# How Infrastructure is Powering the Age of AI

An episode of [Smart Talks with IBM](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/podcast/1558889546), 28 Jan 2025, 55 min.

Audio: https://pdrl.fm/c50a0c/podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/tracking.swap.fm/track/SxlTEPDY7xDg35RXkASs/mgln.ai/e/p457950/traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/e73c998e-6e60-432f-8610-ae210140c5b1/85547dfc-49bd-4e63-a6cc-ae32006cd832/0eef1b26-cb16-48b1-8873-b26f017dcecc/audio.mp3?utm_source=Podcast&in_playlist=6d9e2ef8-e4e9-45e9-9e13-ae32006cd844

In this episode of Smart Talks with IBM, Malcolm Gladwell speaks with Ric Lewis, IBM’s Senior Vice President of Infrastructure. They discuss how hardware capability has enabled the matrix math required to run large language models. Furthermore, they delve into some creative examples of how to put AI to work: from your bank to your local coffee shop. Ric underscores the importance of infrastructure in unlocking the potential of AI, helping businesses harness their data to drive transformative outcomes. This is a paid advertisement from IBM. The conversations on this podcast don't necessarily represent IBM's positions, strategies or opinions. Visit us at https://ibm.com/smarttalks See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

## Transcript

[0:03] Speaker 1: Hello, Hello, Welcome to Smart Talks with IBM, a podcast
[0:06] Speaker 1: from Pushkin Industries, iHeartRadio and IBM. I'm Malcolm Godwell. This season,
[0:12] Speaker 1: we're diving back into the world of artificial intelligence, but
[0:15] Speaker 1: with a focus on the powerful concept of open its possibilities, implications,
[0:21] Speaker 1: and misconceptions. On today's episode, our season finale, I'm joined
[0:26] Speaker 1: by Rick Lewis, the senior vice president of Infrastructure at IBM.
[0:31] Speaker 1: Rick has had a remarkable career focused around product innovation.
[0:35] Speaker 1: He was actually a few years into retirement when IBM
[0:38] Speaker 1: came calling with an opportunity he just couldn't turn down. Thankfully,
[0:43] Speaker 1: Rick came out of retirement and today he oversees a
[0:47] Speaker 1: vast portfolio from storage and software to global customer support operations,
[0:53] Speaker 1: and he's engaged in one of the key problems facing
[0:55] Speaker 1: companies today, an explosion of data. In talking with Rick,
[1:00] Speaker 1: I can see that this problem of having so much
[1:02] Speaker 1: data is also an incredible opportunity because if you're able
[1:07] Speaker 1: to leverage that data to get the most value out
[1:09] Speaker 1: of it, then you can use it to help bring
[1:12] Speaker 1: your business into the future. We talked about the serious
[1:15] Speaker 1: computing power needed to scale AI, as well as the
[1:18] Speaker 1: ways that infrastructure storage solutions can be essential to enabling
[1:23] Speaker 1: this new world of possibilities. It's a really great conversation,
[1:28] Speaker 1: so let's get to it. I'm here with Rick Lewis. Rick,
[1:34] Speaker 1: Welcome than here. We are in the IBM's New York
[1:39] Speaker 1: City headquarters at one Madison Avenue. I'm going to start
[1:42] Speaker 1: with you're a hardware guy.
[1:44] Speaker 2: I'm a hardware guy. I grew up doing hardware chip engineering.
[1:48] Speaker 2: But like I tell a lot of people, a chip
[1:51] Speaker 2: engineering project is actually a giant software project with a
[1:55] Speaker 2: piece of hardware at the end of the project. Wise,
[1:57] Speaker 2: I think if you have that analytical brain like to
[2:00] Speaker 2: solve problems, you'd like to get things working, you can
[2:04] Speaker 2: do that in.
[2:04] Speaker 1: Soet But as being someone coming from a hardware background
[2:08] Speaker 1: mean that you think about problems in a different way.
[2:12] Speaker 2: I think one thing that you do from a hardware background,
[2:15] Speaker 2: and especially a chip background, is a chip spin and
[2:19] Speaker 2: costs millions of dollars, So you're a lot more likely
[2:23] Speaker 2: to make sure everything has a great chance of being
[2:26] Speaker 2: perfect from the get go. Or if you start kind
[2:28] Speaker 2: of from a software background, your general mindset is I
[2:31] Speaker 2: don't know, try this, see if it works. I don't know,
[2:33] Speaker 2: try that if it work, and you kind of iterated,
[2:35] Speaker 2: iterate chip people are a little more uptight about Okay,
[2:39] Speaker 2: if this first round of the chip breaks, costs us
[2:42] Speaker 2: for building another new round of the chip.
[2:44] Speaker 1: Yeah, so you're a little more You guys are spend
[2:47] Speaker 1: more time planning and planning verifying, tons of time verifying.
[2:54] Speaker 1: So you began your career as you look backward, yes, correct,
[2:58] Speaker 1: and you were there for how many years?
[3:00] Speaker 2: I was there for thirty two years?
[3:02] Speaker 1: Yes, And your last job there was I was leading.
[3:05] Speaker 2: The software defining cloud business. I had grown up a
[3:07] Speaker 2: hardware guy. I had done all kinds of hardware projects,
[3:13] Speaker 2: big complicated Unix servers and things like that, and then
[3:18] Speaker 2: you know, grew out of R and D and more
[3:20] Speaker 2: into the business realm, and then I'm much an innovator
[3:24] Speaker 2: at heart. I really like innovating new concepts things like that.
[3:29] Speaker 2: And what I learned is I enjoyed innovating business models
[3:32] Speaker 2: and software projects as much as I did hardware products
[3:36] Speaker 2: and projects, and so getting teams inspired toward doing that
[3:40] Speaker 2: was really a deep fascination for me. So I ended
[3:43] Speaker 2: up doing a fantastic variety of experiences and had a
[3:47] Speaker 2: successful run and honestly retired, intending to retire and do
[3:51] Speaker 2: some of my outside activities and things like that.
[3:54] Speaker 1: And then how long did you stay retired before IBM
[3:56] Speaker 1: can close?
[3:57] Speaker 2: Almost two years? And when when I first got at ALL,
[4:02] Speaker 2: I thought, no, I'm having too much fun. But I
[4:05] Speaker 2: would say three things really got me thinking hard about it.
[4:10] Speaker 2: One the industry that we're in, the IT industry. I
[4:13] Speaker 2: think it's the golden age. And what I mean by
[4:15] Speaker 2: that is for twenty years of that career, it is
[4:19] Speaker 2: kind of in the back office, say make sure that
[4:21] Speaker 2: stuff doesn't crash, and can you please reduce the cost
[4:25] Speaker 2: as much as possible, because it's not that important to
[4:27] Speaker 2: the main business. It's just a back office function. You
[4:30] Speaker 2: can see it right now. It is at the forefront
[4:33] Speaker 2: of all business revolution. It happened with the Internet. It
[4:37] Speaker 2: happened again with cloud and how that changed every ounce
[4:41] Speaker 2: of business, not just IT business, but all business. And
[4:44] Speaker 2: I think it's happening again with AI. So to be
[4:47] Speaker 2: in that career that long and to miss the kind
[4:50] Speaker 2: of this age where it's like this is front and center.
[4:52] Speaker 2: This changes everything about all businesses, not just technology businesses.
[4:57] Speaker 2: I was kind of feeling like gosh, you you trained
[5:00] Speaker 2: to be in these really awesome environments. Why wouldn't you
[5:05] Speaker 2: do that for a little while longer while you still
[5:08] Speaker 2: can do it. That combined with IBM and IBM seeing
[5:11] Speaker 2: the talent pool, the brilliant people at IBM, I worked
[5:16] Speaker 2: with a ton of brilliant people before I saw a
[5:18] Speaker 2: chance to work with even a larger staff of brilliant people.
[5:21] Speaker 2: And then the assets that IBM had, which is, you know,
[5:25] Speaker 2: they'd already been doing a lot of experimentation in AI,
[5:27] Speaker 2: they're working in quantum, the deep, rich heritage of successful projects.
[5:33] Speaker 2: I thought, who wouldn't want to kind of see if
[5:35] Speaker 2: they could be part of that next great wave of IBM.
[5:38] Speaker 2: And so I kind of decided, all right, I'm going
[5:40] Speaker 2: to put the outside interest on hold for a while
[5:42] Speaker 2: and get back in the game.
[5:44] Speaker 1: Along between the phone call, the first phone call and
[5:47] Speaker 1: you say, yes.
[5:48] Speaker 2: It was a while, It was probably six months. Arvind's
[5:52] Speaker 2: our CEO, teases me about that a lot. Yeah, he
[5:55] Speaker 2: was like, I don't think six months is that long?
[5:57] Speaker 2: It took a while if you were in retirement. I know. Yeah,
[6:00] Speaker 2: It's one thing to compare I'm working here and doing
[6:03] Speaker 2: this stuff versus working there, it's really hard to compare.
