Amateur Work: A Monthly Magazine of the Useful Arts and Sciences (December, 1904)
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Ten Gants a Copy re DECEMBER, 1904 IV No. 2 Vol ARMY oy AAS A) WAY xy ty a e > * Yi ee = —— oS = SS > ————- WN St y $y fe BARA TAY ‘ vie 4 P % ~~ SSS) > rt Ay vie : ) } 45 46 oo SS ERS eS 3: See8- 28 HY o ee D Peewee gS i oe ee °, > , PS ra: i ae G) E 5 ee = A S = gk ; Hee ‘) = Pood =) o ° ge a eeseuce? 2 «es 06gbm ES GO U8 UE Bg Somsps 2 Fes com 3? uF i gees oe O2endg aes 0 x =e om. ee ee Z. toe an Oo Hands i - i 2 ee o S gis Z 7 Bil oh al 48 Os: WiSe-8 es ok - = Or&®& 265 $2 213% 2 928 IGE £650 98 gores | 2, |28 | a het ) poe! Q. a = S o:h OFSeaa oe .6 SSo.0 sm Seete 5 | 22 od ne s “: 7 @ os ° y Ae € Qin REM SESO PIES AZS oy decked fag. a 3 Moe PRazin OLA YsFed yIGOR9 gees : OF 2.8 dub geiio a “euBsbie aepzaey SF = 3 "leet = Om OR <"G SESS m a fpr ary yee’ = ATES RISE Bote : ROS ars 5 i} es rll Ny ! Magen ; + | hs Chea 197090029, “59 68 BIN) Seek wb ee eer Ne SPP ING ose ee ee , : : 235 aT — IE - “A : 4 * ad ' = 4 ¢. . Cc aut yen SISA PRS nye oe Ue, eu A) /\ hw AG 4 4 4 SENG. CO. aviVals », any Wy) ES ANKLIN PR. FR
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DRAWING INSTRUMENTS «! SPECIAL PRICES. No. 611. Set of Drawing Instruments in Leather | Case, Velvet Lined, with Bar Lock, containing : One German Silver Compass, 6 inches long, with Pen, Pancil, Needle Point and Lengthening Bar, One 5 inch Ruling Pen, spring on upper blade. One Case with Leads. One Adjusting Key. : Retail Price, $3.75.. Our Special Price, $1.99 Postage additional, 15 cents. No. 621 Set of Drawing Instruments’ i in Lenther Case, Velvet Lined with Bar Lock, containing? One German Silver Compass, 6 inches long, with Pen,. Pencil, t+» Needle Point and Lengthening Bar. One German Silver Spacing Dividers, 5 inches long. One Steel Bow Pen, 3 1-4 inches long, with Needle point. } One 5 inch Ruling Pen with spring on upper blade. One Case with Leads. One Adjusting Key. — Retail Price, $5.00. Our Special Price, Se 75. Postage additional, 18 cents. No. 631. Set of Drawing Instruments in. Lenther Case, Velvet Lined, with Bar Lock, containing: One German Silver Compass, 6 inches long, with Pen, Pencil, - Needle Point and Lengthening Bar. One German Silver Spacing Dividers. 5 inches long. One Steel Spring Bow Dividers, 3 1-4 inches long. One Steel Spring Bow Pen, 3 1-4 inches long, with Needle point. One Steel Spring Bow Pencil, 3 1-4 in. long, with Needle point. One 5 inch Ruling Pen, with spring on upper blade. One Case with Leads. One Adjusting Key. Retail Price. $6.90. Our Special Price, $3. 75 Postage additional, 20 cents. No. 641. Set of Highest Couniy Drenwiae Instru- ments, in Morocco F olding Aer Case. Velvet Lined, containing : - One German Silver Patent Pivot Joint Compass, 6 inches long, with Pen, Pencil, Needle Point and Lengthening Bar. One German Silver, Patent Pivot J bint sinucahlanion Dividers, 5 inches long. One SteeleSpring Bow Divides: 3 1-4 inches long. One Steel Spring Bow Pencil, 3 1-4 in. long, with Needle Point ‘One Steel Spring Bow Pen, 3 1-4 inches long, with Needle Point. One 3 1-4 inch Ruling Pen, with spring on upper blade. One 5 inch Ruling Pen, with spring on upper blade. One Nickel-plated Case with Leads. One Adjusting Key. | Retail Price, $13,50, Our Special Peneer: $8,00 Foner additional 20 cents. To secure the lopetal prices quoted above it is merely necessary to send"Post Office Order or Registered Letter for the amount to the address below, sels at the same time, Amateur Work. — | A. D. MACLACHLAN, - Draftsmen’ S, Architects’ and Engineers’ Supplies. 214 Clarendon St., Boston, Mass.
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PEsgeks L >t Ae. § Surfacers for Pattern Shops. SS on = we Clement No. 1 Pony Planer. Rowley & Hermance Pony Planer. Williamsport No. 4 Single and Double Surfacer Works 16, 20 and 24 x 6 in. Works 18 and 24 x 6 in. Works 24 by 8 in. thick. Ea TE" A i Te \ \ iy | iy a a Clement No. 3 26 and 30 x 7 in. Single and Double Surfacers. For full detail information, catalogue and prices, address | AMERICAN WOOD WORKING MACHINERY CoO. New Orleans Chicago Boston New York
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AMATEUR WORK FOR BEAUTY, FINISH AND UTILITY THE DISSTON SAWS ARE UNEQUALED Student to Draftsman Through the I. C. S. Correspondence instruction, as conducted by the I. C. S., in ny opinion, is first class in every particular. At the time of my enrol- ment I was a student, but five months later I accepted a position as draftsman with the Palmetto Fibre Co., Frederick, Md., and am now making original drawings from Cictation. reed? my salary has been increased 500%. Harry J. LEBHERZ. East Third St., Frederick, Md. WE MANUFACTURE THE FINEST AND THE LARGEST LINE OF SAWS IN THE WORLD. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc. KEYSTONE SAW, TOOL, STEEL AND FILE WORKS, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. A. FOOT HAND AND POWER WOOD WORKING MACHINERY Suitable for technical chools and colleges, car- enters, builders, cabinet makers, and woodworkers generally. Machines for scroll-sawing, ripping, da- doing, cutting off, mitering rabbetting, groving, gain- ing, beading, edging up, boring, mortising, tennon- ing, turning, etc., or work- ing wood in any manner. Enterprising mechanics are quick to see the supe- SS ie rior merits of our machines. Victor Scroll Saw Diamond Mortis¢ This is but one of many hundred indorsements proving that our students succeed. Our new book- let, ‘1001 Stories of Success,’’ gives the names, addresses, and advancement of over a thousand other successful students. To those inquiring NOW it will be sent FREE. Every student of the I.C.S. is entitled to tne services of the Students’ Aid De- partment in securing promotion or a new position. Our Courses cost from $10 up No books to buy. Start TODAY tc rise‘ F ill Out and Send In the Coupon NOW! eee eeeeSeHHHHHHHHSHHOSH#SCHHOHHHHHOHHHH HO International Correspondence Schools Box 990, Scranton, Pa. Machines Please send me a free copy of “1001 Stories of Success,” and Sent on explain how I can qualify for position before Trial which I have marked X. Kd Sanitary Engineer g Mechanical Engineer Architect S d [7] Mechanical Draftsman |{_ | Architectural Drafts. Letterer en |__| Machine Designer |_| Electrician Bookkeeper |_| Electrical Engineer |__| Steam Engineer Stenographer |__| Elec. Mach. Designer Marine Engineer Ad Writer for |__| Municipal Engineer Civil Engineer Show-Card Writer |_| Heating and Vent. Eng. || | Bridge Engineer |__| Window Dresser || Contractor and Builder {|_| Surveyor |__| To Speak French Catalog |_| Mining poo |_| To Speak German, |__| To Speak Spanish Seeeseseseseseseooe*? ~FHHHHHHHHHHS “A.” S Z No. 5 Union Seli-feed Rip and Cross-cut Saw, Ghe SENACA FALLS MFG. CO., (324) 103 Water St. Senaca Falls, N. Y., U.S.A Nea $$ $$ $$ _________—_— Age & CCOOHSSSHSS SESE SOSH SOHSSESESES OOOO ; SST SSHSHSHSHHHSHSSHSS“CSSHSSHH#SOSOSVs?s
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: AMATEUR WORK CCU OA I A a BROWN & SHARPE MEG. CO., Providence, R.I., U. S. A. Se ee, ey, te ey i i) o The nearest Hardware Dealer to show you the | Line of MACHINISTS’ , TOOLS That was awarded the GRAND PRIZE At the St. Louis World’s Fair. They are ALL stamped “ B. & S. Mfg. Co.”’. Send for Catalogue No. 105. ke ING MODE eae i ORKING MODEL pl S| THE LARGE WRENCH USED BY EVERY | 5¢ MECHANIC. EACH PART ACCURATELY PRO- PORTIONED AND MADE EXACTLY TO SCALE. HANDSOMELY NICKEL PLATED. | THE DAVISON MANUFACTURING Fo M2 a ST. BROOKLYN, N.Y: ..BLACK DIAMOND FILES AND RASPS... For Sale » PERFECT Everywhere. ALWAYS G. & H. BARNETT CO., Black Diamond File Works, Philadelphia. 12 Medals Awarded at International Expositions.
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AMATEUR WORK Here is a Spark Coil built with one of our $7.50 Secondary Windings "SSUTPUL A AsepUIAG INO BUIgHIDsap UIJAIING INO Joy 2y;3M HOA },UOP AY MK Is there any question in your mind but that the maker and h - ‘soyestpus Ajpsejod v jas osje pue dusr}s asojouyq friends are spending many pleasant hours operating it? New England Coil Winding Co., Atlantic, Mass. INDUSTRIAL BOOKS. We are headquarters for Mechanical and Technical Book sand supply the Standards in their respective fields. We invite correapondence re- garding books on all industrial subjects. A few of our publications are ; SKINNER INDEPENDENT LATHE CHUCK A Manual of Mechanical Drawing, by Philip D. Johnson, $2.00 ‘©1901 Pattern” Architectural Drawing, by C. Franklin Edminster, 2.00 Practical Wood Carving, by C. I. Woodsend, 1.00 hy _ Just the chuck for Blue Print Making, preparing frame, paper and prints, 25 | | | Bicycle Repairing, by S. D. V. Burr, 1.00 — = | a ond ee Progressive Carpentry, by D. H. Meloy, 1.00 Se A 6x9 catalog sent Practical Gas Fitting, mains, pipes and oo 1.00 i MU og b | on’ receipt of request. rm 94 Reade St. 232-238 William St. New York City. . : y THE om ex CO., New Britain, Conn. | << 9% | The * Amateur ” Bench Lathe INo. I. No. 2. 24 inch bed. 36 inch bed. 13 in. between 25 in. between centers. centers. Given for 12 New Subscribers. Price, $7.50 Given for 15 New Subscribers. Price, $9.00 A little work will secure one of these lathes FREE. Try it.
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: AMATEUR WORK A FIRST CLASS WOOD LATHE for; 5 -B _* j This Lathe has been — neti designed specially for Manual Training School work. It is well made all through and can be de= pended on for continuous and hard work. We also build Band Sawing Machines, Universal Saw Benches, Tipping Top Saw Benches Combination Saw Tables, Buzz and Pony Planers, Boring Machines and \ whatever is needed in fit- ) ting up Manual Training ai _ Schools. y | Worcester, Mass. ~ 1 HOBBS MFC. CO., 26 Salisbury St. VERTICAL ENGINE With Cylinder 7-8 Bore by 7-8 Stroke. The illustration is an exact representation of our latest design stationary engine. ‘This is the, easiest to build of any of our engines, and the running parts are’ strong and substantial, and the material the best. The cylinder, cylinder heads, steam chest, valve, connecting Yod, eccentric rod and piston are bronze. Bed, upright, fly wheel and eccentric are cast iron ; crank shaft of steel Height, 74 inches; size of base, 3 by 44 inches ; diameter of fly wheel, 23 inches. Set of Castings in the rough with Blue-prints $2.50 Finished Engine $20.00 Our catalogue is sent, postpaid, on receipt of 10 cents 7 this will be refunded on first order of $1.00 or over. ges In this we offer sets of castings for engines, both ‘— horizontal, vertical and marine, in several sizes and styles; also sets for locomotives, dynamos and accessories such as steam and water gauges. The Sipp Electric & Machine Co., 10 Mill St., __ Paterson, N. J.
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AMATEUR WORK ual t = oe CARPENTERS’ TOOLS \. (‘“ Box-wood and Ivory Rules “BED ROCK” PLANES The e BEST ¥ PLANE ez MADE f In the “ BED ROCK” plane we have perfected a design whic bination of the utmost solidity and rigidity, together with a wide range of adjustments. The entire bottom surface of the frog is in contact with the plane body, thus giving the plane iron the same solid bedding as if resting on the plane body itself. The heel of the plane iron rests on the frog. The bevel is the only part of the plane iron no, so supported. These features prevent any possibility of the plane iron or frog jump. ing or springing up or down when in use. Any possibility of side shifting of the frog is overcome by means of a tongue on the bottom side of the frog and a groove in the plane body. The tongue and groove conform to each other and thus prevent side shifting of the frog, and also insures that the frog moves at a true right angle when adjusted. ‘These points will commend themselves to all mechanics. Ask, to see the ‘* BED ROCK ” plane and examine it for yourself, and test our statements by the article as you find it. Architects, Caliper, Bound, Zig-zag and Shrinkage Rules Board, Log and Wood Measures Plumbs and Levels Level Sights Masons and Machinests’ Levels : T Bevels and Try Squares) Mitre Squares Marking Guages’ h allows a com- “Bed Rock” Planes Block, Smooth, Jack, Jointer, Fore, Rabbet and Circular Planes Tonguing and Grooving Planes] Dado, Beading, Core-box and Universal Planes Scrapers Spoke Shaves Trammel Points Furnished with Corrugated Bot- toms without ad- ditional expense if so ordered. If your dealer does not have them, send for a descriptive circu- lar and prices. Counter-sinks Cornering Tools Clapboard Guages Awls Mallets Tack Hammers Saw and Plane Handles Mitre Boxes SEND FOR STANLEY RULE & LEVEL CO. CATALOGUE |i Works and General Office, NEW BRITAIN, CONN. | New York Office and Export Dept., 107 Chambers Street.
