General Biology

by OpenStax

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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research.

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Subjects
Biology, Introductory and General Biology
Licence
CC BY 4.0, as LibreTexts states it
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Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Licensing
  6. 1: Unit I- The Chemistry of Life
  7. 1.1: The Study of Life
  8. 1.1.1: Introduction
  9. 1.1.2: The Science of Biology
  10. 1.1.3: Themes and Concepts of Biology
  11. 1.1.4: Key Terms
  12. 1.1.5: Chapter Summary
  13. 1.1.6: Visual Connection Questions
  14. 1.1.7: Review Questions
  15. 1.1.8: Critical Thinking Questions
  16. 1.1.2: The Science of Biology
  17. 1.2: The Chemical Foundation of Life
  18. 1.2.1: Introduction
  19. 1.2.2: Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules - The Building Blocks
  20. 1.2.3: Water
  21. 1.2.4: Carbon
  22. 1.2.5: Key Terms
  23. 1.2.6: Chapter Summary
  24. 1.2.7: Visual Connection Questions
  25. 1.2.8: Review Questions
  26. 1.2.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  27. 1.3: Biological Macromolecules
  28. 1.3.1: Introduction
  29. 1.3.2: Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
  30. 1.3.3: Carbohydrates
  31. 1.3.4: Lipids
  32. 1.3.5: Proteins
  33. 1.3.6: Nucleic Acids
  34. 1.3.7: Key Terms
  35. 1.3.8: Chapter Summary
  36. 1.3.9: Visual Connection Questions
  37. 1.3.10: Review Questions
  38. 1.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  39. 2: Unit II- The Cell
  40. 2.1: Cell Structure
  41. 2.1.1: Introduction
  42. 2.1.2: Studying Cells
  43. 2.1.3: Prokaryotic Cells
  44. 2.1.4: Eukaryotic Cells
  45. 2.1.5: The Endomembrane System and Proteins
  46. 2.1.6: The Cytoskeleton
  47. 2.1.7: Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
  48. 2.1.8: Key Terms
  49. 2.1.9: Chapter Summary
  50. 2.1.10: Visual Connection Questions
  51. 2.1.11: Review Questions
  52. 2.1.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  53. 2.2: Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
  54. 2.2.1: Introduction
  55. 2.2.2: Components and Structure
  56. 2.2.3: Passive Transport
  57. 2.2.4: Active Transport
  58. 2.2.5: Bulk Transport
  59. 2.2.6: Key Terms
  60. 2.2.7: Chapter Summary
  61. 2.2.8: Visual Connection Questions
  62. 2.2.9: Review Questions
  63. 2.2.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  64. 2.3: Metabolism
  65. 2.3.1: Introduction
  66. 2.3.2: Energy and Metabolism
  67. 2.3.3: Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
  68. 2.3.4: The Laws of Thermodynamics
  69. 2.3.5: ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
  70. 2.3.6: Enzymes
  71. 2.3.7: Key Terms
  72. 2.3.8: Chapter Summary
  73. 2.3.9: Visual Connection Questions
  74. 2.3.10: Review Questions
  75. 2.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  76. 2.4: Cellular Respiration
  77. 2.4.1: Introduction
  78. 2.4.2: Energy in Living Systems
  79. 2.4.3: Glycolysis
  80. 2.4.4: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
  81. 2.4.5: Oxidative Phosphorylation
  82. 2.4.6: Metabolism without Oxygen
  83. 2.4.7: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
  84. 2.4.8: Regulation of Cellular Respiration
  85. 2.4.9: Key Terms
  86. 2.4.10: Chapter Summary
  87. 2.4.11: Visual Connection Questions
  88. 2.4.12: Review Questions
  89. 2.4.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  90. 2.5: Photosynthesis
  91. 2.5.1: Introduction
  92. 2.5.2: Overview of Photosynthesis
  93. 2.5.3: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  94. 2.5.4: Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
