# Pioneers of Surgery

Part 1: The Brutal Craft Part one of a four-part series on the pioneers of modern surgery relives the early days, when surgery was practiced without benefit of anaesthesia or antiseptics and patients usually died. Part 2: Into the Heart Once unthinkable, open-heart surgery is now an everyday miracle. NOVA looks at the brave doctors and patients who made it possible. Part 3: New Organs for Old From kidneys to hearts, NOVA examines the daring attempts to replace diseased organs with transplanted ones. Part 4: Beyond the Knife New techniques and treatments whittle away the mainstream of surgery.

- Kind: TV
- Year: 1988
- By: British Broadcasting Corporation. Television Service., WGBH (Television station : Boston, Mass.), ABC Australia
- Archive: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/PioneersofSurgery)
- Licence or status: none stated by the archive
- Who can watch: Adult profiles and older (the archive gives no rating; placed by Invisible Network from its collection and subjects)

[Watch now](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/watch/archive/ia/PioneersofSurgery?play=1)