# Biofundamentals 2.0

- By: Michael W. Klymkowsky - Author / Melanie M. Cooper
- Publisher: Michael Klymkowsky, Melanie Cooper
- Source: [Open Textbook Library](https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/biofundamentals-2-0)
- Licence: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
- PDF: http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals/Biofundamentals.pdf

Our goal is to present the key observations andunifying concepts upon which modern biology isbased; it is not a survey of all biology! Onceunderstood, these foundational observations andconcepts should enable you to approach any biologicalprocess, from disease to kindness, from a scientificperspective. To understand biological systems we need toconsider them from two complementary perspectives;how they came to be (the historic, that is, evolutionary) and how their structures, traits, and behaviors areproduced (the mechanistic, that is, the physicochemical).