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Vocabulary Formation

Mirad Grammar · Wikibooks

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    From Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0, as the source states it. This page at Wikibooks.

    Introduction

    In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.
    The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.
    The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:
    • The meaning of each letter of the word.
    • The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
    • How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
    • The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
    • The logic of its composition.
    • The mnemonic associations this word suggests.
    The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.

    Base Words

    Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:
    • Group 1:  consisting of nouns
    • Group 2:  consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.

    Base words of Group 1

    Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:
    • The first, a consonant called the classifier
    • The second, a vowel called the ordinal
    • The third, a consonant called the generic

    These words can be thought of as noun templates.

    Examples:


    Base Word Composition
    Classifier Ordinal Generic Meaning
    t o b man
    d o t society
    p o t animal
    f o b plant

    Base words of Group 2

    Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker):
    Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words
    b-....put p-....go
    s-....be x-....do
    d-....say t-....know
    ab....on ob....off
    bu....to bi....from
    if-....love uf-....hate
    fi-....good fu-....bad
    va....yes vo....no
    vya-*....true vyo-....false
    a....one o....zero
    * As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include glided vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "glided vowels".

    Consonants and Their Meanings

    The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:
    Consonants and Their Meanings
    Consonant Group 1 Classifier Group 1 Generic Group 2 Classifier In Numbers
    b organ, health organism gesture, position
    d society family communicating
    f vegetation textile, clothing volition, attributes
    g -- measurement quantity, attributes
    j time time time
    k -- health change, risk, attributes
    l -- element, food, liquid, nature -- l = ten
    m nature place, building, furniture temperature, light ml = million
    mr = billion
    n commerce -- --
    p animal, vehicle motion movement
    r -- tool, machine, cosmos -- r = thousand
    s form, image, furniture thing being, form, thing s = hundred
    t human, body person, animal intelligence, knowing
    v plant, color linen truth, attributes
    x action -- action, doing, making
    z -- precious, art spatial, attributes
    The following consonants functions rather than, or in addition to, semantic values:
    • l and r:   Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
    • y:   Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
    • h:   Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
    • w:   Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
    • n:   In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.

    Vowels and Their Meanings

    Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:
    • meronymic
    • hierarchical
    • geo-specific
    • oppositional/polar
    • vectorial
    • directional and positional
    • special

    Ordinal Vowel Values

    The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on Vowels.
    Numeric Values of Vowels
    Ordinal Vowel o a e i u yo ya ye yi yu
    Cardinal Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Meronymic Vowel Gradation

    Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a meronymic series. (This gradation can also be called taxonomic. The top element, or hypernym, has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms (= parts of the whole), and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. Tab (body) is the first meronym of tob (human being), the hypernym or zeroth element.
    Meronymic Series
    Rank Meronymic or Taxonomic
    0 tob....human fob....plant vob....crop mos....floor som....furniture tom....building job....time
    1 tab....body fab....tree vab....grass mas....wall sam....chest of drawers tam....house jab....year
    2 teb....head feb....fruit veb....tuft mes....door sem....table tem....hall jeb....season
    3 tib....trunk fib....trunk vib....stalk mis....window sim....chair tim....room jib....month
    4 tub....arm fub....branch vub....shoot mus....stairs sum....bed tum....closet jub....day
    5 tyob....leg fyob....root vyob....tuber jwob*....hour
    6 jwab*....minute
    7 jweb*....second
    • The letter w replaces the letter y following a j, for ease of pronunciation.
    The words that descend from the base word are called meronyms. A hypernym is a word that is higher in scale.

    Hierarchical Vowel Gradation

    Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a hierarchical series where the top element has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element.
    Hierarchical Vowel Gradation
    Rank Hierarchy
    0 dob....state dot....society tod....family xob....organization
    1 dab....government dat....friend tad....spouse xab....staff
    2 deb....leader det....associate ted....parent xeb....boss
    3 dib....ministry dit....citizen tid....sibling xib....department
    4 dub....minister dut....gentleman tud....child xub....branch

    Geo-specific Vowel Gradation

    Ordinals can have geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground.
    Geo-specific Vowel Values
    Ordinal Geo-sphere Examples
    o outer space, top level mop....orbit mom....outer space mol....nature dop....military pop....voyage mol....nature pot....wild animal
    a air, gas, sky map....wind mam....sky mal....air dap....air force pap....flight mal....wind pat....bird
    e ground, soil, solid mep....road mem....land mel....soil dep....army pep....ride mel....soil pet....domestic land animal
    i liquid, water, sea mip....river mim....sea mil....water dip....marines pip....navigation/sail mil....water pit....fish
    u underground, mineral, substance mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....mineral pup....tunneling mul....matter

    Spectral Vowel Gradation

    The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels:
    Spectral Vowel Gradation
    Order Mirad English
    0 olza1 blank, of no color
    1 alza red
    2 elza orange
    3 ilza yellow
    4 ulza green
    5 yolza blue
    6 yalza purple
    7 yelza indigo
    1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order.
    The colors black and white are:
    • malza....white
    • molza....black
    Some colors are hybrids of two colors:
    Hybrid Colors
    Mirad English
    aolza pink (a blend of blank and red)
    youlza blue-green
    maolza gray (a blend of black and white)
    The word for brown is based on the word for soil:
    • melza....brown (< mel....soil)
    Two other colors are based on metals:
    • agelkza....silver (based on agelk....silver metal
    • aulkza....gold (based on aulk....gold metal

    Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values

    In Group 2 stems:
    Oppositional Vowel Values
    a  ⇔  ya intermediate i  ⇔  yi
    ⇑ positive
    ⇓negative    		 e  ⇔  ye ⇑ positive
    ⇓negative
    o  ⇔  yo value u  ⇔  yu
    • positive a contrasts with negative o    (av....for vs. ov....against)
    • positive ya contrasts with negative yo    (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty)
    • positive i contrasts with negative u    (fia....good vs. fua....bad)
    • positive yi contrasts with negative yu    (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound)
    • e and ye are in-between values    (eva....neutral, yeva....fair)
    Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation
    positive intermediate negative
    aga....big ega....normal oga....small
    yava....innocent yeva....just yova....guilty
    ava....for eva....neutral ova....against
    aker....to win eker....to risk oker....to lose
    yak....expectation yek....attempt yok....surprise
    fia....good fua....bad
    ifer....love ufer....hate
    yifa....brave yufa....afraid
    Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:
    The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:
    Group 1 base word with oppositional values
    Positive Intermediate Negative
    bak....health bek....treatment bok....illness
    byak....hygiene byek....cure byok....pain
    byoyk....ache
    blok....suffering
    brok....agony
    baak....sanitation book....fatigue
    bik....care buk....wound
    buyk....sore

    Vectorial Vowel Values

    These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.
      
    a
    ↑
    u  ←        e     →  i
    ↓
    o
    a....on, above, north (ab....on, zamer....north)
    e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center)
    o....off, below, south (ob....off, zomer....south)
    i....right, east (zi....right, zimer....east)
    u....left, west (zu....left, zumer....west)

    Directional and Positional Vowel Values

    Directional and Positional Vowel Values
    A
    U a
    ↓    		 ↓
    a    		 ↑
    ya    		 ya
    ↑    		 I
    u → e ye → i
    → u e ye i →
    → yu E yi →
    yu → → yi
    ↑
    o    		 o
    ↑    		 yo
    ↓    		 ↓
    yo
    O
    Explanation of the above chart:
    • If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
    • The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
    • If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
    • Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.
    Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart
    A position on, above, north zamer....north
    a movement (free) on baer....lean
    a movement (contact) onto aber....put on
    ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift
    ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise
    O position under, lower, south zomer....south
    yo movement (free) off byoer....hang
    o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off
    yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall
    yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise
    U position left, west zumer....west
    u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send
    u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach
    yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach
    yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch
    I position right, east zimer....east
    i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away
    i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave
    yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far
    yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate
    E position center, equator zemer....equator
    e rest between eb....between
    e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold
    ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter
    ye (contact) contain byeer....contain

    Special value of certain letters

    The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular.
    • aot....person
    • anot....individual
    Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
    • yanber....to compose
    • yonber....to separate
    The letter y is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural:
    • at....I, me as opposed to yat....we, us
    • et....you as opposed to yet....you (pl.), you all
    • it....he, she, him, her as opposed to yit....they, them
    • is....it as opposed to yis....they, them
    The letter y is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine:
    • it....he, she, him, her as opposed to iyt....she, her
    • tob....person, human being as opposed to toyb....woman
    The letter w is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine:
    • it....he, she, him, her as opposed to wit....he, him
    • tob....person, human being as opposed to twob....man

    The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words

    The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants.
    The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values.
    The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity:
    Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants
    Base Word Classifier Consonant Generic Consonant Scalarity Type
    tob....person t = human b = organism meronymic
    tof....clothing " " " f = fabric meronymic
    tod....family " " " d = society meronymic
    tom....building " " " m = place meronymic
    tov....lingerie " " " v = linen meronymic
    tol....nourishment " " " l = food oppositional
    top....soul, spirit " " " p = motion meronymic
    dob....state d = society b = organism hierarchical
    dop....military " " " p = movement geo-specific
    dot....society " " " t = human hierarchical
    dom....city " " " m = place geo-specific
    job....time j = time b....organism hierarchical
    fob....vegetation f = vegetable b = organism meronymic
    vob....crop v = plant b = organism meronymic
    vos....flower " " " s = thing meronymic
    volz....color " " " lz = color, art spectral
    som....furniture s = thing m = place meronymic
    mos....floor m = place, nature s = thing meronymic
    mor....universe " " " r = machine, system geo-specific
    mom....outer space " " " m = place geo-specific
    mol....nature " " " l = substance geo-specific
    mop....orbit " " " p = movement geo-specific
    pot....animal p = movement t = human, animal geo-specific
    bok....illness b = organ k = condition oppositional
    nom....place n = commercial m = place special
    nog....degree " " " g = measurement special
    nof....cloth " " " f = cloth special
    nov....linen " " " v = linen special
    nod....point " " " d = communication special
    xob....organization x = action b = organism hierarchical

    Special Arrangement

    Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.
    Other Group 1 Base Words
    d-
    communication
    daz
    dance
    dyaz
    ballet
    dyez
    cinema
    drez
    poetry
    dez
    theater
    diz
    comedy
    din
    story
    dun
    word
    duz
    music
    dyun
    name
    dyan
    sentence
    dyes
    book
    deup
    rhythm
    dr-
    write
    drof
    board
    draf
    card
    dref
    paper
    drov
    cardboard
    drav
    notebook
    drev
    page
    drez
    poetry
    drar
    pencil
    drir
    typewriter
    drur
    printer
    m-
    nature
    mag
    fire
    mak
    electricity
    mog
    ash
    meg
    stone
    mef
    brick
    mug
    metal
    muk
    mineral
    mez
    crystal
    mek
    dust
    myek
    powder
    mav
    flame
    mov
    smoke
    maf
    cloud
    maj
    daytime
    moj
    night
    man
    light
    maz
    shine
    mon
    shade
    moz
    dark
    n-
    commerce
    naz
    value
    nas
    money
    nax
    price
    nyaz
    wealth
    nyan
    stack
    nox
    expense
    nyox
    waste
    nex
    saving
    nyex
    storing
    nix
    earning
    nyix
    order
    nux
    pay
    nyux
    supply
    nun
    merchandise
    nyun
    product
    nuz
    jewel
    nem
    location
    nyem
    place
    nyeb
    box
    nab
    row
    nap
    order
    nad
    line
    nod
    point
    ned
    plane
    nyed
    grid
    nyad
    chain
    nid
    volume
    nag
    measure
    nak
    metric value
    nog
    degree
    nig
    space
    j-
    time
    jag
    age
    jud
    date
    jod
    instance
    jop
    sequence
    jep
    process
    jwap
    moment
    jwep
    instant
    s-
    thing
    sag
    number
    saz
    sculpture
    san
    form
    saun
    kind
    son
    matter (abstract)
    sin
    image
    siz
    painting
    sun
    thing (concrete)
    syan
    class
    syen
    style
    syin
    subject
    syun
    object
    sar
    instrument
    sir
    machine
    sor
    engine
    sur
    motor
    t-
    human / knowledge
    taz
    statue
    tap
    physique
    tep
    mind
    top
    spirit
    tuz
    art
    toz
    skin color
    tez
    culture
    tyez
    magic
    tin
    doctrine
    tun
    science
    tyan
    class
    tyen
    skill
    tyun
    idea
    tos
    sensation
    tes
    meaning
    tot
    god
    tat
    angel

    The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words

    The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.
    The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.
    Examples:
    Stems of Group 2 Base Words
    Classifier
    Consonant    		 Positive Intermediate Negative Positive Negative
    j
    (time)     		ja
    before    		 je
    during    		 jo
    after    		 ji
    since    		 ju
    until
    aj
    past    		 ej
    present    		 oj
    future    		 ijer
    beginning/begin    		 uj/er
    end/end
    tajer
    birth/to be born    		 tejer
    life/to live    		 tojer
    death/to die    		 tijer
    awake state/to be awake    		 tujer
    sleep/to sleep
    jwa
    early    		 jwe
    on time    		 jwo
    late    		 yija
    opening/open    		 yuja
    closing/closed
    g
    (measurement)     		ga
    more    		 ge
    equal    		 go
    less    		 gin
    point    		 gun
    angle
    aga
    big    		 ega
    normal    		 oga
    small    		 iga
    fast    		 uga
    slow
    yaga
    long    		 yega
    normal    		 yoga
    short    		 yiga
    hard    		 yuga
    soft
    gyaa
    thick    		 gyea
    enough    		 gyo-
    thin    		 gyia
    solid    		 gyua
    fragile
    k
    (randomness)     		kaxer
    find    		 kexer
    seek    		 koxer
    hide    		 kia
    oblique    		 kua
    lateral
    aker
    win    		 eker
    play    		 oker
    lose    		 ika
    full    		 uka
    empty
    yaker
    expect    		 yeker
    try    		 yoker
    suprise    		 yika
    difficult    		 yuka
    easy
    kyaa
    mobile    		 kyea
    haphazard    		 kyoa
    fixed    		 kyia
    heavy    		 kyua
    light
    m
    (nature)     		ama
    hot    		 -- oma
    cold    		 ima
    wet    		 uma
    dry
    fer
    (want, qualities)     		fia
    good    		 fua
    bad
    fyaa
    holy    		 fyea
    mythical    		 fyoa
    profane    		 fyia
    useful    		 fyua
    harmful
    yafer
    be able    		 yefer
    must    		 yofer
    cannot    		 yifer
    dare    		 yufer
    fear
    afer
    may    		 efer
    need    		 ofer
    be prohibited    		 ifer
    love    		 ufer
    hate
    v
    (truth, qualities )     		va
    yes    		 ve
    maybe    		 vo
    no    		 via
    beautiful    		 vua
    ugly
    vay
    really    		 vey
    may    		 voy
    not
    av
    for    		 eva
    neutral    		 ov
    against    		 iva
    happy    		 uva
    sad
    vyaa
    true    		 vyea
    relative    		 vyoa
    false    		 vyia
    clean    		 vyua
    dirty
    yava
    innocent    		 yeva
    fair    		 yova
    guilty    		 yiva
    free    		 yuva
    captive
    van
    that    		 ven
    if    		 von
    lest
    z
    (spatial)     		za
    in front of    		 ze
    in the middle of    		 zo
    in back of    		 zia
    right    		 zua
    left
    zay
    ahead    		 zey
    across    		 zoy
    back, re-
    zyaa
    wide    		 zye
    through    		 zyoa
    narrow    		 zyia
    flat    		 zyua
    round
    aza
    strong    		 eza
    moderate    		 oza
    weak    		 iza
    straight    		 uza
    curved
    yaza
    convex    		 yez
    along    		 yoza
    concave    		 yiz
    beyond    		 yuz
    around
    b-er
    (put)     		bay/(xer)
    with, (agitate)    		 bey/((xer))
    at/by, (hold)    		 boy(xer)
    without/(calm)    		 bi(er/xer)
    from, (take/pull)    		 bu(er/xer)
    to, (give/push)
    ab(er)
    on,(put on)    		 eb(er)
    between,(block)    		 ob(er)
    off,(take off)    		 ib(er)
    away,(receive)    		 ub(er)
    toward,(send)
    byaser/xer
    stand/erect    		 byexer
    tap    		 byoser/xer
    hang/hang    		 byi(ser)
    since,(originate)    		 byu(ser/xer)
    up to,(contact/touch)
    yab(er)
    up,(raise)    		 yeb(er)
    in,(put in)
    oyeb(er)
    out,(take out)    		 yob(er)
    down,(lower)    		 yib(er)
    far,(remove)    		 yub(er)
    near,(bring)
    per
    (go)     		paser/xer
    move/move    		 peser/xer
    wait/trap    		 poser/xer
    stop/stop    		 pier/ser/xer
    leave/withdraw/catch    		 puer/ser/xer
    arrive/jump/throw
    pyaer/ser/xer
    hover/jump up/launch    		 pyeser/xer
    encounter/strike    		 pyoser/xer
    fall/drop    		 pyiser/xer
    emanate/derive    		 pyuser/xer
    reach/impact
    yaper
    rise    		 yeper
    enter    		 yoper
    descend    		 yiper
    go far    		 yuper
    approach
    aper
    get on    		 eper
    intervene    		 oper
    get off    		 iper
    go away    		 uper
    come
    ser
    (be)     		san/s/xer
    shape/evolve/make    		 sexer
    build    		 son/xer
    matter/destroy    		 sin/yn
    image/sign    		 sun/er/xer
    thing/provide/realize
    aser
    become    		 eser
    exist    		 oser
    cease to be
    xer
    (do )     		xaler
    execute    		 xeler
    practice    		 xoler
    fail    		 xiler
    undertake    		 xuler
    provoke
    axler
    act    		 exer
    function    		 oxler
    abstain    		 ixer
    effect    		 uxer
    cause
    yaxer
    be busy    		 yexer
    work    		 yoxer
    be idle    		 yixer
    use    		 yuxer
    help
    ter/rer/yer
    (know/recognize/know how)     		taxer
    remember    		 texer
    think    		 toxer
    forget    		 tier/xer
    learn/study
    trier
    get to know
    tyier
    learn how    		 tuer/xer/uxer
    inform/teach/raise
    truer
    familiarize
    tyuer
    train
    der/rer
    (say/write)     		daler
    talk    		 deler
    state
    dyeer
    read    		 doler
    be silent
    droer
    erase    		 dier/ler/rer
    ask/beg/require    		 duer/ler/rer
    suggest/insist/demand
    dyuer
    call
    h-
    (determiners)     		ha(a)
    the    		 hea
    some    		 hoa
    which    		 hia
    this    		 hua
    that
    hya(a)
    all    		 hyea
    any    		 hyoa
    no    		 hyia
    same    		 hyua
    other
    (conjunctions) ay
    and    		 ey
    or    		 oy
    but
    yan
    together    		 yon
    apart
    (numbers) a
    one    		 e
    two    		 o
    zero    		 i
    three    		 u
    four
    ya
    six    		 ye
    seven    		 yo
    five    		 yi
    eight    		 yu
    nine
    (privatives) lo- (dis-/un-)
    lyo- (dis-)
    oy- (-less)
    * Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.
    Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.

    Derived Word Formation Rules

    Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:
    These consist of the following rules:
    1. Compounding
    2. Affixation
    3. Ordinal Vowel Scaling
    4. Overlapping
    5. Adding Ordinal Vowels
    6. Swapping Generic Consonants
    7. Marking Words for Gender
    8. Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
    9. Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
    10. Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
    11. Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically
    12. Reduplication

    Rule #1: Compounding

    Illustration
    Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.
    Examples:
    Compounding
    Component 1 Component 2 Compound
    mor....cosmos tun....science, -ology mortun....cosmology
    mag....fire memyaz....mountain magmemyaz....volcano
    dob....state mem....land dobmem....territory
    tul....dish dras....something written tuldras....menu
    sin....picture dras....something written sindras....description
    tam....house kyoxer....to fix (in place) tamkyoxer....to settle
    tax....memory drer....to write taxdrer....to record
    kyo-....fixed tep-....mind kyotepa....stubborn
    Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil.
    When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg:
    • uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy
    • kyoa....fixed + tep....mind ----> kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed
    • aza....strong + tep....mind ----> tepaza....intelligent
    • fua....bad + tip....mood ----> futipa....cross, ill-tempered
    • aga....big + tip....mood ----> tipaga....magnanimous, generous

    Rule #2: Affixation

    Illustration
    Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:

    Prefixes

    Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes
    Prefix Base Compound
    ja....before per....to go japer....to precede
    jo....after per....to go joper....to follow
    va....yes der....to say vader....to affirm
    jo....after dras....something written jodras....postscript
    za....ahead jub....day zajub....tomorrow
    yon....apart mel....land yonmel....island
    Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:
    Assimilation of b and p
    Prefix Base Verb New Verb
    yab....up ber....put yaber....raise (NOT: yabber)
    yab....up per....go yaper....rise (NOT: yabper)
    ab....on ber....put aber....put on, apply
    ab....on per....go aper....get on, mount
    yob....down ber....put yober....take down
    yob....down per....go yoper....descend
    ob....off ber....put ober....take off, remove
    ob....on per....go oper....get off, dismount
    yeb....in bux....a push yebux....impulse
    yeb....in pyoser....fall yepyoser....collapse
    The loss of the b in the above words in one of the only cases of fusion in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called stubs are combined. For example, doyijem (public square), which is composed of do(m)....city + yij(a)....open + (n)em....place. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix a- can have many different meanings.
    The adjective ending a is often dropped1, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that tyoyab becomes tyoya-.
    Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs
    Prefix Base Verb Compound Verb
    oza....weak der....say ozder....whisper
    yaga....long der....say yagder....ramble
    aja....past der....say ajder....evoke
    yoga....short der....say yogder....summarize
    tyoyab....foot per....go tyoyaper....walk
    dreer....write sar....tool dresar....pencil
    tuyob....hand dren....writing tuyodren....manuscript
    mam....sky mil....water mamil....rain
    1: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.

