# PAM-4 implementation study for future high-speed links

- Institution: CERN
- Department: Conferences
- Speaker: Chaowaroj Wanotayaroj
- Year: 2021
- Language: English
- Subjects: Physics, Engineering
- Source: [CERN](https://videos.cern.ch/record/3015962)
- Licence: [CERN](http://copyright.web.cern.ch)
- Who can watch: Tweens profiles and older (sources give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the source's own words)

With the ever-increasing amount of data from HEP experiments, the transmission rates must keep up. To mitigate the exponential growth of the total loss due to the increased frequency, the 4-Level Pulse-amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) could be envisaged, allowing to reach 56 Gbps or even 112 Gbps in extremely high-end applications. A system using PAM-4 encoders and transceivers has been built based on FPGA as a proof-of-concept to demonstrate potential future links. In this talk, the PAM-4 modulation will be introduced, the performance of this initial system will be presented and the challenges for future links will be discussed..

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## Lectures

1. [PAM-4 implementation study for future high-speed links](https://invisiblenetwork.ai/learn/cern/3015962/ea2bb50910d3), 18 min (CERN's player)