  95. 2.5.5: Key Terms
  96. 2.5.6: Chapter Summary
  97. 2.5.7: Visual Connection Questions
  98. 2.5.8: Review Questions
  99. 2.5.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  100. 2.6: Cell Communication
  101. 2.6.1: Introduction
  102. 2.6.2: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
  103. 2.6.3: Propagation of the Signal
  104. 2.6.4: Response to the Signal
  105. 2.6.5: Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
  106. 2.6.6: Key Terms
  107. 2.6.7: Chapter Summary
  108. 2.6.8: Visual Connection Questions
  109. 2.6.9: Review Questions
  110. 2.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  111. 2.7: Cell Reproduction
  112. 2.7.1: Introduction
  113. 2.7.2: Cell Division
  114. 2.7.3: The Cell Cycle
  115. 2.7.4: Control of the Cell Cycle
  116. 2.7.5: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
  117. 2.7.6: Prokaryotic Cell Division
  118. 2.7.7: Key Terms
  119. 2.7.8: Chapter Summary
  120. 2.7.9: Visual Connection Questions
  121. 2.7.10: Review Questions
  122. 2.7.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  123. 3: Unit III- Genetics
  124. 3.1: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
  125. 3.1.1: Introduction
  126. 3.1.2: The Process of Meiosis
  127. 3.1.3: Sexual Reproduction
  128. 3.1.4: Key Terms
  129. 3.1.5: Chapter Summary
  130. 3.1.6: Visual Connection Questions
  131. 3.1.7: Review Questions
  132. 3.1.8: Critical Thinking Questions
  133. 3.2: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
  134. 3.2.1: Introduction
  135. 3.2.2: Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
  136. 3.2.3: Characteristics and Traits
  137. 3.2.4: Laws of Inheritance
  138. 3.2.5: Key Terms
  139. 3.2.6: Chapter Summary
  140. 3.2.7: Visual Connection Questions
  141. 3.2.8: Review Questions
  142. 3.2.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  143. 3.3: Modern Understandings of Inheritance
  144. 3.3.1: Introduction
  145. 3.3.2: Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
  146. 3.3.3: Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
  147. 3.3.4: Key Terms
  148. 3.3.5: Chapter Summary
  149. 3.3.6: Visual Connection Questions
  150. 3.3.7: Review Questions
  151. 3.3.8: Critical Thinking Questions
  152. 3.4: DNA Structure and Function
  153. 3.4.1: Introduction
  154. 3.4.2: Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
  155. 3.4.3: DNA Structure and Sequencing
  156. 3.4.4: Basics of DNA Replication
  157. 3.4.5: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  158. 3.4.6: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  159. 3.4.7: DNA Repair
  160. 3.4.8: Key Terms
  161. 3.4.9: Chapter Summary
  162. 3.4.10: Visual Connection Questions
  163. 3.4.11: Review Questions
  164. 3.4.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  165. 3.5: Genes and Proteins
  166. 3.5.1: Introduction
  167. 3.5.2: The Genetic Code
  168. 3.5.3: Prokaryotic Transcription
  169. 3.5.4: Eukaryotic Transcription
  170. 3.5.5: RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
  171. 3.5.6: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
  172. 3.5.7: Key Terms
  173. 3.5.8: Chapter Summary
  174. 3.5.9: Visual Connection Questions
  175. 3.5.10: Review Questions
  176. 3.5.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  177. 3.6: Gene Expression
  178. 3.6.1: Introduction
  179. 3.6.2: Regulation of Gene Expression
  180. 3.6.3: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
  181. 3.6.4: Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
  182. 3.6.5: Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