    Most Common Mirad Prefixes

    Common Prefixes
    Prefix Examples
    a(n)-....uni-, one-, mono- anzyukpar....unicycle
    antotin....monotheism
    adeb....emperor
    aa-....arch-, first-, prime aadub....prime minister
    aatat....archangel
    aavyan....principle
    aasaun....prototype
    aag-....arch-, main, macro- aagmep....highway
    aagdovyab....constitution
    aagovekut....archrival
    aaj-....paleo-, proto- aajtobtun....paleoanthropology
    aajsiyn....fossil
    ab-....ad-, top, on, epi- abtob....superman
    abtim....attic
    abzen....epicenter
    aj-....former, ex- ajtayd....ex-wife
    ajdeb....former leader
    ayb-....over-, super-, hyper-, sur- aybmep....overpass
    aybdresin....superscript
    aybdyun....hypernym
    ag-....mega(lo)- agvyotos....megalomania
    agtoj....megadeath
    alo(n)-....deca-, ten- alojaga....ten years old
    alojab....decade
    alonsuna....decimal
    aloy(n)-....deci-, tenth- aloynux....tithe
    aloyngoler....decimate
    am-....thermo- amzemula....thermonuclear
    amvyabxar....thermostat
    amlo(n)-....mega- amloagvunak....megavolt
    amlotoj....megadeath
    amloyn-....micro- amloynjweb....microsecond
    anyen-....idio- anyenboka....idiopathic
    anyendyan....idiom
    anyentepa....idiotic
    ao(b/p)-....north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis aonab....column, x-y-axis
    aopuys yuzpar....hop-on-hop-off bus
    aonada....vertical
    aoye(b/p)-....in-and-out aoyebar....piston
    aoyebelen....import-exports
    aoyepaper....fly in and out
    aro(n)-....kilo- aronminak....kilometer
    arobanak....kilobit
    aroyn-....milli- aroynvunak....millivolt
    aoynwunak....milliwatt
    (a)so(n)....cent- asojagat....centenarian
    asolinak....hectoliter
    sojab....century
    asoy(n)-....cent-, centi- asoygenak....centigram
    asoylinak....centiliter
    av-....pro- avYanotina....pro-Communist
    ayn-....full-, holo-, whole- aynnuut....wholesaler
    aynsin....hologram
    aynteptija....fully-conscious
    e(b/p)-....inter- ebmos....mezzanine
    ebyanmulxer....intermingle
    eper....intercede
    ejna-....neo- ejnadun....neologism
    ejnaobdabin....neocolonialism
    e(n)-....ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two- entyoba....bipedal
    enzyuspar....bicycle
    envolza....dichromatic
    eon-....duo-, double-, twin- eonin....dualism
    eondal....double-speak
    eonsum....twin bed
    ev-....a-, neutral evdofina....amoral
    evdabtuna....apolitical
    ey(b/p)-....intra-, among eybmasa....intramural
    eybmimkuma....intracoastal
    eyn-....demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi- eynzyus....semi-circle
    eynzyup....half-turn
    eyntilsyeb....demitassee
    eynyonmel....peninsula
    fi-....bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well- fixut....benefactor
    fidrawa....well-written
    fitos...euphoria
    fu-....dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly- futos....dysphoria
    futuwa....ill-informed
    fuxeyn....malfeasance
    fya-....hiero-, holy-, sancti- fyasdresiyn....hieroglyphic
    fyader....sanctify
    fyatwed....holy father
    fye-....mythical, fantasy fyetop....phantom
    fyetobet....elfin
    fyetexer...fantacize
    fyedin....fantasy
    fyo-....evil, profane fyotez....occult
    fyotat....devil
    fyotyez....witchcraft
    gaw-....re-, again gawteaper....revisit
    gawaker....regain
    garale-....tera- garaleagbanak....terabyte
    garalyi-....exa- garalyibanak....exabit
    garalyo-....peta- galayoagbanak....petabyte
    garela-....zetta- garelaagbanak....zettabyte
    garelu-....yotta- gareluagbanak....yottabyte
    ge-....equal to, equi-, even- geyafwa....equipollent
    genaza....equivalent
    gel-....homo-, like-, simul- gelzena....homocentric
    gelvolza....homochromatic
    geyl-....simul- geyldyan....simile
    geylxer....assimilate
    gla-....many-, multi-, poly- glatyenika....multi-skilled
    glatwada....polyandrous
    glavolza....many-hued
    glo-....mini-, little-, few- gloduna....succint, of few words
    glonixea....low-earning
    gorale-....pico- goraleagfenak....picofarad
    goralyi-....atto- goralyigenak....attogram
    goralyo-....femto- goralyoon....quadrillionth
    goralyu-....nano- goralyusonak....nanosecond
    gorela-....zepto- gorelagenak....zeptogram
    gorelu-....yocto- gorelugenak....yoctogram
    gra-....extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra- gratosea....hypersensitive
    grazoyaxler....overreact
    granoxea....extravagant
    gro-....hypo-, under- groyixlawa....underemployed
    groaman....hypothermia
    gwa-....hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro- gwayelza....pure pink
    gwayafa....supreme
    gwauja....ultimate
    gwazoa....hindmost
    gwo-....least-, mini-, micro- gwosag....minimum
    gwoyuzpur....minibus
    gwoexlus....microprocessor
    hi-....hither, these, this his....this
    hisi....these
    him....here
    hya(s)-....pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every- hyas....everything
    hyati....all of them
    hyastea....omniscient
    hyataadifa....pansexual
    hu-....that hus....that
    huj....then
    huyen...that way
    huim-....here-and-there, here-and-yon huimkexer....search high and low
    huimpaper....fly here and there
    hyuimpoper....travel here-and-there
    huu-....so, such huugla....so, so very
    hus....such
    huyen....in such a way, so, thus
    hyaewa-....ambi- hyaewati....both of them
    hyaewaziza....ambidextrous
    hyaewatoobifa....ambi-sexual
    hye-....-ever, any, whatever, whichever hyem....anywhere, wherever
    hyempea....erratic
    hjej....ever, anytime
    hyi-....homo-, like-, same, syn- hyitoobifa....homosexual
    hyis....same thing
    hyijoba....synchronous
    hyo(s)-....nothing, a- hyostosea....apathetic
    hyu(t/s)-....alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else hyutoobifa....heterosexual
    hyua....another, alternate
    hyutufa....xenophobic
    hyus....something else
    hyui(t/s)-....cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal hyuitvikaxen....mutual admiration
    hyuixer....reciprocate
    hyuisa....mutual, reciprocal
    hyuitif....mutual love
    i-....toward the speaker iber....receive
    ixer....result
    ik-....fully, thoroughly iktoxer....forget completely
    iktos....satisfaction
    ikyebixer....engulf, swallow up completely
    in-....three-, tri-, tripl-, tern- inzyuspar....tricycle
    inaga....three-dimensional
    injiba....trimensual
    insuna....ternary
    intotan....trinity
    iyn-....terci-, third iyna....terciary
    iynxer....cut into thirds
    iz-....ortho-, recti-, right-, straight- iznada....rectilinear
    izguna....orthogonal
    iztin....orthdoxy
    izdea....forthright
    ja-....ante-, fore-, pre- jaupya....foregone
    jauper....precede
    jadropeka....antebellum
    je-....per-, continuously, ever- jetejer....persevere
    jeteaxer....watch
    jexrer....perpetuate
    jo-....after-, meta-, post- joexlen....postprocessing
    jomir....metasphere
    jotej....afterlife
    jwa-....early-, eo-, preter-, proto- jwaber....prepare
    jwatuun....premonition
    jwadodin....early history, protohistory
    jwamola....preternatural
    jwajoeb....eocene
    jwo-....ceno-, late-, latter-, tard- jwonux....late payment
    jwoa....tardy
    jwoteja....cenozoic
    ko-....cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth- koa....covert
    koexut....spy
    koyeper....sneak in
    (ko)vyo-....pseudo-, mis-, wrong- kovyotun....pseudoscience
    vyobekuer....to mistreat
    ku-....para- kuifut....paramour
    kuteliut....parasite
    kuteptun....parapsychology
    kya-....alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross- kyaember....relocate
    kyajoba....diachronic
    kyatajnad....crossbreed
    kyatooba....transgendered
    kyavolza....variegated, motley
    kyao-....falteringly, unsteadily kyaoper....stagger
    kyaotexer....vacillate
    kye-....chance-, hap-, random- kyea....haphazard
    kyebyus....chance encounter
    kyeteater....happen to see
    kyesauna....of a random type
    kyo-....fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat- kyosaun....stereotype
    kyopa....stable, static, stationary
    kyoson....status
    lo-....dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un- lozeb....disequilibrium
    loyuvlaxer....disengage
    loyuzyuber....uncoil
    lomulvyusber....decontaminate
    logel-....hetero-, different- logelsauna....heterogenous
    logelaxer....differentiate
    maz-....bright- mazteaba....bright-eyed
    mial-....hygro-, atmo-, vapori- mialama....hygrothermal
    mialnagar....atomometer, vaporimeter
    mil-....aqua-, hydro-, water- milyexun....aquaculture
    milmaka....hydroelectric
    miltilsyeb....water glass
    mul-....hylo-, substance mulsana....hylomorphic
    o(l)-....a-, dis-, non-, un-, in- ovyilxwa....unwashed
    omalza....non-white
    ototina....atheist
    otepzexea....inattentive
    o(b/p)-....de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice- oper....get off
    obneg....sublevel
    obxeb....sous-chef, sub-officer
    obtyodeb....vice-president
    oog-....micro- oogpob....microorganism

    -

    oj-....future ojtayd....bride, future wife
    gaw-....re- gawder....to repeat
    gawdyeer....to re-read
    gwo-....micro-, mini- ogalmor....microcosm
    ogalteaxer....microscope
    gowaxer....minimize
    of-....prohibited ofbier....steal
    ofbekul....prohibited drug
    ofemkyoxer....to squat
    ov-....contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un- ovalxer....countervail
    ovper....contravene
    ovkyin....counterweight
    ovdat....enemy
    olovmasbwa....undefended
    oy-....-less, a(n)-, without oytofa...naked
    oyxer....deprive
    oytosen....apathy
    oyteupiba....toothless
    oyb-....hypo-, infra-, sub-, under- oybnadrer....underline
    oybtomsan....infrastructure
    oybseuxa....subsonic
    oybtayoba....hypodermic
    oyeb-....ex-, extra-, out- oyebnad....outline
    oyebyujber....exclude
    oyebdoabuer....extradite
    oyv-....contra-, opposite, reverse oyvkuma...opposite
    oyvder....contradict
    oyvduer....contraindicate
    oyvaxer....reverse
    tayi(b)-....neuro-, nerve tayibteptun....neuropsychology
    tayibyok....neuralgia
    teeb-....auri-, oto-, ear- teebbekut....aurist
    teeteiteyobtut....otorhinolaryngologist
    teebyel....earwax
    tee(s/x/t)-....audio-, son-, phono- teesnagen....audiography
    teestaxdras....phonogram
    teestun....audiology
    teexdras....audiogram
    teetyofwa....inaudible
    tei(b)-....nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo- teibbok....rhinitis
    teibyeg....nostril
    teiz....perfume
    teizuka....aroma-free
    teityaf....olfactory sense
    tiibil-....blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin- tiibililp....hemorrhage
    tiibiliut....bloodsucker
    tiibloker....exsanguinate
    tiibiltun....hematology
    tuj-....hypno-, somni-, sopor- tujbek....hyptotherapy
    tujbyea....somniferous, soporific
    u(b/p)-....toward uber....send
    ubaer....lean toward
    ui-....horizontal, left-right, x-axis uinab....row, x-axis
    uinada....horizontal
    uib-....back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive uibar....transceiver
    uig-....fast-and-slow uigpar....scooter
    uij-....begin-and-end, start-and-stop uijdaler....stutter
    uip-....come-and-go uipen....traffic, coming and going
    uiz-....straight-then-crooked uizbaser....swagger
    uizdrer....scribble
    uizpaser....swerve
    u(n)-....four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater- ungona....quadripartite
    unnednid....tetrahedron
    unsuna....quaternary
    uyn-....fourth-, quarti- uynxer....quarter
    uynjab....quarter (of a year)
    ut-....auto-, self-, sui-, ego- utifon....egoism
    utgober....autodecrement
    utfuyix....self-abuse
    uttujben....suicide
    uz-....crooked, di- uzper....diverge
    va-....yes vayovder....convict
    vabier....accept
    vatexer....believe
    vao-....yes-no vaoder....decide
    vaodaler....waffle
    vaonaza....boolean
    vi-....bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri- vituzyan....fine arts, beaux arts
    vidun....euphemism
    vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres
    visuana....classic
    vo-....non-, neg- voyafxer....veto
    voxer....negate
    voyovder....acquit, declare not guilty
    vya-....justi-, recti-, true-, reg- vyadin....true story
    vyader....avow
    vyamol....essence
    vyao-....right or wrong vyaoyek....test
    vyak-....ortho-, correct- vyakdred....orthography
    vyakxer....correct
    vyo-....mis-, para-, wrong- vyoyufa....paranoid
    vyoyux....perfidy
    vyoyixer....misuse
    ya-....more than one, multi- yaota....communal
    yab-....hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper- yabdom....uptown
    yabdoneg....upper class
    yabduzneg....high pitch
    yabexer....support
    yabzyobix....hypertension
    yabnan-....height-, hypso-, alti- yabnanagar....hypsometer, altimeter
    yag-....long- yagyiban....long distance
    yagyeker....strive
    yagblokea....long-suffering
    yan-....co(n)-, fellow-, -mate yanzena....concentric
    yanyeker....compete
    yandit....fellow-citizen
    yao(b/p)-....up-and-down yaopuyser....skip
    yaopsim....seesaw
    yaoblir....elevator
    yaobaser....bounce
    ya(on)-....six-, hexa-, sex- yaonat....sextet
    yaongun....hexagon
    yaona....six-fold, sextuple
    yagol....sextile
    yaov-....guilty-or-innocent yaovder....adjudicate
    yaovdutyan....jury
    yaovkader....plead
    yaovyek....trial
    yaoz-....serrated, bumpy, jagged yaozaxer....serrate
    yaozgoblar....saw
    yaozper....bump along
    yayb-....supra- yaybdooba....supranational
    yayn-....sex-, sixth yayna...sixth
    ye(on)-....hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven- yejub....week
    yeongun....heptagon
    yeonat....septuplet
    ye(b/p)-....en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro- yebuzaser.....inflect
    yebzoytiibufa....intravenous
    yebyujer....enclode
    yebtayoba....endodermal
    yeper....enter
    yeber....introduce
    yeov-....fair or not yeovdut....umpire
    yeyb-....intra- yeybmepyan....intranet
    yeybdoeba....intrastate
    ye-....hepto-, seven-, septi- yejub....week
    yeyn-....seventh yeynxer....split into sevenths
    yez....para-, alongside yezteptun....parapsychology
    yezuper....come alongside
    yi(on)-....oct-, eight- yiona...eight-fold
    octuple
    yib-....far-, tele-, remote yibsin....televison
    yibteata....far-sighted
    yibtrawa....famous
    yibaj-....archai-, archeo-, ancient yibajtun....archaeology,yibajtun....archeology
    yiyn-....eighth yiynxer....divide into eighths
    yiz-....beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra- yiztyun...metaphor
    yizeza....paranormal
    yizmeirat....extraterrestrial
    yizseux....utrasound
    yoon-....five-, penta-, quint- yoongun....pentagon
    yoongol...quintile
    yoon....group of five
    quintet
    yo(b/p)-....down-, hypo-, sub- yobdom...downtown
    yoper....go down
    yobgoler....subdivide
    yon-....apart, dis-, se- yonzyaber....disperse
    yonxer....separate
    yonsauna....distinct
    yoyn-....fifth-, quinti- yoynnaga....quintic
    yoyn....a fifth
    yu(n)-....nine-, nona- yunapa....ninth (in order)
    yungunid....nonagon
    yunkunid....nonahedron
    yub-....near-, proxi-, para- yuboj....near future
    yubna....next
    yubteas....closeup (view)
    yubge....almost
    yubfia....intimate
    yubgeser....approximate
    yubdopa....paramilitary
    yui(b/p)-....near-and-far yuibjo....sooner or later
    yuibteabar....bifocals
    yuipoper....travel near and far
    yuij-....open-and-shut yuijar....valve
    yuijer....blink, wink
    manyuijer....blink
    makyuijar....switch
    yuyb-....quasi-, pen-, almost yuybyonmel....peninsula
    yuybega....quasi-normal
    yuon-....ninth-, novi- yuonat....nonuplet
    yuz-....circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round- yuzper....circulate
    yuznad....perimeter
    yuzof....wrap-around
    yuznadrer....circumscribe
    za-....ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-, north zatim....antechamber
    zamimuf....foremast
    zagab....prefix
    zajuber....procrastinate
    zamer....north
    zao-....back-and-forth, front-and-back zaopaser....wobble
    zaokuper....slalom
    zaopyoser....pendulate
    zay-....forth-, pro-, forward, ahead zaypuyser....skip ahead
    zaypuxer....propel
    zayper....go forward, procede
    zayupea....forthcoming
    ze-....mid-, central, medio- zetej....midlife
    zepoxer....interrupt, stop midway
    zetem....central hall
    zey-....cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across zeyper....transit, get across
    zeynod....crosspoint
    zeytyun....metaphor
    zi-....right, east, dextro- zim....right side
    zimera....eastern
    zo-....back-, hind-, retro-, south zotib....back
    zotiub....hindquarters
    zonapa....retrograde
    zomer....south
    zoy-....back-, retro-, re- zoyper....recede, go back
    zoybeler....carry back
    zoyzyublen....backspin
    zu-....left-, west- zutinut....leftist
    zukum....left side
    zumera....western
    zui-....left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west zuibyoser....dangle, hang left-and-right
    zuiper....zigzag
    zuituyaba....ambidextrous
    zuimera....east-west
    zya-....-wide, wide-, broad-, all about zyauber....broadcast
    zyateaba....wide-eyed
    zyasauna....general
    zyapoper....cruise, wander
    zyamira....global, worldwide
    zye-....per-, thorough-, thru-, trans- zyetejer....live through, experience
    zyeteaxer....peruse
    zyeteatyafwa....transparent
    zyemep....thoroughfare
    zyeper....permeate, transit
    zyo-....narrow, steno- zyotepa....narrow-minded
    zyoteat....tunnel vision
    zyoyija....stenopeic
    zyu-....cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro zyutim....rotunda
    zyusem....roundtable
    zyuper....cycle, gyrate, rotate

    Suffixes

    Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.
    Semantic Stub Suffixes
    Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.
    Semantic Stub Suffixes
    Suffix Stub Suffix Full Form Suffixed Example < Base Word
    -il....liquid, drink mil....water teabil....tear  <  teab....eye
    teubil....saliva  <  teub....mouth
    tayebil....sweat  <  tayeb....skin
    mamil....rain  <  mam....sky
    -al....gas mal....air tiebal....breath  <  tieb....lung
    -(e)l....food tel....food supel....pork  <  supet....swine
    taol  <  taob....flesh
    fel  <  feb....fruit
    -ul....stuff mul....substance vixul....cosmetic  <  vix-....to beautify
    bekul....medecine  <  bek....treatment
    -yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp yel....oil olfyel....olive oil  <  olfeb....olive
    appelatyel....wax  <  appelat....bee
    magyel....grease  <  mag....fire
    bekyel....salve  <  bek....treatment
    megyel....cement  <  meg....stone
    yanyel....paste  <  yan....together
    -am....house tam....house apatam....chicken coop  <  apat....chicken
    apellatam....beehive  <  apellat....bee
    melyexam....farmhouse  <  melyex....agriculture
    datibam....hostel  <  datib....guest-reception
    -(e)m....place nem....place vobyexem....plantation, farm  <  vob....plant + yex....work
    vabem....field  <  vab....grass
    abem....top, surface  <  ab....above, upper
    zem....middle  <  ze(a)....middle
    tim....room
    -im....room tim....room tulim  <  tul....cuisine
    tujim....bedroom  <  tuj....sleep
    -um....cell, booth tum....compartment pexum....cage  <  pexer....catch
    ilzyapuxum....shower stall  <  ilzyapux....shower
    -yem....space nyem....enclosure yomyem....icebox  <  yom....ice
    -yeb....container nyeb....container zyeb....bottle  <  zye(f)....glass
    vosyeb....vase  <  vos....flower
    -of....material nof....cloth tof....clothes  <  t-....human
    misof....curtain  <  mis....window
    faof....wood  <  fa(b)-....tree
    tayof....leather  <  tayo(b)....skin
    -ov....linen nov....linen teyov....collar  <  teyob....neck
    -ar....instrument sar....tool par....cart  <  p-....motion
    zyupar....rotor  <  zyup....turn
    gobrar....knife  <  gobrar....cut
    jwobar....watch  <  jwob....hour
    -ir....machine sir....machine drir....typewriter  <  dr-....write
    gwobir....clock
    -ur....large machine sur....engine pur....car
    jwobur....grandfather clock  <  jwob....hour
    -(u)n....thing sun....thing dun....word  <  d-....utter, say
    gofrun....piece, scrap  <  gofrer....rip, shread, tear
    zyiun....plaque, plate  <  zyia....flat
    vyun....spot  <  vyua....dirty
    -on....abstract thing son....issue yovon....tort, wrong  <  yov....guilt
    yen....manner, kind byen....manner texyen....opinion  <  tex....thought
    hiyen....this way, thus  <  hi-....this
    esyen....status  <  es-....exist
    -in....-ism tin....doctrine totin....theism, religion  <  tot-....god
    Kristin....Christianity  <  Krist....Christ
    vyisatin....puritanism  <  vysiat....puritan, clean person
    oytofin....nudism  <  oytofa....nude
    -ufyeg....cylinder mufyeg....pipe manufyeg....candle  <  man....light
    tiibufyeg....artery  <  tiib....heart
    milufyeg....toilet  <  mil....water
    movufyeg....cheminee  <  mov....smoke
    -ab....government dab....government ditab....democracy  <  dit....citizen
    -eb....leader deb....leader xeb....boss  <  x-....do
    tameb....master of the house  <  tam....house
    -ub....branch tub....arm patub....wing  <  pat....bird
    -ad....language -a + d(alzeyn)....language Fransad....French (language)
    -uz....jewelry nuz....jewel teyobuz....necklace  <  teyob....neck
    teebuz....earring  <  teeb....ear
    -u(er)....give buer....give tiebaluer....exhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air
    -i(er)....take bier....take tiebalier....inhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air
    -ui(er)....exchange buier....exchange tiebaluier....breathe  <  tieb....lung + al....air

    Derviational Suffixes

    Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.
    Derivational Suffixes
    Derivational
    Suffix    		 Function Base Word

    --> Suffixed
    Derivation
    -er Noun
    --> Verbal Infinitive    		 sag....count
    -->     sager....to count
    -n Present Tense Verb
    --> Verbal Noun (Gerund)
    Adjective
    --> Abstract Noun    		 yexe....(he/she/...) works
    -->     yexen....working
    via....beautiful
    -->     vian....beauty
    yuba....near
    -->     yuban....proximity, nearness
    -a Noun
    --> Adjective
    Active Verb
    --> Verbal Adjective (Present Participle)
    Past Passive Verb
    --> Perfect Passive Participle (Adjective)    		 mor....universe
    -->     mora....universal
    ake....wins
    -->     akea....winning
    teatwa....was seen
    -->    teatwaa (or, shortened to: teatwa....seen)
    -ya INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM
    --> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE    		 ip-....go away
    -->     ipya....gone away
    -yea VERB STEM
    --> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)    		 zaypas-....progress
    -->     zaypasyea....progressive
    -y ADJECTIVE
    --> ADVERB    		 iga....quick
    -->     igay....quickly
    tea-....knowing
    -->    teay....knowingly
    -ut VERB STEM
    --> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -er    		 ak-....win
    -->     akut ....winner
    -us VERB STEM
    --> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN thing that Xes, -er    		 gol-....divide
    -->     golus ....divisor
    *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.

