like most good things, it is sometimes overdone, and much work is done at the factory with inexperienced men that could be done much better by experienced skilled labor at the custom smelting plants. Employees of the salvage department collect the waste products in all departments at the source and in that way avoid much contamination. Every reasonable pre- caution is taken to keep the scrap clean. It is hand-sorted, cut, burned, magnetized, concentrated, separated or com- pressed, as the case may be, preparatory for re-use in the plant or for selling to others. Copper, tin, lead, zinc, aluminum, antimony and nickel are the principal metals in automobile manufacturing. Large tonnages of copper and tin are used in the bronze foundry, copper and aluminum in the aluminum bronze foundry, yellow brass strip and solder in the radiator department, tin in the babbitt department, antimony and lead in the battery department, and copper wire for elec- trical parts. The manufacturers’ aim is to re-use the clean scrap by the simple process of, melting rather than smelting. Most of this work is carried out in the foundries on the night shift to avoid interference with production work on the day shift. The kettles or furnaces that are used for making production castings are used for melting the reclaimed scrap metals. The capacity of the kettles varies from 1 to 20 tons, whereas that of the melting furnaces varies from 4 to 1 ton. The melted scrap is poured into pig molds for re-use when and as required. Not all of the scrap is melted ; much is sold as collected, because there is no use for it in the foundries. There is a surplus of wrought yellow brass clips and_ borings, which if clean, bring a high price in the market. Chunk brass is not melted to pig but, because of the quantity used, it is advisable to melt and pig all borings of a cop- per-base alloy. The classification of scrap, the method of reclaiming and its final disposition is summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1.—CLASSIFICATION, RECLAMATION AND FINAL DISPOSITION OF SCRAP 1. Sold io brass rolling mills: a. Yellow brass borings: Cu, 62; b. Yellow brass clips: Cu, 65; c. Yellow brass punchings: Cu, 65; 2. Utilized: a. Small yellow’ brass punchings: Cu, 65; Zn, 35. A portion is melted with virgin zinc and granulated in water to small shot size. Equal quantities of punchings and - shot are mixed with borax and used as brazing compound. 3. Substituted for virgin metal in the brass foundry: Copper clips and slugs. Copper punchings. Copper wire shellac coated. Copper wire solder coated. Copper forgings. Brass forgings. 4. Substituted for virgin aluminum in the aluminum die-cast foundry : a. Wrought aluminum. 5. Substituted for virgin metals in the aluminum bronze foundry : a. Aluminum bronze forgings. 6. Melted to pig in aluminum bronze melting furnace: a. Aluminum bronze chips and borings: Cu, 90; Al, 10. 7. Melted to pig in brass foundry melting furnaces: a. Insulated wire, burned and compressed: Cu, 97; Sn, t25° Pb, 1:25, . Wrought copper borings : . Soldered copper shapes: Cu, 92; Sn, 4; Pb, 4. . Radiator fins and tubes: Cu, 73; Sn, 4; Pb, 4; Zn, 19. . Radiators: Cu, 78; Sn, 3.5; Pb, 3.5; Zn, 15. . Phosphor bronze borings: Cu, 89; Sn, 11. . Phosphor bronze borings: Cu, 80; Sn, 10; Pb, 10. . Red brass borings: Cu, 87; Sn, 8; Pb, 2; Zn, 3. Yellow brass borings: Cu, 79; Sn, 2; Pb, 3; Zn, 16. . Bearing borings: Cu, 8&8; Sn, 6; Pb, 6. . Bearing borings: Cu, 85; Sn, 8; Pb, 4; Zn, 3. . Bearing borings: Cu, 84; Sn, 6; Ph, 10. m. Bearing borings: Cu, 83. de 11; Pb, 6. n. Journal backs: Cu, 79; Sn,. - Pb, 13. o. Lead bronze borings: Cu, 9. ‘Sn, 5; Pb, 25. 8. Melted in aluminum die-cast foundry kettles with virgin aluminum for direct castings: 20, 36s PD: 2. 7n, 35. Zn, 35. AHR AAS SS Cu, 95, AMD. Se SOQ’ TH ®8 QA & a. Crankcase borings: Cu, 8; Zn, 2; Al, 88. b. Piston borings: Cu, 10; Al, 87.5; Mg., 15. c. Foundry flasks: Cu, 8; Al, 91. - d. “Y” metal borings: Cu, 4; Ni, 2; Al, 92; Mg, 1.5. 9. Melted in zinc die-cast foundry kettles with virgin metals for direct casting : a. Zinc borings: Cu, 3; Al, 4; Zn, 93. 10. Subjected to wet grinding, screening and gravity concentration on tables; concentrate dried and. passed over a magnet machine : a. Factory floor sweepings. b. Aluminum: bronze foundry cleanings. c. Brass foundry cleanings. 11. Sold to custom smelters: a. Concentrates (from 10).
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bo % . Mixed borings. oi . Miscellaneous wrought scrap with iron. — . Grindings and buffings. . Nickel alloys. . Plating anodes. ; ) . Electric lamps, fuses, coils and dry batteries. . Aluminum die-cast skimmings. no Zinc die-cast skimmings. . Lead dross. . Insulated copper cable. Solder dross. . High-lead babbitt dross. . Low-lead babbitt dross. . Mixed bronze and babbitt borings and broachings. This product is screened, the !4-in. oversize is melted in kettles and the resulting dross is sold. The ™%-in. undersize is difficult to melt without overheating and alloying the bronze and babbitt, therefore it is sold without being treated. 12 Scrap babbitt. Reduced in shallow brick shaft furnaces by gas and scrap wood to pig metal, which is remelted in kettles and used as machinery babbitt. 13. Scrap solder: Reduced in the same manner as babbitt, except that the copper is removed while in the kettle by stirring in sulfur. The copper-free solder is pumped into water-jacketed cylindrical molds for extruding. Solder floor sweepings are “sweated” in a small reverberatory furnace. 14. Scrap antimonial lead: Attempts have been made to reduce scrap batteries with gas and charcoal in shaft furnaces, lined with magnesite brick, with nichrome grates. One- half to two-thirds of the metal was recovered while the residue had to be smelted. The cost of the combined processes was greater than direct smelting and the process was abandoned. The resulting antimonal lead was treated with sulfur to remove the copper before casting into ingot molds. 15. Cupola smelting. ‘ SMH P- HF Sy HS AS o- 3 See special description. Cupola Smelting _ The larger foundries find it more convenient to smelt a portion of their scrap than to sell it. This applies mainly to the concentrate and metal from the foundry cleanings and ladle shells and to a portion of group 11. A pig- iron melting cupola is used. After ‘smelting for 8 hr. the bottom is dropped, the fireclay blocks are repaired and the furnace made ready. for smelting another class of metal on the following morning. One furnace is used exclusively for lead. The charge consists of reclaimed metal from various alloys, usually a different alloy each day (Table 2). TABLE 2.—CHARGE IN CUPOLA SMELTING OF SCRAP Iron Reclaimed Coke, Limerock, Fluorspar, Scale, _ Metal, Alloy Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Antimonial lead ...... 100 50 25 55 800 Aluminum bronze ..... 100 75 75 None 825 Yellow brass: ......,,. Per Per Per Metal Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Cent Antimonial lead. 0,1 95.5 SHAS Ga ay ta ae Aluminum bronze 96.0 ... ... okie Seyye cae 1.5 0.75 Yellow brass:... 89.0 15. 25 7.0 0.05 5 ' (Red brass ...... GBS G8 - 7b oi: 30 0.05 The red and yellow brass metal contains less than 0.10 per cent iron, When used with virgin metal it makes good castings. If the same charges were smelted in a water-jacketed cupola with the necessary iron flux added, the resulting metal would contain too much iron to be used for castings, without first having been refined in a reverberatory furnace. As a result of smelting 8 hr. per day, there is produced from 10 to 12 tons of metal per furnace. The advantages gained by smelting cupola over a water-jacketed cupola are: 1. Many hours saved in warming up the furnace pre- paratory to smelting. 2. The brass-foundry workmen are more familiar with the operation of a pig-iron melting furnace than with a water-jacketed cupola. 3. Slags can be made practically free from iron and high in alumina. 4. Metal can be made lower in iron, a most important consideration. : 5. A furnace campaign lasts one shift instead of a week or more. The only disadvantage is the patching of the firebrick lining after each run. Two men can patch a furnace and charge the kindling and coke bed on one shift in exactly the same manner as in iron melting. } The brick-lined iron-melting cupola when used for smelting non-ferrous metals should differ from one used for iron; the distance between tuyeres and the bottom should be from 6 to 12 in. greater. This greater depth is recommended to provide for a thicker sand bottom and a larger volume of metal and slag at low temperatures. The furnace is operated in the same manner as a water- jacketed black copper furnace but because of the brick lining it is necessary to run on a low volume of air. in a_brick-lined @ Chromic Acid Stains ©. Can you give us any information as to a method of neutralizing the yellow stain of chromic acid that is formed in crevices and depressions of work that has been chromium plated. We plate some articles that are hollow and have only small drain holes. It is very difficult to rinse these articles sufficiently well to remove all traces of the chromic acid by rinsing alone. If there is any way of neutralizing this stain we would be very glad to be informed of the method. A. There is no way that I am aware of to eliminate all the chromic acid that is left in the depressions of your work by neutralization. Would suggest that you use an alternating hot and cold water rinse. You might also try using compressed air to blow the chromic acid solution from the depres- sions or crevices. | —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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eT ee eee oe | are eee ee eee eS el Oee:LhLlL November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 269 A New Chromium Plating Test — “3 The Bent Cathode Test for Chromium Plating and Some Ob- servations on Chromium Plating By PROF. E. M. BAKER, | Consulting Chemical Engineer and W. L. PINNER Chemical Engineer, General Spring and Bumper Company FROM THE MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN ELECTROPLATERS’ SOCIETY, SEPTEMBER, 1929 T the time that the subject of the bent cathode test was presented at the American Electro-Chemical Saciety meeting, at Toronto, our attention was called to the fact that Mr. Sizelove had previously con- ducted some experiments and presented the results of those experiments before you, using a cathode bent at right angles such as we have used. I therefore want to make acknowledgments to Mr. Sizelove as having preceded us in the use of a bent cathode for the study of the sulphate effect in chromium plating baths. I think that all of you who are doing chromium plating will agree witlf me that there are many factors outside of the chromium plating bath itself which will give a defective deposit of chro- mium. For instance, a gray deposit of chromium may be traced, or a gray appearing deposit may be traced as far back as the grinding department—in a base metal which has not been sufficiently ground. So that after chromium plating the scratches are so magnified that the inspector who is supposed to know chromium has rejected it as gray or burnt chromium. Gray deposits may also be due to burnt nickel which has been insufficiently buffed, or good nickel which is insufficiently buffed. It may also be due to smears or finger marks. And a great deal of gray chromium may be traced to the cleaner line used for cleaning the nickel preceding the chromium operation. Finally, coming to the chromium plating bath itself, an anode making poor contact or an anode which is partly insulated with a covering of lead chromate, may cause gray chromium, And the solution temperature, current density, or the solution composition may give a gray appearing deposit of chromium. The same line of thought may apply to other defec- tive deposits such as colored spots, or non-covering poor throwing power. I wonder, however, how many of you, when a defective deposit of chromium was obtained, have been able to say to your entire satisfaction, and what is better, to the satisfaction of your General Manager, that these defective deposits are absolutely due to a condition in the chromium plating bath, or they are due to some- thing else. I wonder further how many of you have been sure at any time that you have been operating your chromium plating bath at its best condition as far as the bath composition itself is concerned. : These questions and many-~others can be answered by the bent cathode test. The bent cathode test, which can be conducted in about