Principles of Biology

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The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines.

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Subjects
Biology, Introductory and General Biology
Licence
CC BY, as LibreTexts states it
Who can read
Tweens profiles and older, judged from its title and subjects

Contents

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  1. Front Matter
  2. TitlePage
  3. InfoPage
  4. Table of Contents
  5. Class Descriptions
  6. Licensing
  7. BIOLOGY 211: Cell Biology
  8. 1: The Process of Science
  9. 1.1: The Nature of Science
  10. 1.2: The Scientific Process
  11. 1.3: Presenting Data - Graphs and Tables
  12. 1.4: Writing for Science
  13. 1.5: Using Credible Sources
  14. 2: Chemistry for Biology
  15. 2.1: Atoms
  16. 2.2: Chemical Bonds
  17. 2.3: Water
  18. 2.4: Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases
  19. 2.5: Absolutely Necessary Chemistry Summary
  20. 3: Biological Molecules
  21. 3.1: Carbohydrates
  22. 3.2: Lipids
  23. 3.3: Proteins
  24. 3.4: Nucleic Acids
  25. 3.5: Biological Macromolecule Practice Questions
  26. 4: What is Life?
  27. 4.1: What makes something living?
  28. 4.2: Levels of Organization
  29. 4.3: The Diversity of Life
  30. 5: Cell Structure and Function
  31. 5.1: How Cells Are Studied
  32. 5.2: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
  33. 5.3: The Plasma Membrane and The Cytoplasm
  34. 5.4: Ribosomes
  35. 5.5: The Cytoskeleton
  36. 5.6: Flagella and Cilia
  37. 5.7: The Endomembrane System
  38. 5.8: The Nucleus
  39. 5.9: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
  40. 5.10: The Golgi Apparatus
  41. 5.11: Vesicles and Vacuoles, Lysosomes, and Peroxisomes
  42. 5.12: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
  43. 5.13: The Cell Wall
  44. 5.14: Extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions
  45. 5.15: The Production of a Protein
  46. 5.16: Summary Table of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Functions
  47. 6: The Cell Membrane and Transport
  48. 6.1: The Plasma Membrane
  49. 6.2: Transport Across Membranes
  50. 6.3: Passive Transport - Diffusion
  51. 6.4: Passive Transport - Facilitated Transport
  52. 6.5: Passive Transport - Osmosis
  53. 6.6: Active Transport
  54. 7: Cell Communication
  55. 7.1: A Summary of Cell Communication
  56. 7.2: Types of Receptors
  57. 7.3: Types of signaling molecules
  58. 7.4: Propagation of the signal
  59. 7.5: Response to the signal
  60. 8: Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
  61. 8.1: Energy
  62. 8.2: Metabolic Pathways
  63. 8.3: Thermodynamics
  64. 8.4: Potential and Kinetic Energy
  65. 8.5: Free and Activation Energy
  66. 8.6: Enzymes
  67. 8.7: Feedback Inhibition in Metabolic Pathways
  68. 9: How cells obtain energy
  69. 9.1: Energy in Living Systems
  70. 9.2: From Mouth to Molecule - Digestion
  71. 9.3: Metabolism
  72. 9.4: An overview of Cellular Respiration
  73. 9.5: Aerobic Respiration, Part 1 - Glycolysis
  74. 9.6: Aerobic Respiration, Part 2 - Oxidation of Pyruvate and The Citric Acid Cycle
  75. 9.7: Aerobic Respiration, Part 3 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
  76. 9.8: Metabolism without Oxygen - Fermentation
  77. 9.9: Metabolism of molecules other than glucose
  78. 9.10: Anaerobic Cellular Respiration in Prokaryotes
  79. 10: Photosynthesis
  80. 10.1: Putting photosynthesis into context
  81. 10.2: The structure of the chloroplast
  82. 10.3: Light and Pigments
  83. 10.4: The Light-Dependent Reactions
  84. 10.5: The Light Independent Reactions (aka the Calvin Cycle)
  85. 10.6: Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
  86. 11: Cell Division - Binary Fission and Mitosis
  87. 11.1: How DNA is arranged in a cell
  88. 11.2: An Overview of DNA Replication
  89. 11.3: Prokaryotic Cell Division
  90. 11.4: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
  91. 11.5: Control of the Cell Cycle
  92. 11.6: Cancer and the cell cycle
  93. BIOLOGY 212: Genetics
  94. 12: DNA and Chromosome Structure
  95. 12.1: DNA Structure
  96. 12.2: DNA organization inside a cell
  97. 12.3: Homologous Chromosomes and Sexual Reproduction
  98. 13: DNA Replication
  99. 13.1: DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
  100. 13.2: DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