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AMATEUR WORK A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF THE USEFUL ARTS AND SCIENCES Vol. IV. No. 2. BOSTON, DECEMBER, 1904. One Dollar a Year. {00-WATT TRANSFORMER. R. G. GRISWOLD. The transformer described in this article is in- tended for amateur construction and amateur ex- perimentation. The materials are such that they may be readily obtained, and the entire piece of apparatus requires a very small outlay. iy 1 i Pert Weed ey Sr aE reas Rac ee : Oe es | oe ae 1 rstere eld ta The capacity of the transformer is approxi- mately 100 watts, and is designed for transform- ing from 100 volts to 10 volts on 125 cycles. This voltage is a very convenient one for light experi- mental work, and the instrument is so designed + - Annealed 1c: odo” thick Soo ‘ Li RO ‘ ‘ that* several different coils may be wound and placed on the same core, as it is made in remova- ble sections. The secondary is also tapped in five places, thus making it possible to obtain different voltages from the single winding. MNethed of rapping Secondo ry Corl Tops /oten oul every 20 turns The core of the magnets is lami- nated,or built up of strips of soft iron 1 in. wide by about .015 in. or .020 in. thick, and of the lengths given in the drawing. These strips are laid up, one on top of the other, until a pile 1 in. thick is built up. The strips are placed directly on top of each other, but with one end of one lapping over the lower one by 1 in, the next one lapping over by a sim- ilar space at the oppositeend. This provides the ends of each section with a series of tongues and slots, which will slip intoasimilar arrange- ment on the next section. This makesa very good magnetic joint, and the several ends are clamped firmly in contact by the } in. bolt running through asshown. This arrangement affords the shortest possible magnetic circuit, and also permits an in- i
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AMATEUR WORK terchange of coils for other experiments or volt- ages and outputs. When the pieces are properly laid, one on top of the other, as directed, they are riveted together by three jin. rivets, as indicated. The four pieces are then bolted together and the ends fin- ished off smoothly with a knife. Then place the _ four pieces, either bolted together or separate, in a fire and heat to a dull red for an hour. Remove after one hour and allow them to cool very slowly by burying in ashes. This anneals the iron and, while itis not absolutely essential, it is advisable to do so, as the magnetic qualities of the iron are benefited by the treatment. The fibre washers are now forced into place. Next, wrap the two cores holding the magnet coils with cotton tape (lin. wide) beginning close up against the fibre heads. The tape should half lap over itself on each turn, so that there may be no spots left bare. When the first layer is fin- ished it is thoroughly soaked with shellac varnish and the tape carried back to the starting point in another layer, which is also soaked in shellac. The cores are now placed in an oven and baked for five or six hours, thus hardening the shellac. The cores being completed the winding of the primary coil is begun. This winding is deter- mined from the formula BNF E. M. B.=4.44 799 000,000 in which — K. M, F.=electro-motive force in volts. B=magnetic flux in lines per square in. N=number of turns in winding. F=—frequency of cycles. Since it is the number of turns required that is to be determined, we can solve for N by trans- posing N— 100,000,000 EK. M. F. <a 4.44 BF The frequency is generally known and in this case is 125. The magnetic flux must be taken with regard to the cross section of the core, and with this frequency it is not advisable to use a magnetic density in the core much higher than 20,000 lines per square inch. Owing to the lam- inated structure of our cores we can hardly count on more than 90 per cent of the total cross section, as there is always a slight space between the strips. Counting on 9 square in. the total mag- netic flux through the core will be 20,000 x .9= 18,000 lines. Assuming the primary voltage to be 100, we have NTO nn DOO Tap = 1000 turns approximate. For an output of 100 watts, neglecting the losses and magnetizing current, the primary cur- rent would be 4°2—1 ampere, and in order to prevent overheating in the coils, the primary should have a cross-sectional area of 1000 circular mills per ampere. No. 20 B. & S. wire has an area of 1021 circular mills, so that this wire is used. This wire should be double cotton covered, which gives it an outside diameter of about .040 in. and about 25 turns can be wound per inch of core length. As each coil is to contain about 500 turns, and each layer will take 75 turns, it will require 6.6 layers to contain the number of turns, but since even layers are desirable, the last layer will be finished, making 7 layers and about 525 turns. As each layer is wound on it is given a coat of shellac and the finished winding thoroughly baked. Then three layers of linen soaked in shellac are wrapped over the primary coil and baked until dry. The next operation requiring attention is the secondary coil. The secondary voltage is to be 10 volts with a primary voltage of 100. The secondary current of this transformer at full load is found close enough for the present purposes from the following formula: Poy. me, oe F.C. sv. in which 8. C. = Secondary current. © P. C. = Primary current. _ P. V. = Primary voltage. S. V. = Secondary voltage. Therefore Secondary current=1x1%°=—10 amperes. The number of secondary turns is found as fol- lows: pa Secondary turns = primary turns xX pry. Hence for this transformer, Secondary turns—1000— 1%. Allowing 1000 circular mills per ampere, this secondary will require a cross section of 10,000 mills, which is very nearly covered by a No. 10 B. & 8S. wire. The 100 turns will be equally di- -
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AMATEUR WORK 51 vided between the two coils, or 50 turns to each, which can be wound on in two layers. These layers are also shellacked and baked after placing the taps in as shown. These taps are made of thin copper, about No. 24 B. & S. guage and 1 in wide. They are soldered to the primary coil on every twentieth turn, as shown in the drawing. The taps from the lower layers are brought out between the turns of the upper layer, and the leads to the switch points on the base are soldered to the protruding ends. The arrangement of switch and binding posts on the base may be altered to suit the the require- ments of the user, so no special instructions are necessary on this point; the base is madeof a block of some hard wood and, as far as possible, all connections should be made beneath the base, as shown. Two 2 in. screws should pass through the base into the lower mee eest of the magnet to se- cure it. If the transformer is operated on 60 cycles in- stead of 125, the effect will be to increase the heating somewhat, but if the iron is of good qual- ity the, heating will not be large because the low density of 20,000 lines per square inch was as- sured. The no load current taken by the primary will be increased because a greater magnetizing force’ will be required to set up the magnetic flux. This will tend to increase the heating in the primary coil. The net result, therefore, of operating the transformer on 60 cycles would be to make it run somewhat warmer. Owing, how- ever, to the intermittent load usually used in ex- perimental work, the transformer should not run very warm. Thesecondary voltage would not be affected by a change in the frequency so long as the primary voltage and the ratio of primary volt- age to secondary turns are not altered. . Owing to the construction of the core, the lat- itude of voltages of output may be easily varied by winding separate coils to slip over the cores, mounting the fibre heads on a square-formed tube of thin sheet iron. If the primary is to be wound for 50 volts and the secondary for 10 volts, use 240 turns of No, 17 B. & S. on the primary and the same winding on the secondary, as below. For a primary voltage of 100 and a secondary voltage of 5 with an amperage of 20, use the same winding as before for the primary and 25 turns of two No. 10 wires in parallel for the secondary on each spool. The small transformer will be found useful for a number of purposes, especially if it is used in connection with a small rheostat by means of which the secondary current may be regulated. For operating miniature lamps, supplying cur- rent for operating small alternating-current. mo- tors or, in fact, for any purpose where a small al- ternating current at low voltage is required, it will be found very convenient. It is specially handy for experiments illustrating the heating effects of the electric current; it will fuse a considerable length of No. 18 wire without difficulty. If a 5 volt secondary winding is used and taps brought out every 5 turns, it makes a good appli- ance for heating the cautery knives used in surgi- cal work. The five volt secondary with taps every 5 turns, gives 10 steps of 4 volt each, which is close enough adjustment for most work. NOTES ON WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. L. T. KNIGHT. Il. The receiving set of a wireless station com- prises the coherer, the relay, the decoherer, the sounder, the weak current and strong current bat- teries, coherer condenser and the tuning coil. A switch is arranged to connect the receiving set to the aerial wire when desired. One form of coherer consists of an exhausted Receiving Instruments of a Wireless Telegraph Station. glass tube containing two silver plugs fitting ~ snugly in the tube with well polished and slight- ly sloping ends. The space between the plugs va- ries from 2 to 4 millimeters in length and con- tains the filings of pulverized and oxidized silver and nickel alloy. ‘Che silver plugs are connected to metal tips or caps at the end of the coherer,
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32 AMATEUR WORK which serve as connecting points. The coherer is not adjustable so far as the location of the plugs is concerned, but the sensitiveness is tbe greatest when the narrow part of the wedge is down. But this is not always the best working position for regular receiving. The best relay is of the polarized type, with the coils of the magnet wound to a resistence of from 4,000 to 10,000 ohms. The relay must be well balanced, absolutely sure in action and quick to start. Qecaherer = & x f = y R = : OlO® 7 ee ee :S N= ome jz ' The decoherer is a high frequency vibrating hammer constructed on the ordinary - vibrating door-bell principle. The weak current battery used in the coherer operation is a dry cell of very low amperage and one to one and one-quarter volts. The coherer condenser bridges the relay windings and battery, is of very small capacity, and when properly placed serves to shut off any static charges that might flow in from the aerial wire to and through the coherer and relay and prevent operation. | The sounder is the ordinary Morse device, op- erated by several cells of dry battery. The tun- ing coil is a variable contact device patterned af- ter the one described in the previous chapter. The adjustment of receiving instruments re- quires care and patience, particularly in the rela- tion of the relay and coherer, and the sounders and the decoherer. The sensitivity of the coherer varies with the degree of oxidization of the silver- nickel fillings, as well as the size and distance be- tween the plugs. The normal resistance of the coherer is very high and the amount of current from the little dry battery is not sufficient to pass through tothe relay windings. But when the wave enters by way of the aerial wire this high resistance is broken down by the critical poten- tial and becomes approximately about 3,000 to 5,000 ohms. In this state the current is allowed to passinto the relay circuit and operate the re- lay. This, in turn, throws in the sounder and the decoherer, the circuits of which are shown in accompanying sketch. When the decoherer op- erates the relay circuit is opened and the relay re- turns to its normal position, and of course at the time the decoherer operates the sounder also op- erates. The decoherer is more active in opera- tion than the sounder, and this permits the relay and decoherer to cause the sounder to give dashes as well as dots. | ELECTRIC LIGHTING OF CHRISTMAS TREES. FREDERICK A. DRAPER. The greater safety attending the lighting of Christmas trees by electricity makes this method far preferable to that of the familiar candles, with the possibility of igniting the inflammable trees and decorations. By following the directions here given any one posséssing ordinary skill can make and arrange the necessary fixtures to produce a very pleasing effect, and at a most reasonable ex- pense. | The first consideration is the source of current; whether from the lighting circuit in a building lighted by electricity or, where such current is not available, by battery. The former will first. be described, but before doing so itis well to men- tion that in some places the restrictions imposed by insurance authorities are very stringent and should be ascertained before commencing work, that the regulations may be properly complied with. Where battery current is used this trouble _ is avoided, as the current is of such low potential that no trouble would follow should short circuits occur, other than a quick exhausting of the bat-
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AMATEUR WORK | mh) tery and a failure to keep the lamps up the prop-. er brilliancy. Assuming that the current is to be taken from the wires of a regular incandescent lighting cir- cuit, the voltage of which is between 108 and 112 volts, the first requisites are: Plugs for the sock- ets in which the lamps are affixed; enough two cord flexible wire to reach from the socket to the base of the tree; 100 feet or more of annuncia- tion wire, divided equally between two colors to facilitate wiring ; the necessary number of 14 volt series miniature bulbs of 3 C. P. aud an equal number of porcelaiu sockets. An examination of the tree having been made and the location and number of the lamps decided upon, a wiring diagram should be drawn showing the wires, lamps and connections, as it will “probably be necessary to run the connecting wires from one branch to another to make up the complete circuits of eight lamps each. It will be noted that eight 14 volt lamps, “connected in series” make a total voltage of 112 volts, a slightly less voltage of the main circuit having but little effect on the several lamps. For each eight lamps on the tree, therefore, a separate plug and connecting wires will be required, unless one is sufficiently skilled in wiring to make a double connection and circuit through one plug, in which case other lamp on the same line circuit should not be turned on, to avoid overloading the line. All joints should be soldered and well insulated with electricians tape, except at the sockets, where a complete turn of the wire around the screw will answer, but at these points care should be exercised that the ends of wires are separated sufficiently to avoid short circuits. The lamps should be located in open spaces to secure the maximum effect and be visible to as large a por- tion of the room as possible, the general arrange- ment being that of a pyramid. A defective lamp will prevent the lighting of all and will have to be located and replaced with a good one when all will be illuminated. The number of lamps re- quired will vary with the size of the tree; a small one requiring at least eight, and double the num- ber can be used to advantage, and a large one is only limited by the time and money which may be available for the purpose. Colored bulbs add much to the effect; three red and three green for each ten white ones being a good proportion, the colored giving less light than the white ones. Di- rections for coloring bulbs were given in the Jan- uary, 1903, number of this magazine, so will not be repeated here. OB bi ok eae ~~ men sna canna igs OK} Where a commercial lighting circuit is not available and resort must be had to a battery cur- rent, the type of battery most suitable and easily constructed is that known as the bichromate plunge battery. The one described in the May, 1903, number, with an additional pair of plates, will be found satisfactory. The only alterations will be to lengthen the box 54 in. If made for only temporary use, exact work is not needed oth- er than to make sure that the joints are perfectly Series Arrangement — Four Lamps in Series One battery as described will furnish am- ple current for about 24 1-C. P. 14 volt lamps connected in multiple on three separate circuits, the leads for each circuit being connected to the terminals of the battery which is connected in series, giving a full 14 volts. It will be necessary tight.