    Normal Semantic Suffixes

    • Augmentative Suffixes
    Augmentative Suffixes
    Augmentative Suffix Base Word Suffixed Derivation
    -ag (augmentative) tam....house tamag....mansion
    -ayg (affectionate augmentative) sem....chair semayg....big old chair
    -yag (pejorative augmentative) apet....horse apetyag....nag
    • Diminutive Suffixes
    Diminutive Suffixes
    Diminutive Suffix Base Word Suffixed Derivation
    -og (diminutive) tam....house tamog....hut
    -oyg (affectionate diminutive) tam....house tamoyg....cottage
    -yog (pejorative diminutive) tam....house tamyog....shack
    -et (a smaller person) twob....man twobet....boy
    -es (thing of lesser importance) nas....money nases....change, coin
    -ud (child of, offspring) tob....man tobud....infant
    • Semantic Adjectival Suffixes
    Semantic Adjectival Suffixes
    Adjectival Suffix Meaning Base Word Suffixed Derivation
    -a mor....universe related to, -al, -ic mora....universal
    -aya miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekaya....dusty
    -oya vyun....spot empty of, -less, -free vyunoya....spotless
    -ika miek....dust full of, -ous, -y miekika....dusty
    -uka miek....dust empty of, -less, -free miekuka....dust-free
    -yea vyod....lie given to doing X, -ive vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying
    -yena tat....angel like, -ly, -ic tatyena....angelic
    • Other Semantic Suffixes
    Other Semantic Suffixes
    Suffix Base Word Derivation
    -tun....science, ...ology tej....life tejtun....biology
    -tut....-ologist, expert, -ist dar....language dartut....linquist
    -tuin....theory tob....mar martuin....astrology
    -yan....collection, aggregate fab....tree fabyan....forest
    -tyen....trade, -ics sir....machine sirtyen....mechanics
    -if....pet name twed....father twedif....papa
    ifa....-philic, -loving dyes....book dyesifa....bibliophilic
    ifwa....liked by tyod....people tyodifwa....popular
    ufa....-phobic, -hating toyb....woman toybufa....misogynous
    ufwa....hated by tyod....people tyodufwa....unpopular
    yafa....able to tyoyap-....walk tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
    yafwa....possible to teat-....see teatyafwa....visible
    yofa....unable to teat-....see teatyofa....blind
    yofwa....impossible to dye-....read dyeyofwa....illegible
    yika....hard of...ing teet-....hear teetyika....hard of hearing
    yikwa....hard to teet-....hear teetyikwa....hard to hear
    yuka....easy at...ing vatex-....believe vatexyuka....gullible
    yukwa....easily...ed test-....understand testyukwa....easily understood
    yufa....fearful of, -phobic tot....god totyufa....god-fearing
    yufwa....feared hyat....everybody hyatyufwa....feared by all
    yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose
    efa....needful of tel....food telefa....hungry
    efwa....necessary to tej....life tejefa....vital
    yefa....duty-bound to, -worthy of dud....answer dudyefa....responsible
    yefwa....due, -worthy of fid-....laud fidyefwa....praiseworthy
    afa....authorized to dokebi-....vote dokebiafa....franchised
    ofwa....prohibited to movi-....smoke moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone
    yiva....free to kebi-....choose kebiyiva....free to choose
    yivwa....free to be ...ed kebi-....choose kebiyivwa....optional
    yuva....bound tam....house tamyuva....house-bound
    ova....resistant, anti- aagdovyab....constitution aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional
    ava....in favor of, pro- tyodab....democracy tyodabava....pro-democracy
    eva....neutral toos....gender tooseva....gender-neutral

    Inflectional Suffixes

    Mirad has only one noun inflectional suffix, namely, i, which makes a singular noun plural:
    • tam....house --> tami....houses
    The only other inflectional affixes are the following verb infixes and suffixes:
    • -er....infinitive
    • -e....present tense
    • -a....past tense
    • -o....future tense
    • -u....conditional/hypothetical/imperative
    • -e-....progressive aspect
    • -a-....perfect aspect
    • -o-....immediate aspect
    • -y-....active voice
    • -w-....passive voice
    Examples:
    • Wit tujeya hoj van at pua.....He was sleeping when I arrived.
    • -e- = progressive aspect infix
    • -y- = active voice infix
    • -a = past tense suffix
    • Et oyebuxawu.....You would have been expelled.
    • -a- = perfect aspect
    • -w- = passive voice
    • -u = conditional/hypothetical/imperative

    Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling

    Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.

    First-level Ordinal Scaling

    First-level Ordinal Scaling
    ORDINAL VOWEL t...b m...r j...b m...s t...m d...b f...b s...m d...t t...d
    o = 0 tob
    man    		 mor
    universe    		 job
    time    		 mos
    floor    		 tom
    building    		 dob
    state    		 fob
    plant    		 som
    furniture    		 dot
    society    		 tod
    family
    a = 1 tab
    body    		 mar
    sun    		 jab
    year    		 mas
    wall    		 tam
    house    		 dab
    government    		 fab
    tree    		 sam
    armoire    		 dat
    friend    		 tad
    spouse
    e = 2 teb
    head    		 mer
    planet    		 jeb
    season    		 mes
    door    		 tem
    hall    		 deb
    leader    		 feb
    fruit    		 sem
    table    		 det
    associate    		 ted
    parent
    i = 3 tib
    trunk    		 mir
    earth    		 jib
    month    		 mis
    window    		 tim
    room    		 dib
    office    		 fib
    tree trunk    		 sim
    chair    		 dit
    citizen    		 tid
    sibling
    u = 4 tub
    arm    		 mur
    moon    		 jub
    day    		 mus
    stairs    		 tum
    cell    		 dub
    minister    		 fub
    branch    		 sum
    bed    		 dut
    gentleperson    		 tud
    child
    yo = 5 tyob
    leg    		 jyob*
    hour    		 fyob
    root    		 tyod
    people
    * The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb.

    Second-level Ordinal Scaling

    A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding an ordinal vowel immediately after a word's stem vowel.
    Examples:
    Second-level Ordinal Scaling
    mi...p me...p tu...b tyo...b ma...f me...g do...b
    mip
    river    		 mep
    way    		 tub
    arm    		 tyob
    leg    		 maf
    cloud    		 meg
    stone    		 dob
    state
    miap
    stream    		 meap
    road    		 tuab
    shoulder    		 tyoab
    hip    		 maaf
    stratus    		 meag
    marble    		 doab...fatherland
    miep
    brook    		 meep
    path    		 tueb
    upper arm    		 tyoeb
    thigh    		 maef
    cumulus    		 meeg
    slate    		 doeb
    province, state
    miip
    rivulet    		 meip
    trail    		 tuib
    elbow    		 tyoib
    knee    		 maif
    stratocumulus    		 meig
    granite    		 doib
    county, shire
    miup
    torrent    		 meup
    track    		 tuub
    forearm    		 tyoub
    shin    		 mauf
    cumulonimbus    		 meug
    clay, dough    		 doub
    district
    miyop
    trickle    		 tuyob
    wrist    		 tyoyob
    ankle    		 mayof
    nimbostatus    		 meyog
    china
    tuyab
    hand    		 tyoyab
    foot    		 mayaf
    altostratus    		 meyag
    chalk
    tuyeb
    fist    		 tyoyeb
    heel    		 mayef
    altocumulus    		 meyeg
    limestone
    tuyib
    palm    		 tyoyib
    sole    		 mayif
    cirrus    		 meyig
    alabaster
    tuyub
    finger    		 tyoyub
    toe    		 mayuf
    cirrostratus    		 meyug
    gypsum
    tulob
    fingernail    		 tyolob
    toenail    		 malof
    cirrocumulus

    Third-level Ordinal Scaling

    A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing an ordinal number vowel to the word.
    Example:
    Third-level Ordinal Scaling
    tuyub....finger
    atuyub....thumb
    etuyub....index
    ituyub....middle finger
    utuyub....ring finger
    yotuyub....pinky
    So, to sum up, we have:
    Summary of Scaling
    t...b tob = human being
    FIRST-LEVEL tub....arm
    SECOND-LEVEL tuyub....finger
    THIRD-LEVEL atuyub....thumb

    Scaling with Prefixed Numbering

    We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words by prefixing an ordinal vowel even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first level usually begins with a.
    Example:
    Prefix Numbering
    NUMBER dob....state deb....leader mez....gem mer....planet maf....cloud sagtun....mathematics
    1 adob....empire adeb....emperor amez....diamond Amer....Mercury amaf....nimbus asagtun....arithmetic
    2 edob....kingdom edeb....king emez....topaz Emer....Venus emaf....stratus esagtun....geometry
    3 idob....principality ideb....prince imez....ruby Imer....Earth imaf....nimbostatus isagtun....algebra
    4 udob....duchy udeb....duke umez....emerald Umer....Mars umaf....cumulus usagtun....trigonometry
    5 yodob....marquisate yodeb....marquis yomez....saphire Yomer....Jupiter yomaf....cumulostatus yosagtun....calculus
    6 yadob....county yadeb....count yamez....lapis lazuli Yamer....Saturn yamaf....stratocumulus
    7 yedob....dominion yedeb....lord yemez....amthyst Yemer....Uranus yemaf....altocumulus
    8 yidob....viscounty yideb....viscount yimez....amber Yimer....Pluto yimaf....altostratus
    9 yudob....barony yudeb....baron yumez....topaz yumaf....cirrocumulus
    10 alodob....tribe alodeb....tribal chief alomez....opal alomaf....cirrus

    Rule #4: Overlapping

    When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau.
    Examples:
    Overlapping in Compounds
    First Word Second Word Portmanteau
    dom....city mep....road domep....boulevard
    pat....bird teub....mouth pateub....beak
    pat....bird tub....arm patub....wing
    teupib....tooth byok....pain teypibyok....toothache
    In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided.

    Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels

    When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.
    Examples:
    • edob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen)
    • udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess)
    By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant:
    Examples:
    mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam

    Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants

    When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.
    Example:

    tob  ⇘  (-b = organism) 

     (t- = human)        ⇒   tof....clothing, apparel
 (n- = commercial)   ⇒   nof....cloth, fabric

    nof  ⇗  (-f = cloth)

    Swapping Generic Consonants
    Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Derived Word
    tob....human nov....linen tov....lingerie
    tab....body nof....cloth taf....suit
    teb....head nof....cloth tef....hat
    tib....trunk nof....cloth tif....vest
    tyoyab....foot nof....cloth tyoyaf....shoe
    tyoyab....foot nov....linen tyoyav....sock
    tuyab....hand nof....cloth tuyaf....glove
    doob*....nation nof....cloth doof....flag
    taob*....flesh tol....food taol....meat
    * This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.

    Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender

    Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female.
    • To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
    • To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.
    Examples:
    Marking Animate Nouns for Gender
    Gender-Neutral Male Female
    tob....human being twob....man toyb....woman
    tobet....young person twobet....boy toybet....girl
    ted....parent twed....father teyd....mother
    it....he/she/it wit....he iyt....she
    apat....cock apwat....rooster apayt....hen
    toob....gender twoob....male tooyb....female
    • Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for women, rather than men, eg.:
    Making Inanimate Objects Female-related
    Male-oriented or Neutral Female-oriented
    taf....suit tayf....dress
    tyoyav....sock tyoyayv....stockings
    tiav....shirt tiayv....blouse
    • Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness:
    Body Parts Genderized
    Neutral Male-oriented Female-oriented
    tilab....breast twilab....male breast tilayb....female breast
    twiyib....testicals tiyiyb....ovary
    tiyub....sexual organ twiyub....penis tiyuyb....vagina
    • In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender. However a word like dezut can be made specifically masculine by suffixing (t)wob (man), thus, dezutwob....male actor.
    • Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy.

    Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

    A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings.
    Geo-specific Vowels:
    • o  =  outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
    • a  =  sky, air, gas
    • e  =  land, soil, solid
    • i  =  sea, water, liquid
    • u  =  underground, mineral, concrete object, other
    Examples:
    Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
    m...p m...m d...p p...t m...l
    Space mop....orbit mom....space dop....military pot.... mol....nature
    Sky map....wind mam....sky dap....air force pat....bird mal....air
    Land mep....road mem....land dep....army pet....land animal mel....soil
    Water mip....river mim....sea dip....marine force pit....fish mil....water
    Underground (or other) mup....tunnel mum....underground mul....stuff
    This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.
    Examples:
    Hybrid nouns
    First-level Derivation + Geospecific Vowel Second-level Derivation
    pet....land animal i....water, sea peit....aquatic mammal
    pelt....insect a....air, sky pelat....flying insect
    mel....soil i....water, sea meil....mud
    mil....water a....air, gas mial....vapor

    Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels

    The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema:
    Vectorial Vowel Values
    A
    U a
    ↓    		 ↓
    a    		 ↑
    ya    		 ya
    ↑    		 I
    u → e ye → i
    → u e ye i →
    → yu E yi →
    yu → → yi
    ↑
    o    		 o
    ↑    		 yo
    ↓    		 ↓
    yo
    O
    Explanation of the above chart:
    • If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
    • The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
    • If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact.
    • Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement.
    Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart
    A position on, above, north amer....north
    a movement (free) on baer....lean
    a movement (contact) onto aber....put on
    ya movement (free) up, ascend byaer....lift
    ya movement (contact) up, get up, set up yaber....raise
    O position under, lower, south omer....south
    o movement (free) off boer....hang
    o movement (contact) on the bottom of, underneath oper....get off
    yo movement (free) down pyoser....fall
    yo movement (contact) fall yoper....rise
    U position left, west umer....west
    u movement (free) move toward the center, come uber....send
    u movement (contact) reach the center, arrive pyuer....reach
    yu movement (free) near, approach yuber....approach
    yu movement (contact) near, reach byuser....touch
    I position right, east imer....east
    i movement (free) from the center out, go away pier....go away
    i movement (contact) from the center out, leave iper....leave
    yi movement (free) away, go far yiper....go far
    yi movement (contact) from afar, originate pyiser....originate
    E position center, equator emer....equator
    e rest between eb....between
    e rest at, stay, hold bexer....hold
    ye movement in, into, enter yeper....enter
    ye (contact) up against, strike pyexer....strike

    Special value of certain vowels

    The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular:
    • aot....person, individual
    • anota....alone, solitary
    • anay....only
    • aun....unit
    The prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural:
    • yat....we, us
    • yanot....constituent
    • yanota....communal
    • yanotyan....community
    • yan....together
    Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
    • yon....apart
    • yanota....communal vs. yonota....private
    • yanxer....to combine vs. yonxer....to separate

    Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns

    Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.
    For example, the mnemonic eu pattern from the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:
    Mnemonic Pattern Derivation
    Pattern Word
    teub....mouth    		 Classifier Generic
    teud....shout t = human d = communication
    teuz....voice t = human z = art
    deuz....song d = communication z = art
    seuz....tone s = thing z = art
    seux....sound s = thing x = action
    xeus....noise x = action s = thing
    teuf....muzzle t = human f = apparel
    teuv....mask t = human v = linen
    teus....taste t = human s = thing
    deup....rhythm d = communication p = motion
    More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations
    Pattern Word
    teab....eye    		 (t)ea- = see Generic
    teaper....visit " " " p = go
    teader....witness " " " d = say
    teaxer....look " " " x = do
    teaser....seem " " " s = be
    teater....see " " " t = know
    keaxer....scan ke- = seek x = do
    vyaleaxer....check vyal- = certain x = do
    yoneater....distinguish yon- = apart t = know
    beaxer....guard be- = hold x = do
    teatier....perceive -i- = subject-directed
    teatuer....show -u- = object-directed
    Pattern Word
    teeb....ear    		 (t)ee- = hear Generic
    teeper....attend " " " p = go
    teeder....testify " " " d = say
    teexer....listen " " " x = do
    teeser....sound (like) " " " s = be
    teeter....hear " " " t = know
    keexer....scan (acoustically) ke- = seek x = do
    koteexer....snoop on ko- = hide x = do
    vyaleexer....sound out vyal- = certain x = do
    teetier....get wind of -i- = subject-oriented
    teetuer....make heard -u- = patient-oriented
    zyateetuer....rumor zya- = all around -u- = patient-oriented
    A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.
    Examples:
    Shortening Long Compounds
    Word 1 Word 2 Long Compound Shortened Compound
    ekpet....horse teuder....make a noise *ekpeteuder ekpeder....neigh
    serpyet....snake teuder....make a noise *serpyeteuder sepyeder....hiss
    vifeyb....grape il....liquid *vifebil....grape juice vifil....wine
    povob....grain il....liquid *povobil povil....beer
    Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.
    Examples:
    From Full Words to Stubs
    Compound New Stub Derivation
    tilabil....breast milk bil....milk bilyug....butter
    fauf....log -uf....(stub suffix for types of) cylinder muf....rod, stick
    zyeg....hole -yeg....(stub suffix for types of) hole, hollow thing mufyeg....pipe
    The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds:
    • bilyig....cheese
    • bilyigem....cheese factory
    • bilyug....butter
    • bilyugyena....butter-like
    The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed, cylinder

    Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

    Words which follow Rule #11 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.
    These nuances are obtained by:
    • Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.
    These vowels are:
    a for a and ya
    e for e and ye
    i for i and yi
    o for o and yo
    u for u and yu
    Examples:
    Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel
    Word Nuanced Derivation
    nad....line naad....rail
    dob....state doob....nation
    vyab....rule vyayab....system
    boka....sick booka....tired
    nog....degree noog....phase
    bil....milk biil....juice
    • Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity:
    Deintensification with Post-y-gliding
    Word Mitigated Derivation
    ifer....love iyfer....like
    iva....happy iyva....glad
    zyutom....tower zyutoym....turret
    ama....hot ayma....warm
    oma....cold oyma....cool
    • Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:
    Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding
    Word Enhanced Derivation
    pot....wild animal pyot....predator animal
    pat....bird pyat....bird of prey
    tod....family tyod....people
    oma....cold yoma....frozen
    nuxer....pay nyuxer....deliver
    nexer....save nyexer....store
    teb....head tyeb....brain
    tep....mind tyep....intellect
    • Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:
    Intensification with L and R
    Word L-Intensitifed R-Intensified
    ifer....love ifler....be fond of ifrer....adore
    iva....happy ivla....content ivra....delighted
    vaa....affirmative vlaa....sure vraa....indubitable
    aga....big agla....huge agra....immense
    ga....more gala....multiple gara....exponential
    baer....lean on baler....press barer....crush
    yexer....work yexler....labor yexrer....toil, slave
    yixer....use yixler....hire yixrer....exploit
    • Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:
    Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.:
    Creating Nuances with Other Consonants
    Word Nuanced Derivation
    fia....good fika....perfect
    fira....excellent
    fua....bad futa....wicked
    fura....rotten
    gea....equal geta....identical
    gela....alike
    vyaa....true vyaka....correct
    vyama....real
    vyoa....false vyoka....incorrect
    vyoma....fake
    yiga....hard yigza....sour
    yigla....brusk
    yigra....brutal
    yuga....soft yugfa....smooth
    yugla....tender
    yugra....mild
    • Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:
    Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance
    Word Nuanced Derivation
    nab....row nap....order
    vyava....just vyafa....precise
    jwab....minute jwap....moment
    jweb....second jwep....instant
    tab....body tap....physique
    teb....head tep....mind
    tob....person top....soul, animus
    nov....linen nof....cloth
    naz....value nas....money
    nag....dimension nak...unit of measurement

    Rule #12: Reduplication

    Repeating a word, or reduplication, is a way of intensifying it. Here are some examples of reduplication:
    • xeus....noise --> xeusxeus....racket, hubbub, uproar
    • pas....movement --> paspas....commotion, bustle, tumult
    • bas....stir --> basbas....brouhaha, ado, kerfuffle

    Technical Nomenclature

    The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features.

    Zoological Nomenclature

    Illustration
    The names of animals are formed in a systematic way.

