Introduction to Sociology

by John E. Glass

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SOCI 1301 - Collin College - Spring 2022

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Publisher: Collin College
Subjects: Social Sciences
Licence: CC BY-SA, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read: Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

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Front Matter
TitlePage
InfoPage
Table of Contents
Licensing
1: The Basics
1.1: History and Introduction
1.2: The Sociological Imagination
1.3: Studying Sociology
1.4: Sociology and the Social Sciences
1.5: Social Theories
1.6: The Functionalist Perspective
1.7: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
1.8: The Conflict Perspective
1.9: Sociology Today
1.10: Levels of Analysis- Micro and Macro
1.11: Applied and Clinical Sociology
1.12: Thinking Globally
2: Sociological Research
2.1: Scientific Sociology
2.2: Paradigms, Theories, and How They Shape a Researcher’s Approach
2.3: Sociology and Science
2.4: The Research Process
2.4A: Defining the Problem
2.4B: Reviewing the Literature
2.4C: Formulating the Hypothesis
2.4D: Determining the Research Design
2.4E: Defining the Sample and Collecting Data
2.4F: Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions
2.4G: Preparing the Research Report
2.5: Research Models
2.5.1: Inductive or Deductive? Two Different Approaches
2.5.2: Unobtrusive Research- Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
2.5.2.1: What Is It and When to Use It?
2.5.2.2: Pros and Cons of Unobtrusive Research
2.5.2.3: Unobtrusive Data Collected by You
2.5.2.4: Analyzing Others’ Data
2.5.2.5: Reliability in Unobtrusive Research
2.5A: Surveys
2.5B: Fieldwork and Observation
2.5C: Experiments
2.5D: Documents
2.5E: Use of Existing Sources
3: Culture
3.1: Culture
3.2: Culture
3.2.1: Culture and Society
3.2.1A: Culture and Biology
3.2.1B: Culture and Society
3.2.1C: Cultural Universals
3.2.1D: Culture Shock
3.2.1E: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
3.2.1F: Material Culture
3.2.1G: Nonmaterial Culture
3.2.2: The Symbolic Nature of Culture
3.2.2A: The Symbolic Nature of Culture
3.2.2B: The Origins of Language
3.2.2C: Language
3.2.2D: Language and Perception
3.2.2E: Symbols and Nature
3.2.2F: Gestures
3.2.2G: Values
3.2.2H: Norms
3.2.2I: Sanctions
3.2.2J: Folkways and Mores
3.2.3: Culture and Adaptation
3.2.3A: The Origins of Culture
3.2.3B: Mechanisms of Cultural Change
3.2.3C: Cultural Lag
3.2.3D: Animals and Culture
3.2.4: Culture Worlds
3.2.4A: Subcultures
3.2.4B: Countercultures
3.2.5: Culture and the Dominant Ideology in the U.S.