[6:06] Speaker 2: I'm doing exactly as I want to do every single
[6:08] Speaker 2: day when I wake up, and now I'm not going
[6:10] Speaker 2: to get to do that again. It took a while
[6:13] Speaker 2: for me to get over and I thought, I can't
[6:15] Speaker 2: miss this wave, and I'm really really happy that I did,
[6:20] Speaker 2: because we're doing some amazing, fun things and I'm getting
[6:24] Speaker 2: challenged in ways that I never did, so it's really fun.
[6:26] Speaker 1: Talk a little bit about your job here at IBM.
[6:30] Speaker 1: You oversee a kind of massive portfolio.
[6:34] Speaker 2: It's a big group, so I run the Infrastructure organization.
[6:37] Speaker 2: There's three main groups of products at IBM. There's the
[6:40] Speaker 2: Infrastructure group, which I run, the software group, and the
[6:44] Speaker 2: consulting group. And infrastructure is built up of mainframes, which
[6:49] Speaker 2: is called our Z portfolio, our servers which is our
[6:53] Speaker 2: power portfolio storage. By the way, those businesses include the
[6:58] Speaker 2: supply chain to build all of that stuff, so that's
[7:00] Speaker 2: in the group. Then I have the worldwide Customer Support
[7:03] Speaker 2: Organization it's called TLS Technology life Cycle Services, which is
[7:08] Speaker 2: a network of about thirteen thousand people around the globe
[7:11] Speaker 2: that make sure that everything runs and works when you
[7:13] Speaker 2: buy IBM products. And then also our IBM Cloud, which
[7:17] Speaker 2: is how we host applications and deliver as a service
[7:22] Speaker 2: products for our client based. So there's a lot. I
[7:25] Speaker 2: think it's about forty five thousand people total.
[7:27] Speaker 1: Do those components of the Infrastructure group are they aligned
[7:32] Speaker 1: in their trajectory or are they on different paths? And
[7:36] Speaker 1: I'm just curious what so navigattle of both. It's interesting
[7:39] Speaker 1: you would ask that because I think of all of
[7:41] Speaker 1: the challenges coming to the new company, there were things
[7:45] Speaker 1: I expected, things that they didn't expect. But getting that
[7:50] Speaker 1: culture right in that group has been a big challenge.
[7:55] Speaker 2: IBM has a great culture toward quality products, toward emphasizing
[8:01] Speaker 2: passion for the client and making sure that the client
[8:04] Speaker 2: is happy, and for delivering innovation on a scale that
[8:08] Speaker 2: you know, for more than one hundred years has been
[8:12] Speaker 2: extremely powerful. But with success comes some challenges. And with
[8:16] Speaker 2: that success you can tend to get a little bit insular,
[8:20] Speaker 2: like you don't keep an eye on the competition as well,
[8:23] Speaker 2: you can get more siloed, where you know, this is
[8:25] Speaker 2: my business unit, this is my business unit, I compete
[8:28] Speaker 2: with the other business unit. That's not a good thing
[8:31] Speaker 2: when you're a company, and you can get really risk averse,
[8:35] Speaker 2: meaning you feel like, hey, this is a successful business.
[8:39] Speaker 2: I don't want to do anything to mess it up,
[8:41] Speaker 2: so I don't need to try new things. Well, that's
[8:42] Speaker 2: exactly the recipe to kind of be shrinking, and infrastructure
[8:46] Speaker 2: had been shrinking for a little while, and so a
[8:48] Speaker 2: lot of what the challenge was for me was to
[8:52] Speaker 2: invigorate that risk taking and get to a growth mindset
[8:56] Speaker 2: where you're trying new things and seeing what works and
[8:58] Speaker 2: what doesn't work. Changing some of the models, like investing
[9:02] Speaker 2: a little bit less in hardware for some software differentiation
[9:05] Speaker 2: that goes into the hardware. So it's been very successful
[9:08] Speaker 2: so far, and it's been a good journey. It's almost
[9:10] Speaker 2: four years now.
[9:12] Speaker 1: Give me an example of what was a really hard
[9:15] Speaker 1: problem that you've dealt with in those sway years.
[9:16] Speaker 2: So, boy, a really hard problem?
[9:19] Speaker 1: An interesting and are you interesting is a better word
[9:22] Speaker 1: than ours.
[9:23] Speaker 2: One of the first things that I kind of chewed
[9:25] Speaker 2: on a little bit is I talked about how we
[9:28] Speaker 2: have Z power and storage. The Z and Power product
[9:31] Speaker 2: lines are well known in the industry. Is is really
[9:34] Speaker 2: fit for purpose computing that have strengths that you know
[9:37] Speaker 2: Z runs, you know most of the world's economic backbone.
[9:41] Speaker 2: And if you use a credit card, ninety percent of
[9:45] Speaker 2: credit card transactions for the globe go through these Z
[9:49] Speaker 2: mainframes there in every bank there. You know, it's a
[9:51] Speaker 2: big business. It's well known in the industry. Same with power,
[9:54] Speaker 2: very tuned and optimized for smaller operations than our giants
[9:59] Speaker 2: Z mainframes, but really mission critical workloads for retail, for insurance,
[10:05] Speaker 2: for banking, for all of that. Our storage business not
[10:09] Speaker 2: so well known. In fact, when I came I thought,
[10:12] Speaker 2: did they have storage? Well, I have storage when I
[10:14] Speaker 2: come in too. I so I got online and I thought,
[10:17] Speaker 2: it's still hard for me to tell did they have
[10:19] Speaker 2: storage or not? Now I own a storage business. So
[10:21] Speaker 2: one of the things was not just to get the
[10:23] Speaker 2: market perception up, but to invest in that business. Because
[10:26] Speaker 2: if you look at infrastructure overall around the globe, it's
[10:29] Speaker 2: growing at five percent a year. The infrastructure business had
[10:33] Speaker 2: been kind of flat to declining, and so a challenge
[10:35] Speaker 2: was how do we grab onto the growth. Well, one
[10:37] Speaker 2: of the biggest growth areas due to the explosion of
[10:40] Speaker 2: data in the world is storage, So what do you
[10:43] Speaker 2: do to kind of get on that growth rate. So
[10:45] Speaker 2: we did a lot of reinvigoration of the innovation in
[10:49] Speaker 2: that a lot of software value, add a lot of
[10:52] Speaker 2: doubling down on the things that are working. Portfolio rationalization
[10:55] Speaker 2: where you segment the market and you say, okay, we're
[10:57] Speaker 2: going to do less of this and really go big
[10:59] Speaker 2: in these areas, and that's been probably the most dramatic
[11:02] Speaker 2: turnaround inside the group. Is our storage thing. When you
[11:06] Speaker 2: say it's a hard problem, it's not just oh, you know,
[11:08] Speaker 2: how do we do the math? No, it's it's cultural.
[11:11] Speaker 2: It's strategy, and how do you get the strategy set.
[11:14] Speaker 2: It's segmentation, it's product strategy at a granular level across
[11:18] Speaker 2: a bunch of dimensions, and then putting the investment behind it.
[11:22] Speaker 2: It's a big challenge. It takes a long time, but
[11:23] Speaker 2: it's working, so we're happy with.
[11:25] Speaker 1: Yeah, tell me give me a little bit of perspective
[11:27] Speaker 1: on you've been there four years. Imagine we're having this
[11:31] Speaker 1: conversation four years ago. Yeah, what sorts of things have
[11:36] Speaker 1: happened over the last four years that have surprised you
[11:39] Speaker 1: that you didn't see come At least we had exactly
[11:42] Speaker 1: the same conversation four years ago.
[11:45] Speaker 2: No, because I didn't know what was in I'll tell
[11:47] Speaker 2: you some of the biggest surprises. I thought from the outside,
[11:51] Speaker 2: and you know, you hear from a lot of customers,
[11:54] Speaker 2: especially ten years ago, we're all going to cloud. We're
[11:58] Speaker 2: all doing it. So I thought, well, I wonder if
[11:59] Speaker 2: the main frame business is struggling. When I get inside
[12:02] Speaker 2: of there, I found the opposite to be true. The
[12:04] Speaker 2: mainframe business is actually flourishing because transaction demand across the
[12:09] Speaker 2: globe has done nothing but grow. And even more surprising
[12:12] Speaker 2: was the level of innovation that the team was already
[12:15] Speaker 2: doing in mainframes before I got here was astounding. For example,
[12:20] Speaker 2: we have AI. They were building AI technology into the
[12:24] Speaker 2: mainframe processors three years before chat GPT made everybody talk
[12:29] Speaker 2: about it in the industry, So that was really pleasantly surprising.