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34 AMATEUR WORK to have the windlass attachment so that as the current is continued the zinc plates may, at inter- vals, be lowered into the solution. At first the zines should be lowered only sufficiently to bring the lamps to the full brilliancy, and there remain suspended until the lamps begin to dim slightly, when a little further lowering of the zines will immediately bring them up again. On this ac- account it will be advisable to have the battery located under the tree, concealing it with paper or other decorations. The necessary supplies for all the fixtures, including thebattery can be or- dered through any large electrical supply house, though it is probable that the battery parts will require a little time for filling the order and should, therefore, be ordered sufficiently in ad- vane of the time wanted to avoid disappoint- ment. | Nore.-Any one having difficulty in securing the supplies for the above work can, by communicating with the editor, obtain the names of firms from whom they may be ordered. TELEPHONE CIRCUITS AND WIRING. ARTHUR H. BELL. VII. Central Station Suit si In the last chapter was described the subscrib- ers’ drop and jack wiring. An illustration is here shown of another form of key for the cord circuit which has decided advantages over the one previously mentioned, in-as-much as the oper- ator is enabled to answer a call with one cord of a pair, make connection with the party desired with one movment of the key, and listen in on the ‘line when desired. APACS ARATE TALENTED TLE OD (=) x RXV NUK LS na ee Two Part Plug. Ringing aud Listening ove Key Circuit The key here shown is constructed of spring- brass strips and silver contacts. The circular plunger between the strips is actuated by. a piv- otal handle, so that the operator may at will force the plunger between the.strips, thereby opening off one circuit and connecting with another. The plugs are what is commonly described as two part plugs and are connected to the key springs exactly as shown in the drawing. When the drop falls, thereby signalling the operator, the plug No.1 is inserted and conversation estab- lished by pressing the cam leverso that the plunger is forced between the No. 1 springs and away from the springs of No. 2 for the time be- ing, placing the transmitter springs in contact. When party No. 1 is to be connected with the party called, the plug No. 2 is inserted in the de- sired jack and that party signalled by again mov- ing the ringing key, but this time in the opposite direction, and ringing on the line by whatever de- vice may have been provided for the purpose. Then the plunger is released and when in the normal position party No. 1 is in communication with party No. 2. The operator may at any time throw her set in upon the line and enter into con- _versation. The operator’s set consists of the primary side of a telephone induction coil in series with bat- tery and a transmitter. The receiver circuit com- prises the scondary of the induction coil, closed through a telephone receiver. It must be remem- ‘bered, however, that there are many styles of keys used in connection with cords of aswitch board, each possessing some particular fitness for the circuit involved. There is one drawback to the one here described, as the operator can ring ononly one cord of a pair and, the receiv +r being in the secondary circuit, there will be a va-
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AMATEUR WORK riance in the hearing qualities, all of which can be perfected according to the ingenuity of the amateur electrician, who will find it greatly to his advantage to construct one of these circuits in his workshop. Often times it is not desirable to place the transmitter set directiy upon the line, and re- course is taken to a modified form of the induc- tion coil, in which the transmitter, battery and primary winding constitute one side of the set and the secondary winding, in series with the re- celver, becomes the side which is placed directly upon the cord circuit when the key springs are actuated by the plunger. A condenser of low ca- pacity might also be connected in parallel with the receiver in the secondary and benefit transmission. The induction coils in common use in trans- mission are constructed of No. 23 D. C. C. 3D wire wound in turns about an iron core toa resistance of about one and one-half ohms. The secondary is of much finer wire, preferably No. 36, wound in turns over the primary, to a resis- tance of at least 150 ohms. Such a coil is adapt- able to long distance transmission where the po- tential raising value of the secondary is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the line and equip- ment. For strictly local usage it may be desira- ble to use No. 28 wire in the secondary and wind to a resistance of 10 ohms in the primary and 20 in the secondary, the exact efficiency being found by experiment. In the next chapter will be described a few cir- cuits pertaining to central energy work, where all the signalling and talking battery is derived from a central supply instead of batteries and genera- tors being required at each telephone. ELECTRIC CAPACITY. JOHN E. ATKINS. There is a property inherent in electrical cir- cuits which plays an important part in the amount of current. This property is called ca- pacity. All conductors will absorb and hold a certain quantity of electricity, and one of the simplest illustrations of this is the Leyden jar, fa- miliar to all students. When the terminals of a Leyden jar are connected to the leads of a strong generator, a certain amount of current appears to flow into the jarand become absorbed, and it is a common experiment to “charge” these jars and discharge them at will by touching the terminals — together. 7 This ability to store electricity is called capac- ity, and by experiment we learn that a number of things beside the electric current used in the charging, contribute to the capacity. First, as will be readily inferred from the experiment with the Leyden jars, the larger the jar, that is, the greater the tin foil surface, the greater the capac- ity. Second, we must consider the voltage of the charging device; the greater the voltage, the great- er the saturation. Third, the composition of the medium used as an insulator between the metallic surfaces of the condenser. Fourth, the distance one of these metallic surfaces is from the other, that is, the thickness of this insulating medium. But it must not be construed from the forego- ing that the “volume, ” that is, the thickness of the metallic substance is a factor in capacity, for it is believed that the electricity is not held in the metal itself, but is stored upon the insulating me- dium used in building the condenser. This may be proved by constructing a simple condenser of two tin plates and a piece of glass and, after charging, remove the plates with an insulated han- dle, and not until they are returned to the origi- nal position will there be any manifestation of electricity. Believing this to be the casein all condensers, it is easy to presume that the capacity is proportional to the area of the conductor and not to its volume. And it is easy to understand that the capacity of acondenser is inversely proportional to the thickness of the insulating substance separating the metal plates, that is, in constructing a Leyden jar one would choose a glass jar of thin wall in- stead of one of extra thick glass, because thick glass would separate the metallic surfaces at such a distance from one another that very little induc-
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36 AMATEUR WORK tion could take place from one to the other. In low voltage work, where the voltage is less than will cause a spark to jump through a thin insulating medium, paraffine waxed paper serves very well as condenser material, not only because of its excellent insulating qualities, but because of the large surfaces of metal that can be brought close to one another without touching. And to obtain the maximum capacity with a minimum of expense and bulk, most of the condensers in the market are made of parafline paper and thinnest tin foil. The best standard condensers are made of mica sheets and metal foil, and are much more expensive than the paraffine paper ones. When we consider the subject of condensers to be connected for capacity affects across a circuit of high voltage, such as the secondary of an in- duction coil, for instance, it would never do to use one of waxed paper, because the paper would puncture at the very first discharge. So we must resort to sheets of glass of the right thickness, or mica sheets stuck together with par- affine or shellac. The current from the secondary may be pre- sumed to be alternating, and when the secondary terminals are connected to a properly designed condeuser, the condenser sheets are alternately charged and discharged as the direction of the current changes. And the application of a con- denser across and in parallel with the spark gap of an induction coil, provided the condenser is of the right capacity, will greatly increase the fat- ness of the spark discharge and, proportionately, cut down its lengtb. PATTERN MAKING FOR AMATEURS. F, W. PUTNAM. X. A Small Jack.— A Small Hand Wheel. Fig. 61 shows the castings and Fig. 62 the pat- tern for a small jack requiring a balanced hori- zontal core. »80, that the pattern when spread apart will have both faces equal. The core-box for this pattern 48 shown i in the isometric drawing, Fig. 63. Six ~ blocks are required to form this core-box, as can be readily seen by reference to the figure. A and F are simply the end pieces, and are glued and nailed to pieces Band &. The pieces B, C, and EH are to be cut out and finished with a gouge, the same as for the core-box for the recessed cylinder previously described. The piece D is 4 in. thick, and can be readily brought to almost the required | shape with a sharp knife, the surface being finally finished with file and sand-paper. When the six pieces are to be fastened together, see that the centers of each and of the blockscome in one straight line. If this not done the core made from the core-box will be very likely to leave an uneven center in the casting. If we look at Fig. 61 we will notice that the hole does not run way through the casting, it be- ing intended that the top hole shall be drilled out after the casting is made. ‘This leaves one end of the casting solid and so a balanced core is neces- sary. No absolute rule can be given for the relation of length to diameter in the case of the project- ing core print. It will be found that the dimen- sions given in Fig. 62 are in about the right pro- portion. This proportion works so as to give the length as about two and one-quarter times the di-
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AMATEUR WORK | a Ki ll YL pe RR ae 4:GA SE, FHA | => LL \ Fxg. 6&8. RO AN
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38 AMATEUR WORK 2 eee ameter. It will be found by trial that for a pat- tern of this size any smaller ratio is insufficient. The core-box isa half core-box only, and so two half cores are made, baked and then pasted together. The largest diameter of the core is 14 in. while the smallest diameter, which comes not very far from the middle of the length of the core, is but } in.; so that it becomes necessary that extra care be taken in finishing the various pieces forming the core-box in order that the sand forming the core can be easily removed from the - core-box without breaking away in the slightest degree. Of course small wires could be used in making these cores to aid in holding the sand. Fig. 64 shows the drawing fora small hand wheel so constructed that the rim may be built separately, the arms, A, Fig. 64, being inserted after the wheel is built. First, cut from a piece of clear, dry pine 1 in. thick a circular block 612 in. in diamter. Fasten this carefully to the square center plate, and first true up the front sur- face of the block. Prepare some pine stock # in. in thickness and lay out on this board quarter circles to be used for building up the rim, allow- ing } in. extra stock for turning. The outside radius, therefore, should be about 34 in., and the inside radius about 1f in. Carefully saw out this segment and, using it for a pattern, mark ont seven other pieces and saw them out to the lines. These segments are to be joined endwise around the circumference of the wood face-plate previ- ously turned. Be sure that each two segments meet in a perfect joint. The edges are to be carefully glued together, and the segments are fastened to the face-plate by screws of small wire brought through from the back of the face-plate. It will, of course, be necessary to puta layer of paper (either brown paper or newspaper is good for this purpose) between these segments and the face-plate. Otherwise the rim would become glued to the face-plate and could not be removed after the turning was completed. Having completed the first set of segments, put the face-plate on the lathe and turn the front face of the segments true. The other four segments are next glued to the first set, comprising what is known as the second course. These segments should be placed so that the joints will not come directly over the joints of the first set. In other words, the second set of segments will lap over the first, forming a lapped joint. This second course is fastened to the first form with glue, and must be clamped together until the glue is thor- oughly set. Next, place. the face-plate on the lathe again and remove the front surface of the second course of segments until the required thickness, ,% in. is reached. The outside diameter, 6 in., is next turned, and the inside diameter made 44. in. The corners of the segments are then cut away with a skew chisel so as to form the circular groove re- quired in Fig. 64. Fig. 65 shows the corners re- moved, and Fig. 66 shows the required half circle. Carefully sand-paper the pattern when this work has been completed, and next remove the screws which fasten the wood face-plate. The wood face-plate is next to be turned down until the shape shown in Fig. 67 is reached. The pat- tern is then to be forced on to this face-plate, as. shown in Fig.68. The outside corners are next. to be removed, so that finally the pattern will take the shape shown in Fig. 69, when it is to be sand- papered. Before the pattern is removed from face-plate, make aline at the point marked A, Fig. 69, with the acute point of the skew chisel. This line is to be used later in centering the hub. By this I mean locating the center of the hub on the arms after they are inserted in the pattern. The arms are made from stock ,% in. in thickness. . and 1} in. wide. Having set the dividers at the radius of the circle. marked on the rim, make lines on each end of the piece to be used for the arms, these lines corre- sponding with the centering circle. Carefully cut. out the block on these lines, and next place the arm in position on the rim, marking out the edge. of the piece so as to outline the rabbet or pocket. which must be cut in the rim in order to receive the arms. Next, cut down to this centering cir- cle and to the other lines, those marked rabbet or pocket being cut half way through the rim. This. piece is next set in position, as shown in Fig. 70. The hub, as sLown at 2B, Fig. 64, is now to be turned to the required dimensions. A shoulder may be turned on the hub and a corresponding hole bored in the pattern, or the hub may be sim- ply fastened with glue and nails to the outside surface of the pattern. Finally, cut down the arms to elliptical form, as shown in Fig. 64. The pattern is then to be sand-papered and shellacked.
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AMATEUR WORK 39 EASILY MADE FURNITURE. JOHN F. ADAMS. A SEWING TABLE. The sewing-table here described will be found a convenient receptacle for the numerous odds and ends required for the household repairing and dressmaking. It is of light construction permitting of being easily carried about the house, and yet has abundant room in its several compartments for the separate storage of buttons, thread, yarns, etc.,in the upper part, and the work in the lower one. Gum-wood is recom- mended with which to construct it, being of fine, even grain, sufficiently dark not to soil easily and presenting an attractive appearance with a nat- ural finish. The required stock is as follows: 4 pieces 30 in. long and 1 in. square. 2: 286 an, 0-4 “in. wide, «RR mae ho Os Pg EN scale, SAME 8! Miran Re BP In Me BR a, mee: 282 nS eee im, meme LOR teas 8 a oo O88 in. +e In. st Beene in, ss 20 in... All the stock, except the corner posts, is 2 in. thick. The wide picces for the top, and the bot- tom boards of the trays will have to be glued up. The illustration shows pretty clearly the meth- od of construction, but gives the appearance of a larger table than it really is. The side pieces are mortised into the posts, full size, to a depth of + in., the space between the upper and lower trays being 7 in. These pieces are also set in } in., as shown. The upper tray is divided into four sec- tions with cross-pieces, and two of these sections are again divided, making six pockets, but any other arrangement can be adopted that the maker chooses. These divisions are made with the strips 33 in. wide, thus allowing 2 in. on the under side for the bottom board, measuring 283 in. which is nailed through from the sides and ends and also into the division pieces. The bottom of the lower tray is nailed in places in the same way. The top is strengthened with cleats at each end placed so as to fit snugly inside the end pieces thus holding it in position when on, and yet al- lowing it to be lifted with work upon it, without being obliged to remove the latter, as would be necessary with hinges. A MANTEL CLOCK. The design here given for an old Dutoh mante clock is suitable for making up for a Christmas present, and on that account will undoubtedly be » welcomed at this time. The movement for which the dimensions are given is an eight day, front winding, 344n. pendulum movement of low cost, manufactured by the Seth Thomas Clock Co., Thomasville, Conn., but any other movement about this size can be used. That of an ordinary alarm clock willdo, if the absence of the pendu- lum is no objection, though this adds much to the appearance. The wood should be oak, stained a dark green or brown, as preferred. The dimensions of the various parts are clearly shown in the illustrations. The cross-pieces are mortised into the posts about 4 in., and are set back ,3, in. from the outer edges of the latter. The diagonal cross pieces on the front and sides are 4 in. thick and nailed to the cross pieces with escutcheon pins, with the inner ends bent over to hold securely. The case for the works is made from thin stock
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40 _ AMATEUR WORK the bottom being left open. The dial is also made from a piece of thin stock, stained to match the rest of the frame and is held in place by small, round-head brass screws, one in each corner, which are put through the dial into blocks fas- tened to the sides of the case to receive them. The works have lugs at the back for fastening to - the back of the case with screws, and should be put in place before fitting the dial. Care should be taken that the works are exactly “in beat” when in place, otherwise the clock will not run satisfac- torily. The figures on the dial can be cut out of thin white holly with a fret-saw, or pattern makers’ metal figures may be used, but the latter are liable to tarnish. Lacquered brass figures are desirable when same can be obtained. They should be of the size known as } in. Gothic; the spacing can be taken from any clock, a circle being marked with dividers. The pendulum should be stained with the same stain as that for the frame, and a thin strip ~ in. wide attached to the wire pendu- lum rod with glue, which also should be stained. A wax finish is most suitable, but an oil and var- nish finish may be used if desired. A CLOTHES TREE. A very convenient piece of furniture is easily made, and any one in need of it will wel- come it as a holiday gift, even if the maker is also the recip- — ient. The post is 4 ft.6 in. long and 24 in. square. The top is mitred, as shown, and the bot- tom is cut down to form a tenon #in. square and 14 in. long. The four legs are 15 in. long, 24 in. wide and 1$ n. thick, and cut to a bevel to fit the post, the upper edges of which are 84 in. from the ex- treme lower end of the post. The cross pieces under the post and connecting the legs are 16 in. long, 24 in. wide and Ijin. thick ; the joint un- der the post being halved and tenons cut on the ends 4 in. wide and the full thick- ness of the pieces. The lower edges of the mortises for same in the legs are 3 in. from the ends. A mortise # in. square is cut in the center for the tenon on the foot of the post. These mortise joints are pinned with 4 in. dowel pins, holes being carefully bored for same, and good fits secured to make them as inconspicuous as pos- sible. The clothes hooks at the top should be of black iron if same can be procured; otherwise use square wooden rods 4 in. diameter with 1 in. bottons on the ends. The finish should be dark brown or green stain, rubbed out to show the markings of the grain, with wax or rubbed oil — finish. The amateur pattern maker is quite likely to expe- rience trouble in his first attempt at mixing lampblack and shellac, owing to the tendency of the former to form lumps, thus preventing a thorough mixture of the two ingredients. If the lampblack is first made into a soft paste with alcohol, thoroughly working out the lumps with a wooden or metal spatula, the shellac can then be added and a smooth working shellac re- sult.
