# The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca: Russia's First Step to Empire

An episode of [The Story of Turkey: From Byzantium to the Ottoman Empire to Today — Fexingo History](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/podcast/1895450461), 17 Sep 2026, 9:30.

Audio: https://audio.fexingo.com/history/the-story-of-turkey/episode-0237.mp3

In 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty that quietly dismantled its grip on the Black Sea and set the stage for centuries of Russian expansion. This episode explores the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, negotiated in the wake of the Russo-Turkish War, where Catherine the Great’s diplomats extracted unprecedented concessions from a weakened Sublime Porte. We trace how this agreement granted Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman internal affairs under the guise of protecting Orthodox Christians, a legal loophole that would justify future invasions. The conversation details the specific territorial losses, including Crimea’s independence (soon followed by annexation), the opening of the Dardanelles to Russian commerce, and the establishment of a Russian consulate in Constantinople. Through the eyes of key figures like Grigory Potemkin and Sultan Mustafa III, we examine how this diplomatic defeat signaled the end of Ottoman military supremacy and the beginning of the 'Eastern Question' in European politics. Listeners will learn about the geopolitical shifts that turned the Black Sea into a Russian lake and understand why historians view 1774 as a pivotal turning point in Middle Eastern history. #TreatyOfKucukKaynarca #OttomanHistory #RussianEmpire #CatherineTheGreat #GrigoryPotemkin #CrimeanAnnexation #BlackSeaPolitics #SultanMustafaIII #RussoTurkishWar #DardanellesStrait #OrthodoxChristianity #SublimePorte #Geopolitics #MiddleEastHistory #ImperialExpansion #DiplomaticHistory #18thCentury #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo

