Geology

by Lumen Learning

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This survey course covers the fundamentals of geology and earth science, helping students understand how the Earth was formed and the forces shaping its continued evolution. It also introduces students to how geological resources are used in human civilization. Key topics include rock and mineral formation; weathering and soil formation; plate tectonics; Earth’s interior; crustal deformation; earthquakes and volcanoes; mass movement; hydrology; and applications of resources for human use.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Lumen Learning
Subjects
Geosciences, Geology
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1.1: Assignments
  7. 1: Science of Geology
  8. 1.1: Why It Matters- Science of Geology
  9. 1.2: Outcome- What is Geology?
  10. 1.3: Reading- The Science of Geology
  11. 1.4: Reading- The Branches of Geology
  12. 1.5: Self Check- What is Geology?
  13. 1.6: Outcome- Scientific Processes in Geology
  14. 1.7: Reading- The Nature of Science
  15. 1.8: Self Check- Scientific Processes in Geology
  16. 1.9: Outcome- Scientific Tools
  17. 1.10: Reading- Geologic Tools
  18. 1.11: Reading- Maps
  19. 1.12: Video- Exploring Topographic Maps
  20. 1.13: Reading- Location and Direction
  21. 1.14: Reading- Scientific Models
  22. 1.15: Reading- Geologic Modelling
  23. 1.16: Self Check- Scientific Tools
  24. 1.17: Putting It Together- Science of Geology
  25. 1.18: Assignment- Science of Geology
  26. 2: Rock Forming Minerals
  27. 2.1: Why It Matters- Rock Forming Minerals
  28. 2.2: Outcome- Chemistry of Minerals
  29. 2.3: Reading- The Building Blocks of Matter
  30. 2.4: Reading- Atomic Bonds
  31. 2.5: Self Check- Chemistry of Minerals
  32. 2.6: Outcome- Identifying Minerals
  33. 2.7: Reading- Physical Characteristics of Minerals
  34. 2.8: Reading- Classifying Minerals
  35. 2.9: Self Check- Identifying Minerals
  36. 2.10: Outcome- Most Common Elements
  37. 2.11: Reading- Abundance of Elements in Earth’s Crust
  38. 2.12: Reading- Silicate Minerals and the Silicate Tetrahedron
  39. 2.13: Self Check- Most Common Elements
  40. 2.14: Putting It Together- Rock Forming Minerals
  41. 2.15: Assignment- Rock Forming Minerals
  42. 3: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
  43. 3.1: Why It Matters- Rocks and the Rock Cycle
  44. 3.2: Outcome- Igneous Rocks
  45. 3.3: Reading- Characteristics of Igneous Rocks
  46. 3.4: Reading- How Are Igneous Rocks Classified?
  47. 3.5: Reading- Identifying Igneous Rocks
  48. 3.6: Reading- Uses of Igneous Rocks
  49. 3.7: Self Check- Igneous Rocks
  50. 3.8: Outcome- Sedimentary Rocks
  51. 3.9: Reading- Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
  52. 3.10: Self Check- Sedimentary Rocks
  53. 3.11: Outcome- Metamorphic Rocks
  54. 3.12: Reading- Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
  55. 3.13: Video- Identifying Metamorphic Rocks
  56. 3.14: Self Check- Metamorphic Rocks
  57. 3.15: Putting It Together- Rocks and the Rock Cycle
  58. 4: Weathering and Soil Formation
  59. 4.1: Why It Matters- Weathering and Soil Formation
  60. 4.2: Outcome- Weathering and Erosion
  61. 4.3: Reading- What Is Weathering?