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AMATEUR WORK | 41 iS N S S SY CHRISTMAS SUGGESTIONT. A brief resume of what can be easily and quick- ly done in a photographic way for making up at- tractive Christmas gifts, will, it is hoped, be of interest to those who, having a camera, have not as yet passed beyond the “press the button” stage, and consequently know nothing of the de- lights, as well as tribulations, of developing, print- ing, toning, etc. It may possibly come to pass that there will be those who, reading these lines, will be encouraged to attempt one or more of the simple processes here mentioned, and, meeting with the success easily possible, be thus encour- aged to more serious and instructive work. Let us hope. The ever present evidence of a frugal corre- spondent, the postal card, is at once the easiest and cheapest way of sending a Christmas greeting, and when bearing the portrait of the sender, friend or relative, or a landscape which recalls pleasant or historical associations to the receiver, is very effective. Cards already sensitized and ready for printing from the negative can be pur- ehased in packages. Velox cards giving a black print and printing by gaslight, and sepia cards giving a brown print and printing by sunlight, are to be found at about all supply dealers. Com- plete directions for using are given on each package. A variation of the above mentioned photo-post- als is that of cards with embossed borders and a place for mounting a print 2}x1} in. in size. These are to be had in different colors and pat- _ terns of embossing and are very attractive. _ The sensitizing solution for paper or cloth is not new but is mentioned, as it may be suggestive of new applications to some readers. Correspond- ence paper, envelopes and calendar mountings are the most popular channels for its use at pres- ent. For a blue print it is to be had in powder form, requiring but the addition of water; for the silver print (brown) it is in liquid form. As ap- plied to correspondence paper it can be used to uce the most novel and pleasing effects, and is limited solely by what may be possible with the camera in use. For those sufficiently familiar with photographic processes to make up and use their own solutions, the following formula is given : Light Sensitive Postal Cards.—Apply the fol- lowing solutions to the cards with a brush: Iodide of potassium 1.6 g. Bromide of potassium 6 g. Arrowroot 2 to 2.5 g. 120 c.cm Distilled boiling water When the cards are dry float them in the dark upon a 5 per cent. nitrate of silver solution. When dry they are ready for printing. If ex- posed. in artificial light, they require about a sec- ond. Rodinal is. best for development. Another formula is: | Nitrate of silver 1 g. Nitrate of uranium 10g. ° Alcohol 40 c.cm Distilled water 10 c.cm. | The washed print is put into a weak muriatic acid solution, and is finally washed for 30 min- utes in running water. As a suggestion for a useful and accceptable present for any novice in photography may be mentioned an “exposure metre” or scale, ‘ by means of which the length of exposure may be accurately determined for all kinds of weather, hours of the day and rapidity of plates. ‘The Wager scale, sold for 50 cents, is probably best adapted to beginners, as it is complete in itself, requiring no print paper preliminaries; simply sliding the several sections to agree with the con- ditions existing will, after a few trials, enable the length of exposure to be accurately determined. The matter of correct exposure is a more vital matter than beginners generally think it to be, and not until its importance is realized to the ex- tent of studying the degree of light prevailing, will correct exposures be the rule rather thau the exception. It is because the simple device above mentioned can be of so muchvalue to a beginner, and even one of some considerable experience that it finds a place in this list of seasonable sug- gestions. 3 |
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42 AMATEUR WORK AMATEUR WORK. DRAPER PUBLISHING CO., Publishers, | 88 Broad St., Room 522, Boston, Mass. A Monthly Magazine of the Useful Arts and Sciences. Published on the first of each month for the benefit and in= struction of the amateur worker. Subscription rates for the United States, Canada, Mexico» Cuba, Porto Rico, $1.00 per year. Single copies of back numbers, 10 cents each. TO ADVERTISERS. New advertisments, or changes, intended for a particular issue, must be received at this office on or before the JOth- of the previous month. | Entered at the Post Office, Boston, as second class mail matter, Jan. 14, 1902. DECEMBER, 1904. The interest shown in magic-lantern work by many of our readers leads us to propose the fol- lowing plan for an exchange of lantern slides: _Any subscriber may send their name and address and a list giving the subjects of three slides, of which the owner will send duplicates in exchange for other slides desired by him. These addresses and lists will be published as received, and those interested can then correspond directly with those having slides which they desire. tion, anyone may send in a list of slides wanted, but the latter lists will be limited to not over five in any single month. The subjects for exchange should be those most likely to interest the largest number. To present the matter so that readers may ob- tain a correct idea of the slides, we will offer the following monthly prizes for photographs of the most interesting subjects which the competitors have for exchange : First prize, Premiums given for three new sub- scriptions. | Second prize, Premiums given for two new subscriptions. Third prize, Premium given for one new sub- scription. In addi-— minute by minute. In awarding the prizes, the subjects of the slides, the excellence of the photographs and re- sulting slides will all be considered. For that rea- san, we reserve the right to request competitors to send slides when the rendering of an award may require it. This department will be con- fined strictly to an exchange of slides, and sales of. slides will bar those engaging in it from the pub- lication of their lists. The approach of the holidays and the near ad- vent of another year is usually the occasion for forming new resolutions for improvemeut in some way best known to ourselves, and we, like our We hope to make this magazine of greater interest readers, have certain thoughts in this line. and value than in the past, and most earnestly re- quest suggestions regarding subjects of interest, | which will be utilized in the preparation of arti- cles, so far as it is possible to do so. In turn, we hope our readers are utilizing the information and directions presented in the suceessive numbers to some practical purpose, thereby increasing: their fund of knowledge and experience, which cannot prove other than of direct value, even if the way It is the ac- quiring of a large stock of miscellaneous informa- of it may not at the time be evident. tion on many subjects which distinguishes the ingenious and skilled mechanic from the ordinary workman, and makes the former in demand when the latter can find no opening. To help those who would help themselves is one of the chief aims of this magazine. Mr. Heit, a French inventor, has recently pat- ented a compass which automatically registers The compass card is fixed on a steel pivot. which rests on a fixed agate, instead of having-at its center an agate resting on a fixed steel point. The fixed agate is immersed in a drop of mercury, which serves as a condnctor for the electric current that causes the movements of registering. ,
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AMATEUR WORK 43 A GASOLENE TOURING CAR. R. G. GRISWOLD. II]. Eight Inch Expanding Clutch. _ The object of a friction clutch is to provide a ready means of throwing a machine or other mechanical de- vice either into or out of engagement with the source _ Of power. The requirements for the general run of clutches are sufficient area of contact surface to cause > the two engaging parts to hold without undue pres- sure ; ability to engage slowly and without taking hold suddenly, depending upon the pressure used, and sufficient strength to transmit the full power required . without slip. St Col ar g signifies finish The number of designs is legion, and many of them are exceedingly clever, but the simpler a clutch may be made generally the better. The fewer parts used, consistent with the work required, the fewer joints there are to wear loose and rattle. Perhaps the sim- plest design is that of the cone fitting into a similar cone, either piece being lined with leather or other similar material, or finished contact surface being left so as to work metal to metal. But with this design of clutch, which is used toa great extent on automobiles, it is necessary to make it of very large diameter in order that it may hold the load. Thecone is generally forced into engagement and held there by a spiral spring, the pressure of the foot on a lever releasing the cone and pushing it back clear of the seat. These clutches depend for their suc- cessful action upon the condition of the leather or oth- er lining material, and the presence of oil on the sur- face lessens the friction very considerably. Then, if WLM Uy opt-t-Z 7 ' ore | ‘ we MQW Fit v - N k QO a™ §” NS 2 Set ow ™ ® : ty YG % —=% ¢ Wir: G=GG WH} I) SSN by r XG [Draeg | % V0. the clutch is thrown in slowly, the swiftly revolving surface generates sufficient heat to burn the lining, or at least to glaze it and render it unfit for service. Where it does act well, however, it is avery satisfac- tory device, but can be very easily injured. With a clutch operating metal to metal, the surfaces in contact may be coated with a film of oil or other lubricant which will prevent their cutting during the periods that slipping does occur, as it always does
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ihe AMATEUR WORK when the clutch is thrownin. But the greatest fea- ture, probably, of any metallic contact-surface clutch is the positive action that may be secured with greater ease than on conical types held in by the action of a spring. For instance, the clutch about to be described can be expanded with such pressure that the keys in the shaft can be easily sheared without slipping the two members, and some recent experments with this particular clutch positively determined its excel- lence. : A shaft was fitted in a lathe carrying one of the members. In the clutch was fastened the driving member. The back gears were thrown in and the belt put on the largest cone, giving a tremendous pull. The lathe was started and tests made to determine the holding power of the clutch. As the sliding cam was pushed in witha tool held in one hand, the friction began to increase with a perceptible slowing down of the spindle, and when the cam was forced entirely home the lathe was stopped andthe belt slipped off the pulley. The test was especially severe as the speed of rotation was very low, not more than ten or twelve turns per minute, while the clutch is designed totransmit about twenty-horse power at 1,000 rev- Olutions per minute. One feature was very notice- able, and that wasthe readily controlled grip. Ina great many clutches, it is difficult to throw them in easily as they takea full gripor none. As the cam was thrown in the expanding ring gradually took hold and the slipping was smooth and without cutting, ow- ing tothe lubricated surfaces. Very little pressure was required to operate the cam, and the pressure of a finger would make the clutch grip, while very little more served to lock it fast. The driving member isa plain drum of cast iron, turned on the inside and outside peripheral surfaces. It is keyed to the engine or other driving shaft by a 5- 16 in. key two inches in length. It is also further se- cured from slipping by the } in. ‘set screw shown. The expanding member is also of cast iron, and con- sists essentially of a ring of metal carried by a spider. This spider is also keyed to a shaft, and this shaft is provided with a 4in. journal running in a bearing in the driving shaft. This serves to center the inside ring which has about 1-64 in. clearance. As the clutch is generally engaged, leaving very little time when the engine is running idly, there is little work for this bearing to do, hence little chance for wear or cutting. It is, however, provided with a Babbitt metal lining, and the hole is continued to a sufficient depth to allow a lump of some bearing grease to be putin before as- sembling. Should the bearing begin to heat from any cause, this grease will melt and lubricate the sur- faces. An oil holeisalso drilled and provided witha screw plug for ordinary oiling. ; This ring is entirely finished before cutting apart at the points over the levers, which is accomplished with a hack saw. The pins upon which the levers turn should be hardened and are held in place simply by a small split-pin. The levers are simple forgings of steel. It would be unwise to use cast iron for this purpose, owing to its comparatively low tensile strength. The forgings are very simple, however, and can be easily made by any blacksmith. They are pro- vided with hardened set screws and jamb-nut for ad- justment ; the end of the set screw-is rounded and pol- - ished where it bears on the fingers of the cam. The cam has been provided with exceptionally large thrust surfaces to take care of wear. This is necessi- tated by the high speed at which the clutch runs. It was primarily designed to be held in by a spring and released by lever pressure, but the reverse may be just as easily done. The throw of the cam is 1} in. and a small flat is left on each finger to form a positive rest for the leverin case the cam is not spring-actuated. Each lever is attached to a stiff spring, which over- comes the centrifugal action. Were these not provided it is possible that some difflculty might be experienced in releasing the clutch at high speed owing to these levers flying and remaining in that position. HOW TO READ A MICROMETER. | By Courtesy of The L. S. Starrett Company. The spindle C is attached tothe thimble £ at the point H. The part of the spindle which is concealed within the sleeve and thimble is threaded to fit a nut inthe frame A. The frame heing held stationary, the thimble HZ is revolved by the thumb and finger, ard the spindle C being attached to the thimble, revolves with it and moves through the nut in the frame, ap- proaching or receding from the anvil B. The article to be measured is placed between the anvil B and the spindle C. The measurement of the opening between the anvil and the spindle is shown by the lines and figures on the sleeve D and the thimble E. The pitch of the screw threads on the concealed part of the spindle is40 to an inch. One complete revolu- tion of the spindle, therefore, moves it longitudinally one-fortieth (or twenty-five thousandths) of an inch. The sleeve D is marked with 40 lines to the inch, cor- responding to the number of threads on the spindle. When the micrometer is closed, the beveled edge of the thimble coincides with the line marked 0 on the sleeve, and the 0 line on the thimble agrees with the © horizontal line on the sleeve. Open the micrometer by revolving the thimble one full revolution, or until the 0 line on the thimble again coineides with the horizon-
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AMATEUR WORK tal line on the sleeve ; the distance between the anvil Band the spindle C is then 1-40 (or .025) of an inch, and the beveled edge of the thimble will coincide with the second vertical line on the sleeve.. Each ver- tical line on the sleeve indicates a distance of 1-40 of aninch. Every fourth line is made longer than the others and is numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Each numbered line indicates a distance of four times 1-40 of an inch, or one-tenth. A-FRAME * B-ANVIL C-SPINDLE D-SLEEVE E-THIMBLE ” he L.S.Starrett Co. Athol,Mass.U.S.A. No.203 The beveled edge of the thimble is marked in — twenty-five divisions, and every fifth line is num- bered from 0 to 25. Rotating the thimble from one of these marks to the next moves the spindle longi- tudinally 1-25 of twenty-five thousandths, etc. Twenty-five divisions will indicate a complete revo- lution, .025 or 1-40 of an inch. To read the micrometer. therefore, multiply the number of vertical divisions visible on the sleeve by 25, and add the number of divisions on the bevel of the thimble, from 0 tothe line which coincides with the horizontal line on the sleeve. For example, as the tool is represented in the engraving there are seven di- visions visible on the sleeve. Multiply this number by 25 and then add the number of divisions shown on the bevel of the thimble, 3. The micrometer is open one hundred and seventy-eight thousandths. (7x 25=175 +3=178.) Readings in ten thonsandths of an inch are obtained 45 ERNE ETD ALTE es rages by the use of a vernier, so named from Pierre Vernier, who invented the device in 1631. As applied toa mi- crometer this consists of ten divisions on the thimble. The difference between the width of one of the ten spaces on the sleeve and one of the nine spaces on the. thimble is therefore one-tenth of a space on the.thim- ble. In engraving B the third line from 0 on thimble coincides with the first line on the sleeve. The next. two lines on thimble and sleeve do not coincide by one- tenth or a space on thimble; the nexttwo, marked 5: and 2, are two tenths apart, and so on. . In opening the tool, by turning the thimble to the left, each THIMBLE THIMBLE 09876543210 SLEEVE B ae © 09876543210 SLEEVE space on the thimble represents an opening of one- thousandth of an inch. If, therefore, the thimble be turned so that the lines marked 5 and 2 coincide, the caliper will be opened two-tentlhs of one thousandth or two ten-thousandths. Turning the thimble further, until the line 10 coincides with the line 7 on the sleeve, as in engraving C,the caliper has been opened seven ten-thousandths, and the reading of the tool is .2257. To read a ten thousandths micrometer, first note the thousandths, asin the ordinary micrometer, then ob- serve the line on the sleeve which coincides with a line onthethimble. If it isthe second line, marked 1, add one ten thousandth; if the third, marked 2, add two- ten thousandths, etc. OUR OPPORTUNITIES. Abstracts from an address to the graduating class of Stevens Institute of Technology by Mr. Walter C. Kerr. ‘‘We hear much about opportunities. They are everywhere plentiful. Remember, that your oppor- tuuity is the little one that lies squarely in front of you, not the larger one which you hope to find farther along. Many a man is surrounded with opportunities who never seizesone. There are traditionsthat Adam, - William Telland Sir Isaac Newton each had an affair with an apple, but with different results.” ‘“‘Your first duty is always to that which lies across your path. The only step which you can take in advance is the next one. This leads to a ‘simplicity of action which is commendable. ramble.”’ Don’t . ‘* Cultivate singleness of purpose. This is more im- portant than you may think. It is intuitive with the comparatively ignorant, and often absent in the highly trained. We are frequently surprised at the great competency ofthe ignorant contractor or foreman, on whom judgment is passed by saying that he is a prac- tical man and gets results. Analysis will show that his. best quality is singleness of purpose, which leads him to vigorously do the one thing before him without dis- traction following from knowing or thinking about too many other things.’’ ‘‘ When you are getting what you go after, eae it all. Avoid the mediocrity of compromise. Be thorough