[12:34] Speaker 2: So that was wonderful. Other surprises. I knew about the
[12:39] Speaker 2: kind of the IP of IBM and the mystique in that,
[12:42] Speaker 2: and I used to joke with people, especially on the outside,
[12:45] Speaker 2: I said, I can't wait to get in there and
[12:46] Speaker 2: see what's in the big blue toolbox? Right, what are
[12:49] Speaker 2: all the things they have going on? I way underestimated
[12:52] Speaker 2: the size of the big blue toolbox and what was
[12:55] Speaker 2: in their meaning the amount of really hardcore research that
[13:00] Speaker 2: we're still doing into how to build chips and how
[13:03] Speaker 2: to get to things beyond two nanimeter and that kind
[13:06] Speaker 2: of capability packaging industry leading packaging technologies, and that's in
[13:12] Speaker 2: my hardware kind of patch quantum. The next thing that
[13:15] Speaker 2: will come after we're done talking about AI. You know,
[13:20] Speaker 2: all of those things were surprising, But it wasn't just that.
[13:23] Speaker 2: It was then the software innovations that are going on
[13:25] Speaker 2: heavy investment in AI technologies before it was really popular
[13:30] Speaker 2: to be talking about that. But as I saw that,
[13:33] Speaker 2: I thought this is going to be really fun because
[13:36] Speaker 2: I had a good feel for where the industry was going.
[13:39] Speaker 1: I just didn't and I knew, man, I know that.
[13:42] Speaker 2: Talent is really good and there's brilliant people there, but
[13:44] Speaker 2: I didn't know the level of IP frankly, that IBM
[13:48] Speaker 2: had at its disposal. And now you're seeing that in
[13:51] Speaker 2: things like Watson X and things like AI in mainframes,
[13:55] Speaker 2: et cetera.
[13:55] Speaker 1: Building on that, since you brought up AI, can you
[13:58] Speaker 1: walk me through what has to happen from your perspective,
[14:02] Speaker 1: from the infrastructure perspective to make the AI explosion work. Yeah,
[14:08] Speaker 1: so everyone wants to do more of this stuff. Yes,
[14:11] Speaker 1: clearly there has to be some underpinning of it.
[14:14] Speaker 2: Yeah, I would tell you, you know, I think that
[14:17] Speaker 2: people feel like where we're at right now in the
[14:20] Speaker 2: AI journey had to do with one specific piece of software.
[14:23] Speaker 2: I think the inflection point for that whole thing really
[14:28] Speaker 2: at its root was around hardware, meaning the algorithms needed
[14:32] Speaker 2: to do large language models. And all of that had
[14:34] Speaker 2: been around, they'd been talked about in the industry, but
[14:37] Speaker 2: at some point you hit a tipping point of hardware
[14:40] Speaker 2: capability where it's like, oh, now we can do this
[14:43] Speaker 2: in a broof force way, massive amounts of matrix math
[14:46] Speaker 2: to get weights correct so that you can do you know,
[14:49] Speaker 2: the right level of predictions that enable large language models.
[14:53] Speaker 2: And once we got to that horsepower, and that's why
[14:56] Speaker 2: you hear about giant GPUs that are driving this and
[14:59] Speaker 2: the sales of the et cetera. It's because we just
[15:01] Speaker 2: barely got over the hump where you can do these
[15:03] Speaker 2: big hard things in terms of hardware capability to do it.
[15:09] Speaker 1: Give me a layman, give me a sense of when
[15:11] Speaker 1: you say there was a kind of threshold where suddenly
[15:14] Speaker 1: these things became possible.
[15:15] Speaker 2: Yeah, I don't know if there's an exact number. But
[15:19] Speaker 2: and more basic question that I get from a lot
[15:21] Speaker 2: of people, you know, my friends and family outside, is
[15:24] Speaker 2: why GPUs. What does a GPU, it's graphics processor have
[15:29] Speaker 2: to do with AI. It's not, Well, graphics processors are
[15:33] Speaker 2: really good at this thing matrix math, because they're figuring
[15:37] Speaker 2: out how do I map a pixel? And and as
[15:40] Speaker 2: I move an object across the screen, it's essentially matrix
[15:44] Speaker 2: math to figure out, Okay, what does what does what
[15:47] Speaker 2: does this pixel on a screen look like? And what's
[15:49] Speaker 2: it's doing? And as you you know, we've gotten more
[15:52] Speaker 2: high resolution graphics, more high resolution monitors, et cetera. It's
[15:56] Speaker 2: a lot more pixels and a lot more math and
[15:58] Speaker 2: a lot more matrix math about how you compute that.
[16:01] Speaker 2: The first big thing that kind of started to look
[16:03] Speaker 2: like that, it turns out, was crypto and crypto mining,
[16:07] Speaker 2: and so you saw graphics companies starting to sell to crypto.
[16:10] Speaker 2: The technology got to a certain point and there were
[16:12] Speaker 2: use cases like bitcoin in that that kind of said, hey,
[16:15] Speaker 2: we need to do a lot of this matrix math
[16:18] Speaker 2: to be able to do that. So graphic chips were
[16:20] Speaker 2: a natural fit and that kind of sus same. But meanwhile,
[16:23] Speaker 2: behind the scenes, a lot of this ai AI is
[16:26] Speaker 2: about numeric calculations having to do with weights and matrices
[16:31] Speaker 2: that say, you know, giant consolidated things that predict what's
[16:35] Speaker 2: going to kind of happen based on what other things
[16:38] Speaker 2: have happened, just like predicting where pixel goes. But it's
[16:41] Speaker 2: really about being able to do enough data in jest
[16:45] Speaker 2: to be able to do and then the calculations to
[16:48] Speaker 2: be able to simplify things like entire sets of language
[16:52] Speaker 2: or giant chunks of the Internet, to get enough weightings
[16:55] Speaker 2: in there to be able to say, okay, we can
[16:58] Speaker 2: predict what you would say in this language based on
[17:02] Speaker 2: all of the volumes of stuff that we've seen that
[17:04] Speaker 2: when you start talking like this, the next word is
[17:07] Speaker 2: likely oh it's this yeah.
[17:08] Speaker 1: So, But my point is to get to that point.
[17:11] Speaker 1: That's threshold. We got there because was it because we
[17:14] Speaker 1: simply threw a lot more resources at the problem or
[17:17] Speaker 1: is it because the underlying technology got suddenly or gradually
[17:22] Speaker 1: so much more efficient.
[17:23] Speaker 2: It's always yes and yes. But you know, the industry
[17:26] Speaker 2: for a lot of years would talk about Moore's.
[17:28] Speaker 1: Law, Well, quick, will you define for us Moore's law
[17:33] Speaker 1: for those of those who's forgotten it.
[17:35] Speaker 2: Yeah, So Gordon Moore at Intel coined this thing. It
[17:38] Speaker 2: was basically that the horsepower I'm going to translate it
[17:43] Speaker 2: roughly of technology will double every couple of years. We're
[17:48] Speaker 2: still on Moore's law. More's law changed a little bit.
[17:51] Speaker 2: For a while. It was always about frequency. Things would
[17:54] Speaker 2: go faster, faster, faster. That kind of petered out. But
[17:57] Speaker 2: what happened is, rather than faster, faster, faster, we did
[18:01] Speaker 2: more and more and more. So rather than one operating
[18:04] Speaker 2: unit going a lot faster on its throughput, you put
[18:08] Speaker 2: ten operating units on a chip, Now you put one
[18:10] Speaker 2: hundred operating units on a chip, now a thousand. Some
[18:14] Speaker 2: of these problems, the matrix math problems scale parallel extremely well.
[18:18] Speaker 2: You don't have to do something really fast, you just
[18:21] Speaker 2: have to do a lot of the similar things in
[18:23] Speaker 2: parallel at the same time. So again that kind of
[18:26] Speaker 2: that extension of Moore's law, more and more hardware on
[18:28] Speaker 2: a chip to be able to do more and more
[18:30] Speaker 2: of those calculations in parallel and come up with it.
[18:33] Speaker 1: And we said, yeah, was that threshold predictable? In other words,
[18:36] Speaker 1: see people in the industry, Like you sit down X
[18:39] Speaker 1: number of years ago and say, when we get here,
[18:42] Speaker 1: AI is going to become much more.
[18:44] Speaker 2: Of a It's funny. The horsepower that very predictable, the
[18:51] Speaker 2: use cases not always so easy to kind of figure out.
[18:54] Speaker 2: That's where the human spirit kind of gets involved. I
[18:58] Speaker 2: think for some people that say, oh, I saw that coming,
[19:00] Speaker 2: But people have been predicting kind of the rise of
[19:03] Speaker 2: AI for twenty five years. Oh well, then when we
[19:06] Speaker 2: get to this next gener oh, when we get here,
[19:08] Speaker 2: it kind of hadn't happened. There's always a magic point
[19:12] Speaker 2: where you kind of get to where the technology and
[19:15] Speaker 2: the use case and somebody does something to kind of
[19:17] Speaker 2: make it catch on. And I think we're at one
[19:20] Speaker 2: of those moments in AI for sure right now. And
[19:22] Speaker 2: I don't think it's you know, people have said, oh,
[19:24] Speaker 2: this is just the latest wave of you know, I
[19:27] Speaker 2: hear I've heard this about a lot of technologies, but
[19:30] Speaker 2: AI is the technology the future, and it always will be.
