# Principles of Functional Materials Synthesis

- Institution: IISc Bangalore
- Department: Metallurgy and Material Science
- Teacher: Prof. Pavan Nukala
- Level: Undergraduate
- Language: English
- Subjects: Engineering
- Source: [NPTEL](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113108001)
- Licence: [CC BY-NC-SA](https://nptel.ac.in/faq) (Non-commercial use only.)
- Syllabus: [at the source](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113108001)
- Who can watch: Teens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

This course will introduce the student with the necessary tools for the synthesis various kinds of inorganic materials, primed towards electronic materials. Any kind of materials synthesis would involve phase-transitions, and reactions in various phases. We begin with thermodynamics and description of equilibrium states based on the second law (mostly) of infinite systems. We will understand how to phase diagrams are built, and we will get stuck at a point where we know what is possible to achieve, but don’t know how to achieve it.

To answer the “how” part, we move on to kinetics. We perturb systems away from equilibrium and understand their “drive” towards getting towards the equilibrium. We discuss how long-range diffusion is responsible for most of the phase transitions, and the time scales associated with them. We look at the effect of surfaces (finite systems) and stresses as the necessary ingredients to carry out a phase transition to a thermodynamically possible phase. We will discuss a bit on how new phases nucleate and grow from parent phases (in various dimensions). We will also discuss the possibilities of diffusionless transitions (and if time permits fluctuation-based second order transitions).

We continue then into understanding all this is relevant to everyday lab work with case studies of synthesis of some exciting materials systems

Intended audience: Bachelors and masters level students in Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Electrical engineering, interested in electronic material synthesis aspects.

