Chemistry - The Central Science

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This Textmap is designed for the two-semester general chemistry course and has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most general chemistry courses. The organization follows the textbook "Chemistry: the Central Science" by Brown et al., but the content differs in detail.

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Subjects
Chemistry, General Chemistry
Licence
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, as LibreTexts states it. Non-commercial use only.
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Introduction - Matter and Measurement
  7. 1.1: Studying Chemistry
  8. 1.2: Classification of Matter
  9. 1.3: Properties of Matter
  10. 1.4: Units of Measurement
  11. 1.5: Uncertainty in Measurement
  12. 1.6: Dimensional Analysis
  13. 1.E: Matter and Measurement (Exercises)
  14. 1.S: Matter and Measurement (Summary)
  15. 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
  16. 2.1: The Atomic Theory of Matter
  17. 2.2: The Discovery of Atomic Structure
  18. 2.3: The Modern View of Atomic Structure
  19. 2.4: Atomic Mass
  20. 2.5: The Periodic Table
  21. 2.6: Molecules and Molecular Compounds
  22. 2.7: Ions and Ionic Compounds
  23. 2.8: Naming Inorganic Compounds
  24. 2.9: Some Simple Organic Compounds
  25. 2.E: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (Exercises)
  26. 2.S: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (Summary)
  27. 3: Stoichiometry- Chemical Formulas and Equations
  28. 3.1: Chemical Equations
  29. 3.2: Some Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
  30. 3.3: Formula Masses
  31. 3.4: Avogadro's Number and the Mole
  32. 3.5: Empirical Formulas from Analysis
  33. 3.6: Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
  34. 3.7: Limiting Reactants
  35. 3.E: Stoichiometry (Exercises)
  36. 3.S: Stoichiometry (Summary)
  37. 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
  38. 4.1: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
  39. 4.2: Precipitation Reactions
  40. 4.3: Acid-Base Reactions
  41. 4.4: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  42. 4.5: Concentration of Solutions
  43. 4.6: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
  44. 4.E: Reactions in Aqueous Solution (Exercises)
  45. 4.S: Reactions in Aqueous Solution (Summary)
  46. 5: Thermochemistry
  47. 5.1: The Nature of Energy
  48. 5.2: The First Law of Thermodynamics
  49. 5.3: Enthalpy
  50. 5.4: Enthalpy of Reaction
  51. 5.5: Calorimetry
  52. 5.6: Hess's Law
  53. 5.7: Enthalpies of Formation
  54. 5.8: Foods and Fuels
  55. 5.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
  56. 5.S: Thermochemistry (Summary)
  57. 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms
  58. 6.1: The Wave Nature of Light
  59. 6.2: Quantized Energy and Photons
  60. 6.3: Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
  61. 6.4: The Wave Behavior of Matter
  62. 6.5: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
  63. 6.6: 3D Representation of Orbitals
  64. 6.7: Many-Electron Atoms
  65. 6.8: Electron Configurations
  66. 6.9: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
  67. 6.E: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Exercises)
  68. 6.S: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Summary)
  69. 7: Periodic Properties of the Elements
  70. 7.1: Development of the Periodic Table
  71. 7.2: Shielding and Effective Nuclear Charge
  72. 7.3: Sizes of Atoms and Ions
  73. 7.4: Ionization Energy
  74. 7.5: Electron Affinities
  75. 7.6: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
  76. 7.7: Group Trends for the Active Metals
  77. 7.8: Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals
  78. 7.E: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Exercises)
  79. 7.S: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Summary)
  80. 8: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
  81. 8.1: Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule
  82. 8.2: Ionic Bonding
  83. 8.3: Covalent Bonding
  84. 8.4: Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