five minutes, and requires no knowledge of chemistry, is a plating test carried on a small scale. In it, we take a small sized sample of the main bath which may be giving trouble. In our case we use something around a half a pint of the solution. This solution is so small that we are sure we have got .a uniform temperature throughout it. For our cathode, we use a piece of sheet copper, one inch wide, 21%” long, the surface characteristics of which we know, and the type of deposit we recognize as being due to its particu- lar condition in the bath. For our anode, we use a freshly clean piece of sheet lead which is so small that we can see whether it is dirty or not, and we know it is mak- ing contact. Now, in order to better give you the method of ap- plying the bent cathode test, let us assume that we are operating a chromium plating process, and from that we are obtaining a defective deposit of chromium; let us assume that we have carefully prepared an article or a rack of articles for chromium plating. We feel that these are buffed correctly, and they have been cleaned correctly for chromium plating. We feel quite sure that the temperature in our chromium plating bath is correct and uniform, and we feel quite sure that we will apply to this article or rack of articles the correct cathode current density. Let us then plate this article for what- ever time we like, also being sure our anodes are clean, and making contact, and upon removing the article we find we have obtained a defective deposit of chromium. It may be burnt, or it may not be completely covered, or it may have a colored spot on it. Now, since all other conditions were believed to be correct, then about the only thing that can be incorrect is the solution compo- sition itself, and the only principal thing! that might affect the solution composition, in my opinion, is the chromic acid concentration and the sulphuric acid concentration. So let us study and see if the proper relation exists be- tween the chromic acid concentration and the sulphuric acid concentration by taking a sample of the bath for our plating test. : Now the important thing is to use in our plating test the same temperature and the same cathode current density that we use in the main bath. Then, if our bath is at all at or near the operable range, we will get a cathode that resembles one of these that I have on this card. (Shows card of bent cathodes.) These cathodes, which incidentally were bent at right angles, one inch from the end, and the bent end protruding towards the anode, were plated in a hath containing 64 ounces per gallon of chromic acid and starting off with practically zero sulphate and increasing the sulphate until we ob- tained so much that our throwing power decreased to a marked extent. We find that as we start out we obtain only a coloring effect on these cathodes; no chromium is obtained. As we increase the sulphate, we commence getting chromium in the high current density area, which is on the protruding bent sec- tion, which extends toward the anode. The amount of chromium on the cathode then increases in extent, and the coloring decreases until finally we get practically a completely covered piece, except that down in the very low current density area, which is in the corner of the bend, there is obtained a bare, mottled appearing space with the copper showing through. As we incréase sul- phate further, we get full coverage on the cathode. Then
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270 we increase our sulphate to a still higher degree, keep- ing our temperature and current density constant, of course, and again our low. current density area is affected and we get this time what when straightened out ap- pears to be a perfectly shaped ellipse of bare spot of copper, and that bare spot then spreads and increases until we only get chromium on the very high current density area at the tip of the bent section again; and if we had increased our sulphuric acid content further we would have only gotten a very nicely cleaned piece of copper. Fig. 1 shows a diagramatic sketch of the equipment we use for controlling our chromium plating baths. We have on the outside a water bath which we contain in a half gallon crock. This is heated by a steam coil, a BENT ~ CATHODE _ Fig. 1—Diagram of experimental apparatus for bent cathode test, for determining optimum sulfate ratio for chromic acid chromium plating solution. closed steam coil, and we have a thermometer suspended in the water bath for the control of the temperature there. Then, seated on a pedestal, which is not shown, is our glass container, an ordinary 250 cubic centimeter beaker, which is about 2'%4” in diameter and 3” high, which contains the chromium plating solution, which is heated up to the proper temperature by the water bath, and we have a thermometer in the chromium plating bath itself, so as to be sure of the temperature there. This slide also shows our cathode with its bent section protruding toward the anode, which is a piece of sheet lead at the opposite side, and with its sides parallel to the main side of the cathode. Across the set-up we have a volt- meter for reading the voltage and our current coming in from the generator through these bus bars, is properly controlled with a rheostat and with an ammeter in the circuit. Now I might suggest that this set-up and this particu- lar bent cathode is specific. It was built for the control BRASS WORLD November, 1929 of a chromium plating bath for the production of ‘ina bars. With it-we get a fairly wide plating range. Now if you are plating some object which has a more com> plicated shape, and requires a more rigid control of the bath than a bumper bar, you may have to change the shape of the bent “cathode. Perhaps you would have to bend it further up, at a more acute angle, or you might use a cylinder and say arbitrarily that “I shall have to plate so far into that cylinder in order that my bath will have enough throwing power to do the job for me.’ Now having determined that the bent cathode test was sufficient for control of the bath which we were using, which was the Bureau of Standards original bath containing 33 ounces of chromic acid, we decided to see if this method of testing was applicable to other baths containing different amounts of chromic acid and con- taining also trivalent chromium and iron which frequently are met with by intent or otherwise, in chromium plating baths. As a result of that study, we believe that the sulphuric acid/chromic acid ratio can not be defined or set without defining the particular temperature or the particular current density. which is being used, or, con- versely, if you wish to keep as many of your variables constant as possible in your process and decide to keep your current density and your temperature constant, then it will be necessary to have a particular ratio for each bath which you use. Fig. 2 shows the sulphate ratio and the way it changes with varying amounts of chromic acid. I might say, that first these points and the line drawn through them rep- resent the bounding lines of that range in which the best cathodes were obtained for each series which we ran, which series was run the same as the one which I O HIGH LIMIT @ LOW LIMIT RATIO OF MOLARITY OF CHROMIC ACID TO NORMALITY OF SULFATE MOLARITY OF CHROMIC ACID Fig. 2.—Effect of varying chromic acid concentration on optimum sulfate ratio. have shown you. We see that for a bath .2 molar in chromic acid, that the ratio of chromic acid to sulphate is at this, which we have marked as 60. Now that 60 means this. In chemists’ nomenclature, it is the chromic acid molarity divided by the sulphate molarity; or, to the plater, the weight ratio would be just twice that. In other words, for this bath, the center of the plating } ee Ss meee? ee ee ue Yun sateen o's : “i¥j ; ae” ae eee ee
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November, 1929 BRASS range would lie where there are 120 parts of chromic acid to every one part of sulphuric acid. Now, while we do not consider these lines to be per- fectly definite, we do believe that the center of the range included between these lines is definite and that there- fore the center of the range for a bath .2 molar in chromic acid rquires that ratio at the particular temperature and current density we were using. A bath 4 molar requires two-thirds of that ratio at the same temperature and current density. Further, at the temperature and current density which were using, which was 118 degrees F., and 150 amperes per square foot, we see that all the chromium plating baths, a bath just about .2%4 molar in chromic acid that is 33 ounces per gallon, has about the widest plating range and the ratio there agrees very well with the other findings in being approximately 50 to 1 or 100 to 1 by weight. Therefore this shows the value in one way of the bent cathode test over a pure chemical an- alysis, becatise if one starts out and keeps his temperature and current density constant and says that “My chromic acid to my sulphate will always be 50 to 1,” if his bath should go from .4 molar up to .2 molar, he is going to be out here (pointing to 30), which is certainly not the center of the plating range that is best for him, as found ° by us. ” Fig. 3 shows the effect on the sulphate ratio of vary- ing the trivalent chromium, keeping everything else con- stant, no trivalent chromium, and again we have our 50 to 1 ratio. As the trivalent chromium, keeping ° ° Fig. 3.—Effect of trivalent chro- mium on opti- mum sulfate ra- tio in a 25 molar chromic acid chromium plating bath. O | HIGHER RATIO @ | LOWER RATIO - - 3 a 20 RATIO OF MOLARITY OF CHROMIC ACID TO NORMALITY OF SULFATE ° ) MOLARITY OF TRI-VALENT CHROMIUM everything else constant, increases, we find that there is a _ slight increase in the required sulphate ratio as we go up. Now I might say that while the plating range for .4 molar trivalent chromium is as wide, or maybe wider than the plating range for over here (pointing) it does not mean it plates the same. These lines include the range in _ which the best deposits were obtained, though that doesn’t necessarily mean fully covered deposits. As a matter of _ fact, when we got out to 5 molar trivalent chromium, we —cotildn’t plot a point because we couldn’t obtain a con- WORLD 271 dition at the temperature and current density we were working in which we got a deposit of chromium, and as a matter of fact the throwing power of the bath seemed to decrease steadily as trivalent chromium increased. Fig. 4 shows the effect on the sulphate ratio of increas- ing amounts of iron in a chromium plating bath, keeping everything else constant and having no trivalent chromium. Again we start off with our pure bath with the 50 to 1 ratio in the center of the plating range, and, peculiarly, Fig. 4.—Effect of iron on optimum sulfate ratio in a 2.5 molar chromic acid chromium plating bath. O HIGH LIMIT @ LOW LIMIT RATIO OF MOLARITY OF CHROMIC AC!D TO NORMALITY OF. SULFATE 20 GRAMS OF IRON PER LITER the sulphate ratio seems to increase at the beginning up to about 6 grams per liter of iron, and then to decrease. Further than that, the plating range (and this was a good plating range) is wider in a bath containing 6 grams per liter of iron than it is with no iron. As you get past six grams per liter of iron, however, the plating range very markedly contracts, the throwing power decreases, the resistance of the bath goes up enormously, and the sul- phate ratio changes back to a down grade again. I find that we are rather late correcting our plating bath which was giving us defective deposits. We will correct it now. As we make our bent cathode tests on this sam- ple of the bath which was giving us a defective deposit, suppose we should find that we obtain a cathode such as one of these in the upper row on the card, where we have a color deposit of chromium. Personally, I have run about one thousand of these things, and I would imme- diately recognize that as being low sulphate. So we start out and add a small known quantity of sulphuric acid to our plating bath until the required appearing deposit is obtained. -We add an equivalent amount, then, of sul- phuric acid, which we can compute, to the main bath. Suppose we obtain a deposit showing this elliptically shaped bare spot in the corner, and we know that our sul- phuric acid content is high. We then add some barium salt to precipitate the sulphate, or, better yet, add chromic acid to reduce the sulphate ratio until we reach the re- quired appearing cathode. Then we add an equivalent amount to the main bath.
