# Space Environment and its Effects on Orbital Spacecrafts

- Institution: IIT Kanpur
- Department: Aerospace Engineering
- Teacher: Prof. Soumyabrata Chakrabarty
- Level: Graduate
- Language: English
- Subjects: Engineering
- Source: [NPTEL](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/101104796)
- Licence: [CC BY-NC-SA](https://nptel.ac.in/faq) (Non-commercial use only.)
- Syllabus: [at the source](https://nptel.ac.in/courses/101104796)
- Who can watch: Tweens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

The hazardous interactions between the space environment and the orbiting spacecraft may lead to the degradation of spacecraft and its subsystem performance and may lead to the loss of the spacecraft itself. This course aims to provide the students with the introduction to the understanding of different aspects of the space environment, including vacuum environment, neutral particulate environment, space debris, plasma and radiation environment and how these impact on spacecraft design, human and robotic spaceflight, terrestrial infrastructure systems and will enable students to explore a particular topic at a deeper level. Emphasis is laid on problem solving techniques and design guidelines that will provide the student with an understanding of how space environment effects may be minimized through proactive spacecraft design.

Intended audience: Postgraduate and PhD students

Prerequisites: Knowledge of the elementary theories related to Physics and Mathematics and Chemistry

## Lectures

1. [Lec1: Space environment and its Types, Space Weather Definition, Anatomy of Sun, Solar Activities as Space Weather Driver](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/190c7f03088c) (YouTube)
2. [Lec.2: Solar Activities, Solar Wind, Solar Flare, Coronal Mass Ejection and Solar Energetic Particles Event](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/76e8f33e44ad) (YouTube)
3. [Lec.3A: Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), Co-rotating Interaction Regimes Corona, Coronal Structures, Coronal Loops, Helmet Streamers and Coronal Holes](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/5549ac797201) (YouTube)
4. [Lec.3B: Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), Co-rotating Interaction Regions](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/3ca5ff156e34) (YouTube)
5. [Lec. 4: Coupling of Solar Wind to Earth's Magnetosphere and Ionosphere, Geomagnetic Storm, Geomagnetic Substorm and Geomagnetic Indices](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/317ef7d66ab8) (YouTube)
6. [Lec.5: Earth's Radiation Belt, Ring Current and South Atlantic Anomaly](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b1cfe7dd2310) (YouTube)
7. [Lec. 6: Satellite Orbits, Geometry, Velocity and Period, Orbital Parameters and Orbital Perturbations](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/0575e145da18) (YouTube)
8. [Lec. 7: Different Types of Earth's Orbit for Useful Satellite Applications](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/ef0ffa87543c) (YouTube)
9. [Lec. 8: Satellite Segments, Space segments, Mechanical Main Frames, Structures and Thermal Control System](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/af264a2a763e) (YouTube)
10. [Lec. 9: Satellite Segments, Space segments, Mechanical Main Frames, Mechanisms, Propulsion System, Electrical Main Frame and Power System](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/95d7c7fa528f) (YouTube)
11. [Lec. 10: Satellite Segments, Space segments, Electrical Main Frame, TT and C, Attitude and Orbit Control System and Payloads](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/cdc5fbc8b02e) (YouTube)
12. [Lec. 11: Satellite Segments, Earth Segments, Receive-Only Earth Station, Transmit-Receive Earth Stations](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/e03767a97ea5) (YouTube)
13. [Lec. 12: Characteristics of Vacuum Environment, The Effects on Spacecraft, Extreme Temperatures, Exposure to Radiation and Outgassing](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/958ca97bd6f7) (YouTube)
14. [Lec. 13: Vacuum Environment, Outgassing, Outgassing Mechanism and Transport of Outgassed Material](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/28e01c966a42) (YouTube)
15. [Lec. 14: Outgassing of Spacecraft Materials, TML, CVCM, WVR and Its Significance, Ground Simulation of Vacuum Environment, Thermo-Vacuum Chamber, Thermo-Vacuum Test Philosophy and Characterization of TML, CVCM and WVR](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/750ce8dcf312) (YouTube)
16. [Lec. 15: Vacuum Environment, The Effect of Exposure of UV Radiation on Spacecraft Material, Design Guidelines and Mitigation Techniques](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/bc35780feffc) (YouTube)