  85. 8.5: Drawing Lewis Structures
  86. 8.6: Resonance Structures
  87. 8.7: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
  88. 8.8: Strength of Covalent Bonds
  89. 8.E: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding (Exercises)
  90. 8.S: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding (Summary)
  91. 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
  92. 9.1: Molecular Shapes
  93. 9.2: The VSEPR Model
  94. 9.3: Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
  95. 9.4: Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
  96. 9.5: Hybrid Orbitals
  97. 9.6: Multiple Bonds
  98. 9.7: Molecular Orbitals
  99. 9.8: Second-Row Diatomic Molecules
  100. 9.E: Exercises
  101. 9.S: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories (Summary)
  102. 10: Gases
  103. 10.1: Characteristics of Gases
  104. 10.2: Pressure
  105. 10.3: The Gas Laws
  106. 10.4: The Ideal Gas Equation
  107. 10.5: Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equations
  108. 10.6: Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
  109. 10.7: Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  110. 10.8: Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
  111. 10.9: Real Gases - Deviations from Ideal Behavior
  112. 10.E: Exercises
  113. 10.S: Gases (Summary)
  114. 11: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
  115. 11.1: A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
  116. 11.2: Intermolecular Forces
  117. 11.3: Some Properties of Liquids
  118. 11.4: Phase Changes
  119. 11.5: Vapor Pressure
  120. 11.6: Phase Diagrams
  121. 11.7: Structure of Solids
  122. 11.8: Bonding in Solids
  123. 11.E: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Exercises)
  124. 11.S: Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Summary)
  125. 12: Solids and Modern Materials
  126. 12.1: Classes of Materials
  127. 12.2: Materials for Structure
  128. 12.2.1: Concrete
  129. 12.2.2: Steel
  130. 12.2.3: Aluminum
  131. 12.2.4: Polymers
  132. 12.3: Materials for Medicine
  133. 12.3.1: Anti-Cancer Drugs I
  134. 12.3.2: Anti-Cancer Drugs II
  135. 12.3.3: Antidepressants
  136. 12.3.4: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
  137. 12.3.5: Drugs Acting Upon the Central Nervous System
  138. 12.3.6: Hallucinogenic Drugs
  139. 12.3.7: Local Anesthetics
  140. 12.3.8: Misc Antibiotics
  141. 12.3.9: Narcotic Analgesic Drugs
  142. 12.3.10: Penicillin
  143. 12.3.11: Sulfa Drugs
  144. 12.4: Materials for Electronics
  145. 12.4.1: Bonding in Electronic Materials
  146. 12.4.2: Silicon Devices
  147. 12.5: Materials for Optics
  148. 12.6: Materials for Nanotechnology
  149. 13: Properties of Solutions
  150. 13.1: The Solution Process
  151. 13.2: Saturated Solutions and Solubility
  152. 13.3: Factors Affecting Solubility
  153. 13.4: Ways of Expressing Concentration
  154. 13.5: Colligative Properties
  155. 13.6: Colloids
  156. 13.E: Properties of Solutions (Exercises)
  157. 13.S: Properties of Solutions (Summary)
  158. 14: Chemical Kinetics
  159. 14.1: Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
  160. 14.2: Reaction Rates
  161. 14.3: Concentration and Rates (Differential Rate Laws)
  162. 14.4: The Change of Concentration with Time (Integrated Rate Laws)
  163. 14.5: Temperature and Rate
  164. 14.6: Reaction Mechanisms
  165. 14.7: Catalysis
  166. 14.E: Exercises
  167. 14.S: Chemical Kinetics (Summary)
  168. 15: Chemical Equilibrium
  169. 15.1: The Concept of Equilibrium
  170. 15.2: The Equilibrium Constant
  171. 15.3: Interpreting and Working with Equilibrium Constants
  172. 15.4: Heterogeneous Equilibria
  173. 15.5: Calculating Equilibrium Constants
  174. 15.6: Applications of Equilibrium Constants
  175. 15.7: Le Chatelier's Principle
  176. 15.E: Exercises
  177. 15.S: Chemical Equilibrium (Summary)
  178. 16: Acid–Base Equilibria
  179. 16.1: Acids and Bases - A Brief Review
  180. 16.2: Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
  181. 16.3: The Autoionization of Water
  182. 16.4: The pH Scale
  183. 16.5: Strong Acids and Bases
  184. 16.6: Weak Acids
  185. 16.7: Weak Bases
  186. 16.8: Relationship Between Ka and Kb
