Anatomy and Physiology 2e

by OpenStax

Read here Read at LibreTextsPDF

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems with a focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions in a living system. Anatomy and physiology make a natural pair of related disciplines that are often studied together.

Description from LibreTexts.

Subjects
Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Teens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Levels of Organization
  7. Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
  8. 1.1: Introduction
  9. 1.2: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
  10. 1.3: Structural Organization of the Human Body
  11. 1.4: Functions of Human Life
  12. 1.5: Requirements for Human Life
  13. 1.6: Homeostasis
  14. 1.7: Anatomical Terminology
  15. 1.8: Medical Imaging
  16. 1.9: Key Terms
  17. 1.10: Chapter Review
  18. 1.11: Interactive Link Questions
  19. 1.12: Review Questions
  20. 1.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  21. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
  22. 2.1: Introduction
  23. 2.2: Elements and Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter
  24. 2.3: Chemical Bonds
  25. 2.4: Chemical Reactions
  26. 2.5: Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
  27. 2.6: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
  28. 2.7: Key Terms
  29. 2.8: Chapter Review
  30. 2.9: Interactive Link Questions
  31. 2.10: Review Questions
  32. 2.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  33. Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
  34. 3.1: Introduction
  35. 3.2: The Cell Membrane
  36. 3.3: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
  37. 3.4: The Nucleus and DNA Replication
  38. 3.5: Protein Synthesis
  39. 3.6: Cell Growth and Division
  40. 3.7: Cellular Differentiation
  41. 3.8: Key Terms
  42. 3.9: Chapter Review
  43. 3.10: Interactive Link Questions
  44. 3.11: Review Questions
  45. 3.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  46. Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
  47. 4.1: Introduction
  48. 4.2: Types of Tissues
  49. 4.3: Epithelial Tissue
  50. 4.4: Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
  51. 4.5: Muscle Tissue and Motion
  52. 4.6: Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
  53. 4.7: Tissue Injury and Aging
  54. 4.8: Key Terms
  55. 4.9: Chapter Review
  56. 4.10: Interactive Link Questions
  57. 4.11: Review Questions
  58. 4.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  59. 2: Support and Movement
  60. Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
  61. 5.1: Introduction
  62. 5.2: Layers of the Skin
  63. 5.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin
  64. 5.4: Functions of the Integumentary System
  65. 5.5: Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
  66. 5.6: Key Terms
  67. 5.7: Chapter Review
  68. 5.8: Interactive Link Questions
  69. 5.9: Review Questions
  70. 5.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  71. Chapter 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
  72. 6.1: Introduction
  73. 6.2: The Functions of the Skeletal System
  74. 6.3: Bone Classification
  75. 6.4: Bone Structure
  76. 6.5: Bone Formation and Development
  77. 6.6: Fractures - Bone Repair
  78. 6.7: Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
  79. 6.8: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
  80. 6.9: Key Terms
  81. 6.10: Chapter Review
  82. 6.11: Review Questions
  83. 6.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  84. Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton
  85. 7.1: Introduction
  86. 7.2: Divisions of the Skeletal System
  87. 7.3: The Skull
  88. 7.4: The Vertebral Column
  89. 7.5: The Thoracic Cage
  90. 7.6: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
  91. 7.7: Key Terms
  92. 7.8: Chapter Review
  93. 7.9: Interactive Link Questions
  94. 7.10: Review Questions
  95. 7.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  96. Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
  97. 8.1: Introduction
  98. 8.2: The Pectoral Girdle
  99. 8.3: Bones of the Upper Limb
  100. 8.4: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
  101. 8.5: Bones of the Lower Limb
  102. 8.6: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
  103. 8.7: Key Terms
  104. 8.8: Chapter Review
  105. 8.9: Interactive Link Questions
  106. 8.10: Review Questions
  107. 8.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  108. Chapter 9: Joints
  109. 9.1: Introduction
  110. 9.2: Classification of Joints
  111. 9.3: Fibrous Joints
  112. 9.4: Cartilaginous Joints
  113. 9.5: Synovial Joints
  114. 9.6: Types of Body Movements
  115. 9.7: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
  116. 9.8: Development of Joints
  117. 9.9: Key Terms
  118. 9.10: Chapter Review
  119. 9.11: Interactive Link Questions
  120. 9.12: Review Questions
  121. 9.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  122. Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue
  123. 10.1: Introduction
  124. 10.2: Overview of Muscle Tissues
  125. 10.3: Skeletal Muscle
  126. 10.4: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
  127. 10.5: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
  128. 10.6: Types of Muscle Fibers
  129. 10.7: Exercise and Muscle Performance
  130. 10.8: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
  131. 10.9: Smooth Muscle
  132. 10.10: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
  133. 10.11: Key Terms
  134. 10.12: Chapter Review
  135. 10.13: Interactive Link Questions
  136. 10.14: Review Questions
  137. 10.15: Critical Thinking Questions
  138. Chapter 11: The Muscular System
  139. 11.1: Introduction
  140. 11.2: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
  141. 11.3: Naming Skeletal Muscle