  183. 3.6.6: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
  184. 3.6.7: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
  185. 3.6.8: Cancer and Gene Regulation
  186. 3.6.9: Key Terms
  187. 3.6.10: Chapter Summary
  188. 3.6.11: Visual Connection Questions
  189. 3.6.12: Review Questions
  190. 3.6.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  191. 3.7: Biotechnology and Genomics
  192. 3.7.1: Introduction
  193. 3.7.2: Biotechnology
  194. 3.7.3: Mapping Genomes
  195. 3.7.4: Whole-Genome Sequencing
  196. 3.7.5: Applying Genomics
  197. 3.7.6: Genomics and Proteomics
  198. 3.7.7: Key Terms
  199. 3.7.8: Chapter Summary
  200. 3.7.9: Visual Connection Questions
  201. 3.7.10: Review Questions
  202. 3.7.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  203. 4: Unit IV- Evolutionary Processes
  204. 4.1: Evolution and the Origin of Species
  205. 4.1.1: Introduction
  206. 4.1.2: Understanding Evolution
  207. 4.1.3: Formation of New Species
  208. 4.1.4: Reconnection and Speciation Rates
  209. 4.1.5: Key Terms
  210. 4.1.6: Chapter Summary
  211. 4.1.7: Visual Connection Questions
  212. 4.1.8: Review Questions
  213. 4.1.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  214. 4.2: The Evolution of Populations
  215. 4.2.1: Introduction
  216. 4.2.2: Population Evolution
  217. 4.2.3: Population Genetics
  218. 4.2.4: Adaptive Evolution
  219. 4.2.5: Key Terms
  220. 4.2.6: Chapter Summary
  221. 4.2.7: Visual Connection Questions
  222. 4.2.8: Review Questions
  223. 4.2.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  224. 4.3: Phylogenies and the History of Life
  225. 4.3.1: Introduction
  226. 4.3.2: Organizing Life on Earth
  227. 4.3.3: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  228. 4.3.4: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  229. 4.3.5: Key Terms
  230. 4.3.6: Chapter Summary
  231. 4.3.7: Visual Connection Questions
  232. 4.3.8: Review Questions
  233. 4.3.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  234. 5: Unit V- Biological Diversity
  235. 5.1: Viruses
  236. 5.1.1: Introduction
  237. 5.1.2: Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
  238. 5.1.3: Virus Infections and Hosts
  239. 5.1.4: Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
  240. 5.1.5: Other Acellular Entities - Prions and Viroids
  241. 5.1.6: Key Terms
  242. 5.1.7: Chapter Summary
  243. 5.1.8: Visual Connection Questions
  244. 5.1.9: Review Questions
  245. 5.1.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  246. 5.2: Prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea
  247. 5.2.1: Introduction
  248. 5.2.2: Prokaryotic Diversity
  249. 5.2.3: Structure of Prokaryotes- Bacteria and Archaea
  250. 5.2.4: Prokaryotic Metabolism
  251. 5.2.5: Bacterial Diseases in Humans
  252. 5.2.6: Beneficial Prokaryotes
  253. 5.2.7: Key Terms
  254. 5.2.8: Chapter Summary
  255. 5.2.9: Visual Connection Questions
  256. 5.2.10: Review Questions
  257. 5.2.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  258. 5.3: Protists
  259. 5.3.1: Introduction
  260. 5.3.2: Eukaryotic Origins
  261. 5.3.3: Characteristics of Protists
  262. 5.3.4: Groups of Protists
  263. 5.3.5: Ecology of Protists
  264. 5.3.6: Key Terms
  265. 5.3.7: Chapter Summary
  266. 5.3.8: Visual Connection Questions
  267. 5.3.9: Review Questions
  268. 5.3.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  269. 5.4: Fungi
  270. 5.4.1: Introduction
  271. 5.4.2: Characteristics of Fungi
  272. 5.4.3: Classifications of Fungi
  273. 5.4.4: Ecology of Fungi
  274. 5.4.5: Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
  275. 5.4.6: Importance of Fungi in Human Life
