Atoms First - Introductory Chemistry for Science and Engineering

by Craig Cavanaugh, Kathryn Mayer, Rebekah Stassinopoulos

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Publisher
Southwestern College
Subjects
Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Chemistry, Measurements, and Calculations
  7. 1.1: The Scope of Chemistry
  8. 1.2: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
  9. 1.3: Hypothesis, Theories, and Laws
  10. 1.4: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
  11. 1.5: Taking Measurements
  12. 1.5.1: Measurement Basics - Units and the SI System
  13. 1.5.2: Awkward Numbers and Scientific Notation
  14. 1.5.3: Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures
  15. 1.6: Unit Conversions and Problem Solving
  16. 1.6.1: One-Step Unit Conversions
  17. 1.6.2: Multi-step Unit Conversion
  18. 1.6.3: Units Raised to a Power - Slightly Obtuse Multi-step Conversions
  19. 1.7: Density as a Unit Conversion
  20. 1.8: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
  21. 1.E: Practice Exercises - Measurements and Conversions
  22. 2: Atomic Structure
  23. 2.1: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
  24. 2.2: The Building Blocks of Atoms - Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
  25. 2.3: Tracking Subatomic Particles in Atoms
  26. 2.4: Looking for Patterns - The Periodic Table
  27. 2.5: Atoms to Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
  28. 2.6: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
  29. 2.7: Atomic Mass - The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
  30. 2.8: Summary of Atomic Theory
  31. 2.E: Practice Exercises - Atomic Structure
  32. 3: Light, Electrons, and the Periodic Table
  33. 3.1: Light is Electromagnetic Radiation
  34. 3.1.1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  35. 3.2: Models of Electron Behavior in Atoms
  36. 3.2.1: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
  37. 3.2.2: The Quantum Mechanical Model - Atoms with Orbitals
  38. 3.3: Quantum Mechanics - Orbitals and Electron Configurations
  39. 3.4: Core and Valence Electrons
  40. 3.5: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  41. 3.5.1: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum Mechanical Model
  42. 3.6: Periodic Trends - Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
  43. 3.E: Practice Exercises - Light, Electrons, and the Periodic Table
  44. 4: Matter, Compounds, and Nomenclature
  45. 4.1: Describing Matter
  46. 4.1.1: States of Matter
  47. 4.1.2: Physical and Chemical Properties
  48. 4.1.3: Physical and Chemical Changes
  49. 4.1.4: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
  50. 4.1.5: Summary of Describing Matter
  51. 4.2: Compounds
  52. 4.2.1: Chemical Formulas - Representing Compounds
  53. 4.3: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
  54. 4.4: Ionic Compounds
  55. 4.4.1: Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions
  56. 4.4.2: Formulas and Ionic Compounds
  57. 4.5: What is Nomenclature?
  58. 4.5.1: Nomenclature - Ionic Compounds
  59. 4.5.2: Nomenclature - Molecular Compounds
  60. 4.5.3: Nomenclature - Acids
  61. 4.6: Nomenclature - Executive Summary
  62. 4.E: Practice Exercises - Matter, Compounds, and Nomenclature
  63. 5: The Mole, Chemical Formulas, and Composition
  64. 5.1: Avogadro's Number
  65. 5.2: Conversions Between Moles and Atoms
  66. 5.3: Molar Mass
  67. 5.4: Conversions Between Moles and Mass
  68. 5.5: Conversions Between Mass and Number of Particles
  69. 5.6: Percent Composition
  70. 5.6.1: Percent of Water in a Hydrate
  71. 5.7: Determining Empirical Formulas
  72. 5.8: Determining Molecular Formulas
  73. 5.9: Mole Road Map
  74. 5.E: Practice Exercises - The Mole, Chemical Formulas, and Composition
  75. 6: Lewis Structures, Molecular Shape, and Intermolecular Forces
  76. 6.1: The Octet 'Rule'
  77. 6.1.1: Valence Electrons and Lewis Dots
  78. 6.1.2: Lewis Dots and Ionic Compounds
  79. 6.1.3: Lewis Dots and Simple Covalent Compounds
  80. 6.2: Determining Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds (and Ions)
  81. 6.2.1: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures
  82. 6.2.2: Exceptions to the Octet 'Rule'
  83. 6.3: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules - VSEPR Theory
  84. 6.4: Electronegativity; Bond Polarity; and Molecule Polarity
  85. 6.5: Intermolecular Forces (IMF)
  86. 6.E: Practice Exercises - Lewis Structures, Shapes, and IMF
  87. 7: Aqueous Solutions
  88. 7.1: Types of Solutions
