Principles of Modern Chemistry

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Chemistry, General Chemistry
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CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
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Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. Unit 1: Introduction to Modern Chemistry
  7. 1: The Atom in Modern Chemistry
  8. 1.1: The Nature of Modern Chemistry
  9. 1.2: Macroscopic Methods for Classifying Matter
  10. 1.3: Indirect Evidence for the Existence of Atoms: Laws of Chemical Combination
  11. 1.4: The Physical Structure of Atoms
  12. 1.5: Imaging Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Reactions
  13. 2: Chemical Formulas, Chemical Equations, and Reaction Yields
  14. 2.1: The Mole: Weighing and Counting Molecules
  15. 2.2: Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  16. 2.3: Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
  17. 2.4: Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
  18. 2.5: Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
  19. 2.6: Limiting Reactant and Percentage Yield
  20. Unit 2: Chemical Bonding and Structure
  21. 3: Chemical Bonding - The Classical Description
  22. Front Matter
  23. TitlePage
  24. InfoPage
  25. 3.1: The Periodic Table
  26. 3.2: Forces and Potential Energy in Atoms
  27. 3.3: Ionization Energies and the Shell Model of the Atom
  28. 3.4: Electronegativity: The Tendency of Atoms to Attract Electrons
  29. 3.5: Forces and Potential Energy in Molecules - Formation of Chemical Bonds
  30. 3.6: Ionic Bonding
  31. 3.7: Covalent and Polar Covalent Bonding
  32. 3.8: Lewis Diagrams for Molecules
  33. 3.9: The Shapes of Molecules - Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory
  34. 3.10: Oxidation Numbers
  35. 3.11: Inorganic Nomenclature
  36. Back Matter
  37. Index
  38. 4: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
  39. 4.1: Preliminaries: Wave Motion and Light
  40. 4.2: Evidence for Energy Quantization in Atoms
  41. 4.3: The Bohr Model: Predicting Discrete Energy Levels
  42. 4.4: Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality
  43. 4.5: The Schrödinger Equation
  44. 4.6: Quantum Mechanics of Particle-in-a-Box Models
  45. 4.7: Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
  46. 5: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure
  47. 5.1: The Hydrogen Atom
  48. 5.2: Shell Model for Many-Electron Atoms
  49. 5.3: Aufbau Principle and Electron Configurations
  50. 5.4: Shells and the Periodic Table: Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  51. 5.5: Periodic Properties and Electronic Structure
  52. 6: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure
  53. 6.1: Quantum Picture of the Chemical Bond
  54. 6.2: De-localized Bonds: Molecular Orbital Theory and the Linear Combination of Atomic
  55. 6.3: Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Molecules
  56. 6.4: Localized Bonds: The Valence Bond Model
  57. 6.5: Comparison of Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Valence Bond Methods
  58. 7: Bonding in Organic Molecules
  59. 7.1: Petroleum Refining and the Hydrocarbons
  60. 7.2: The Alkanes
  61. 7.3: The Alkenes and Alkynes
  62. 7.4: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  63. 7.5: Fullerenes
  64. 7.6: Functional Groups and Organic Reactions
  65. 7.7: Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals
  66. 8: Bonding in Transition Metal Compounds and Coordination Complexes
  67. 8.1: Chemistry of the Transition Metals
  68. 8.2: Bonding in Simple Molecules That Contain Transition Metals
  69. 8.3: Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
  70. 8.4: Structures of Coordination Complexes
  71. 8.5: Crystal Field Theory: Optical and Magnetic Properties
  72. 8.6: Optical Properties and the Spectrochemical Series
  73. 8.7: Bonding in Coordination Complexes
  74. Unit 3: The States of Matter
  75. 9: The Gaseous State
  76. 9.1: The Chemistry of Gases
  77. 9.2: Pressure and Temperature of Gases
  78. 9.3: The Ideal Gas Law
  79. 9.4: Mixtures of Gases
  80. 9.5: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
  81. 9.6: A Deeper Look: Distribution of Energy among Molecules
  82. 9.7: Real Gases: Intermolecular Forces
  83. 9.8: A Deeper Look: Molecular Collisions and Rate Processes
  84. 10: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Transitions
  85. 00: Front Matter
  86. TitlePage
  87. InfoPage
  88. Table of Contents
  89. 10.1: Bulk Properties of Liquids - Molecular Interpretation
  90. 10.2: Intermolecular Forces - Origins in Molecular Structure
  91. 10.3: Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
  92. 10.4: Phase Equilibrium
  93. 10.5: Phase Transitions
  94. 10.6: Phase Diagrams
  95. 10.E: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Transitions (Exercises)
  96. Back Matter
  97. Index
  98. Glossary
  99. 11: Solutions
  100. 11.1: Composition of Solutions
  101. 11.2: Nature of Dissolved Species
  102. 11.3: Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Acid-Base Titrations
  103. 11.4: Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Oxidation-Reduction Titrations
  104. 11.5: Phase Equilibrium in Solutions - Nonvolatile Solutes
  105. 11.6: Phase Equilibrium in Solutions - Volatile Solutes