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46 AMATEUR WORK and stand for full serpetendy in hy herons from main essentials to details. ’ ‘¢Much of our engineering is only done once, and it must be doneright that once. A man who has learned by experience to do athing deserves no creditfor doing itright. Heis then only arepeating machine. Real power is characterized by ability to perform right the firsttime that which a man never did before. Such performance involves the power to assimilate and adapt experiences, of more or less like or unlike kind, in a way to bring forth correct results. This is the true use of experience, wherein a man isa thinking, active power, and not a mere repeater. ”’ ‘¢ A point of view is involved in the power to ration- alize. This is a thing which each man does for him- self in his own best way, and its essence consists in asking one’s self whether the thing is reasonable. It is a great check upon error. It isthe power of the hu- man mind, after performing in more or less systematic and conventional ways, to stand off and look at results and ask one’s self whether they are reasonable. One man will figure that certain material weighs two hun- dred tons, and believe it. Another will say that there is something wrong in that, for it allcame on two freight cars. ”’ ‘¢ It is well for a young engineer to cultivate his vo- cabulary and learn to use words in their right sense. They are then usually understood, even by those who have less knowledge. Engineering doc- uments, specifications aad letters are full of m sstate- ments due to the careless use of language. Concise- ness cannot be overestimated. Brevity is desirable, but not at the expense of clearness. Conversely, a cer- tain degree of facility should be acquired in reading the words of others.”’ | ‘*One of the worst attributes in engineering, and which is fundamentally born of conceit, tends to fasten error, censure and responsibility on others. There are times when aman needs io stand himself up in front of himself and ask;. ‘ Whatis the matter with me?’ The capacity of any man to admit his own error and frailty of Mabe apart is a measure Of strength rather than weak- ness. ‘‘When you start your practical work, you will doubtless try toimprove things. Thatis a legitimate purpose, if not overworked. I am not going to attempt to tell what needs improvement, but the one improve- ment that things need is in the line of sufficiency. You can think this over for yourself and apply it where it fits. ”’ Remember that all the good you accomplish is going to come out of yourself. You cannot borrow it and you cannot make it out of that which has been poured into you by education or otherwise. All that you re- ceive is only a certain quantity as knowledge, acquired by education, experience or other training, which will have a certain influence upon what comes out of your- self as yourown. It is the inherent capacity fo per- form with your own brain which will make you what you become, and not the mere transmission of that which you have acquired. .. Some have gone through experience without acquiring it, and many a man who has received an education has not got any because he allowedit to be a thing apart from his personality, and it slipped away. ”’ American Electrician. TOOL MAKING FOR AMATEURS. ROBERT GIBSON GRISWOLD. V. Special Tools for Lathe Use. There are many special forms of tools for lathe use, the designs of which had their origin in some particu- lar difficulty experienced while using the common or straight tool. This is especlally true of the special spring thread tool about to be described. Many of the readers have doubtless experienced difficulty in cutting smooth threads on the lathe, especially when the ma- terial was very tough or hard, or possessed both char-. acteristics. It is almost impossible to get a perfectly smooth thread, no matter how keen the tool is kept or how caretully the tool isfed to the work. This diffi- culty arises from several causes, which may be: aslight looseness in the tool carriage or post, slight play in the head spindle, or the ‘‘springy’’ nature of the piece upon which the thread is being cut. The latter cause is, perhaps, most frequent, and results in the point of the tool digging into the work and then slipping, leav- ing the surface either torn and ragged or full of chat- ter or ripple marks. The spring tool illustrated in Fig. 1 was primarily designed to overcome the tendency of the tool to dig in, and just how well it performs this function may be realized when the reader is told of a four-inch, double- threaded tap made very receatly of a high grade tool steel in which the last or finishing cut left the surface of the thread so true and smooth that perfect reflec- tions could be seen init of objects held close to it. Repeated attempts had been made to finish it with the ordinary straight tool for roughing out the thread, but to no avail, for no matter how slowly the work re- volved or how much lubricant was added, the chatter- ing would persist. The writer has seen some remark- able finishing cuts taken with just such tools, especial- ly when the edge is ground so that it stands at an an- gle to the horizontal plane through the center of the piece. This will take a shearing cut and leaves the surface remarkably smooth. There may be those who will differ with the writer in this, but he is speaking
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AMATEUR WORK 47 from an extended experience with some very high class work in which this tool only could be used to secure the desired result. The shank a is forged from a piece of tool steel to the general outline shown, but without the hole b or slot c. The rough forging is first finished all over ; then the hole d is drilled with a 2 in. drill and the slot c cut with a milling cutter if possible, or with any oth- er means that the amateur may find at hand. A fin. hole isthen drilled in the end dto take the tools e. This hole should be reamed so that the tools will be a snug fit therein. A small set screw /, bearing ona flat in the top of the tool e serves to bind it firmly in place. After all work is done onthe tool it is hardened and the piece drawn to a spring temper. The tempering of the points e needs no special mention. length, it is case-hardened. This process is accom- plished by heating the piece in a length of iron pipe abouttwo inches in diameter and five inches longer than the bar. The bar is placed in the center and packed all around with a mixture of charcoal and bone-dust, or in place of the latter scraps of oid leather mixed with a little ferro-cyanide of potassium. The ends are stopped with clay, aud the whole put intoa fire and heated to acherry red for four of five hours ; the bar is then removed and plunged into water, care being exercised to lower the waterin a vertical posi- tion, quickly, and afterwards rapidly agitating the water by moving the piece to and fro. This should prevent the bar from warping, as it most certainly will if dropped in sideways. The hole f is put in at an angle in order that a point When in use, unless on very light work, a small block of wood, such asa piece of cherry, is fitted in between the sides of the slot, as at g, which prevents too great vibration, and yet is yielding enough to al- low the tool to recede slightly from the work whena hard spot is run into. Then, when the same spot is reached again, the tool will not back off as much and the piece will be finished very smoothly. Other points besides the thread cutting tool may be used with equal facility. Probably many of the readers have experienced some difficulty in boring out cylinders of any great length on a small lathe, owing to the spring of the tool when cutting so faraway from the point of support. The cut must be very light and the feed very slow if even a fair job is expected. To overcome this difficulty a boring bar having great rigidity is used. The bar, Fig. 2a, may be made of a piece of # in. machinery steel for nine and eleven inch lathes, and perhaps a1 in. diameter for a thirteen in. lathe. The greater stiffness possessed by this bar the better work willit perform. This bar should be provided with a + in. or in. holein each end as shown, for the recep- tion of the various points to be used with it. A set screw is also provided for clamping the point firmly, and these points may be cut from a piece of Stubb’s drill rod, ground to shape and hardened, no forging being necessary. After the bar is finished as smoothly as possible, and of even diameter throughout its may be used up into a corner. Thread points may also be used for cutting internal threads. Of course che size of the bar limits the diameter of the hole to be bored to slightly more than its own diameter, plus the length of point protruding from the side. For smaller holes than this it is wellto have a half-inch bar with a large shank or a split bushing to fit into the clamp d. 3 The clamp dis made of cast iron and fits the tool post block. The same bolt e that secures it to this block also serves to clamp the bar firmly. The block d should have a tongue fitting into the tool-post slot which will prevent it from turning when the tool be- gins totake a cut. As the feed screw forces the tool into the work there is a great sidewise pressure which tends to twist the block d and thus relieve the pres- sure. It should always be remembered in boring that the tool support should be as near the cutting point as possible, as every bit of overhanging bar that is un- necessary gives the bar just that much greater ten- — dency to spring. The excavations at Pompeii have brought to light a piece of bronze wire rope nearly 15 ft. long and about 1 in. in circumference. The rope is nowin the Musio Borbonico at Naples.
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48 AMATEUR WORK HOW TO BUILD A POWER LAUNCH. CARL H. CLARK. I. The launch to be described is of a type which has lately become verv popular among users of launches. It is 21 ft. long, 5ft. 8in. wide, and draws about 2 ft. of water. It isa very comfortable boat for pleasure sailing, as, while sufficiently seaworthy to endure se- vere weather, it is not so large as to require a large, heavy and expensive engine with the consequent heavy expense for fuel. The small cabin will shelter five or six people in a shower, or will afford comfortable cruising accommodations forthree. The cabin, if not required, could be omitted and the awning and seats run forward instead. The boat is exceptionally roomy for one of her size and is of very easy form, which ma- terially lessens the labor of building and brings it within the scope of amateur builders. Laying Out the Lines. ping it in with achalk line or by stretching a thread and marking several points and connecting these with a straight edge. It is very convenient to fasten a straight batten with its edge at the base line, thus enabling measurements to be laid off more easily, as the end of the rule may be placed against the batten, with the certainty that it is always even with the base line. The 1]. w. 1.is next laid off 2 ft. 3 in. above the base line and parallel with it, water lines la and 2a are drawn 4 and 8 in. abovethe 1. w. 1.,and water lines 1b, 2b and 3b are drawn 4,8and12in. below it and parallel with it. The cross seetions, or mould lines, are drawn square with the base line and 2 ft. and 6 in. apart, numbering them as inthe drawing. This draw- ing may, if desired, be done on a large sheet of paper TABLE OF OFF-SETS. NUMBERS OF MOULDS. 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 Ht. of sheer line above base line 5’ QO’ 4! TR"! Ht. of rabbet line above base line 1/7’ 44” 1’ 1” Ht. of keel bottom above base line 1/ 04” 0’ 9” Half breadth on deck See hi Bl AB Half breadth on w. 1. 2a oes Rae teens Half breadth w. 1. la ee ee Half breadth 1. w. 1. Sagabs © 5 “adnate uae 4 Sad Half breadth w. 1. 1b eee Tee Half breadth w. 1. 26 Or eT". oer ,.0’ 5g’ Half breadth w. 1. 3b 4! 0’ 0! 9! 2! 4uft! 4! 11g/' 0! 7 tt QO’ 84!/ 9! vd 9! 64// 2! 5 4‘ 9! oi Aad gf 103” pe hg 1’ TAKING OFF TABLE 2°. 14” 103’ 6 t! 1B 93” Ri’ 74" ‘ 54” 2 tl 64!’ OR!’ 104!’ 5 10 vt gg!’ gel! 74" 54/! 2 4t 64/' 1’ 0! 4! 4 i! 1/ 4i!"! 0! 3 Mt 9! 4g! 9! 34// 9! 13” 1’ 84"! 1/ 04!’ 0’ 44"! Water lines are spaced 4” apart. Mouldsare svaced 2’ 6” apart. Base line is 2/3’ below l. w. 1. While the building of this boat is more complicated than any of the others which have appeared in these columns, there is no reason why any amateur who is used to tools should not be able to build it, especially if he has followed the previous descriptions and, per- haps, built some of the boats outlined therein. It is hoped that even those without previous experience in boat building will find the directions entirely clear. Plate 1 gives the usual drawing of the ‘‘ lines ’’ as they are usually given to boat builders. These will be familiar to all from the previous descriptions, and the first work will be to reproduce, in fullsize, as much of this drawing as is necessary to obtain the shape of the various moulds used in the building. | The first step will be to lay out the outline of the keel and stem and of the moulds full size on a smooth floor. This is accomplished from the dimensions given in the “‘ laying off table’’. The space chosen must be at least 22 ft. long and 6 ft. wide. A base line is drawn near one edge, and care must be used to have this line straight, which can be done either by snap- one 5 ft, wide being sufficient, with the base line at its extreme edge. For drawing curved lines a batten, of pine or other flexible wood, about 4 in. square will be required; it is held in place by small wire nails driven TABLE FOR LAYING OUT STEM. Rabbet. Face of stem. — Deck Sit. Oe ane: OE oe Wl Sea > Aasceiate tm 2 SS ees W. 1. la gc oe.S 2. eee L. w. 1. gt 2a neon: i ee, ay W..1. 1b ES eiacee * ated Beret SP ead W. 1. 2b » Serra 1 Ears A Spm | Je eee W. 1 3b ot ie through it into thefloor. The outline of the keel bot- tom is first obtained from line 3 of the laying off table, by laying up from the base line on each mould line the distance given under the number atthe top; for in-. stance, onmould line No.1, we should set up 1 ft. 93 in,; on No. 2,9 in.; on No. 3, 7 in. and so on. It will be noted that the keel is straight from the after end as
Page 29
! AMATEUR WORK | 49 far forward as No.3 when it begins to curve upwards | and merges into the curve of the stem. The outlines of the outside of the stem and the rab- betin the stem are next to be laid off; these are ob- : tained by setting out horizontally from mould station No. 1 on each waterline the distances given above. The top of the stem is 5 ft. 54 in. above base line, and this height will first be laid off; then the distance 2 ft. 84 in. from the table will be measured off hori- zontally from mould station 1 at this level for the up- e per end of the rabbet line, and 3 ft. 9 in. for the upper | corner of the stem. Coming down now to w. 1. 2a, the distances 2 ft. 74 in. for the rabbet and 2 ft. 114 in. for the face of the stem are laid off in the same way along w. 1. 2a, and so on until all are measured off. The two Ff curves are then struck in with a limber batten, the J outer one joining that of the keel bottom already / He x drawn. Mi The rabbet line is next laid off from the dimensions lini of line 2 in the table, in the same manner as the keel bottom. It crosses the 1. w. 1. 2 ft.1} in. back from mould No. 7 and ends on the stern 2 ft. 10} in. back from No. 7 and, as noted in the table, 2 ft. 67 in. above base line. The curve can now be drawn in, joining that already drawn at the bow. It remains now to draw in the outlines of the stern post. The end of the stern post is on such an angle that if it were continued to the I. w. 1. it would cut it 1 ft. 34 in. back from No.7. The outline of the under side of the overhang should run along about ? in. below the rabbet and curve into the straight of the stern post, as shown in the line drawing. The line giving the angle of the sternboard should also be drawn, tke top of it being 4 ft. 33 i in. above the base line, and 6 ft. 9 in. back from No. 7. The shape of each mould is now to be laid ont from the table. The base line, water lines anda center line square with them, as laid out; turn- ing to the table and taking mould No. 4 as an ex- ample, we find the height at sheer line from line 1 to be 4 ft. 13in., and the half breadth at the deck height from line 4 to be 2ft.10in. These two locate the upper end. Coming down to w.1. 2a, we find the half breadth in line 5 to be 2 ft. 92 in. and on w. |. la from line 6 to be 2 ft. 68 in. and so on for the remainder of the water lines. Since the mould line ends at the rabbet line, the height of the rabbet line 2 will give the lower end of the mould line, and asthe keel is 3 in. thick, this lower ending will also be 1}in. out from the center line. The remainder of the moulds and the stern outlines are laid out in the same manner. As the ‘‘lines’’ are laid out to the outside of the plank, and we desire our moulds to the inside. we must take off the thick- ness of the plank, 2 in., parallel with the outline just drawn. Itistothis outline that the mould is to be made. It will be noticed that Nos. 4and _ 5 are alike except in the height at the upper end,
