Chemistry 2e (OpenStax)

by Flowers, Theopold, and Langley

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This Textmap is designed for the two-semester general chemistry course. For many students, this course provides the foundation to a career in chemistry, while for others, this may be their only college-level science course. As such, this textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
OpenStax
Subjects
Chemistry, General Chemistry
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Essential Ideas
  7. Introduction
  8. 1.1: Chemistry in Context
  9. 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter
  10. 1.3: Physical and Chemical Properties
  11. 1.4: Measurements
  12. 1.5: Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
  13. 1.6: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
  14. Key Terms
  15. Key Equations
  16. Summary
  17. Exercises
  18. 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
  19. Introduction
  20. 2.1: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
  21. 2.2: Evolution of Atomic Theory
  22. 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
  23. 2.4: Chemical Formulas
  24. 2.5: The Periodic Table
  25. 2.6: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
  26. 2.7: Chemical Nomenclature
  27. Key Terms
  28. Key Equations
  29. Summary
  30. Exercises
  31. 3: Composition of Substances and Solutions
  32. Introduction
  33. 3.1: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
  34. 3.2: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  35. 3.3: Molarity
  36. 3.4: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
  37. Key Terms
  38. Key Equations
  39. Summary
  40. Exercises
  41. 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
  42. Introduction
  43. 4.1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
  44. 4.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  45. 4.3: Reaction Stoichiometry
  46. 4.4: Reaction Yields
  47. 4.5: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
  48. Key Terms
  49. Key Equations
  50. Summary
  51. Exercises
  52. 5: Thermochemistry
  53. Introduction
  54. 5.1: Energy Basics
  55. 5.2: Calorimetry
  56. 5.3: Enthalpy
  57. Key Terms
  58. Key Equations
  59. Summary
  60. Exercises
  61. 6: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
  62. Introduction
  63. 6.1: Electromagnetic Energy
  64. 6.2: The Bohr Model
  65. 6.3: Development of Quantum Theory
  66. 6.4: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
  67. 6.5: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
  68. Key Terms
  69. Key Equations
  70. Summary
  71. Exercises
  72. 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
  73. Introduction
  74. 7.1: Ionic Bonding
  75. 7.2: Covalent Bonding
  76. 7.3: Lewis Symbols and Structures
  77. 7.4: Formal Charges and Resonance
  78. 7.5: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
  79. 7.6: Molecular Structure and Polarity
  80. Key Terms
  81. Key Equations
  82. Summary
  83. Exercises
  84. 8: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
  85. Introduction
  86. 8.1: Valence Bond Theory
  87. 8.2: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
  88. 8.3: Multiple Bonds
  89. 8.4: Molecular Orbital Theory
  90. Key Terms
  91. Key Equations
  92. Summary
  93. Exercises
  94. 9: Gases
  95. Introduction
  96. 9.1: Gas Pressure
  97. 9.2: Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature - The Ideal Gas Law
  98. 9.3: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
  99. 9.4: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
  100. 9.5: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  101. 9.6: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
  102. Key Terms
  103. Key Equations
  104. Summary
  105. Exercises
  106. 10: Liquids and Solids
  107. Introduction
  108. 10.1: Intermolecular Forces
  109. 10.2: Properties of Liquids
  110. 10.3: Phase Transitions
  111. 10.4: Phase Diagrams
  112. 10.5: The Solid State of Matter
  113. 10.6: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
  114. Key Terms
  115. Key Equations
  116. Summary
  117. Exercises
  118. 11: Solutions and Colloids
  119. Introduction
  120. 11.1: The Dissolution Process
  121. 11.2: Electrolytes
  122. 11.3: Solubility
  123. 11.4: Colligative Properties
  124. 11.5: Colloids
  125. Key Terms
  126. Key Equations
  127. Summary
  128. Exercises
  129. 12: Kinetics
  130. Introduction
  131. 12.1: Chemical Reaction Rates
  132. 12.2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
  133. 12.3: Rate Laws
  134. 12.4: Integrated Rate Laws
  135. 12.5: Collision Theory
  136. 12.6: Reaction Mechanisms
  137. 12.7: Catalysis
  138. Key Terms
  139. Key Equations
  140. Summary
  141. Exercises
  142. 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