  106. 11.7: Colloidal Suspensions
  107. 11.E: Solutions (Exercises)
  108. Unit 4: Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions
  109. 12: Thermodynamic Processes and Thermochemistry
  110. 12.1: Systems, States, and Processes
  111. 12.2: The First Law of Thermodynamics - Internal Energy, Work, and Heat
  112. 12.3: Heat Capacity, Enthalpy, and Calorimetry
  113. 12.4: Illustrations of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Ideal Gas Processes
  114. 12.5: Thermochemistry
  115. 12.6: Reversible Processes in Ideal Gases
  116. 12.E: Thermodynamic Processes (Exercises)
  117. 13: Spontaneous Processes and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
  118. 13.1: The Nature of Spontaneous Processes
  119. 13.2: Entropy and Spontaneity - A Molecular Statistical Interpretation
  120. 13.3: Entropy and Heat - Experimental Basis of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  121. 13.4: Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes
  122. 13.5: Entropy Changes and Spontaneity
  123. 13.6: The Third Law of Thermodynamics
  124. 13.7: The Gibbs Free Energy
  125. 13.8: Carnot Cycle, Efficiency, and Entropy
  126. 13.E: Spontaneous Processes (Exercises)
  127. 14: Chemical Equilibrium
  128. 14.1: The Nature of Chemical Equilibrium
  129. 14.2: The Empirical Law of Mass Action
  130. 14.3: Thermodynamic Description of the Equilibrium State
  131. 14.4: The Law of Mass Action for Related and Simultaneous Equilibria
  132. 14.5: Equilibrium Calculations for Gas-Phase and Heterogenous Reactions
  133. 14.6: Reaction Directions (Empirical Explanation)
  134. 14.7: Reaction Directions (Thermodynamic Explanation)
  135. 14.8: Distribution of a Single Species between Immiscible Phases - Extraction and Separation
  136. 14.E: Chemical Equilibria (Exercises)
  137. 15: Acid–Base Equilibria
  138. 15.1: Classifications of Acids and Bases
  139. 15.2: Properties of Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solutions
  140. 15.3: Acid and Base Strength
  141. 15.4: Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and Bases
  142. 15.5: Buffer Solutions
  143. 15.6: Acid-Base Titration Curves
  144. 15.7: Polyprotic Acids
  145. 15.8: Organic Acids and Bases - Structure and Reactivity
  146. 15.9: A Deeper Look - Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria
  147. 15.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
  148. 16: Solubility and Precipitation Equilibria
  149. 16.1: The Nature of Solubility Equilibria
  150. 16.2: Ionic Equilibria between Solids and Solutions
  151. 16.3: Precipitation and the Solubility Product
  152. 16.4: The Effects of pH on Solubility
  153. 16.5: Complex Ions and Solubility
  154. 16.6: A Deeper Look: Selective Precipitation of Ions
  155. 16.E: Solubility and Precipitation (Exercises)
  156. 17: Electrochemistry
  157. 17.1: Electrochemical Cells
  158. 17.2: The Gibbs Free Energy and Cell Voltage
  159. 17.3: Concentration Effects and the Nernst Equation
  160. 17.4: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  161. 17.5: Corrosion and Its Prevention
  162. 17.6: Electrometallurgy
  163. 17.7: A Deeper Look: Electrolysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions
  164. Unit 5: Rates of Chemical and Physical Processes
  165. 18: Chemical Kinetics
  166. 18.1: Rates of Chemical Reactions
  167. 18.2: Rate Laws
  168. 18.3: Reaction Mechanisms
  169. 18.4: Reaction Mechanisms and Rate
  170. 18.5: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
  171. 18.6: A Deeper Look: Reaction Dynamics
  172. 18.7: Kinetics of Catalysis
  173. 19: Nuclear Chemistry
  174. 19.1: Mass-Energy Relationships in Nuclei
  175. 19.2: Nuclear Decay Processes
  176. 19.3: Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
  177. 19.4: Radiation in Biology and Medicine
  178. 19.5: Nuclear Fission
  179. 19.6: Nuclear Fusion and Nucleosynthesis
  180. 20: Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry
  181. 20.1: General Aspects of Molecular Spectroscopy
  182. 20.2: Vibrations and Rotations of Molecules: Infrared and Microwave Spectroscopy
  183. 20.3: Excited Electronic States: Electronic Spectroscopy of Molecules
  184. 20.4: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  185. 20.5: Introduction to Atmospheric Photochemistry
  186. 20.6: Photosynthesis
  187. Unit 6: Materials
  188. 21: Structure and Bonding in Solids
  189. 21.1: Crystal Symmetry and the Unit Cell
  190. 21.2: Crystal Structure
  191. 21.3: Cohesion in Solids
  192. 21.4: Defects and Amorphous Solids
  193. 21.5: Lattice Energies of Crystals
  194. 21.E: Structure and Bonding in Solids (Exercises)
  195. 22: Inorganic Materials
  196. 22.1: Minerals: Naturally Occurring Inorganic Minerals
  197. 22.2: Properties of Ceramics
  198. 22.3: Silicate Ceramics
  199. 22.4: Nonsilicate Ceramics
  200. 22.5: Electrical Conduction in Materials
  201. 22.6: Band Theory of Conduction
  202. 22.7: Semiconductors
  203. 22.8: Pigments and Phosphors: Optical Displays
  204. 23: Polymeric Materials and Soft Condensed Matter
  205. 23.1: Polymerization Reactions for Synthetic Polymers
  206. 23.2: Applications for Synthetic Polymers
  207. 23.3: Liquid Crystals
  208. 23.4: Natural Polymers
  209. Back Matter
  210. Index
  211. Glossary
  212. Detailed Licensing