  142. 11.4: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
  143. 11.5: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
  144. 11.6: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
  145. 11.7: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
  146. 11.8: Key Terms
  147. 11.9: Chapter Review
  148. 11.10: Review Questions
  149. 11.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  150. 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
  151. Chapter 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  152. 12.1: Introduction
  153. 12.2: Basic Structures and Function of the Nervous System
  154. 12.3: Nervous Tissue
  155. 12.4: The Function of Nervous Tissue
  156. 12.5: The Action Potential
  157. 12.6: Communication Between Neurons
  158. 12.7: Key Terms
  159. 12.8: Chapter Review
  160. 12.9: Interactive Link Questions
  161. 12.10: Review Questions
  162. 12.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  163. Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
  164. 13.1: Introduction
  165. 13.2: The Embryologic Perspective
  166. 13.3: The Central Nervous System
  167. 13.4: Circulation and the Central Nervous System
  168. 13.5: The Peripheral Nervous System
  169. 13.6: Key Terms
  170. 13.7: Chapter Review
  171. 13.8: Interactive Link Questions
  172. 13.9: Review Questions
  173. 13.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  174. Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System
  175. 14.1: Introduction
  176. 14.2: Sensory Perception
  177. 14.3: Central Processing
  178. 14.4: Motor Processing
  179. 14.5: Key Terms
  180. 14.6: Chapter Review
  181. 14.7: Interactive Link Questions
  182. 14.8: Review Questions
  183. 14.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  184. Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
  185. 15.1: Introduction
  186. 15.2: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
  187. 15.3: Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
  188. 15.4: Central Control
  189. 15.5: Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
  190. 15.6: Key Terms
  191. 15.7: Chapter Review
  192. 15.8: Interactive Link Questions
  193. 15.9: Review Questions
  194. 15.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  195. Chapter 16: The Neurological Exam
  196. 16.1: Introduction
  197. 16.2: Overview of the Neurological Exam
  198. 16.3: The Mental Status Exam
  199. 16.4: The Cranial Nerve Exam
  200. 16.5: The Sensory and Motor Exams
  201. 16.6: The Coordination and Gait Exams
  202. 16.7: Key Terms
  203. 16.8: Chapter Review
  204. 16.9: Interactive Link Questions
  205. 16.10: Review Questions
  206. 16.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  207. Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
  208. 17.1: Introduction
  209. 17.2: An Overview of the Endocrine System
  210. 17.3: Hormones
  211. 17.4: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
  212. 17.5: The Thyroid Gland
  213. 17.6: The Parathyroid Glands
  214. 17.7: The Adrenal Glands
  215. 17.8: The Pineal Gland
  216. 17.9: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
  217. 17.10: The Endocrine Pancreas
  218. 17.11: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
  219. 17.12: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
  220. 17.13: Key Terms
  221. 17.14: Chapter Review
  222. 17.15: Interactive Link Questions
  223. 17.16: Review Questions
  224. 17.17: Critical Thinking Questions
  225. 4: Fluids and Transport
  226. Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
  227. 18.1: Introduction
  228. 18.2: An Overview of Blood
  229. 18.3: Production of the Formed Elements
  230. 18.4: Erythrocytes
  231. 18.5: Leukocytes and Platelets
  232. 18.6: Hemostasis
  233. 18.7: Blood Typing
  234. 18.8: Key Terms
  235. 18.9: Chapter Review
  236. 18.10: Interactive Link Questions
  237. 18.11: Review Questions
  238. 18.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  239. Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
  240. 19.1: Introduction
  241. 19.2: Heart Anatomy
  242. 19.3: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
  243. 19.4: Cardiac Cycle
  244. 19.5: Cardiac Physiology
  245. 19.6: Development of the Heart
  246. 19.7: Key Terms
  247. 19.8: Chapter Review
  248. 19.9: Interactive Link Questions
  249. 19.10: Review Questions
  250. 19.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  251. Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
  252. 20.1: Introduction
  253. 20.2: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
  254. 20.3: Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
  255. 20.4: Capillary Exchange
  256. 20.5: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
  257. 20.6: Circulatory Pathways
  258. 20.7: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
  259. 20.8: Key Terms
  260. 20.9: Chapter Review
  261. 20.10: Interactive Link Questions
  262. 20.11: Review Questions
  263. 20.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  264. Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
  265. 21.1: Introduction
  266. 21.2: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
  267. 21.3: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
  268. 21.4: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
  269. 21.5: The Adaptive Immune Response - B Lymphocytes and Antibodies
  270. 21.6: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
  271. 21.7: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
  272. 21.8: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
  273. 21.9: Key Terms
  274. 21.10: Chapter Review
  275. 21.11: Interactive Link Questions
  276. 21.12: Review Questions
  277. 21.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  278. 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
