2: DNA Structure and Sequences — Read

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2.1: Overview
Genetics explains how heritable information shapes traits, from selective breeding to DNA-based tools that enable prediction, intervention, and responsible decision making in medicine, agriculture, and society.
2.2: DNA is the Genetic Material
Foundational experiments established DNA as the carrier of heredity and its semi-conservative replication. Prion diseases exemplify lethal, protein-based inheritance that sits outside nucleic acid rules.
2.3: The Structure of DNA
Notes that classic experiments established DNA as the genetic material before its structure was understood, setting the stage for later structural models.
2.4: Genes are the Basic Units of Inheritance
Mendel’s crosses revealed discrete hereditary units that segregate and assort, replacing blending ideas and setting the stage for chromosomes, alleles, and predictable trait patterns.
2.5: The Function of Genes
Beadle and Tatum linked individual genes to steps in metabolic pathways, showing that genotype specifies cellular function through gene products and providing a template for modern molecular genetics.
2.6: The Nuclear Genome
Defines the nuclear genome and the C-value, measured in base pairs or picograms. Observes a general correlation between C-value and organismal size or complexity.

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