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272 Now suppose, when we run our bent cathode test that we get a good deposit of chromium. Then we can forget about our plating bath; it is right, and there is something else wrong that was ‘giving us the defective deposit of chromium, and we go to work on that. | Suppose, again, that we get a poor appearing bent cathode, and we try to correct it with our sulphuric acid and we find that no correction in any direction will give us the desired deposit ?, Then we know that we shall have to change, if we want to get our bath back to its best con- dition, we shall have to change some one of our other standard conditions of temperature or current density. This can best be done with the bent cathode apparatus ; and we may find even that practically no temperature or current density combination will give us the desired result, in which case we come to the conclusion that we have a bath which may be like the one I showed you that has so much trivalent chromium or so much iron in it that the throwing power and the plating range is practically nil. Now I want to pass this card around, and you will note that I have marked on here, under each cathode, the molar ratio and the weight ratio. That refers to this chromic acid/sulphuric acid ratio which I have discussed. The weight ratio is the direct weight ratio between ounces per gallon of chromic acid and ounces per gallon of sulphate. In conclusion, I might say that at the General Spring Bumper Corporation we have used the bent cathode test about thirteen months on the control of three 800 gallon chromium plating baths through which we have run an average production of about one million and a quarter square feet a month. During this time we have made sul- phuric acid analyses, but purely as a matter of record. We have controlled our bath in spite of the sulphuric acid analyses by the bent cathode test, and during that time we have reduced our amount of rejected materials from 8% to less than 2%, and we attribute a large part of this re- duced amount of rejections to the bent cathode test. I thank you. Discussion CHAIRMAN VAN DERAU: Any questions on this paper ? MR. MUSICK: In making those bent cathode tests, what ratio of anode surface to cathode do you use? MR. PINNER: We didn’t try to get any particular ratio between anode and cathode surface. It happens that we used about the ratio that we are using in our main bath. However (this is a personal opinion of mine which I would like to be checked up on), I don’t think that it makes any difference in the bent cathode test what size anode or what position the anode occupies. Surely, if we change the size of the anode or its position in the test we will get a different type of deposit; but I think that even then that we could choose the cathodes from the same bath as being the best ones as we would choose from any other bath; that is, as we would choose with any other anode. . DR. WM. BLUM: I want to comment on this paper just briefly, because we are going to refer to the same sub- ject in the talk of Mr. Farber’s tonight; but I just want to express the opinion first of all that as a means of con- trol, of factory control, to keep within certain favorable conditions of operation, I thoroughly agree with Mr. Pin- ner and Professor Baker that it serves its purpose, so that it is not any question of the value from that standpoint. I do question, in all frankness (I have discussed this with them, so this is not the first time they know we differ )— I do question as to whether in the form they used it, it serves as a means of research to define the best conditions of operation quite so closely as their slides and curves BRASS WORLD make and would indicate. or is better. can be obtained. closely as the authors might indicate. bent cathode, but of the results we get with it, are some- . November, 1929 ; It so happens, as you look at this card, ~ that you will see that there are a number of the specimens which are completely covered, and therefore so far as the © degree of coverage is concerned, you cannot distinguish — between whether~one ratio or another is slightly different — In. other words, this simply indicates the — range of composition within which a satisfactory deposit — I don’t believe that it fixes the exact — composition or the exact center of that range quite as — I simply mention ~ that because I believe, as we will explain this evening, — that some of our conclusions, not as to the value of the — what different from theirs, simply indicating that it is not — as quantitative as might appear from the data that was shown on the slides. MR. PINNER: Regarding Dr. Blum’s remarks, which are quite well brought up, as Dr. Blum told you, we had previously discussed this, and that was one of the — reasons that I suggested this test was a specific test for — the control of a bath for plating bumper bars and that we — can work anywhere within the range shown on the panels ~ which are being passed around; but that if you have a — more complicated shape to plate than a bumper bar, that — cathode in order to control your bath more closely, MR. McGUIRE: trivalent chromium is added. MR. PINNER: The trivalent chromium was manu- : I would like to ask in what form’ — ‘you should have to possibly change the shape of the bent — factured and analyzed. We first started out and pro- | duced trivalent chromium by means of introducing © chromium carbonate into the bath, and found we could — get only a limited amount. So in order to get up as high as .5 molar, we had to reduce the bath with alcohol. Now I don’t known whether this alcohol had any effect or not, but I don’t think any of it existed as such after being in chromic acid for a short while. with alcohol, it was analyzed for by the approved methods for trivalent chromium. Two-Motor Buffer A two-motor buffer and polisher called the ‘‘Standard Right-Speed Two-Motor” polisher is being manufactured by the Standard Electrical Tool Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, in sizes of 3, 5 and 714 horsepower. Speeds from 2000 to 3000 r.p.m. can be obtained by changing pulleys — on the motor shaft. : Two motors are mounted in the base on a hinged base After reducing the bath — plate which has an adjustable screw to take up the tension — of the “Dayton” cog belts. The spindles are made of nickel steel; bearings “SKF,” in dust-proof Oil chambers. — A hand brake is provided for each spindle, also a shaft lock. Spindles are furnished in any length desired. The motors are of Gener- alElectric with indepen- dent push button co n-— trol, ».. Dvhve back of the machine can be easily raised,’ being hinged to the base, permit- ting access to the entire machine. Two-Motor Buffer ¥
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November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 273 Multispeed Buffer and Polisher The United States Electrical Tool Company of Cincin- nati, Ohio, has developed a new type of machine for buffing and polishing. This machine allows the use of variable wheel speeds for different classes of work. Any desired speed can be obtained by the operator quickly and easily. The machine is called the U. S. Multispeed Buffer and Polisher. The variable speed mechanism uses a V-disc trans- mission of graphitized micarta. A cone made up of a series of different sized discs revolves on the motor Fig. 1—Variable Speed Buffer and Polisher . Silver Solution ©.—I am enclosing samples of silver plating solution and silver strike; also sample of work. I do not know what these are composed of. Some of the work this solu- tion has been used on turns out well, but most of it fails like the enclosed sample. I use an electric cleaner. My strike tank measures 18” x 18” x 24”, and my plating tank 5’ x 2’ x 2’ which keeps solution six inches from top. We are trying’ to plate ship’s hollow and flat ware with not much success. Would you please let me know what is wrong and how to build up solutions to get good re- sults. A.—Analysis of silver solution: Metalic “Seer: 55 5 gait ey as yee yamdes jh icon cee 1.20 ozs. 1.23 ozs. Silver solution is low in both metal and free cyanide. Add to each gallon of solution 2 ounces of silver cyanide and three ounces of sodium cyanide. Analysis of silver strike: Metallic silver........ eye rears Freel seyamide sista. ticilde. i 3.06 ozs. Solution is too low in free cyanide, Add to each eal- lon of solution 3 ozs. of sodium cyanide. The proper proceedure for your class of work should ~be as follows for a first class job: Remove all the old silver in a cyanide strip of 12 ozs. of sodium cyanide, water 1 gallon. Reverse current, 6 volts and agitate the work. After the work is stripped, it should be sand bobbed spindle. Any one of these, depending upon the speed desired, can be quickly inserted into a stationary metal V-disc mounted on the wheel spindle, thus providing the desired speed. A range of four speeds is provided from 2000 to 3000 r.p.m., but this can be extended if it is found desirable. The specifications provide a heavy one-piece chrome manganese steel wheel spindle, resting on four heavy duty “SKF” ball bearings which are enclosed in dust-tight grease compartments. The motor is built to operate continuously at 3600 r.p.m. The buffer is made in four sizes using 1, 2, 3 and 5 horsepower, 220, 440 and 550 volts, 2 or 3- phase current, 25, 40, 50 or 60 cycle A.C. Fig. 2—Inner Mechanism of New Variable Speed Machine and polished, cleaned and given a mercury dip before placing in silver strike and regular silver solution. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Dark-Nickel. Plate ©.—Under separate cover I am sending you a sample of nickel solution; also a piece of anode and a steel stamp- ing that has been copper plated and buffed. I have cleaned it in gasoline to remove the heavy buff- ing dirt, then through an electrical cleaner. The work comes out of the cleaner in fine shape. You will notice it comes from the nickel very dark on the inside and at the bottom. I have been having considerable trouble in this respect. Would like to have the solution analyzed so that I may know the trouble and the proper remedy for it. A.—Analysis of nickel solution: DA taC TCE ek, ee KS 3.33 ozs. Ba PE See gi a tay peer See nt 9 1.84 ozs. p.H. 5.4 Analysis shows that the p.H. of ‘the solution is quite low. Would suggest that you add 6 ozs. of 26° ammonia to each 100 gallons of solution. Also add % oz. of sodium chloride and 1 oz. of boric acid to each gallon of solution. The sample shows indication of an excessive current density being used. Reduce the current density and hang the work somewhat lower in the bath. Believe that if you follow the above suggestion, you will be able to overcome your difficulties. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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274 Cutting Brass Bars A cut-off saw, capable of cutting through three-inch bars in 3 to 4 seconds, has been developed by the Hunter Saw and Machine Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., for use on copper, brass, bronze and other alloy bars. The saw will make angular as well as straight cuts on material up to three inches 1 in diameter. A 3-horsepower motor drives Rapid Cut-off Saw for Metals the plate through a roller chain and sprockets in which the chain is kept at its best working tension. The ma- terial is fed to the saw by an offside hand lever. The motor and starter are in the base and a quick-acting eccentric vise is used to clamp the work during the opera- tion of cutting. A safety guard is provided which can be lifted out of the way for the removal of the saw. Black Nickel Solution ©.—In the September issue of Brass WorLD you give a formula for black nickel solution— WINS PORTS ORES ee Ora Os 8 ozs Lite Salma SOC SE Oe I 1 oz. Sodium Sulphoevanide ........... 2 ozs UN Fak 35 had SN wig nse one oe 1 gal. Would like to know if this can be used cold or must it be heated. _If not, is there any formula for cold, black nickel solu- tion? A.—The formula as given is correct. The solution should be operated at 80°F. for best results with a cathode current density of 1 to 1% amperes per sq. ft. If the solution is operated at a higher temperature, a grey deposit will be obtained. A higher current density will produce a streaky deposit. If the deposit is not black enough, add 1 or 2 ozs. of BRASS WORLD plating solution with which we are having trouble. November, 1929 - copper cyanide with an equal amount of sodium cyanide dissolved in a quart of water to each 100 gallons of solu- tion. q —Ottver J. S1zELove. a Poor Chromium Solution O.—We recently installed a chromium tank and are ~ having trouble with our brass articles not plating. The - nickel plated brass casting put in the chrome, immediately — acts like a stripping tank, it takes the nickel off and lets — the article look as it had been left in nitric acid. | Our solution consists of 25 oz. chromic acid, .015 sul- ~ phuric acid to one gallon water, q Kindly inform. at what. we, can do to get this tank to operate properly and we will. roe ac ite 7 A.—Analysis of: nickel setution Metallic nickel, Se aot va ~ Chlorides pw... od i ets Bos s.. The cd content. ‘bad the chloride content are too low. Add 4 ounces of single nickél salts and 114 oz. of sodium : chloride to each gallon of solution. Also operate the bath — 1.64 ozs. 78 oz. at a temperature of 110°F., if* possible. Analysis of chromatam solution : Chromic acid... ... #58, .. 38.62 028: Trivalent Chonan Oy Sa 3.98 ozs. Sulphates 22es 74 ee. 8.46 ozs. The trivalent content is very high and the sulphate ~ content is approximately 200 times; greater than it should — be. ‘ Solution is in such a poor condition that I would ad- — vise you to discard same and make a new one. = Use the following formula: CPPOMIIG WRU ans cities sees 55 ozs ARE Te Fo Sap a Re a 3 OZ. MEE ohdek a ck AAA os aks 1 gallon Temperature 95°F. Cathode current density 50 to 75 3 amperes per sq.ft. 4 —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Barrel Nickel O.—I am sending you a sample of our barrel nickel — The tank holds three barrels and contain 425 gallons of solu- tion. The formula of the present solution is as follows: Nickel Sulphate ............ 16 -20 oz. /gal. Nickel. Chloride ...........: 14-15% * Ammonium Chloride........ 1y4-14% " " HONE AGRE wi eos. Sates oe 2 fr rd: Sodium Sulphate ..3....5: 6. 16 Ape: Cadmium Chloride.......... 1/100 ee. We are using a current of 200 amperes on the tank. The work from this tank is dull and dark whereas in ~ the past it was bright and shiny. 4 A.