[19:33] Speaker 2: I used to hear that you're not airing that now,
[19:36] Speaker 2: right It's like, no, it's primetime. It will change everything,
[19:40] Speaker 2: just like some of these other things changed everything.
[19:42] Speaker 1: I noticed it if personally, when I speak somewhere or
[19:47] Speaker 1: I'm listening to an audience somewhere. Over the last let's
[19:50] Speaker 1: say twelve months, there's always a whole bunch of AI questions.
[19:55] Speaker 2: Yes.
[19:56] Speaker 1: And if I go back two years ago, there were
[19:58] Speaker 1: no AI questions.
[19:59] Speaker 2: Yes.
[20:00] Speaker 1: Now my question is, so there's been this explosion on
[20:02] Speaker 1: the in popular fascination with what's going on AI. It
[20:07] Speaker 1: seems like the last year.
[20:08] Speaker 2: I agree with you.
[20:09] Speaker 1: In your world, when did the explosion of conversation around
[20:16] Speaker 1: this start.
[20:17] Speaker 2: It's I love this question because IBM had a fairly
[20:26] Speaker 2: big effort and business called Watson before Watson X. And
[20:31] Speaker 2: this is going back kind of ten years. I'll give
[20:34] Speaker 2: you another kind of example. I knew about a lot
[20:37] Speaker 2: of tablet technology before there was an iPad, a lot.
[20:41] Speaker 2: For ten years, there were a lot, but it kind
[20:43] Speaker 2: of takes a magic combination of the technology, the user experienced,
[20:47] Speaker 2: the software, and the need and the market ready for
[20:50] Speaker 2: it to kind of go. Now it's the thing. Now
[20:52] Speaker 2: we all have either an iPad or we have the
[20:54] Speaker 2: Google equivalent Tom and so I think this is a
[20:57] Speaker 2: little like that, meaning IBM was on the right track
[21:00] Speaker 2: with Watson. Some of the hardware wasn't there, the use
[21:03] Speaker 2: cases weren't exactly figured out. Some of the early use
[21:06] Speaker 2: cases didn't pan out perfectly. But the good news about
[21:09] Speaker 2: that is it's back to that culture of risk taking.
[21:13] Speaker 2: You don't look back on that and say, oh, we
[21:15] Speaker 2: shouldn't have done that, that was a bad idea. I know,
[21:17] Speaker 2: you look back on that and say, what did we learn?
[21:19] Speaker 2: How should we try something new? How would we pivot
[21:21] Speaker 2: this time. That's what we've done with Watson X, and
[21:25] Speaker 2: now that's a growing, healthy piece of our business and
[21:27] Speaker 2: very important our strategic picture.
[21:29] Speaker 1: So we're all in I just I've always investigated by
[21:32] Speaker 1: the gap between insider sense of what is happening an
[21:38] Speaker 1: outsider sense, like it absolutely is that in this case,
[21:42] Speaker 1: we've all been talking about and thinking about AI and
[21:46] Speaker 1: is it time for that and what does this mean,
[21:48] Speaker 1: et cetera. And yet none of us really predicted that
[21:51] Speaker 1: actual moment, which is kind of you know, early twenty
[21:54] Speaker 1: twenty two where it was like, oh, now you have
[21:58] Speaker 1: a simple, huge in the interface of software innovation combined
[22:02] Speaker 1: with large language models. There's a moment there where you're like, oh, Unlike,
[22:09] Speaker 1: you know, I think all of us are frustrated if
[22:10] Speaker 1: we ask our phone, hey tell me about this and
[22:12] Speaker 1: it says I found this on the web page.
[22:15] Speaker 2: That does you no good. But you know, all of
[22:17] Speaker 2: a sudden, with Chad GPT and some of these other things,
[22:21] Speaker 2: you could ask a question, it would give you a
[22:22] Speaker 2: clear answer. Sometimes is wrong, but at least it was
[22:25] Speaker 2: like I'm getting an answer rather than hey, I don't
[22:27] Speaker 2: know if there's some references. Good luck to you. And
[22:30] Speaker 2: that's really changing.
[22:32] Speaker 1: Talk about the kind of macro trends that are going
[22:36] Speaker 1: to shape your infrastructure battle.
[22:40] Speaker 2: Yeah, We've talked about if you already, but I'm actually
[22:42] Speaker 2: going to go a little different direction. So macro trans first.
[22:47] Speaker 2: And this one has been before even even this AI conversation,
[22:51] Speaker 2: that we've had explosion of data. As humans, we don't
[22:57] Speaker 2: think exponentially very well. Really struggle with exponential thinking. We
[23:02] Speaker 2: think linearly, Oh, there'll be more, there'll be more, they'll
[23:05] Speaker 2: be more, but we don't think well when it's like no,
[23:07] Speaker 2: they'll be more, and they'll be ten times more, and
[23:09] Speaker 2: then there'll be ten times that more. That's what's going
[23:11] Speaker 2: on with data right now in our industry. It's one
[23:14] Speaker 2: of the reasons that that storage business is doing so
[23:16] Speaker 2: well is there's just more and more and more data.
[23:20] Speaker 2: You know, you'd say, well, how can there be more data?
[23:22] Speaker 2: It's just life and that thing. The things that we
[23:24] Speaker 2: care about, video capture, video images, you know, the the
[23:29] Speaker 2: you I don't know from my parents, you needed a
[23:32] Speaker 2: drawer with all your family photos. Now we need gigabytes
[23:35] Speaker 2: and gigabytes.
[23:35] Speaker 1: You knew how many pictures my wife has taken off
[23:37] Speaker 1: our children, you would exactly, exactly, So that's your case. Now.
[23:42] Speaker 2: Think of companies who used to just think about their
[23:45] Speaker 2: transaction data. What's the ledger say that now have video
[23:49] Speaker 2: assets of all of their campaigns and their marketing. They're
[23:52] Speaker 2: trying to figure out, you know, what campaigns are working
[23:55] Speaker 2: the best. So it's just an explosion of data and
[23:57] Speaker 2: that's not going to stop with that, and more importantly,
[24:01] Speaker 2: getting value from that data is a massive trend in
[24:07] Speaker 2: the industry. Second trend AI, and this is the AI.
[24:11] Speaker 2: Not like we were just talking about about how it
[24:13] Speaker 2: changes how I search for things or how I learn
[24:16] Speaker 2: about things. But I would argue, dealing with that data,
[24:20] Speaker 2: how do I figure out what's in all those video streams?
[24:23] Speaker 2: How do I figure out Okay, I want all of
[24:25] Speaker 2: the chunks of my corporate video that have to do
[24:28] Speaker 2: with client buying some specific product or something. That's a
[24:33] Speaker 2: different problem. It's not just okay, we'll look it up
[24:35] Speaker 2: in a spreadsheet and here's the math associated with that.
[24:39] Speaker 2: That is a huge trend in the industry. You're seeing
[24:41] Speaker 2: it play out in this regard. It's a little different
[24:44] Speaker 2: bent on AI. Fraud detection is the one that we
[24:48] Speaker 2: cite in our mainframes. It's a similar problem where it
[24:51] Speaker 2: was kind of a traditional AI problem. Look up a rule.
[24:54] Speaker 2: You know, if somebody does two small transactions, then a
[24:58] Speaker 2: massive one it might be fraud, right because they were
[25:00] Speaker 2: seeing whether it were now to detect fraud, you might
[25:04] Speaker 2: be saying, okay to transactions then a huge one. Plus
[25:08] Speaker 2: does this entity have a real address? Second, is there
[25:12] Speaker 2: any web traffic on you know, better business bureau kind
[25:15] Speaker 2: of things that says this is a bad business that
[25:17] Speaker 2: can help you with fraud. So it's a lot more
[25:19] Speaker 2: of a it's an expotent still problem. It's a holistic
[25:22] Speaker 2: problem that it takes a lot more than just you know,
[25:25] Speaker 2: little chunks of rules, et cetera. And then the third
[25:28] Speaker 2: one you know after AI is the nature of hybrid
[25:32] Speaker 2: it or hybrid computing. For a while ten years ago
[25:36] Speaker 2: when cloud was on the rise, I think the notion
[25:39] Speaker 2: of hybrid computing basically having to do with things in
[25:42] Speaker 2: the cloud versus things that people still have on the
[25:46] Speaker 2: premises inside of business, it was almost a religious argument.
[25:51] Speaker 2: Now it's no, it's the reality. And the reason is
[25:54] Speaker 2: because that data that I talked about is the lifeblood
[25:57] Speaker 2: of these companies, particularly IBM's come. Companies are clients that
[26:02] Speaker 2: usually that data has to be secure, they have to
[26:05] Speaker 2: be able to get value from it. It is the
[26:07] Speaker 2: lifeblood of the company. If you go to an ATM
[26:10] Speaker 2: and you can't get your money out to our financial transactions,
[26:14] Speaker 2: if that lasts a day, you're probably going to change
[26:16] Speaker 2: banks immediately. So it's like life or death for these companies.