  101. 13.3: DNA Repair
  102. 14: Mutations
  103. 14.1: How do genes direct the production of proteins?
  104. 14.2: How Gene Mutations Occur
  105. 14.3: Introduction to Genetic Disorders
  106. 14.4: Do all mutations affect health and development?
  107. 14.5: Types of Mutations
  108. 14.6: Multifactorial Disorders and Genetic Predispositions
  109. 14.7: Changes in Numbers of Genes or Chromosomes
  110. 15: Protein Synthesis
  111. 15.1: The Genetic Code
  112. 15.2: Prokaryotic Transcription
  113. 15.3: Eukaryotic Transcription
  114. 15.4: Eukaryotic RNA Processing
  115. 15.5: Translation
  116. 15.6: Optional Section - Micropigs
  117. 16: Gene Regulation
  118. 16.1: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
  119. 16.2: Eukaryotic epigenetic regulation
  120. 16.3: Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
  121. 16.4: Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Regulation
  122. 16.5: Eukaryotic Translational and Post-Translational Regulation
  123. 16.6: Cancer and Gene Regulation
  124. 17: Meiosis - Sexual Reproduction
  125. 17.1: Overview of Meiosis
  126. 17.2: Meiosis I
  127. 17.3: Meiosis II
  128. 17.4: Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
  129. 17.5: Errors in Meiosis
  130. 18: Patterns of Inheritance
  131. 18.1: Mendelian Genetics
  132. 18.2: Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
  133. 18.3: Phenotypes and Genotypes
  134. 18.4: Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
  135. 18.5: Laws of Inheritance
  136. 18.6: Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
  137. 18.7: Multiple Alleles
  138. 18.8: Sex-Linked Traits
  139. 18.9: Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
  140. 18.10: Epistasis
  141. 19: Genetics - Dog Coat Color
  142. 19.1: Introduction to Genetics
  143. 19.2: Pedigrees and Punnett Squares
  144. 19.3: Black fur color - a dominant trait
  145. 19.4: Yellow fur color - a recessive trait
  146. 19.5: Epistasis - the relationship between black, brown, and yellow fur
  147. 19.6: Brindle color - partial dominance and epistasis
  148. 19.7: Incomplete dominance - when traits blend
  149. 19.8: White spotting - when there's more than two alleles
  150. 19.9: Hemophilia - a sex-linked disorder
  151. 19.10: Overall phenotypes - putting it all together
  152. 19.11: KIT - embryonic lethality
  153. 19.12: It's not all in the genes - the effect of environment
  154. 19.13: Pleiotropy - one gene affects more than one trait
  155. 20: Biotechnology
  156. 20.1: DNA Isolation, Gel Electrophoresis, and PCR
  157. 20.2: Cloning
  158. 20.3: Genetic Engineering
  159. 20.4: Mapping Genomes
  160. 20.5: Applying Genomics
  161. 20.6: Proteomics
  162. 20.7: Whole Genome Sequencing
  163. BIOLOGY 213: Ecology and Evolution
  164. 21: Introduction to Evolution
  165. 21.1: Evidence of Evolution
  166. 21.2: Formation of New Species
  167. 21.3: Speciation
  168. 22: Evolution in Action
  169. 22.1: Population Evolution
  170. 22.2: Population Genetics
  171. 22.3: Adaptive Evolution
  172. 23: Evolutionary Relationships
  173. 23.1: Organizing Life on Earth
  174. 23.2: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  175. 23.3: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  176. 24: Ecology and the Biosphere
  177. 24.1: The Scope of Ecology
  178. 24.2: Biogeography
  179. 24.3: Terrestrial Biomes
  180. 24.4: Aquatic Biomes
  181. 24.5: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
  182. 25: Population and Community Ecology
  183. 25.1: Population Demography
  184. 25.2: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  185. 25.3: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  186. 25.4: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  187. 25.5: Human Population Growth
  188. 25.6: Community Ecology
  189. 25.7: Behavioral Biology - Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
  190. 26: Ecosystems
  191. 26.1: Ecology of Ecosystems
  192. 26.2: Energy Flow through Ecosystems
  193. 26.3: Biogeochemical Cycles
  194. 27: Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
  195. 27.1: The Biodiversity Crisis
  196. 27.2: The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
  197. 27.3: Threats to Biodiversity
  198. 27.4: Preserving Biodiversity
  199. Back Matter
  200. Index
  201. Glossary
  202. Detailed Licensing