    Base Names

    First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p (mobile) and end with t (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures.
    The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below:
    Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms
    Type Air = a Water = i Land = e Anywhere = o
    Ordinary pat....bird pit....fish pet....domestic land animal pot....wild animal
    Predatory pyat....raptor pyit....predatory fish pyet....reptile pyot....predatory animal
    Hybrid piat....waterfowl
    pelat....flying insect
    paet....flightless bird    		 piit....crustacean
    pilt....marine invertebrate
    peit....mammalian fish
    pyeit....mollusk    		 payet....flying reptile
    piyet....batracian
    peyet....worm
    pelt....insect    		 piot....aquatic mammal

    Derived Names

    The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the Linnaean taxonomy. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name Canidae (canids). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. Ca in Latin is pronounced ka. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix ka to the base name for domestic land animal pet, yielding kapet (dog). All other members of the dog family end in pot (feral animal) or pyot (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, prairie dog (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by ci3xi2ro1pot from Ro1dentia Sci2uridae Cy3nomys, where pot is the basic animal type wild animal. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable ro from the Latin "order" taxon Rodentia, while all squirrel names will have the syllable xi from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon Sciuridae (xiuriday). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family:
    Canidae (dog family) >
    kapet...the common domestic dog (only one species, Canis familiaris)
    kapot...wild dog
    kapyot...predatory dog
    Species under kapyot are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names:
    Canis lupus > lukapyot...gray wolf (or just wolf)
    Canis latrans > lakapyot...coyote, prairie wolf
    Canis latrans lestes > leslakapyot...mountain coyote
    Canis aurus > awkapyot > jackal, golden jackal
    Canis aurus curensis > kurawkapyot....Indochinese jackal
    Canis vulpus > vulkapyot...fox, red fox
    If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is awkapyot and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from curensis would normally be ku, but it has to be extended to kur because the base begins in a vowel.
    The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart:
    Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences
    Latin/Greek Spelling Latin Sound Mirad Spelling Example
    au aw aw aurus....aw-
    eu ew ew europa....ew-
    ai
    ae    		 ay ay aegyptus....ay-
    ei
    ey    		 ey ey Rheidae....ey
    oe oy oy Foeniculum....oy
    ua wa wa suavis....swa
    ca/co/cu ka/ko/ku ka/ko/ku canis....ka
    ce/ci/cy' che/chi/chi ce/ci/cy cypris....ci
    y i i cypris....i
    g' g g Geococcyx/Gastropoda....g
    ch k k Chiroptera....ki
    ph f f Sphyrapicus....f
    rh r r Rheidae....ey
    x ks ks Loxodonta....ks
    qu kw kw Quercus....kw
    j y j julianus....ju
    sci shi xi Sciuridae....xi
    th t t Thunnus....t
    cci ksi ksi Vaccinus....ksi
    Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for Cinnamomum would be cin.
    The Latin letter j is represented in Mirad with j even though it is pronounced like a y. This is for better recognizability.

    Genderized and Other Forms

    Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name:
    • kapet....dog ====> kapeyt....bitch
    • vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkapyoyt....vixen
    Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name:
    • ekpet....horse ====> ekpwet....stallion
    • ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopwet....ram
    • vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkpyowt....dog fox
    Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name:
    • bopet....bovine ====> bopweot....ox
    • gafapat....cock ====> gafapweot....capon
    The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child:
    • ekpet....horse ====> ekpetud....colt
    • kapet....dog ====> kapetud....pup
    • ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetud....lamb
    The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if:
    • kapet....dog ====> kapetif....puppy
    • fepet....cat ====> fepetif....kitty
    The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og:
    • supet....pig ====> supetog....piggy
    • ekpet....horse ====> ekpetog....pony
    Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal ekpet....horse can serve as an example:
    Derivations of Horse
    Variation Mirad Name English Name
    Adult ekpet horse
    Male ekpwet stallion
    Female ekpeyt mare
    Offspring ekpetud colt
    Female Offspring ekpetuyd filly
    Small adult ekpetog pony
    Gelded ekpweot gelding

    Animal Sounds

    The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der:
    • ekpet....horse ====> ekpeder....to neigh
    • kapet....dog ====> kapeder....to bark
    • pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp
    • serpyet....snake ====> serpyeder....to hiss
    A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan:
    • lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotyan....a pride of lions
    • ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetyan....a herd of sheep
    • pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish
    Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go:
    • serpyet....snake ====> serpeper....to slither
    • lapet....rabbit ====> lapeper....to hop
    • ekpet....horse ====> ekpeper....to gallop
    The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in l (a stub for tel, meaning food):
    • supet....pig ====> supel....pork
    • supetyob....hog leg ====> supetyol....ham
    • bopet....steer ====> bopel....beef
    • ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopel....mutton
    • bopetud....calf ====> bopetul....veal
    • appelat....bee ====> appelatel....honey
    The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name:
    • supet....pig ====> supetam....pigsty
    • gafapayt....chicken ====> gafapaytam....chicken coop
    • lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotam....lion's den
    • kapet....dog ====> kapetam....doghouse
    • forpelt....ant ====> forpeltam....anthill
    • appelat....bee ====> appelatam....bee hive
    • pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary
    • pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair

    Dog Breeds

    Illustration
    Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to kapet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[1]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership.
    The base of the dog breed name is kapet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned to the ordinal vowel o, so bokepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed.
    As an example:
    To get the name for basset hound:
    • Start with the word for dog: kapet.
    This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to kapet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one. The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-.
    • hakapet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha kapet....the dog.).

    A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed:

    • ihakapet is a "small-sized scent hound"
    A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gebaroma is placed in front, separated by a space:
    • Gebaroma awahikapet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: awahikapet
    Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site.

    Group 1 = bokapet....sheepdogs/cattledogs

    • Section 1 = bakapet....sheepdogs
    • Belgian only entry = Belima bakapet....Belgian shepherd dog
    • German only entry = Deuma bakapet....German shepherd
    • Section 2 = bekapet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs
    • Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ebekapet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan)

    Group 2 = cokapet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs

    • Section 1 = cakapet....pinscher/schnauzer type
    • Section 2 = cekapet....Molossian type
    • Section 3 = cikapet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs

    Group 3 = dokapet....terriers

    • Section 1 = dakapet....large and medium-sized terriers
    • Great Britain 9th entry = Gebaroma yudakapet....Welsh terrier
    • Section 2 = dakapet....small-sized terriers
    • Section 3 = dekapet....bull type terriers
    • Great Britain 3rd entry = Gebaroma idekapet....Staffordshire bull terrier
    • Section 4 = dakapet....toy terriers

    Group 4 = fokapet....dachshunds

    • Germany only entry = fakapet....dachshund

    Group 5 = gokapet....spitz and primitive types

    • Section 1 = gakapet....nordic sledge dogs
    USA 1st entry = agakapet....Siberian husky
    • Section 2 = gekapet....nordic hunting dogs
    • Section 3 = gikapet....nordic watchdogs/herders
    • Section 4 = gukapet....European spits
    • Section 5 = gyokapet....Asian spitz and related breeds
    • Section 6 = gyakapet....primitive types
    • Section 7 = gyekapet....hunting dogs

    Group 6 = hokapet....scent hounds and related breeds

    • Section 1 = hakapet....scent hounds
    • Subsection 1.1 = ahakapet....large-sized hounds
    • USA 1st entry = Usoma awahakapet....American foxhound
    • Subsection 1.2 = ehakapet....medium-sized hounds
    • Great Britain only entry = Gebaroma ehakapet....harrier
    • Subsection 1.3 = ihakapet....small-sized hounds
    • Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma awihakapet....basset hound
    • Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ewihakapet....beagle

    Group 7 = jokapet....pointing dogs

    • Section 1 = jakapet....continental pointing dogs
    • Section 2 = jekapet....British and Irish pointers and setters

    Group 8 = kakapet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs

    • Section 1 = kakapet....retrievers
    • Section 2 = kekapet....flushing dogs
    • Section 3 = kikapet....water dogs

    Group 9 = lokapet....companion and toy dogs

    • Section 1 = lakapet....bichons
    • Section 2 = lekapet....poodles
    • France only entry = Ferama lekapet....poodle
    • Section 3 = likapet....small Belgian dogs
    • Section 4 = lukapet....hairless dogs
    • Section 5 = lyokapet....Tibetan breeds
    • Tibet 2nd entry = Tibama elekapet....shih tzu
    • Section 6 = lyakapet....Chihuahueno
    • Mexico only entry = Mexuma lyakapet....chihuahua
    • Section 7 = lyekapet....English toy spaniels
    • Section 8 = lyikapet....Japan Chin and Pekingese
    • Section 9 = lyukapet....continental toy spaniel and others
    • Section 10 = lalokapet....Kromforhländer
    • Section 10 = lalekapet....small Molossian type dogs

    Group 10 = mokapet....sight hounds

    • Section 1 = makapet....long-haired sighthounds
    • Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma amakapet....greyhound
    • Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma emakapet....whippet
    • Section 2 = mekapet....rough-haired sighthounds
    • Section 3 = mikapet....short-haired sighthounds

    Cat Breeds

    The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [2]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat fepet.
    This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list:
    Creating Cat Breed Names
    CFA Name First Letters
    Lowercase    		 Number
    If Any + fepet    		 Mirad Name
    American Shorthair am a + fepet amafepet
    American Wirehair am e + fepet amefepet
    Balinese bal bal + fepet balfepet
    Bengal ben ben + fepet benfepet

    Color Nomenclature

    The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue.
    The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The zeroth-color is no color, simple blank, clear, or transparent.
    Basic Color Words
    0 - clear 1 - red 2 - orange 3 - yellow 4 - green 5 - blue 6 - purple 7 - indigo



    olza alza elza ilza ulza yolza yalza yelza
    There are some other common colors:
    Other Basic Color Words
          malza....white (Associated with man (light)
          melza....brown (Associated with mel (soil)
          molza....black (Associated with mon (dark)
          maolza....gray (A blend of malza and molza)
          aolza....pink (A blend of olza....clear and alza....red)
    All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example:
    • mecirufeb-ulza....lime green from mecirufeb....lime fruit + ulza....green
    • mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue
    • licirufeb-ilza....lemon yellow from licirufeb....lemon + ilza....yellow
    • salpyit-alza....salmon red
    • magmef-alza....firebrick red
    • mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine
    Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner:
    1. A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green
    2. A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish
    3. A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green
    4. A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green
    Shaded variants can also be created by prefixing adjectival components such as these:
    • oz-....-ish, light-
    • az-....bright-, dark-
    • kyu-....light-
    • maz-....bright-
    • eyn-....semi-

    etc.

    Some hybrid colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel:
    • maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black
    • yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green
    • maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown
    Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a:
    • Ulz se via volz.....Green is a beautiful color.
    • At gaife yalzayn.....I prefer dark blue.
    Colors can also be used to form verbs:
    • Iyta teobi alzasa.....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed).
    • His se fia teubip malzaxus.....This is a good teeth whitener.
    • Eta teupibi ilzaseye.....Your teeth are yellowing.

    Rarely Used Colors

    The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz. The adjectival form of this color is aselza. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names.
    Skin colors
    Illustration
    When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz. Thus:
    • (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person
    • (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person
    • (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person
    • (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person
    • (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person
    • (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person
    • (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person
    • (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person
    • (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person
    • (tayob)olzat....albino
    • hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone
    • hyatayovolzati....people of all colors
    • Duhotayovolza iyt se?....What skin color is she?

    Hair Colors

    Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant or y. The word for hair color is tayevolz.
    • tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
      • tayebalzayt....an auburn female
    • tayemolza....brunette
    • tayemelza....brown-haired
    • tayebiylza....blond
    • tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired
    • It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early.
    • Duhotayevolza iyt se?....What color hair is she?

    Eye Colors

    Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides:
    • teayolza....blue-eyed
    • teabulza....green-eyed
    • teamelza....brown-eyed
    • teamelzat....brown-eyed person
    • teamolz....a black eye
    • teamalz....the white of the eye
    • Duhoteavolza et se?....What color eyes do you have?

    Chemical Nomenclature

    Illustration
    The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H. So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he. By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk.
    Use the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha.
    Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names
    Lowercase a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    Mirad Name a ba ca da e fe ge he i ji ki li mi ni o po ko ro so to u vu wu xu yu zu

    Coding Chemical Elements

    The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed:
    Coding Chemical Elements
    English Element Name Abbreviation Mirad Name
    silver Ar arolk
    iron Fe feelk
    hydrogen H helk
    nitrogen N nilk
    mercury Hg hegelk
    darmstadtium Ds dasolk
    In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound.
    Chemical compounds such as H2O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner.
    1. The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk).
    2. The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe.
    3. The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed.
    4. The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iyd, giving enheolkiyd
    Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below:
    Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are:

    Chemical Compound Suffixes

    Chemical Suffix Equivalents
    English Suffix Mirad Equivalent English Example Mirad Equivalent
    -ide -iyd sulfide solkiyd
    -ite -iyt sulfite solkiyt
    -ate -ayt sulfate solkayt
    -ine -iyn iodine ilkiyn
    -ane -ayn methane ahelkayn
    -ene -eyn benzene ehelkeyn
    -one -oyn ketone ketoyn
    -ine --iyn alanine alaniyn
    -ic -a ferric feelka
    -ous aya ferrous feelkaya
    Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n.  : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart.
    The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes:
    Numeric Prefixes
    Number Prefix Example
    a....mono- an anolkiyd....monoxide (O)
    e....bi-/di- en encalkayt....bicarbonate (C2)
    i....tri- in inolkiyd-....trioxide (O3)
    u....tetr(a)- un unolkiyd-....tetroxide (O4)
    yo....pent(a)- yown yownolkiyd-....pentoxide (O5)
    ya....hex(a)- yawn yawnolkiyd....hexoxide (O6)
    ye....hept(a)- yen yenolkiyd....heptoxide (O7)
    yi....oct(o)- yin yinolkiyd-....octoxide (O8)
    yu....non(a)- yun yunolkiyd-....nonoxide (O9)
    alo....dec(a)- alon alonolkayt-....decoxidate (O10)
    Examples:
    • carbon dioxide (C2O)....calk enolkiyd
    • sodium bicarbonate (Na2C)....nialk encalkayt
    • calcium dihydrogen phosphate....caalk enhelk polkayt
    • glucose (C6H12O6)....yawncaalanheyaonolk (or: sakolos)
    • methanol (C3HOH)....cainheohelk
    Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iyd, -iyt, and -ayt, etc.

    Names of Atomic Parts

    The word for atom in Mirad is gwomulk, which literally is least particle.
    The main particles in an atom are:
    • vamulk....proton (positive)
    • vemulk....neutron (neutral)
    • vomulk....electron (negative)
    Every atom contains mulki (subatomic particles).
    Illustration
    The Standard Model classification of particles
    The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart above, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See wikipedia:Subatomic_particle ).
    • hamulk....hadron
    • mi-hamulk....meson
    • pimi-hamulk....pion
    • kami-hamulk....kaon
    • ba-hamulk....baryon
    • lambda-ba-hamulk....lambda baryon
    • vamulk....proton
    • vemulk....neutron
    • vomulk....electron
    • zemulk....nucleon
    • alfamulk....alpha particle
    • fermimulk....fermion
    • oogmulk....nanoparticle
    • kyinazon mulk....graviton
    • bamulk....boson particle
    • agha-bamulk....higgs particle
    • agwu-bamulk....W boson
    • agzu-bamulk....Z boson
    • gamma-bamulk....photon
    • ge-bamulk....gluon
    • qomulk....quark
    • ba-qomulk....bottom quark
    • ca-qomulk....charm quark
    • da-qomulk....down quark
    • ov-qomulk....antiparticle, antiquark
    • penta-qomulk....penta quark
    • tetra-qomulk....tetra quark
    • to-qomulk....top quark
    • u-qomulk....up quark
    • so-qomulk....strange quark
    • limulk....lepton
    • gamma-limulk....photon (also: manmulk)
    • mu-limulk....muon
    • pi-limulk....pion
    • tau-limulk....tau
    • nu-e-limulk....electron neutrino
    • nu-mu-limulk....muon neutrino
    • nu-tau-limulk....tau neutrino
    • e-limulk....electron (also: vomulk)
    The nucleus of an atom is called zemulk. Therefore, zemulka means nuclear.

    Musical Nomenclature

    Musical Instruments

    The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played.
    Illustration
    Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music
    Musical Instruments
    Mirad English
    Bowed-String
    aduzar violin
    eduzar violin alto
    iduzar cello, violoncello
    uduzar
    eona uduzar    		 bass
    double bass
    yoduzar viola
    yaduzar fiddle
    yeduzar viol
    yuduzar hardanger fiddle
    aloduzar kemenche
    aladuzar nyckelharpa
    aleduzar rebab
    Woodwind
    faduzar flute
    feduzar oboe
    fiduzar clarinet
    fuduzar bassoon
    fyoduzar French harp, harmonica
    fyaduzar recorder
    fyeduzar bagpipe
    fyiduzar didgeridoo
    fyuduzar piccolo
    faloduzar fife, hornpipe
    faladuzar ocarina, ocarine
    faleduzar sheng
    faliduzar duduk
    faluduzar bansuri
    falyoduzar suling
    Brass 🎷
    voduzar horn
    vaduzar trumpet
    veduzar trombone
    vuduzar
    -- avuduzar
    -- evuduzar
    --ivuduzar    		 saxophone
    -- tenor saxophone
    -- alto saxophone
    -- bass saxophone
    vyoduzar tuba
    vyaduzar bugle
    vyeduzar French horn
    vyiduzar cornet
    vyuduzar baritone horn
    valoduzar alto horn
    valaduzar euphonium
    valeduzar flugelhorn
    validuzar sousaphone
    valuduzar clarion
    valyoduzar mellophone
    valyaduzar climbasso
    valyeduzar ophicleide
    Percussion
    kaduzar
    -- akaduzar
    -- ekaduzar
    -- ikaduzar
    -- ukaduzar
    -- yokaduzar
    -- yakaduzar
    -- yekaduzar
    -- yikaduzar
    -- yukaduzar
    -- alokaduzar
    -- alakaduzar
    -- alekaduzar
    -- alikaduzar
    -- alukaduzar    		 drum
    -- snare drum
    -- bass drum
    -- tenor drum
    -- steel drum
    -- bongo drum
    -- timbrel
    -- kettledrum
    -- hang drum
    -- tupan
    -- taiko
    -- spring drum
    -- octoban
    -- candombe drum
    -- steel tongue drum
    keduzar glockenspiel
    kiduzar vibraphone
    kuduzar marimba
    kyoduzar tubular bell
    gaduzar triangle
    geduzar gong
    giduzar castanet
    guduzar rattle
    gyoduzar xylophone
    gyaduzar maraca
    gyeduzar cajón
    gyiduzar cymbal
    gyuduzar tambourine
    galoduzar steelpan
    galaduzar wind chime
    galeduzar chime bar
    galiduzar celeste
    galuduzar clapper
    galyoduzar Jew's harp
    galyaduzar bazooka
    galyeduzar waterphone
    galyiduzar balafon
    galyuduzar boomwhackers
    geloduzar udu
    geladuzar thunder sheet
    Keyboard 🎹
    raduzar
    -- utekea raduzar
    -- agala raduzar
    -- sem raduzar    		 piano
    -- player piano
    -- grand piano
    -- keyboard
    reduzar clavichord
    riduzar harpsichord
    ruduzar
    -- mufyeg ruduzar
    -- maka ruduzar    		 organ
    -- pipe organ
    -- electric organ
    ryoduzar accordion
    ryaduzar dulcimer
    ryeduzar calliope
    ryiduzar melodica
    ryuduzar concertina
    Guitar 🎸
    baduzar
    -- seuxa baduzar
    -- maka baduzar
    -- yoba baduzar    		 guitar
    -- accoustic guitar
    -- electric guitar
    -- bass guitar
    beduzar banjo
    biduzar lute
    buduzar harp
    byoduzar mandolin
    byaduzar ukelele
    byeduzar zither
    byiduzar lyre
    byuduzar cithara, kithara
    baloduzar sitar
    baladuzar veena
    baleduzar koto
    baliduzar balalaika
    baluduzar charango
    balyoduzar hurdy-gurdy

    Voice Ranges

    Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani)
    Mirad English Meaning
    Women
    yabdeuztoyb soprano "high-voice-female"
    zeyabdeuztoyb mezzo-soprano "high-ish-voice-female"
    yobdeuztoyb alto, contralto "low-voice-female"
    Men
    yabdeuztwob tenor "high-voice-male"
    zeyabdeuztwob baritone "middle-high-voice-male"
    yobdeuztwob bass "low-voice-male"
    vyoyabdeuztwob falsetto "false-high-voice-male"
    Boys
    yabdeuztwobet treble "high-voice-boy"
    Suffix these nouns with -a to make the above vocal range adjectives, eg.:
    • His se yabdeuztwoba duznod.....This is a tenor note.

    Solmization Syllables

    The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world:
    Solmization Syllables
    do re mi fa sol la ti do

    Musical Score Elements

    Illustration
    The semitone or accidental symbols are:
    Accidentals
    ENGLISH NAME SYMBOL MIRAD NAME ENGLISH EXAMPLE MIRAD EXAMPLE MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
    flat 𝄬 yobwa (=lowered) B flat B yobwa ba YOBwa
    sharp 𝄰 yabwa (=raised) C sharp C yabwa ca YABwa
    natural 𝄮 egxwa (=normalized) F natural F egxwa fe EGxwa
    Some staff notation:
    Staff Notation
    English Name Symbol Mirad Name
    staff 𝄙 nuidyan
    treble clef, G clef 𝄞 G yijar
    C clef 𝄡 C yijar
    base clef, F clef 𝄢 F yijar
    note nod
    half note 𝅗𝅥 eyna nod
    quarter note 𝅘𝅥 uyna nod
    whole note 𝅝 ayna nod
    quarter rest 𝄽 uyna poys
    eighth note 𝅘𝅥𝅮 yiyna nod
    bar, measure 𝄀 nodzyan
    ligature yanxus

    Characteristic Features of Music

    Characteristic Features of Music
    Mirad English
    deup beat
    seupan cadence
    jes duration
    zoyteuz echo
    yanseuz harmony
    duzneg pitch
    ijduzneg key
    druz lyric
    agala duzmus major scale
    duznag measure
    duznad melody
    duzjob tempo
    nak meter
    ogala duzmus minor scale
    duz music
    yinig octave
    byes pulse
    zoyseuzen resonance
    deupyan rhythm
    duzmus scale
    duzdreyn score
    seux sound
    duzigan tempo
    seuzvolz timbre
    seuz tone
    yanseuz chord, harmonic
    aybseuz overtone
    deuzunog tune
    deuz voice
    seuxnid volume

    Dynamics

    Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad.
    These include:
    a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others.