  89. 7.1.1: How Solutions Form
  90. 7.1.2: Types of Aqueous Solutions
  91. 7.2: Aqueous (Ionic) Solutions
  92. 7.3: Describing Solubility
  93. 7.3.1: Solubility of Solids
  94. 7.4: Quantifying Solutions - Concentration
  95. 7.4.1: Measuring Concentration with Mass and Volume Percents
  96. 7.4.2: Measuring Concentration with Molarity
  97. 7.5: Solutions and Dilution
  98. 7.E: Practice Exercises - Aqueous Solutions
  99. 8: Chemical Reactions
  100. 8.1: Evidence for Chemical Reactions
  101. 8.2: Chemical Reactions in Words
  102. 8.3: Chemical Reactions and Skeleton Equations
  103. 8.4: Complete (Balanced) Chemical Equations
  104. 8.5: Types of Reactions
  105. 8.6: Double Displacement Reactions
  106. 8.6.1: DD - Precipitation Reactions
  107. 8.6.2: DD - Acid/Base Neutralization and Gas Evolution Reactions
  108. 8.6.3: Representing Aqueous Reactions - Complete Chemical; Total Ionic; and Net Ionic Equations
  109. 8.7: Oxidation and Reduction (Redox) Reactions
  110. 8.7.1: Combination Reactions
  111. 8.7.2: Decomposition Reactions
  112. 8.7.3: Combustion Reactions
  113. 8.7.4: Single Displacement Reactions
  114. 8.7.5: Oxidation States and Assigning Oxidation Numbers
  115. 8.7.6: Using Oxidation Numbers to Identify Redox Reactions
  116. 8.8: A (long) Summary of Chemical Reactions
  117. 8.E: Practice Exercises - Chemical Reactions
  118. 9: Stoichiometry - Quantities in Chemical Reactions
  119. 9.1: Stoichiometry - Moles are Key to Understanding
  120. 9.1.1: Stoichiometry - Mass to Mass Conversions
  121. 9.1.2: Stoichiometry - Volume to Volume Conversions
  122. 9.1.3: Gases and Moles - A Quick Aside
  123. 9.1.4: Stoichiometry - Now with Gases!
  124. 9.1.5: Titrations - Revisiting Solution-based Stoichiometry
  125. 9.2: Limiting Reagent (Reactant)
  126. 9.3: Theoretical Yield vs Percent Yield
  127. 9.4: Tracking Heat Flow Using Stoichiometry
  128. 9.E: Practice Exercises - Stoichiometry
  129. 10: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
  130. 10.1: Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
  131. 10.1.1: Types of Crystalline Solids
  132. 10.1.2: Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
  133. 10.2: Vocab is Important - Temperature vs Heat vs Energy
  134. 10.2.1: Energy, Work, and Heat
  135. 10.2.2: Tracking Energy Flows with Heat
  136. 10.2.3: Quantifying Heat Using Changes in Temperature
  137. 10.3: Phase Transitions
  138. 10.3.1: Evaporation (l to g) and Condensation (g to l)
  139. 10.3.2: Melting (s to l), Freezing (l to s), and Sublimation (s to g)
  140. 10.3.3: Quantifying Heat During Phase Transitions
  141. 10.4: Heating and Cooling Curves
  142. 10.E: Practice Exercises - Solids, Liquids, and Gases
  143. 11: Acids and Bases
  144. 11.1: Properties of Acids and Bases
  145. 11.1.1: Acids - Properties and Examples
  146. 11.1.2: Bases - Properties and Examples
  147. 11.2: Chemistry of Acids and Bases
  148. 11.2.1: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
  149. 11.2.2: Reactions of Acids and Bases
  150. 11.2.3: Acids and Bases - Strong vs Weak
  151. 11.3: Acid/Base Equilibria
  152. 11.3.1: Water - An Acid and a Base in One Molecule
  153. 11.3.2: pH and pOH - Tracking Acidity
  154. 11.4: Buffer Solutions
  155. 11.E: Practice Exercises - Acids and Bases
  156. 12: Chemical Equilibrium
  157. 12.1: Before Equilibrium - Let's Discuss Rate of Reactions and Collisions
  158. 12.1.1: Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates
  159. 12.2: Dynamic Equilibrium
  160. 12.3: The Equilibrium Constant Expression
  161. 12.4: Le Chatelier's Principle
  162. 12.5: Some Special Types of Equilibria
  163. 12.E: Practice Exercises - Chemical Equilibrium
  164. 13: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
  165. 13.1: The Discovery of Radioactivity
  166. 13.2: Types of Radioactivity - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
  167. 13.3: Radioactivity and Half-Life
  168. 13.4: Detecting Radioactivity
  169. 13.5: Applications of Nuclear Chemistry
  170. 13.5.1: Radiocarbon Dating
  171. 13.5.2: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
  172. 13.5.3: Nuclear Power - Using Fission to Generate Electricity
  173. 13.5.4: Nuclear Fusion - The Power of the Sun
  174. 13.5.5: The Effects of Radiation on Life
  175. 13.5.6: Radioactivity in Medicine
  176. 13.E: Practice Exercises - Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
  177. Back Matter
  178. Index
  179. Glossary
  180. Detailed Licensing
  181. Detailed Licensing