—Analysis of nickel solution : Metallic nickel 7°74 555, 3330 ce 4:18 ozs. Chlorides... 6. i Rane 2.26 ozs. p-H. 6.8 The metal and chloride contents are fairly good but ~ the p.H. is entirely too high. As you are using cadmium — in your solution, would suggest that you reduce the p.H. — to about 6 by the addition of C.P. hydrochloric acid. Ti- — tration methods show that it will probably be necessary — to add from 50 to 60 ozs. of acid for the 425 gallon solu- tion. ; | —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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November, 1929 BRASS Tank Rheostats — The Columbia Electric Manufacturing Company, 1292 E. 53rd Street, Cleveland, Ohio, has developed a complete line of tank rheostats made with cast grid resistor sections » in order to promote their efficiency and ruggedness. It is pointed out by the manufacturers that these resistor sec- tions are of the same type as those used to control the current of slip ring induction motors, motors, etc. | These cast grids are said to be uniform in cross sec- tion, each grid being tested separately for resistance and current capacity. They are mounted on three mica in- sulated tie-rods which are in turn insulated from the end direct current 500 Ampere Cast Grid Tank Rheostat plates in which they are suspended. There is no sagging or vibration due to the three-point suspension. The en- closures which are ventilated, protect the grids from breakage. Provision is made for mounting a voltmeter and ammeter on a swinging bracket attached to the side of Construction of a 1,000-Ampere Cast Grid Tank Rheostat the rheostat panel. By this means the instruments can be swung to any angle for convenient reading. These cast grid rheostats are made in standard sections of 800 amperes capacity or smaller. The sections can be mounted together for sizes ranging from 1000, 1500, 2000 amperes upward. Galvanoplasty ©.—Under separate cover we are sending . of copper-deposit or galvanoplastic. ‘We have works:in small sizes as sample, but now we would like to work it in large sizes as on reverse of this ~ we give you the correct measurements. you a sample WORLD 275 Before we try it, we would like to have you give us a formula of solution, voltage, amperage, kind of anodes to use and distance to be placed from the negative pat- terns. | spa a eshte gS * Can you suggest a good material to use as per. the negative patterns? : diet AS your patterns are made of plaster paris as we assume them to be, it is first necessary after drying to make them moisture proof by coating them with a solu- . tion of orange schellac thinned with denatured alcohol. The surface is then metalized by spraying with copper bronze powder which is mixed with a good grade of lacquer 1 part, and thinner 3 parts. Plate in the follow- ing solution until a good deposit of copper is obtained, after which any desired finish may be produced: Capper sulphate (i503 shine bs 28 ozs. DUIDRUTIC: ACI 6 oc og bles + 2 3 to 4 ozs. Bn POE ESS, SRE LES ROE III 1 gallon Use 1 volt pressure with a cathode current density of 5 to 6 amperes per sq. ft. For further information see Electrodeposition of Metals by Langbein, which is for sale by the Brass Wor Lp. —QOLIVER J, SIZELOVE. Barrel Plating ©.—We are installing a nickel plating barrel and a cadmium plating barrel and wish a little information about both. We would like to know how long the work must run in the barrel? How much current to use? In the nickel barrel some of the work will have to be buffed after plat- - ing. We would also like to know what the charge rate is on both kinds per pound. A.—Formula for barrel nickel solution: Double: nickel: salts ..).. 2.4... 10 ozs Single» nickel ‘salts... Js. 2 8- 5 ozs Sodium chioride:... 2. 2.2 .s 3 ozs PONG AGI oa SER Ss 2 ozs. Wate oh 45a eh rei went 1 gallon Use 6 volts pressure with all the amperage that it is possible to obtain. Barrel cadmium solution: Cadwritins Oxide isos as 4 ozs Sodium? cyanide :..2.. 0Nie. 12 ozs Cauche 6008 i658 ss SASS 2 ozs. Watt 597 2S OU. ties 1 gallon Use 6 volts. The amount of amperage to use with barrel plating depends upon the type of work being plated, the amount that is plated, and the rotation of the barrel; also, might say the type of barrel being used. With a little experimenting you will soon determine the proper amount of current density to use for each par- ticular class of work. What you should charge for barrel plated work should be determined by the cost of ‘production. As this varies considerably in different sec- tions of the country, it is hard to set a uniform price for barrel plating. 3 —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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rr Nickel Solutions Q.—I am forwarding to you under separate cover three samples of solution, which I would like to have analyzed. I would like to iericiw: what has to be added to them to | bring them up to standard for nickel plating before chromium plating, or if not suitable at all. A.—Analysis of nickel solutions: INO A> Metalic nickel 24532 1.58 ozs So Aiea res cee eee es ae OL is PF: 5.8 > No. 2 Metallic Ue agi) ae ee a 1.46 ozs Chlorides De PE RER n t 35 Oz PH. 5.2 Noz:3:-Metallic nickel \)). 660. ve 1.59 oz. ET Pe eae eee gems rod SAE TTR ee ee 2.48 ozs. p.H. 6. Solutions are in a poor condition to use for depositing nickel previous to chromium plating. Would suggest that you add to No. 1 tank, 4 ozs. of single nickel salts and 2 ozs. of sodium chloride to each gallon of solution. To No. 2 tank, add 4 ozs. of single nickel salts and 2 ozs. of sodium chloride to each gallon of solution; also add 8 ozs. of 26° ammonia hydroxide to each 100 gallon of solution. To No. 3 tank, add 4 ozs. of single nickel salts. Operate the solutions at a temperature of 100° F. to produce a soft deposit. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Various Solutions O.—We are mailing you 2 ounce samples of our solu- | tions; nickel silver, acid copper and chromium, Please tell us what these solutions need to build them for best results, Our silver solution is used mostly for replating old silverware. How much silver cyanide and sodium cyanide is required to bring it up? Our acid copper ‘solution is made up of: 134 lb. copper sulphate 4 oz. sulphuric acid 1 oz. each yellow dextrin and aluminum sulphate The copper is very hard to buff; it streaks at times and comes out rough. Please tell us how our solution stands in regard to acidity and metal. Our nickel solution is composed of : 8 oz. double nickel salts 4 oz. single nickel salts - 2 oz. salamoniac We have added nothing to our solution except single nickel salts and nickel chloride since it was made up. Our work tarnishes very quickly. Is this caused by the lack of metal or is the acidity wrong? We are also using this same nickel for undercoating chromium. It works fairly well, but we are sure it can be improved upon. - Our chromium solution consists of : chromic acid 3 ce, sulphuric acid ‘1 gal. water We have more or less trouble with the chromium as it does not cover the article plated. We are expecting to build a chromium tank and intend to line it with sheet lead. Would it be all right to solder the joints as we have no way of lead burning it? We would also like to know the best way to strip chromium off of radiator shells, head light bodies, etc. What proportion of muriatic acid and water is used? BRASS WORLD of about the proper proportions. November, 1929 A—Analysis of nickel solution: Deere. Mae See 1.96 ozs if RMI 8 ee ce et eo 1.91 ozs Pee ees cc ees 5.4 The metal and chloride contents, while a little low are The P.H. is too low, especially for a nickel solution, the deposit of which is to receive a deposit of chromium, Would suggest that you add 8 ounces of 26° ammonium hydroxide to each 100 gallon of solution. Also operate bath at a temperature of 110° F, Analysis of copper solution : Metallic copper ...... 6.36 or 25.4 ozs copper pilphats SMUDALIC BCH fs oo soso 3.15 fluid ozs. This solution should operate properly. The streaky, rough deposit is apegree due to the use of too high a current density. Analysis of silver solution: Metallic silver. .c-. 2 Sineen8 ou 2.11 ozs Free cyanide *s .3;. yo ws acerca 3.01 ozs Garbonatess ib. rote eee 14.63 ozs The metal and free cyanide contents are fairly good. The carbonate content is quite high. Would suggest that you reduce same by the freezing method. Sample of chromium solution was lost in transit, due to improper sealing of the bottle. Send another sample for analysis, but be sure and use a glass or rubber stopper in the bottle. A lead lined tank should not be soldered at the joints as the chromic acid will cause it to leak. Lead burning is the proper method to use. In stripping chromium from your class of work, use muriatic acid without dilu- tion and if used hot, it will work faster. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Aluminum Solder Aluminum solder has been placed on the market by the Marshall Metal Company, 407.E. Pico Street, Los Angeles, Cal. This medium, “Bulldog Aluminum Solder,” it is claimed, produces joints that are equal to fusion welds in tensile strength. The material is said to have a record of seven years of successful-service tests behind it, and to contain no fluxes, phosphorus, cadmium or bismuth. No pre-heating is required of the work to be joined and the solder is applied in the same fashion as ordinary solder to tinned surfaces. The Standard grade of Bulldog solder has a melting point of 650° F., and is recommended for standard aluminum and aluminum alloys. The No. 1 solder for Duralumin melts at 400° F.; grade B for Duralumin or aluminum to be subjected to “sulphuric acid also melts at 400° F. Chromium on Aluminum - — We have inquiries about. chromium plating. aluminum parts. Now we would. like to know if-it is practical, to chrome plate on top of a buffed aluminum piece without nickle-plating. Or would we have to nickle-plate first? A.—To chrome plate aluminum successfully it is nec- essary to nickel plate the aluminum before it is chromium plated. To nickel plate aluminum successfully it. is necessary to know what grade of aluminum is used as different dips are necessary for different grades of aluminum. The method of nickel plating aluminum has been worked out by Mr. Harold’ Work, Research Fellow of the Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. and if you will write to Mr. Work for a copy of his method, he will send same to you. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE.
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BRASS WORLD And Plating — Polishing — Finishing Published Monthly by THE BRASS WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. | 11 Cliff Street, New York SUBSCRIPTION RATES Canadian, one year, $1.50. current issue, American, one year, $1.00. Foreign, one year, $2.00. Single copies, 10 cents each. CONTENTS Brass Castings for Carbonating Machinery. . By J. B. Nealey Chromium Plating the Inner Surfaces of AAR ii clir ae cedtiwda ta titawtk et enan- 261 Automatic Double Disc Grinder.......... 261 Selves: tative: Date 68a se eee 262 iN I a cok ip es oot Bas pc a8 262 Bverdur ANG, Temnaloy ini. oy sud. ss bain: sien 263 By W. H. Bassett es ig a RI Ra et a Ay ORE IN ay 263 Calorizing Steel Against Oxidation and Cor- rosion at High Temperatures......... .. 264 By B. J. Sayles Heavy Duty Electric Grinders............ 266 TUE FE RE a aby a acs Seen tin eign rit 266 Che. amet sis cad fais OBA NARA» Wade RE 266 Copperion: White Metalic. 6.00.0: 266 Hydrating Copper Solution............... 266 Reclaiming Non-Ferrous Scrap Metals at Manufacturing Plants.................. 267 By Franis N, Flynn Chrodnié- Aer? Stamierec%. occ. pavekaanan 268 A New Chromium Plating Test.......... 269 ~y E. M. Baker and W. L. Pinner Twa Motor dire. .5 2925 aes eel 272 Multispeed Buffer and Polisher........... 273 DTG: INU FIRE races oie ene colteie: bas 273 silver: Solution. .2i%. & 2) s. 6 6 eee. 2. 9.8 © 6 441) BO. 2 De) 607 6 OF 8 Ninel sGalitunie. 3 nit) for bhi lo tale cad ayinead, Various Solutions .:/0s'5aciG. Wo a4e 2a 276 Adimminui® Solder i422 eA es 276 lin. a) ), Gee MRS RyE tan te eenae gs oes etree 277 Questions and Answers....... Ee ee ee 278 Associations and Societies................ SG a we Ss oe 6. ee 6 e's. 2°R2 SC. UC eS e's 2 € alee 6 Ss BRASS WORLD is regularly indexed in the Industrial Arts Index. Telephone, Beekman 2306 T ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Issued about the 25th of each month Forms close on the 15th Plating Die Castings Die castings, most of which are made of zinc base alloys, have been in use for a number of years. In the early days of their manufacture there was much difficulty in plating them, due to the peculiarities of zinc and the presence of aluminum in the alloy. In time, however, the problem was solved. It is surprising, therefore, to find that many firms still have trouble with this operation. Nickel is the metal most commonly used to deposit on die castings, and the methods of putting nickel on a zinc base alloy are now generally understood. However, there is still a great deal of trouble in plating die castings with brass or copper, not because the process is so very diffi- cult, but because a few points are often overlooked. The first point of importance is that zinc base die cast- ings must be cleaned perfectly in a mild alkaline cleaner before plating. Strong caustics should not be used, .as they will pit the castings badly. After the work is chemi- cally clean and has heen thoroughly washed free of the cleaner, it can be plated in a nickel bath. Several for- mulae have been recommended, such as: -- 1. (From Principles of Electroplating and Electro- forming by Blum and Hogaboom). WV OUGE = Cikhee «25 Fata Mage eee ods kb aoe 1 gallon Nickel sulphate (NiSO,/H.,O)................ 32 ounces Nickel chloride (NiC1,6H,O).....-........... 2 ounces Borie act "(GS BO) AAR AVES 4 ounces Sodium citrate (Na;C,H,;0,5%4 H,O).......... 8 ounces Temperature, 20-30 degrees C (68-86 degrees F) Initial current density, 3 to 5 amp./dm. (28 to. 47 amp./sq. ft). Be EVR RIRE NS aa se ts Pe Sea SE CR 1 gallon Double mickel- salts 628 é acvs tin te Ae oom, 10 ounces CABMDON:. GRIN Chk ok ccs s 1s tee cncwouteen 7 ounces Batic POCiIAs 6 eee et a 2 ourtces Saeaen | ORT EC es cig ck d-dh 9b Fetes wae A 1 ounce The nickel plate resulting can be buffed and polished. If a brass, copper or an oxidized finish is desired, it is very important to deposit nickel on the surface of the die casting before attempting to deposit any other metal. First get a good nickel plate; then deposit brass or copper as decried: and finish in any way specified. Considerable trouble is often experienced in the spot- ting out of die castings particularly those which have beets brass plated. The best method known at this time to eliminate spotting out as much as possible is : | 1. Nickel plate. 2. Brass plate. 4 3. Allow the work to ‘atiaid em 24 to 48 hours. possible at a temperature of 200-300 degrees F.). 4. A good part of the spotting out will take place dur- (If ing this period. Take the spotted work and dip in a weak solution of acetic acid in water (4 ounces per gal- lon). - The spots should disappear in a minute or two, but keep the work in this dip until spots are gone. Rinse in cold water, then in hot water, and dry. Finish as usual, using the best grade of lacquer. Procedure of this kind will result in a minimum of difficulty in plating die castings. 277
