6.3: Activity 2

Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual II: Neural and Cardiopulmonary Systems · LibreTexts

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    Internal Heart Anatomy in Coronal Section

    • Purpose: Build a clear 3D understanding of the  blood vessels, heart’s chambers, valves, and septa using laboratory models using consistent landmarks to tell right from left, atria from ventricles, and AV from semilunar valves. This will link  structures to their function in blood flow or valve mechanics.
    • Why it matters: Accurate recognition of internal anatomy underpins understanding of blood flow, valve function, imaging (echo/CT/MRI), and common pathologies (valve disease, septal defects, hypertrophy)

    Materials

    • Anatomical heart models (dissectible, with removable walls) – enough for small groups
    • Torso models or circulatory system posters (optional, for overall orientation)
    • Large laminated diagrams of the heart and great vessels for reference

    These supplies will support hands‑on identification of:

    • Right vs left side of the heart (using consistent external landmarks)
    • Atria vs ventricles
    • AV (tricuspid, mitral) vs semilunar (pulmonary, aortic) valves
    • Major vessels (vena cavae, pulmonary trunk/arteries/veins, aorta) and septa, linked directly to the direction of blood flow and valve mechanics.

    Instructions

    1. Identify internal heart features indicated by numbers (1 to 14) in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). 
    2. Use a systematic approach focusing on the four chambers, associated major vessels, septa, and valves, while keeping the heart's orientation (apex pointing down and to the left) in mind.
    3. Add functions to the structures identified and fill in the Table \(\PageIndex{1}\).
    Human heart with numbered labels for major internal structures.
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Detailed anatomical diagram of the human heart with numbered labels for identification. (Public Domain; via Lakshmikanta Sengupta).

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows an anatomical diagram of the human heart. It includes arrows pointing to specific internal structures, each labeled with a number from 1 to 14. These numbers correspond to different components such as major blood vessels, heart chambers, layers of the heart muscle,  and other features like chordae tendineae, intended for identification.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Identification and functions of key anatomical structures in the human heart.
    Number Identification Function
      Left pulmonary artery  
      Left pulmonary vein large valveless vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. These veins are unique in that, unlike other veins of the body which transport deoxygenated blood, the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
      Interventricular septum  
      Mitral (Bicuspid) valve  
      Tricuspid valve  
      Pulmonary semilunar valve  
      Chordae tendineae  
      Papillary muscle  
      Endocardium  
      Left coronary artery  
      Conus arteriosus (infundibulum of the right ventricle)  
      Myocardium  
      Pulmonary trunk  
      Epicardium  

    This page titled 6.3: Activity 2 was last modified on Thu, 02 Apr 2026 07:49:46 GMT and is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lakshmikanta Sengupta and Susmita Sengupta.