# Analog Digital Conversion

- Institution: CERN
- Department: CAS - CERN Accelerator School
- Speaker: Marek Gasior
- Year: 2025
- Level: Graduate
- Language: English
- Source: [CERN](https://videos.cern.ch/record/3027072)
- Licence: [CERN](https://copyright.web.cern)
- Who can watch: Teens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

Intensity is probably the most fundamental quantity characterising an accelerator beam, and its measurements are crucial for the efficient operation as well as optimisation of any accelerator. The importance of intensity measurement systems escalates for beams carrying energies capable of destroying accelerator components if deposited in an uncontrolled manner. In such cases, the systems provide critical signals to automatic protection systems, and, by consequence, the reliability and minimal signal latency take precedence over standard measurement precision and accuracy. In special cases, the significance of beam intensity extends beyond the accelerator itself, and its exact values are critical for conducting physics experiments or delivering medical treatments. Over the years many beam intensity measurement techniques have been developed and successfully applied in accelerators to cover vast needs in terms of temporal resolution and intensity ranges. This one-hour lecture focuses on non-invasive electromagnetic intensity sensors allowing temporal resolutions ranging from DC to the nanosecond range. Faster optical techniques are covered in a separate lecture on longitudinal profile measurements.

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## Lectures

1. [Analog Digital Conversion](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/cern/3027072/774ad0033d55), 1 h 2 min (CERN's player)