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278 Bright Dipping and Stripping © What is How can I make up a good. salt- ©.—What is a good bright dip for copper? a good nickel strip? spray testing outfit? A.—To bright-dip. copper, proceed as follows: Soak articles well in potash solution, kept at a boiling point ; remove: articles and without rinsing off, swing in air to dry. Immerse directly in burn-off dip, which 1s ordinary nitric acid. Rinse in clean water ; hot water and swing to shake off water. Then immerse in the following bright dip: PETRIE SOR es coins 4 Haken <4 Ae GeO 3 gals Siulpiiurie ACI. 's de vance wees oe 4 gals Rinse in cold water and then in very clean cold water, and then hot water. In asking for a strip for nickel, you should give your base metal. Nevertheless, we give you the following, which with proper attention and supervision can be used on any base metal: Pour sulphuric acid in a 50-gallon crock with the articles to be stripped as anode and sheet lead as cathode. Have a switch in the circuit to break the circuit in taking articles out of bath and placing them in bath. The switch is important as its absence is liable to cause serious injury on account of hydrogen explosion. Salt spray apparatus for testing nickel and chromium baths is so cheap that it is advisable to purchase same. Write to advertisers in the Brass WorLD.—JosEPH Haas. rr ooo Cadmium Plating ©.—I am an inventor of several pieces of dye house machinery and in order to make my products more salable, it is necessary that they be non-corrosive. Should you be in a position to furnish me with a formula or several formulas for plating sheet metal with lead, I would appreciate an early reply. A.—We would advise cadmium plating instead of lead. A formula for cadmium plating is as follows: Rte F505 I Gs. OLS 1 gal. Sodium cyamide oye se 6 ozs Caderitamt Oxide 02. 205. S04 2 ozs Careme bia ds 2s Dosis ee. ti. QUT Y oz. _ Operate this solution with 12-15 amperes per sq. ft. at 3 to 4 volts. As anodes, use sticks of cadmium held in a frame of sheet steel of which the bottom edge and sides have been bent so that the sheet forms a slot into which the sticks can be stacked.—JosEpH Haas. Copper Plating ©.—I am sending you a sample of my acid copper solu- tion and would like to have you analyze it and advise as to its requirements. The tank from which this was taken holds 350 gallons and the solution is new. The tank was formerly used for a nickel solution. The copper deposit BRASS WORLD Questions and Answers All inquiries are answered in the order received and, whenever ‘possible, the answers published in the next regular issué November, 1929 produced in it now streaks so badly we cannot use the articles plated in it. I dissolved copper sulphate to 15° Baume and added sulphuric acid to 19° Baume, then’ added alum potassium, 3 Ibs. I agitated the solution with air and tried every means of improving the solution. How- ever, the deposits are still all streaky and we do not seem able to get a smooth, even finish. More sulphuric acid added seems to do no good. The solution was made up for depositing heavy copper plate on steel and iron. It is part of the preparation for a chromium plate. It is also run overnight at times for building up defective bronze castings. The copper plate should be very heavy, smooth and soft for this. A.—Analysis of acid copper solution: Metallic copper, 7.07 oz., or 28.3 oz. copper sulphate Sulphuric acid, 4.75 oz. fluid. . At times when acid copper solutions are newly made trouble develops from streaks forming on cathode. We suggest that you agitate the cathode and if this does not overcome your trouble, dilute the solution one half, re- place with water and gradually build up metal content of solution again by adding copper sulphate. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE Excessive Zine Anode Corrosion Q.—In operating a zinc solution we are having con- siderable trouble due to rapid corrosion of the zinc anodes at the point where the surface of the solution is. We use a zinc sulphate solution and have been using the same formula and anodes from the same source for a long time, _but the trouble is new to us. Where would you look for the cause of this? A.—To overcome the trouble you are having with the zinc anodes, we suggest that you procure anode hooks that are insoluble in the solution and submerge the anodes entirely in the solution. Such hooks may be made of Monel metal. —QOLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Generator for Chromium ©.—I have an old dynamo that runs on a solution of nickel, silver and copper of which I have 100 gallons each. I would like to exchange this dynamo for a new one run- ning on the above mentioned solutions in addition to brass and chromium. I would appreciate your letting me know the formula for chromium and the size of the dynamo I need. i - A.—We would advise you to have a separate dynamo for your chromium plating solution. It will save you penne ene annoyance, worry and most of all, spoiled work. The following is a good formula for chromium solution: ‘» Chromic acid 60 ozs. Sulphuric acid % oz. by. weight Te a 1 gal.
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November, 1929 BRASS Current density, 75-100 amperes per sq. ft., tempera- ture 100-110° F. We would advise you to get in touch with any of the advertisers in THE Brass WorLp.— JoserH Haas. Green Smut Finish Q.—We are having trouble in getting a good smut green finish on our work, which is finger rings. Will you kindly at your earliest convenience send us a correct formula for this finish. A.—tThere is considerable that could be written on green gold solutions. You might have been a little more explicit in your request, and detailed your difficulties a little more. As it is we can only give you a formula for green gold smut solution: | Wrater soit FURS Saeed ees 1 gal. Gold made into fulminate ........ 5 dwt “Trisodium phosphate ............ 3 ozs Sodiistn. eyasttte oi a sas ses 2 ozs This solution will make a fine yellow gold. To it, add a few drops of silver cyanide solution, to lighten the color ; too much will make the deposit silvery. Then add a few drops (to produce desired smut) of lead carbonate dis- solved in caustic soda. Operate at a pressure of 3-4 volts and 100-120° F—Josern Haas. Imitation Chromium ©.—How can I get a bluish tint from nickel plate to resemble chromium? A.— From the nature of your question, it is evident that you do not wish to chromium plate, but wish to obtain an imitation as near as possible. It is our belief that the following solution will give you as near an imita- tion as is possible: 7 | Single nickel, salts 06.058. - isa 16 ozs Markel chloride: i354 6 eesak casi 2 ozs Magnesium sulphate ............ 4 ozs Borie acids «6s «/ i rack eatniesere's:s 2 ozs Water od. jis) ses ake 28a eal 1 gal. Ulse a current density of 4-6 amperes per sq. ft.— JosEPH Haas. : Installing Plating Apparatus ©.—I am interested in setting up a plating shop of moderate size and would appreciate any information you can supply which would help me to make the proper installations, etc. A—It is a difficult task to advise you fully as to just the equipment you will need, due to the little information you have given. For a moderate sized job plating shop you will need first of all a plating generator of approximately 2,000 am- peres. If you intend to do chromium plating you should have a separate generator for that. For nickel plating you should have 2 or 3 tanks of 300 or 400 gallons capacity. We list here the other tanks you should maintain: Cyanide copper, 300 gallons. Acid copper, 300 gallons. Brass solution, 150 to 200 gallons. Silver, 100 to 150 gallons. Silver strike, 50 gallons. ~ Electric cleaner, 200 to 300 gallons. Still cleaner, 200 to 300 gallons. You should also have rinse tanks and crocks for dips and pickles. We advise you to visit a good job shop in your city; then you will have a better idea of what you need. Also, WORLD 279 get in touch with the platers’ supply houses that advertise in Brass Wortp and ask them for catalogs and prices of equipment. | Your polishing equipment should consist of 2 or 3 double polishing lathes and. possibly you will also need a small scratch brush lathe. The polishing wheels and pol- ishing lathes can also be purchased through the supply houses. | , —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Learning Electroplating ©.—Where can I obtain the fundamentals of the plating business? I would appreciate an answer to this question in full. I am 21 years old and a timekeeper in the plating department of a factory and have been reading some of your issues, which I find very interesting. — | | I have everything right here in front of me—ma+- terials, solutions, apparatus—but I don’t know what half of it is, in fact. What would you advise me to do as start in the right direction? | A,.—Our advice to you would be to get a jobas a plater’s helper with your present employer, if possible; if not, then with some other one where you could learn the practical side of electroplating. As chemistry plays a very important part in electro- plating, we would also advise you to go to night school and take a course in chemistry. Also, procure a good reference book on electroplating, such as “Principles of Electroplating and Electroforming,” by Blum and Hoga- boom, and subscribe to the BRAss WorLp and Tre METAL INpUsTRY, or at least read them regularly. If you will study hard for a few years with the de- termination to be a successful plater, you should have no trouble in learning the fundamentals of electroplating. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Low Free Cyanide in Silver Bath Q.—We are sending you a sample of a silver plating solution which acts rather queerly. It seems that after a filtration of this solution, the wire which we plate comes out a dirty brown. This, of course, is only on the out- side and can be readily wiped off. The way this wire should look is shown in our sample No. 2, which we are also sending you. The proper finish on a wire which is of first class plating should be a clamshell color. This we have been obtaining right along until this last filtra- tion. We shall be pleased to have you examine this solu- tion and tell us what causes this trouble. Testing this solution for silver and cyanide content, we find that adding a 10 per cent normal silver nitrate solution to a diluted sample of this plating bath turns it a very dark yellow. If left for a few hours, the solution changes to a clear, water-like color. This is something that never has happened before with us. A.—Analysis of silver solution: Mea Sve”... ee ee 2.23 oz Pele Cyanite ts. is edocs 1.06 oz Carbonates 2.25 oz The free cyanide content should be increased by adding 114 oz. sodium cyanide to each gallon of solution. - An excess of carbon bisulphide, when used as a brightener, will cause the condition you mention when titrating for free cyanide. It is also the cause of your work being a dirty brown color. Avoid using an excess of the brightener. . O.—We thank you for your analysis of the silver solu- tion we sent you. We cannot quite agree with your
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280 analysis as we do not- use any carbon bisulphide what- ever, and. we are wondering how this originated in the silver solution. We would thank you to investigate this and write us again. A.—The analysis of sample silver solution was cor-— rect and does contain a small amount of sulphur. If you have not added sulphur to the solution, it has been intro- duced in some manner, possibly by using a rubber hose in your filtering process. The water used to prepare the solution may have contained the sulphur. At any rate, the sulphur was there. a | | | —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Mottled Finish QO —-We wish to put an “English Bronze” finish on brass, that is a color such as produced by a liver of sulphur dip, but instead of getting a uniformly colored surface wish to get a mottled or stippled effect. What can you suggest? ‘A.—In producing the English Bronze finish re the use of the sulphur dip or in fact any dip, you must break up the uniformly colored surface by using a damp sponge, rubbed over a piece of cyanide and with this sponge, stipple over the article to produce the mottled effect. Rinse off in cold water, then in hot water, and dry. Dry scratch-brush to an even shade and to produce an antique effect on the revealed brass surface. Lacquer.—JosEPH Haas. | Nickel Peels in Chromium Bath ©.—How can I eliminate small lifts or peels about 1/32x% inch, rectangular in shape, on the tops of auto- mobile radiators that are replated with copper, nickel and chromium? The chrome bath seems to take the nickel off, leaving the copper exposed. The cleaning is done as follows: Copper buffed shell is placed in electric cleaner with alkaline solution, scrubbed in pumice stone, rinsed in water, acid dipped, water rinse, then to nickel bath. Nickel solution has pH 5.3 to 6.0 and consists of 20 oz. nickel salt to gallon, chlorides about 3% oz. to gallon. I use a cyanide copper, acid copper, nickel and then chromium. A.—Your trouble is undoubtedly due to some foreign material adhering to the copper deposit before nickel plat- ing. This may “be dust or dirt particles that collect on the copper deposit after cleaning and before placing in the nickel solution. It may also happen if dust or dirt is allowed to collect on the nickel solution, thereby adhering to the copper deposit when placing work in nickel solu tion. The nickel deposit will cover these small particles and the nickel deposit will withstand the nickel coloring operation, but the deposit is not perfect, and when placed in the chromium solution the high amperage that is neces- sary to GcPaet: the chromium raises the nickel deposit. