Chem1 Virtual Textbook

by Stephen Lower

Read here Read at LibreTextsPDF

This project began in the late 1980's as a means to supplement (or in some cases to largely replace ) the conventional textbook treatments of various topics in courses in General Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. The purpose was in most cases to provide alternatives to what seemed to be the rather shallow standardized treatments of certain topics presented in many commercial textbooks.

Description from LibreTexts.

Publisher
Simon Fraser University
Subjects
Chemistry, General Chemistry
Licence
CC BY 3.0, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

LibreTexts writes equations in TeX, and here they show as TeX; the PDF has them typeset.

  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Fundamentals of Science and Chemistry
  7. 1.1: Introduction to Chemistry
  8. 1.2: Pseudoscience
  9. 2: Essential Background
  10. 2.1: Classification and Properties of Matter
  11. 2.2: Energy, Heat, and Temperature
  12. 2.3: The Measure of Matter
  13. 2.4: The Meaning of Measure
  14. 3: Measuring Matter
  15. 3.1: Units and Dimensions
  16. 3.2: The Meaning of Measure
  17. 3.3: Significant Figures and Rounding off
  18. 3.4: Reliability of a measurement
  19. 3.5: Drawing Conclusions from Data
  20. 4: The Basics of Chemistry
  21. 4.1: Atoms, Elements, and the Nucleus
  22. 4.2: Avogadro's Number and the Mole
  23. 4.3: Formulas and Their Meaning
  24. 4.4: Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
  25. 4.5: Introduction to Chemical Nomenclature
  26. 4.6: Significant Figures and Rounding
  27. 5: Atoms and the Periodic Table
  28. 5.1: Primer on Quantum Theory
  29. 5.2: Quanta - A New View of the World
  30. 5.3: Light, Particles, and Waves
  31. 5.4: The Bohr Atom
  32. 5.5: The Quantum Atom
  33. 5.6: Atomic Electron Configurations
  34. 5.7: Periodic Properties of the Elements
  35. 5.8: Why Don't Electrons Fall into the Nucleus?
  36. 6: Properties of Gases
  37. 6.1: Observable Properties of Gas
  38. 6.2: Ideal Gas Model - The Basic Gas Laws
  39. 6.3: Dalton's Law
  40. 6.4: Kinetic Molecular Theory (Overview)
  41. 6.5: More on Kinetic Molecular Theory
  42. 6.6: Real Gases and Critical Phenomena
  43. 7: Solids and Liquids
  44. Front Matter
  45. TitlePage
  46. InfoPage
  47. 7.1: Matter under the Microscope
  48. 7.2: Intermolecular Interactions
  49. 7.3: Hydrogen-Bonding and Water
  50. 7.4: Liquids and their Interfaces
  51. 7.5: Changes of State
  52. 7.6: Introduction to Crystals
  53. 7.7: Ionic and Ion-Derived Solids
  54. 7.8: Cubic Lattices and Close Packing
  55. 7.9: Polymers and Plastics
  56. 7.10: Colloids and their Uses
  57. Back Matter
  58. Index
  59. 8: Solutions
  60. 8.1: Solutions and their Concentrations
  61. 8.2: Thermodynamics of Solutions
  62. 8.2.2A: Solutions of Gaseous Solutes in Gaseous Solvents
  63. 8.2.2B: Solutions of Gaseous Solutes in Liquid Solvents
  64. 8.2.2C: Solutions of Liquid Solutes in Liquid Solvents
  65. 8.2.2D: Solutions of Solid Solutes in Liquid Solvents
  66. 8.3: Colligative Properties- Raoult's Law
  67. 8.4: Colligative Properties- Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
  68. 8.5: Colligative Properties - Osmotic Pressure
  69. 8.6: Reverse Osmosis
  70. 8.7: Colligative Properties and Entropy
  71. 8.8: Ideal vs. Real Solutions
  72. 8.9: Distillation
  73. 8.10: Ions and Electrolytes
  74. 8.10.9A: Electrolytes and Electrolytic Solutions