    Types of Arrangements

    Musical Arrangements
    English Mirad
    a capella song a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari
    anthem fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun
    antiphon duiddeuzun
    aria arya, awat deuzun
    arrangement napbeyn
    art song tuz deuz
    ballad daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun
    battle hymn dropek deuzun
    bird song pat deuzun
    broadway song Broadway deuzun
    campfire song tamoftem deuzun
    cantata kantata
    canticle efyadeuzun
    carol ivdeuzun
    chant yagdeuzun
    choral arrangement deuzutyan napxeyn
    Christmas carol Kristtaj ivdeuzun
    classical song visauna deuzun
    composition duzdrun
    concerto koncerto
    country song odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun
    dance song daz deuzun
    dirge uvdeuzun
    ditty deuzog
    doggerel verse dizdeuzun
    drinking song tilien deuzun
    duet ewat (deuzun)
    folksong tyoyd deuzun
    glee Gebama deuzun
    gospel song fyadin deuzun
    hip hop song hip hop deuzun
    hit song agakus deuzun
    hymn fyadeuzun
    instrumental duzarun
    jingle nundeuzunog
    karaoke song karaoke deuzun
    love song ifon deuzun
    lullaby tudet deuzun
    lute song riduzar deuzun
    madrigal duzuka deuzun
    marching song doptyopen deuzun
    medley ebmulxwa deuzyan
    metal song mug deuzun
    musical number duzun
    old standard ajdeuzun
    opera dyuz, dyuzun
    oratorio oratoryo
    paean akrun deuzun
    partsong gon deuzun
    patter song deuzig
    pop song tyoda deuzun
    psalm afyadeuzun
    rock song rok deuzun
    round zoydea deuzun
    sea shanty mim deuz
    show tune duez deuzun
    signature song ujak deuzun
    slow jam bluz deuzun
    soliloquy awat, awat deuzun
    solo awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)
    song deuzun
    spiritual, negro spiritual topa deuzun
    sporting song tapifek deuzun
    symphony viduzunyag
    theme song texzena deuz
    torch song ifonok uvdeuzun
    vaudeville song Vaudeville deuzun
    Wienerlied Viena deuzun

    Musicians

    Musicians
    English Mirad
    musician duzut, duztoyb, duzuyt, duztwob
    instrumentalist duzarut
    violinist aduzarut
    conductor duzdeb, duzutyaneb
    soloist anduzut
    singer, vocalist deuzut
    danseur dyaztwob
    ballerina dyazuyt, dyaztoyb
    dancer dazut, dazuyt
    opera singer dyuzut, dyuzuyt
    operatist, librettist dyuzdrut
    composer duzdrut
    lyricist, songwriter deuzdrut
    dance conductor dazeb
    (symphony) orchestra duzarutyan
    philharmonic orchestra duzarutyanag
    chorus, chorale deuzutyan
    dance troupe dazutyan

    Song Parts

    Song Parts
    Mirad English
    ujgon coda
    ijgon intro
    ebek interlude
    ijek finale
    gawijun reprise
    gawdeuzun refrain
    agalduznad theme
    nadyan verse
    zeymep bridge
    gawdwas chorus
    ujnadyan outro

    Music Genres

    Some genres and styles of music:
    Genres of Music
    Mirad English
    a kapella, boy duzari a capella
    yugtaxea duz ambiant
    Usoma tyoyduz American folk
    Usoma egona duz American standard
    yizejna avant garde
    Baroka Baroque
    yolza vab bluegrass
    bluz blues
    Bolliwud Bollywood
    bossa nova bossa nova
    kalipso calypso
    Kelta yagdeuz Celtic chant
    Canima tyoyduz Chinese folk
    Canima ajutbyena dyuz Chinese traditional opera
    jejoba deupyan ay bluz contemporary R&B
    maima bluz country blues
    maima duz country music
    maima pop country pop
    maima rap country rap
    maima rok country rock
    dazam pop dancehall pop
    disko disco
    du-wop doo-wop
    maka dauz electronic dance music (EDM)
    yugtaxea duz elevator music
    Euma disko Euro-disco
    jwayeka experimental
    flamenko flamenco
    funk funk
    Gregoria yagdeuz Gregorian chant
    hip-hop hip-hop
    honki-tonk honky-tonk
    hyusuna rok Indie rock
    jaz jazz
    makjaz jazztronica
    juju juju
    fyaxela duz liturgical music
    majika majika
    mamo mambo
    merengwe merengue
    mesitzo mesitzo
    mug metal
    Mixuma duz Mexican
    seuz bi Naxvil Nashville sound
    Ejna Orleans bluz New Orleans blues
    dyuz opera
    rancera ranchera
    rap rap
    rege reggae
    deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba rhythm & blues
    rok-ay-rol rock & roll
    salsa salsa
    samba samba
    ska ska
    galoduzaruta duz steel band music
    swing swing
    Tehano Tejano
    eyntuj duz trance music
    Zumera visauna Western classical
    Zumeryena Western
    zideko zydeco

    Geographic Placenames

    As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants.

    Countries of the World

    Illustration

    Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter m is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.:

    Example 1:
    Burundi is translated as follows:
    • The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI.
    • BDI is lowercased to bdi
    • b is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell ba.
    • Since d is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: d.
    • The vowel i is left as is: i
    • m is appended for place: badim
    • The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Badim
    • BDI (Burundi) = Badim.
    Example 2:
    Uzbekistan is translated as follows:
    • The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB.
    • UZB is lowercased to uzb
    • u is left as is: u.
    • z is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: zu
    • b is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: ba
    • m is appended for place: uzubam
    • The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Uzubam
    • UZB (Uzbekistan) = Uzubam.
    Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column)
    ISO English Mirad
    ABW Aruba Abawum
    AFG Afghanistan Afegem
    AGO Angola Agom
    AIA Anguilla Aiam
    ALA Åland Islands Alam
    ALB Albania Alibam
    AND Andorra Anidam
    ANT Netherlands Antilles Anitom
    ARE United Arab Emirates Arem
    ARG Argentina Arogem
    ARM Armenia Aromim
    ASM American Samoa Asomim
    ATA Antarctica Atam
    ATF French Southern Territories Atofem
    ATG Antigua and Barbuda Atogem
    AUS Australia Ausom
    AUT Austria Autom
    AZE Azerbaijan Azem
    BDI Burundi Badim
    BEL Belgium Belim
    BEN Benin Benim
    BFA Burkina Faso Bafam
    BGD Bangladesh Bagedam
    BGR Bulgaria Bagerom
    BHR Bahrain Baherom
    BHS The Bahamas|Bahamas Bahesom
    BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina Bihem
    BLM Saint Barthélemy Balimim
    BLR Belarus Balirom
    BLZ Belize Balizum
    BMU Bermuda Bamum
    BOL Bolivia Bolim
    BRA Brazil Baram
    BRB Barbados Barobam
    BRN Brunei Darussalam Baronim
    BTN Bhutan Batonim
    BVT Bouvet Island Bavutom
    BWA Botswana Bawam
    CAF Central African Republic Cafem
    CAN Canada Canim
    CCK Cocos Islands Cacakim
    CHE Switzerland Cahem
    CHL Chile Cahelim
    CHN China Cahenim
    CIV Côte d'Ivoire Civum
    CMR Cameroon Camirom
    COD Democratic Republic of the Congo Codam
    COG Republic of the Congo Cogem
    COK Cook Islands Cokim
    COL Colombia Colim
    COM Comoros Comim
    CPV Cape Verde Capovum
    CRI Costa Rica Carim
    CUB Cuba Cubam
    CXR Christmas Island Caxurom
    CYM Cayman Islands Cayumim
    CYP Cyprus Cayupom
    CZE Czechia Cazem
    DEU Germany Deum
    DJI Djibouti Dajim
    DMA Dominica Damam
    DNK Denmark Danikim
    DOM Dominican Republic Domim
    DZA Algeria Dazam
    ECU Ecuador Ecum
    EGY Egypt Egeyum
    ERI Eritrea Erim
    ESH Western Sahara Esohem
    ESP Spain Esopom
    EST Estonia Esotom
    ETH Ethiopia Etohem
    FIN Finland Finim
    FJI Fiji Fejim
    FLK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Felikim
    FRA France Feram
    FRO Faroe Islands Ferom
    FSM Federated States of Micronesia Fesomim
    GAB Gabon Gabam
    GBR United Kingdom Gebarom
    GEO Georgia Geom
    GGY Guernsey Gegeyum
    GHA Ghana Geham
    GIB Gibraltar Gibam
    GLP Guadeloupe Gelipom
    GMB Gambia Gemibam
    GNB Guinea-Bissau Genibam
    GNQ Equatorial Guinea Geniqom
    GRC Greece Gerocam
    GRD Grenada Gerodam
    GRL Greenland Gedolim
    GTM Guatemala Getomim
    GUF French Guiana Gufem
    GUM Guam Gumim
    GUY Guyana Guyum
    HKG Hong Kong Hekigem
    HMD Heard Island and McDonald Islands Hemidam
    HND Honduras Henidam
    HRV Croatia Herovum
    HTI Haiti Hetim
    HUN Hungary Hunim
    IDN Indonesia Idanim
    IMN Isle of Man Iminim
    IND India Inidam
    IOT British Indian Ocean Territory Iotom
    IRL Republic of Ireland Irolim
    IRN Iran Ironim
    IRQ Iraq Iroqom
    ISL Iceland Isolim
    ISR Israel Isorom
    ITA Italy Itam
    JAM Jamaica Jamim
    JEY Jersey Jeyum
    JOR Jordan Jorom
    JPN Japan Jiponim
    KAZ Kazakhstan Kazum
    KEN Kenya Kenim
    KGZ Kyrgyzstan Kigezum
    KHM Cambodia Kihemim
    KIR Kiribati Kirom
    KNA Saint Kitts and Nevis Kinam
    KOR Korea, Republic of Korom
    KWT Kuwait Kiwutom
    LAO Laos Laom
    LBN Lebanon Libanim
    LBR Liberia Libarom
    LBY Libya Libayum
    LCA Saint Lucia Licam
    LIE Liechtenstein Liem
    LKA Sri Lanka Likam
    LSO Lesotho Lisom
    LTU Lithuania Litum
    LUX Luxembourg Luxum
    LVA Latvia Livam
    MAC Macao Macam
    MAF Saint Martin Mafem
    MAR Morocco Marom
    MCO Monaco Micom
    MDA Moldova Midam
    MDG Madagascar Midagem
    MDV Maldives Midavum
    MEX Mexico Mexum
    MHL Marshall Islands Mihelim
    MKD Republic of Macedonia Mikidam
    MLI Mali Milim
    MLT Malta Militom
    MMR Myanmar Mimirom
    MNE Montenegro Minem
    MNG Mongolia Minigem
    MNP Northern Mariana Islands Minipom
    MOZ Mozambique Mozum
    MRT Mauritania Mirotom
    MSR Montserrat Misorom
    MTQ Martinique Mitoqom
    MUS Mauritius Musom
    MWI Malawi Miwim
    MYS Malaysia Miyusom
    MYT Mayotte Miyutom
    NAM Namibia Namim
    NCL New Caledonia Nicalim
    NER Niger Nerom
    NFK Norfolk Island Nifekim
    NGA Nigeria Nigam
    NIC Nicaragua Nicam
    NOR Norway Norom
    NIU Niue Nium
    NLD Netherlands Nilidam
    NPL Nepal Nipolim
    NRU Nauru Nirum
    NZL New Zealand Nizulim
    OMN Oman Ominim
    PAK Pakistan Pakim
    PAN Panama Panim
    PCN Pitcairn Islands Pocanim
    PER Peru Perom
    PHL Philippines Pohelim
    PLW Palau Poliwum
    PNG Papua New Guinea Ponigem
    POL Poland Polim
    PRI Puerto Rico Porim
    PRK North Korea Porikim
    PRT Portugal Porotom
    PRY Paraguay Poroyum
    PSE Palestinian territories Posem
    PYF French Polynesia Poyufem
    QAT Qatar Qatom
    REU Réunion Reum
    ROU Romania Roum
    RUS Russia Rusom
    RWA Rwanda Rowam
    SAU Saudi Arabia Saum
    SDN Sudan Sodanim
    SEN Senegal Senim
    SGP Singapore Sogepom
    SGS South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Sogesom
    SHN Saint Helena Sohenim
    SJM Svalbard and Jan Mayen Sojimim
    SLB Solomon Islands Solibam
    SLE Sierra Leone Solem
    SLV El Salvador Solivum
    SMR San Marino Somirom
    SOM Somalia Somim
    SPM Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sopomim
    SRB Serbia Sorobam
    STP São Tomé and Príncipe Sotopom
    SUR Suriname Surom
    SVK Slovakia Sovukim
    SVN Slovenia Sovunim
    SWE Sweden Sowem
    SWZ Swaziland Sowuzum
    SYC Seychelles Soyucam
    SYR Syria Soyurom
    TCA Turks and Caicos Islands Tocam
    TCD Chad Tocadam
    TGO Togo Togom
    THA Thailand Toham
    TJK Tajikistan Tojikim
    TKL Tokelau Tokilim
    TKM Turkmenistan Tokimim
    TLS East Timor Tolisom
    TON Tonga Tonim
    TTO Trinidad and Tobago Totom
    TUN Tunisia Tunim
    TUR Turkey Turim
    TUV Tuvalu Tuvum
    TWN Taiwan Towunim
    TZA Tanzania Tozam
    UGA Uganda Ugam
    UKR Ukraine Ukirom
    UMI United States Minor Outlying Islands Umim
    URY Uruguay Uroyum
    USA United States Usam
    UZB Uzbekistan Uzubam
    VAT Vatican City Vatom
    VCT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vucatom
    VEN Venezuela Venim
    VGB British Virgin Islands Vugebam
    VIR United States Virgin Islands Virom
    VNM Vietnam Vunimim
    VUT Vanuatu Vutom
    WLF Wallis and Futuna Wulifem
    WSM Samoa Wusomim
    YEM Yemen Yemim
    ZAF South Africa Zafem
    ZMB Zambia Zumibam
    ZWE Zimbabwe Zuwem
    The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg:
    • Feram....France ==> Ferama....French
    • Usam....United States ==> Usama....American
    • Deum....Germany ==> Deuma....German
    The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final m of the placename to t (meaning person), eg:
    • Feram....French ==> Ferat....a French person, a Frenchman
    The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg:
    • Ferat....a French person ==> ha Ferati....the French
    • Etohet....an Ethiopian ==> Etohetwob....an Ethiopian male
    • Finit....a Finn ==> Finiyt....a Finnish woman
    • Finitwob....a male Finn ==> Finitoyb....a female Finn
    Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: Ferama refers to the country of France, not the language French. French the language is Ferad.
    Occasionally, a country name can be made into a verb, eg:
    • Usamaxer....to Americanize (trans.)
    • Usamaser....to Americanize (intr.)
    • Usamaxen....Americanization
    • Feramaxer....to Frenchify (trans.)
    • Feramaser....to become French (intr.)
    To say in a country, the preposition be is always used (not yeb):
    • be Usam....in the U.S.
    • be Venim....in Venezuela
    • be Turim....in Turkey (or T&uumlaut;rkiye)

    Continents

    Illustration
    The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes.
    Continent Names
    Mirad English
    Ayanmal North America
    Oyanmel South America
    Iyanmel Asia
    Uyanmel Europe
    Eyanmel Africa
    Yoyanmel Oceania
    The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a:
    • Iyanmela....Asian
    • Uyanmela....European
    By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants:
    • Eyanmelat....an African
    • Ayanmelati....North Americans
    Note:
    • The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America).
    • Central America is expressed in Mirad by Zea Aoyanmel (Central America)
    • The word Usam means United States of America or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America.
    • The word Usamati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S.
    • The word Ayanmelati is used to refer to North Americans (U.S. and Canada).
    • The word Eyanmel-Usamat, or more briefly, Eusamat is used for African American.
    • Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel.
    • A Latino, Latina, or Latinx in the U.S. is called Liadwut, Liaduyt, or Liadut.
    • In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent.
    The preposition be is used to mean in or on a continent, eg.:
    • Yit bese be Iyanmel.....They live in Asia.
    The word for island is yonmel (= separate land). An islander is yonmelat.
    The preposition be is used to mean on an island, eg:
    • At fu beser be awas bi ha yonmeli bi Hawai.....I would like to live on one of the islands of Hawaii.

    Oceans

    The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag:
    Ocean Names
    Mirad English
    Amimag Arctic Ocean
    Omimag Southern Ocean
    Imimag Pacific Ocean
    Umimag Atlantic Ocean
    Emimag Indian Ocean

    Compass Directions and Poles

    The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows:
    • zamer....north / zamera....northern / zamernod....north pole
    • zomer....south / zomera....southern / zomernod....south pole
    • zimer....east / zimera....eastern
    • zumer....west / zumera....western
    The words Yibzamer....Arctic and Yibzomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far.
    Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields:
    • iz zamer....due north
    • iz zomer....due south, etc.
    Directional words can be hybridized, eg:
    • zaomera....north-south
    • zuimera....east-west
    • zaumera....north-west
    • zaimera....north-east

    Earth Grid Lines

    The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows:
    • zamernad....Arctic Circle
    • zomernad....Antarctic Circle
    • zaomernad....longitude
    • zuimernad....latitude
    • zemernad....equator
    • abzemernad....Tropic of Capricorn
    • obzemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer
    • yizobzemernad....subtropic
    • eymernad....meridian
    • mamnad....horizon
    • aonada....vertical
    • uinada....horizontal
    • zyenada....perpendicular

    Languages of the World

    Illustration
    Mirad names of languages are based on either:
    • the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or:
    • the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [of Congress ISO639-2 Codes].
    If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final m or the country name with d. For example, Enigem (England), becomes Eniged (English). See Countries of the World.
    If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and d is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, ba + e becomes be.


    Mirad Language Names
    ISO Language Name Country or ISO Code Mirad Language Name
    Abkhazian abk Abakid
    Afar aar Aarod
    Afrikaans Zafem....South Africa Zafed
    Akan aka Akad (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka)
    Albanian Alibam....Albania Alibad
    Amharic amh Amihed
    Arabic ara Arad
    Aragonese arg Aroged
    Armenian Aromim Heyud
    Assamese asm Asomid
    Avaric ava Avad
    Avestan ave Aved
    Aymara aym Ayumid
    Azerbaijani Azem....Azerbaijan Azed
    Bambara bam Bamid
    Bashkir bak Bakirod
    Basque baq Baqod
    Belarusian Balirom....Belarusia Balirod
    Bengali Bagedim....Bangladesh Bagedid
    Bislama bis Bisod
    Bosnian Bihem....Bosnia Bihed
    Breton bre Bared
    Bulgarian Bagerom....Bulgaria Bagerod
    Burmese Mimirom....Miyanmar Mimirod

    ...and so on...


    The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg:
    • Eniged....(the) English (language) ==> Enigeda....(in the) English (language)
    • Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible.
    The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg:
    • Ferad....French ==> Ferader....to say in French
    • Esopod....Spanish ==> Esopodaler....to speak Spanish
    • Arad....Arabic ==> Aradxer....to Arabicize/translate into Arabic
    • Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations.
    The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg:
    • Eniged....English ==> Enigedut (or) Enigedalut....English speaker
    • Duven et Enigedale?....Do you speak English?
    • Aradu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic.
    • At se Itadut/Itadalut.....I am a speaker of Italian.
    Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows:
    Language Variants
    Variation Category Example
    Ajna....Old/Ancient Ajna Eniged....Old English
    Ejoba....Modern Ejoba Perod....Modern Persian, Farsi
    Visauna....Classical Visauna Gerocad....Classical Greek
    Vyirina....Puristic Vyirina Gerocad....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)
    Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/Demotic Tyoda Latod....Vulgar Latin
    Tyoda Gerocad....Demotic Greek
    Fyaxela....Liturgical Fyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew
    Fyadyesa....Biblical Fyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew
    Egona....Standard Ejoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic
    Egema....Egyptian Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic
    Usoma....American Usoma Eniged....American English
    There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself.
    • Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world)
    • Umerad....Martian (Umer...Mars)
    • Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Celid in Mirad.
    • Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad.

    Cities and Their Residents

    Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.
    Cities and Their Residents
    City Adjective Inhabitant
    Paris....Paris Parisyena....Parisian Parisat....Parisian
    Ejna York....New York Ejna Yorka....of New York Ejna Yorkat....New Yorker
    Rom....Rome Roma....Roman Romat....Roman
    Beijing....Beijing Beijinga....of Beijing Beijingat....resident of Beijing
    Berlin....Berlin Berlina....from Berlin Berlinat....Berliner
    Examples:
    • Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
    • Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.