  62. 4.4: Reading- Mechanical Weathering
  63. 4.5: Reading- Chemical Weathering
  64. 4.6: Reading- Influences on Weathering
  65. 4.7: Self Check- Weathering and Erosion
  66. 4.8: Outcome- Soil Profiles and Types
  67. 4.9: Reading- Soil Texture and Composition
  68. 4.10: Reading- Soil Horizons and Profiles
  69. 4.11: Reading- Types of Soils
  70. 4.12: Self Check- Soil Profiles and Types
  71. 4.13: Outcome- Soil Conservation
  72. 4.14: Reading- Causes of Soil Erosion
  73. 4.15: Video- The Dust Bowl
  74. 4.16: Reading- Avoiding Soil Loss
  75. 4.17: Self Check- Soil Conservation
  76. 4.18: Putting It Together- Weathering and Soil Formation
  77. 4.19: Assignment- Weathering and Soil Formation
  78. 5: Plate Tectonics
  79. 5.1: Why It Matters- Plate Tectonics
  80. 5.2: Outcome- Continental Drift
  81. 5.3: Reading- Continental Drift
  82. 5.4: Reading- Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis
  83. 5.5: Self Check- Continental Drift
  84. 5.6: Outcome- The Theory of Plate Tectonics
  85. 5.7: Reading- Theory of Plate Tectonics
  86. 5.8: Reading- Developing the Theory
  87. 5.9: Self Check- The Theory of Plate Tectonics
  88. 5.10: Outcome- Geological Processes
  89. 5.11: Reading- Supercontinents
  90. 5.12: Reading- Volcanic Arcs
  91. 5.13: Video- Ocean Basins
  92. 5.14: Reading- Hot Spots
  93. 5.15: Self Check- Geological Processes
  94. 5.16: Putting It Together- Plate Tectonics
  95. 5.17: Assignment- Plate Tectonics
  96. 6: Earth’s Interior
  97. 6.1: Why It Matters- Earth’s Interior
  98. 6.2: Outcome- Layers of the Geosphere
  99. 6.3: Reading- Characteristics of the Crust
  100. 6.4: Reading- Characteristics of the Mantle
  101. 6.5: Reading- Characteristics of the Inner and Outer Core
  102. 6.6: Reading- The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
  103. 6.7: Self Check- Layers of the Geosphere
  104. 6.8: Outcome- Understanding the Earth’s Interior
  105. 6.9: Reading- Studying the Earth’s Interior
  106. 6.10: Self Check- Understanding the Earth’s Interior
  107. 6.11: Putting It Together- Earth’s Interior
  108. 6.12: Assignment- Earth’s Interior
  109. 7: Crustal Deformation
  110. 7.1: Why It Matters- Crustal Deformation
  111. 7.2: Outcome- Stress and Strain
  112. 7.3: Reading- Stress In Earth’s Crust
  113. 7.4: Reading- Strain
  114. 7.5: Self Check- Stress and Strain
  115. 7.6: Outcome- Geologic Structures
  116. 7.7: Reading- Folds
  117. 7.8: Reading- Faults
  118. 7.9: Reading- Mountains
  119. 7.10: Self Check- Geologic Structures
  120. 7.11: Putting It Together- Crustal Deformation
  121. 8: Earthquakes
  122. 8.1: Why It Matters- Earthquakes
  123. 8.2: Outcome- Causes and Location of Earthquakes
  124. 8.3: Reading- The Nature of Earthquakes
  125. 8.4: Reading- Causes of Earthquakes
  126. 8.5: Reading- Common Locations of Earthquakes
  127. 8.6: Reading- The Ring of Fire
  128. 8.7: Self Check- Causes and Location of Earthquakes
  129. 8.8: Outcome- Types of Waves
  130. 8.9: Reading- Body Waves
  131. 8.10: Reading- Surface Waves
  132. 8.11: Self Check- Types of Waves
  133. 8.12: Outcome- Magnitude and Intensity
  134. 8.13: Reading- Measuring Earthquakes
  135. 8.14: Reading- Magnitude versus Intensity
  136. 8.15: Self Check- Magnitude and Intensity
  137. 8.16: Outcome- Earthquake Hazards and Prediction
  138. 8.17: Reading- Earthquake Hazards
  139. 8.18: Reading- Earthquake Prediction
  140. 8.19: Reading- Seismicity and Earthquake Prediction
  141. 8.20: Self Check- Earthquake Hazards and Prediction
  142. 8.21: Putting It Together- Earthquakes
  143. 8.22: Assignment- Earthquakes
  144. 9: Volcanoes
  145. 9.1: Why It Matters- Volcanoes
  146. 9.2: Outcome- Volcano Types