17. [Lec. 16: Neutral Gas Flow Around a Spacecraft, Effects on Spacecraft, Atomic Oxygen Attack, Sputtering, Contamination and Spacecraft Glow](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b2b5584bfd30) (YouTube)
18. [Lec. 17: Neutral Space Environment, Atmospheric Drag, Drag Force and Satellite Orbital Parameters](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/bdcd3f79abb2) (YouTube)
19. [Lec. 18: Neutral Space Environment, The Micrometeoroid/ Orbital Debris Particulate Environment and Hyper Velocity Particle Impact on Spacecraft](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/e47aec7d1451) (YouTube)
20. [Lec. 19: Spacecraft Induced Neutral Environment, Scattering of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation from Particles and Orbital debris](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/317b5dab0bbb) (YouTube)
21. [Lec. 20: Orbital Debris, Dealing with Space Debris- Management, International Cooperation, Monitoring, Detection and Tracking, Radar Techniques and Optical Techniques](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b2f05b45c71c) (YouTube)
22. [Lec. 21: Capturing of Orbital debris​, Contact capturing method, Contactless capturing method​ and Removal of Orbital debris​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/3e7e22b447fe) (YouTube)
23. [Lec. 22: Removal of Orbital debris​, Space Environment based​ and Non-space Environment​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/002baa6d0b07) (YouTube)
24. [Lec. 23: Removal of Orbital debris​, Non-space Environment based methods​ and Mitigation strategies​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/82ad7cb76342) (YouTube)
25. [Lec. 24: What is plasma and its nature​, Behavior of plasma in external Electromagnetic field​, Uniform magnetic field​, Gyro-radius​ and Cyclotron frequency​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/8a72fa3e3104) (YouTube)
26. [Lec. 25: Charge particle movement in a uniform magnetic field, Helical particle trajectory, Guiding center, Pitch and pitch angle, Dimagnetic properties of plasma, Magnetic moment, E x B drift and Drift velocity](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/7ac0a20b749f) (YouTube)
27. [Lec. 26: Introduction to Plasma​, Magnetic moment​, E x B drift​, Plasma Oscillations and plasma frequency​ and Debye Shielding​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/d9008167e475) (YouTube)
28. [Lec. 27: Debye Shielding​, External charge introduced in plasma​, Debye length​ and Debye volume​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/775159d89908) (YouTube)
29. [Lec. 28: Collective Behavior of plasma​ and Velocity, Energy, Temperature of plasma​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/424b05eee485) (YouTube)
30. [Lec. 29: Non-uniform magnetic field​, Magnetic mirroring​ and Trapping of charged particles](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/0d66a694de7a) (YouTube)
31. [Lec. 30: Plasma environment in earth's orbit​, Origin of space plasma in earth’s orbit, Effects on spacecraft​ and Plasma environment at different earth’s orbits​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/c420b424f5ef) (YouTube)
32. [Lec. 31 Spacecraft charging​, Capacitor charging​, Probe theory​, Langmuir probe​, Physics of Spacecraft charging​ and Spacecraft as a Langmuir probe](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/3be6cb810c58) (YouTube)
33. [Lec. 32: Spacecraft charging: probe theory​, Langmuir probe​, Langmuir probe equation for a sphere in the orbit-limited regime​, Current Collection in Cylindrical Geometry​ and Current Collection in Plane Geometry​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/a9d7fbf4ff56) (YouTube)
34. [Lec. 33: Spacecraft charging​, Spacecraft Equilibrium Potential​, Repelling of Like Charges​, Attraction of Opposite Charges​, Boltzmann’s Repulsion Factor​ and Spacecraft Potential in Plasma​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/1a35392a0837) (YouTube)
35. [Lec. 34: Spacecraft charging​, Current balance equation​, Current collection in spacecrafts​ and Different current components ​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/c6e25a2879af) (YouTube)
36. [Lec. 35: Spacecraft charging​, Different Plasma Fluxes Affecting Spacecraft, Charging​ and Current balance equation and spacecraft potential](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/0a98aeab8938) (YouTube)
37. [Lec. 36: Spacecraft charging​, Lumped Circuit model of spacecraft​, Different types of spacecraft charging​ and Effects of spacecraft charging​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/95949a9025f4) (YouTube)
38. [Lec. 37: Spacecraft charging​, Analysis, design, testing, inspection​ and Mitigation strategies ​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/14c2f210a3b0) (YouTube)