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50 AMATEUR WORK thus enabling one pattern to serve for both. A pattern or mould of thin stock isto be made, of the stem, keel and deadwood, to the form laid out on the floor. It should be of the shape enclosed by the keel bottom and the rabbet, one edge representing each. The same is true of the stem mould, the out- side edge representing the face of the stem, and the inside representing the rabbet. The stem mould should be joined tothe keel mouldin the proper posi- tion, and well braced so that it may be carried abont without danger of springing out of shape. A short piece also should be fastened at the after end to show the angle of the stern board. A mould must also be made to the shape of each cross-section. They are made of rough stock and are, of course, double for both sides; they must be strong and well braced as they are depended upon to hold the shape of the boat during building. The next issue will deal with the getting out of the keel and stern and setting up the boat. SMALL FLASH BOILER. H. D WATERHOUSE. Flash boilers are of very small size for the power which they are capable of generating. Their value is due to the very high working pressure, and the in- stantaneous generation of steam, and light weight. Boilers of this type are capable of such power only because the entire energy of the fire is used on the volume of steam required at the particular moment of intake of the engine. water under steam for the sake of what the engine may require at any particular moment. They are, however, unable to respond to sudden ab- normal demands for power, because they have no con- siderable amount of super-heated water ready to burst into steam at once. That isto say, they do not con- tain any amount of stored power, as in the ease of the ordinary tubular boiler. For this reason the fire must be very closely regulated according to the amount of power needed. In the construction of the boiler here described the materials necessary are: — 20ft. of seamless drawn copper pipe, 4in. iron pipesize, and walls1-16in. thick; also six brass couplings, 1-8 in. iron pipe size. These are sizes in name only, the pipe being actually a little over } in. internal diameter. A force pump of small diameter is also needed; if one is not at hand it may easily be made. First make a piece of wood F' of the shape and one third larger thanthe drawing. Nail thisin the middle of a piece of board. Take one end of the copper pipe and lay it against the straight side and drive a nail in to hold it at G. About 24in. of pipe should be left for connections from the point H. Make a mould of wood for casting astrip oflead }in. wide, $ in. high, and about 5 ft. long, with a little taper at oneend. Next make one turn of the pipe around F, then place the tapered end of the lead strip between what would be the two inner sides of the first and second turns of pipe, and wind on the pipe and lead strip, keeping the lead strip placed with smallest diameter always between the turns of pipe. Make three concentric turns of the pipe and bring the ends together at the same side of the coil as in the elevation drawing. They do not keep a mass of « Thread the ends and bend to the proper angle. The beginning of each coil J, and the ending K, should be threaded respectively with a right and left hand thread, fitting couplings. Make five coils in this way, pue join tight with couplings. The boiler is then complete except for threading, at the delivery end, a steam gauge. safety valve and throttle. The intake end of the boiler is connected to the delivery of the force pump. The coils are then mounted in a shell or casing made of heavy sheet iron in two layers with a thick layer of asbestos between. The burner, which should be for gas, gasolene or kerosene is to be mount- ed under the coils. The pump is made as in drawing, No. 2;.i. e., just an ordinary force pump with 4 in. piston, driven by an eccentric on the engine shaft. It differs, however, by having a spring between it and its eccentric of slightly less force than that in the safety valve. In this way only enough water is let into make steam enough to pop the valve and no more, as when the steam is at that point, the spring C in the pump compresses, the collar B slides over the piston, and no water is forced ahead. The eccentric L is il- lustrated in the drawing, and has a4in. throw. It is located on the main shaft of the engine. The boiler may be heated in any way so long as there is heat enough. A good.burner may be made by making coil of iron pipe like the boiler coil. This is for vaporiz- ing the kerosene which is to be used for fuel. Under- neath this is a coil of iron pipe single turn, in which very small holes have been drilled on the upper side about an inch apart. To operate the boiler, pour alittle kerosene in the base of the burner and let it burnout, this will heat the vaporizing coil. Now slowly turn on the kerosene which is under a pressure of about 15 Ibs. and as it. spurts up light it. When the lower tubes of the boiler get red hot, which will be in a very short time, give a few strokes of the pump slowly and steam will be raised to 300 or 400 lbs. pressure instantly. Then turn the engine over a few times by hand and open the throttle. The engine will then start. When engine is stopped the purner should be turned low.
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Oo AMATEUR WORK \ SASS QQ + aia MALIN SSAA
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O2 AMATEUR WORK — SIMPLE ELECTROz2zMAGNETS. One of the first pieces of apparatus the amateur elec- trician desires to make is an electro-magnet. Assome of the materials generally used are not obtainable ex- cept in the large cities, resort must be had to substi- tutes, of which those mentioned below can be obtained in every place in which a blacksmith sbop is to be found. For the cores the softest iron is necessary. Norway bar iron is the best kind to use, and in buying it be sure that it is iron and not a low carbon steel, as much of the so-called iron now sold is in reality steel and not iron. If Norway iron cannot be had, the next best is to applytothe blacksmith shop for some rivets of the required size. To ensure that these are as soft as possible they should be annealed by heating toa red heat in a stove or furnace, and then allowtng them to cool slowly by packing in ashes. A yoke is made from a piece of flat bar iron, holes being drilled of the right size to receivethe rivets with a drive fit, and spaced the proper distance apart to al- low of a slight space between the coils. Each coil must be insulated from the core. This is done by winding several turns of paper around around piece of wood, which has been previously covered with soap, giving each turn of paper a coating of thinshellac. The soap prevents the shellac from attaching the paper tothe wood. At each end of the paper tube thus formed at- tach with shellac a piece of thin, round or square wood with a hole in the center just fitting the tube. Suita- ble pieces can be cut from a piece of cigar box wood. These ends are also coated with shellac, and the coil bobbins are complete. ‘One bobbin, with the wooden rod still remaining there- in, is then mounted on an empty box, on the edges of which notches have been cut to hold the rod in posi- tion. A piece of wire bent to form acrank handle is then added to one end of the rod and the wire then wound on in even layers. Unless currents of consider- able potential are to be used, no insulation of other than the wire covering will be be needed, thus allow- ing the wire to be removed for other uses, should the maker ever desire. To start the winding, bore a small hole in one of the ends, close to the papertube. Put through the hole from the inside of the wire and then, slowly turning the handle, wind on the wire in even layers, back and forth, until the coil is wound, carry- ing the outer end through another hole bored in the other end piece at the proper place. The other coil is made inthe same way, with the exception that the wire is wound in the opposite direction. The two coils can now be placed on thecores, first coating the latter withshellac, which willhold the coils firmly in place. The ends of the coils having the inside ends of the windings should beplaced next tothe yoke, and these ends connected. The outer ends of the wind- ings can then be connected with the current supply, and the magnet is in working order. For magnets which are to be used for simple experiments, No 20 to 24 gauge wire is about right; larger wire uses up the battery too rapidly. PHOTOGRAPHY NOTES. Production of Duplicate Negatives.—To produce a negative of equal size from a negative, the Eder-Pizzi- ghelli formula is for the amateur probably the sim- plest. For this purpose an ordinary thin film is bathed for two minutes in asolution of Bi-chromate of potassium 10 gr. Water 250 gr. and the same is thus left suspended in the dark room to dry. The negative, which we obtain later on upon the film, is reversed. The application of films instead of plates has the advantage that,.when printing the duplicate negative it can be inserted from the reversed siae and a correct print can thus be obtained. Aftcr the chromated plate has become dry it is printed un- der the negative to be reproduced. Expose until the details of the picture can be seen and then wash for an hour. Now put the film into one of the usual devel- oper solutions—hydrochinon, pyrogallic acid, or oxal- ate of iron, and thus a negative is obtained. The pro- cess is, that the exposed parts thrust off the developer solution, as the same acts only upon picture parts of very little or no exposure. Finally, the plate is put into a fixing soda solutien and washed as usual. To avoid halos on interior exposures, when windows are in the line of the objective, the following method is recommended. To avoid the over exposure of the window, particularly when a fine landscape is visible through the open window, make first a short exposure for the window. Close now the shutters and darken the room as much as possible and make a flashlight exposure of the interior without changing the position . of the camera. The natural and artificial illumination should, of course, agree as much as possible. Ifthe plate is now developed, it will be seen that landscape through the window and interior have obtained the correct exposure. In case there are no shutters the interior exposure may be®done after nightfall. If plates are used for this work which are strongly col- ored yellow in the emulsion, asatisfactory picture will be the result. A new and ingenious piece of mechanism has been devised by the secretary of the London Hospital fora purpose not unfamiliar at that institution. A clock- face, bearing a statement that the hospital costs one penny per second to maintain, and inviting the visitor to take the entire cost of the hospital on to his shoul- ders for one second, contains a small automatic ma- chine by which the elock-hand is advanced one second when the penny is droppedin. The secretary hopes shortly to adda grammaphone, which shallsay ‘Thank yon, ’’ in the King’s voice for every; gift.
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AMATEUR WORK 53 SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. The bituminous coal measures at Coleman, N. W. T., are of the largest size. In Pennsylvania the largest in the famous Connelsville mine is 6 feet thick, while one of the seams at Coleman is fully 18 feet in thick- ness. The Coleman mine is clean, being free from slate and other foreign substances and especially adapted for cheap mining for several generations. Un- like the Pennsylvania coal, the coal at Coleman can ve mined and extracted by gravity, compressed air be- ing utilized in hauling the cars. As the mines will be self draining no pumping plant need be maintained. Consul Frank Mahin transmits from Nottingham, England, the following information relative to a new cloth fireproofing material: . In a paper read at a meeting of a society of dyers in Manchester, titanic acid (the oxide of litanium) was claimed to possess remarkable fireprooffing properties, and evidence was produced inthe shape of expeii- ments by the reader ofthe paper. He took, for in- stance, some pieces of flannelette which had been treated with titanic acid, and put a lighted match to them. The incipient fire in the material smoldered and went out, refusing to burst into aflame. The ex- perimenter claimed that all inflammable textiles could thus be rendered fireproof, and that dyeing, boiling or washing would not remove the acid, it becoming, in fact, an integral part of the fabric. A radium clock which will keep time indefinitely has been invented by Harrison Martindale, of England. The clock comprises a small tube in which is placed a minute quantity of radium supported in an exhausted glass vessel by a quartz rod. Tothe lower end of the tube, which is colored violet by the action of the radium, an electroscope formed of two long leaves or strips of silver is attached. A charge of elec- tricity in which there are no beta rays is transmitted through the activity of the radium into the leaves, and the latter thereby expand until they touch the sides of the vessel, connected to earth by wires, which instantly conduct the electric charge, and the leaves fall together. This simple operation is repeated in- cessantly every two minutes until the radium is ex- hausted, which in this instance it is computed, will occupy 30,000 years. The Lancet, London, says editorially: ‘‘The unre- stricted sale of articles made of celluloid, which is practically guncotton, for any purpose whereby sueh article is liable to come into contact with fire, should on no account be allowed. We believe there are other dangerous substances related to guncotton which go under other names and which are also used for similar purposes and should be likewise banned. It may be that the inflammability of celluloid is sometimes some- . what counteracted by the admixture with substances — with an opposite tendency, but the difficulty is to dis- tinguish the combustible from the incombustible. At all events, some warning should be inscribed on the articles made therewith, and they should be marked ‘highly inflammable’ or with some equally premoni- tory and protecting device. It is time, also, that the fire insurance companies should formulate and promul- gate warnings and prohibitions in connection with their policies of insurance, in order to avoid vexatious questions as to compensation for losses sustained by the use and abuse of celluloid articles, after the man- ner of the by-laws of the railway companies in respect to the carriage of explosives. The dangerous use of celluloid is due in great measure to the fault of the public themselves. ’’—Literary Digest.. The Gautemaulan turkey is the latest discovered foe _ to the cotton boll weevil, and the Department of Agri- culture will at once begin the importation of these birds for distribution through tbe plantations of the infected zone. Secretary Wilson states that the Gau- temaulan turkey feeds chiefly upon the cotton boll weevil. ‘‘Our agents in Gautemaula have recently discovered in their study of the life history of the ants and the boll weevil that the turkey is an enemy to the weevil, and it proposes to give it atrial in the United States. The turkey of Gautemala is smaller than our own variety, and is very tame. It is also very good for food. In fighting the weevil the department will spare no expense.’’ Secretary Wilson denied that ex- periments with the ants imported from Gautemala had been disappointing. He said the study of the little ant would be continued as assiduously as ever, and that those brought to this country had met expecta- tions. Dr. Leduc, of the Facul e Medecine in Paris, has found a way of utilizing a current of electricity to pro- duce insensibility, in place of chloroform orether. A series of experiments on animals, dogs, rabbits and pigeons, where a current of from 10 to 30 volts, aiter- nating 100 to 200 times per second, was directed to the back and top of the head, was found to produce insen- sibility without harmful results. The success of the experiment so encouraged Dr. Leduc that he deter- mined to try the effect on a human being, choos- ing himself as the subjeet. The current pressure was raised to 50 volts. The electrodes. wetted with salt water to obtain a good contact, were applied, one to the forehead and the other on the back, in order to - act on the brain and spinal cord. The operation lasted about ten minutes, at the end of which time insensi- - bility was complete. The doctor says he felt none of the inconveniences which follow the inhalation of chloroform. As soon asthe current was cut off the awakening was immediate, coupled with a sensation of vigor. Other experiments are about to be tried, in the hope of arriving at a happy solution of the prob- lem of inoffensive ansthetiecs. Renew your subscription before you forget it.
