RF design for high- intensity

About

This lecture addresses the design of radiofrequency (RF) cavities for high-intensity hadron accelerators. Beginning with an overview of the global demand for high-power proton beams and their applications, the talk outlines the full design process for RF cavities, from requirements definition to optimisation. Key design considerations are discussed in the context of beam loading, higher-order modes, thermal management, coupling and tuning, multipacting, radiation effects, and long-term reliability. Figures of merit such as accelerating gradient, transit time factor, quality factor, shunt impedance, and the Kilpatrick limit are presented as essential parameters guiding cavity optimisation. The lecture then illustrates the optimisation process for both normal-conducting drift tube linac (DTL) cavities and superconducting elliptical cavities, highlighting trade-offs between efficiency, stability, and manufacturability. Practical demonstrations with simulation tools such as SuperFish and CST are included, as well as a real-world live demonstration from the European Spallation Source (ESS).

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