  276. 5.4.7: Key Terms
  277. 5.4.8: Chapter Summary
  278. 5.4.9: Visual Connection Questions
  279. 5.4.10: Review Questions
  280. 5.4.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  281. 5.5: Seedless Plants
  282. 5.5.1: Introduction
  283. 5.5.2: Early Plant Life
  284. 5.5.3: Green Algae - Precursors of Land Plants
  285. 5.5.4: Bryophytes
  286. 5.5.5: Seedless Vascular Plants
  287. 5.5.6: Key Terms
  288. 5.5.7: Chapter Summary
  289. 5.5.8: Visual Connection Questions
  290. 5.5.9: Review Questions
  291. 5.5.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  292. 5.6: Seed Plants
  293. 5.6.1: Introduction
  294. 5.6.2: Evolution of Seed Plants
  295. 5.6.3: Gymnosperms
  296. 5.6.4: Angiosperms
  297. 5.6.5: The Role of Seed Plants
  298. 5.6.6: Key Terms
  299. 5.6.7: Chapter Summary
  300. 5.6.8: Visual Connection Questions
  301. 5.6.9: Review Questions
  302. 5.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  303. 5.7: Introduction to Animal Diversity
  304. 5.7.1: Introduction
  305. 5.7.2: Features of the Animal Kingdom
  306. 5.7.3: Features Used to Classify Animals
  307. 5.7.4: Animal Phylogeny
  308. 5.7.5: The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
  309. 5.7.6: Key Terms
  310. 5.7.7: Chapter Summary
  311. 5.7.8: Visual Connection Questions
  312. 5.7.9: Review Questions
  313. 5.7.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  314. 5.8: Invertebrates
  315. 5.8.1: Introduction
  316. 5.8.2: Phylum Porifera
  317. 5.8.3: Phylum Cnidaria
  318. 5.8.4: Superphylum Lophotrochozoa- Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
  319. 5.8.5: Superphylum Lophotrochozoa- Molluscs and Annelids
  320. 5.8.6: Superphylum Ecdysozoa- Nematodes and Tardigrades
  321. 5.8.7: Superphylum Ecdysozoa- Arthropods
  322. 5.8.8: Superphylum Deuterostomia
  323. 5.8.9: Key Terms
  324. 5.8.10: Chapter Summary
  325. 5.8.11: Visual Connection Questions
  326. 5.8.12: Review Questions
  327. 5.8.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  328. 5.9: Vertebrates
  329. 5.9.1: Introduction
  330. 5.9.2: Chordates
  331. 5.9.3: Fishes
  332. 5.9.4: Amphibians
  333. 5.9.5: Reptiles
  334. 5.9.6: Birds
  335. 5.9.7: Mammals
  336. 5.9.8: The Evolution of Primates
  337. 5.9.9: Key Terms
  338. 5.9.10: Chapter Summary
  339. 5.9.11: Visual Connection Questions
  340. 5.9.12: Review Questions
  341. 5.9.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  342. 6: Unit VI- Plant Structure and Function
  343. 6.1: Plant Form and Physiology
  344. 6.1.1: Introduction
  345. 6.1.2: The Plant Body
  346. 6.1.3: Stems
  347. 6.1.4: Roots
  348. 6.1.5: Leaves
  349. 6.1.6: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
  350. 6.1.7: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
  351. 6.1.8: Key Terms
  352. 6.1.9: Chapter Summary
  353. 6.1.10: Visual Connection Questions
  354. 6.1.11: Review Questions
  355. 6.1.12: Critical Thinking Questions
  356. 6.2: Soil and Plant Nutrition
  357. 6.2.1: Introduction
  358. 6.2.2: Nutritional Requirements of Plants
  359. 6.2.3: The Soil
  360. 6.2.4: Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
  361. 6.2.5: Key Terms
  362. 6.2.6: Chapter Summary
  363. 6.2.7: Visual Connection Questions
  364. 6.2.8: Review Questions
  365. 6.2.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  366. 6.3: Plant Reproduction
  367. 6.3.1: Introduction
  368. 6.3.2: Reproductive Development and Structure
  369. 6.3.3: Pollination and Fertilization
  370. 6.3.4: Asexual Reproduction
  371. 6.3.5: Key Terms
  372. 6.3.6: Chapter Summary
  373. 6.3.7: Visual Connection Questions
  374. 6.3.8: Review Questions