[26:21] Speaker 2: So having that hybrid infrastructure so that they can still
[26:26] Speaker 2: hold their data, you still interact with clouds and still
[26:29] Speaker 2: get value from it from AI, that's kind of the
[26:32] Speaker 2: magic where we play, and it's a huge business opportunity.
[26:37] Speaker 2: It is a true inflection point for the industry. I'm
[26:41] Speaker 2: going to go back.
[26:43] Speaker 1: I interrupted you when you were in the middle of
[26:45] Speaker 1: a rellion. We were talking about what has to happen
[26:48] Speaker 1: for AI to scale from the infrastructure standpoint. You gave
[26:53] Speaker 1: one example that I got you off on a tangent.
[26:56] Speaker 1: Can you go back and talk very so practically. So,
[27:00] Speaker 1: I'm I'm a big company. I have all these dreams
[27:03] Speaker 1: of AI, of how I'm going to use this dratically.
[27:06] Speaker 1: So give me a very granular sense of the works
[27:09] Speaker 1: you have to do, yeah to make that dream possible.
[27:13] Speaker 2: So let me first say what the company has to do,
[27:16] Speaker 2: and then maybe I'll say, then how do I help them?
[27:18] Speaker 2: If that makes sense? So if I'm a company and
[27:20] Speaker 2: I want to do that, So it turns out I
[27:22] Speaker 2: am a company meaning I want to use AI in
[27:26] Speaker 2: my processes. I mentioned that I have a global network
[27:30] Speaker 2: of thirteen thousand employees that support our infrastructure around the world.
[27:35] Speaker 2: That challenge is a great challenge for AI. That means
[27:40] Speaker 2: I have data for every customer situation for thirteen thousand
[27:45] Speaker 2: employees globally around the world on what was their problem,
[27:48] Speaker 2: how did we fix it, what next steps did they
[27:52] Speaker 2: have to do, how did they remediate that? That data
[27:54] Speaker 2: is extremely valuable to me because if I can get
[27:57] Speaker 2: better at doing that than anybody else in the world,
[28:00] Speaker 2: that brings my cost down. I sell more products, I
[28:02] Speaker 2: sell more service, I sell more anything. So what I
[28:05] Speaker 2: have to do to get there is I have to
[28:07] Speaker 2: figure out, Okay, what's my objective. I have a couple objectives. One,
[28:10] Speaker 2: I want customers to be able to support themselves without
[28:13] Speaker 2: even calling me, first off, and I don't want when
[28:17] Speaker 2: they call for the first answer to come back to
[28:19] Speaker 2: be did you try rebooting? Because I think that irritates
[28:23] Speaker 2: every single one of them. Did you try? Of course
[28:25] Speaker 2: I tried rebooting. I've had a laptop my entire of course.
[28:28] Speaker 2: I well, okay, well then tell me, okay, what firmware version,
[28:32] Speaker 2: all that other stuff. Okay, we know this interaction. So
[28:35] Speaker 2: that's kind of the problem set. Do I want that
[28:37] Speaker 2: to be customers solving their own problems? Well, even for
[28:41] Speaker 2: my support agents, I want something in their pocket on
[28:43] Speaker 2: their phone where they say I'm seeing these symptoms. It says, oh,
[28:47] Speaker 2: this happening around the globe. Here's kind of specific me.
[28:49] Speaker 2: So there's my problems. What does it mean for infrastructure
[28:53] Speaker 2: on the back end? So first I got to get
[28:57] Speaker 2: all that data together, right, all of those customers, all
[29:00] Speaker 2: that customer support around the globe, et cetera. That needs
[29:03] Speaker 2: to be stored. That's a big set of data and
[29:06] Speaker 2: some of it's not just fix and that kind of thing.
[29:09] Speaker 2: Some of it is, Okay, you know what was the
[29:12] Speaker 2: firmware version, who was the tech because it can matter.
[29:15] Speaker 2: Is this their first time fixing this problem? Is it
[29:17] Speaker 2: there one hundred and fiftieth time? What's their level? It's
[29:19] Speaker 2: a very complicated problem. Ingesting all that data takes an architecture.
[29:25] Speaker 2: We have a product called Scale, which is one of
[29:28] Speaker 2: our storage projects that actually makes it easy to ingest
[29:31] Speaker 2: all that data, get it organized, et cetera, and then
[29:36] Speaker 2: have a model. It's a whole different process to kind
[29:38] Speaker 2: of say did we train our model? We can train
[29:40] Speaker 2: our own models. Inside of IBM, we have a granite
[29:43] Speaker 2: set of models. Those models we fine tune and then
[29:46] Speaker 2: we inference based on those models. So we can do
[29:48] Speaker 2: that inferencing in our cloud. I have a cloud set
[29:51] Speaker 2: of infrastructure, or in my power servers. We can do
[29:54] Speaker 2: inferencing with our capabilities and say, okay, based on what
[29:59] Speaker 2: I'm saying, there's what the remediation that you should do
[30:02] Speaker 2: for that customer. We already are doing that today. We've
[30:05] Speaker 2: seen over a third of our support calls have had
[30:11] Speaker 2: significant reduction in the amount of time that it takes
[30:14] Speaker 2: to resolve that support call. Just by what I said
[30:17] Speaker 2: right there.
[30:18] Speaker 1: That I've really been curious about this if I had
[30:22] Speaker 1: reduced something like AI into that equation as you just did. Yeah,
[30:26] Speaker 1: and you said we've already seen a thirty percent Say
[30:29] Speaker 1: did you say thirty percent reduction?
[30:31] Speaker 2: Thirty percent of our interactions have seen significant reduction in
[30:36] Speaker 2: those time?
[30:36] Speaker 1: Was that your primary goal to reduce the time of
[30:39] Speaker 1: the interaction? And it was if you if everything else
[30:42] Speaker 1: was the same, but all but what you were doing
[30:44] Speaker 1: was shrinking the amount of time.
[30:46] Speaker 2: That would you want one of the primary goals, so
[30:49] Speaker 2: to us, in that business net promoter score kind of
[30:53] Speaker 2: the satisfaction of a client is the supreme goal. What
[30:56] Speaker 2: makes them satisfied doesn't cost me a fortune, happens really quickly,
[31:01] Speaker 2: and if I can do it myself, I'd be thrilled.
[31:03] Speaker 2: It affects all of those right. It kind of says
[31:06] Speaker 2: it got resolved faster, it didn't cost me an arm
[31:09] Speaker 2: and the leg because the deck was barely here, because
[31:11] Speaker 2: it's a common problem, or I solved it myself without
[31:14] Speaker 2: even calling, So all of those objectives would kind of
[31:18] Speaker 2: hit across all so that now you see it so
[31:20] Speaker 2: that's a little microcosm. That's just me and my customer
[31:22] Speaker 2: support business. Now, think of how many problems for businesses
[31:25] Speaker 2: around the world there are like that. It's not a
[31:29] Speaker 2: it's not like a new AI application that changes the
[31:32] Speaker 2: entire user experience. That's those will come, But right now
[31:37] Speaker 2: it's kind of practical, which is, I just want to
[31:39] Speaker 2: do what I'm doing better and faster, and I can
[31:42] Speaker 2: get immediate economic return from those things.
[31:45] Speaker 1: How long How long did it take you to just
[31:48] Speaker 1: stick with that example of the customer reduction reducing thirty
[31:51] Speaker 1: percent of the time? How long from the very beginning
[31:54] Speaker 1: of that project? Yeah to that thirty percent reduction was?
[31:57] Speaker 1: How long?
[31:58] Speaker 2: Less than a year? And yeah, So one of the challenges,
[32:04] Speaker 2: and this is interesting with a very large organization, as
[32:08] Speaker 2: you can imagine, just like you're seeing in the industry,
[32:11] Speaker 2: we don't have a problem of generating ideas for how
[32:15] Speaker 2: AI could help us. We actually have a problem filtering
[32:19] Speaker 2: the thousands of ideas from our employees and from everywhere.
[32:23] Speaker 2: It's like, hey, we could use AI to and filtering
[32:25] Speaker 2: down and saying, okay, which of these will have a
[32:27] Speaker 2: return on investment quickly and at a level that sustains
[32:31] Speaker 2: that's worth kind of going and investing in the infrastructure
[32:34] Speaker 2: and the software and kind of making that happen.
[32:37] Speaker 1: Is that unusual If I talked to you twenty five
[32:41] Speaker 1: years ago and said, do you have a problem with
[32:43] Speaker 1: too many good ideas or too few?
[32:44] Speaker 2: What was you said in this specific area? Probably too few,
[32:51] Speaker 2: because at some point you reach diminishing returns. So, for example,
[32:54] Speaker 2: let's use this same example. Can those thirteen thousand technicians
[32:59] Speaker 2: go faster? Can they spend less time driving to the side.