  187. 16.9: Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
  188. 16.10: Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure
  189. 16.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
  190. 16.E: Acid–Base Equilibria (Exercises)
  191. 16.S: Acid–Base Equilibria (Summary)
  192. 17: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
  193. 17.1: The Common-Ion Effect
  194. 17.2: Buffered Solutions
  195. 17.3: Acid-Base Titrations
  196. 17.4: Solubility Equilibria
  197. 17.5: Factors that Affect Solubility
  198. 17.6: Precipitation and Separation of Ions
  199. 17.7: Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
  200. 17.E: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria (Exercises)
  201. 17.S: Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria (Summary)
  202. 18: Chemistry of the Environment
  203. 18.1: Earth's Atmosphere
  204. 18.2: Outer Regions of the Atmosphere
  205. 18.3: Ozone in the Upper Atmostphere
  206. 18.4: Chemistry of the Troposphere
  207. 18.5: The World Ocean
  208. 18.6: Fresh Water
  209. 18.7: Green Chemistry
  210. 18.E: Chemistry of the Environment (Exercises)
  211. 19: Chemical Thermodynamics
  212. 19.1: Spontaneous Processes
  213. 19.2: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  214. 19.3: The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
  215. 19.4: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
  216. 19.5: Gibbs Free Energy
  217. 19.6: Free Energy and Temperature
  218. 19.7: Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
  219. 19.E: Chemical Thermodynamics (Exercises)
  220. 20: Electrochemistry
  221. 20.1: Oxidation States and Redox Reactions
  222. 20.2: Balanced Oxidation-Reduction Equations
  223. 20.3: Voltaic Cells
  224. 20.4: Cell Potential Under Standard Conditions
  225. 20.5: Gibbs Energy and Redox Reactions
  226. 20.6: Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
  227. 20.7: Batteries and Fuel Cells
  228. 20.8: Corrosion
  229. 20.9: Electrolysis
  230. 20.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
  231. 21: Nuclear Chemistry
  232. 21.1: Radioactivity
  233. 21.2: Patterns of Nuclear Stability
  234. 21.3: Nuclear Transmutations
  235. 21.4: Rates of Radioactive Decay
  236. 21.5: Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
  237. 21.6: Nuclear Fission
  238. 21.7: Nuclear Fusion
  239. 21.8: Biological Effects of Radiation
  240. 21.E: Exercises
  241. 21.S: Nuclear Chemistry (Summary)
  242. 22: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
  243. 22.1: General Concepts- Periodic Trends and Reactions
  244. 22.2: Hydrogen
  245. 22.3: Group 18- Noble Gases
  246. 22.4: Group 17- The Halogens
  247. 22.5: Oxygen
  248. 22.6: The Other Group 16 Elements- S, Se, Te, and Po
  249. 22.7: Nitrogen
  250. 22.8: The Other Group 15 Elements - P, AS, Sb, and Bi
  251. 22.9: Carbon
  252. 22.10: The Other Group 14 Elements- Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb
  253. 22.11: Boron
  254. 22.E: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Exercises)
  255. 22.S: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Summary)
  256. 23: Chemistry of Coordination Chemistry
  257. 23.1: Metal Complexes
  258. 23.2: Ligands with more than one Donor Atom
  259. 23.3: Nomenclature of Coordination Chemistry
  260. 23.4: Isomerization
  261. 23.5: Color and Magnetism
  262. 23.6: Crystal Field Theory
  263. 23.E: Chemistry of Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
  264. 24: Chemistry of Life- Organic and Biological Chemistry
  265. 24.1: General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
  266. 24.2: Introduction to Hydrocarbons
  267. 24.3: Alkanes
  268. 24.4: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
  269. 24.5: Functional Groups
  270. 24.6: Compounds with a Carbonyl Group
  271. 24.7: Chirality in Organic Chemistry
  272. 24.8: Introduction to Biochemistry
  273. 24.9: Proteins
  274. 24.10: Carbohydrates
  275. 24.11: Nucleic Acids
  276. 24.E: Organic and Biological Chemistry (Exercises)
  277. 24.S: Organic and Biological Chemistry (Summary)
  278. Back Matter
  279. Index
  280. Glossary
  281. Detailed Licensing