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE ———____— Nickel Under Chromiiim ©.—Please give me a formula for a nickel solution that will not peel under chromium plating. What conducting salts are best to use with double nickel salts? What should the metallic content and acidity of the nickel solu- tion be? Can double nickel salts be used or should I use single nickel salts? A.—The following formula for nickel solution is being used with good results: BRASS WORLD November, 1929 Double hickel saltesi7eor8, TOS oS as 8 ozs pitti SGT CRRE i SUK Oo ts 2k 4 ozs poenanrchianide:... cL. 7 thiwivis, Se 2 ozs Sg doe: SNe? . SRR SU ee RISES 2 ozs. Li Se ie Se exe o Valier. ioe: 1 gallon The pH should be 5.8 to 6; temperature, 100° F.; cathode current density, 12 to 15 amperes per square foot ; anode current density, 6 to 8 amperes per square foot; distance between anode and cathode, 6 to 8 inches. This solution has a metal content of approximately two ounces per gallon and the sodium chloride and the am- .. monium sulphate of the double nickel salts are the con- ducting salts. If the work is cleaned properly before plating and the chromium solution is in good working condition, you should have very little trouble with the deposit raising. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Silver Finishes ©.—Can you send us the formula for a silver solution for bright plating a cheap class of goods? In England they have a finish termed “Velvan Plate,’’ which has a blue cast and is soft.and half bright, like velvet, from which the name derives. Can you tell me anything about this finish? A.—Formula for bright silver solution : Suveri eyamde pai eid A ee. 3. sOzs. pennant CpRIGe SS 414 ozs. Ammonium chloride .......... 1/16 oz AV akee ooe5y SHE Paes 1 gallon For a brightener, carbon bisulphide is used. To pre- pare the brightener, take one ounce of carbon bisulphide and one ounce of ether. Place these in a quart bottle, add 8 ozs. sodium cyanide, fill the bottle by adding enough of the regular silver solution, and shake thoroughly until the carbon bisulphide is all dissolved. One ounce of this solution will be enough to add to every 15 gallons of the regular solution. Use a slightly higher current density than with the regular silver plating bath and avoid using an excess of the brightener. | —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Tin Plating Q.—We are making an automatic electric percolator as illustrated by the enclosed folder, using copper for the material from which the pot is constructed. This is nickel plated inside and out but we find there is some effect of the coffee on the nickel coating inside the pot— that is, the coffee infusion seems to have a solvent action on the nickel. We are wondering if you know of any other coating that can be applied electrically. Would sil- ver, for instance, resist the action of the coffee infusion better? Any information you can give us as to the usual practice for protecting coffee pot made of copper from the action of coffee would be appreciated. A.—To our knowledge the best protection against the solvent action of the coffee infusion is to tin line the inside of the coffee percolators. This is done by lining up the percolators upon a table with the positive current conductors on the top of the table. Fill them to the top with tin solution and then suspend the cathodes from the cathode conductor into the percolators. A five-minute plate will be sufficient. Empty the percolators, scratch- brush inside with inside scratch-brush; dry and_ nickel
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November, 1929 BRASS color the outside. The following tin solution will be found very: satisfactory: SHANMOUS CHIOTIC® 35 oi Sy 2 ozs Sodium pyrophosphate ........... 6 ozs VVMAOCE: 5 U5 vlad widen dit aad aie aa eee 1 gal. Use this solution warm, 120-140° F. with 4 amperes per sq. ft—JosEpH Haas. Turpentine Stains O.—I am sending you some spatulas which are made of very hard metal. In blanking out this produce, we use _ WORLD 281 turpentine as a lubricant instead of oil. This causes con- siderable trouble, as stains form from the turpentine and the spots are difficult to remove. Can you suggest a sol- vent? ~A tumbling method of removing them would be best, as we have plenty of tumbling equipment. A.—After experimenting with the samples we find that kerosene is the best solvent to remove the stains. If you wish to try a tumbling method, we suggest that you use kerosene and sawdust. We believe that the stains can be eliminated by using pure turpentine, but not one of the many turpentine substitutes that are on the market. —OLIVER J. SIZELOVE. Associations and Societies “REPORTS OF THE CURRENT PROCEEDINGS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS American Electroplaters’ Society HEADQUARTERS, CARE OF GEORGE GEHLING, 5001 EDMUND STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA, Newark Branch HEADQUARTERS, CARE OF GEORGE REUTER, P. O. BOX 201, NEWARK, N. J. At the open meeting of the Newark Branch on October 18, 1929, George B. Hogaboom spoke on the subject of “Brass Plating.” Mr. Hogaboom 1s nationally known as an electroplating engineer with the Hanson-Van Winkle-Munning Company, and an associate editor of THe Mertrat Inpustry. The at- tendance was about 60 members and guests. The Branch served, as usual, refreshments and the eve- ning was not only worthy from an educational stand- point, but was a happy social affair. : Philadelphia Branch HEADQUARTERS, CARE OF PHILIP UHL, 2432 NORTH 29TH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. As announced jin the last issue of ‘THE BRAss Wortp, the 15th Annual Banquet and technical ses- sion of this Branch will take place on Saturday, November 23rd, at McCallister’s, 1811 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia. The technical session will begin at 3 P. M., under the chairmanship of Dr. Lukens of the University of Pennsylvania. Papers to be read are as follows: How the Branches of the Society Can Best Further Its Interest and Theirs, by Charles H. Proctor, Roessler and Hasslacher Chemical Company, New York. Inhibitors and Pickle Control, by Alfred Douty, American Chemical Paint Company, Amber, Pa. Cadmium Plating, by C. M. Hoff, Grasselli Chemi- cal Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Throwing Power in Chromium Plating, by Dr. William Blum, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., and associate editor of Tur Mertat INDUSTRY. © Corrosion Tests of Electrodeposited Metals, by Norman Gebert, American Chain Company, York, Pa. Control of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Solu- tions for Nickel Deposition, by Dr. A. K. Graham, Harrison Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and associate editor, THE METAL INDUSTRY. Question Box, conducted by George B. Hogaboom, Hanson-Van Winkle-Munning Company, Matawan, N. J., and associate editor, Tor Meta INpustry. The banquet will begin at 7 P. M. Los Angeles Branch HEADQUARTERS, CARE OF M. D. RYNKOFS, 1354 W. 25TH STREET, LOS ANGELES, CAL. CELEBRATION. FOR NEW CHARTER A permanent charter was granted to the Los Angeles Branch, making it a full branch of the American Electroplaters’ Society. This occasion was celebrated by a dinner and smoker, October 12th, 1929, attended by 110 men. After the business session, the meeting was turned over to the presentation of papers which were as follows: More Perfect Metal Products, by Dr. Watts, read by Joseph Corbit from the Electroplaters’ Review, May 1928. Some Observations on Chromium Plating, by E. D. Bedwell. Whither Are We Drifting? By M. D. Rynkofs. Motion Plating, by George Kyle. Aluminum and Chrome, by Benjamin Foss. Testing Solutions, by P. A. Boeck, Ontario, California, sent a large delegation, as did also Alhambra, Pasadena, Santa Ana, Santa Barbara, and San Francisco. The papers were interesting, dis- Soe a were lively and the entertainment was ex- cellent. Pittsburgh Branch HEADQUARTERS, CARE OF S. E. HEDDEN, 227 FIFTH STREET, ASPINWALL, PA. It is reported on good authority that about a dozen of the Pittsburgh Branch members have agreed to go to the next annual convention of the American Electroplaters’ Society by airplane. The promoter and most enthusiastic worker for this idea is, of course, Wilfred S. McKeon, president of the Sulphur Products Company, Greensburg, Pa., who predicts that Pittsburgh Branch will require two twelve-pas- senger planes to carry its members to Washington.
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BRASS WORLD November, 1929 Personals Walter C. Allen, president of the Yale and Towne Manufacturing Company, Stamford, Conn., has been elected a director of the Western Electric Company, - New York. George Edwards has become affiliated with the Standard Metal Works, Rockford, Ill., having for- merly been with the Wheatley Bros, Brass Works of Tulsa, Okla. Alexander F. Jenkins is now in Europe for a stay of indefinite duration. Mr. Jenkins is president and treasurer of the Alexander Milburn Company of Baltimore, Md. Joseph A. Maynard, president of the Boston Brass Company, Boston, Mass., was elected president of the Eastern Supply Association at the annual meeting of that organization in New York recently. Mr. May- nard has served the association as vice-president and director, and also as secretary of the Massachusetts Sanitary Club. Joseph Jacobson has been added to the sales staff of the Goodell-Pratt Company, Greenfield, Mass. He will cover the state of Micltigan, and his headquarters will be at Detroit. John H. Metz has been given the territory comprising Richmond Hill, L. I., formerly assigned to E. C. Mesloh. The F. J. Keller Company, with a force of six salesmen will take charge of the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Arkansas. A. T. Nogrady is now Autosan representative for the New York territory of Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Conn. Mr. Nogrady will cover, in addition to New York City, parts of New York State and Philadelphia, Wash- ington and Baltimore districts. He will work in con- nection with Russell Chico in covering the territory, both working from the New York office at 20 Vesey Street, New York. T. C. Hoelzer, for a~ number of years with the National Lead Company, New York, and recently with the Associated Metals and Minerals Corpora- tion, has resigned his latter connection and will be- come associated. with the Metal and Ore Corporation, Woolworth Building, New York. Mr. Hoelzer, who is well known throughout the secondary metal trade, will confine’ his activities to that line with the Metal and Ore Corporation, which buys scrap and residues for export. R. R. Stevenson has been transferred to Pittsburgh as assistant to Col. R. L. Streeter, vice-president of the United States Aluminum Company. Mr. Steven- son was general superintendent of New Kensington, Arnold and Logan Ferry works of the United States Aluminum Company. He will be succeeded by R. M. Ferry, general superintendent of the Bdge- water, N. J., plant. W.C. Winter, assistant superin- tendent of the New Kensington plant, will succeed Mr. Ferry. H. H. Beatty, executive assistant to Mr. Streeter, has been transferred to New Kensington as superintendent of the Arnold plant. Business Reports in Brief Generator Manufacturers Merge A merger has been announced of electroplating generator manufacturers. The Eager Electric Com- pany, for twenty-eight years at Watertown, N. Y., will join the Electric Products Company of Cleveland, Ohio. All manufacturing will be concentrated at a new plant now being built in Cleveland and the Watertown plant will be discontinued. The name of the new combination will be the Electric Products Company. The executive and engineering staffs of both companies will be merged in order to best serve the electroplating industry, and both “Eager” -“E-P” will be made. Michaels Art Bronze Company, Court Avenue, Covington, Ky., awarded a contract for a brick ad- dition. The Bantam Ball Bearing Company, South Bend, Ind., has added a brass foundry to the plant. C. O. Hiler is in charge. National Lead Company, 111 Broadway, New York, plans the construction of first unit of factory here. Estimated cost $250,000. McCauley Metal Products, Inc., 660 Grant Street, Buffalo, N. Y., has filed plans for extensions and im- provements to cost about $30,000. Specialty Brass Corporation, Kenosha, Wis., care of C. M. Anderson, contemplates construction of a plant addition. Plans are private. _ Wheeler Metal Products Company, 1637 Collamere Road, Cleveland, Ohio, plans a one-story, 80 x 300 ft. factory. Estimated cost $150,000. The Allied Die Casting Corporation, is building a and four-story plant in Long Island City, N. Y., which will contain 75,000 sq. ft. of floor space. Bay State Abrasive Products Company, Westboro, Mass., has started work on a one-story plant, 80 x 100 ft. Some equipment is still to be purchased. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y., awarded contract for the construction of a one-story alloy foundry on E. Lake Road, Erie, Pa. _Spanjer Brothers, Inc., Newark, N. J., manufacturer of signs and displays, is planning immediate rebuild- ing of part of a plant destroyed by fire recently. New Jersey Art Foundry, 433 Tonnele Avenue, Jersey City, N. J., awarded contract for a one-story addition to its foundry. Estimated cost $40,000. U.S. Aluminum Company, 3311 Dunn Rd., Detroit, Mich., plans the construction of a one-story, 100 x 380 ft. alluminum parts factory. Estimated cost $75,000. Private plans. Knoxville Power and Light Company, Knoxville, Tenn., has awarded general contract for a one-story brass foundry and forge shop, to cost about $35,000 with equipment. Fleetcraft Airplane Corporation, Pueblo, Colo., has acquired an 150-acre site, and plans the construction of a factory and municipal airport. Estimated cost. $500,000. Hardinge Brothers, Inc., Chicago, manufacturers of oil burners and oil burning equipment, has plans for a four-story addition, to cost more than $90,000 with equipment. Robert Zwick, 1247 Blue Island Averrue, Chicago, Ill., manufacturers of plumbers’ supplies, awarded contract for a two-story, 120 x 122 ft. factory. Esti- mated cost $50,000. &
