# United by Music 合樂圖

- By: Zhou Wenju (Traditionally attributed to Zhou Wenju (10th century) 傳周文矩)
- Date: Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 15th/16th century
- Medium: Handscroll; ink and colors on silk
- Classification: Painting
- Dimensions: 41.9 × 184.2 cm (16 1/2 × 72 9/16 in.)
- Culture: China
- Credit line: Kate S. Buckingham Endowment Fund
- Museum: [Art Institute of Chicago](https://www.artic.edu/artworks/72380)
- Rights: [Public domain (CC0)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
- Picture: https://www.artic.edu/iiif/2/6ae82203-7056-0e36-450b-71d1bd12eac2/full/!1920,1080/0/default.jpg
- Who can see it: Tweens profiles and older (museums give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the museum's own words)

This all-female ensemble is an imperial or aristocratic orchestra. Singly or in pairs, the musicians play the large drum, clapper, oboe, vertical flute, transverse flute, hourglass drum, mouth organ, gong-chime, long zither, angular harp, and lute. Such instruments accurately represent those played by the mid- Tang dynasty (eighth century), as known today from surviving artifacts and textural descriptions of the Imperial Conservatory of Music. The audience for this concert strikingly resembles court figures depicted in The Night Revels of Han Xizai, a painting in the Palace Museum, Beijing, attributed to the tenth century painter Gu Hongzhong. Gu Hongzhong was a contemporary of Zhou Wenju, to whom this handscroll was originally ascribed. The artist responsible for this fifteenth-century painting apparently drew upon a number of earlier artistic models, creating a composite image that recalled the work of past centuries.

Description © Art Institute of Chicago, CC BY 4.0