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AMATEUR WORK For the Instruction and Information of Younger Readers. ELEMENTARY MECHANICS. | J. A. COOLIDGE. X. Compressed Air. Fig. 35 represents a student lamp chimney which may be procured at a grocer’s or hardware store, with a piston P just large enough to move easily in the tube. The piston may be cut out of cork or’soft wood, and will work better if it is made to fit loosely and then wound with soft string to a fairly tight fit. A rod and handle H must be fastened to the piston P. This can be done by boring a hole not quite through P and fas- tening in with a long, slender screw. EXPERIMENT XXXIV. If the piston P, resting on the level of the water, is raised, as no air can pass through it, the space O below it will be either a vacuum or will be filled with water ; we find the latter to be the ease, and also that the water will rise as long as the piston is lifted. Some force drives the water up after the piston. | EXPERIMENT XXXY. Take the discarded bulb of some electric lamp and holding its tip under water, break it off with a pair of pliers. Ifa small hole is made the water enters in a little fountain shaped spray until the bulb is_ filled, The force driving the water upward in both of these cases is the weight of the air pressing upon the surface of the water and, as we have before learned in all fluids, changing its downward pressure into lateral and upward pressure; it drives all fluids before it and forces them to enter any spaces not already filled with other matter. Could our lamp chimney be made 34 ft. high, and be strong enough, the water would rise to that height and then refuse to go further. A tube of thesame kind in a jar filled with mercury or quick- silver need be but a little over 30 in. long for a similar experiment and illustrates the action of a barometer We should make one for ourselves from a description published in the September, 1903 number of this mag- azine, to which readers are referred or, at any rate, study its construction from one already made. It will be noted that the tube contains a column of mercury about 30 inches high. The space above the mercury is a vacuum, i. e., it contains nothing except a very little mercury that has changed toa vapor. As the word barometer signifies an instrument for meas- uring air pressure it must be shown in a rise or fall of the mercury. ises; if lighter, the mercury falls. But what causes If the air becomes heavier the mercury any change in the airs’ weight or pressure? Any change inthe amount of vapor in the air causes a change in the air pressure. A falling barometer indi- cates a storm, although many local distubances may occur without such a change in the weather. A rising barometer foretells pleasant weather. Another use of our barometer is to tell the height above the sea level of different places. As it isthe weight of the air pressure uponthe mercury inthe cistern that balances the weight of the mercury in the tube, any change inthe weight of air will make the mercury colamn higher or lower. Therefore, the higher one ascends, as in climbing a mountain or ina
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AMATEUR WORK 55 ————— a a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaamaaaaaaaammmaaaaaaamaeaamaaaaaaaaaamaaacaeasasaaaeaaaaaaaacmaaamaaaa! balloon, the less air there is above, consequently the less will be the pressure or weight of the air on ob- jects. The mercury ina cistern of a barometer will have less pressure on it the higher we ascend, and consequently the column of mercury in the tube will be shorter. Suppose we should start at the foot of a high hill and with a convenient barometer ascend the hill. If the barometer column were 30 inches when we started, and as we climbed the hill fell to 29 inches, we should know that we had climbed a vertical distance of Over 940 feet, and the barometer would register one inch less for every such distance we climbed. On Mt. Blanc, about 3 miles high, the barometer is only 15 inches, and we see by this that the above rule for one inch fall holds good only for a short distance. We see also that if the barometer is only half its usual height on Mt. Blanc, that one-half the earth’s atmos- phere fs within three miles of the earth’s surface and that itis very thin above that distance. The distance in level of the top and bottom of a high building will show itselfin a barometer. A more convenient form, called an Aneroid barom- eter, in the shape of a small clock, is made. This is the form usually carried by mountain travellers. Some are even as small as a large watch. They have a sin- gle band or index and contain within a small tin metal box from which the air has been exhausted. The air presses upon this box and shows an increase or de- crease by moving the pointer of the barometer. The barometer’s height in inches is marked on the dial, as the hours are marked on the face of aclock. Sucha barometer can be carried in the pocket and is an in- strument of much convenience and value to a moun- tain ciimber. In some of our former experiments we used a piece of rubber tubing about two feet long. If we do not have one a three or four feet length of common gar- den hose will admit of the following experiment being tried on alarger, coarser scale. A glass tube, 12 in- ches long, as shown in Fig. 37, bent so as to have one arm longer than the other, will allow us to see better what takes place in the operation of a syphon. EXPERIMENT XXXVI. Fill the tube with water and with the thumb cover- ing the opening C, put it down into a jar of water. There is more water in the arm A-B than in the other arm, A-C, consequently the greater downward force is inthe arm A-B. The water in A-C, instead of flowing out at C,is forced by the air pressure to rise toward A, and this continues as long as there is water in the jar above the opening, C. With a rubber tube atub or barrel may be emptied. Syphons are of great use in emptying barrels where there is a sediment in the bot- tom, such as vinegar. The liquid is drawn off through the tube without stirring up the dirt at the bottom. A very interesting form of syphon is what is called an intermittent spring, in one of our former experi- ments we had a large-mouthed bottle with the bottom ‘ removed; with a small glass tube, bent as in the figure and run through a tightly fitting cork, our apparatus is complete. Water may be poured into: the bottle without running out until it rises above the level A. Then it begius to run out at B and and continues to run until the leveal again reaches the opening of the tube C. It will then cease running until the level A is again reached. Anintermittent spring may be flowing in dry weather and dry in rainy weather, because, as the water in some natural reservoir has not had time to fill the cis- tern, and as it may not rise above the bend in the nat- ural bent passage or syphon tube until long after the rain has ceased, the water wil! not begin to flow until the level corresponding to A in our figure has been reacbed. This may take so long after the rain that a spell of dry weather comes, and the reservoir may be so large that the water will continue flowing through a period of very dry weather, and ceasing to flow only about the time that another rain storm appears. A DOLL HOUSE. The younger readers of AMATEUR WORK who may be able to use woodworking tools fairly well, and it is assumed that all are in possession of the tools more commonly used, will find the making of the doll- house here described excellent practice in fitting and giving much pleasure to the maker as well as to his younger sister, who will welcome it as a Christmas present par excellence. The general dimensions are 22 in. across the front, 18 in. deep, 18 in. from the base tothe eaves, the roof being 6in. higher. A visit to the family grocer will nsually be productive of several boxes made of clear pine about ¢ in. thick ; those in which spices and seeds are packed serving nicely. The cost will not be great, however, if lumber is purchased of a lumber dealer, in which case get whitewood or pine } in. thick, about 15 feet 9 in. wide being needed. Also, for the floors, 6 feet of 4in. stock 9 in. wide will be needed. The general design is shown in the drawing and is made as one would make a plain box, after marking and cutting out the spaces for the doors and windows. The back of the house is made detachable, so that when playing it may be laid aside, opening the whole interior at the rear. In marking out the doors and windows, have them of rather large size, that obsery- ers or Others of sister’s playmates may participate in the play. A fret saw will be found handy for this work, but lacking one bore holes in each corner end use a key-hole saw, smoothing up the rough edges with a sharp knife or file. The joints of the hip-roof must be bevelled, and some fitting will be necessary to get good joints. The piazza is added after the rest of the work is dene. It is all then mounted ona flat board 24x 20x#in. Hinges forthe front door can be made of cloth, or taken from a cigar box, certain kinds
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56- AMATEUR WORK of the larger sizes having small brass hinges on them- The windows are plain pieces of glass, fitted in rab. bets cut along the edges of the openings with a chisel if a nice job is desired, or held by tacks, if time does not permit of the other way. The sash markings are done with a tube of dark green paint anda small brush, thinning with oil or turpentine. The balance of the tube is then made quite thin with oil and used for the roof of the house and piazza. The latter work is not done until the body of the house has been painted, the color -being as desired by the maker ; a 10 cent can being quite large enough for the whole house. The interior partitions are madeof pieces ol large cigar boxes or similar thin stock, the stairs requiring the thinnest obtainable. The size and step of the stairs are in. each. Round tooth picks or matches are used for the stairposts The sills to the windows are also made from thin t: k, as well as the floor and roof of the piazza. The front dooris panelled by cut- ting down with a narrow chisel or carving tool, a glass bead put on with an escutcheon pin serving for a door knob. A similar arrangement at the side can be made to press against a thin strip of brass, closing a circuit and ringing an electric bell, the cell from a night lamp battery and a small ‘‘ buzzer’’ completing the outfit. The chimneys are made of strips of cigar boxes wrapped with red paper, and the bricks marked out with white paint or white India ink, if one has a draw- ing pen, fastening in position only when completed. Should the reader desire a more pretentious house, one twice or three times the size given can be made, and other features can be added, such as electric light- ingfrom miniature lamps with current supplied from the home main or by battery, According to Sven Hodin, the explorer, the Chinese invented the process of making paper. On one of his journeys tothe interior of China he found evidence that paper of a very fair quality was ip use by the Chi- nese in about 275 A.D. There isa mill standing in the province of Chilitung where paper was made in 289 A. D., and in the village of Langtikiang, in a suburb of Canton, the ancient town of Kwangtiu, Mr. Heddin discovered a hand mill where paper was made from tree leaves several hundred years before Christ. But this process was very expensive, and the product was used only by the very wealthy. He secured one ancient. Scale iniunches oO Ry ee Bi Da O30: Mis oS document written on paper made in this hand mill. The date ofthe document is 346 B. C., figuring on the time of the Chinese calendar. Some surprislng results are said to have attended a series of investigations made by a medical man in the mining districts of UpperSilesia. Thecuriosity of the doctor was aroused by the fact that among the many illnesses prevalent in his district lung diseases occu- pied proportionately a very low place, and that con- sumptive persons on coming to reside near the coal mines recovered their health after some time without any special cure. These facts he is prepared to verify by statistics. The cures are attributed by him to the coal dust contained in the atmosphere, which he al- leges has a drying and disinfecting influence on tuber- cle development in the lungs. Itis now proposed to erect a sanitarium for consumptives in the district re- ferred to, in order practically to test the efticiency of the new cure.
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Make your workshop your schoo rootin Many men have become famous in the work which they adopted, for pleasure, but they ‘studied the ‘ “why ” as wellas the “how”. They learned the theory that underlies the mere do- ing of things. Their histories are the story_of hard work ur under t the_ most adverse circumstances. ek et "WE MAKE IT EASY We bring your school to you; answer your questions and_make_you an expert workman. Your r instruction is under the supervision of members of the faculty of the great technical school, Armour Institute of | Technolo- gy. You are taught from instruction papers used by the United States government, Columbia University and other great educational institutions. Fill out the attached coupon, stating the work you are most interested in, and mail us today. We will tell you which one of our sixty courses is best adapted to make you proficient. Cut off here Please give me full information) about the course best adapted to my work which is Pe ee cere eee sr. eceeee see terees Se eeeeeeeeseseeer eos eet ere eee ee eee eeeerei seers eeeeseeseeeeeeees eeoeeerscecer eee eee eee ses oh MEOUYNW caesar ereseeve ‘Amateur Work. Dec. American School of Correspondence, At Armour Institute of Technology. Chicago, Illinois. VOLT-METERS AM-METERS The chance of a life time to secure a fine TT sdfinstrument on = excep- - tionally low terms. We have secured the stock on hand of a manufacturer who has discontinued this branch of the business, consequently this offer is limited to present supply. The Voltemeters are of the following capacities; 3, 5, 6, 75, 150, 500 and 1000 volts; am=meters are 125 amperes. Finely made and Accurate. Glven for {2 New Subscrip= s.» Price, $7.50. Sent by ex- press, charges paid by receiver. Draper Publishing @Co., 88 Broad St., Boston, Mass. DRY BATTERIES No. 18 Brown’s Race, Rochester, N. Y- FY. 5 rue PRIce fale, ercine= aoe _|How to make them. ett (2 Font \VARIABLE Ge FEED. Gi f il d FS aren A asa OF A ving full detailed instructions for the manufacture of Dry Cells of any shape and size. Mailed, postpaid, for 25 Cents. Draper Publishing Co., 88 Broad St., Boston, Mass. INDUCTION COILS By H, S. Norrie. How to Make, Use and Repair Them. re WORK stantial. Ampere reading made simply by pressing edge tools for Training Schools in the United States. Wood Planes, Chisels (all kinds), Addis and Finished Parts for the Franklin Dynamo Build a GASOLENE MOTOR for your Bicycle, Auto’ or Boat. jon) STEFFEY MFG. CO., 2722 Brown St. Phila. Pa. HOW BOYS CAN EARN MONEY in an agreeable way 3 1-4 by 4 1-4 Folding Camera. outfit with each. Includes Ruhmkorff, Tesla and Jos. W. Jackson, 2518 Brown St. Anderson, Ind. Medical Coils, and much practical KENT POCKET ge Sane nan a ae Pee Me ee ee ee ee _ AUTOMATIC VOLT- AMMETER mV< especially for testing bat- V/A Nags teries on gasoline automo- . button. The most conve- nientand complete battery tester in the market. 113 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. MACK & “CO., pattern Carving Tools, etc, Catalogues Free. THE BRIDGE TEACHERS’ AGENCY. Output, 10 volts, 5 amperes. Price, $3. 50 and up. We have a complete line of motors, castings andaccessories. Don’t fail to without capital in any large town or city; no can- vassing. Send 25 cents for full directions. FOR SALE, 3 x 5 Excelsior Printing Press and 3/information on primary and secon- fonts of type. Write Geo. C. Dunn, Hanover, Kan. dary batteries. Price, $f .00, post- is designed and calibrated Gees f uy biles and launches and for \ any other use of like ca- ‘ pacity. Accurate and sub- Volt-Ammeter, $6.00, Atwater Kent Mfg. Works, Manufacturers of the FAMOUS D. R. BARTON TOOLS, the most complete line of superior Registration of Teachers of Manual of Train- ing and Physics S dlicited. SEND FOR AGENCY MANUAL. C. A. SCOTT & CO., 2A Beacon Street, Boston. DYNAMO CASTINGS tion Sets of Punchings, Materials Send for illustrated booklet 20 Parsell & Weed, 131 W. 31st. St. New York City. Gro. S.C Condveen MecHANicssBuRe Pa. get our prices before buying. Special discount if you mention Amateur Work. Send stamp for catalogue. T. A. W., P. O Box 1237, Worcester, Mass. FOR SALE, One 3 2-2 by 3 1-2 Box Camera, One paid. Please mention this magazine e ° | Draper Publishing Co., 88 Broad St., Boston. When writing to advertisers.