[33:03] Speaker 2: I mean, there's only so much you can kind of
[33:05] Speaker 2: do on those things. But if you can get them
[33:07] Speaker 2: an answer to the problem and maybe even avoid them
[33:09] Speaker 2: having to visit at all because the client helped themselves,
[33:12] Speaker 2: that's a step function. So that's why people are kind
[33:15] Speaker 2: of talking about there's a business revolution coming with AI
[33:20] Speaker 2: where there are some step function changes that can be there.
[33:23] Speaker 2: And notice I didn't say I'm going to have less
[33:26] Speaker 2: of those agents. That's not my objective. My objective and
[33:30] Speaker 2: I think that's the fear in the industry about AI
[33:32] Speaker 2: is going to eliminate all the jobs. No, I just
[33:35] Speaker 2: created thirteen thousand superpowered agents that can do more right
[33:39] Speaker 2: and so I'm not just going to support IBM products.
[33:41] Speaker 2: I'm going to go out and support other people's products
[33:43] Speaker 2: because I know how to do that really well. And
[33:45] Speaker 2: once I have the data on how to fix their problems,
[33:48] Speaker 2: I may just have a customer support business that's independent
[33:52] Speaker 2: of my boxes. So you know, I think that's where
[33:55] Speaker 2: people sometimes get it wrong. And the AI thing is
[33:58] Speaker 2: it's like, you know, word processing eliminate the need for writers. No,
[34:04] Speaker 2: it enabled writing instead of mucking around with mimeographic machines
[34:09] Speaker 2: and click and click typewriters.
[34:10] Speaker 1: It may have enabled too much writing? Yeah, maybe maybe
[34:13] Speaker 1: can I give you a hypothetical? Uh? And I asked
[34:16] Speaker 1: this because I read I was at some convers and
[34:18] Speaker 1: I ran to some guy from the I R S
[34:22] Speaker 1: who was really, really, really really excited about AI. So
[34:25] Speaker 1: let's suppose they call you up and they say, you're
[34:29] Speaker 1: going to talk to ask the I the IRKY. I
[34:33] Speaker 1: call you up and I say, Rick, Uh, clearly there's
[34:38] Speaker 1: something that we could do for the I R S
[34:42] Speaker 1: if we work together. Yeah, what would your answering?
[34:45] Speaker 2: Of course? No, I think we sell to a lot
[34:49] Speaker 2: of government agencies. I can imagine in the business that
[34:52] Speaker 2: we're in, we enable a lot of social security transactions
[34:57] Speaker 2: and things like that through our mainframes. And I think,
[35:01] Speaker 2: you know, we're in the business of helping whatever client
[35:05] Speaker 2: get the most out of their data and be able
[35:07] Speaker 2: to secure it and be able to do analytics with
[35:10] Speaker 2: and IRS has a heck of a lot of data,
[35:13] Speaker 2: So yes, we would help them. Do you know how
[35:15] Speaker 2: the amount of data they have compares to some of
[35:17] Speaker 2: the corporate clients you I don't know specifically for the
[35:20] Speaker 2: IRS how much data they have, but I would assume
[35:22] Speaker 2: it's a whole lot. It's mountains. But but that's our business.
[35:26] Speaker 2: I mean, it's interesting sometimes people of that what's the
[35:29] Speaker 2: most you know, what is it that that IBM has
[35:34] Speaker 2: that's of great value? Is it a server? Is it
[35:38] Speaker 2: a storage array? Is it you know, software and all that.
[35:41] Speaker 2: What we have is the most important entities in the
[35:45] Speaker 2: world have their data on our stuff. The most important
[35:49] Speaker 2: data in the world. It's not you know, pictures of
[35:52] Speaker 2: your grandkids and things like that. Generally for us, it's
[35:55] Speaker 2: all of the financial transactions that happen globally, right, It's
[35:58] Speaker 2: all of the it's the world's economy is kind of
[36:01] Speaker 2: running through our systems, and so we take that really seriously.
[36:05] Speaker 2: You know, you would be distraught if you lost one
[36:08] Speaker 2: photo on your laptop or whatever. But you know, if
[36:11] Speaker 2: we lose a transaction, like somebody moves a big amount
[36:14] Speaker 2: of money and it's like, well, don't know what happened there,
[36:17] Speaker 2: it is a massive deal, right, so that doesn't happen.
[36:21] Speaker 1: But I want to go back to my irs example
[36:22] Speaker 1: for us, Yes, so one, is it reasonable to assume
[36:27] Speaker 1: that you could that somebody IBM or somebody else could
[36:32] Speaker 1: in a short period of time put together not just
[36:34] Speaker 1: the AI capability to audit returns, but also this the
[36:40] Speaker 1: infrastructure support for that in a reasonable amount of time
[36:43] Speaker 1: for a reasonable amount of cost. Or is it over?
[36:46] Speaker 1: Is it going to the moon? Or is it it?
[36:49] Speaker 2: Definitely? I mean, so we're already doing that kind of
[36:53] Speaker 2: thing right across a network of banks and others, essentially
[36:58] Speaker 2: all credit card transactions for all of the world to
[37:02] Speaker 2: go through our systems, so that in some ways is
[37:05] Speaker 2: more volume than the datch returns of the US people.
[37:09] Speaker 2: And they're W two's and all that stuff, and we
[37:12] Speaker 2: do that stuff too. I try not to describe it
[37:15] Speaker 2: too much in detail, but we definitely do a lot
[37:17] Speaker 2: of that. In fact, I think most of what If
[37:22] Speaker 2: you think, okay, what is super critical data? Who would
[37:26] Speaker 2: be doing the business transaction processing? It is most likely
[37:29] Speaker 2: us in almost all cases, whether it's government things or
[37:34] Speaker 2: private or banks or that kind of thing. That's what
[37:37] Speaker 2: we do.
[37:37] Speaker 1: Rick We're going to end with the where we always
[37:40] Speaker 1: end with a couple of quick fire questions.
[37:41] Speaker 2: Okay, here we go.
[37:43] Speaker 1: What single piece of advice would you give to businesses
[37:46] Speaker 1: trying to use AI in an effective way? The simple
[37:50] Speaker 1: version is get started. By get started, I mean, think
[37:54] Speaker 1: of what is something that I want to improve. The
[37:57] Speaker 1: things that we have traction on right now in the
[37:59] Speaker 1: market market are around business process, automation, digital labor, those
[38:05] Speaker 1: kind of things. But my other little piece of advice
[38:09] Speaker 1: there is keep it simple to begin with. You're going
[38:11] Speaker 1: to learn a lot, but getting started means you'll start
[38:13] Speaker 1: that learning curve. I even advise you my friends like, hey,
[38:17] Speaker 1: should I be playing around with some.
[38:19] Speaker 2: Of this AI stuff? And I say yeah, because I
[38:21] Speaker 2: think it will help you start to be more comfortable
[38:24] Speaker 2: and you may find a use case personally for that.
[38:26] Speaker 2: I think the same is true for businesses. The first
[38:29] Speaker 2: step in that journey is always with what data. Notice
[38:33] Speaker 2: when I talked about our customer support people. I thought about, Okay,
[38:37] Speaker 2: what's the data. The data is all of those logs
[38:40] Speaker 2: of all of those service engagements around the world, and
[38:44] Speaker 2: what could I do with that? Well, I could use
[38:45] Speaker 2: that to get to a knowledge base that really helps
[38:49] Speaker 2: and hopefully that I can do it in multiple languages
[38:52] Speaker 2: because it's global and I can you know, all of
[38:54] Speaker 2: those things. That was kind of my data sent That
[38:56] Speaker 2: one's not super simple, but we've had a lot of
[38:59] Speaker 2: experience in AI for other people that might just be
[39:03] Speaker 2: how do I automate filling out travel expense reports for
[39:06] Speaker 2: my company? We can help people that we have consulting,
[39:09] Speaker 2: we have wats and X tools. We can do that
[39:12] Speaker 2: like this, and we're doing it globally for people around
[39:14] Speaker 2: the world. Pick that thing. What's the data you have?
[39:17] Speaker 2: In that case, it's data of expense reports and it's like, okay,
[39:20] Speaker 2: we can help you automate that for people where they
[39:23] Speaker 2: could do it just by you know, a verbal interface.
[39:26] Speaker 2: What did you spend, where did you go, who you
[39:28] Speaker 2: were you with? Okay, we filled out your travel expense
[39:31] Speaker 2: report for you and you don't have to mess around
[39:33] Speaker 2: with it.
[39:33] Speaker 1: So we were playing with this idea where we would
[39:36] Speaker 1: pick a business and go in there and do it
[39:39] Speaker 1: would be AI makeover. Yeah, I love that. What's okay?
[39:43] Speaker 1: What is the ideal business to do? We only have
[39:46] Speaker 1: a couple months. We don't want to spend a kajillion dollars.
[39:49] Speaker 1: We want to be able to show tangibly and quickly
[39:52] Speaker 1: what AI can do. What's the ideal business to do
[39:55] Speaker 1: that in it can be a small business. We're not talking.
[39:57] Speaker 1: This isn't a grand corporate thing.