    Playing Cards Notation

    The playing card suits and prime denominations are:
    Playing Card Suits
    Mirad English Image
    tiib heart ♥
    melukar spade ♠
    amez diamond ♦
    infayeb club ♣
    High Cards plus the Joker
    Mirad English Image
    Az bi tiibi ace of hearts
    Illustration
    Edweb bi melukari king of spades
    Illustration
    Edeyb bi amezi queen of diamonds
    Illustration
    Yuxtwobet bi infayebi jack of clubs
    Illustration
    hihiduut joker
    Illustration
    Some useful terms:
    • eker drafi....to play cards
    • zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card
    • ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards
    • goler ha nyan....to cut the deck
    • ujber....to fold
    • durer....to bid
    • lokoxer draf....to turn over a card
    • lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand
    • abnabxer....to trump
    • ekdrafnyan....deck of cards
    • nab....suit
    • joper nab...to follow suit
    • kyesdraf....wild card
    • abnaba draf....trump card
    • ha yannas....the pot
    • ha nax....the ante
    • yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante

    Chess Piece Nomenclature

    		a b c d e f g h
    8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8 black knighth8 black rook8
    7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black pawne7 black kingf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
    6a6 black kingb6 black kingc6 black kingd6 black kinge6 black kingf6 black kingg6 black kingh6 black king6
    5a5 black kingb5 black kingc5 black kingd5 black kinge5 black pawnf5 black kingg5 black kingh5 black king5
    4a4 black kingb4 black kingc4 black kingd4 black kinge4 white pawnf4 white pawng4 black kingh4 black king4
    3a3 black kingb3 black kingc3 black kingd3 black kinge3 black kingf3 black kingg3 black kingh3 black king3
    2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white pawnd2 white pawne2 black kingf2 black kingg2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
    1a1 white rookb1 white knightc1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
    		a b c d e f g h
    The King's Gambit
    The game of chess is called xahifek in Mirad.
    The chess pieces (xahifek goyni) are as follows:
    Chess Piece Names
    Mirad English Image
    edweb king
    Illustration
    edeyb queen
    Illustration
    efyaxeb bishop
    Illustration
    ekpetob knight
    Illustration
    tamaz rook
    Illustration
    melyexut pawn
    Illustration
    Some chess terms:
    • to checkmate....xahpexer
    • Check!....Xah!
    • Checkmate!....xahpexwa!
    • chess board....xahifek drof
    • to move a piece....paxer goun
    • to capture a piece....pixler goun
    • chess clock....xahifek jwobar
    • chess set....xahifek gounyan
    • chess tournament....xahifekanyan
    • chess player....xahifekut
    • my turn....ata zyuj
    • score....aoksag
    • world champion....miraklut

    Botanical Nomenclature

    The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the Linnaean taxonomy.

    Base Names

    So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words:
    • fab....trees
    • feb....fruits
    • feeb....nuts
    • fayb....vines and shrubs
    • feyb....berries
    • vob....crops
    • vol....vegetables
    • veel....legumes and beans
    • vos....flowers

    Specific Names

    To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, pine tree is rendered as pifab. The pi prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees Pinaceae. The fab ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. cedar tree is cepifab from Pianaceae Cedrus. A cedar of Lebanon is licepifab from the more specific Pinaceae Cedrus libani.
    By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in pifab.
    Illustration
    Basic Botanical Terms
    fob....plant vob....crop vol....vegetable vos....flower
    fab....tree
    fayeb....leaf
    faob....wood
    fayob....bark    		 vab....grass
    vayob....peel    		 vosayeb....petal
    vosayob....sepal
    feb/feeb....fruit/nut veb....ear/tuft
    veeb....seed
    veeyb....grain    		 veel....legume voseb....capitulum
    fib....trunk vib....stem vosib....receptacle
    fub....branch vub....blade
    vulob....thorn
    fyob....root vyob....tuber vosyob....peduncle
    Product Names
    Products derived from plants are formed with the following words:
    • -fiil....juice (from a pome)
    • licirufiil....lemon juice < licirufeb....lemon
    • -feel....-ade
    • licirufeel....lemonade < licirufeb....lemon
    • -feyl....juice (from a berry or bean)
    • kofeyl....coffee < kofeyb....coffee bean
    • -fayel....leaf juice
    • tefayel....tea < tefayeb....tea leaf
    • -fil....alcoholic drink/cider
    • zepofil....bourbon whiskey < zepovob....corn
    • -fyel....oil/jam/syrup
    • frarofyel....strawberry jam < frarofeyb....strawberry
    • -fyeyl....jelly
    • frarofyeyl....strawberry jelly
    • -ol....grounds/powder
    • sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugar cane
    Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section Zoological Nomenclature. For example, an apple is from the Rosaceae family of trees, the genus being Malus. So the word for apple becomes marofeb. Apple tree is marofab and apple juice is marofiil. Thus, apple cider is marofil.
    Crops
    Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables.
    Illustration
    The base words of this group are:
    • -vob....crop
    • -vab....grass
    • -vayeb....leaf
    • -veb....ear, cob, head, spike, tuft
    • -veeb....seed, germ
    • -veel....bean, legume
    • -veeyb....grain, kernel, pip
    • -vib....stem
    • -vub....blade, sprig, twig
    • -vyob....tuber
    • -vel....edible product
    • -vil....drinkable product, beer
    • -vyel....syrup
    • -vol....vegetable
    From the above base words are derived these products, among others:
    • sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugarcane
    • povel....bread < povob....cereal
    • zepovyel....corn syrup, corn oil < zepovob....corn
    • zepovil....whiskey, bourbon
    • sepovil....rye whiskey < zepovob....rye
    • povil....beer
    • epovil....ale
    • avpovob mekil....oatmeal < avpovob....oat
    • orpovob zyiglal....rice cake < orpovob....rice
    • mekuvol....melon
    Vegetables and Legumes
    Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume, bean) with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks.
    Illustration
    Vegetables
    Edible Crop Taxonomy
    LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS
    faveel....bean Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris
    lensfaveel....lentil Fabaceae Lens culinaris
    glifaveel....soybeen Fabaceae Glycine max
    vigfaveel....black-eyed pea Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata
    Vegetables: Berries/Fruits
    lisovol....tomato Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum
    mesovol....eggplant Solanaceae Solanum melongena
    perlawvol....avocado Lauraceae Persea americana
    sakuvol....cucumber Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus
    cinasvol....artichoke Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus
    akapsovol....chili pepper Solanaceae Capsicum annuum
    abmalvol....okra Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus
    bulbs
    amalvol....leek Allium ampeloprasum
    cepalvol....onion Allium cepa
    alkalvol....shallot Alium ascalonicum
    satalvol....garlic Allium sativum
    zinvol....ginger Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale
    skoynalvol....chive Allium Schoenoprasum
    foynapvol....fennel Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera
    melons/gourds
    kuvol....squash, gourd Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita
    makuvol....pumpkin Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima
    mekuvol....melon, honeydew, cantaloupe Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon
    cikuvol....watermelon Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus
    pekuvol....zucchini Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo
    Tubers/Root Vegetables
    tusovol....potato Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum
    betamvol....beet, beetroot Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris
    rafbravol....radish Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus
    kadawapvol....carrot Apiaceae Daucus carota
    nabravol....turnip Brassica napus
    cinasvol....artichoke Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus
    pasavol....parsnip Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa
    eskolaravol....taro Araceae Colocasia esculenta
    divol....yam Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea
    Leafy/Flowering Vegetables
    bravol....cabbage Brassicaceae
    botrolbravol....cauliflower Brassica oleracea botrytis
    gemolbravol....Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea gemmifera
    valkavol....corn salad, lamb's lettuce Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta
    lakasvol....lettuce Asteraceae Lactuta sative
    spinamvol....spinach Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea
    rupolivol....sorrel Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa
    tarasvol....mustard greens Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale
    itolbravol....broccoli Brassica Oleracea italica
    abmalvol....okra Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus
    petapvol....parsley Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum
    basoclamvol....basil Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum
    orlamvol....thyme Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare
    encivol....chicory, endive Cichorium endivia
    nasbravol....watercress Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale
    korapvol....coriander Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum
    Stalks
    aspavol....asparagus Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis
    gravapvol....celery Apiaceae Apium graveolens
    rewmpolivol....rhubarb Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum
    kurzinvol....turmeric Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa
    kokarvol....heart of palm, swamp cabbage Arecaceae Cocos
    cimpovol....lemongrass Poaceae Cymbopogon

    Common Flower Names

    Illustration
    Flower Parts
    Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts:
    • vosayob....sepal
    • vosayeb....petal
    • vosib....receptacle
    • veeybpexus or vosmekibar....stigma
    • vosij....bud, flower bud
    • tooybgon....pistil
    • veeybyan....pollen
    • twoobgon....stamen
    • twoobgonyif....filament
    • veeybyem or vosmekuar....anther
    • vosyob....peduncle
    Flower Names
    Illustration
    Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base vos that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples:
    sompavos....opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
    magvos....magnolia (Magnoliaceae Magnolia)
    orvos....orchid (Orchidaceae Orchis)
    krokirvos....crocus (Iridaceae Crocus)

    Computer Terminology

    Illustration
    This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges.
    Computerese
    Mirad English
    agna saibyan syaagir mainframe computer
    absem syaagir desktop computer
    agbanak byte
    ajnexer to archive
    amloagbanak megabyte
    anay dyewa tax read-only memory, ROM
    aota syaagir personal computer
    aottuunyan profile
    meys port
    apaxler to swipe
    aroagbanak kilobyte
    baler buxnuf to press/hit a key
    banak bit
    agdresin kyoxea buxnuf caps lock key
    buxnuf key
    buxnufsemes keyboard
    buxnufseym keypad
    izeaxus cursor
    byuxseym touchpad
    datier to friend
    dodrer ebdras to post a message
    dota zeyni social media
    ebdrer to text
    dreun document
    dreuzyufer to scroll, pan
    droer naab to delete a file
    drou buxnuf delete key
    drur printer
    drurer naab to print out a file
    drurer to print out
    druru mays buxnuf print screen key
    drurun a printout
    dunexlus word processor
    dyessiyn bookmark
    dyezier to take a movie
    ebdayler to chat
    ebdaylim chatroom
    emojin emoji
    ex buxnuf function key
    exen vyaab operating system
    extuundras program, application
    extuundrasog app
    extuunmul software
    extuundrer to program
    fuk bug
    fukaya buggy
    fukober to debug
    garalyoagbanak petabyte
    gelxer naab to copy a file
    googler to google
    gyia kyos yebiar solid state drive, SSD
    gyia zyiun yebiar cd drive
    haydren dyun login name
    haydrer bay tuyubbal to log in with one's fingerprint
    haydrer to log in
    hoydrer to log out
    huisteaxar browser
    kyeteaxer to browse
    hyux buxnuf alt key
    iber naab to receive a file
    ila mez sinuar, IMS liquid crystal display, LDC
    izbex buxnuf control key
    izbexdrof motherboard
    kliker ab click on
    kodun password
    gawdyunxer naab to rename a file
    kyabu buxnuf shift key
    kyea yempuen tax random access memory, RAM
    kyisier naab to download a file
    kyisuer naab to upload a file
    kyisuar charger
    kyisuer to charge
    lodatier to unfriend
    makebdren email
    makebdrer to email
    man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES LED
    mansin dyes photo album
    mis window
    naab file
    naedzyun trackball
    nagonxar modem
    neaf mansiniar web camera
    nexer naab to save a file
    num yibdalir cellphone
    belyafwa syaagir laptop computer
    ooggos microchip
    oogteexar microphone
    omijber to boot up
    omola tyep, OT artificial intelligence, AI
    gawomijber to reboot
    paxer naab to move a file
    paxyafwa yibdalir mobile phone
    poxu zyumuf buxnuf scroll lock key
    sagbexu buxnuf numlock key
    sagseym number pad
    sam console
    saunesber naab to sort a file
    semes syaagir tablet computer
    sindren semes graphics tablet
    sindrenyan exlen aun graphics processing unit, GPU
    sines icon
    sinuar screen, display, monitor
    syaager to compute
    syaagir computer
    syaagirdal computerese
    syaagirtun computer science
    syaagnyed spreadsheet
    taam mays home screen
    taampu buxnuf home key
    sirmul hardware, physical matter
    taxdrer to record
    taxmuf memory stick
    teataxdrer to video
    teataxdrun video
    tuunnabyan database
    tuyab izdar mouse
    uber naab to send a file
    uinig buxnuf tab key
    utmansin selfie
    yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD) HTML
    yeber to enter, insert
    yebu buxnuf enter key, return key, insert key
    yiga zyiun yebiar hard disk drive, HDD
    yijber naab to open a file
    yujber naab to close a file
    yuzpemdrof circuitboard
    zea exlen aun central processing unit, CPU
    zoynigxu buxnuf backspace key
    zyiun yebiar disk drive

    Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology

    This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages.

    Medical Diseases

    Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg.
    • tiebalyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness)
    • tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness)
    • teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness)
    • tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering)
    • tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache)
    • teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness)

    Pharmaceuticals

    Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized.
    • aspirin....aspirin
    • Ibupropen....Ibupropen
    Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose:
    • bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever)
    • tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance)
    Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad:
    INN names pronunciation
    Greco-Roman
    Spelling    		 Mirad
    Pronunciation
    ch k
    ph f
    x ks
    y i
    qu kw
    rh r
    th t
    ae ay
    oe oy
    c before i, e, or y c
    c otherwise k
    final e silent
    double consonant single consonant
    Examples:
    • acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN
    • amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
    • trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
    • sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
    • oxacillin....o-ksa-ci-LIN

    Mineral and Crystal Nomenclature

    Minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example:
    Some Mineral Names
    English IMA Symbol Mirad Spellings Mirad Name
    argyrodyte Agy a-ge-yu ageyumuk
    brochantyte Bct ba-ca-to bacatomuk
    chromite Chr ca-he-ro caheromuk
    There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.:
    • Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad.
    Crystals end in -mez. The first part of the word is an enumeration.
    The common crystals are listed here:
    Names of Common Crystals
    Mirad English
    mez crystal
    amez diamond
    emez topaz
    imez ruby
    umez emerald
    yomez sapphire
    yamez lapis lazuli
    yemez amethyst
    yimez amber
    yumez quartz
    alomez opal
    alamez tourmaline
    alemez garnet
    alimez zirconia
    alumez jasper
    alyomez jade
    alyamez marganite
    Other, less common crystals end in -mez and are formed from the Wikipedia list of mineral symbols.
    General words for earthen matter:
    • muk....mineral
    • muz....ore
    • mug....metal
    • mez....crystal
    • meg....rock, stone
    • megog....pebble
    • meges....gravel
    • mel....soil
    • meil....mud
    • mek....dust
    • miek....sand
    • mev....porcelain
    • mef....brick

    Rock Classification

    The naming of individual rock types is based on the [BGS Rock Classification Scheme ].
    All rocks (other than the general word for rock, meg) end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type:
    • ameg....sedimentary rock
    • emeg....igneous rock
    • imag....metamorphic rock
    The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final e is dropped from names that end in yte or ite. For example, trachydacite in the scheme becomes trachydacit in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above (emeg igneous rock). So trachydacite becomes trachydacitemeg in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary.
    The word meg rock has some common derivatives:
    • megag....boulder
    • meg....stone
    • megog....pebble
    • meges....gravel
    • megyel....cement, asphalt, bitumen
    • megyelyig....concrete
    • megil....lava
    • meggos....crag
    • megyig....flintstone, basalt
    • meag....marble
    • meeg....slate
    • meig....granite
    • meug....clay, dough
    • meyog....china
    • meyag....chalk
    • meyaz....pastel
    • meyayg....calcite
    • meyeg....limestone, sediment
    • meyig....alabaster
    • meyug....gypsum
    • mealog....sandstone, stoneware
    • mameg....coal
    • eymameg....coke
    • maameg....anthracite
    • maemeg....peat
    • maimeg....lignite
    Related are:
    • mek....dust
    • mekes....grit
    • mekil....grout
    • meyk....grit
    • myek....powder
    • miek....sand
    • mieg....coral
    • mel....dirt
    • muk....mineral
    • meil....mud
    • mez....crystal
    • meyz....spar
    • meyzag....feldspar
    • muz....ore
    • memol....alkali
    • mimol....salt
    • mef....brick

    Metric Nomenclature

    Illustration
    Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI)) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names (alpha, gamma, etc.) preceded with the word ag- if majuscule (aggamma for Γ) The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is agomega. All metric units end in the word nak.

    SI Base Units

    SI base units
    English
    Unit
    Name     		Symbolic
    Abbeviation     		Quantity
    Unit     		Mirad
    Pronunciation
    second s time sonak
    meter m length minak
    kilogram kg mass kigenak
    ampere A electric current aganak
    kelvin K thermodynamic temperature agkinak
    Mole mol amount of substance miolinak
    candela cd luminous intensity cadanak

    SI Derived Units

    Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:
    SI derived units with special names and symbols
    English
    Name     		Symbolic
    Written
    Abbreviation     		Quantity
    Unit     		Mirad
    Pronunciation
    radian rad plane angle roadanak
    steradian sr solid angle soronak
    hertz Hz frequency aghezunak
    newton N force, weight agninak
    pascal Pa pressure, stress agpoanak
    joule J energy agjinak
    watt W power agwunak
    coulomb C electric charge agcanak
    volt V electrical potential difference agvunak
    farad F capacitance agfenak
    ohm Ω electrical resistance agomeganak
    Siemens S electrical conductance agsonak
    Weber Wb magnetic flux agwubanak
    tesla T magnetic flux density agtonak
    henry H inductance aghenak
    degree Celsius °C temperature nogagcanak
    lumen lm luminous flux liminak
    lux lx illuminance lixunak
    becquerel Bq radioactivity agbakonak
    gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) aggeyunak
    sievert Sv equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) agsovunak
    katal kat catalytic activity kiatonak
    byte B 8 bits of information agbanak
    bit b one bit of information banak
    Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

    Convenient Non-SI Units

    Convenient non-SI units
    English
    Name     		Symbolic
    Written
    Abbreviation     		Quantity
    Unit     		Mirad
    Pronunciation
    litre L volume aglinak
    hectare ha area heabak
    ton t area tonak
    decibel dB loudness daagbanak

    Metrical Formulae

    The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.
    Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units
    Name Symbolic
    Formula     		Derived
    Quantity     		Typical
    Symbol     		Mirad
    Pronunciation
    square meter m2 area A mi-gar-ewa
    cubic meter m3 volume V mi-gar-iwa
    meter per second m/s speed, velocity v mi-gol-so
    meter per second squared m/s2 acceleration a mi-gol-so-gar-ewa
    reciprocal meter m−1 wavenumber σ, ṽ mi-gor-awa
    vergence (optics) V, 1/f
    kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 density ρ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
    kilogram per square meter kg/m2 surface density ρA kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa
    cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg specific volume v mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige
    ampere per square meter A/m2 current density j aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa
    ampere per meter A/m magnetic field strength H aga-gol-mi
    mole per cubic meter mol/m3 concentration c mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa
    kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 mass concentration ρ, γ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
    candela per square meter cd/m2 luminance Lv cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa

    Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes

    The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 1012 bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
    Scalar Metrics
    Macro Micro
    Base
    10    		 US/UK Name Mirad Prefix
    SI Prefix

    Mirad Pron.    		 SI Symbol Base
    10    		 (US/UK Name) Mirad Prefix
    SI Prefix    		 SI Symbol

    Mirad Pron.
    1 one an- ... mono-, uni- 1/1 whole ayn-
    holo-, uni-
    2 two en-
    bi-    		 1/2 half eyn-
    demi-, di-
    3 three in-
    tri-    		 1/3 third iyn-
    terci-
    4 four un-
    tetra-    		 1/4 fourth uyn-
    quadri-
    5 five yown-
    penta-    		 1/5 fifth yoyn
    quinti-
    6 six yawn-
    hexa-    		 1/6 sixth yayn
    sexti-
    7 seven yen-
    hepta-    		 1/7 seventh yeyn
    septi-
    8 eight yin
    octo-    		 1/8 eighth yiyn
    octi-
    9 nine yun
    nona-    		 1/9 ninth yuyn
    novi-
    10 ten alo-
    deca-    		 da
    da-a-    		 1/10 tenth aloy-
    deci-    		 d
    da-
    102 hundred aso-
    hexa-    		 h
    hi-    		 10-2 hundredth asoy-
    centi-    		 c
    ca-
    103 thousand amso-
    kilo-    		 k
    ki-    		 10-3 thousandth) amsoy-
    milli-    		 m
    mi-
    106 million amlo-
    mega-    		 M
    agmi-    		 10-6 millionth amloy-
    micro-    		 r
    ro-
    109 billion /milliard amro-
    giga-    		 G
    agge-    		 10-9 billionth/ milliardth amroy-
    nano-    		 n
    ni-
    1012 trillion /billion garale-
    tera-    		 T
    agto-    		 10-12 trillionth / billionth) gorale-
    pico-    		 p
    po-
    1015 quadrillion)/ billiard garalyo-
    peta-    		 P
    agpo-    		 10-15 quadrillionth) / billiardth goralyo-
    femto-    		 f
    fe-
    1018 quintillion / trillion garalyu-
    exa-    		 E
    age-    		 10-18 quintillionth)/ trillionth goralyu
    atto-    		 a
    a-
    1021 sextillion)/ trilliard garela-
    zetta-    		 Z
    agzu-    		 10-21 sextillionth / trilliardth gorela
    zepto-    		 z
    zu-
    1024 septillion)/ quadrillion garelu-
    yotta-    		 Y
    agyu    		 10-27 septillionth / quadrillionth gorelu
    yocto-    		 y
    yu-
    *Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

    Abbreviated Symbols

    The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
    Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
    Macro Micro
    Symbol (Expansion) Mirad Pronunciation Symbol (Expansion) Mirad Pronunciation
    dag (decagram) daage (decigram) dage
    hg (hexagram) hege cg (centigram) cage
    kg (kilogram) koge mg (milligram) mige
    Mg (megagram) agmige rg or μg (microgram) roge or muge
    Gg (gigagram) aggege ng (nanogram) nige
    Tg (teragram) agtoge pg (picagram) poge
    Pg ( petagram) agpoge fg (femtogram) fege
    Eg (exagram) agege ag (attogram) age
    Zg (zettagram) agzege zg (zeptogram) zege
    Yg (yottagram) agyuge yg (yoctogram) yuge
    The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:
    • 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa
    • 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa

    Trigonometric Nomenclature

    This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by -naz (value).
    Trigonometry Functions
    Function (Symbol) Mirad Technical Name Mirad Ordinary Name
    sine (sin) soini-naz uznaz
    cosine (cos) caoso-naz yanuznaz
    arccosine (arccos, cos-1)
    anticosine
    inverse cosine    		 arocacaoso-naz ovuznaz
    hyperbolic sine (sinh) soinihe-naz enuza uznaz
    hyperbolic cosine (cosh) caosohe-naz enuza yanuznaz
    secant (sec) soeca-naz golus naz
    cosecant (csc) casoca-naz yangolus naz
    arccosecant (arccsc) arocacasoca-naz enuza yangolus naz