  375. 6.3.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  376. 7: Unit VII- Animal Structure and Function
  377. 7.1: The Animal Body - Basic Form and Function
  378. 7.1.1: Introduction
  379. 7.1.2: Animal Form and Function
  380. 7.1.3: Animal Primary Tissues
  381. 7.1.4: Homeostasis
  382. 7.1.5: Key Terms
  383. 7.1.6: Chapter Summary
  384. 7.1.7: Visual Connection Questions
  385. 7.1.8: Review Questions
  386. 7.1.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  387. 7.2: Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
  388. 7.2.1: Introduction
  389. 7.2.2: Digestive Systems
  390. 7.2.3: Nutrition and Energy Production
  391. 7.2.4: Digestive System Processes
  392. 7.2.5: Digestive System Regulation
  393. 7.2.6: Key Terms
  394. 7.2.7: Chapter Summary
  395. 7.2.8: Visual Connection Questions
  396. 7.2.9: Review Questions
  397. 7.2.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  398. 7.3: The Nervous System
  399. 7.3.1: Introduction
  400. 7.3.2: Neurons and Glial Cells
  401. 7.3.3: How Neurons Communicate
  402. 7.3.4: The Central Nervous System
  403. 7.3.5: The Peripheral Nervous System
  404. 7.3.6: Nervous System Disorders
  405. 7.3.7: Key Terms
  406. 7.3.8: Chapter Summary
  407. 7.3.9: Visual Connection Questions
  408. 7.3.10: Review Questions
  409. 7.3.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  410. 7.4: Sensory Systems
  411. 7.4.1: Introduction
  412. 7.4.2: Sensory Processes
  413. 7.4.3: Somatosensation
  414. 7.4.4: Taste and Smell
  415. 7.4.5: Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
  416. 7.4.6: Vision
  417. 7.4.7: Key Terms
  418. 7.4.8: Chapter Summary
  419. 7.4.9: Visual Connection Questions
  420. 7.4.10: Review Questions
  421. 7.4.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  422. 7.5: The Endocrine System
  423. 7.5.1: Introduction
  424. 7.5.2: Types of Hormones
  425. 7.5.3: How Hormones Work
  426. 7.5.4: Regulation of Body Processes
  427. 7.5.5: Regulation of Hormone Production
  428. 7.5.6: Endocrine Glands
  429. 7.5.7: Key Terms
  430. 7.5.8: Chapter Summary
  431. 7.5.9: Visual Connection Questions
  432. 7.5.10: Review Questions
  433. 7.5.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  434. 7.6: The Musculoskeletal System
  435. 7.6.1: Introduction
  436. 7.6.2: Types of Skeletal Systems
  437. 7.6.3: Bone
  438. 7.6.4: Joints and Skeletal Movement
  439. 7.6.5: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
  440. 7.6.6: Key Terms
  441. 7.6.7: Chapter Summary
  442. 7.6.8: Visual Connection Questions
  443. 7.6.9: Review Questions
  444. 7.6.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  445. 7.7: The Respiratory System
  446. 7.7.1: Introduction
  447. 7.7.2: Systems of Gas Exchange
  448. 7.7.3: Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
  449. 7.7.4: Breathing
  450. 7.7.5: Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
  451. 7.7.6: Key Terms
  452. 7.7.7: Chapter Summary
  453. 7.7.8: Visual Connection Questions
  454. 7.7.9: Review Questions
  455. 7.7.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  456. 7.8: The Circulatory System
  457. 7.8.1: Introduction
  458. 7.8.2: Overview of the Circulatory System
  459. 7.8.3: Components of the Blood
  460. 7.8.4: Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
  461. 7.8.5: Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
  462. 7.8.6: Key Terms
  463. 7.8.7: Chapter Summary
  464. 7.8.8: Visual Connection Questions
  465. 7.8.9: Review Questions
  466. 7.8.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  467. 7.9: Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
  468. 7.9.1: Introduction
