Chapter 8: Aqueous Solutions — Read

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Aqueous solutions are solutions in which the solvent is water, which is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Substances that are hydrophobic ('water-fearing') often do not dissolve well in water, whereas those that are hydrophilic ('water-loving') do. Reactions in aqueous solutions are usually double-displacement reactions. Aqueous solutions that conduct electric current efficiently contain strong electrolytes, while ones that conduct poorly are considered to have weak electrolytes. Those strong electrolytes are substances that are completely ionized in water, whereas the weak electrolytes exhibit only a small degree of ionization in water. Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in water yet maintain their molecular integrity (do not dissociate into ions).

1: Aqueous Solutions
2: Solution Concentrations
3: Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
4: Ionic Equations
The chemical equation for a reaction in solution can be written in three ways. The overall chemical equation shows all the substances present in their undissociated forms; the complete ionic equation shows all the substances present in the form in which they actually exist in solution; and the net ionic equation is derived from the complete ionic equation by omitting all spectator ions, ions that occur on both sides of the equation with the same coefficients.
5: Precipitation Reactions
6: Acids and Bases
The page provides an educational overview of acid and base nomenclature, focusing on the ability to identify and name common acids and bases. It explains the differences between oxoacids, which have the H+ ion attached to oxygen atoms, and other acids. Additionally, it covers carboxylic acids and bases like ammonia and amines. The information includes naming rules, examples of common acids and bases, and related conceptual and numerical exercises to reinforce learning.
7: Acid Base Reactions
8: The Chemistry of Acid Rain
9: Quantitative Analysis Using Titration
10: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
11: Essential Skills 3
12: End of Chapter Material

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