[39:58] Speaker 2: There boy small business that we could do and hey,
[40:03] Speaker 2: I make over. Customer support is one of my favorites
[40:08] Speaker 2: because it's a it's it's I have it on the
[40:11] Speaker 2: business side where I provide customer support. I have it
[40:14] Speaker 2: on the consumer side, where it drives me nuts when
[40:17] Speaker 2: I have to go through thirty layers of phone menus.
[40:20] Speaker 2: Speak to an agent, Speak to an agent, speak to
[40:22] Speaker 2: an agent. That for any business, I think is just
[40:27] Speaker 2: ripe to be able to kind of say, why do
[40:29] Speaker 2: I have to click through these manucent messages? I just
[40:32] Speaker 2: need to tell you in human language, here's the issue,
[40:34] Speaker 2: and I'll be really good about telling you details about
[40:37] Speaker 2: you know, I tried to set up this thing for
[40:40] Speaker 2: my bank and I do da da da da da.
[40:42] Speaker 2: They can go through all the menus automate that process.
[40:46] Speaker 2: I think it would change everything because all that frustration
[40:48] Speaker 2: as a consumer would go down dramatically. And it's all,
[40:52] Speaker 2: you know, why are you making me the beep booth
[40:56] Speaker 2: press one load press exactly, Well, don't offload me. Offload
[41:00] Speaker 2: to AI. We can help you with that.
[41:03] Speaker 1: Here's my version of that drives me crazy. Every morning
[41:06] Speaker 1: I go to the same coffee shop and I get
[41:10] Speaker 1: a cup of tea and a croissant. And here's what happens.
[41:13] Speaker 1: The person has their screen and they go I go,
[41:16] Speaker 1: cup of tea, croissant, sparkling water, like at least twenty keystrokes,
[41:25] Speaker 1: and then like then the screen is turning around. Like
[41:28] Speaker 1: at this point we're like forty five seconds in. I'm like,
[41:31] Speaker 1: why is this? First of all, it's not for me,
[41:33] Speaker 1: all those keystrokes, it's their internal right, So they're burdening
[41:37] Speaker 1: me in order to service.
[41:38] Speaker 2: To back it, you should be able to walk in,
[41:39] Speaker 2: go up and they go, I'm malcom the same thing,
[41:42] Speaker 2: and you just go yes, and then we're done.
[41:45] Speaker 1: Can we do AI makeover of my coffee shop?
[41:49] Speaker 2: You notice I quickly jumped more to banks than your
[41:52] Speaker 2: coffee shop because I think I'm a business person, but
[41:56] Speaker 2: I'm not trying to kind of do a deal on
[41:58] Speaker 2: one coffee shop.
[41:59] Speaker 1: But this isn't interesting because it takes me back to
[42:01] Speaker 1: something you said that I thought was really important. When
[42:04] Speaker 1: you were talking about when you were using AI and
[42:07] Speaker 1: your customer service thing, it was clear that your goal
[42:10] Speaker 1: you could have any number of goals, yes, going in.
[42:13] Speaker 1: It could be to cut costs, it could be to
[42:16] Speaker 1: dramatically improved profits. Your goal quite specifically, was to improve
[42:20] Speaker 1: the experience of your customer, right, so.
[42:22] Speaker 2: You were using it to that. All the other things
[42:24] Speaker 2: come from that come from. That is actually one of
[42:27] Speaker 2: the beautiful pillars of the IBM culture is delighting clients
[42:32] Speaker 2: is actually where all of the good stuff comes from.
[42:35] Speaker 1: So my coffee shop thing is the same principle. Right now,
[42:39] Speaker 1: they're making my customer experience worse and they don't want to,
[42:43] Speaker 1: but their eyes are glued to the space a moment
[42:46] Speaker 1: when I walk in and I want to say, Hi,
[42:48] Speaker 1: how are you doing? We could have a conversation. You're
[42:51] Speaker 1: too busy, busy baby pooping.
[42:52] Speaker 2: So like this is the same thing.
[42:54] Speaker 1: If they had it that oh this isn't if they
[42:56] Speaker 1: understood they had an opportunity to improve the experience of
[42:59] Speaker 1: their customer experience.
[43:00] Speaker 2: I would not be surprised if a chain comes along
[43:05] Speaker 2: where that is their value proposition. I would not be
[43:07] Speaker 2: surprised at all. Yeah, yeah, right, So I mean and
[43:12] Speaker 2: and when those things kind of catch hold, it becomes
[43:15] Speaker 2: a revolution.
[43:16] Speaker 1: You know, when the guy comes to do like to
[43:18] Speaker 1: redo your roof and they put a sign out front,
[43:20] Speaker 1: like you know, Joe's roofing. You guys could do the
[43:23] Speaker 1: same with my coffee shop. But like I'd be Ire
[43:27] Speaker 1: was here.
[43:29] Speaker 2: Exactly exactly.
[43:32] Speaker 1: In five years, the main frame will be dot dot
[43:37] Speaker 1: going strong, the mainframe going strong and.
[43:43] Speaker 2: With new capabilities, continuous new capabilities. I think when we
[43:47] Speaker 2: announced the last version, Z sixteen, the latest version, I
[43:51] Speaker 2: should say, and we said, hey, there's AI processing built
[43:55] Speaker 2: into it. This was before everybody was talking about that.
[43:58] Speaker 2: I think a lot of people thought, what's that for?
[44:01] Speaker 2: And we did it specifically for traditional AI fraud detection,
[44:04] Speaker 2: et cetera. This next version, not only do we have
[44:07] Speaker 2: the traditional AI built in, but we have optional cards
[44:10] Speaker 2: that you can plug into it to allow you to
[44:13] Speaker 2: do large language models for the enhanced fraud detection cases
[44:17] Speaker 2: that we talked about, where you know, it's more than
[44:21] Speaker 2: just what transactions were happening. So if you take that
[44:24] Speaker 2: and say, okay, the next generations, we have more transaction
[44:29] Speaker 2: volume than we've ever had in mainframes. Today, the business
[44:32] Speaker 2: is growing, it's strong, we keep innovating. In five years
[44:36] Speaker 2: it'll be going strong.
[44:37] Speaker 1: But we're people. You're saying this in the context of
[44:40] Speaker 1: for years people were predicting, weren't they that the main
[44:43] Speaker 1: brame was going to go away.
[44:46] Speaker 2: There were pundits in the market that said everything will
[44:48] Speaker 2: go away there, no one will ever have a box,
[44:50] Speaker 2: It'll all be online. I think this is something I've
[44:53] Speaker 2: learned big time in my long career. You know in
[44:57] Speaker 2: the IT industry is I don't believe everything you hear.
[45:01] Speaker 2: So I went back for my master's degree at Stanford
[45:05] Speaker 2: after I had worked a while in as a hardware designer,
[45:11] Speaker 2: and everybody told me be sure to do your masters
[45:13] Speaker 2: in software. Hardware is dead. I went on to work
[45:17] Speaker 2: for thirty plus years in hardware and infrastructure. Now software
[45:20] Speaker 2: became important, and I'm glad I had that extra training
[45:23] Speaker 2: in software because it helped me in hardware. But hardware
[45:26] Speaker 2: wasn't dead. Then I heard all infrastructure will go into
[45:29] Speaker 2: the cloud. There won't be that hasn't happened. It's not happening.
[45:33] Speaker 2: Then I heard there will only be one cloud because
[45:35] Speaker 2: one of the players will dominate. There's not one cloud.
[45:38] Speaker 2: So I think it's as humans we like to oversimplify
[45:42] Speaker 2: and go, oh, it's all going to be this, And
[45:44] Speaker 2: kind of what I've learned is fit for purpose matters
[45:48] Speaker 2: in everything. It matters in size of infrastructure, it matters
[45:54] Speaker 2: in the stack that goes along with solving a specific
[45:57] Speaker 2: use case. If you're willing to design something that's the
[46:00] Speaker 2: best at that use case, if you're willing to design
[46:03] Speaker 2: the coffee shop that is the best at greeting me,
[46:05] Speaker 2: there's a spot for you, and there may be a
[46:07] Speaker 2: big business in doing that. So oversimplifying is really when you.
[46:11] Speaker 1: Heard all those predictions, did you believe them at the time.
[46:16] Speaker 2: They looked like they were trending in that direction. I'll
[46:19] Speaker 2: tell you some right now which might be useful. There
[46:22] Speaker 2: will only be one GPU company and they're going to
[46:25] Speaker 2: end up taking over the world. It's a pretty obvious answer.