3.2.5A: An Overview of U.S. Values
3.2.5B: Value Clusters
3.2.5C: Value Contradictions
3.2.5D: Emerging Values
3.2.5E: Culture Wars
3.2.5F: Values as Binders
3.2.5G: Ideal vs. Real Culture
4: Socialization
4.1: Socialization
4.2: The Role of Socialization
4.2.1: The Role of Socialization
4.2.1.1: Childhood Socialization
4.2.1A: The Role of Socialization
4.2.1B: Nature vs. Nurture- A False Debate
4.2.1C: Sociobiology
4.2.1D: Deprivation and Development
4.2.1E: Isolation and Development
4.2.1F: Feral Children
4.2.1G: Institutionalized Children
4.2.2: The Self and Socialization
4.2.2A: Dimensions of Human Development
4.2.2B: Sociological Theories of the Self
4.2.2C: Psychological Approaches to the Self
4.2.3: Theories of Socialization
4.2.3A: Theories of Socialization
4.2.3B: Cooley
4.2.3C: Mead
4.2.4: Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions
4.2.4A: Sociology of Emotion
4.2.4B: Informal Social Control
4.2.5: Agents of Socialization
4.2.5A: Family
4.2.5B: Neighborhood
4.2.5C: School
4.2.5D: Day Care
4.2.5E: Peer Groups
4.2.5F: Mass Media and Technology
4.2.5G: Religion
4.2.5H: Workplace
4.2.5I: The Division of Labor
4.2.5J: The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family
4.2.5K: Ideology
4.2.5L: Resocialization and Total Institutions
4.2.6: Gender Socialization
4.2.6A: Gender Socialization
4.2.6B: Learning the Gender Gap
4.2.6C: Gender Messages in the Family
4.2.6D: Gender Messages from Peers
4.2.6E: Gender Messages in Mass Media
5: Social Interaction
5.1: Social Interaction
5.1.1: Understanding Social Interaction
5.1.1A: Understanding Social Interaction
5.1.1B: Ethnomethodology
5.1.1C: Dramaturgy
5.1.2: Types of Social Interaction
5.1.2A: Nonverbal Communication
5.1.2B: Exchange
5.1.2C: Cooperation
5.1.2D: Conflict
5.1.2E: Competition
5.1.2E: Stereotypes in Everyday Life
5.1.2F: Personal Space
5.1.2G: Eye Contact
5.1.2H: Applied Body Language
5.1.3: Elements of Social Interaction
5.1.3A: Social Status
5.1.3B: Role Theory
5.1.3C: Role Conflict
5.1.3D: Culture
5.1.3E: Social Class
5.1.3F: Groups
5.1.3G: Social Institutions
5.1.3H: Social Networks
5.1.3I: Virtual Worlds
6: Social Groups and Organization
6.1: Society and Groups
6.2: Types of Social Groups
6.2A: The Nature of Groups
6.2B: Primary Groups
6.2C: Secondary Groups
6.2D: In-Groups and Out-Groups
6.2E: Reference Groups
6.2F: Social Networks
6.2G: Online Communities
6.3: Functions of Social Groups
6.3A: Defining Boundaries
6.3B: Choosing Leaders
6.3C: Making Decisions
6.3D: Setting Goals
6.3E: Controlling the Behaviors of Group Members
6.4: Large Social Groups
6.4A: Formal Structure
6.4B: Informal Structure
6.4C: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
6.4D: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
6.5: Bureaucracy
6.5A: Bureaucracies and Formal Groups
6.5B: Weber’s Model for Bureaucracy
6.5C: The “McDonaldization” of Society
6.6: Group Dynamics
6.6A: Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy
6.6B: Effects of Group Size on Attitude and Behavior
6.6C: The Asch Experiment- The Power of Peer Pressure
6.6D: The Milgram Experiment- The Power of Authority
6.6E: Groupthink
6.7: Social Structure in the Global Perspective
6.7B: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
6.7C: Lenski’s Sociological Evolution Approach
7: Deviance and Crime
7.1: Deviance, Social Control, and Crime
7.1.1: Deviance
7.1.1A: Deviance
7.1.1B: Norms and Sanctions
7.1.1C: Deviance and Social Stigma
7.1.1D: Deviance and Technology
7.1.1E: The Functions of Deviance
7.1.2: Social Control
7.1.2A: Social Control Theory
7.1.2B: Conformity and Obedience
7.1.2C: Informal Means of Control
7.1.2D: Formal Means of Control
7.1.3: Theories of Crime and Deviance
7.1.3A: Sociological Theories of Deviance
7.1.3B: Biological Theories of Deviance
7.1.3C: Psychological Theories of Deviance
7.1.4: The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
7.1.4A: The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
7.1.4B: Strain Theory- How Social Values Produce Deviance
7.1.4C: Illegitimate Opportunity Structures - Social Class and Crime
7.1.5: The Conflict Perspective on Deviance
7.1.5A: The Conflict Perspective on Deviance
7.1.5B: Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
7.1.5C: Power and Inequality
7.1.5D: The Law as an Instrument of Oppression
7.1.6: The Symbolic-Interactionalist Perspective on Deviance
7.1.6A: Differential Association Theory
7.1.6B: Control Theory
7.1.6C: Labeling Theory
8: Stratification
8.1: Stratification, Inequality, and Social Class in the U.S.
