Chemistry II

by David Karlin

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Publisher
Williams School
Subjects
Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  7. 1.1: Why Is Organic Chemistry Special?
  8. 1.2: sp³ Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane
  9. 1.3: sp² Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
  10. 1.4: sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
  11. 1.5: Hybridization of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
  12. 1.6: Lone Pair Electrons and Bonding Theories
  13. 1.7: A Review of Isomerism
  14. 1.8: Enantiomers and the Tetrahedral Carbon
  15. 1.9: Polar Covalent Bonds - Dipole Moments
  16. 1.10: Organic Acids and Organic Bases
  17. 1.11: Noncovalent Interactions Between Molecules
  18. 2: Organic Compounds- Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
  19. 2.1: Functional Groups
  20. 2.2: Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
  21. 2.3: Alkyl Groups
  22. 2.4: Naming Alkanes
  23. 2.5: Properties of Alkanes
  24. 2.6: Conformations of Ethane
  25. 2.7: Conformations of Other Alkanes
  26. 2.8: Gasoline - A Deeper Look
  27. 2.S: Organic Compounds- Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry (Summary)
  28. 3: Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers
  29. 3.1: Enantiomers and the Tetrahedral Carbon
  30. 3.2: The Reason for Handedness in Molecules - Chirality
  31. 3.3: Optical Activity
  32. 3.4: Pasteur's Discovery of Enantiomers
  33. 3.5: Sequence Rules for Specifying Configuration
  34. 3.6: Diastereomers
  35. 3.7: Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers
  36. 3.8: Chirality in Nature and Chiral Environments
  37. 3.9: A Review of Isomerism
  38. 3.S: Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers (Summary)
  39. 4: Organic Functional Groups
  40. 4.1: Organic Functional Groups
  41. 4.2: Generic (Abbreviated) Structures (aka R Groups)
  42. 4.3: Overview of the IUPAC Naming Strategy
  43. 4.4: Alkanes
  44. 4.5: Alkenes
  45. 4.6: Alcohols - Classification and Nomenclature
  46. 4.7: Ethers, Epoxides and Sulfides
  47. 4.8: Aldehydes and Ketones
  48. 4.9: Amines - Classification and Nomenclature
  49. 4.10: Benzene and its Derivatives
  50. 4.11: Carboxylic Acids
  51. 5: An Overview of Organic Reactions
  52. 5.1: Kinds of Organic Reactions
  53. 5.2: How Organic Reactions Occur - Mechanisms
  54. 5.3: Radical Reactions
  55. 5.4: Polar Reactions
  56. 5.5: An Example of a Polar Reaction - Addition of HBr to Ethylene
  57. 5.6: Using Curved Arrows in Polar Reaction Mechanisms
  58. 5.7: Describing a Reaction - Equilibria, Rates, and Energy Changes
  59. 5.8: Describing a Reaction - Bond Dissociation Energies
  60. 5.9: Describing a Reaction - Energy Diagrams and Transition States
  61. 5.10: Describing a Reaction- Intermediates
  62. 5.11: A Comparison between Biological Reactions and Laboratory Reactions
  63. 5.12: Chapter Objectives
  64. 5.S: An Overview of Organic Reactions (Summary)
  65. 6: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates
  66. 6.1: Introduction
  67. 6.2: Classification of Carbohydrates
  68. 6.3: Depicting Carbohydrate Stereochemistry - Fischer Projections
  69. 6.4: D, L Sugars
  70. 6.5: Configurations of Aldoses
  71. 6.6: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides- Anomers
  72. 6.7: Reactions of Monosaccharides
  73. 6.8: The Eight Essential Monosaccharides
  74. 6.9: Disaccharides
  75. 6.10: Polysaccharides and Their Synthesis
  76. 6.11: Other Important Carbohydrates
  77. 6.12: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Influenza Viruses