    Poetry Nomenclature

    Mirad uses the nonsense syllables di and da to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable di represents an unstressed syllable in verse, while the syllable da denotes a stressed syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word deup as a noun, which means meter or rhythm. The adjectival form of the word ends in deupa. Here are the most common poetic meters:
    • di-da deupa.... iambic
    • di-da yoondeup.... iambic pentameter
    • di-di-da deupa.... anapestic
    • di-da-da deupa.... bacchius
    • da-da deupa.... spondaic
    • da-da-da deupa.... molossus
    • da-da-di deupa.... antibacchius
    • da-di deupa.... tochaic
    • da-di deup.... trochee, choree
    • da-di-da deupa.... cretic, amphimacer
    • da-di-di deupa.... dactylic
    • da-di-di yaondeup.... dactylic hexameter
    • da-di-di-da deupa.... amphibrachic
    Other words representing elements of poetry are:
    • drez....poetry, verse
    • dreza....poetic
    • drezyen....poesy
    • drezyan....anthology (of poetry)
    • drezut....poet
    • drezuyt....poetess
    • popdrezut....minstrel
    • Vikinga drezut....skald
    • dreuzut....bard
    • odrez....prose
    • vyasma drez....concrete verse
    • tyoda drez....folk poetry
    • indeupa drez....trimeter
    • undeupa drez....tetrameter
    • yoondeupa drez....pentameter
    • yaondeupa drez....hexameter
    • yendeupa drez....heptameter
    • yindeupa drez....octameter
    • ogelseuxwa drez....blank verse
    • yiva drez....free verse
    • drezun....poem
    • deuzwa drezun....sung poem, lay
    • dindrezun....ballad
    • dizdrezun....limerick
    • fiddrezun....ode
    • fizdrezun....epic poem
    • haikudrezun....haiku
    • viysindrezun....idyll
    • ifondrezun....love poem, romantic poem
    • indrezun....terzain
    • jodrezun....epode
    • yindrezun....sistina
    • klerihyudrezun....clerihew
    • meimdrezun....pastoral
    • melyexdrezun....georgic
    • petnyanuta drezun....pastoral, eclogue
    • popduzuta drezun....troubadour poem
    • rondodrezun....rondeau, rondel, roundel
    • seuz drezun....sound poem
    • tadyandrezun....prothalamion, epithalamion
    • tankadrezun....tanka
    • taxdrezun....epitaph
    • tuddrezun....nursery rhyme
    • ulondrezun....sonnet
    • ujdreznadeon....envoi
    • undrezun....quatrain
    • unnad drezun....tetrastich
    • uvdrezun....elegy
    • alyundrezun....villanelle
    • virelaydrezun....virelai, virelay
    • yizivtos drezun....rhapsody
    • yoondrezun....quintain
    • dreznad....line, -stich, verse
    • eyndreznad...hemistich
    • endreznad....couplet
    • dreznadyan....stanza
    • gelseux....rhyme
    • gelseuxyen....rhyme scheme
    • dunija gelseuxen....alliteration
    • seuxzoyxen....assonance
    • geyldyan....simile
    • yiztyun....metaphor
    • yanseuzan....consonance
    • deup....rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter
    • kyib....stress
    • seuz....tone

    Dimensional Nomenclature

    This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships:
    Dimensional Words
    Positive Intermediate Negative
    yaba....high(er) yeba....inner yoba....low(er)
    yaiba....tall yeiba....deep inside yoiba....deep (down)
    yauba....short yeuba....a short way in youba....shallow
    yaga....long yoga....short
    yiba....far yuba....near
    aonada....vertical uinada....horizontal
    kia....diagonal kua....lateral
    zyia....flat zyua....round
    yaza....concave yeza....flush yoza....convex

    Geologic Period Nomenclature

    The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are:
      • joob....eon
        • ajoob....Hadean Eon
        • ejoob....Archean Eon
        • ijoob....Proterozoic Eon
        • ujoob....Phanerozoic Eon
      • joab....era
        • ajoab....Eoarchean Era
        • ejoab....Paleoarchean Era
        • ijoab....Mesoarchean Era
        • ujoab....Neoarchean Era
        • yojoab....Paleoproterozoic Era
        • yajoab....Mesoproterozoic Era
        • yejoab....Neoproterozoic Era
        • yijoab....Paleozoic Era
        • yujoab....Mesozoic Era
        • alojoab....Cenozoic Era
      • joeb....period
        • ajoeb....Siderian Period
        • ejoeb....Rhyacian Period
        • ijoeb....Orosirian Period
        • ujoeb....Statherian Period
        • yojoeb....Calymmian Period
        • yajoeb....Ectasian Period
        • yejoeb....Stenian Period
        • yijoeb....Tonian Period
        • yujoeb....Cryogenian Period
        • alojoeb....Ediacaran Period
        • alajoeb....Cambrian Period
        • alejoeb....Ordovician Period
        • alijoeb....Silurian Period
        • alujoeb....Devonian Period
        • alyojoeb....Carboniferous Period
        • alyajoeb....Permian Period
        • alyejoeb....Triassic Period
        • alyijoeb....Jurassic Period
        • alyujoeb....Cretaceous Period
        • elojoeb....Paleogene Period
        • elajoeb....Neogene Period
        • elejoeb....Quarternary Period
      • joib....epoch
        • ajoib....Terreneuvian Epoch
        • ejoib....Series 2 Epoch
        • ijoib....Miaolingian Epoch
        • ujoib....Furongian Epoch
        • yojoib....Lower Epoch
        • yajoib....Middle Epoch
        • yejoib....Upper Epoch
        • yijoib....Llandovery Epoch
        • yujoib....Wenlock Epoch
        • alojoib....Ludlow Epoch
        • alajoib....Pridoli Epoch
      • joub....age
        • ajoub....Fortunian Age
        • ejoub....Stage 2 Age
        • ijoub....Stage 3 Age
        • ujoub....Stage 4 Age
        • yojoub....Wulian Age
        • yajoub....Drumian Age
        • yejoub....Guzhangian Age
        • yijoub....Paibian Age
        • yujoub....Jianshanian Age
        • alojoub....Stage 10 Age
        • alajoub....Temadocian Age
        • alejoub....Floian Age
        • alijoub....Dapingian Age
        • alujoub....Darriwilian Age
        • alyojoub....Sandbian Age
        • alyajoub....Katian Age
        • alyejoub....Hirnantian Age
        • alyijoub....Rhuddanian Age
        • alyujoub....Aeronian Age
        • elojoub....Telychian Age
        • elajoub....Cheinwoodian Age
        • elejoub....Homerian Age
        • elijoub....Gorstian Age
        • elujoub....Ludfordian Age
        • elyojoub....Pridoli Age
        • elyajoub....Lochkovian Age
        • elyejoub....Pragian Age
        • elyijoub....Emsian Age
        • elyujoub....Eifelian Age
        • ilojoub....Givetian Age
        • ilajoub....Frasnian Age
        • ilejoub....Famennian Age
        • ilijoub....Tournaisian Age
        • ilujoub....Visean Age
        • ilyojoub....Serpukhovian Age
        • ilyajoub....Bashkirian Age
        • ilyejoub....Moscovian Age
        • ilyijoub....Kasimovian Age
        • ilyujoub....Gzhelian Age
        • ulojoub....Asselian Age
        • ulajoub....Sakmarian Age
        • ulejoub....Artinskian Age
        • ulijoub....Kungurian Age
        • ulujoub....Roadian Age
        • ulyojoub....Wordian Age
        • ulyajoub....Capitanian Age
        • ulyejoub....Wuchiapingian Age
        • ulyijoub....Changhsingian Age
        • ulyujoub....Induan Age
        • yolojoub....Olenekian Age
        • yolajoub....Anisian Age
        • yolejoub....Ladnian Age
        • yolijoub....Carnian Age
        • yolujoub....Norian Age
        • yolyojoub....Rhaetian Age
        • yolyajoub....Hettangian Age
        • yolyejoub....Sinemurian Age
        • yolyijoub....Pliensbachian Age
        • yolyujoub....Toarcian Age
        • yalojoub....Aalenian Age
        • yalajoub....Bajocian Age
        • yalejoub....Bathonian Age
        • yalijoub....Callovian Age
        • yalujoub....Oxfordian Age
        • yalyojoub....Kimmeridgian Age
        • yalyajoub....Tithonian Age
        • yalyejoub....Berriasian Age
        • yalyijoub....Valanginian Age
        • yalyujoub....Hauterivian Age
        • yelojoub....Barremian Age
        • yelajoub....Aptian Age
        • yelejoub....Albian Age
        • yelijoub....Cenomanian
        • yelujoub....Turonian
        • yelyojoub....Coniacian
        • yelyajoub....Santonian
        • yelyejoub....Campanian
        • yelyijoub....Maastrichtian
        • yelyujoub....Danian
        • yilojoub....Selandian
        • yilajoub....Thanetian
        • yilejoub....Ypresian
        • yilijoub....Lutetian
        • yilujoub....Bartonian
        • yilyojoub....Priaboanian
        • yilyajoub....Rupelian
        • yilyejoub....Chattian
        • yilyijoub....Aquitanian
        • yilyujoub....Burdigalian
        • yulojoub....Langhian
        • yulajoub....Serravallian
        • yulejoub....Tortonian
        • yulijoub....Messinian
        • yulujoub....Zanclean
        • yulyojoub....Piacenzian
        • yulyajoub....Gelasian
        • yulyejoub....Calabrian
        • yulyijoub....Chibanian
        • yulyujoub....Tarantian
        • asojoub....Greenlandian
        • asajoub....Northgrippian
        • asejoub....Meghalayan

    Names of Diacritics

    The Mirad words for diacritics (= accents) are based on the worldwide Unicode 4.0 standard. There are three kinds of diacritics based on where they are positioned relative to the base:
    • aybsiyn....above mark
    • oybsiyn....below mark
    • absiyn....overlay mark
    The names are based on some common shapes:
    • nod....dot
    • grun....hook
    • nad....line
    • kin....slash
    • vu....wedge
    • pyaon....wave
    • zyus....ring
    • uz....arch
    • zeymep....bridge
    • izmufseb....arrowhead
    • mar....star
    The above shapes can be modified by adjectives:
    • kia....slanted
    • ao....vertical
    • yoga/yaga....short/long
    • en....double
    • yaba/yoba....up/down
    • zua/zia....left/right
    • oyvuzbwa....inverted
    Here is a chart listing the most common diacritics in the world's languages. (Note: Mirad does not use diacritics for its native words.)
    Mirad Names of Diacritics
    Diacritic Unicode
    Value    		 Mirad Unicode Name
    ́ 0301 zukin aybsiyn acute accent
    ̀ 0300 zukin oybsiyn acute accent below
    ̋ 030B enzukin aybsiyn double acute accent
    ̀ 0300 zikin aybsiyn grave accent
    ̗ 0317 zikin oybsiyn grave accent below
    ̏ 030F enzikin aybsiyn double grave accent
    ̉ 0309 zigrun aybsiyn hook above, hoi
    ̧ 0327 zugrun oybsiyn cedilla
    ̨ 0328 zigrun oybsiyn ogonek, nasal hook
    ̂ 0302 yobvu aybsiyn circumflex accent, hat
    ̭ 032D yobvu oybsiyn circumflex accent below
    ̌ 030C vu aybsiyn hachek, v above, caron
    ̬ 032C vu oybsiyn caron below
    ̆ 0306 yabuz aybsiyn breve above
    ̑ 0311 yobuz aybsin inverted breve above
    ̯ 032F yobuz oybsin inverted breve below
    ̡ 0321 teumibxwa grun oybsiyn palatalized hook below
    ̈ 0308 ennod aybsiyn diaeresis above, double dot above, umlaut, trema
    ̤ 0324 ennod oybsiyn diaeresis below, double dot below
    ̇ 0307 nod aybsiyn dot above, overdot, tecka, tittle
    ̣ 0323 nod oybsiyn dot below, underdot, nang
    ͑ 0351 zua eynzyus aybsiyn left half ring above
    ̜ 031C zua eynzyus oybsiyn left half ring below
    ͐ 0350 zia eynzyus aybsign right half ring above
    ̹ 0339 zia eynzyus oybsiyn right half ring below
    ̅ 0305 nad aybsiyn overline, overscore, vinculum
    ̿ 033F ennad aybsiyn double overline
    ̲ 0332 nad oybsiyn single lowline below
    ̳ 0333 ennad oybsiyn double lowline, double underline, double underscore
    ̄ 0304 nad aybsiyn macron
    ̱ 0331 nad oybsiyn macron below
    ͞ 935E ennad aybsiyn double macron, longum
    ͟ 035F ennad oybsiyn double macron below
    ̊ 030A zyus aybsiyn ring above, kroujek, overring
    ̥ 0325 zyus oybsiyn ring below
    ͆ 0346 zeymep aybsiyn bridge above
    ̪ 032A zeymep oybsiyn bridge below
    ͆ 0346 oyvuzbwa zeymep aybsiyn inverted bridge above
    ̺ 033A oyvuzbwa zeymep oybsiyn inverted bridge below
    ̉ 0309 grun aybsiyn hook above, hoi
    ̃ 0303 pyaon aybsiyn tilde
    ͂ 0342 yagpyaon aybsiyn Greek perispomeni
    ͠ 0360 enpyaon aybsiyn double tilde above
    ̰ 0330 pyaon oybsiyn tilde below
    ̫ 032B oyvuzbwa enuz oybsiyn inverted double arch below
    ̾ 033E aonada pyaon aybsiyn vertical tilde, yerik
    ̚ 031A zua gun aybsiyn left angle above
    ̍ 030D aonad aybsiyn vertical line above
    ̍ 030D enaonad aybsiyn double vertical line above
    ̩ 0329 aonad oybsiyn vertical line below
    ̎ 030E enaonad aybsiyn double vertical line above
    ̽ 033D xu aybsiyn x above
    ͓ 0353 xu oybsiyn x below
    ̼ 033C lapiat oybsiyn seagull below
    ̐ 0310 nod ayb uz aybsiyn candrabindu
    ͒ 0352 nod oyb uz aybsiyn fermata
    ̔ 0314 zia grun aybsiyn right comma above, dasia
    ̦ 0326 zia grun oybsiyn right comma below
    ̓ 0313 zua grun aybsiyn reversed comma above, psili
    ̠ 0320 gobsiyn oybsiyn minus sign below
    ̟ 031F gabsiyn oybsiyn plus sign below
    ͌ 034C yubay ge aybsiyn almost equals above
    ͉ 0349 zua gun oybsiyn left angle below
    ̻ 033B ungun oybsiyn square below
    ̴ 0334 Gereda nod-kin-nod aybsiyn Greek dialytika tonos
    ͐ 0350 zia izmufseb aybsiyn right arrowhead above
    ࣷ 0356 zia izmufseb ay yabizmufseb oybsiyn right arrowhead and up arrowhead below
    ͕ 0355 zia izmufseb oybsiyn right arrowhead below
    ͔ 0354 zua izmufseb oybsiyn left arrowhead below
    ̘ 0318 zua zyisebmuv oybsiyn left tack below
    ̙ 0319 zia zyisebmuv oybsiyn right tack below
    ̝ 031D yob zyisebmuv oybsiyn up tack below
    ̞ 031E yab zyisebmuv oybsiyn down tack below
    ̷ 0337 yoga kinad absiyn short slash overlay, short solidus overlay
    ̸ 0338 yaga kinad absiyn long slash overlay, long solidus overlay
    ̡ 0321 teumibxwa grun oybsiyn palatalized hook below
    ̢ 0322 zoykixwa grun oybsiyn retroflex hook below
    ͙ 0359 mar oybsiyn asterisk below
    ͚ 035A enzyus oybsiyn double ring below
    ͘ 0358 zinod aybsiyn dot above right
    ͜ 035C enyabuz oybsiyn double breve below, ligature tie below
    ͝ 035D enyabuz aybsiyn double breve
    ͡ 0361 enyobuz aybsiyn double inverted breve, top ligature, tie bar
    ͛ 035B uiznad aybsiyn zigzag above
    ͇ 0347 gese oybsiyn equals sign below
    ͌ 034C yubgese aybsiyn almost equal to above
    ͢ 0362 enziizmuf oybsiyn double rightwards arrow below
    ͎ 034E yabizmuf oybsiyn upwards arrow below
    ̩ 0329 ziizmuf aybsiyn right arrowhead above
    ͊ 034A opyaon aybsiyn not tilde above
    ͺ 037A iota oybsiyn Greek ypogegrammeni, iota subscript
    ʹ 0374 Gereda sag aybsiyn Greek numeral sign, dexia keraia
    ͵ 0375 Gereda sag oybsiyn Greek lower numeral sign, aristeri keraia
    ّ 0651 xadda aybsiyn Arabic shadda
    ٞ 065E fatha aybsiyn Arabic fatha with two dots
    ؚ 061A kasra oybsiyn Arabic small kasra
    ٌ 064C damma aybsiyn Arabic dammatan
    ْ 0652 sukun aybsiyn Arabic sukun

    Grammar Terms

    • drevyab....grammar
    • dun....word
    • dyen....phrase
    • dyan....sentence
      • delyea....declarative
      • didyea....interrogative
      • azteudyea....exclamatory
    • dyangon....clause
      • agala dyangon....main clause
      • abbyosyea dyangon....dependent clause
      • obdabyea dyangon....subordinate clause
    • anyendyen....idiom
    • dalzeyn....language
    • dalzeynes....dialect
    • dalyen....locution
    • dungon....syllable
    • abun....affix
      • zabun....prefix
      • zobun....suffix
      • yebun....infix
    • kyid....stress
    • dredyen....spelling, orthography
    • seuxden....pronunciation
    • dalgon....part of speech
      • sundun....noun
      • avdun....pronoun
      • erdun....verb
      • adun....adjective
      • aydun....adverb
      • ebdun....preposition
      • yanxdun....conjunction
      • oybdun....particle
      • asaundun....article, determiner
    • jobyen....tense
      • eja....present
      • aja....past
      • oja....future
      • vensona....conditional
    • teagun....aspect
      • ikna....perfect
      • oikna....imperfect
      • zaypasyea....progressive
    • tipyen....mood
      • izeadyea....indicative mood
      • ovyama....subjunctive mood
    • teuz....voice
      • axlyea....active
      • xolyea....passive
      • syundabea....transitive
      • osyundabea....intransitive
      • zoykixeea....reflexive
    • sankyas....case
      • syina....nominative, subject
      • bina....genitive, possessive
      • buna....dative
      • izsyuna....accusative, direct object
      • oizsyuna....indirect object
      • byina....ablative
      • dyuena....vocative
    • toob....gender
      • twooba....masculine
      • tooyba....feminine
      • evtooba....neuter
    • sag....number
      • ansaga....singular
      • glasaga....plural
    • sagdun....numeral
    • sag....number

    Forming Adjectives

    You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, any adverb not ending in -ay, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.
    Examples:
    Deriving Adjectives
    Noun Adjective
    taam....home taama....domestic
    doob....nation dooba....national
    tej....life teja....vital
    tyoyapyaf....ability to walk tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
    martun....astronomy martuna....astronomical
    Pronoun Adjective
    at....I, me ata....my
    eut....yourself euta....your own
    hiyen....this kind hiyena....this kind of
    duhot?....who? duhota?....whose?
    Gerund Adjective
    ifeken....recreation ifekena....recreational
    Adverb Adjective
    yib....far yiba....distant
    yab....up yaba....high, upper
    Verb Form Adjective (= Participle)
    teje....(he) lives tejea....living
    tojo....will die tojoa....moribund, about to die
    tojbu....would kill tojbua....lethal
    twa....was known twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)

    Adjectival Suffixes

    Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.
    Examples:
    Deriving Other Adjectives
    Suffix Meaning Noun Adjective
    -ava pro-, for
    Usom
    U.S.    		 Usomava
    pro-U.S.
    yuvrin
    slavery    		 yuvrinava
    pro-slavery
    -ova anti-, against
    dobvyabyan
    constitution    		 dovyabyanova
    anti-constitutional
    dot
    society    		 dotova
    anti-social
    -aya full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly
    volz
    color    		 volzaya
    colorful
    futax
    resentment    		 futaxaya
    resentful
    tiibil
    blood    		 tiibilaya
    bloody
    yiflan
    courage    		 yiflanaya
    courageous
    -oya bereft of, -less, un-
    volz
    color    		 volzoya
    colorless, pale
    tajyaf
    talent    		 tajyafoya
    untalented
    -ika full of, -ous, -ful, -y
    map
    wind    		 mapika
    windy
    -uka bereft of, without, -less
    nas
    money    		 nasuka
    broke, penniless
    -yena -like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al
    tudet
    child    		 tudetyena
    childish, infantile
    tot
    god    		 totyena
    divine, godly
    pit
    fish    		 pityena
    fish-like, fishy
    -wa or -awa -ed, past passive participle
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Past Passive Participle
    t-
    know    		 twa
    known
    dal-
    speak    		 dalwa
    spoken, oral
    nixbu-
    sell    		 nixbuwa
    sold
    dr-
    write    		 drawa
    written
    -ea -ing
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Present Active Participle
    ot-
    not know    		 otea
    ignorant
    tej-
    live    		 tejea
    living, alive
    tuj-
    die    		 tujea
    dying
    -yea -ive, prone to Xing, given to X
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Present Active Participle
    tujb-
    kill    		 tujbyea
    murderous
    tex-
    think    		 texyea
    pensive, thoughtful
    tox-
    forget    		 toxyea
    forgetful
    axl-
    act    		 axlyea
    active
    -uwa -able, apt to be Xed
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Potential Passive Participle
    ex-
    operate    		 exuwa
    operable
    tos
    feel    		 tosuwa
    palpable
    tex-
    think    		 texuwa
    conceivable
    tel-
    eat    		 teluwa
    edible
    -yafa -able, capable of Xing
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Potential Subject-oriented
    teat-
    see    		 teatyafa
    sightful, able to see
    dyed-
    read    		 dyedyafa
    literate
    -yafwa -able, possible to be Xed
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Potential Object-oriented
    teat-
    see    		 teatyafwa
    visible
    tax-
    remember    		 taxyafwa
    memorable
    teet-
    hear    		 teetyafwa
    audible
    tel-
    eat    		 telyafwa
    edible
    -yofa incapable of Xing
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Negative Potential Subject-oriented
    teat-
    see    		 teatyofa
    blind
    tyoyap-
    walk    		 tyoyapyofa
    lame
    teet-
    hear    		 teetyofa
    deaf
    dal-
    speak    		 dalyofa
    dumb, incapable of speaking
    -yofwa un-X-able
    (added to verb stem)    		 Verb Stem Negative Potential Object-oriented
    teat-
    see    		 teatyofwa
    invisible
    teet-
    hear    		 teetyofa
    inaudible
    tox-
    forget    		 toxyofa
    unforgetable
    dal-
    speak    		 dalyofa
    unspeakable
    -ifa fond of, -phile Noun Stem Adjective
    pot
    animal    		 potifa
    pet-friendly
    hyitoob-
    same-gender    		 hyitoobifa
    homophile
    tobot
    child    		 tobotifa
    pedophile
    fitel
    food    		 fitelifa
    gourmand
    doob
    nation    		 doobifa
    patriotic
    -ifwa loved by Noun Stem Adjective
    tyod
    people    		 tyodifwa
    popular
    -ufa adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic Noun Stem Adjective
    tob
    human    		 tobufa
    misanthropic
    hyut-
    other person    		 hyutufa
    xenophobic
    toyb-
    woman    		 toybufa
    misogynist
    -ef(w)a needful of,
    (necessary to be X-ed)    		 Noun or Verb Stem Adjective
    til
    drink    		 tilefa
    thirsty
    tel
    food    		 telefa
    hungry
    nas
    money    		 nasefa
    poor, needy
    yelb-
    to oil    		 yelbefwa
    squeaky, in need of oil
    -yef(w)a worthy of,
    due to be (deserving of being X-ed)    		 Noun or Verb Stem Adjective
    fid
    praise    		 fidyefa
    praiseworthy
    dud
    answer    		 dudyefa
    responsible
    tax-
    remember    		 taxyefwa
    memorable
    -yuk(w)a easy to, (easily X-ed) Verb Stem Adjective
    vatex-
    believe    		 vatexyuka
    gullible
    vatex-
    believe    		 vatexyukwa
    incredible, hard to believe
    -yik(w)a hard to,
    (hard of X-ing)    		 Verb Stem Adjective
    teat-
    see    		 teatyikwa
    opaque
    teet-
    hear    		 teetyika
    hard of hearing

