# Earthquake Geology: A tool for Seismic Hazard Assessment

- Institution: IIT Kanpur
- Department: Civil Engineering
- Teacher: Prof. Javed N Malik
- Level: Undergraduate
- Language: English
- Subjects: Engineering
- Source: [NPTEL](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104708)
- Licence: [CC BY-NC-SA](https://nptel.ac.in/faq) (Non-commercial use only.)
- Syllabus: [at the source](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104708)
- Who can watch: Tweens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

Before 1970, the assessment of earthquake hazards in the United States and the USSR relied solely on the historical earthquake record. However, modern approaches emphasize investigating seismically active faults to conduct paleoseismic studies, which play a crucial role in both regional and site-specific seismic hazard assessment. In many seismically active regions of the world, including the Himalayan belt, numerous active fault zones lack a historical record of large-magnitude earthquakes. Paleoseismic studies are now widely practiced in countries such as the United States, Japan, and New Zealand. These studies have contributed significantly to understanding individual paleoseismic (ancient earthquake) events, the behavior of specific active fault segments, faulting rates, and reconstructing the history of large-magnitude earthquakes, including their recurrence intervals. Such studies are essential for assessing the probability and potential severity of future earthquakes, providing valuable information for societal preparedness and risk mitigation. Paleoseismology is an emerging field in India, with significant potential for advancing earthquake hazard assessment. This course is designed for postgraduate (PG) and undergraduate (UG) students to help them develop a strong foundation in this field.