  75. 8.10.9B: The nature of ions in aqueous solution
  76. 8.10.9C: Weak and Strong Electrolytes
  77. 8.10.9D: Ionic migration
  78. 8.10.9E: Some applications of electrolytic conduction
  79. 9: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  80. 9.1: Three Views of Chemical Bonding
  81. 9.2: Molecules - Properties of Bonded Atoms
  82. 9.3: Models of Chemical Bonding
  83. 9.4: Polar Covalence
  84. 9.5: Molecular Geometry
  85. 9.6: The Hybrid Orbital Model
  86. 9.7: The Hybrid Orbital Model II
  87. 9.8: Molecular Orbital Theory
  88. 9.9: Bonding in Coordination Complexes
  89. 9.10: Bonding in Metals
  90. 9.11: Bonding in Semiconductors
  91. 9.12: The Shared-Electron Covalent Bond
  92. 10: Fundamentals of Acids and Bases
  93. 10.1: Introduction to Acids and Bases
  94. 10.2: Aqueous Solutions- pH and Titrations
  95. 10.3: Acid-base reactions à la Brønsted
  96. 10.4: Acid-Base Reactions
  97. 10.5: Lewis Acids and Bases
  98. 10.6: Types of Acids and Bases
  99. 10.7: Acid-Base Gallery
  100. 11: Chemical Equilibrium
  101. 11.1: Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
  102. 11.2: Le Chatelier's Principle
  103. 11.3: Reaction Quotient
  104. 11.4: Equilibrium Expressions
  105. 11.5: Equilibrium Calculations
  106. 11.6: Phase Distribution Equilibria
  107. 12: Solubility Equilibria
  108. 13: Acid-Base Equilibria
  109. 13.1: Introduction to Acid/Base Equilibria
  110. 13.2: Strong Monoprotic Acids and Bases
  111. 13.3: Finding the pH of weak Acids, Bases, and Salts
  112. 13.4: Conjugate Pairs and Buffers
  113. 13.5: Acid/Base Titration
  114. 13.6: Applications of Acid-Base Equilibria
  115. 13.7: Exact Calculations and Approximations
  116. 14: Thermochemistry
  117. 14.1: Energy, Heat and Work
  118. 14.2: The First Law of Thermodynamics
  119. 14.3: Molecules as Energy Carriers and Converters
  120. 14.4: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
  121. 14.5: Calorimetry
  122. 14.6: Applications of Thermochemistry
  123. 14.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
  124. 15: Thermodynamics of Chemical Equilibria
  125. 15.1: Energy Spreading Drives Spontaneous Change
  126. 15.2: Entropy Rules
  127. 15.3: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  128. 15.4: Free Energy and the Gibbs Function
  129. 15.5: Thermodynamics of Mixing and Dilution
  130. 15.6: Free Energy and Equilibrium
  131. 15.7: Some Applications of Entropy and Free Energy
  132. 15.8: Quantum states, Microstates, and Energy spreading in Reactions
  133. 16: Electrochemistry
  134. 16.1: Chemistry and Electricity
  135. 16.2: Galvanic cells and Electrodes
  136. 16.3: Cell Potentials and Thermodynamics
  137. 16.4: The Nernst Equation
  138. 16.5: Applications of the Nernst Equation
  139. 16.6: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  140. 16.7: Timeline of Battery Development
  141. 16.8: Electrochemical Corrosion
  142. 16.9: Corrosion Gallery
  143. 16.10: Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
  144. 17: Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
  145. 17.1: Rates of reactions and rate laws
  146. 17.2: Reaction Rates Typically Change with Time
  147. 17.3: Collision and activation- the Arrhenius law
  148. 17.4: Reaction Mechanisms
  149. 17.5: Kinetics of Reactions in Solution
  150. 17.6: Catalysts and Catalysis
  151. 17.7: Experimental methods of chemical kinetics
  152. Back Matter
  153. Index
  154. Glossary
  155. Detailed Licensing