8.1.1: Social Class
8.1.1A: Social Class
8.1.1B: Property
8.1.1C: Power
8.1.1D: Prestige
8.1.1E: Status Inconsistency
8.1.2: Social Class in the U.S.
8.1.2A: Social Class in the U.S.
8.1.2B: Income
8.1.2C: Wealth
8.1.2D: Education
8.1.2E: Occupation
8.1.3: The Class Structure in the U.S.
8.1.3A: Class Structure in the U.S.
8.1.3G: Income Distribution
8.1.4: Social Mobility
8.1.4A: Social Mobility
8.1.4B: Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor
8.1.4C: Open vs. Closed Stratification Systems
8.1.4D: Types of Social Mobility
8.1.4E: Social Mobility in the U.S.
8.1.5: The Impacts of Social Class
8.1.5A: Consequences of Social Class
8.1.5B: Physical Health
8.1.5C: Mental Health
8.1.5D: Family Life
8.1.5E: Education
8.1.5F: Religion
8.1.5G: Politics
8.1.5H: Crime and Criminal Justice
8.1.6: Poverty
8.1.6A: Poverty
8.1.6B: Measuring Poverty
8.1.6C: Explaining Poverty- The Sociological Debate
8.1.6D: Social Exclusion
8.1.6E: The Dynamics of Poverty
8.1.6F: The Feminization of Poverty
8.1.6G: Government Assistance Programs
9: Global Stratification and Inequality
9.1: Systems of Stratification
9.1A: Stratification
9.1B: Slavery
9.1C: Caste Systems
9.1D: Class
9.1E: Gender
9.2: Global Stratification
9.2A: Global Stratification and Inequality
9.2B: Industrializing Countries
9.2C: Least Industrialized Countries
9.2D: Growing Global Inequality
9.3: Stratification in the World System
9.3A: Colonialism and Neocolonialism
9.3B: Multinational Corporations
9.3C: Poverty
9.3D: Modernization and Technology
9.4: Sociological Theories and Global Inequality
9.4A: The Functionalist Perspective- Motivating Qualified People
9.4B: The Conflict Perspective- Class Conflict and Scarce Resources
9.4C: The Interactionist Perspective
9.4D: Lenski’s Synthesis
9.4E: Marx’s View of Class Differentiation
9.4F: Weber’s View of Stratification
9.4G: Market-Oriented Theories
9.4H: Dependency Theories
9.4I: World-Systems Theory
9.4J: State-Centered Theories
9.4K: Evaluating Global Theories of Inequality
10: Sex and Gender
10.1: Gender Stratification and Inequality
10.1.1: Gender and Biology
10.1.1A: The Role of Biology
10.1.2: Gender and Socialization
10.1.2A: Gender Socialization
10.1.2B: The Social Construction of Gender
10.1.2C: Gender Identity in Everyday Life
10.1.2D: Gender Roles in the U.S.
10.1.2E: The Cross-Cultural Perspective
10.1.2F: Childhood Socialization
10.1.2G: Adolescent Socialization
10.1.2H: Gender Differences in Social Interaction
10.1.3: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification
10.1.3A: The Functionalist Perspective
10.1.3B: The Conflict Perspective
10.1.3C: The Interactionist Perspective
10.1.3D: The Feminist Perspective
10.1.4: Gender-Based Violence
10.1.4A: Rape
10.1.4B: Sexual Violence
10.1.4C: Sexual Harassment
11: Race and Minority
11.1: Race and Ethnicity
11.1.1: Race
11.1.1A: Race
11.1.1B: Race and Genetics
11.1.1C: Legal Definition of Race
11.1.1D: Social Definition of Race
11.1.1E: Racism
11.1.2: Ethnicity
11.1.2A: Ethnicity
11.1.3: Minorities
11.1.3A: Minority Groups
11.1.4: Prejudice and Discrimination
11.1.4A: Prejudice
11.1.4B: Discrimination Against Individuals
11.1.4C: Institutional Prejudice or Discrimination
11.1.4D: Assimilation
11.1.4E: Pluralism
11.1.4F: Segregation
11.1.4G: Population Transfer
11.1.4H: Genocide
11.1.5: Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
11.1.5A: The Functionalist Perspective
11.1.5B: The Conflict Perspective
11.1.5C: The Interactionist Perspective
11.1.5D: The Psychological Perspective
11.1.6: Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.