  78. 6.S: Biomolecules- Carbohydrates (Summary)
  79. 7: Biomolecules- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
  80. 7.1: Introduction
  81. 7.2: Structures of Amino Acids
  82. 7.3: Amino Acids, the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, and Isoelectric Points
  83. 7.4: Synthesis of Amino Acids
  84. 7.5: Peptides and Proteins
  85. 7.6: Peptide Synthesis
  86. 7.7: Protein Structure
  87. 7.8: Enzymes and Coenzymes
  88. 7.9: How do Enzymes Work? Citrate Synthase
  89. 7.10: Chapter Objectives
  90. 7.11: Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides
  91. 7.12: The Edman Degradation
  92. 7.13: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique
  93. 8: Biomolecules - Lipids
  94. 8.1: Introduction to Lipids
  95. 8.2: Waxes, Fats, and Oils
  96. 8.3: Soap
  97. 8.4: Phospholipids
  98. 8.5: Terpenoids
  99. 8.6: Steroids
  100. 8.7: Biosynthesis of Steroids
  101. 8.8: Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
  102. 8.S: Biomolecules - Lipids (Summary)
  103. 9: Biomolecules - Nucleic Acids
  104. 9.1: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
  105. 9.2: Base Pairing in DNA - The Watson-Crick Model
  106. 9.3: Replication of DNA
  107. 9.4: Transcription of DNA
  108. 9.5: Translation of RNA - Protein Biosynthesis
  109. 9.6: DNA Sequencing
  110. 9.7: DNA Synthesis
  111. 9.8: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  112. 10: Synthetic Polymers
  113. 10.1: Chain-Growth Polymers
  114. 10.2: Stereochemistry of Polymerization- Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
  115. 10.3: Copolymers
  116. 10.4: Step-Growth Polymers
  117. 10.5: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization
  118. 10.6: Polymer Structure and Physical Properties
  119. 10.7: Plastics and the Environment
  120. 10.8: Biodegradable Plastics
  121. 11: Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry
  122. 11.1: Hard and Soft Acids and Bases
  123. 11.2: Prelude to Redox Stability and Redox Reactions
  124. 11.3: Electrochemical Potentials
  125. 12: Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures
  126. 12.1: Prelude to Ionic and Covalent Solids - Structures
  127. 12.2: Close-packing and Interstitial Sites
  128. 12.3: Structures Related to NaCl and NiAs
  129. 12.4: Tetrahedral Structures
  130. 12.5: Layered Structures and Intercalation Reactions
  131. 13: Crystallography
  132. 13.1: Unit Cells and Crystal Structures
  133. 13.2: Crystal Structures of Metals
  134. 13.3: Bragg's Law
  135. 13.4: X-ray Diffraction
  136. 14: Metals and Alloys
  137. 14.1: Bonding in Metals
  138. 14.2: Defects in Metallic Crystals
  139. 14.3: Work Hardening, Alloying, and Annealing
  140. 14.4: Malleability of Metals and Alloys
  141. 14.5: Iron and Steel
  142. 14.6: Amorphous Alloys
  143. 15: Conductivity and Magnetism
  144. 15.1: Conduction in Metals
  145. 15.2: Semiconductors- Band Gaps, Colors, Conductivity and Doping
  146. 15.3: Semiconductor p-n Junctions
  147. 15.4: Diodes, LEDs and Solar Cells
  148. 15.5: Atomic Orbitals and Magnetism
  149. 15.6: Ferro-, Ferri- and Antiferromagnetism
  150. 16: Basic Science of Nanomaterials
  151. 16.1: Nanoscale Metal Particles
  152. 16.2: Semiconductor Quantum Dots
  153. 16.3: Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanocrystals
  154. 16.4: Surface Energy
  155. 16.5: Carbon Nanomaterials
  156. 16.6: Transmission Electron Microscopy
  157. 16.7: Scanning Probe Microscopy - STM and AFM
  158. 16.8: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
  159. 16.9: Atomic Force Microscopy
  160. Back Matter
  161. Index
  162. Glossary
  163. Detailed Licensing