  469. 7.9.2: Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
  470. 7.9.3: The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
  471. 7.9.4: Excretion Systems
  472. 7.9.5: Nitrogenous Wastes
  473. 7.9.6: Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
  474. 7.9.7: Key Terms
  475. 7.9.8: Chapter Summary
  476. 7.9.9: Visual Connection Questions
  477. 7.9.10: Review Questions
  478. 7.9.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  479. 7.10: The Immune System
  480. 7.10.1: Introduction
  481. 7.10.2: Innate Immune Response
  482. 7.10.3: Adaptive Immune Response
  483. 7.10.4: Antibodies
  484. 7.10.5: Disruptions in the Immune System
  485. 7.10.6: Key Terms
  486. 7.10.7: Chapter Summary
  487. 7.10.8: Visual Connection Questions
  488. 7.10.9: Review Questions
  489. 7.10.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  490. 7.11: Animal Reproduction and Development
  491. 7.11.1: Introduction
  492. 7.11.2: Reproduction Methods
  493. 7.11.3: Fertilization
  494. 7.11.4: Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
  495. 7.11.5: Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
  496. 7.11.6: Human Pregnancy and Birth
  497. 7.11.7: Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
  498. 7.11.8: Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
  499. 7.11.9: Key Terms
  500. 7.11.10: Chapter Summary
  501. 7.11.11: Visual Connection Questions
  502. 7.11.12: Review Questions
  503. 7.11.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  504. 8: Unit VIII- Ecology
  505. 8.1: Ecology and the Biosphere
  506. 8.1.1: Introduction
  507. 8.1.2: The Scope of Ecology
  508. 8.1.3: Biogeography
  509. 8.1.4: Terrestrial Biomes
  510. 8.1.5: Aquatic Biomes
  511. 8.1.6: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  512. 8.1.7: Key Terms
  513. 8.1.8: Chapter Summary
  514. 8.1.9: Visual Connection Questions
  515. 8.1.10: Review Questions
  516. 8.1.11: Critical Thinking Questions
  517. 8.2: Population and Community Ecology
  518. 8.2.1: Introduction
  519. 8.2.2: Population Demography
  520. 8.2.3: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  521. 8.2.4: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  522. 8.2.5: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  523. 8.2.6: Human Population Growth
  524. 8.2.7: Community Ecology
  525. 8.2.8: Behavioral Biology - Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  526. 8.2.9: Key Terms
  527. 8.2.10: Chapter Summary
  528. 8.2.11: Visual Connection Questions
  529. 8.2.12: Review Questions
  530. 8.2.13: Critical Thinking Questions
  531. 8.3: Ecosystems
  532. 8.3.1: Introduction
  533. 8.3.2: Ecology of Ecosystems
  534. 8.3.3: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  535. 8.3.4: Biogeochemical Cycles
  536. 8.3.5: Key Terms
  537. 8.3.6: Chapter Summary
  538. 8.3.7: Visual Connection Questions
  539. 8.3.8: Review Questions
  540. 8.3.9: Critical Thinking Questions
  541. 8.4: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
  542. 8.4.1: Introduction
  543. 8.4.2: The Biodiversity Crisis
  544. 8.4.3: The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  545. 8.4.4: Threats to Biodiversity
  546. 8.4.5: Preserving Biodiversity
  547. 8.4.6: Key Terms
  548. 8.4.7: Chapter Summary
  549. 8.4.8: Visual Connection Questions
  550. 8.4.9: Review Questions
  551. 8.4.10: Critical Thinking Questions
  552. 9: Appendix
  553. 9.1: Appendix A- The Periodic Table of Elements
  554. 9.2: Appendix B- Geological Time
  555. 9.3: Appendix C- Measurements and the Metric System
  556. Back Matter
  557. Index
  558. Glossary
  559. Detailed Licensing
  560. Detailed Licensing