11.1.6A: Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.
11.1.6B: Racial Groups
11.1.6C: Ethnic Groups
11.1.6D: Immigration and Illegal Immigration
11.1.6E: Affirmative Action
11.1.6F: A Multicultural Society
12: Media
12.1: Media and Culture
12.1.1: The Lost Cell Phone
12.1.2: Intersection of American Media and Culture
12.1.3: How Did We Get Here? The Evolution of Culture
12.1.4: How Did We Get Here? The Evolution of Media
12.1.5: The Evolution of the Internet
12.1.6: Social Media and Web 2.0
12.1.7: Media Mix - Convergence
12.1.8: Cultural Values Shape Media; Media Shape Cultural Values
12.1.9: Mass Media and Popular Culture
12.1.10: Media Literacy
12.2: Media Effects
12.2.1: Mass Media and Its Messages
12.2.2: Media Effects Theories
12.2.3: Methods of Researching Media Effects
12.2.4: Media Studies Controversies
13: Social Change
13.1: Social Change and Collective Behavior
13.1A: Social Change
13.2: Sources of Social Change
13.2A: Sources of Social Change
13.2B: External Sources of Social Change
13.2C: The Four Social Revolutions
13.2D: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
13.2E: Capitalism, Modernization, and Industrialization
13.2F: Cultural Evolution
13.2G: Natural Cycles
13.2H: Ogburn’s Theory
13.3: Social Movements
13.3A: Social Movements
13.3B: Types of Social Movements
13.3C: Propaganda and the Mass Media
13.3D: The Stages of Social Movements
13.3E: Relative Deprivation Approach
13.3F: Resource Mobilization Approach
13.3G: Gender and Social Movements
13.3H: New Social Movements
13.4: Defending Social Movements (in the US)
13.4.1: Defending against Surveillance and Suppression
13.4.2: Security Culture
13.4.3: Protecting Your Devices
13.4.4: Protecting Your Communications
13.4.5: Protecting Your Remote Data
13.4.6: Protecting Your Identity
13.5: Digital Suppression of Social Movements (in the US)
13.5.1: Mechanisms of Social Movement Suppression
13.5.2: Digital Threats to Social Movements
14: Urbanization
14.1: Population and Urbanization
14.1.1: Population Growth
14.1.1A: Implications of Different Rates of Growth
14.1.1B: Three Demographic Variables
14.1.1C: Problems in Forecasting Population Growth
14.1.1D: Malthus’ Theory of Population Growth
14.1.1E: Demographic Transition Theory
14.1.2: Urbanization and the Development of Cities
14.1.2A: The Earliest Cities
14.1.2B: Preindustrial Cities
14.1.2C: Industrial Cities
14.1.2D: The Structure of Cities
14.1.2E: The Process of Urbanization
14.1.2F: U.S. Urban Patterns
14.1.2G: The Rural Rebound
14.1.2H: Models of Urban Growth
14.1.3: Urban Life
14.1.3A: Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life
14.1.3B: Social Interaction in Urban Areas
14.1.3C: Urban Neighborhoods
14.1.3D: Urban Decline
14.1.3E: Homelessness
14.1.3F: Alienation
14.1.3G: Community
14.1.3H: Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of Responsibility
Back Matter
Index
Glossary
Detailed Licensing

Introduction to Sociology

Contents