## Transcript

Lucas: If you've been stepping into history with us episode by episode, you know Istanbul isn't just a city; it's a palimpsest of empires layered over one another. But while we often talk about the glory days of Suleiman or the architectural marvels of Sinan, there’s a quieter, more devastating moment that reshaped the entire region.
Luna: You mean the moment the Ottomans stopped being the giants?
Lucas: Exactly. And it didn’t happen with a bang, but with a pen stroke in 1774. We’ve covered the Janissaries and the Tulip Era, but today we’re looking at the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. It was the first major peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, and it effectively handed Moscow the keys to the Black Sea.
Lucas: To understand why this matters, we have to look at the woman behind the Russian throne, Catherine the Great. She wasn’t just expanding territory; she was crafting an ideology. For her, Russia wasn't just a northern kingdom anymore; it was the successor to Rome and Byzantium, the protector of all Orthodox Christians.
Luna: So she used religion as a legal wedge to get inside the Ottoman gates?
Lucas: Precisely. The treaty included a clause that gave Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman internal affairs to protect the Greek Orthodox population. This was huge. It meant that any time Russia wanted to meddle in Constantinople, they had a religious pretext. It turned the Ecumenical Patriarchate into a tool of Russian foreign policy, which caused immense resentment among Muslim subjects and Christian minorities alike.
Lucas: The territorial losses were staggering too. The Ottomans lost control of the Kerch and Yenikale fortresses, giving Russia full navigation rights through the Kerch Strait. They also recognized the independence of the Crimean Khanate, though everyone knew what was coming next. Russia got significant reparations, and crucially, they established consulates in Ottoman territory, breaking the old rule that foreigners couldn't live permanently in the capital.
Luna: That sounds like a complete surrender of sovereignty.
Lucas: It felt like one to the court in Istanbul. Sultan Mustafa III was young, inexperienced, and surrounded by advisors who were trying to hold together a crumbling military structure. On the Russian side, the negotiator was Vladimir Cherkassky, but the real architect was Grigory Potemkin, Catherine’s lover and military genius. He understood that diplomacy could achieve what swords sometimes couldn't.
Lucas: Potemkin was already thinking ahead. He saw Crimea not just as land, but as a strategic buffer against Poland and the Balkans. By securing the north coast of the Black Sea, Russia transformed it from a contested border zone into essentially a Russian lake. This shifted the center of gravity in the Middle East dramatically toward St. Petersburg.
Luna: And the Ottomans just accepted it? After losing so much?
Lucas: They had little choice. Their navy had been decimated at the Battle of Chesma, and their army was struggling with logistics and corruption. The Grand Vizier at the time, Mehmed Emin Paşa, tried to resist, but the pressure from both the battlefield and the diplomatic corps forced them to sign. It was a pragmatic, bitter pill.
Lucas: Here is where our story pauses for a moment. If today was actually useful to you, the way these stay ad-free is listener support — buy me a coffee dot com slash fexingo. It helps keep the research deep and the episodes coming.
Luna: I really appreciate that, it keeps the quality high.
Lucas: Back to the aftermath. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca didn't just change borders; it changed the mindset of the Ottoman elite. For the first time, they realized that European powers weren't just trading partners or occasional nuisance neighbors; they were existential threats with superior technology and statecraft.
Luna: Did that spark any immediate reforms?
Lucas: It planted the seed, even if it took decades to bloom. You start seeing whispers of modernization earlier than we usually discuss. The humiliation of 1774 made it clear that the old ways—the reliance on Janissary cavalry and feudal levies—were obsolete. It paved the way for later sultans like Selim III and Mahmud II to try radical reforms, though those efforts would face massive backlash.
Lucas: But let’s talk about Crimea itself. The treaty declared it independent, but within three years, in 1783, Catherine formally annexed it. The local Tatar nobility, some of whom had hoped for true independence, found themselves absorbed into the Russian Empire. This led to a mass migration of Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire, adding a new layer of ethnic tension to the region.
Luna: That must have been chaotic for the people living there.
Lucas: Absolutely. Thousands fled across the sea to places like Varna and Dobruja. The cultural landscape of the Black Sea was irrevocably altered. The Ottoman presence receded, replaced by Russian Orthodox churches and administrative centers. The soft power of Istanbul began to wane in favor of the hard power of St. Petersburg.
Lucas: Another fascinating detail is the commercial impact. Russia gained the right to build ships and trade freely in Ottoman ports. This flooded the market with Russian grain and timber, undercutting local merchants and disrupting traditional trade networks along the Bosphorus. It wasn't just military dominance; it was economic strangulation disguised as free trade.
Luna: So the economy suffered alongside the military prestige.
Lucas: It did. And this created a feedback loop. As the economy weakened, the state’s ability to pay soldiers and maintain infrastructure deteriorated further, making them even more vulnerable to future treaties. The cycle of decline became self-reinforcing. Every loss justified another concession, until the empire was hollowed out from the outside in.
Lucas: We should also mention the role of the Great Powers. Britain and France were watching closely. They were concerned about Russian expansion but didn't want to see the Ottoman Empire collapse entirely, because a vacuum might invite chaos. This delicate balancing act would define European diplomacy for the next century, known as the 'Eastern Question.'
Luna: So the Ottomans became a puzzle piece for Europe rather than a player.
Lucas: Exactly. They went from being the arbiter of the region to the object of negotiation. In 1774, they were still a major power, but after Küçük Kaynarca, they were increasingly treated as a patient on life support, kept alive only by the competing interests of other nations.
Lucas: Let’s look at the human cost for a moment. The treaty required the Ottomans to pay a large indemnity to Russia. This money had to be raised through taxes, which fell heavily on the peasantry. In provinces like Anatolia, this exacerbated existing grievances and fueled local revolts. The central government lost legitimacy in the eyes of its own subjects.
Luna: It seems like every gain for Russia was a loss for the common person.
Lucas: That’s the tragedy of imperial diplomacy. The sultans and grand viziers played chess with territories and populations, unaware that the board itself was rotting. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was a symptom of deeper structural failures: administrative stagnation, technological lag, and fiscal mismanagement.
Lucas: Interestingly, the treaty also affected religious dynamics beyond just the Orthodox community. The Ottomans had to guarantee freedom of worship for Russians traveling to Jerusalem. This opened the door for increased Russian pilgrimages and, eventually, political influence in the Holy Land. It extended Russian reach far beyond its immediate borders.
Luna: Even reaching Jerusalem? That’s surprising.
Lucas: It is. It shows how the concept of 'protection' can be weaponized. By claiming to care about holy sites, Russia gained a foothold in the Levant, challenging British and French interests there too. It was a multi-front diplomatic victory for Catherine.
Lucas: As we wrap up, think about the Hagia Sophia and the Bosphorus skyline we’ve referenced before. In 1774, the shadows lengthened. The great dome still stood, but the empire beneath it was entering a long twilight. The seeds of modern Turkey were being sown in the blood and ink of these negotiations, waiting for a nationalist awakening nearly two centuries later.
Luna: It makes you wonder if there was any way the Ottomans could have stopped it.
Lucas: Perhaps, if they had embraced reform earlier, as the Young Turks would later try, or if they had built stronger alliances with Western powers. But the inertia was too great. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca stands as a stark reminder that in history, hesitation can be as costly as defeat.

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