[46:28] Speaker 2: Whose economic values risen dramatically. I don't think that's going
[46:31] Speaker 2: to be the case. In fact, I think that ninety
[46:34] Speaker 2: percent of processing for AI actually happen happens at inferencing,
[46:40] Speaker 2: and inferencing is not as GPU and hardware intensive as
[46:43] Speaker 2: the other things and is a lot more amenable to
[46:46] Speaker 2: fit for purpose. So the model size will matter. The
[46:49] Speaker 2: tuning matters a lot. As we're learning. We have a
[46:51] Speaker 2: product around instruct lab that's really focused on tuning. So
[46:56] Speaker 2: that was one thing is there'll be one GPU. The
[46:58] Speaker 2: other thing is that the biggest model will win, I
[47:02] Speaker 2: think is another thing that's kind of people are saying
[47:04] Speaker 2: right now. Don't believe that I believe they will be
[47:06] Speaker 2: fit for purpose models. It takes a lot of money
[47:10] Speaker 2: to run to create a huge model, and then to
[47:13] Speaker 2: run a huge model, or to even infer off of
[47:16] Speaker 2: a huge model. I don't need a massive training GPU
[47:19] Speaker 2: set thing to solve my thirteen thousand people customer support issues.
[47:23] Speaker 2: So why would I feel like I got to go
[47:26] Speaker 2: farm that out for a big expensive thing. I can
[47:28] Speaker 2: do that on a small box. In some cases I
[47:30] Speaker 2: might even be able to do that on a laptop.
[47:32] Speaker 2: The other thing I'll say in this we are so
[47:34] Speaker 2: early innings in AI. A lot of things are going
[47:37] Speaker 2: to change. So anybody kind of saying it will all
[47:40] Speaker 2: be X, Y or Z, I just think you have
[47:42] Speaker 2: no idea how this is going to play out, and
[47:45] Speaker 2: it's up to us to go figure out how it
[47:46] Speaker 2: plays out.
[47:47] Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, all right, in five years, AI will be
[47:51] Speaker 1: dot dot dot still new.
[47:56] Speaker 2: It will have moved a bunch in five years, but
[48:00] Speaker 2: the potential for the disruption in the world will still
[48:05] Speaker 2: will still be very early innings in that process. And
[48:08] Speaker 2: I think that's super important to realize. That's why I
[48:10] Speaker 2: say get started, start thinking about how that could change,
[48:14] Speaker 2: because it'll be some little things first, but it will
[48:16] Speaker 2: continue to snowball. This is.
[48:20] Speaker 1: A common observation that we the invention of the capability
[48:26] Speaker 1: massively predates the understanding of.
[48:28] Speaker 2: The capability, right, Like I love that.
[48:31] Speaker 1: Yeah, Like yes, recorded recording shows on television is invented
[48:36] Speaker 1: in the sixties, probably the VCR. We don't really understand
[48:42] Speaker 1: what it's used for until the oughts. Was what was
[48:47] Speaker 1: really good for is being able to tell a story sequentially, Yes,
[48:51] Speaker 1: over time, because you know that the person will always
[48:53] Speaker 1: see in the episode before, so you got the Sopranos,
[48:55] Speaker 1: And yes, yes, Hollywood wanted to ban the VCR in
[48:59] Speaker 1: the beginning. Yeah, because they thought it was good. They
[49:01] Speaker 1: thought the point of it was thought THEYDN understand No, No, no,
[49:05] Speaker 1: it's storytelling. It's actually your business is getting better. Yes, yes,
[49:08] Speaker 1: took them twenty years to figure that out, which is
[49:10] Speaker 1: to your point, why would we know what AI was
[49:13] Speaker 1: four and five years.
[49:14] Speaker 2: Well, that's why you hear people kind of say, oh
[49:16] Speaker 2: my gosh, AI, that's that will just eliminate jobs. No,
[49:19] Speaker 2: it'll make jobs better. That's how I view it.
[49:21] Speaker 1: Yeah, what's the number one thing that people misunderstand about AI?
[49:24] Speaker 2: Is that it that it'll I think that's that. That
[49:28] Speaker 2: would be the human kind of understanding part of it.
[49:31] Speaker 2: The technology part of it, I think would be what
[49:34] Speaker 2: I was talking about, fit for purpose, meaning that it
[49:38] Speaker 2: isn't just going to be a GPU arms race all
[49:41] Speaker 2: of AI. I don't believe that at all. It will
[49:44] Speaker 2: change everything, but it's not just going to be a
[49:46] Speaker 2: GPU armed Next question, what advice would you give yourself
[49:49] Speaker 2: ten years ago to better prepare you for today?
[49:52] Speaker 1: I'm changing this question, okay. I would say, let's imagine
[49:57] Speaker 1: that what was your what what college you to go to?
[50:01] Speaker 2: I went to three of them. My undergrad was Utah
[50:05] Speaker 2: State University, my NBA was Santa Clara University, and my
[50:08] Speaker 2: master's in w was Stanford. OK.
[50:11] Speaker 1: Any one of those three called you up and says
[50:14] Speaker 1: we want you to give the commencement address, and imagine
[50:18] Speaker 1: it's let's just safe the sake of argument, it's just
[50:22] Speaker 1: to the stamp people, because those are the relevant parties here.
[50:26] Speaker 2: What do you tell them? Boy? What do I tell them?
[50:33] Speaker 2: Let's see, I think I would start with life is
[50:37] Speaker 2: a marathon, not a sprint. It would be the first one.
[50:42] Speaker 2: The second thing I would say that in that spirit
[50:45] Speaker 2: is be sure to set yourself some big, hairy, audacious
[50:49] Speaker 2: goals and don't be overly disappointed if you don't hit
[50:54] Speaker 2: them all. Going after those big hairy, audacious goals will
[50:59] Speaker 2: get you on a path where you will learn so much.
[51:03] Speaker 2: You will achieve more than you ever could imagine you
[51:06] Speaker 2: would have achieved. That's what the advice I give to
[51:08] Speaker 2: my kids is, Yeah, set some big goals, get after it.
[51:12] Speaker 2: You may or may not achieve them, but you'll be
[51:13] Speaker 2: better for the whole process when you're done.
[51:15] Speaker 1: By the way, as someone whose kids are younger than yours,
[51:18] Speaker 1: is it actually useful to give your give advice to
[51:20] Speaker 1: your kids, the pointments exercise TVD.
[51:23] Speaker 2: We're still on the journey and I think we will
[51:25] Speaker 2: be for a long time.
[51:27] Speaker 1: I don't know how are you already using AI in
[51:30] Speaker 1: your day to day life today?
[51:33] Speaker 2: Personally, I would say it's replacing a good chunk of
[51:38] Speaker 2: my search. You know, I'm less likely to go blindly
[51:41] Speaker 2: stumbling through a bunch of web pages looking for stuff.
[51:44] Speaker 2: I'm more likely to ask a question from a few
[51:47] Speaker 2: AI engines kind of see, get me in the right direction,
[51:50] Speaker 2: then I'll go bumble through a few things. At work,
[51:53] Speaker 2: I can tell you code development right now, we are
[51:58] Speaker 2: seeing massive improvements and code development and support products We
[52:02] Speaker 2: have like Watson Code Assistant that is really showing immediate
[52:07] Speaker 2: return for a code developers, and I think that will
[52:10] Speaker 2: again be a tool that increases productivity for code developers
[52:15] Speaker 2: immediately across the globe. Yeah.
[52:17] Speaker 1: Last question, what's the one skill that every technology leader
[52:21] Speaker 1: needs that has nothing to do with technology.
[52:24] Speaker 2: Being able to inspire a set of people toward a
[52:28] Speaker 2: common goal and collaborate to achieve it. That's at the
[52:32] Speaker 2: core of everything everything. That's a lovely way to end.
[52:36] Speaker 2: Thank you so much, Rick, Thank you.
[52:40] Speaker 1: This conversation left me excited. I'm now imagining the potential
[52:44] Speaker 1: for new use cases for AI in all sorts of
[52:47] Speaker 1: different businesses. Rick didn't seem soldom my idea of a
[52:51] Speaker 1: coffee shop makeover, but it's clear there's lots of opportunities
[52:54] Speaker 1: here to increase speed and efficiency, to achieve your objectives,
[52:59] Speaker 1: and to dream beyond the current applications for this technology.
[53:03] Speaker 1: At the end of the day, the scaling of AI
[53:06] Speaker 1: will rely on the right infrastructure to support it. With
[53:09] Speaker 1: the right tools, you can solve problems that are unique
[53:12] Speaker 1: tier industry and improve the experience for your customers. Smart
[53:27] Speaker 1: Talks with IBM is produced by Matt Romano, Amy Gains,
[53:30] Speaker 1: McQuaid and Jacob Goldstein. Were edited by Lydia gene Kott,
[53:35] Speaker 1: mastering by Jake Korsky. Theme song by Gramoscope. Special thanks
[53:41] Speaker 1: to the eight Bar and IBM teams, as well as
[53:43] Speaker 1: the Pushkin Marketing team. Smart Talks with IBM is a
[53:47] Speaker 1: production of Pushkin Industries and Ruby Studio at iHeartMedia. To
[53:54] Speaker 1: find more Pushkin podcasts, listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
[53:59] Speaker 1: or where ever you listen to podcasts. I'm Malcolm Gladwell.
[54:08] Speaker 1: This is a paid advertisement from IBM. The conversations on
[54:12] Speaker 1: this podcast don't necessarily represent IBM's positions, strategies, or opinions.

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