    Adjectival Prefixes

    Negating the Meaning of Adjectives

    The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.
    Examples:
    • vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable
    • fika....perfect → ofika....imperfect
    • twa....known → otwa....unknown
    • bosa....quiet → obosa....upset, unquiet
    Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:
    • fwa....wanted
    • → ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
    • → yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
    • → lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)
    The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:
    • data....friendly
    • odata....unfriendly
    • ovdata....hostile
    • lyodata....inimical
    • dota....social
    • odota....unsocial
    • ovdota....antisocial
    • lyodota....savage

    Table of Adjective Prefixes

    As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:
    Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes
    Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column
    Mirad Prefix English Prefix Altered Adjective Examples
    o- un-, a(n)-, in-, non- obaka....unhealthy
    oyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasive
    ototina....atheist
    ov- anti-, counter- ovzuina....anti-leftist
    oviztida....counter-intuitive
    av- pro- avhyitoosifa....pro-gay
    kovyo- pseudo- kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual
    hya(s)- all-, pan-, omni- hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient
    voy-, gal- re- voyupya....returned
    galabwa....reapplied
    vyo- mis- vyoseudxwa....mispronounced
    eyn- semi-, half- eynlevelaya....semi-sweet
    eyntija....half-awake
    yiz- ultra-, super- yizdoobina....ultra-nationalist
    yizmola....supernatural
    gro- under-, hypo- grojaga....under-aged
    gra- over-, hyper-, uber- graagxwa....overgrown
    gratoseya....hypersensitive
    gla- multi-, many-, poly- glakuma....multilateral
    glatadaya....polygamous
    fu- mal-, ill- futeyenxwa....ill-conceived
    fusanxwa....malformed
    fi- well- fitofabwa....well-dressed
    yuyb- quasi-, almost yuybdaba....quasi-governmental
    ja- pre-, (a)fore-, pro- jateyenxwa....pre-conceived
    jaigdawa....aformentioned
    jo- post- jodropeka....post-war
    oyeb- extra-, exo-, oyebtada....extra-marital
    yeb- endo- yebtayoba....endo-dermal
    agl(a)- macro- aglamora....macrocosmic
    ogl(a)- micro- oglamora....microcosmic
    ut- auto-, self-, sui- utpana....automatic
    uttojbua....suicidal
    hyaewa- ambi- hyaewatesea....ambivalent
    en- bi- entoobifa....bisexual
    yuz- circum- yuzteaxea....circumspect
    gel- homo- gelsauna....homogeneous
    ogel- hetero- ogelsauna....heterogeneous
    oyb- infra-, sub- oybivoza....infrared
    ge- iso-, equi- gevoza....isochromatic
    agr(a)- mega- agratipa....megamaniacal
    ku- para- kuega....paranormal
    yuyb- quasi-, almost, pen- yuybdobyena....quasi-official
    yib- tele-, far- yibpyuxea....far-reaching
    zey- trans-, cross- zeymimaga....transoceanic
    aaj- paleo- aajtoba....paleoloanthropic
    eej- neo- eejvisauna....neoclassical
    yibaj- arch(a)eo-, ancient yibajtuna....archaeological
    yeb- endo-, inner, intro- yebzena....endocentric
    yebuzbwa....introverted
    oyeb- exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)- oyebzena....exocentric
    oyebuzbwa....extroverted
    yab(an)- high-, up yabnoga....upscale
    yabnayxa....high-priced
    yaban- acro- yabanyufa....acrophobic
    yob- low-, down- yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale


    English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison

    Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:
    English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared
    English Suffix Meaning Mirad Suffix Altered Adjective Examples
    -ful full of -aya
    -ika    		 vozaya....colorful
    tuzika....skillful
    -ous full of -aya
    -ika    		 nazika....precious
    milaya....aqueous
    -filled full of -aya
    -ika    		 movika / movaya....smoke-filled
    -y full of -aya
    -ika    		 movika / movaya....smoky
    -ous of
    like    		 -a totina....religious
    vyosa....erroneous
    -ly like -yena totyena....godly
    toybyena....womanly
    -like like -yena patyena....bird-like
    -ish like -yena tobotyena....childish
    -y like -yena fyabyena....fruity
    -ic like -yena tuzyena....artistic
    silyena....acidic
    -ic of
    related to    		 -a tuna....scientific
    beka....therapeutic
    -ical of
    related to    		 -a zyunida....spherical
    iztexa....logical
    -ological pertaining to the study of -tuna tejtuna....biological
    -ist(ic) pertaining to the doctrine of -ina doparina....militarist(ic)
    nasyanina....capitalist(ic)
    -ophobic (and miso- prefix) hating
    fearful of    		 -ufa yudatufa....xenophonic
    tobyanufa....misanthropic
    -ophilic (and philo- prefix) loving -ifa tobotifa....pedophilic
    tobifa....philanthropic
    -al like -yena pyotyena....bestial
    -al of
    pertaining to    		 -a teja....vital
    amana....thermal
    -less without
    empty of    		 -oya
    -uka    		 tejuka....lifeless
    tobotoya....childless
    -free without
    empty of    		 -oya
    -uka    		 yomuka....ice-free
    vyosoya....error-free
    -safe
    -proof    		 free
    not subject to    		 -vaka milvaka....waterproof

    Forming Adverbs

    Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
    Examples:
    Deriving Adverbs
    Adjective Adverb
    fia....good fiay....well
    vyaa....true vyaay....truly
    gyua....easy gyuay....easily
    iga....quick igay....quickly
    auta....personal autay....personally
    For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:
    • It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast.
    • Yit xa has fi.....They did it well.

    Special Adverbs

    Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.
    Here are the principal such adverbs:
    Special Adverbs
    Mirad English
    vay indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes)
    vey possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe)
    voy not (cf. vo....no)
    ga more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
    gay also, moreover, further, still
    ge as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
    gey even
    go less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
    goy no longer, no more
    gla very
    glay quite, rather, so
    gle so
    glo not very, not so
    gra too
    gre enough, sufficiently, over-
    gro not...enough, inadequately, under-
    gwa most, super-
    gwe average
    gwo least, sub-
    zay ahead, forward
    zey across
    zoy back
    zye through
    zya throughout
    The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:
    • AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
    • DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
    • NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.
    The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:
    • Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
    • Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
    • It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.

    Pro-adverbs

    There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.

    Forming Verbs

    Illustration
    Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech:
    • Noun stems
    • Adjective stems
    • Verb stems

    Forming Verbs from Nouns

    Verbs can sometimes be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:
    Denominal Verb Derivation
    Noun Verb
    ak....a gain aker....to win
    af....permission afer....may, be allowed
    teud....cry, shout teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim
    taj....birth tajer....to be born
    tej....life tejer....to live
    toj....death tojer....to die
    ej....present ejer....to continue
    ij....beginning ijer....to begin
    uj....end ijer....to end
    yuj....sleep tujer....to sleep

    Verb Formants

    More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:
    • -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
    • -sler....(more intensive)
    • -srer....(most intensive)
    • -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
    • -xler....(more intensive)
    • -xrer....(most intensive)
    • -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto)
    • -pler....(more intensive)
    • -prer....(most intensive)
    • -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
    • -bler....(more intensive)
    • -brer....(most intensive)
    • -ier a stub from the verb bier....to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
    • -uer a stub from the verb buer....to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
    • -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
    • -drer....to write
    • -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)
    Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer.
    Verb Derivation with Verb Formants
    Noun Auxiliary Verb Or Verb Stub Formant Verb
    yav....innocence der....to say yavder....to acquit
    yov....shame, guilt aber....to apply, put on yovaber....to shame, accuse
    yov....shame, guilt ober....to remove, take off yovober....to excuse, exculpate
    tof....clothes aber....to apply, put on tofaber....to dress, don
    tof....clothes ober....to remove, take off tofober....to undress, strip
    det....associate ser....to be, become detser....to associate
    dat....friend xer....to do, make datxer....to befriend
    san....form ser....to be, become sanser....to form (intransitive)
    san....form xer....to do, make sanxer....to form (transitive)
    tel....food (b)ier....to take telier....to eat, consume
    tel....food (b)uer....to give teluer....to feed, nourish
    if....pleasure (b)ier....to take ifier....to enjoy
    if....pleasure (b)uer....to give ifuer....to please
    taj....birth ber....to put tajber....to give birth
    tej....life per....to go tejper....to come alive
    tej....life ber....to put tejber....to bring to life
    toj....death per....to go tojper....to drop dead
    toj....death ber....to put tojber....to kill
    tij....wakefulness per....to go tijper....to wake up
    tij....wakefulness ber....to put tijber....to awaken
    tuj....sleep per....to go tujper....to fall asleep
    tuj....sleep ber....to put tujber....to put to sleep
    tax....memory (b)ier....to take taxier....to recall
    tax....memory (b)uer....to give taxuer....to remind
    yev....justice der....to say, tell yevder....to judge
    vyan....truth der....to say, tell vyander....to tell the truth
    vyon....falsehood der....to say, tell vyonder....to tell a lie
    il....liquid aker....to gain ilaker....to take on liquid
    il....liquid oker....to lose iloker....to leak, lose liquid
    il....liquid (b)ier....to take ilier....to soak up
    il....liquid (b)uer....to give iluer....to pour, water
    il....liquid ikser....to get full ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive)
    il....liquid ikxer....to fill up ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive)
    il....liquid ukser....to become empty ilukser....to drain (intransitive)
    il....liquid ukxer....to empty ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
    il....liquid ser....to be, become ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
    il....liquid xer....to do, make ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
    il....liquid aber....to apply, put on ilaber....to wash (transitive)
    il....liquid aper....to get on ilaper....to float (intransitive)
    il....liquid per....to go ilper....to flow (intransitive)
    il....liquid zyaber....to spread ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
    il....liquid zyober....to squeeze ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
    il....liquid pyexer....to strike ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
    il....liquid yujer....to close ilyujer....to plug
    Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are subject-directed, while -uer verbs are object-directive or causative (making someone do something).

    Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser

    The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.
    The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:
    Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser
    Adjective Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb
    aza....strong azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong azaser....get strong
    oza....week ozaxer....weaken ozaser....grow weaker
    kyia....heavy kyiaxer....weigh down kyiaser....grow heavy
    kyua....light kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter kyuaser....get lighter
    yana....together yanaxer....bring together yanaser....get together
    The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:
    Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation
    Adjective Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb
    aga....big agaxer....magnify agaser....get big
    agxer....grow agxer....grow up, mature
    iga....fast igaxer....accelerate igaser....speed up
    igxer....rush igser....hurry up
    baka....healthy bakaxer....make healthy bakaser....get healthy
    bakxer....heal bakser....heal
    sana....formal sanaxer....formalize sanaser....become formal
    sanxer....form, shape sanser....form, take shape

    Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per

    Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:
    Verb Derivation with Ber and Per
    Preposition
    Base    		 Transitive Gesture Verb Intransitive Motion Verb
    ab....on aber....apply, put on aper....mount, get on
    eb....between eber....block eper....intervene
    ob....off ober....remove, take off oper....dismount, get off
    ib....away iber....receive iper....leave
    ub....toward uber....send uper....come
    yab....up yaber....raise yaper....rise
    yeb....in
    oyeb....out    		 yeber....insert
    oyeber....take out    		 yeper....enter
    oyeper....exit
    yob....down yober....lower yoper....descend
    yib....far yiber....take away yiper....move away
    yub....near yuber....bring yuper....approach
    za....front zaber....put up front zaper....take the lead
    zay....forward zayber....advance zayper....advance, go forward
    ze....middle zeber....balance zeper....balance
    zey....across zeyber....take across, transfer zeyper....cross, go over, transit
    zo....behind zober....hinder zoper....trail, lag
    zoy....back zoyber....set back, return zoyper....retreat, go back, return
    iz....straight izber....guide izper....aim for
    uz....crooked uzber....divert uzper....turn, diverge
    zu....left zuber....set to the left zuper.... go left
    yiz....beyond yizber....take beyond yizper....pass by
    yuz....around yuzber....take around yuzper....go around

    Deriving Further Verbs of Gesture and Motion

    More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial p is a more semantically intense version of b. Also the verb endings -sler and -srer and more intense versions of the intransitive ending -ser, while -xler and -xrer and more intense version of the transitve ending -xer. Verbs ending in -ler and -rer are transitive voice by nature, -rer being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.
    Creating More Elaborate Verbs
    Gesture Verb Motion Verb
    Intransitive Transitive Intransitive Transitive
    -- ber....put


    beer....have
    beler....carry
    bexer....hold
    bexler....keep

    		per....go --
    baer....lean on baler....press
    yanbaler....compress
    yobaler....depress, suppress
    yuzbaler....hug
    zoybaler....repress
    barer....crush    		 paer....hover
    baser....gesticulate baxer....make a gesture
    abaxer....caress, pat    		 paser....move paxer....move
    byaser....stand up byaxer....set up, erect pyaser....jump up pyaxer....shoot, launch
    basler....budge baxler....rouse
    abaxler....stroke    		 paaser....get excited paaxer....excite
    apaxler....sweep
    basrer....shake baxrer....shake
    abaxrer....rub    		 apaxrer....scrub
    beser....stay bexer....hold
    zoybexer....restrain
    yobexer....detain, hold down    		 peser....wait pexer....trap
    pexler....capture
    pexrer....abduct
    byeser....behave byexer....hit pyeser....run into, bump into pyexer....strike, knock
    yonpyexer....break
    yopyexer....knock down
    epyexer....fight
    apyexer....attack
    ovpyexer....offend
    kunpyexer....sideswipe
    tuyapyexer....slap
    besler....adhere bexler....retain pyexler....pound, beat
    apyexler....assault
    yonpexler....shatter, burst
    yanpyesrer....implode
    yonpyesler....explode    		 pyexler....blast, bomb
    boser....calm down
    boyser....rest    		 boxer....quieten, quell poser....stop
    poyser....pause    		 poxer....stop
    byoser....hang byoxer....hang pyoser....fall
    yonpyoser....decay    		 pyoxer....drop, throw down
    yopyoxer....topple
    biser....originate bixer....pull
    yanbixer....contract
    yonbixer....distract
    yubixer....attract
    yibixer....distract
    oyebixer....extract
    yebixer....push in    		 pixer....catch
    bisler....spring bixler....yank
    bixrer....ravage    		 pixler....snatch
    pixrer....rape
    buser....be destined buxer....push, drive
    zyobuxer....squeeze
    yebuxer....expel
    abuxer....impose    		 apuser....assault puxer....throw, thrust
    byuser....bump into byuxer....touch
    yanbyuxer....contact    		 pyuser....run into pyuxer....crash
    busler....swoop buxler....shove pusler....lunge, pounce puxler....thrust
    zyapuxler....splatter

    Deriving New Verbs with Prefixes

    Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:
    Baxer Verbs
    Prefix Verb
    baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion
    ab....on abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub
    iz....straight izbaxer....point
    teb....head tebaxer....nod
    va....yes vatebaxer....nod yes
    vo....no votebaxer....nod no
    ve....maybe vetebaxer....shrug
    tuyab....hand tuyabaxer....wave
    tub....arm tubaxer....flail, swing
    teubab....tongue teubabaxer....lick
    teab....eye teubaxer....wink
    patub....wing patubaxer....flap
    tiyub....tail tiyubaxer....wag
    baser....gesticulate
    ig-....fast igbaser....jerk
    zay....forward igzaybaser....lurch
    zoy....back zoybaser....recoil
    yob....down yobaser....bow, bend down
    ku-....side kubaser....slide
    ig-....fast igkubaser....slip
    iz....straight + uz....curved uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish
    zi....right + zu....left zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter

    Forming Frequentative Verbs

    A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by prefixing the syllable je- to the verb. Here are some examples:
    The -eg- Frequentative Infix
    Regular Verb Frequantative Verb
    paser....move jepaser....shake, shudder
    pyaser....jump jepyaser....bounce
    paper....fly jepaper....flutter, flit
    braser....shake jebraser....shudder, quiver, vibrate
    teupixer....bite jeteupiger....nibble
    ilzyaber....spray jeilzyaber....sprinkle
    pyexer....beat jepyexer....batter, whip

    Forming Hybrid Words

    Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:
    Hybrid Words
    Alternative Components Hybrid Expression Examples
    yab....up +
    yob....down    		 yao(b)-....up-and-down yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce
    a-....up, north, skyward +
    o-....down, south    		 ao-....vertical aonada....vertical, aonab....column
    za(y)....forth, north +
    zo(y)....back, south    		 zao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south zaobaser....rock, zaomera....north/south
    bu....to +
    bi....from    		 bui-....to-and-from buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip
    ab....on +
    ob....off    		 ao(b)-....on-and-off aoper....get on and off
    yuj-....closed +
    yij-....open    		 yuij-....open-and-shut yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink
    uj-....stop +
    ij-....start    		 uij-....stop-and-start uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic
    (a)yeb....in +
    oyeb....out    		 aoye(b)-....in-and-out igaoyeper....run in-and-out
    yub....near +
    yib....far    		 yui(b)-....near-and-far yuipoper....travel near-and-far
    ub....toward +
    ib....away    		 ui(b)-....toward-and-away uipen....coming and going
    hum....there +
    him....here    		 huim....here-and-there huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there)
    hus....that +
    his....this    		 huis....this-and-that huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that
    hyut....other person +
    hyit....same person    		 hyuit....one another hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
    Here are some more examples:
    More Hybrids
    Hybrid Word English Gloss Alternating Components
    aogsen fluctuation (in size) ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing)
    aonada vertical a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.)
    aopuys hop-on-hop-off a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop)
    buien trading, swapping bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing)
    buip traffic bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go)
    buixar spring bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument)
    buixek tug-o-war bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play)
    buixnyem drawer bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box)
    byaosen teetering, stumbling byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing)
    diep marine force dip (sea force) + dep (land force)
    duid q&a, interview dud (answer) + did (question)
    eigpyexer batter, whip eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit)
    gao more-or-less ga (more) + go (less)
    glaojo sooner or later gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after)
    huimkexer search here and there hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.)
    huis this-and-that hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing)
    hyuit one another hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person)
    kyaopen fluctuation kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going)
    maluier breathe mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.)
    maojyex double-shift work maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work)
    maonig flicker man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast)
    maolza black&white/gray malza (white) + molza (black)
    meil mud mel (soil) + mil (water)
    memuiben import-exports mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing)
    mial vapor mil (water) + mal (air)
    mieg reef mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone)
    miek sand mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance)
    miem swamp mim (sea) + mem (land)
    mimpuin dock mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
    mimpyaos surf mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink)
    mimuip tide mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go)
    peit amphibian pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature)
    puim kiss-and-ride zone pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
    puixek baseball pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play)
    pyaos wave pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest)
    teabyuij blink teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open)
    tuijea nodding off tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing)
    uijdal stutter uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech)
    uipeni comings & goings up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.)
    uiza serpentine, snaky uza (crooked) + iza (straight)
    vao? yes or no? va (yes) + vo (no)
    vaod decision va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say)
    yaobar elevator yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument)
    yaobyuijar piston yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument)
    yaoplas oscillation yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake)
    yaopsim seesaw yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat)
    yaopus bounce ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump)
    yaovdut juror yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent)
    yaoza uneven, bumpy, serrated yaza (convex) + yoza (concave)
    yaozgoblar saw yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
    yaozil wave yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
    yuibteabar bifocals yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
    yuijar valve, switch yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
    zaobelur ferry za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
    zaobyexar swatter, bat za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
    zaodal dialog za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
    zaogoblar saw za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
    zaokyax alternation za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
    zaopasen swinging za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
    zaopsim swing or rocker zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
    zuibasen wiggling zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
    zuibayx wag zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
    zuibyoxea dangling zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
    zuiyafa ambidextrous zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
    zyaobas throb zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)


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