Opening the book…
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. (1989). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alvarez, M., J. A. Cheibub, F. Limongi, and A. Przeworski. (1996). “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31, no. 2: 3–36.
Bánkuti, Miklós, Gábor Halmai, and Kim Lane Scheppele. (2012). “Hungary's Illiberal Turn: Disabling the Constitution.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 3: 138–46.
Barro, R. J. (1999). “Determinants of Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 6: 158–83.
Bermeo, Nancy. (2016). “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1: 5–19.
Boix, Carles. (2009). Development and Democratization. Barcelona: Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI).
Bollen, K. A. (1979). “Political Democracy and the Timing of Development.” American Sociological Review 44, no. 4: 572–87.
Bollen, K. A. (1980). “Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy.” American Sociological Review 45, no. 3: 370–90.
Bush, George W. (2006, January 25). “Bush Refuses to Deal with Radical Hamas Group.” MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11027180/
Chandrasekaran, Rajiv. (2006, September 17). “Ties to GOP Trumped Know-How Among Staff Sent to Rebuild Iraq.” Washington Post.
Cheibub, José Antonio. (2007). Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cheibub, J. A., J. Gandhi, and J. R. Vreeland. (2010). “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143, no. 1–2: 67–101.
Collier, D., and R. Adcock. (1999). “Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices about Concepts.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 537–65.
Collier, D., and S. Levitsky. (1997). “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49, no. 3: 430–51.
Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dahl, R. A., I. Shapiro, and J. A. Cheibub, eds. (2003). The Democracy Sourcebook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Diamond, L. (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Diamond, L. (2004). “What Is Democracy?” Lecture.
Diamond, L., and M. F. Plattner, eds. (1996). The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dobbins, James. (2006, June 27). Interview in “The Lost Year in Iraq.” Frontline, PBS.
Francisco, Ronald. (2000). The Politics of Regime Transitions. London: Routledge.
Freedom House. (2010a). “Freedom in the World 2010.” www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2010
Freedom House. (2010b). “Checklist Questions and Guidelines.” www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2010/checklist-questions-and-guidelines
Freedom House. (2020). Nations in Transit 2020: Dropping the Democratic Facade. Washington, DC: Freedom House.
Frontiers in Political Science: Peace and Democracy. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/sections/peace-and-democracy
Gandhi, Jennifer. (2008). Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, Philip H., and Jeremy Shapiro. (2004). Allies at War. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hadenius, A. (1991). Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hadenius, Axel, and Jan Teorell. (2007). “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 1: 143–56.
House of Commons Library. (2026). Poland: The Tusk Government and the 2025 Presidential Election. London: UK Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10300/
Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
International Forum for Democratic Studies. http://www.ned.org/research
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). http://www.idea.int
Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://journalofdemocracy.org/about/
Karl, Terry Lynn. (1990). “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23: 1–11.
Kelemen, R. Daniel. (2020). “The European Union's Authoritarian Equilibrium.” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 3: 481–99.
Laakso, M., and R. Taagepera. (1979). “Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12, no. 1: 3–27.
Lawson, Stephanie. (1993). “Conceptual Issues in the Comparative Study of Regime Change and Democratization.” Comparative Politics 25, no. 2 (January): 183–205.
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Linz, Juan J. (1990). “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1, no. 1: 51–69. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/225694
Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53, no. 1 (March): 69–105.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1960). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1963). The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. (1969). Politics and the Social Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mainwaring, S. (1993). “Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination.” Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 2: 198–228.
Merrill, Tim L., and Ramón Miró, eds. (1996). “Social Spending.” In Mexico: A Country Study. Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/mexico/
Moore, Barrington, Jr. (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
Munck, G. L., and J. Verkuilen. (2002). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35, no. 1: 5–34.
Neubauer, D. E. (1967). “Some Conditions of Democracy.” American Political Science Review 61, no. 4: 1002–09.
O'Donnell, Guillermo. (2001). “Democracy, Law, and Comparative Politics.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36, no. 1: 7–36.
O'Donnell, G., and P. C. Schmitter. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Polity IV. (2009). “Polity IV Project: Dataset Users' Manual.” www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2009.pdf
Polity IV. (2011). “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010.” www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
Popper, Karl R. (2002). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Psychology Press.
Powell, G. B. (1982). Contemporary Democracies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Przeworski, A., M. Alvarez, J. A. Cheibub, and F. Limongi. (1996). “What Makes Democracies Endure?” Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1: 39–55.
Przeworski, A., M. Alvarez, J. A. Cheibub, and F. Limongi. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Remmer, K. L. (1995). “New Theoretical Perspectives on Democratization.” Comparative Politics 28, no. 1: 103–22.
Remmer, K. L. (1996). “The Sustainability of Political Democracy: Lessons from South America.” Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 6: 611–34.
Rustow, D. A. (1970). “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model.” Comparative Politics 2, no. 3: 337–63.
Sadurski, Wojciech. (2019). Poland's Constitutional Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sartori, G. (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Part 1: The Contemporary Debate. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Saward, M. (1994). “Democratic Theory and Indices of Democratization.” In Defining and Measuring Democracy, ed. D. Beetham, 6–24. London: Sage.
Scheppele, Kim Lane. (2018). “Autocratic Legalism.” University of Chicago Law Review 85, no. 2: 545–83.
Schmitter, P. (1995). “Transitology: The Science or Art of Democratization.” In The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America, eds. J. Tulchin and B. Romero. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and John M. Carey. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, Jack. (2000). From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.
Stepan, A., and C. Skach. (1993). “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism.” World Politics 46, no. 1: 1–22.
Tsebelis, G. (1995). “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism, and Multipartyism.” British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 3: 289–325.
Tulchin, J., and B. Romero, eds. (1995). The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit. (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Valenzuela, J. S. (1992). “Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions.” In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, eds. S. Mainwaring, G. O'Donnell, and J. S. Valenzuela. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Vanhanen, T. (1990). The Process of Democratization: A Comparative Study of 147 States, 1980–1988. New York: Crane Russak.
Whitehead, L. (1986). “International Aspects of Democratization.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, eds. G. A. O'Donnell, P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wiarda, H. (1992). “Introduction: Social Change, Political Development, and the Latin American Tradition.” In Politics and Social Change in Latin America (3rd ed.), ed. H. Wiarda. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Winters, Jeffrey A. (2011). Oligarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511793806
Zakaria, Fareed. (1997). “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 6: 22–43.
Zakaria, Fareed. (2003). The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W. W. Norton.
Note: This list merges the reference lists from Chapter 4, “Democracies and Democratization”, and Chapter 5, “Non-Democracies and Democratic Backsliding”, of Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics by Dino Bozonelos et al. (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative), licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. It also includes the sources cited in Section 4.7, which is original to this edition. Entries were reformatted for consistency and minor citation errors were corrected.
This page titled 4.9: Bibliography was last modified on Sun, 18 Oct 2026 03:18:25 GMT and is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Austin Minter.
The book could not be loaded just now.