  143. Introduction
  144. 13.1: Chemical Equilibria
  145. 13.2: Equilibrium Constants
  146. 13.3: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chatelier’s Principle
  147. 13.4: Equilibrium Calculations
  148. Key Terms
  149. Key Equations
  150. Summary
  151. Exercises
  152. 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
  153. Introduction
  154. 14.1: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
  155. 14.2: pH and pOH
  156. 14.3: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
  157. 14.4: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
  158. 14.5: Polyprotic Acids
  159. 14.6: Buffers
  160. 14.7: Acid-Base Titrations
  161. Key Terms
  162. Key Equations
  163. Summary
  164. Exercises
  165. 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
  166. Introduction
  167. 15.1: Precipitation and Dissolution
  168. 15.2: Lewis Acids and Bases
  169. 15.3: Coupled Equilibria
  170. Key Terms
  171. Key Equations
  172. Summary
  173. Exercises
  174. 16: Thermodynamics
  175. Introduction
  176. 16.1: Spontaneity
  177. 16.2: Entropy
  178. 16.3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
  179. 16.4: Free Energy
  180. Key Terms
  181. Key Equations
  182. Summary
  183. Exercises
  184. 17: Electrochemistry
  185. Introduction
  186. 17.1: Review of Redox Chemistry
  187. 17.2: Galvanic Cells
  188. 17.3: Electrode and Cell Potentials
  189. 17.4: Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
  190. 17.5: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  191. 17.6: Corrosion
  192. 17.7: Electrolysis
  193. Key Terms
  194. Key Equations
  195. Summary
  196. Exercises
  197. 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
  198. Introduction
  199. 18.1: Periodicity
  200. 18.2: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
  201. 18.3: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
  202. 18.4: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
  203. 18.5: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
  204. 18.6: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
  205. 18.7: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
  206. 18.8: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
  207. 18.9: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
  208. 18.10: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
  209. 18.11: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
  210. 18.12: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
  211. Key Terms
  212. Summary
  213. Exercises
  214. 19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
  215. Introduction
  216. 19.1: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
  217. 19.2: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
  218. 19.3: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
  219. Key Terms
  220. Summary
  221. Exercises
  222. 20: Organic Chemistry
  223. Introduction
  224. 20.1: Hydrocarbons
  225. 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers
  226. 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
  227. 20.4: Amines and Amides
  228. Key Terms
  229. Summary
  230. Exercises
  231. 21: Nuclear Chemistry
  232. Introduction
  233. 21.1: Nuclear Structure and Stability
  234. 21.2: Nuclear Equations
  235. 21.3: Radioactive Decay
  236. 21.4: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
  237. 21.5: Uses of Radioisotopes
  238. 21.6: Biological Effects of Radiation
  239. Key Terms
  240. Key Equations
  241. Summary
  242. Exercises
  243. Appendices
  244. Appendix A: The Periodic Table
  245. Appendix B: Essential Mathematics
  246. Appendix C: Units and Conversion Factors
  247. Appendix D: Fundamental Physical Constants
  248. Appendix E: Water Properties
  249. Appendix F: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  250. Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  251. Appendix H: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  252. Appendix I: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  253. Appendix J: Solubility Products
  254. Appendix K: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  255. Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  256. Appendix M: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
  257. Answer Keys
  258. 1: Chapter 1
  259. 2: Chapter 2
  260. 3: Chapter 3
  261. 4: Chapter 4
  262. 5: Chapter 5
  263. 6: Chapter 6
  264. 7: Chapter 7
  265. 8: Chapter 8
  266. 9: Chapter 9
  267. 10: Chapter 10
  268. 11: Chapter 11
  269. 12: Chapter 12
  270. 13: Chapter 13
  271. 14: Chapter 14
  272. 15: Chapter 15
  273. 16: Chapter 16
  274. 17: Chapter 17
  275. 18: Chapter 18
  276. 19: Chapter 19
  277. 20: Chapter 20
  278. 21: Chapter 21
  279. Back Matter
  280. Index
  281. Glossary
  282. Detailed Licensing