Chemistry (OpenStax)

by Flowers, Theopold and Langley

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This Textmap is designed for the two-semester general chemistry course. For many students, this course provides the foundation to a career in chemistry, while for others, this may be their only college-level science course. As such, this textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them.

Description from LibreTexts.

Subjects
Chemistry, General Chemistry
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Essential Ideas of Chemistry
  7. 1.1: Chemistry in Context
  8. 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter
  9. 1.3: Physical and Chemical Properties
  10. 1.4: Measurements
  11. 1.5: Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
  12. 1.6: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
  13. 1.E: Essential Ideas of Chemistry (Exercises)
  14. 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
  15. 2.1: Prelude to Atoms
  16. 2.2: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
  17. 2.3: Evolution of Atomic Theory
  18. 2.4: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
  19. 2.5: Chemical Formulas
  20. 2.6: The Periodic Table
  21. 2.7: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
  22. 2.8: Chemical Nomenclature
  23. 2.E: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (Exercises)
  24. 3: Composition of Substances and Solutions
  25. 3.1: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
  26. 3.2: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  27. 3.3: Molarity
  28. 3.4: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
  29. 3.E: Composition of Substances and Solutions (Exercises)
  30. 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
  31. 4.1: Prelude to Stoichiometry
  32. 4.2: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
  33. 4.3: Classifying Chemical Reactions
  34. 4.4: Reaction Stoichiometry
  35. 4.5: Reaction Yields
  36. 4.6: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
  37. 4.E: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
  38. 5: Thermochemistry
  39. 5.1: Prelude to Thermochemistry
  40. 5.2: Energy Basics
  41. 5.3: Calorimetry
  42. 5.4: Enthalpy
  43. 5.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
  44. 6: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
  45. 6.1: Electromagnetic Energy
  46. 6.2: The Bohr Model
  47. 6.3: Development of Quantum Theory
  48. 6.4: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
  49. 6.5: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
  50. 6.E: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties (Exercises)
  51. 7: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
  52. 7.1: Prelude to Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
  53. 7.2: Ionic Bonding
  54. 7.3: Covalent Bonding
  55. 7.4: Lewis Symbols and Structures
  56. 7.5: Formal Charges and Resonance
  57. 7.6: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
  58. 7.7: Molecular Structure and Polarity
  59. 7.E: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry (Exercises)
  60. 8: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
  61. 8.1: Prelude to Covalent Bonding
  62. 8.2: Valence Bond Theory
  63. 8.3: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
  64. 8.4: Multiple Bonds
  65. 8.5: Molecular Orbital Theory
  66. 8.E: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding (Exercises)
  67. 9: Gases
  68. 9.1: Gas Pressure
  69. 9.2: Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature - The Ideal Gas Law
  70. 9.3: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
  71. 9.4: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
  72. 9.5: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  73. 9.6: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
  74. 9.E: Gases (Exercises)
  75. 10: Liquids and Solids
  76. 10.1: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
  77. 10.2: Intermolecular Forces
  78. 10.3: Properties of Liquids
  79. 10.4: Phase Transitions
  80. 10.5: Phase Diagrams
  81. 10.6: The Solid State of Matter
  82. 10.7: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
  83. 10.E: Liquids and Solids (Exercises)
  84. 11: Solutions and Colloids
  85. 11.1: Prelude to Solutions and Colloids
  86. 11.2: The Dissolution Process
  87. 11.3: Electrolytes
  88. 11.4: Solubility
  89. 11.5: Colligative Properties
  90. 11.6: Colloids
  91. 11.E: Solutions and Colloids (Exercises)
  92. 12: Kinetics
  93. 12.1: Prelude to Kinetics
  94. 12.2: Chemical Reaction Rates
  95. 12.3: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
  96. 12.4: Rate Laws
  97. 12.5: Integrated Rate Laws
  98. 12.6: Collision Theory
  99. 12.7: Reaction Mechanisms
  100. 12.8: Catalysis
  101. 12.E: Kinetics (Exercises)
  102. 13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
  103. 13.1: Prelude to Equilibrium
  104. 13.2: Chemical Equilibria
  105. 13.3: Equilibrium Constants
  106. 13.4: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chatelier’s Principle
  107. 13.5: Equilibrium Calculations
  108. 13.E: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Exercises)
  109. 14: Acid-Base Equilibria
  110. 14.1: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
  111. 14.2: pH and pOH
  112. 14.3: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
  113. 14.4: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
  114. 14.5: Polyprotic Acids
  115. 14.6: Buffers
  116. 14.7: Acid-Base Titrations
  117. 14.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
  118. 15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
  119. 15.1: Precipitation and Dissolution
  120. 15.2: Lewis Acids and Bases
  121. 15.3: Coupled Equilibria
  122. 15.E: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Exercises)
  123. 16: Thermodynamics
  124. 16.1: Spontaneity
  125. 16.2: Entropy
  126. 16.3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
  127. 16.4: Gibbs Energy
  128. 16.E: Thermodynamics (Exercises)
  129. 17: Electrochemistry
  130. 17.1: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  131. 17.2: Galvanic Cells
  132. 17.3: Standard Reduction Potentials
  133. 17.4: The Nernst Equation
  134. 17.5: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  135. 17.6: Corrosion
  136. 17.7: Electrolysis
  137. 17.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
  138. 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
  139. 18.1: Periodicity
  140. 18.2: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
  141. 18.3: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
  142. 18.4: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
  143. 18.5: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
  144. 18.6: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
  145. 18.7: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
  146. 18.8: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
  147. 18.9: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
  148. 18.10: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
  149. 18.11: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
  150. 18.12: Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
  151. 18.E: Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals (Exercises)
  152. 19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
  153. 19.1: Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
  154. 19.2: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
  155. 19.3: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
  156. 19.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
  157. 20: Organic Chemistry
  158. 20.1: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
  159. 20.2: Hydrocarbons
  160. 20.3: Alcohols and Ethers
  161. 20.4: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
  162. 20.5: Amines and Amides
  163. 20.E: Organic Chemistry (Exercises)
  164. 21: Nuclear Chemistry
  165. 21.1: Nuclear Structure and Stability
  166. 21.2: Nuclear Equations
  167. 21.3: Radioactive Decay
  168. 21.4: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
  169. 21.5: Uses of Radioisotopes
  170. 21.6: Biological Effects of Radiation
  171. 21.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
  172. 22: Appendices
  173. 22.1: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  174. 22.2: Essential Mathematics
  175. 22.3: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  176. 22.4: Fundamental Physical Constants
  177. 22.5: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  178. 22.6: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  179. 22.7: Solubility Products
  180. 22.8: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  181. 22.9: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  182. 22.10: The Periodic Table
  183. 22.11: Units and Conversion Factors
  184. 22.12: Water Properties
  185. Back Matter
  186. Index
  187. Glossary
  188. Detailed Licensing