7.4: Plotting the Distribution of a Single Variable

7.4.1 Histogram

The histogram shows the ogerall distribution of the data. Here we use the nclass.FD function to compute the optimal bin size.

ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = nclass.FD(mpg$hwy)) +
  xlab('Highway mileage') 

Instead of creating discrete bins, we can look at relative density continuously.

7.4.2 Density plot

ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)) +
  geom_density() +
  xlab('Highway mileage') 

A note on defaults: The default statistic (or “stat”) underlying geom_density is called “density” – not surprising. The default stat for geom_histogram is “count”. What do you think would happen if you overrode the default and set stat="count"?

ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)) +
  geom_density(stat = "count")

What we discover is that the geometric difference between geom_histogram and geom_density can actually be generalized. geom_histogram is a shortcut for working with geom_bar, and geom_density is a shortcut for working with geom_line.

7.4.3 Bar vs. line plots

ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "count")

Note that the geometry tells ggplot what kind of plot to use, and the statistic (stat) tells it what kind of summary to present.

ggplot(mpg, aes(hwy)) +
  geom_line(stat = "density")