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Appendix- Image Transcripts

The Science of Nutrition · LibreTexts

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    From LibreTexts, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as the source states it; its equations are written in TeX, which the PDF shows typeset. This page at LibreTexts.

    Diagram Title- Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

    Central Label

    • Normal Blood Glucose: 70–130 mg/dL

    Left Side: High Blood Glucose Pathway

    • Stimulus: Blood glucose increases.
    • Pancreas β-cells → Insulin released.
    • Insulin effects:
      • Liver stores glucose as glycogen.
      • Body cells absorb glucose.
    • Outcome: Blood glucose decreases.

    Right Side: Low Blood Glucose Pathway

    • Stimulus: Blood glucose decreases.
    • Pancreas α-cells → Glucagon released.
    • Glucagon effects:
      • Liver breaks down glycogen to release glucose.
    • Outcome: Blood glucose increases.

    Feedback Loop

    This system maintains stable blood glucose levels through hormonal regulation.

    Diagram Title- Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

    Central Label

    • Normal Calcium Level: 10 mg/dL

    Left Side: High Calcium Pathway

    • Stimulus: Calcium levels increase.
    • Thyroid gland → Calcitonin released.
    • Calcitonin effects:
      • Inhibits osteoclast activity.
      • Reduces calcium reabsorption in kidneys.
    • Outcome: Blood calcium decreases.

    Right Side: Low Calcium Pathway

    • Stimulus: Calcium levels decrease.
    • Parathyroid glands → PTH released.
    • PTH effects:
      • Osteoclasts release calcium from bone.
      • Kidneys reabsorb calcium from urine.
      • Small intestine absorbs more calcium via vitamin D.
    • Outcome: Blood calcium increases.

    Feedback Loop

    This system maintains calcium homeostasis through hormonal regulation by the thyroid and parathyroid glands.