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November, 1929 BRASS International Nickel Company, New York, awarded contract for the construction of two new units to plant, also larger unit, 158 x 400 ft., to be cold drawn department of plant. Manufacturers Electroplating Company, 303 New Brunswick Avenue, Perth Amboy, N. J., has opened a plant to engage in general plating, specializing in chromium and cadmium plating. Scovill Manufacturing Company, Waterbury, Conn., has awarded contract fer a one-story addition to brass goods manufacturing plant, 62 x 391 ft., to cost more than $85,000 with equipment. Merit Hardware Manufacturing Company, 2125 W. Rice Street, Chicago, Ill., manufacturer of casket hardware, etc., is contemplating a three-story plant unit, to cost over $250,000 with equipment. American Enameled Wire Company, Muskegon, Mich., is said to be planning a one-story addition to cost in excess of $45,000 with equipment. A. R. Thornton is manager. United States Electric Manufacturing Corporation, 222 W. Fourteenth Street, New York, manufacturer of electrical equipment, has leased building at 154-56 West Nineteenth Street, for expansion. Columbia Metal Stamping and Die Company, 1536 East 49th Street, Cleveland, Ohio, awarded contract for a one-story, 90 x 220 ft. factory on East 116th Street and Harvard Avenue. Estimated cost $150,000. Aluminum Industries, Inc., 2438 Beekman Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, is having preliminary plans pre- pared for the construction of a factory and warehouse at Los Angeles, Calif. Estimated cost to exceed $40,000. Columbus Auto Brass Company, 767 North Fourth Street, Columbia, Ohio, has awarded general contract for a two-story addtion, to cost about $25,000 with equipment. . | Continental Airports, Inc., Roger Sherman Build- ing, New Haven, Conn., awarded contract for the construction of an airport, including hangars, shops, oil stations, etc., here. Estimated cost $100,000. L. A. Darling Manufacturing Company, Bronson, Mich., manufacturer of metal display fixtures, etc, has plans for a two-story addition, to cost about $40,000 with equipment. J. D. Spencer is president. Reynolds Metals Company, 30th Street and Grand Avenue, Louisville, Ky., will build six one-story fac- tory buildings for the manufacture of aluminum pow- der at Camp Ground Road. Estimated cost $120,000. Schofield Company, 2 E. Saratoga Street, Balti- more, Md., manufacturer of silverware, metal plated goods, etc., is considering a new three-story plant unit, to cost about $65,000 with equipment. Smith and Richardson Manufacturing Company, Geneva, Ill., manufacturer of foundry supplies, etc., has awarded general contract for a one-story addition, to cost about $25,000 with equipment. Penn Metal Company, Philadelphia, Pa., has leased a two-story and basement building, 115 x 250 ft., to be erected on Oregon Avenue, to cost about $75,000, exclusive of equipment, and will occupy for ex- pansion. | Newman Manufacturing Company, Norwood, Cin- cinnati, Ohio, has been awarded contract to instal about $7,000 worth of bronze work in the new Chi- cago store of A. Sulka and Company, stylists, of Lon- don and New York. . Pressed Metals Company of America, Inc., Port ‘Huron, Mich., manufacturer of brass tubing and bushings, will increase the floor space of its plant here, by more than 5,000 sq. ft. The organization will also employ 100 more workmen. WORLD 283 Arcoil Oil Burner Company, 124 Commerce Street, Newark, N. J., manufacturer of oil burning equip- ment, aluminum fans, etc., has leased one-story fac- tory at 81-83 Pennington Street, with option to pur- chase, for a new plant. Bendix Aviation Corporation, South Bend, Ind., a subsidiary of the Bendix Brake Corporation, has plans for the construction of several plant buildings, an administration building. and a foundry. Approxi- mately $1,000,000 will be expended. Detroit Show Case Company, 1654 West Fort Street, Detroit, Mich., manufacturer of show cases, store fixtures, etc., has plans for a two-story addition, 60 x 125 ft., to cost more than $60,000 with equip- ment. O. L. Anderson Company, Inc., Detroit, Mich., manufacturer of metal stampings and gasoline tanks for motor cars and motor boats, has purchased about 65,000 sq. ft., as site for a new plant, for which plans are being drawn. : Electric Auto-Lite Company, Champlain and Mul- berry Streets, Toledo, Ohio, mianufacturer of starting equipment and electric lights, will start immediate construction of a branch manufacturing plant at Sarnia, Ont. Estimated cost is about $150,000. Kerite Insulated Wire and Cable Company, Sey- mour, Conn., has awarded general contract for a one- story and basement addition, 30 x 45 ft., to cost about $25,000 with equipment. Headquarters are at 30 Church Street, New York. Ohio Injector Company, main plant and office at Wadsworth, Ohio, has started constructoin on a four- story addition, 280 x 340 ft. Building will be used for manufacture of brass and iron valves and is expected to be ready for operation shortly after first of the year. Sheet Aluminum Corporation and affiliated organi- zation, Hybinette Patents Corporation, Jackson, Mich., have acquired a local building and will re- model for early occupancy by last noted company as a metallurgical and experimental laboratory for work in aluminum alloys and other metals. Robert Mitchell Company, Ltd. St. Laurent, Montreal, Can., expects to have the new plant of the company ready for operation around the beginning of 1930. The new plant will comprise initially the brass and iron foundry departments and will also house extensive research laboratories. Servel, Inc., Evansville, Ill, manufacturer of elec- tric and gas-operated refrigerating equipment, is ar- ranging for an increase in capital stock from 1,600,- 000 to 2,000,000 shares of stock, no par value, part of proceeds to be used for expansion in output. The company has purchased manufacturing rights for Electrolux refrigeration system. U. S. Stoneware Company has purchased a 5-acre tract adjoining their plant No. 3 in Tallmadge, Ohio, to allow for future expansion. This company was founded in 1865 and now operates three plants for the manufacture of acid proof chemical stoneware. Frank S. Wills is president and Howard Farkas is sales manager. Brasco Manufacturing Company, 5035 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, IIl., manufacturer of metal store fronts. has acquired factory of Morgan Gardner Elec- tric Company, Harvey, IIl., totalling about 50,000 sq. ft. of floor space, and will use it for a new plant.. Company is said to have plans for a one-story ad- dition on adjoining site, to cost about $100,000 with equipment, for which bids will be asked, shortly. Paasche Airbrush Company announces, effective October 1, 1929, larger and more modern quarters for
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284 their New York Sales and. Service branch to be located at 103 Lafayette St., New York City—Tele- phone Canal 4768-9. L. J. Dagon continues as Branch Manager, assisted by H. A. Schwarz, Louis Straub, P. R. Ford, and G. M. Theuret. A complete stock of Paasche Equipment will be constantly maintained at this new address. Searchlights Metals Manufacturing Corporation, Richmond, Va., recently organized, is completing first unit of a new plant at Dumbarton, where a three- acre tract has been secured, for production of special alloys, Babbitt metal, type metals and kindred prod- ucts. It is proposed to establish a second unit at early date for the manufacture.of copper, brass and bronze products. The entire project will cost more than $45,000 with equipment. Robert L. Walker, formerly superintendent of the Atlas Foundry and Machine Company, ‘Tacoma, BRASS WORLD Navember: 1929 Wash., has purchased the Johnson Iron Works, Red- ing, Cal., and has changed the name of the company to the Walker Iron Works., Mr. Walker is an ex- perienced foundryman’ having ‘served as foundry superintendent of the Washington Iron Works, Seattle, the Llewellyn Iron Works, Los Angeles, and the Bayer Rothgeb Ornamental Iron Works, Los Angeles. He also was superintendent of the Ameri- can. Iron Works, Portland, Ore., and sales engineer for the Herman Pneumatic Molding Machine Com- pany, Zeleinople, Pa... Mr. Walker will carry on the business of founder, machinist, boilermaker, black- smith and patternmaker in his new business, and will add an electric furnace to the foundry for the manu- facture of steel castings. The additon of that furnace will increase the facilities of the foundry which will now be able to make brass, bronze, aluminum, iron and steel castings. New Companies Piston Ring Castings, Inc., St. Louis, Mo., has been incorporated with $90,000 capital, by Henry Haacke, 5544 Maze Place. General Laboratories, Inc., Boston, Mass., has been incorporated with $200,000 capital to engage in busi- ness as toolmakers, brass founders, boilermakers, research engineers, etc. J. Nelson, 48 Union Park Street, is president. Empire Art Metal Manufacturing Company, Phila- delphia, Pa. has been organized with capital of $100,000 to take over and expand company of the same name with plant at 3036 North Broad Street. Clarke D. and M. W. Hunter head the new organiza- tion. | A. Moe and Company, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., has been incorporated with $10,CO00 capital to manufac- ture, repair and sell marine engines, welding equip- ment and supplies and to carry on a business of brass and iron founders. 5651 N. Mascher Street, is treasurer. The M. E. Baker Company, 83 Haverhill Street, Boston, Mass., has been organized to go into the plating and polishing supply business with a general line of supplies as well as new and used equipment. The company is headed by M. E. Baker, who was recently president of the Boston Plating Supply Company. Westcott Valve Company, East St. Louis, Ill., has applied for a certificate of incorporation with a capi- talization of $1,000,000. The new corporation will take over the assets of the Westcott Valve Company. Officers of the new. company are P. A. Schlafy, presi- dent; A. V. Wadsworth, vice-president and general manager; L. Scharf, secretary and treasurer. Oakley Valve and Foundry Company, 48 Ferguson Street, Newark, N. J., manufacturer of poppet valves for internal combustion engines, has been incorporated with .capital stock of 5,000 shares of no par value. Company’s foundry work will consist chiefly of non- ferrous, nickel and Monel metal castings. W. E. Oakley is president. Panyard Piston Ring Company, Muskegon, Mich., has been incorporated with capital of $60,000 to Martha L. Christensen, manufacture piston rings and has purchased at re- ceiver’s sale plant of Panyard Machine and Manu- facturing Company. The firm is in the market for castings and spring steel. P. P. Schnorbach is presi- dent, and D. Briggs vice-president and _ general manager. International Stamping and Enameling Corpora- tion, 360 Furman Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., has been organized to manufacture enameled products, espe- cially for hospitals and sick rooms. It plans to pur- chase controlling interests in stamping companies equipped to do such work and has acquired a major interest in one such company, and is negotiating with others. The company will also purchase dies and stamping machinery for products for which it can create a market. Trade Publications Resurfacing and Repairing Generator Commutators. Ideal Commutator Dresser Company, Sycamore, IIl. Lathes. Monarch Machine Tool Company, Sidney, Ohio. An illustrated 20-page book with data for lathe operators. Non-Corrosive Welding Material. ing Corporation, Chicago, III. Weldite Type-S Welding Rod. Machines that Pay Profits. Brown Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Illustrated pamphlet on temperature control apparatus. Nuttall Heat Treated and Hardened Gears. West- inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, E. Pittsburgh, Pa. Folder No. 5223. | ‘ Corrosion Data. International Nickel Company, New York. A 16-page booklet giving the users of nickel and Monel metal for various process industries. Finishing by the Dry Method. Lea Manufacturing Company, Waterbury, Conn. This booklet giving complete data, with illustrations, describes the use of greaseless compound for producing brush brass, satin, Colonial and other finishes directly from the wheel. Fusion Weld- Illustrated leaflet on
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? November, 1929 BRASS WORLD 285 Metal Prices, November 18, 1929 NEW METALS Copper: Lake, 18.125. Electrolytic, 17.50. Casting, 16.25. Zinc: Prime Western, 6.25, ie BS pes 6.30. Tin: Straits, 40.125, Pig, 90%, 39.3 Lead: 6.10. Aluminum, 24.30. / oa 8.50. Nickel: Ingot, 35. Shot, 36. Elec., 35. eee 40. Quicksilver: flask, 75 Ibs., $124. Bismuth, $1.70 Cadmium, 95. Cobalt, 97%, $2.60. Silver, 62., Troy, 49.625. Gold: oz., Troy, $20. 67. Platinum, oz., Troy, $61, 50. INGOT METALS AND ALLOYS OLD METALS PRM SUNN ROI coc oes knee cee hee ha 12%4tol3%=14%tol434 Heavy Cut Copper ................005 1514t01534 Brass Ingots’ Red vo. eS RE 15%4tol61%4 ~—-:13%4tol334 Copper Wire, Mixed ................0.. 1414t01434 SI SOMONE. Fc ai ss ahha ais uo bane ee ees 16%4to17%4 12 tol2%4 Light Copper ..................05 05, -. IS tol3% (ities Atuelinan Allies 21 to24 11’ toll% Heavy Machine Comipositien 5 Sea a 12 tol2% Pit Ys ape as Freee Ws |. F4to & .- Heavy Brass. .........+.°. Sue EStth sob vO 834to 9 Manganese Bronze Castings ..........ceceeeesceecs 27 =to039 : 644t0.664°. Light Brass °. oi... agaist aoa oo okt 7Y%4to 73% Manganese Brovize Tights 655 5 A eae 13%4tol9 ; . 11. t011%, No.1 Rod Brass Turnings............. 12 tol2% Manganese Bronze Forgings ...........ceeeeeeeees 35 to43 Mi | > 10 tol0% No. 1 Composition Turnings............ 11 toll% Manganese Copper, 30%. oo cccce ccc ieccec ee ceees 28 to40 Saat Med She SS 2g ««#88to. 478 Heavy Lead ......es ee eeese eee eeee es S¥eto 5% Monel Metal Blocks. .... bane 344 BRASS SEAMLESS TUBING 28%4c. to 2914c. net base. TOBIN BRONZE AND MUNTZ METAL Tet: Bronte: Ret? ie i aS .25%4c. net base Muntz or Yellow Metal Sheathing (14”x48”)... .24c. net base Muntz or Yellow Rectangular sheet other NNN io ccs say, airs Wi ian Has othe AS Adax Sis a 25c. met base Muntz or Yellow Metal Rod ................. .22Y%4c. net base Above are for 100 lps. or more in one order. NICKEL SILVER (NICKELENE) Net Base Prices Grade “A” Sheet Metal Wire and Rod 1006 Ouatity. 2.665455. 31%c. 10% Quality............ 34%¥ec. 1596 Quality) cis ei cces 33c. 15%. Quality... 2.2)... i 37 ¥ac. 18%. Quality. ic... is8% 34%4c. 18% Quality............ 4lc. MONEL METAL SHEET AND ROD Hot Rolled Rods (base). 35 Full Finished Sheets (base) 42 Cold Drawn Rods (base) 40 Cold Rolled Sheets (base).. 50 BRITANNIA METAL SHEET No. 1 Britannia—18” wide or less, No. 26 B. & S. Gauge or thicker, 500 Ibs. or over, 8c. over N. Y. tin. price; 100 Ibs. to 500 Ibs., 10c. over; 50 to 100 Ibs., 15c. over; 25 to 50 Ibs., Oe. over; less than 25 Ibs., 25c. over. Prices f. 0. b. mill.