  147. 9.3: Reading- Types of Volcanoes
  148. 9.4: Reading- Types of Eruptions
  149. 9.5: Reading- Supervolcanoes
  150. 9.6: Self Check- Volcano Types
  151. 9.7: Outcome- The Formation of Volcanoes
  152. 9.8: Reading- Volcanoes at Plate Boundaries
  153. 9.9: Reading- Volcanoes Hotspots
  154. 9.10: Self Check- The Formation of Volcanoes
  155. 9.11: Outcome- Igneous Features
  156. 9.12: Reading- Pyroclastic Deposits
  157. 9.13: Reading- Dikes and Sills
  158. 9.14: Reading- Volcanic Landforms
  159. 9.15: Self Check- Igneous Features
  160. 9.16: Outcome- Volcanic Hazards
  161. 9.17: Reading- Volcanic Gases, Pyroclastic Flow, and Tephra
  162. 9.18: Reading- Lahars, Landslides, and Lavaflow
  163. 9.19: Self Check- Volcanic Hazards
  164. 9.20: Outcome- Monitoring Volcanoes
  165. 9.21: Reading- Signs of an Eruption
  166. 9.22: Reading- Tools to Monitor Volcanoes
  167. 9.23: Self Check- Monitoring Volcanoes
  168. 9.24: Putting It Together- Volcanoes
  169. 10: Mass Movement
  170. 10.1: Why It Matters- Mass Movement
  171. 10.2: Outcome- Types of Mass Movement
  172. 10.3: Reading- Slides
  173. 10.4: Reading- Falls
  174. 10.5: Reading- Slump and Creep
  175. 10.6: Self Check- Types of Mass Movement
  176. 10.7: Outcome- Driving and Resisting Forces
  177. 10.8: Reading- Natural Mass Wasting
  178. 10.9: Reading- Human Impact on Mass Wasting
  179. 10.10: Self Check- Driving and Resisting Forces
  180. 10.11: Putting It Together- Mass Wasting
  181. 10.12: Assignment- Mass Movement
  182. 11: Hydrology
  183. 11.1: Why It Matters- Hydrology
  184. 11.2: Outcome- The Hydrologic Cycle
  185. 11.3: Reading- Phases of the Hydrologic Cycle
  186. 11.4: Self Check- The Hydrologic Cycle
  187. 11.5: Outcome- Rivers and Streams
  188. 11.6: Reading- Types of Streams and Rivers
  189. 11.7: Reading- Drainage Basins
  190. 11.8: Reading- Geologic Processes and Flowing Water
  191. 11.9: Self Check- Rivers and Streams
  192. 11.10: Outcome- Components of Groundwater
  193. 11.11: Reading- Groundwater
  194. 11.12: Reading- Porosity and Permeability
  195. 11.13: Reading- Aquifers and Well-Potential
  196. 11.14: Reading- Groundwater Withdrawal
  197. 11.15: Reading- Quality of Groundwater
  198. 11.16: Self Check- Components of Groundwater
  199. 11.17: Outcome- Geologic Features
  200. 11.18: Reading- Karst Topography
  201. 11.19: Reading- Geysers
  202. 11.20: Reading- Springs
  203. 11.21: Self Check- Geologic Features
  204. 11.22: Outcome- Oceans and Shorelines
  205. 11.23: Reading- Ocean Movement
  206. 11.24: Reading- Shorelines
  207. 11.25: Reading- Coastal Hazards
  208. 11.26: Reading- Human Modifications of Coastal Processes
  209. 11.27: Self Check- Oceans and Shorelines
  210. 11.28: Putting It Together- Hydrology
  211. 11.29: Assignment- Hydrology
  212. 12: Geological Resources
  213. 12.1: Why It Matters- Geological Resources
  214. 12.2: Outcome- Rock and Mineral Resources
  215. 12.3: Reading- Ore Genesis
  216. 12.4: Reading- Petroleum
  217. 12.5: Reading- Natural Gas
  218. 12.6: Reading- Coal
  219. 12.7: Self Check- Rock and Mineral Resources
  220. 12.8: Outcome- Extraction of Resources
  221. 12.9: Reading- Mining
  222. 12.10: Reading- Effects of Mining
  223. 12.11: Self Check- Extraction of Resources
  224. 12.12: Outcome- Getting Energy from Resources
  225. 12.13: Reading- Earth’s Energy
  226. 12.14: Reading- Energy Consumption on Earth
  227. 12.15: Reading- Use and Conservation of Resources
  228. 12.16: Self Check- Getting Energy from Resources
  229. 12.17: Putting It Together- Geological Resources
  230. 12.18: Assignment- Geological Resources
  231. Back Matter
  232. Index
  233. Detailed Licensing
  234. Detailed Licensing