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AMATEUR liens THE JONES COPING SAW Well equipped Manual Training Schools cannot afford to be without them. A practical labor and time-saving tool. The lines of the most complicated designs are easily followed with this saw without removing blade from the wood. Write for Description and Prices. EF. GC. ATKINS & CoO.iInc. Indianapolis, Ind. New York City, 64 Reade St. Chicago, Ill, Memphis, Tenn, Atlanta, Ga. Portland, Ore. Toronto, Can. Minneapolis, Minn. Seattle, Wash. Od So IEA (DEED Go GT DGD 7 ES B Had © EY © GEE S ER OD EY O CRD © GP PS EM OC UE? S HS & AD © CHS O GD H OD GS ED 0 ED OC Gv O No week Places Blacksmith the FRED Racks DRILL Make the Forge Room | RE oe Branches Laie * ae andcsediicclocsbalsll Ample, One part is as strong as another, With or Without Drawer. ida Outwears any other kind of chuck. i= Made oh and sold at the right price. Send for prices. The New Britain Machine Co., R. H. BROWN & Co., Makers of Shop Furniture. ; : New Haven, Conn. 77 Chestnut St. New Britain, Conn. EMMERT UNIVERSAL VISES one si TP «+ Are Easy to Operate... Build Your Own Automobile ey eee Complete sets of castings with working Practical drawings for 10 H. P. Double Opposed Convenient |Ait cooled Engine; also sliding gear trans= de mission; 3 speeds forward and reverse. ea Expanding clutch running in oil. Also castings and parts of 50-watt dynamo. see eocnet. |» he CRISWOLD COMPANY per ecte tet uincy, Mass. Emmert Mig. Co., Waynesboro, Pa. Q Ys cart rcans, | JUST OUT “So~ BEST wisi! IH] AT ay) —<———— Hel Will furnish full size paper patterns of moulds and stem of power dory, skiff or 12-foot rowboat for $2.00; or the same for sailboat for $4.00 Adjustable Hack-Saw Fr Ff ame IN THE MARKET Postage extra. Extra Rigid, Easily and Quickly Adjusted, Finely Nickel Plated, Long Tension Screw Riveted in Handle so it can not work loose. The Price is Right Ask t e it be i 509 Chenier of Commerce, Boston. A gts oh to eco it Balree naee FITCHBURG FILE WORKS Fitchburg, Mass,
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AMATEUR WORK “Yankee”’ Tools Bh haat LIGHTS The newest, cleverest and most satisfactory in use, and the first to be offered at so reasonable a price that every ci -to-date mechanic t could buy tools of their quality and character. Tools are better. Sold by leading dealers ood tools, but, ‘‘ Yankee her tools are very in tools and hardware. Ask dealer to see them. Reciprocating Drill No. 50. Our ‘** Yankee Tool Book’”’ tells all about them. NORTH BROS. MFG. HARDWARE: MITRE BOx: No. 159- For Hand Cut Saws; very simple and ac= curate for cutting all kinds of - moulding and mitres. Best Watch ‘Cunene Made. Send for the Specialty Section of the “* Green Book of Hardware Specialties.”” DAVIDSON MANUFACTURING CO., UTICA DROP FORGE & TOOL CO. 296! Broadway, Sent free on request by CO., - Philadelphia, Pa. SPECIALTIES. ze or Cross WATCH CHARM TOOLS Beautifully finished. Draw Knives, Hammers, Clamps, Wrenches, etc., fitted with Ivory and Eb- ony handles. NEW YORK CITY. Bare ] The Smallest Complete Electric Light Outfit on the market. 4 Light, $100. For Your Boy. GHRISTMAS PRESENT Thoughly Practical; not a. toy. Will produce a good light. Storage battery and full directions included. Just the thing for schools. All the laws of electricity can be demon- strated perfectly. A wealth of information. We have other standard outfits, Gas, Gasolene or Steam to $2000 For 56 page catalogue address, Equipment Department, Richardson Engineering Co., Hartford, Conn. [New ice: Sn oer ecu e es ew Line of I CALIPERS Joint ~~ Ask for our Catalog. It will interest you. % SAWYER TOOL MFG. CO. 82 Winter St., Fitchburg, Mass. Foon > SEES O MED © EMD © GEEED © GED @ Game > cane e ae”
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AMATEUR WORK A. L. BEMIS | Ree S MANUAL TRAINING BENCHES, TABLES, ETC. 5 Cypress Street Worcester, Mass. SEND FOR CATALOGUE Cash Buyer Like ©ur Prices. Hack Saw, Nickel Plated Frame withjJ doz.8 nch blades SER : : 60 cents Outside or Thread Calipers, 3 and 4 in. solid nut, 35 cents Same, spring nut, 45 ,, Inside Spring Calipers, same priccs Spring Dividers, solid nut, 3, 4 and 5 in. and Spring nut, 4 and 5 in. same prices as above. Key Hole Calipers, and 5 in. solid nut _ spring nut, 25 cents 35 cents Combination eet 32 inch Hardened Steel Blader Steel Letters and Figures, any size figures, J-J6, 3-32 or 1-8 in. made of best tool steel, Figures, per set, 45 cents; letters, per set, $1.35 Postage on calipers and dividers, 3 cents each; figures, 10 cents ; combination square, 25 cents; with protractor, 35 cents : The Frase Co., 38 Cortlandt St.,. New. York City. KOLESGH & CO.. Drawing Materials, We shall commence mailing our NEW Cat- alogue Nov. ist. It will show many new things: the latest nov— | elties in the Electrical line: Send your ad- dress at once for an early copy. OHIO ELECTRIC WORKS 76:78 Ellen St., Cleveland, Ohio. Indispensable to Every Draftsman! ! ! ** Duplex ”’ Pencil Pointer. Convenient! Compact! Clean! Sent Postpaid with 3 Reserve Sheets, 15 cents Extra pacKage of Reserve Sheets, 5 cents 138 Fulton Street, NEW YORK CITY. The ** Model ”’ Teer Will run 16 + amp. ee 10-volt lamps, charge 4 cells of storage bat- tery; run motors or fur- nish current for win- now displays. As a motor will run a number of sewing machines, small lathe or similar machinery. This machine, though of. Laicailiveds small size, is designed and constructed on modern lines and is very efficient. It. has laminated ar- mature | 13-16 in. diameter. The active part of the armature winding is 2 in. long. The field magnet is a single casting of soft gray iron. The parts are few and simple, making the machine a very easy one for amateurs to build for themselvvs, ~The commutator has six segments and the armature the same number of coils, wound in 12 slots. The machine will give a current of 8 amperes at 10 volts pressure. If desired, can be wouud for 20 volts and 4 amperes, or still higher pressure and less cur- rent. It is intended to be run at 3000 revolutions per minute. Can be run faster, and htgher pressure obtained. Parts, $3. $4 and $6. Coplete, $10. Send for circular, WALTHAM MODEL SUPPLY CoO., Waltham, Mass.
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AMATEUR WORK FE. L. GOLDSMITH NOTHING LIKE THEM ! [{ . Dealer in MAGIC ROLLS ALL KINDS OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC Latest Electrical Novelty. Attract and Repel. Many novel, interesting Woods an d Lu mber and instructive experiments can be performed with them. Directions with each set. YOU SHOULD HAVE A SET For yourself and others for Christmas presents for friends. 10 cents a set; 3 sets, 25 cents, postpaid. 19 and 21 Chardon St. - : Boston, Mass. HENRY R. PLIMPTON, od. YARD AT EAST CAMBRIDGE 1077 Washington St., Boston, Mass. THE “ CLIPPER ” an ARSTON 3 S 1-8 H. P. WATER MOTOR Patent Hand, Foot Is the most economical and and Steam Power has greater saps! than Ds = Wood Working any water motor onthe m r- gr nate ON | ket. It has a perfectly bal. “= Machinery. “8 J, M. MARSTON & 60. anced wheel running in brass 241 Ruggles St. bearings. Just the poewr to = run small dynamos, lathes and other chines. y : Boston, Mass. London Agts, Chas. Churchill & Co. Send for descriptive circular. 15 Leonard St. LONDON, E. C. L. H. Rhodes, Hartford, Conn. A GOOD THE DRAFTSMAN Drawing Table A monthly magazine on Drafting and Home Piss WITH Study. $14.00 per year; 25 cents for 4 months. ORDER PRICE, D-3-0O Adjustable to height and angle. A neat booklet on LETTERING, 25 cents.| (1); : . Top of hard or soft wood, 20 x Send $1.00 and get magazine and booklet. 28 inches. Signaler Weigle, Address, knocked down ; weight 50 lbs. THE D R A FTST.I AN, s Catalogue of full line of tables free. THE HATTERSCHIED MFG. WKS. Cleveland, Ohio. 317 S. Division St. Grand Rapids, Mich. Job Planing, Circular Sawing, Band Sawing and Turning SPECIAL DESIGNS MILLED OUT TO ORDER Estimates Cheerfully Furnished CAS ENCINES, 1-4 & 1-2 H. P. You want the BEST : SCREW PLATES, TAPS, : ADJUSTABLE DIES, etc. Then try those made by Also Castings in the rough or partly finished. Send for Free Catalogue, THE | E. F. REECE CO. Greenfield, [ass. You can get them of your Hardware Dealer The CARLISLE & FINCH Co., Ask for the “ REECE” tools. 248 EB. Clifton Ave. Cincinnati, Ohio. Catalog Free
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AMATEUR WORK _ BUY THE CHRISTMAS GIFTS OF - BURDITT & WILLIAMS CO., 4 High St., Junction of Summer St., Boston, Mass. ELECTRIC FLASH LAMP The most servicable electric light invented. Can be carried into a cellar of leaking gas ; used to find leaks in automobile or launch tanks and piping. Always ready for an emergency at night about the house, stable or factory. Brilliantly illu- minates a long distance in the darkest places. No. | size, 14 x 83 in., 33 volt lamp, giving from 4000 to 5000 flashes before battery needs renewal. Price, $2.00, Postage, 25 cents. Extra battery, 30 cents; postage, 15 cents. POCKET FLASH LAMP jyiletcpr i shou 100 the Conentat or euig Convenient for carrying dark nights, as well as for purposes above mentioned. Price, $1.00, Postage, 10 cents; extra battery, 30 cts. POCKET TOOL SETS IN LEATHER CARRYING CASES. The most useful and convenient pocket tool cases ever sold. Set A, containing Large Knife File and Screw Driver Small Screw Driver Reamer Gimlet Chisel — Price, $2.00 3 postage, 10 cents Set B, containing Large Knife File and Screw Driver Small Screw Driver Can Opener Reamer Large Gimlet Small Gimlet Hunting Needle Chisel Price, $2.503 postage, 32 cents. | Set C, containing | Large Knife File and Screw Driver Tack Hammer Can Opener Saw Reamer Gimlet Chisel | Rule Price, $3.00 $ postage, 15 cents. Also a Full Line of Cutlery, Manicure Sets, Razors, Skates, Thermometers, Dog Collars, Chafing Dishes, Candle Sticks and Drawing Instruments.
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Large numbers of REED ENGINE LATHES are used in schools Over 10.000 REED Engine Lathes, 10”, 12”, 14” and 16” swing have been sold. | | Ss . & | They are practical, perfected and popular. : _F.E. REED CO. manufactures Engine Lathes, Screw Foot Lathes, Plain Foot Lathes, Hand Lathes, Wood Turning Lathes, Chuck in g Lathes, Stud Lathes, Facing Lathes, Forming Lathes, Gun Barrel Machines, Spindle Drill- ing Machines, Rack Cutters, Scrapers Benches, Slide Rests, Planer Centers and Special Machines. The illustration shows the ee Engine Lathe made by a Pa! Ba REED Co., Worcester, As Se GS RE PSR SS rR a GT EA RAT HSE MRED] SRE AS Gam RM STR SSRN OGRE SE Rf PR SOR SY RE AS EE LE EES SEE AS SN AEN ES ES ANON AONE WSS UNTER MS Eo CES TRON TRLED RSE ANSE ARSENIC OULU ON SES EERO Me EDR POE EEA TA RRR EA LS ED Cea, SET RT SOT PEE EN RL a Se ELECTRICAL NOVELTIES - FOR CHRISTMAS ae Electric Top This Top will spin for hours at a high speed. By using the color ae ing disks, beautiful illusions may be produced, which are instructive as well as amusing. It is also a perfect running electric motor, and can be used as such to run small mechanical toys with a belt from grooved pulley on shaft. It is GSE OR CUNY PREECE By , eke cok camara? , Pics > Bo i: Dn oho eens ee OE ee ee oe ee Pen |i ———e ; aA oat enn operated by one cell dry battery, is finished in red enamel with polished nick- ee ; | eled trimmings, and furnished with four color disks. Price, 75 cents ee er Magneto Electric Machine SIE BE , Stemle to operate. New in design. Finished in red enamel, with nickoled delta - |E} mings, and mounted on a polished wood stand. A very attractive, well made and fin- a Hf ished machine. Can be used as generators for lena i of amateur make. Price $1, a KENDRICK & DAVIS 4 | H Lebanon, ew Hampshire. ai) ee: ; a : Ms STO SS STS vc eS TST f tit ale ale ea RESt Fe eh ep, Sad iy ~ te ™
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- ea a Pike’ s Lily White Washita Oilstone is recommended for all — woodeworking tools | Pike’s Genuine Hard Arkansas is especially adapted for use of Surgeons, Dentist’s Jewelers and Machinists. It has a fine, hard tex= ture so essential for use of draftsmen, and is an ex=. cellent stone for. this purpose. r 2 ca BIS HE. We have a complete line of Razor = Hones, Knife haga cue etc. | Sharpening Stone you purchase. ? Le : . ohal The Pike Mig. Co., STANDS FORTHE | | yy Lip BESTIN Pike, N. H. SHIN yy ARE THE STANDARD FOR ACCURACY, WORKMANSHIP, neti AND FINISH. THE ACME | OF RULE PERFECTION ! sr stest tHe , Hssiee: TOMES trie =: bieon tage aaa es a vHHTHH! He Battie. sll Spring Tempered Rules with heavy figures, graduated end and beveled edge. Made in 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 inch. No. 403, No. 4 grad. with 64th’s on the beveled edge, and graduated in 32nd’s on opposite sides of one end. No. 404, No. 4 grad. with 64th’s on the beveled edge, and graduated in 32nd’s on one side and 48th’s on the other side of the same end. These rules are the most advanced proabitt of des rule maker's art. They are sold at the same prices as ordinary spring tempered rules. = A 6=inch rule sent, postpaid, for 65 cents. Send for Catalog No. 17W of bas tenuate: Tools for Mechanics. | The L. S. STARRETT CO., Athol, Mass. A. 4 r — Ni z. “ rire eh F at we ERR in a aa aE