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286 Supply Prices, November 18, 1929 BRASS WORLD November, 1929 ANODES RIES CBB eats sn adie eas cbc a 'e.5 Nw CED 48 » ate Cin. 1 ne te, Pea ESO eek a is vb Raa kw wen Ss hws 45c. per lb. | Rolled, oval foies. | Ria OE FO e vhadecd Ss ee itera aes De site: 49c. per Ib. MNEs GEE acs oe cts Saber ROol tee EES oes he .27c.” perth. “Silver: Rolled silver anodes .999 fine are quoted from 523%c. EE a ee Le, one F so8 RB ey Ee Spee ee 1254c. per Ib. per Troy ounce upward, depending upon quantity. FELT POLISHING WHEELS WHITE SPANISH COTTON BUFFS Diameter Thickness 100 Ihe. a0 Ike. «200 ths. ~~ UII Disc Open buffs, per 100 sections. | 10-12-14 -& 16” i%+46°3" $3.00/lb. $2.75/lb. $2.65/Ib. 12” 20 ply 64/68 Unbleached............... » + -$28.27to$28.30 6-8 & over 16 1 to 3 3.10 2.85 2.75 14” 20 ply 64/68 Unbleached.................. 36.45to 37.34 6 to 24 Under % 4.25 4.00 3.90 « 12" 20: ply 80/92> Unbleached... «0... sec. deca 31.25to 34.16 6 to 24 Y% to 1 4.00 3.75 3.65 14” 20 ply 80/92 Unbleached... ........ 0.0000, 42.40to 46.09 6 to 24 Over 3 3.40 3.15 3.05 12” 20 ply 84/92 Unbleach : : 4 up to 4 4 to 3 4.85 4.85 485 2 ply 84/ nbleached. ......°....:. xe 36:60to 42.50 4 up to 6 Over 3 5.25 5.25. 5.25 14” 20 ply 84/92 Unbleached............0005. 49.60to 57.43 Under 4 Y% to 3 5.45 5.45 5.45 12” 20 ply 80/84 Unbleached:...: eee Lge ee te OE See Under 4 Over 3 5.85 5.85 5.85 14” 20 ply 80/84 Unbleached............... ++ 52,00to 53.12 Grey Meticin Wheel deduct 10c | per lb. from White Spanish prices Sewed Pieced Buffs, per lb., bleached.................. 52c to 7le. Borcr ch seam These are manufacturers’ quantity prices and tbl « on Pea Sei ae Votk City. 0 ONS EEE Re Eo SE So CP ee ne PT pe aes Re cE pe Sees oe ene PES gal. 85 Acid—Boric. ipiiedicie) Chystits- edt iwack: 3s pee Ib. .. . 08% Lead Acetate (Sugar of Lead) ...........e. eee eee lb. 13% Chromic 100 to 400 1b. drums............. eae lb. 19Y-21 Yellow Oxide (Litharge) ..............00c.00- Ib. 12% Hydrochloric (Muriatic) Tech., 20°, Carboys....Ib. 02 ‘Mercury Bichioride -(Corrosive Sublimate) . ....1b. $1.58 Hydrochloric, C. P., 20 deg., carboys............ lb. .06 N ickel—Carbonate, UY, WO Si va oe eA ee ‘Hydrofluoric, 30% bbls. ..........00-eeeceeeees lb. .08 Chioride, bbte, | 5.455 2% Aad 2.4 4 3h eeu es. | lb. .20 SPMESC IO SOOM. CAFDOYRG . 6 ion c onic ss on hss obs lb. 06 Salts, single 300 th, ‘bbls, .. 5 secu 5 seers hen © 1b. 13 Nitric, 42 deg., carboys ........sceesceeseceees Ib. 07 Salts, double, 425 Ib. bbls. ........... eee Ib. 13 ) Sulphuric 66 deg. carboys ee ee Or ere be Pe lb. 02 Parainn ©... ee ee ee ie ee ee Ib. 05-.06 ’ tb. .1634-.21% Phosphorus——Duty free, according to quantity. .lb. 35-.40 DERMIS hs, ants Po a ts eh dines oats ONE aes - 1634-21% botach, Caustic Blectrolytic 88-92% broken, | “Depatured, drums...) oi... iene eee ee ee gal. 90-60 — hia stn ee tb. 093° Alum—Lump, Pees Was. Soy ts 804 ok ES os. GEE. dod 1b. 03% Potassium Bichromate, ‘casks (crystals) pene patie lb. 09% Powdered, Barrels —- 04 3c. ces creer rer ev lb. 039 Apirpemate, TE-SEP oo ois csi stbuccwden ob 44 Ib. .0634-.07 Aluminum chloride solution in carboys............ Ib. 06% ae Cyanide, 165 lb. cases, 94-96%. ............. rene 57% Ammonium—Sulphate, tech., bbls. ............-.. Ib. 33 Prace, Grou, UGG so. cc rere l e rote lb. 02% Sulphocyanide ...........00eeeeeee es cello te hs Ib. 65 Quartz, powdered ..... 6... see sence eee eee eee ton — $30.00 ESS ARP SE atin Co NA WD ee a tb. 05 ORNS Bs o's ian orn ep ddGA oon PAOD alle ke 8 aoe Ib. 044 , a cendihgys fc miaaate ON epa ek Rouge, nickel, 100 Ib. lots ........0..eceeseeseeee. ib 25 aes abana a eae aig ae ne cae aad - mr a OS OP Bit Bie 95 pal Re Ib 65 Benzol, pure .......... cece eee cece e ee eee nes gal. .60 Sal Ammoniac (Ammionium Chloride) in casks... .1b. 05% Borax Crystals (Sodium Biborate), bbls........... Ib. 04% = Silver Chioride,. dry, 100 oz. lots. ........0...06 0Z.. 421 Calcium Carbonate (Precipitated Challe) ck os se xe lb. 04 Cyanide =-(Aunctuating 5 2sick ook sas oasen kas .0z. .52%-.57% Carbon Bisulphide, Drums ............. aR Srey: Ib. .06 Nitrate, 100 outed Totes 2 othe. WEEE: oz 36% i Chrome Grech: BOlE soi ed. ESTAS. Ces lb. 25 ee, FeO SEP, Gees Ss ocr tere i Ib. 02% ere GHUIERUE L: . a come vce gpe tease oo ea et Ib. 30-.40 Sodium—Cyanide, 96 to 98%, 100 Ibs. ............ Ib. sd | Copper—Acetate (Verdigris) ............ eats Slee 23 RL VOU NOME bs vee ncew css ese sss RS Ib 04 MN: TINIE cas prs btw es Sop MRED * * 54 vw RD lb. 21% Nitrate, tech.-Dbls. . resis cciny ss gore Hacewe epi ope lb. 04%, Geenie (100 Ib. kegs) ccs ls... cease ee Ib. 45 PORQUE SUE RINE i, pics kh cbse dae es Ib. 03% I Oo age a es eee een ee Ee eee a 6.7 Silicate (Water Glass), -bblis;. cee... fo. eee. Ib. .02 Cream of Tartar Crystals ( Potassium pre oMnce b. be = Sulpho Cyanide oc. o5 0704. Per bc ae teehee Ib. 321% Cpaees SCE 3 es fas. Gata dee CEPR Soke ees Lee - 15 Sulphur. (Brimstone), bbs.) 2%... soe. cn ee kee ed Ib. .02 (EE IR AE EOS ERR PRESET BEE OEE PPE ns aE tb. 05-.08 Tin Chloride, 100 Ib. kegs... .0.%.. SSeS lb. 34 NP PT es ee. Secs He ee ein OS. lb. 06 Tripoli, Powdered ....... NEW he. DRUGA Ae So Ib 03 nes. “eared Se PO AR ton ~§ $30.00 ‘Wax—Bees, white, ref. bleached ........2....0.0. Ib 60 Fluor-spar (Calcic fluoride) ................0005. ton $70.00 Wl Sia ds aad aS Cie lb 45 OO ET 2) RE ae gb pa gee Se Be OED ae BD gal. $4.45 Wilortteiee ROU fis ae. ail hes ROG neta Cee Ib. .0214-.06 51 SSS ISS SEEM TT RM Gee Paar ts a ray: oz. $12.00 Zine Kachina sis hearers ahem _ Ab. ‘aut CR Vt a he’, ak vas onc arose ee tb. .26 Chloride, casks: . 0 T3422 SAN alee. Ib. 0634 INNS eT Pt oy hes, he te abigel e's aks bbe Ib. .59-.61 Cyanide (100 1b. kegs)... eco errs ory tb. Al Iron Sulphate (Copperas), bbl. ............-.-.-.. Ib. 01% SSI Re rhe eal eink Aa aie es bret Ib. 03%