# Ulysses Before Circe, Mercury Behind

- By: Gaetano Gandolfi (Italian, 1734–1802)
- Date: 1766
- Medium: Red chalk, with touches of wetted red chalk, on cream laid paper
- Classification: Drawing and Watercolor
- Dimensions: 49.9 × 35.9 cm (19 11/16 × 14 3/16 in.)
- Culture: Italy
- Credit line: Gift of Richard and Mary L. Gray
- Museum: [Art Institute of Chicago](https://www.artic.edu/artworks/202292)
- Rights: [Public domain (CC0)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
- Picture: https://invisiblenetwork.ai/thumbs/web/bef4a7c14b3c177bc47bf4d8f09b2a0c.jpg
- Who can see it: Teens profiles and older (museums give no ratings; placed by Invisible Network from the museum's own words)

In this scene, Gaetano Gandolfi illustrated the moment from Homer’s epic poem the Odyssey when the hero violently confronts the enchantress Circe, who has transformed his men into swine. In the left foreground, several of Circe’s hybrid victims seem to be in the process of transforming back into men, while behind Ulysses the god Mercury ascends through an arch.

The drawing is a tour de force of compositional invention and technical skill, alive with energy and balletic form. Gandolfi’s expert use of the uncolored paper to express dramatic lighting in particular gives the work a kind of radiance.

Description © Art Institute of Chicago, CC BY 4.0