# Sources and Low Energy Beam Transfer

- Institution: CERN
- Department: CAS - CERN Accelerator School
- Speaker: Daniel Charles Faircloth
- Year: 2025
- Level: Graduate
- Language: English
- Subjects: Earth and environment, Astronomy and space
- Source: [CERN](https://videos.cern.ch/record/3023578)
- Licence: [CERN](https://copyright.web.cern)
- Who can watch: Tweens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

Particle accelerators are fundamentally limited by the performance of the ion source and Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) system: if the initial beam is inadequate then, then the efficacy of the rest of the accelerator is irrelevant. The many ways to generate ions and shape them into beams are discussed, focusing on the limitations of each part of the process: from plasma generation to beam extraction, species separation, acceleration and beam transportation. Capacitively Coupled Plasma (CCP), Electromagnetic cavity plasma, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), and the ion source technologies that employ them are discussed along with lifetime and intensity limitations. The Volume and Caesiated Surface methods are described for intense negative ion production. The practicalities of extraction and beam transportation are outlined for electrostatic and solenoid magnetic field LEBT systems. The importance of space charge compensation is emphasised for transporting high-current, low-energy hadron beams.

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## Lectures

1. [Sources and Low Energy Beam Transfer](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/cern/3023578/24768fc598ae), 53 min (CERN's player)