39. [Lec. 38: Numerical problems related to plasma physics​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/f4553caa1a18) (YouTube)
40. [Lec. 39: What is radiation​, What is space radiation environment​ and It’s classifications and origin​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/221d3e0e8fcb) (YouTube)
41. [Lec. 40: Ionizing and non-ionizing Radiation​, Ionizing radiation​, Linear Energy Transfer​, Total Ionizing dose​, Stopping cross section​ and Stopping range​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/2011c89b3ca5) (YouTube)
42. [Lec. 41: Radiation Energy: Classical Vs Relativistic, Bremsstrahlung Radiation, X- Rays, Gamma Rays, Photoelectric Effect, Compton Effect and Pair Production](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b449d84a8c43) (YouTube)
43. [Lec. 42: Displacement damage and Total Radiation Dose](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/f576623fe93f) (YouTube)
44. [Lec. 43: Single Event Effects, Single Event Upset (SEU), Single Event Latch-Up (SEL), Single Event Burnout (SEB) and Single Event Gate Rupture (SEGR)](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/65c025332507) (YouTube)
45. [Lec. 44: Effects of Space Radiations on Spacecrafts and Space Radiation Risks to Astronauts, Case Studies of ISS](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/2866533559c5) (YouTube)
46. [Lec. 45: Modelling, Simulation and Testing and Mitigation towards Space Radiation Risks](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/3b4677f827ae) (YouTube)
47. [Lec. 46: Ground Simulation of space environment and launch conditions​, Test and Evaluation for Space qualification​, Introduction of reliability​ and Reliability and Failure function ​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/45b6082078bb) (YouTube)
48. [Lec. 47: Reliability and Failure function​, Failure probability density function​ and Failure or hazard rate](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/d4bb0373aa05) (YouTube)
49. [Lec. 48: Significance of hazard or failure rate​, Reliability in terms of failure or hazard rate​ and Failure rate and bathtub curve​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/c3d5a9857789) (YouTube)
50. [Lec. 49: Failure rate and bathtub curve​, Gaussian and Weibull probability density function​, Meantime to failure​ and Mean satellite lifetime](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/0de15148a8a9) (YouTube)
51. [Lec. 50: Mean satellite lifetime​, Satellite System Availability​, Without backup​ and With backup​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/4724d7ae9a50) (YouTube)
52. [Lec. 51: Satellite System Availability​, Without backup​, With backup​ and System reliability​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/9ba3165b6ad4) (YouTube)
53. [Lec. 52: System reliability​, Subsystems in series​ and Redundant Subsystems ​ ​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/cbe0716c2b23) (YouTube)
54. [Lec. 53: System reliability​, Redundant Subsystems (static redundancy)​, MTTF​, Failure rate​, n- sub-systems in parallel​ and Reliability if k out of n elements are necessary​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/504dbfedd9c5) (YouTube)
55. [Lec. 54: System reliability​, Reliability if k out of n elements are necessary​ and Dynamic Redundant Subsystems (with switching)​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/dac147ddf556) (YouTube)
56. [Lec. 55: System reliability​, Dynamic redundancy (with switching)​, Generalized expression for system reliability with Dynamic redundancy using switching​ and Redundancy with different failure rates](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/1ec34310754e) (YouTube)
57. [Lec 56 : Equipment redundancy taking account of the reliability of the switching element​ and Example: Redundancy of TWTs in the channelized part of a payload​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/2f56f4b8c7c8) (YouTube)
58. [Lec 57: Equipment having several failure modes​, Component Reliability​ and Quality assurance​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/592dbc54662a) (YouTube)
59. [Lec 58(A) : Component selection​ and Quality assurance​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/f3746d4b62f0) (YouTube)
60. [Lec 58(B) : Component selection​ and Quality assurance​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/88b402e3ee78) (YouTube)
61. [Lec 59 : What is a space mission and its types​ and Mission Objectives and Planning](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b7d47f26c303) (YouTube)
62. [Lec 60 : Mission Planning​, Satellite operation​ and Autonomous Satellite system​](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/nptel/101104796/b051fb8f0e0d) (YouTube)