## Lectures

1. [Lecture 1 : Introduction to Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/dd7798dc892a) (YouTube)
2. [Lecture 2 : Introduction to Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/51c81e9b652a) (YouTube)
3. [Lecture 3 : Introduction to Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/4db2b8969b1b) (YouTube)
4. [Lecture 4 : Introduction to Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology (Part 4)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/fb95adf615d1) (YouTube)
5. [Lecture 5 : Introduction to Active Tectonics and Paleoseismology (Part 5)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/96326bea1ade) (YouTube)
6. [Lecture 6: Significance and Scope of Paleoseismology (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/ed0f1fd4492a) (YouTube)
7. [Lecture 7 : Significance and Scope of Paleoseismology (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/c007e43f01d8) (YouTube)
8. [Lecture 8 : Plates Tectonics and Crustal Deformation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/d307f4c24cbf) (YouTube)
9. [Lecture 9 : Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/c2aa72e051cf) (YouTube)
10. [Lecture 10 : Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/26a22a186f38) (YouTube)
11. [Lecture 11: Subduction Zones, Fault Systems, and Volcanic Activit](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/5672fed28edc) (YouTube)
12. [Lecture 12: Oceanic Hotspots, Subduction, and Himalayan Collision](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/f10d179c8ec3) (YouTube)
13. [Lecture 13: Plate Boundaries and the Himalayan Orogeny](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/06af749e7085) (YouTube)
14. [Lecture 14: Subduction Mechanisms and Earth's Magnetic Field](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/b1230ea69c9a) (YouTube)
15. [Lecture 15: Crustal Deformation and Seismic Hazard in the Himalaya](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/b84d813448a4) (YouTube)
16. [Lecture 16: Himalayan Earthquakes and Seismic Potential](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/c34d6fbc2afe) (YouTube)
17. [Lecture 17:Archaeoseismology and Ancient Earthquake Evidence](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/7c2f0275bc13) (YouTube)
18. [Lecture 18: Archaeoseismological Classification and Structural Damage Patterns (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/856130f103df) (YouTube)
19. [Lecture 19: Archaeoseismological Classification and Structural Damage Patterns (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/cfdc00a7612c) (YouTube)
20. [Lecture 20: The 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and Archaeoseismic Evidence](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/3b3f34610c95) (YouTube)
21. [Lecture 21 :Interior of the Earth and Seismic Waves](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/8aff1a581cff) (YouTube)
22. [Lecture 22 : Seismic Waves and Rock Deformation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/779ed1a26979) (YouTube)
23. [Lecture 23 : Earthquake Forecasting and Elastic Rebound Theory](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/ebcc3ff397c4) (YouTube)
24. [Lecture 24 : Major Earthquakes in India and Earthquake Recurrence](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/7246397a35ac) (YouTube)
25. [Lecture 25 :Earthquake Classification, Seismic Shaking, and Structural Safety](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/ef4d2a3cef35) (YouTube)
26. [Lecture 26 : Intraplate Earthquakes and Stable Continental Regions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/9eda1889b494) (YouTube)
27. [Lecture 27 : Earthquake Hazards, Intensity, and Magnitude Scales](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/c525721c3c5a) (YouTube)
28. [Lecture 28 : Seismic Energy, Ground Acceleration, and Shaking](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/651f39bd2689) (YouTube)
29. [Lecture 29 : Paleoseismic Deformation and Structural Features](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/6446f668b460) (YouTube)
30. [Lecture 30 : Field Techniques in Active Fault Mapping and Paleoseismology](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/c57b5f14fd48) (YouTube)
31. [Lecture 31: Paleoseismic Field Evidence in the Himalaya](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/95e15894c7b8) (YouTube)
32. [Lecture 32: Active Fault Signatures in the Himalayan Foreland](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/486fe7d98c94) (YouTube)
33. [Lecture 33: Aerial Imaging and Active Fault Features](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/2a01f7e97810) (YouTube)
34. [Lecture 34: Mapping and Digitization of Active Fault Signatures (Part-1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/7fbd4d3a67b5) (YouTube)
35. [Lecture 35: Mapping and Digitization of Active Fault Signatures (Part-2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/ef9294f9c257) (YouTube)
36. [Lecture 36: Geophysical Methods and Paleoseismic Investigations (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/b38944a1e4a4) (YouTube)
37. [Lecture 37: Geophysical Methods and Paleoseismic Investigations (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/3cdac30261ff) (YouTube)
38. [Lecture 38: Identification of Paleoevents in Trenches](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/3cf540313745) (YouTube)
39. [Lecture 39: Geomorphic Markers of Active Faults in Fluvial Systems](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/26cbd169a5d7) (YouTube)
40. [Lecture 40: River Systems as Geosystems and Delta Formation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/9fa58bd46a0a) (YouTube)
41. [Lecture 41 : Fluvial Landforms and their significance](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/bfb37fd24c9d) (YouTube)
42. [Lecture 42 : River Terraces: Types and their Formation](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/27c14db97f7a) (YouTube)
43. [Lecture 43 : Drainage Basins and Stream Patterns (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/38801287a7e6) (YouTube)
44. [Lecture 44 : Drainage Basins and Stream Patterns (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/0de0ebdc5f2b) (YouTube)
45. [Lecture 45 : Tsunami Waves and Coastal Landforms](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/e176d9546efa) (YouTube)
46. [Lecture 46:Tectonic Landform Changes from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/ceabbc8ec4d8) (YouTube)
47. [Lecture 47: Depositional Coastal Landforms and Coral Reefs](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/abc8b68d4257) (YouTube)
48. [Lecture 48: Extensional Environment and associated landforms](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/1e4855b6fa37) (YouTube)
49. [Lecture 49: Extensional Environments and Associated Landforms (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/4f8658901909) (YouTube)
50. [Lecture 50: Extensional Environments and Associated Landforms (Part 3)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/27a0e7f8616b) (YouTube)
51. [Lecture 51: Extensional Environments and Associated Landforms (Part 4)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/fd506902f568) (YouTube)
52. [Lecture 52 : Stress Conditions in Compressional, Extensional, and Transverse Faults](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/544f5f629c75) (YouTube)
53. [Lecture 53: Active, Capable, and Potentially Active Faults](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/2f8b72ec2fe2) (YouTube)
54. [Lecture 54: Active Fault Topography in Compressional Environments](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/fe1cb96c036c) (YouTube)
55. [Lecture 55: Himalayan Tectonic Framework and Mountain Building Processes](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/6c46ffe24580) (YouTube)
56. [Lecture 56: Fault Scarp Characteristics in Compressional Environments (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/82dd4ae2044f) (YouTube)
57. [Lecture 57: Fault Scarp Characteristics in Compressional Environments (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/08992e4e7e17) (YouTube)
58. [Lecture 58: Colluvial Wedges and Their Characteristics](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/7df39ca760bc) (YouTube)
59. [Lecture 59: Fault Reactivation and Anticline Growth in the Himalaya](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/64d9bcbe3a4f) (YouTube)
60. [Lecture 60: Strike-Slip Faults and Associated Landforms](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/43420e03fa07) (YouTube)
61. [Lecture 61: Strike-Slip Faulting and Step-Overs](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/6a74dd65d61d) (YouTube)
62. [Lecture 62: Strike-Slip Faulting and Associated Landforms in the Himalaya](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/2515279bc375) (YouTube)
63. [Lecture 63: The Kangra Valley Fault of the Himalaya and the Median Tectonic Line of Japan](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/90d58eec9e08) (YouTube)
64. [Lecture 64: Paleotsunamis and Landform Changes Associated with Tsunami Events (Part 1)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/3ad480ec04b4) (YouTube)
65. [Lecture 65 : Paleotsunamis and Landform Changes Associated with Tsunami Events (Part 2)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/abea7dd2be24) (YouTube)
66. [Lecture 66 : Field Investigations of Past Earthquakes in the Frontal Kumaun Himalaya](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/105104708/b23c78ff1732) (YouTube)