## Lectures

1. [Introductory Lecture on Functional Materials](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/49f08c48865b) (YouTube)
2. [Introduction to Material thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/5fd4909fa43a) (YouTube)
3. [Temperature in Equilibrium Systems](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/379783eb818c) (YouTube)
4. [Laws of Thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/54ae0f8e9de5) (YouTube)
5. [Second law of thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/31b18854437b) (YouTube)
6. [Thermodynamic Potentials in Materials Growth](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/022d87efabb1) (YouTube)
7. [Vacuum pumps and Chambers](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/86e23025e525) (YouTube)
8. [Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell relations](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/b9787d9d2917) (YouTube)
9. [Reaction Thermodynamics: Enthalpy Calculations, Kirchhoff's Law, and Open Systems](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/f45b5c0679b3) (YouTube)
10. [Thermodynamics of open systems](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/1deefa02a272) (YouTube)
11. [Thermodynamic driving force and phase transitions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/d418d5f916cf) (YouTube)
12. [Phase Diagrams and Driving Forces: Understanding Temperature and Pressure Dependencies](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/f2e5ac4d4bce) (YouTube)
13. [Phase Diagrams & Driving Forces (Continued)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/567223d5dd7c) (YouTube)
14. [Closer look at phase transitions in water](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/9935ced129c8) (YouTube)
15. [Solution Thermodynamics: Composition, Phases, and Solute Partitioning](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/044b8f2629a0) (YouTube)
16. [Chemical potential and Gibbs free energy of binary solutions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/ad1fc0ef1f1c) (YouTube)
17. [Mixing: Introduction to ideal solutions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/c0b7e5ecfa7c) (YouTube)
18. [Ideal and Regular Solution Models: Mixing Free Energy, Activity, and Interaction Parameter](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/da59d42f55d1) (YouTube)
19. [Thermodynamics of mixtures, phase stability, and phase separation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/2e9dadca6aec) (YouTube)
20. [Regular solution model: effect of interaction term](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/df0538f6b04d) (YouTube)
21. [Gibbs Phase Rule, Common-Tangent Construction, and Binary Phase Diagram Reading](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/25f111a4de01) (YouTube)
22. [Phase Fraction and Metastable phase](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/b63cc1acbc99) (YouTube)
23. [Binary phase diagram for ideal solutions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/2b416df6411c) (YouTube)
24. [Isomorphous Phase Diagram, Regular-Solution Solid Phase, Spinodal Decomposition, and Congruent Melting](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/bfa90e64e1bb) (YouTube)
25. [Binary Phase Diagrams and Eutectic Phase Transformations](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/908bfb2167ad) (YouTube)
26. [Application of Eutectic phase diagram: VLS growth](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/c923a4e13abc) (YouTube)
27. [Needle Compounds, Freezing-Point Depression, and Thermodynamic Vacancies](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/a5e7611ba3b7) (YouTube)
28. [Phase change material and reaction thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/3663627a5d37) (YouTube)
29. [Reaction thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/86c986f9c8f4) (YouTube)
30. [Ellingham Diagrams and Oxidation-Reduction Thermodynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/466a7e36bb27) (YouTube)
31. [Thermodynamics of Oxidation and Reduction Reactions: Ellingham Diagrams and Oxygen Partial Pressure Control](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/0573eb0aede0) (YouTube)
32. [Thermodynamics of Oxidation and Reduction reactions: Reduction of SiO2](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/a97f654b4df1) (YouTube)
33. [Adsorption and desorption at kink positions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/2f74952283d0) (YouTube)
34. [Surface Thermodynamics and Interfacial Phenomena](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/ac0e218c514f) (YouTube)
35. [Surface Structure and Surface Energy of Crystals](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/74038c34a426) (YouTube)
36. [Surface Energy, Capillarity, and Facet Stability](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/95b34c6f459e) (YouTube)
37. [Equilibrium Crystal Shape and the Wulff Construction](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/ea123df9a50b) (YouTube)
38. [Solid liquid interfaces and its effects](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/b84145373d1e) (YouTube)
39. [Heterogeneous Surfaces, Wetting, and Contact Angles](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/81679fbca173) (YouTube)
40. [Surface Energy of Solids and Liquids](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/bb8d90c76500) (YouTube)
41. [Grain boundaries: Coherent and incoherent interfaces](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/ec865a1cb86e) (YouTube)
42. [Epitaxy and Interface Energetics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/00c0ce53f159) (YouTube)
43. [Epitaxial Growth and Strain Relaxation in Thin Films](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/3b50212d7ec8) (YouTube)
44. [Strain engineering in epitaxial films](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/71c03da8bf31) (YouTube)
45. [Strain Relaxation in Epitaxial Thin Films: Point Defects, Misfit Dislocations, and Low-Angle Grain Boundaries](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/729bdfbf7a24) (YouTube)
46. [Epitaxial Growth: Lattice Mismatch, Strain Energy and Strain Relaxation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/de2c08707ff9) (YouTube)
47. [Martensitic phase transitions and domain formation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/478429875f36) (YouTube)
48. [Martensitic Phase Transitions, Domain Engineering, and Ferroelastic Dynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/ea5d9f777022) (YouTube)
49. [Role of driving force in nucleation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/290d4c8554ed) (YouTube)
50. [Nucleation and growth](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/73cd159a7f2c) (YouTube)
51. [Classical Theory of Nucleation, Activation Barriers, and Incubation Dynamics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/7f2941565fc2) (YouTube)
52. [Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Phase Transformations](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/08b1532785f8) (YouTube)
53. [Applied Nucleation: Growth in Phase Change Materials](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/c73c770d7101) (YouTube)
54. [2D Nucleation, Wetting Conditions, and Thin Film Growth Modes](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/53d5b12a950d) (YouTube)
55. [Surface Thermodynamics, Nucleation and Thin-Film Growth Modes](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/1f0122675c9f) (YouTube)
56. [Atomistic Thermodynamics and the Evolution of Thin Film Growth](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/58740fe6f3e6) (YouTube)
57. [Advanced Thin Film Growth Modes (Volmer-Weber, Stranski-Krasstanov) and Deposition Techniques](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/113108001/4008fcb969a9) (YouTube)