  279. Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
  280. 22.1: Introduction
  281. 22.2: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
  282. 22.3: The Lungs
  283. 22.4: The Process of Breathing
  284. 22.5: Gas Exchange
  285. 22.6: Transport of Gases
  286. 22.7: Modifications in Respiratory Functions
  287. 22.8: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
  288. 22.9: Key Terms
  289. 22.10: Chapter Review
  290. 22.11: Interactive Link Questions
  291. 22.12: Review Questions
  292. 22.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  293. Chapter 23: The Digestive System
  294. 23.1: Introduction
  295. 23.2: Overview of the Digestive System
  296. 23.3: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
  297. 23.4: The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
  298. 23.5: The Stomach
  299. 23.6: The Small and Large Intestines
  300. 23.7: Accessory Organs in Digestion- The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
  301. 23.8: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
  302. 23.9: Key Terms
  303. 23.10: Chapter Review
  304. 23.11: Interactive Link Questions
  305. 23.12: Review Questions
  306. 23.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  307. Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
  308. 24.1: Introduction
  309. 24.2: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
  310. 24.3: Carbohydrate Metabolism
  311. 24.4: Lipid Metabolism
  312. 24.5: Protein Metabolism
  313. 24.6: Metabolic States of the Body
  314. 24.7: Energy and Heat Balance
  315. 24.8: Nutrition and Diet
  316. 24.9: Key Terms
  317. 24.10: Chapter Review
  318. 24.11: Review Questions
  319. 24.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  320. Chapter 25: The Urinary System
  321. 25.1: Introduction
  322. 25.2: Physical Characteristics of Urine
  323. 25.3: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
  324. 25.4: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
  325. 25.5: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
  326. 25.6: Physiology of Urine Formation
  327. 25.7: Tubular Reabsorption
  328. 25.8: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
  329. 25.9: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
  330. 25.10: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
  331. 25.11: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
  332. 25.12: Key Terms
  333. 25.13: Chapter Review
  334. 25.14: Review Questions
  335. 25.15: Critical Thinking Questions
  336. Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
  337. 26.1: Introduction
  338. 26.2: Body Fluids and Fluid Compartment
  339. 26.3: Water Balance
  340. 26.4: Electrolyte Balance
  341. 26.5: Acid-Base Balance
  342. 26.6: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
  343. 26.7: Key Terms
  344. 26.8: Chapter Review
  345. 26.9: Interactive Link Questions
  346. 26.10: Review Questions
  347. 26.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  348. 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
  349. Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
  350. 27.1: Introduction
  351. 27.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
  352. 27.3: Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
  353. 27.4: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
  354. 27.5: Key Terms
  355. 27.6: Chapter Review
  356. 27.7: Interactive Link Questions
  357. 27.8: Review Questions
  358. 27.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  359. Chapter 28: Development and Inheritance
  360. 28.1: Introduction
  361. 28.2: Fertilization
  362. 28.3: Embryonic Development
  363. 28.4: Fetal Development
  364. 28.5: Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
  365. 28.6: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
  366. 28.7: Lactation
  367. 28.8: Patterns of Inheritance
  368. 28.9: Key Terms
  369. 28.10: Chapter Review
  370. 28.11: Interactive Link Questions
  371. 28.12: Review Questions
  372. 28.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  373. Back Matter
  374. Key Terms Chapter 01: An Introduction to the Human Body
  375. Key Terms Chapter 02: The Chemical Level of Organisation
  376. Key Terms Chapter 03: The Cellular Level of Organization
  377. Key Terms Chapter 04: The Tissue Level of Organization
  378. Key Terms Chapter 05: The Integumentary System
  379. Key Terms Chapter 06: Bone Tissue and Skeletal System
  380. Key Terms Chapter 07: Axial Skeleton
  381. Key Terms Chapter 08: The Appendicular Skeleton
  382. Index
  383. Key Terms Chapter 09: Joints
  384. Key Terms Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue
  385. Key Terms Chapter 11: The Muscular System
  386. Key Terms Chapter 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  387. Key Terms Chapter 13: Anatomy of Nervous System
  388. Key Terms Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System
  389. Key Terms Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
  390. Key Terms Chapter 16: The Neurological Exam
  391. Key Terms Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
  392. Key Terms Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood
  393. Glossary
  394. Key Terms Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
  395. Key Terms Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
  396. Key Terms Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System
  397. Key Terms Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
  398. Key Terms Chapter 23: The Digestive System
  399. Key Terms Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition
  400. Key Terms Chapter 25: The Urinary System
  401. Key Terms Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
  402. Key Terms Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
  403. Key Terms Chapter 28: Development and Inheritance
  404. Detailed Licensing